title: Cost analysis of minimally invasive surgery in a pediatric setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study was to determine whether an active policy of cost curtailment would impact on the theater cost of laparoscopic surgery in a pediatric setting; to document the extent of cost changes over time and to identify factors that adversely influence expenditure; and to investigate whether the surgeon is a significant factor in the price of the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective audit of laparoscopic procedures was performed in a single unit over a 36-month period. Detailed costs of theater inventory for all procedures were compiled on a case-by-case basis and recorded on a database. The cost of six index procedures were collated and changes over the period of the study analyzed. The factors responsible for increased expenditure were flagged and appraised to enable the implementation of cost-saving measures. The prices of the laparoscopic equipment were based on invoiced figures provided by hospital managers, and no long-term outcome measures were taken into account.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 179 cases were performed by six surgeons over a 3-year period between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2005, with no adverse intraoperative events. The procedures studied in further detail were appendicectomy (n = 50), fundoplication (n = 25), cholecystectomy (n = 12), nephrectomy (n = 10), Fowler Stevens for undescended testes (n = 10), and modified Palomo operations for varicocoele (n = 7). The mean cost of these procedures fell year by year over the period of study but was significant only in appendicectomy (P = 0.017). For this procedure, there was a significant difference in costs between the various surgeons (P = 0.007), but this trend was not noted with the other procedures. There were no major intraoperative events, although 2 patients required conversion owing to technical difficulties posed by the cases. Among the factors that influenced costs were the use of disposables, particularly for hemostasis and suctioning, and an inability to procure reuseable instruments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The costs of commonly performed laparoscopic procedures are falling year by year. The surgeon is a factor in the costs of some procedures. A cost-saving strategy has not been compromised of patient safety; however, some cost-saving measures, though attractive, are labor intensive and are not practical. An overall commitment to the sensible use of health care resources translates into savings for hospitals, thereby strengthening the case for laparoscopic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom. Anies.Mahomed@bsuh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Anies A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mahomed
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McLean
mesh_terms: D001062:Appendectomy / Q000191:economics; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000191:economics; D003363:Cost Control; D017046:Cost Savings; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000601:surgery; D004209:Disposable Equipment / Q000191:economics; D017743:Equipment Reuse / Q000191:economics; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000191:economics; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007445:Inventories, Hospital / Q000191:economics; D020706:Laparoscopes / Q000191:economics; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000191:economics; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000191:economics; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000191:economics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013396:Suction / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000191:economics; D014646:Varicocele / Q000601:surgery