title: Systematic review of the effectiveness of preventing and treating Staphylococcus aureus carriage in reducing peritoneal catheter-related infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of (1) alternative strategies for the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and (2) alternative strategies for the eradication of S. aureus carriage in patients on PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Major electronic databases were searched up to December 2005 (MEDLINE Extra up to 6 January 2006).
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searches were undertaken to identify published and unpublished reports of randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews evaluating the effectiveness of preventing and treating S. aureus carriage on peritoneal catheter-related infections. The quality of the included studies was assessed and data synthesised. Where data were not sufficient for formal meta-analysis, a qualitative narrative review looking for consistency between studies was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two relevant trials were found. These fell into several groups: the first split is between prophylactic trials, aiming to prevent carriage, and trials which aimed to eradicate carriage in those who already had it; the second split is between antiseptics and antibiotics; and the third split is between those that included patients having the catheter inserted before dialysis started and people already on dialysis. Many of the trials were small or short-term. The quality was often not good by today's standards. The body of evidence suggested a reduction in exit-site infections, but this did not seem to lead to a significant reduction in peritonitis, although to some extent this reflected insufficient power in the studies and a low incidence of peritonitis in them. The costs of interventions to prevent or treat S. aureus carriage are relatively modest. For example, the annual cost of antibiotic treatment of S. aureus carriage per identified carrier of S. aureus was estimated at 179 pounds (73 pounds screening and 106 pounds cost of antibiotic). However, without better data on the effectiveness of the interventions, it is not clear whether such costs are offset by the cost of treating infections and averting changes from peritoneal dialysis to haemodialysis. Although treatment is not expensive, the lack of convincing evidence of clinical effectiveness made cost-effectiveness analysis unrewarding at present. However, consideration was given to the factors needed in a hypothetical model describing patient pathways from methods to prevent S. aureus carriage, its detection and treatment and the detection and treatment of the consequences of S. aureus (e.g. catheter infections and peritonitis). Had data been available, the model would have compared the cost-effectiveness of alternative interventions from the perspective of the UK NHS, but as such it helped identify what future research would be needed to fill the gaps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The importance of peritonitis is not in doubt. It is the main cause of people having to switch from peritoneal dialysis to haemodialysis, which then leads to reduced quality of life for patients and increased costs to the NHS. Unfortunately, the present evidence base for the prevention of peritonitis is disappointing; it suggests that the interventions reduce exit-site infections, but not peritonitis, although this may be due to trials being in too small numbers for too short periods. Trials are needed with larger numbers of patients for longer durations.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rabindranath
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kilonzo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rothnie
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fluck
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Waugh
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013222:State Medicine; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents