title: Demonstration of a novel technique to quantitatively assess inflammatory mediators and cells in rat knee joints.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inflammation that accompanies the pain and swelling associated with osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis is mediated by complex interactions of inflammatory mediators. Cytokines play a pivotal role in orchestrating many of these processes, including inflammatory cell recruitment, adhesion and activation. In addition, prostaglandins are secreted into the synovial cavity and are involved in perpetuation of local inflammation, vasodilatation and vasoconstriction, and also with bone resorption. Pre-clinical models have been developed in order to correlate to the human disease and principle among these is the adjuvant-induced arthritis model in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed a technique to quantitatively assess the contents of synovial fluid samples from rat joints. Two needles joined together are inserted into the knee joint of anaesthetised rats and connected to a Watson-Marlow perfusion pump. Sterile saline is infused and withdrawn at 100 microl min-1 until a 250 microl sample is collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrate up to 125 fold increases in synovial IL1alpha and IL1beta concentrations, approximately 30 fold increases in levels of IL6 and IL10 and a 200-300 fold elevation in synovial concentrations of TNFalpha during FCA-induced experimental arthritis. Finally, this novel technique has demonstrated a dose-response relationship between FCA and the total cell counts of synovial perfusates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, this new technique provides a robust method for quantifying inflammatory mediators and cells from the synovial cavity itself, thereby detailing the inflammatory processes from within the capsule and excluding those processes occurring in other tissues surrounding the entire articulation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Medical College, 1 George Sq, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK. N.J.Barton@sms.ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Jane P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Adriano G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Iain P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Chessell
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reeve
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: McQueen