title: Negative feedback regulation of hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) synthesizing neurons: role of neuronal afferents and type 2 deiodinase.
abstract: Hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): synthesizing neurons reside in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and are the central regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. TRH synthesis and release from these neurons are primarily under negative feedback regulation by thyroid hormone. Under certain conditions such as cold exposure and fasting, however, inputs from neurons in the brainstem and hypothalamic arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei alter the set point for negative feedback through regulation of CREB phosphorylation. Thus, during cold exposure, adrenergic neurons stimulate the HPT axis, while fasting-induced central hypothyroidism is mediated through an arcuato-paraventricular pathway. Feedback regulation of TRH neurons may also be modified by local tissue levels of thyroid hormone regulated by the activation of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2), the primary enzyme in the brain that catalyzes T4 to T3 conversion. During infection, endotoxin or endotoxin induced cytokines increase D2 activity in the mediobasal hypothalamus, which by inducing local hyperthyroidism, may play an important role in infection-induced inhibition of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary. feketecs@koki.hu
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fekete
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lechan
mesh_terms: D000320:Adrenergic Fibers / Q000378:metabolism; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001111:Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097564:Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
chemical_list: D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D000097564:Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II