title: Insulin attenuates apoptosis and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in endotoxemic human macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin decreases the incidence of sepsis and improves mortality of critically ill patients. In endotoxemic as well as in thermally injured rats, insulin attenuates the systemic inflammatory response by decreasing the proinflammatory and increasing the antiinflammatory cascade. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of insulin on cell survival, cell activity, apoptosis, and proinflammatory response in a human macrophage-like cell line (THP-1 cells) stressed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Human macrophages were stressed with LPS and received either saline or insulin. Cell viability was analyzed by MTS, apoptosis was detected using JC-1 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling-staining, and to elucidate on the signaling pathway, we used wortmannin as a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) were measured to determine the effect of insulin on proinflammatory cytokine expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin caused a significant increase in cell viability and significantly reduced apoptosis in LPS-stimulated human macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The antiapoptotic effect of insulin could be completely blocked with the addition of wortmannin. Insulin significantly decreased TNF and IL-1beta in endotoxemic human macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that insulin exerts antiapoptotic effects and reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in endotoxemic human macrophages. The antiapoptotic effects are mediated via the phospatidylinositol-3-kinase-pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mareike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leffler
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hrach
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stuerzl
authors.forename: Raymund E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Horch
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Herndon
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Jeschke
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007329:Insulin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007329:Insulin Antagonists; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000077191:Wortmannin