title: Frontal recess anatomy study by endoscopic dissection in cadavers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The frontal sinus ostium is frequently difficult to recognize because of anatomical structures that hide it. The objective of the present study was to identify and describe the frontal recess anatomy that impairs the endoscopic recognition of the frontal sinus ostium.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted by consecutive endoscopic dissections of 32 cadavers (59 sides), 10 (31.25%) females and 22 (68.75%) males. After resection of the lower portion of the uncinate process, with preservation of its upper insertion, we evaluated which anatomical structures needed to be removed for complete visualization of the frontal sinus ostium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visualization of the frontal sinus ostium after resection of the lower portion of the uncinate process was possible in only 11 (18.64%) nasal cavities. The uncinate process (terminal recess) was the main anatomical structure that impaired the recognition of the frontal sinus ostium, present in 45 (76.27%) nasal cavities, followed by the ethmoid bulla (16.95%) and agger nasi cells (6.78%).
authors.affiliation: FMUSP. imuno@ufba.br/lessamm@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Marcus Miranda
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lessa
authors.forename: Richards Louis
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Voegels
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cunha Filho
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sakae
authors.forename: Ossamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Butugan
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged