title: Propofol inhibits HCN1 pacemaker channels by selective association with the closed states of the membrane embedded channel core.
abstract: Activation of native IH pacemaker channels and channels formed on heterologous expression of some isoforms of their pore forming HCN (hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-regulated) subunits is inhibited by the intravenous general anaesthetic propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol). Here, we show that inhibition of homomeric HCN1 channels is mediated through anaesthetic association with the membrane embedded channel core, a domain that is highly conserved between this isoform and the relatively insensitive HCN2 and 4 subunits. Decoupling of HCN channel gating from cAMP and internal protons reveals that changes in these second messengers are neither necessary nor sufficient to account for propofol's actions. Modelling of the equilibrium and kinetic behaviour of HCN1 channels in the absence and presence of anaesthetic reveals that (1) gating is best described by models wherein closed and open states communicate via a voltage-independent reaction with no significant equilibrium occupancy of a deactivated open state at non-permissive voltages, and (2) propofol modifies gating by preferentially associating with closed-resting and closed-activated states but a low affinity interaction with the activated open state shapes the effect of the drug under physiological conditions. Our findings illuminate the mechanism of HCN channel gating and provide a framework that will facilitate development of propofol derivates that have altered pharmacological properties and therapeutic potentials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, and Eye Institute Research Annex, EI3-305, 160 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Alex K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lyashchenko
authors.forename: Kacy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Redd
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Gareth R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Tibbs
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D064428:Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; C578666:Hcn1 protein, mouse; D064428:Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels; D015221:Potassium Channels; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D015742:Propofol