title: Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in sewage sludge and solid waste landfill leachate and quantitative comparative analysis of sanitization treatments on pathogen inactivation.
abstract: Circulation of Cryptosporidum and Giardia in the environment can be facilitated by spreading of sewage sludge on agricultural or livestock grazing lands or depositing in landfills. Solid waste landfill leachate and sewage sludge samples were quantitatively tested for C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts, and G. lamblia cysts by the combined multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) method. Subsequently, the effects of four sanitization treatments (i.e., ultrasound and microwave energy disintegrations, and quicklime and top-soil stabilization) on inactivation of these pathogens were determined. The landfill leachate samples were positive for Giardia, and sewage sludge samples for both Cryptosporididium and Giardia. The overall concentration of G. lamblia cysts (mean; 24.2/g) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the concentration of C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts (mean; 14.0/g). Sonication reduced the load of G. lamblia cysts to non-detectable levels in 12 of 21 samples (57.1%), and in 5 of 6 samples (83.3%) for C. parvum and C. hominis. Quicklime stabilization treatment was 100% effective in inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and microwave energy disintegration lacked the efficacy. Top-soil stabilization treatment reduced gradually the load of both pathogens which was consistent with the serial dilution of sewage sludge with the soil substrate. This study demonstrated that sewage sludge and landfill leachate contained high numbers of potentially viable, human-virulent species of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and that sonication and quicklime stabilization were the most effective treatments for sanitization of sewage sludge and solid waste landfill leachates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Environmental Health Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. tgraczyk@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Thaddeus K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Graczyk
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kacprzak
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neczaj
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tamang
authors.forename: Halshka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Graczyk
authors.forename: Frances E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Lucy
authors.forename: Autumn S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Girouard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005872:Giardia / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008872:Microwaves; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012498:Sanitary Engineering / Q000379:methods; D012722:Sewage / Q000469:parasitology*; D013010:Sonication; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical