title: Hairpin DNAzymes: a new tool for efficient cellular gene silencing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  RNA-based gene silencing is potentially a powerful therapeutic strategy. Catalytic 10-23 DNAzymes bind to target RNA by complimentary sequence arms on a Watson-Crick basis and thus can be targeted to effectively cleave specific mRNA species. However, for in vivo applications it is necessary to stabilise DNAzymes against nucleolytic attack. Chemical modifications can be introduced into the binding arms to increase stability but these may alter catalytic activity and in some cases increase cell toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed novel 10-23 DNAzyme structures that incorporate stem-loop hairpins at either end on the DNAzyme binding arms. The catalytic activity of hairpin DNAzymes (hpDNAzyme) were tested in vitro against 32P-labelled cRNA encoding the muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR) alpha-subunit. Resistance of hpDNAzymes to nucleolytic degradation was tested by incubation of the hpDNAzymes with Bal-31, DNase1 or HeLa cell extract. Gene silencing by hpDNAzymes was assessed by measuring reduced fluorescence from DsRed2 and EGFP reporters in cell culture systems, and reduced 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding in cells transfected with cDNA encoding the AChR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that hpDNAzymes show remarkable resistance to nucleolytic degradation, and demonstrate that in cell culture systems the hpDNAzymes are far more effective than standard 10-23 DNAzymes in down-regulating protein expression from target mRNA species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hpDNAzymes provide new molecular tools that, without chemical modification, give highly efficient gene silencing in cells, and may have potential therapeutic applications.
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
authors.forename: Amr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdelgany
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beeson
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002038:Bungarotoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D021881:DNA, Catalytic / Q000502:physiology*; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000502:physiology*; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005453:Fluorescence; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D018075:RNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D002038:Bungarotoxins; D021881:DNA, Catalytic; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D018075:RNA, Complementary; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein; C402582:RNA-cleaving DNA 10-23