title: Randomized clinical trial of the influence of intraperitoneal local anaesthesia on pain after laparoscopic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is controversy about the effectiveness of intraperitoneal local anaesthesia (LA) in laparoscopic surgery. The aim of the present randomized clinical trial was to compare the analgesic effect of pre-emptive (preoperative) versus postoperative intraperitoneal LA in two different types of laparoscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 2004 and January 2005, 133 consecutive patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic fundoplication or hernia repair were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: placebo solution (50 ml 0.9 per cent saline) or LA (50 ml 0.5 per cent lidocaine) administered immediately after creation of the pneumoperitoneum, or LA (50 ml 0.5 per cent lidocaine) at the end of the operation. Analgesic requirements were analysed, and pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 to 100 at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of pneumoperitoneum (median 66 versus 46 min respectively; P < 0.001) and overall pain intensity (median VAS score 46.7 versus 6.5; P < 0.001) were higher for laparoscopic fundoplication than for hernia repair. Preoperative application of LA reduced abdominal pain (median 28.6 versus 74.9; P < 0.005), shoulder pain (median 24.3 versus 43.8; P = 0.004) and analgesic consumption (mean(s.d.) 11.1(5.0) versus 18.5(5.4) mg piritramide per 48 h; P = 0.002) after fundoplication, but had no analgesic effects after hernia repair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-emptive application of LA reduced postoperative pain and analgesic requirements after laparoscopic fundoplication.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palmes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Röttgermann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Classen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horstmann
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000009:adverse effects; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000601:surgery; D059685:Herniorrhaphy; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics