Promoting bicycle helmet wearing by children using non-legislative interventions: systematic review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the effectiveness of non-legislative interventions in increasing bicycle helmet use among children and young people, and to identify possible reasons for differential effectiveness of interventions.


METHODS
Systematic review and meta-analysis.


METHODS
10 electronic databases were searched up to October 2006. Several other sources of potentially relevant information were identified and examined.


METHODS
We included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials and controlled before-and-after studies of interventions to promote bicycle helmet use, which did not require the enactment of legislation. Participants were aged between 0 and 18 years.


METHODS
Observed helmet wearing.


RESULTS
13 studies were included in the review and 11 in the meta-analysis. The odds of observed helmet wearing were significantly greater among children and young people in the intervention groups (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.35). Subgroup analysis indicated that the effect might be greater for community-based studies (4.57, 2.37 to 8.81) and those providing free helmets (4.60, 2.25 to 9.43) than for those providing subsidized helmets (2.11, 1.09 to 4.06) and those set in schools (1.73, 1.04 to 2.89). Evidence for the effectiveness of the interventions was stronger in studies with follow-up periods of <or=6 months (2.23, 1.27 to 3.90) than in those with longer-term follow-up (1.63, 0.91 to 2.91).


CONCLUSIONS
Non-legislative interventions are effective in increasing bicycle helmet use among children and young people. Community-based helmet promotion programmes that include the provision of free helmets may increase observed helmet wearing to a greater extent than those set in schools or those providing subsidized helmets.
Royal
Simon
S
Division of Primary Care, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
Kendrick
Denise
D
Coleman
Tim
T
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001642:Bicycling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D002648:Child; D003153:Community Health Services; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D040241:Social Marketing; D006113:United Kingdom