title: The normal neonatal brain: MR imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and 3D MR spectroscopy in healthy term neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a lack of normative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and 3D MR spectroscopy (MRS) data in the early neonatal period. We report quantitative values from a cohort of healthy term neonates to serve as baseline data for studies assessing brain development and injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy term neonates (median age, 7 days) were studied with spin-echo T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging, DTI, and 3D point-resolved spectroscopy sequence (PRESS) MRS without sedation on a 1.5 T scanner. Average diffusivity (D(av)), fractional anisotropy (FA), eigenvalues (EV), and metabolite ratios (N-acetylaspartate [NAA]/choline, lactate/choline) were calculated by automated processing in 7 brain regions. Neurodevelopment was assessed by blinded and validated neuromotor examinations and the Bayley II test at 3 and 14 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two neonates were excluded from the cohort: one had brain injury on T2-weighted imaging, and the other, who had normal MR imaging, showed mildly delayed cognition at 14 months. The mean DTI values of the remaining 14 neonates were between these ranges: D(av)=0.98-1.48 10(-3) mm(2)/s, FA=0.14-0.30, EV1=1.21-1.88, EV2=0.95-1.46, and EV3=0.77-1.24 (all x 10(-3) mm(2)/s). The NAA/choline ratio ranged between 0.58 and 0.73, and minimal lactate/choline (<0.15) could be detected in each neonate. All neonates exhibited clinically normal neuromotor status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining high-quality quantifiable MR data in nonsedated healthy term neonates that can be used to study normal early brain development and as control data in studies of perinatal brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bartha
authors.forename: K R L
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jeremy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Vigneron
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barkovich
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ferriero
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity