title: Effects of freezing on the survival of Escherichia coli and Bacillus and response to UV and chlorine after freezing.
abstract: Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus megaterium bacteria were frozen at -15 degrees C using a freezer and a spray freezing method. The frozen Bacillus spores were also exposed to UV and free chlorine. An average of 4.7-log inactivation was obtained from the spray ice with 2-day storage time, while the freezer freezing only caused 0.84-log reduction with the same storage time. Significantly higher inactivation levels were observed for the E. coli cells with 2-day storage compared with those without storage. The spray freezing was found more effective in killing the E. coli cells, while more cells were sublethally injured by the freezer freezing. Freezing did not kill the Bacillus megaterium spores, but affected their response to UV and chlorine. Greater inactivation levels were observed at higher free chlorine doses or longer contact time, and the UV fluence-response curve showed initial rapid kill followed by tailing for the frozen spores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. wagao@lakeheadu.ca
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001410:Bacillus megaterium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005615:Freezing; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008954:Models, Biological; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine