title: Dynamic-threshold level set method for volumetry of porcine kidney in CT images in vivo and ex vivo assessment of the accuracy of volume measurement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the accuracy of a novel computerized volumetry method, called dynamic-thresholding (DT) level set, in determining the renal volume of pigs in CT images on the basis of in vivo and ex vivo reference standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight Yorkshire breed anesthetized pigs (weight range 45-50 kg) were scanned on a 64-slice multidetector CT scanner (Sensation 64; Siemens) after injection of an iodinated (300 mg I/ml) contrast agent through an IV cannula. The kidneys of the pigs were then surgically resected and scanned by CT in the same manner. Both in vivo and ex vivo CT images were subjected to our computerized volumetry using DT level set method. The resulting volumes of the kidneys were compared with in vivo and ex vivo reference standards: the former was established by manual contouring of the kidneys on the CT images by an experienced radiologist, and the latter was established as the water displacement volume of the resected kidney.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The comparisons of the in vivo and ex vivo measurements by our volumetric scheme with the associated reference standards yielded a mean difference of 1.73 +/- 1.24% and 3.38 +/- 2.51%, respectively. The correlation coefficients were 0.981 and 0.973 for in vivo and ex vivo comparisons, respectively. The mean difference between in vivo and ex vivo reference standards was 5.79 +/- 4.26%, and the correlation coefficient between the two standards was 0.760.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our computerized volumetry using the DT level set method can provide accurate in vivo and ex vivo measurements of kidney volume, despite a large difference between the two reference standards. This technique can be employed in human subjects for the determination of renal volume for preoperative surgical planning and assessment of oncology treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 25 New Chardon Street 400C, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Wenli.Cai@mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Wenli
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Nagaraj-Setty
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Holalkere
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Dushyant
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sahani
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007479:Iopamidol