[Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: fluid loading, vasopressors and hypotension].
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the different preventive and curative strategies for the management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.


METHODS
Data related to hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section were searched in the Medline database. Trials published in English or French were reviewed.


RESULTS
Hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia is very frequent (55 to 90%) if not prevented. It can induce complications for the mother and/or the fetus. Crystalloid preload alone is ineffective. Colloid preload is effective but might be better used as a second line treatment. Ephedrine has been the vasopressor of choice for long, but has a weak prophylactic efficacy. In addition, it can induce maternal cardiovascular adverse effects and fetal acidosis. Prophylactic phenylephrine, with or without ephedrine according to maternal heart rate, is at least as effective as ephedrine, with less adverse effects. Crystalloid loading at the time of spinal injection ("co-/post-loading") enhances the haemodynamic control provided by vasopressors.


CONCLUSIONS
Hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section must be systematically detected, prevented and treated without delay. The association of vasopressor(s) (phenylephrine with or without ephedrine) with a rapid crystalloid loading at the time of spinal injection represents the most interesting strategy nowadays.
Mercier
F J
FJ
Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart cedex, France. frederic.mercier@abc.aphp.fr <frederic.mercier@abc.aphp.fr>
Bonnet
M-P
MP
De la Dorie
A
A
Moufouki
M
M
Banu
F
F
Hanaf
A
A
Edouard
D
D
Roger-Christoph
S
S
D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002585:Cesarean Section; D003102:Colloids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006801:Humans; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011187:Posture; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011247:Pregnancy; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior
D003102:Colloids; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D004809:Ephedrine