title: Magnitude and structure of isometric force variability: mechanical and neurophysiological influences.
abstract: This experiment examined the magnitude and structure of force variability in isometric index finger force production tasks at 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, and 95% of maximal force in two different finger orientations. In the finger flexion task, the participants generated a downward isometric force through index finger flexion. In the finger abduction task, isometric force was generated by adducting the index finger (mediolateral motion of the middle finger and forearm were restricted). The task-related, normal force (Fz) and tangential forces (Fx and Fy) were collected with a three-dimensional force transducer. The standard deviation (SD) of the task-related force output (Fz) increased exponentially with force level. With increasing force level, approximate entropy (ApEn, a measure of irregularity) of Fz followed an inverted-U function for finger flexion, but decreased linearly in finger abduction. However, changes in the ApEn of the tangential forces were generally opposite to that of Fz, revealing compensations in the irregularity of force output between force dimensions. The findings provide evidence that force variability is related to muscle force-length characteristics (Feldman, 1966; Gottlieb %%% Agarwal, 1988).
authors.affiliation: Dept of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6501, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: M-H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Newell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019277:Entropy; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D014159:Transducers