title: Ictal and interictal EEG abnormalities in ADHD children recorded over night by video-polysomnography.
abstract: In this paper we explore the prevalence of ictal and interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and sleep disorders in ADHD children referred to a sleep clinic for all night video-PSG. Forty-two ADHD outpatients (35 males and 7 females) underwent video-PSG and a behavioural/neuropsychological assessment. Spearman correlation coefficients (p<0.05 criterion level) were used to assess the association between cognitive, behavioural, clinical (co-morbidity), sleep (sleep efficiency) and EEG (seizures, IEDs, localization of IEDs foci) variables. Sleep disorders were found in 86% of ADHD children; among these, 26% had RLS. 53.1% of ADHD children had IEDs (28.2% centro-temporal spikes, 12.5% frontal spikes, 9.3% temporal-occipital spikes and 2.3% generalized S-W). Nocturnal seizures were recorded in three patients: two with atypical interictal rolandic spikes and one with left frontal slow abnormalities. A significant relationship (p<0.05) emerges between nocturnal seizures and WISC-R IQ score and visual-spatial memory test and between some cognitive variables and interictal rolandic spikes. High levels of inattention, impulsivity/hyperactivity and oppositional behaviours were related (p<0.01 or 0.05) with Restless Leg Syndrome diagnosis. In conclusion, ADHD is a condition often associated with EEG epileptiform abnormalities. Seizures/IEDs presence seems to play a role on cognitive abilities, conversely sleep disorders have a stronger impact on behavioural rather than cognitive indicators.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Medicine Centre, Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatric and Anaesthesiological Sciences, University of Messina, Italy. rosalia.silvestri@unime.it
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gagliano
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Calarese
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aricò
authors.forename: Clemente
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cedro
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Condurso
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Germanò
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vita
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tortorella
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017286:Polysomnography; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology