title: Clinical and laboratory methods in diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination, white blood cell and differential count, and C-reactive protein as routine tests for acute appendicitis with that of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and ultrasonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two children were admitted to the Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care, Ljubljana, Slovenia because of suspected acute appendicitis. Among them, 49 children underwent surgery for acute appendicitis and 33 had abdominal pain but were not treated surgically and were diagnosed with non-specific abdominal pain or mesenteric lymphadenitis on sonography. Clinical signs of acute appendicitis were determined by surgeons on admission. White blood cell count and differential and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and IL-6 were measured and abdominal ultrasonography was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasonography showed the highest diagnostic accuracy (92.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 84.5%-98.0%, Bayes' theorem), followed by serum IL-6 concentration (77.6%; 67.1-86.1%, receiver-operating characteristic [ROC] curve analysis), clinical signs (69.5%; 59.5-79.0%, Bayes' theorem), white blood cell count (68.4%; 57.2-78.3%, ROC curve analysis), and serum C-reactive protein concentration (63.7%; 52.174.3%, ROC curve analysis). Ultrasonography achieved also the highest specificity (95.2%) and positive (93.8%) and negative (93.3%) predictive values, whereas clinical signs showed the highest sensitivity (93.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonography was a more accurate diagnostic method than IL-6 serum concentration, laboratory marker with the highest diagnostic accuracy in our study, and hence it should be a part of the diagnostic procedure for acute appendicitis in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care, University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Mojca
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Groselj-Grenc
authors.forename: Stane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Repse
authors.forename: Dubravka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vidmar
authors.forename: Metka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Derganc
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein