title: Antibody responses to vaccinia membrane proteins after smallpox vaccination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vaccinia virus (VV) membrane proteins are candidates for orthopoxvirus subunit vaccines and potential targets for therapeutic antibodies. Human antibody responses to these proteins after VV vaccination have not been well characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre- and postvaccination (day 26-30) serum specimens from 80 VV vaccine recipients were examined for immunoglobulin G antibodies specific for B5, A33, A27, and L1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Responses were compared between vaccinia-naive and previously vaccinated (nonnaive) recipients and between nonnaive recipients of undiluted or 1 : 10 diluted vaccine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VV vaccination elicited anti-A33 and anti-A27 antibodies in nearly all vaccinia-naive subjects (100% and 93%, respectively). Preexisting antibodies were commonly detected in nonnaive subjects (for anti-B5, 68%; for anti-A33, 59%; for anti-A27, 38%; and for anti-L1, 10%). Anti-B5 antibodies were strongly boosted by undiluted vaccine (geometric mean titer [GMT], 151 vs. 1010 for pre- vs. postvaccination; P<.001), whereas anti-L1 antibody responses were less robust (detection rate, 31%; GMT, 75) in nonnaive subjects. Diluted vaccine elicited antibody responses that were similar to those elicited by undiluted vaccine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccination with VV elicits long-lived specific antibody responses directed against VV membrane proteins that vary by previous vaccination status but not with respect to 10-fold dilution of vaccine. B5, A33, and A27 should be considered for inclusion in future human orthopoxvirus subunit vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. slawrenc@im.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lottenbach
authors.forename: Frances K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: R Mark L
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Buller
authors.forename: Clifford J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bellone
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gary H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Roselyn J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Belshe
authors.forename: Samuel L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Frey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000918:Antibody Specificity / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000276:immunology*; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000276:immunology*; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C078786:DryVax vaccine; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins