title: Periodontal disease increases the risk of severe pre-eclampsia among pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the possible link between the severity of periodontal disease and pre-eclampsia and to correlate this link to clinical periodontal parameters and interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and prostaglandins (PGE(2)) levels in both gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine pregnant women (20 mild pre-eclampsia, 18 severe pre-eclampsia, and 21 healthy pregnant women) were included in the study. Dental and periodontal recordings as well as GCF and blood samples were obtained within 48 h preceding delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of multivariate logistic regression showed a highly significant association between mild to severe pre-eclampsia and severe periodontal disease (p<0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders (smoking, body weight, socioeconomic status, education level, and age), severe pre-eclamptic women were 3.78 (1.77-12.74) times more likely to present severe periodontal disease than normotensive pregnant women. This odds ratio (OR) was 2.43 (1.13-8.19) for mild pre-eclamptic women. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and PGE(2) levels in both serum and GCF were also significantly higher in the pre-eclamptic groups than the normotensive women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the presence and severity of periodontal disease seems to increase the risk for not only the occurrence but also the severity of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. varol@atauni.edu.tr
authors.forename: Varol
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Canakci
authors.forename: Cenk Fatih
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Canakci
authors.forename: Abdulkadir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yildirim
authors.forename: Metin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingec
authors.forename: Abubekir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eltas
authors.forename: Ayşe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erturk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000150:complications; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C052994:interleukin-1beta (163-171); D015232:Dinoprostone