title: Adherence to pharmacological treatment for juvenile bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and correlates of adherence to divalproex sodium (DVPX) and lithium carbonate (Li) combination treatment during the initial stabilization treatment phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adherence to Li/DVPX combination therapy was measured by the presence or absence of minimum serum concentrations of DVPX (50 microg/mL) or Li (0.6 mmol/L). Secondary measures included pill count, patient/parent report, and clinical judgment. Correlates of adherence, including patient characteristics, medication side effects, and family variables, were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seven patients (70 males and 37 females) were studied. The proportion of serum concentrations in the therapeutic range across the study period was 0.84 for DVPX and 0.66 for Li. Maternal (r = -0.31; p<.01) and paternal (r = -0.44; p < .01) hospitalization for a psychiatric disorder and less adaptive family functioning (r=-0.26; p < .05) related to treatment nonadherence for DVPX. Better treatment adherence to DVPX (r = 0.21; p < .05) and Li (r = 0.23; p < .05) was associated with a greater number of side effects, whereas male sex was associated with worse adherence to both DVPX (r= -0.24; p < .05) and Li (r = -0.22; p < .05) pharmacotherapy. Clinical response to treatment correlated with adherence to DVPX treatment (r = 0.33; p < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonadherence may limit the statistical power of treatment efficacy studies and the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy treatment for juvenile BPD and necessitate strategies to evaluate and enhance levels of treatment adherence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, USA. Dennis.Drotar@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drotar
authors.forename: Rachel Neff
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Greenley
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Demeter
authors.forename: Nora K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stansbrey
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stange
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vijay
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Findling
mesh_terms: D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D014635:Valproic Acid