title: Spatial distribution of traffic induced noise exposures in a US city: an analytic tool for assessing the health impacts of urban planning decisions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vehicle traffic is the major source of noise in urban environments, which in turn has multiple impacts on health. In this paper we investigate the spatial distribution of community noise exposures and annoyance. Traffic data from the City of San Francisco were used to model noise exposure by neighborhood and road type. Remote sensing data were used in the model to estimate neighborhood-specific percentages of cars, trucks, and buses on arterial versus non-arterial streets. The model was validated on 235 streets. Finally, an exposure-response relationship was used to predict the prevalence of high annoyance for different neighborhoods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urban noise was found to increase 6.7 dB (p < 0.001) with 10-fold increased street traffic, with important contributors to noise being bus and heavy truck traffic. Living along arterial streets also increased risk of annoyance by 40%. The relative risk of annoyance in one of the City's fastest growing neighborhoods, the South of Market Area, was found to be 2.1 times that of lowest noise neighborhood. However, higher densities of exposed individuals were found in Chinatown and Downtown/Civic Center. Overall, we estimated that 17% of the city's population was at risk of high annoyance from traffic noise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of annoyance from urban noise is large, and varies considerably between neighborhoods. Such risk should be considered in urban areas undergoing rapid growth. We present a relatively simple GIS-based noise model that may be used for routinely evaluating the health impacts of environmental noise.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. seto@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Edmund Yet Wah
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rivard
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhatia
mesh_terms: D001336:Automobiles; D002958:City Planning / Q000379:methods*; D003710:Demography; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D009624:Noise, Transportation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010781:Photography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012495:San Francisco