title: Changes in growth and morphology of the condyle following mandibular distraction in minipigs: overloading or underloading?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Loading of temporomandibular tissues during mandibular distraction may cause changes in condylar growth and cartilage thickness. This study examines the effects of distraction on the condyle in a large animal model by explicitly measuring growth and in vivo loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilateral mandibular distraction was carried out on 20 growing minipigs divided into three groups. One group underwent distraction but not consolidation, whereas the other two groups were allowed a period of consolidation of either 1 or 2 weeks. Animals received fluorochrome and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling and masticatory strain was measured from the condylar neck. Condylar strain was also recorded in an age-matched sample of eight animals that received no distraction surgery. Immunohistochemical procedures were used to identify dividing prechondroblasts and histological analysis was used to measure mineral apposition rate, count dividing cells, and measure the thickness of condylar cartilage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strain magnitude, particularly compressive strain, was much larger on the non-distraction side compared to the distraction side condyle. Compared to normal loading levels, the distraction side condyle was underloaded whereas the condyle on the intact side was overloaded. Mineral apposition and cartilage thickness were greater on the distraction side condyle compared to the opposite side. Differences between the sides were most pronounced in the group with no consolidation and became progressively reduced with consolidation time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased mineralisation and cartilage thickness on the distraction side condyle are associated with reduced, not increased loading, perhaps because of disruption of the distraction side masseter muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. kraff@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rafferty
authors.forename: Zongyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egbert
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bakko
authors.forename: Susan W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Herring
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery*; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature