title: Pneumolysin causes neuronal cell death through mitochondrial damage.
abstract: Bacterial toxins such as pneumolysin are key mediators of cytotoxicity in infections. Pneumolysin is a pore-forming toxin released by Streptococcus pneumoniae, the major cause of bacterial meningitis. We found that pneumolysin is the pneumococcal factor that accounts for the cell death pathways induced by live bacteria in primary neurons. The pore-forming activity of pneumolysin is essential for the induction of mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. Pneumolysin colocalized with mitochondrial membranes, altered the mitochondrial membrane potential, and caused the release of apoptosis-inducing factor and cell death. Pneumolysin induced neuronal apoptosis without activating caspase-1, -3, or -8. Wild-type pneumococci also induced apoptosis without activation of caspase-3, whereas pneumolysin-negative pneumococci activated caspase-3 through the release of bacterial hydrogen peroxide. Pneumolysin caused upregulation of X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and inhibited staurosporine-induced caspase activation, suggesting the presence of actively suppressive mechanisms on caspases. In conclusion, our results indicate additional functions of pneumolysin as a mitochondrial toxin and as a determinant of caspase-independent apoptosis. Considering this, blocking of pneumolysin may be a promising cytoprotective strategy in pneumococcal meningitis and other infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. johannb@uaeu.ac.ae
authors.forename: Johann S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schickhaus
authors.forename: Dorette
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Freyer
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dagand
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bermpohl
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bechmann
authors.forename: Joerg R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013301:Streptolysins / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013301:Streptolysins; C032290:plY protein, Streptococcus pneumoniae; D002118:Calcium