title: Increased prefrontal activation during pain perception in major depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To further elucidate the close interrelation of pain and depression, we investigated cerebral responses to parametrically varied thermal pain intensities in female patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 13) and matched control subjects (n = 13) by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  After the assessment of the individual thermal pain threshold, an fMRI-compatible thermode was used to deliver thermal painful stimuli to the right arm. All stimuli were initiated for 10 sec from a baseline resting temperature (32 degrees C) in three different conditions (37 degrees C, 42 degrees C, 45 degrees C). Statistical Parametric Mapping 2 (SPM2) software was used for image processing and statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients displayed significantly increased thermal pain thresholds. A comparable increase in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was observed in key structures of the pain matrix in patients and control subjects. Patients displayed hyperactivation in comparison with control subjects for the painful 45 degrees C condition in the left ventrolateral thalamus, in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), as well as a stronger parametric BOLD signal increase in the right VLPFC, DLPFC, and in the contralateral insula. Symptom severity correlated positively with the BOLD signal in the left ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present evidence that cortical structures of the pain matrix are similarly activated in depressed patients and healthy subjects. We report increased prefrontal and lateral thalamic activation during the presentation of painful stimuli, which might explain reduced thermal pain perception on the skin in depressed patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 3, Jena, Germany. Karl-Juergen.Baer@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Karl-Jürgen
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Bär
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koschke
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boettger
authors.forename: Michael Karl
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Boettger
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlösser
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen