title: Isolation and characterization of a novel Bacillus thuringiensis strain expressing a novel crystal protein with cytocidal activity against human cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize a novel, unusual, Bacillus thuringiensis strain, to clone its Cry gene and determine the spectrum of action of the encoded Cry protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The B. thuringiensis strain, referred to as M15, was isolated from dead two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch; Arthropoda: Arachnida: Tetranychidae). It is an autoagglutination-positive strain and is therefore non-serotypeable. A sporulated culture produces a roughly spherical parasporal inclusion body, the crystal, tightly coupled to the spore. Although the crystal appears to be composed of at least two major polypeptides of 86 and 79 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Southern hybridization indicates that the corresponding crystal protein gene is likely present in only one copy. The crystal protein gene was cloned and, based on nucleotide sequence homology with an orthologous cry31Aa1 gene, assigned the name cry31Aa2. Although initially isolated from spider mites, B. thuringiensis M15 is non-toxic to spider mites and it does not produce the wide spectrum beta-exotoxin. Assays on mammalian cells, however, reveal that Cry31Aa2, when cleaved with trypsin, is cytocidal to some human cancer cells but not to normal human cells. No cytocidal activity was induced after protease treatment of Cry31Aa2 with either chymotrypsin or proteinase K. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and proteinase K cleavage sites were determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The B. thuringiensis strain M15 exhibits specific cytocidal activities against some human cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study raises questions as to the actual role of this bacterial strain and its crystal protein in the environment. It may be possible to further develop the Cry31Aa2 protein to target specific human cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Y-C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mizuki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akao
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Côté
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000382:microbiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis