title: The prevalence and nutritional implications of fast food consumption among patients receiving hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fast food consumption has increased dramatically in the general population over the last 25 years. However, little is known about the prevalence and nutritional implications of fast food consumption among patients receiving hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using a cross-sectional study design, we obtained data on fast food consumption and nutrient intake (from four separate 24-hour dietary recalls) and nutritional parameters (from chart abstraction) for 194 randomly selected patients from 44 hemodialysis facilities in northeast Ohio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one subjects (42%) reported consuming at least one fast food meal or snack in 4 days. Subjects who consumed more fast food had higher kilocalorie, carbohydrate, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium intakes. For example, kilocalorie per kilogram intake per day increased from 18.9 to 26.1 with higher frequencies of fast food consumption (P = .003). Subjects who consumed more fast food also had higher serum phosphorus levels and interdialytic weight gains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fast food is commonly consumed by patients receiving hemodialysis and is associated with a higher intake of kilocalories, carbohydrates, fats, and sodium and adverse changes in phosphorus and fluid balance. Further work is needed to understand the long-term benefits and risks of fast food consumption among patients receiving hemodialysis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA.
authors.forename: Saud
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: Janeen B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Sanbir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.forename: Ashwini R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sehgal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012147:Restaurants; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary