title: Incidence of cavernoma development in children after radiotherapy for brain tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cavernous hemangiomas (cavernomas) are benign vascular malformations that may cause seizures and/or hemorrhage when they develop in the brain. The incidence of cavernoma development after brain radiotherapy is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of cavernoma formation in patients who had previously received radiotherapy for brain tumors during childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were identified who were younger than 16 years of age and had undergone radiotherapy for brain tumors within a 16-year period (January 1, 1988-December 31, 2003). The patient data that were ascertained included age at diagnosis, sex, histopathology results, initial preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging results, date of radiotherapy, and date of detection of cavernoma. Children who were followed up for less than 1 month after radiotherapy or who died during treatment were excluded, as were children with brainstem tumors. All patients had undergone diagnostic MR imaging before receiving radiotherapy, and no vascular malformations were revealed. Of the 379 patients identified, 297 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Ten patients (3.4%) developed cavernomas after radiation therapy. The ages of these patients ranged from 2 to 11 years at the time of radiotherapy (median 7 years), and the latency interval between radiotherapy and cavernoma development was 3 to 102 months (median 37 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of cavernomas in the present study was more than six times greater than the prevalence rate cited in the literature for this population. The authors conclude that there is an increased risk of developing an intracranial cavernoma after radiotherapy for brain tumors. The possibility of this complication arising should be mentioned when informed consent is sought before treatment using radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom. sashaburn@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burn
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gunny
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gaze
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayward
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors