The positive T wave.
OBJECTIVE
The instant of maximum slope (Tup) of the T wave in the unipolar electrogram is a well-established measure of repolarisation time (TR). Nevertheless, recent observations on positive T waves have caused a renewed debate. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism that leads to positive and negative T waves and to investigate which electrogram feature best predicts TR.


METHODS
We simulated propagating action potentials (AP) and electrograms with a bidomain reaction-diffusion model of the human heart including heterogeneous ion-channel properties. To explain positive T waves we compared results with those of a much simpler model, which predicts T waves from local and remote AP.


RESULTS
Repolarisation time was defined as the instant of steepest downstroke of the AP. T wave polarity was mostly determined by TR. Positive T waves occurred at early-repolarising sites. Correlation between Tup and TR was >0.99, in both negative and positive T waves. T wave area and peak value also correlated highly with TR.


CONCLUSIONS
The polarity of the T wave is primarily determined by TR. Positive T waves occur at early-repolarising sites. Local TR is best estimated by Tup, also in positive T waves.
Potse
Mark
M
Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. mark@potse.nl
Coronel
Ruben
R
Opthof
Tobias
T
Vinet
Alain
A
D000200:Action Potentials; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006801:Humans