title: Heart rate dynamics during and after exercise in postoperative congenital heart disease patients. Their relation to cardiac autonomic nervous activity and intrinsic sinus node dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal exercise-related heart rate (HR) dynamics, that is, blunted exercise HR response, lower peak HR, and delayed HR recovery after exercise, are associated with high morbidity and mortality in adults with acquired and congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the precise mechanisms underlying the abnormal HR dynamics remain unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the precise contribution of cardiac autonomic nervous activity (CANA) and sinus node function on exercise-related HR dynamics in postoperative patients with CHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed our previous data in 53 postoperative patients with CHD who had undergone pharmacologic evaluation, including intrinsic HR, and compared the results with HR dynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrinsic HR (84% +/- 11%) was lower than the expected value and independently correlated with resting HR (P < .05). Univariate analysis demonstrated that all CANA indices significantly correlated with most HR dynamic parameters. On multivariate analysis, basal parasympathetic nervous activity significantly influenced all HR dynamics (P < .05-.0001), except for peak HR, whereas postsynaptic beta sensitivity of the sinus node significantly influenced all HR dynamics (P < .05-.001), except for early HR recovery. Resting plasma norepinephrine significantly correlated with all HR dynamics (P < .05-.001), except for resting HR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower resting and peak HRs are independently associated with intrinsic sinus node dysfunction and abnormal sympathetic CANA, respectively. A blunted HR increase and delayed early HR recovery are independently associated with impaired sympathetic and parasympathetic CANAs with the greater influence on a blunted exercise HR increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan. hohuchi@hsp.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohuchi
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kishiki
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wakisaka
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Echigo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides; D009638:Norepinephrine