title: Pseudonormalization: clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and angiographic characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spontaneous pseudonormalization (PN) is a unique 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) finding which has been reported to be associated with severe, transmural myocardial ischemia. To date, a paucity of data exists about the incidence and clinical characteristics of patients with PN. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and the electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and angiographic characteristics of patients with PN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and angiographic characteristics of 12 consecutive patients with PN on 12-lead ECG (Group 1) were compared with patients (Group 2, n=28) presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) associated with ST-T wave changes without PN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients presented with chest pain. The incidence of PN among patients presenting with ACS was 1%. Pseudonormalization was present in precordial leads in 11 and in inferior leads in 1 patient. Nine out of 12 (75%) patients in Group 1, 16 out of 28 (57%) patients in Group 2 had elevation of cardiac enzymes compatible with acute myocardial infarction. Severely narrowed or totally occluded ischemia and/or infarction-related coronary arteries were present in all patients in Group 1, in 20 (71%) patients in Group 2. Three patients in Group I and one patient in Group 2 had coronary artery thrombus formation. Group 1 patients had worse coronary collateral grading in comparison to Group 2 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pseudonormalization is a rare entity and it is typically associated with severely narrowed or totally occluded coronary arteries along with thrombus formation, and poor coronary collateral development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ulucan
authors.forename: Oğuz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yavuzgil
authors.forename: Meral
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kayikçioğlu
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Can
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Payzin
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kültürsay
authors.forename: Inan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Soydan
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hasdemir
mesh_terms: D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology