title: Small cysteine-rich peptides resembling antimicrobial peptides have been under-predicted in plants.
abstract: Multicellular organisms produce small cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides as an innate defense against pathogens. While defensins, a well-known class of such peptides, are common among eukaryotes, there are other classes restricted to the plant kingdom. These include thionins, lipid transfer proteins and snakins. In earlier work, we identified several divergent classes of small putatively secreted cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) in legumes [Graham et al. (2004)Plant Physiol. 135, 1179-97]. Here, we built sequence motif models for each of these classes of peptides, and iteratively searched for related sequences within the comprehensive UniProt protein dataset, the Institute for Genomic Research's 33 plant gene indices, and the entire genomes of the model dicot, Arabidopsis thaliana, and the model monocot and crop species, Oryza sativa (rice). Using this search strategy, we identified approximately 13,000 plant genes encoding peptides with common features: (i) an N-terminal signal peptide, (ii) a small divergent charged or polar mature peptide with conserved cysteines, (iii) a similar intron/exon structure, (iv) spatial clustering in the genomes studied, and (v) overrepresentation in expressed sequences from reproductive structures of specific taxa. The identified genes include classes of defensins, thionins, lipid transfer proteins, and snakins, plus other protease inhibitors, pollen allergens, and uncharacterized gene families. We estimate that these classes of genes account for approximately 2-3% of the gene repertoire of each model species. Although 24% of the genes identified were not annotated in the latest Arabidopsis genome releases (TIGR5, TAIR6), we confirmed expression via RT-PCR for 59% of the sequences attempted. These findings highlight limitations in current annotation procedures for small divergent peptide classes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA. silve023@umn.edu
authors.forename: Kevin A T
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Silverstein
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Moskal
authors.forename: Hank C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Beverly A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Town
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: VandenBosch
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003545:Cysteine / Q000032:analysis*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010455:Peptides; D010940:Plant Proteins; D003545:Cysteine