title: Dietary arsenic exposure in bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Millions of people in Bangladesh are at risk of chronic arsenic toxicity from drinking contaminated groundwater, but little is known about diet as an additional source of As exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed a duplicate diet survey to quantify daily As intake in 47 women residing in Pabna, Bangladesh. All samples were analyzed for total As, and a subset of 35 samples were measured for inorganic arsenic (iAs) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry equipped with a dynamic reaction cell.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median daily total As intake was 48 microg As/day [interquartile range (IQR), 33-67) from food and 4 microg As/day (IQR, 2-152) from drinking water. On average, iAs comprised 82% of the total As detected in dietary samples. After adjusting for the estimated inorganic fraction, 34% [95% confidence interval (CI), 21-49%] of all participants exceeded the World Health Organization's provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) of 2.1 microg As/kg-day. Two of the 33 women who used a well with < 50 microg As/L exceeded this recommendation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When drinking water concentrations exceeded the Bangladesh drinking water standard of 50 microg As/L, ingested water was the dominant source of exposure. However, as drinking water As concentrations decrease, the relative contribution of dietary As sources becomes more important to ingested dose. The combined intake from both diet and drinking water can cause some individuals to exceed the PTDI in spite of using a tube well that contains < 50 microg As/L.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. mkile@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Molly L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kile
authors.forename: E Andres
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Houseman
authors.forename: Carrie V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Breton
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Quazi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Quamruzzaman
authors.forename: Mahmuder
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Golam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mahiuddin
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Christiani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D001459:Bangladesh; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic