title: Monte Carlo simulation of latanoprost induced iris darkening.
abstract: The aim of this study was to provide numerical evidence that latanoprost induced iris darkening (LIID) can be caused by changes to the melanin granule size distribution in the anterior segment of the iris. Iridectomies from two patients were used, where both had undergone unilateral treatment with latanoprost and had exhibited LIID. The untreated eye provided the comparative control. Micrographs from the iris samples were analysed to determine the number and size of the mature melanin granules. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of light propagation in the iris was performed to examine the changes in reflectance and absorption with varying particle size and density. The reflected intensity of light was obtained as a function of wavelength. CIE colour theory was employed in order to estimate a perceived colour from the reflectance data. MC simulations showed that the reflectance was reduced for the LIID irises compared to the control irises for both subjects and for all wavelengths of light. The MC simulated colours were in good agreement with the in vivo photography of the eye colour. Hence, we have demonstrated that increases in melanin granule size causes iris darkening, and can explain LIID.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, United Kingdom. kcrackne@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: K P B
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cracknell
authors.forename: D J J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Farnell
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grierson
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005127:Eye Color / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007498:Iris / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007499:Iris Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000077338:Latanoprost; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011461:Prostaglandins F, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D008543:Melanins; D011461:Prostaglandins F, Synthetic; D000077338:Latanoprost