title: Morphological and behavioral consequences of recurrent seizures in neonatal rats are associated with glucocorticoid levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is well documented that epilepsy can increase neurogenesis in certain brain regions and cause behavioral alternations in patients and different epileptic animal models. A series of experimental studies have demonstrated that neurogenesis is regulated by various factors including glucocorticoid (CORT), which can reduce neurogenesis. Most of studies in animal have been focused on adulthood stage, while the effect of recurrent seizures to immature brain in neonatal period has not been well established. This study was designed to investigate how the recurrent seizures occurred in the neonatal period affected the immature brain and how CORT regulated neurogenesis in immature animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal rats were subjected to 3 pilocarpine-induced seizures from postnatal day 1 to day 7. Then neurogenesis at different postnatal ages (i.e. P8, P12, P22, P50) was observed. Behavioral performance was tested when the rats were mature (P40), and plasma CORT levels following recurrent seizures were simultaneously monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats with neonatal seizures had a significant reduction in the number of Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeled cells in the dentate gyrus compared with the control groups when the animals were euthanized on P8 or P12 (P<0.05); whereas there was no difference between the two groups on P22. Until P50, rats with neonatal seizures had increased number of BrdU-labeled cells compared with the control group (P<0.05). In Morris water maze task, pilocarpine-treated rats were significantly slower than the control rats at the first and second day, and there were no differences at other days. In probe trial, there was no significant difference in time spent in the goal quadrant between the two groups. Endocrine studies showed a correlation between the number of BrdU positive cells and the CORT level. Sustained increase in circulating CORT levels was observed following neonatal seizures on P8 and P12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonatal recurrent seizures can biphasely modulate neurogenesis over different time windows with a down-regulation at early time and up-regulation afterwards, cause persistent deficits in cognitive functions of adults, and increase the circulating CORT levels. CORT levels are related with the morphological and behavioral consequences of recurrent seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
authors.forename: Xiu-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Ji-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ge-Fei
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Ruo-Peng
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003423:Critical Period, Psychological; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012640:Seizures / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids