title: Orange pulp improves antioxidant status and suppresses lipid peroxidation in orchidectomized male rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress is linked to an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in men. The objective of this research was to delineate whether daily consumption of orange pulp (OP) modifies antioxidant status and decreases cardiovascular risk factors in orchidectomized rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, 45 1-y-old male rats were randomized to a sham-control group (n = 9) and an orchidectomized group (n = 36). The orchidectomized group was equally divided among the following five treatments: orchidectomy (ORX), ORX + 2.5% OP, ORX + 5% OP, and ORX + 10% OP. One hundred twenty days after the study began, all rats were sacrificed and plasma was harvested for its antioxidant status, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profile, and indices of peroxidation. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in the liver were also monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orchidectomy decreased (P < 0.05) plasma levels of antioxidant, SOD, catalase, and CRP and increased (P < 0.05) plasma levels of malondialdehyde, nitrite, and lipid profile compared with the sham-control group. In contrast to ORX, ORX + OP increased (P < 0.05) plasma antioxidant, dose-dependently increased (P < 0.05) SOD and catalase, decreased (P < 0.05) plasma malondialdehyde, nitrite, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations in the liver; and had no effect (P > 0.1) on plasma CRP or lipid profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The beneficial effect of eating an orange is demonstrated by the increasing antioxidant status and by the decreasing peroxidation independent of plasma triacylglycerol, cholesterol, or CRP concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Human Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas, USA. farzad.deyhim@tamuk.edu
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deyhim
authors.forename: Arnulfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villarreal
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Cheri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Kranthi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mandadi
authors.forename: Bhimanagouda S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Patil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D009919:Orchiectomy; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase