title: [A novel indirect method to adjust for the effects of smoking in occupational epidemiological cohort studies].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previously documented indirect adjustment methods could only adjust for the confounding effects from cigarette smoking. The aim of this paper is to introduce a novel method for dealing with the effects of smoking in occupational, epidemiological cohort studies using a 'smoking adjustment factor'.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study among male silicotic workers purely exposed to silica dusts in Hong Kong (1981 - 1999) was used as an example. 'Smoking adjustment factor' in occupationally exposed smoking and nonsmoking sub-cohorts was expressed as 1/(1- PAR% )xRR and 1/1- PAR% respectively. Relative exposure effect and Synergy index were estimated to assess the multiplicative and additive interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  'Smoking adjustment factor' for non-smoking and smoking silicotic workers was 1/0.33 and 1/1.62 respectively. Lung cancer standardized mortality ratio(SMR) of all cohort members was reduced from 1.61(95% CI: 1.22-2.10) to 1.08(95% CI:0.81-1.41) after indirectly adjusted for smoking effect. Results from our novel indirect method were in line with that from Axelson' s approach. Relative silicosis effect and synergy index were estimated to be 0.63 (95% CI:0.08-0.79) and 0.90 (95 % CI:0.42-1.94) ,suggesting a significant but negative multiplicative interaction between smoking and silicosis on the risk of lung cancer mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The merit of this new method was the ability to adjust for the confounding effect and evaluate the interactive effect with smoking. However, comparability of age distribution between occupationally exposed smoking and nonsmoking sub-cohorts was a prerequisite for the accurate estimations of the smoking indirectly adjusted SMR, relative exposure effect, and/or synergy index.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community & Family Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR.
authors.forename: Lap Ah
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: Ignatius Tak-Sun
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012829:Silicosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology