title: The photo comet assay--a fast screening assay for the determination of photogenotoxicity in vitro.
abstract: Different classes of chemicals can induce a phototoxic effect by absorbing light energy within the wavelength range of sunlight. The assessment of photo-safety is therefore an obligatory part of the development of new drugs. Ten UV-vis (280-800nm)-absorbing compounds (ketoprofen, promazine, chlorpromazine, dacarbazine, acridine, lomefloxacin, 8-methoxypsoralen, chlorhexidine, titanium dioxide, octylmethoxycinnamate) were tested for their photogenotoxic potential in the alkaline comet assay in the presence and absence of UV-vis. In order to establish an easy and timesaving protocol for a photo comet assay screening test, the application of 96-well plates was essential. The use of mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, a cell line growing in suspension, allowed the determination of photocytotoxicity with the Alamar Blue assay and of photogenotoxicity with the alkaline comet assay in parallel. L5178Y cells were incubated with the test compounds for 20min and irradiated with simulated sunlight in the wavelength range from 280 to 800nm. The applied UV dose was 600mJ/cm(2) UV-A and 30mJ/cm(2) UV-B. After a post-incubation of 10min, the Alamar Blue assay and the alkaline comet assay were performed. All of the compounds which are known to be photogenotoxic (8-methoxypsoralen, acridine, chlorpromazine, dacarbazine, ketoprofen, lomefloxacin) showed a positive effect under our assay conditions. Furthermore, four UV-vis absorbing chemicals which are known to be not photogenotoxic (promazine, chlorhexidine, titanium dioxide, octylmethoxycinnamate) were analysed. For none of them an increase of the DNA damage following irradiation was observed in this study. In conclusion, all of the chemical compounds tested were classified in agreement with published data. From the data presented it is concluded that the photo comet assay with L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells is a reliable model to assess photochemical genotoxicity in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Exploratory Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. melanie.struwe@novartis.com
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Struwe
authors.forename: Karl-Otto
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Greulich
authors.forename: Willi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Plappert-Helbig
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004249:DNA Damage; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051379:Mice; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured