title: Probable warfarin-simvastatin interaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report and discuss a case of fatal cerebral hemorrhage following a switch from atorvastatin to simvastatin in a patient taking warfarin.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 82-year-old white female was admitted to the hospital because of an international normalized ratio (INR) value greater than 8, which was detected at a routine follow-up visit to monitor warfarin therapy. Four weeks earlier her lipid-lowering therapy had been switched from atorvastatin 10 mg daily to simvastatin 10 mg daily. She had been treated with 2.5 mg of warfarin daily for almost 30 years due to episodes of deep venous thrombosis and lung embolism. Her INR had been stable within the treatment range (2.0-3.5) for more than 2 years before the INR increase. Upon hospitalization, she was given 5 mg of vitamin K orally. A few hours later she lost the feeling and movement of her right arm and a computed tomography scan showed major bleeding in the left cerebral hemisphere. She died the following day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One study has shown a lack of interaction between warfarin and atorvastatin. In comparison, 3 studies have shown significant increases (10-30%) in warfarin effect and/or reductions in dose requirement after starting concomitant simvastatin treatment. The interaction mechanism between simvastatin and warfarin is not known but is possibly associated with reduced elimination of warfarin. Use of the Naranjo probability scale showed that the likelihood of warfarin-induced INR increase following the switch to simvastatin was probable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atorvastatin and simvastatin appear to differ in their potential to interact with warfarin. Clinicians should be aware of the interaction risk when starting simvastatin treatment in patients on warfarin therapy.
authors.affiliation: RELIS Medicines Information Centre, Health Region South, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway. tone.westergren@rikshospitalet.no
authors.forename: Tone
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Westergren
authors.forename: Peder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Espen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molden
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio / Q000379:methods; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin; D019821:Simvastatin