title: Magnetocardiography provides non-invasive three-dimensional electroanatomical imaging of cardiac electrophysiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  More than two decades of research work have shown that magnetocardiographic mapping (MCG) is reliable for non-invasive three-dimensional electroanatomical imaging (3D-EAI) of arrhythmogenic substrates. Magnetocardiographic mapping is now become appealing to interventional electrophysiologists after recent evidence that MCG-based dynamic imaging of atrial arrhythmias could be useful to classify patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) before ablation and to plan the most appropriate therapeutic approach. This article will review some key-points of 3D-EAI and discuss what is still missing to favor clinical applicability of MCG-based 3D-EAI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetocardiographic mapping is performed with a 36-channel unshielded mapping system, based on DC-SQUID sensors coupled to second-order axial gradiometers (pick-up coil 19 mm and 55-70 mm baselines; sensitivity of 20 fT/Sqrt[Hz] in above 1 Hz), as part of the electrophysiologic investigation protocol, tailored to the diagnostic need of each arrhythmic patient. More than 500 arrhythmic patients have been investigated so far.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MCG-based 3D-EAI has proven useful to localize well-confined arrhythmogenic substrates, such as focal ventricular tachycardia or preexcitation, to understand some causes for ablation failure, to study atrial electrophysiology including spectral analysis and localization of dominant frequency components of AF. However, MCG is still missing software tools for automatic and/or interactive 3D imaging, and multimodal data fusion equivalent to those provided with systems for invasive 3D electroanatomical mapping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since there is an increasing trend to favor interventional treatment of arrhythmias, clinical application of MCG 3D-EAI is foreseen to improve preoperative selection of patients, to plan the appropriate interventional approach and to reduce ablation failure.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Physiology - Biomagnetism Research Center, Catholic University, Rome, Italy. feniciri@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fenici
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brisinda
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D053798:Magnetocardiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted