title: Glutamine concentration and immune response of spinal cord-injured rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glutamine plays a key role in immune response. Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe loss of muscle mass and to a high incidence of infections. This study investigated the acute effect of SCI (2 and 5 days) on the plasma glutamine and skeletal muscle concentrations and immune responses in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 29 adult male Wistar rats were divided as follows: control (C; n = 5), sham-operated (S2; n = 5) and spinal cord-transected (T2; n = 7). They were killed on day 2 after surgery/transection (acute phase). Another set was sham-operated (S5; n = 5), spinal cord-transected (T5; n = 7), and killed at day 5 after surgery/transection (secondary phase). Blood was collected; the white portion of the epitrochlearis and gastrocnemius muscles and the red portion of soleus muscles were dissected to measure the glutamine concentration. Gut-associated lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages were obtained for immune parameters measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glutamine concentration in the plasma, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles in rats with SCI were significantly reduced but not in the epitrochlearis muscle in the acute (2 days) and secondary (5 days) phases. Phagocytic response was reduced in the acute phase but increased in the secondary phase in rats with SCI. Superoxide production, on the other hand, was significantly increased at days 2 and 5 after SCI, and CD8+ lymphocytes subset decreased significantly on days 2 and 5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed reduction in plasma glutamine and skeletal muscle concentrations after spinal cord transection. They also suggest that SCI and glutamine reduction contribute to an alteration in immune competence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Universidade Federal do Parana, Centro Politecnico-Jardim das Americas, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. rtanhoffer@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tanhoffer
authors.forename: Ricardo K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Everson A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Aldre I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Pchevozniki
authors.forename: Alana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pchevozniki
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nogata
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aikawa
authors.forename: Sandro J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bonatto
authors.forename: Gleisson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Mauricio D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lissa
authors.forename: Luiz C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008660:Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010243:Paralysis / Q000150:complications*; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018805:Sepsis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases