title: Substance abuse and schizophrenia: pharmacotherapeutic intervention.
abstract: Substance use disorder is common in patients with schizophrenia and dramatically worsens their outcome. The typical antipsychotic medications, introduced more than 50 years ago, are effective for the treatment of psychosis but may have only limited efficacy in patients with these co-occurring disorders because patients continue to use substances while taking them. In preliminary studies, however, several of the atypical antipsychotic medications have shown promise for reducing alcohol and drug use in patients with schizophrenia. A neurobiological formulation is discussed, suggesting that the use of substances in patients with schizophrenia may be based on a dysfunction within the dopamine-mediated brain reward circuitry and that clozapine, in particular, may potentially ameliorate this dysfunction and lessen the desire for substance use. Medications for the treatment of alcohol use disorders, such as disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate, as well as other adjunctive medications, may also be useful. Further studies are required to establish a solid evidence base of best practices for the use of medications in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. alan.i.green@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Alan I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Noordsy
authors.forename: Mary F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Brunette
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
mesh_terms: D000077443:Acamprosate; D000427:Alcohol Deterrents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004221:Disulfiram / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013654:Taurine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000427:Alcohol Deterrents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D009294:Narcotics; D013654:Taurine; D009271:Naltrexone; D003024:Clozapine; D000077443:Acamprosate; D004221:Disulfiram