title: Multiple micronutrient supplementation and dietary energy intake in pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare dietary intake of women supplemented with multiple micronutrients (MM) or iron only during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, controlled community-based trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  One semi-urban community in Central Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women identified before week 13 of pregnancy, willing to provide informed consent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women were randomly assigned to receive daily supplementation with MM or iron only from recruitment until delivery. Supplements were delivered to the participants' home and compliance observed daily. Dietary intake was assessed by repeat 24-hr recall. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests and multiple regression analysis to determine the impact of MM supplementation on dietary intake of energy and select micronutrients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the third trimester, women in the MM group consumed more energy and iron from dietary sources than women in the iron only group. After adjustment for differences between the groups at baseline, women in the MM group consumed 111.3 kcal/day more (p<0.05) energy. The difference in iron intake was not significant after adjusting for the increase in energy intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women consuming MM supplements during pregnancy increased energy intake from dietary sources without a concurrent increase in micronutrient density. Future studies should include measures of appetite and physical activity during pregnancy to determine the implications of additional energy intake for weight gain and retention.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Lourdes Flores
authors.forename: Lynnette M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Neufeld
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: González-Cossío
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Reynaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martorell
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D007501:Iron