title: Physiopathology of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.
abstract: The physiopathology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is multifactorial. Gender and obesity status, as well as genetic, anatomic, and hormonal factors, together with ventilatory drive, interact in a diverse manner in the physiopathology and clinical expression of the disease. Obesity is the main risk factor, since increases in body mass index, visceral fat, and neck circumference are strong predictors of the disease. Progesterone increases the activity of the upper airway dilator muscles and therefore plays a protective role in premenopausal women. This explains the fact that the prevalence of the disease is higher in postmenopausal patients, in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, as well as in males. Evidence supports the fact that, as individuals grow older, there is a decrease in muscle tonus, with a consequent reduction in the dimensions of the upper airway lumen. Craniofacial anomalies, such as in retrognathia or micrognathia, are accompanied by posterior positioning of the tongue and can result in narrowing of the upper airway lumen. Finally, decreased ventilatory drive has been detected in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypercapnia.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea Barral
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Sérgio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tufik
authors.forename: Sonia Maria Guimaraes Pereira Togeiro
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moura
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D042341:Gonadal Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D042341:Gonadal Hormones; D020738:Leptin