title: Effects of rehabilitative exercise on peripheral muscle TNFalpha, IL-6, IGF-I and MyoD expression in patients with COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skeletal muscle wasting commonly occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and has been associated with the presence of systemic inflammation. This study investigated whether rehabilitative exercise training decreases the levels of systemic or local muscle inflammation or reverses the abnormalities associated with muscle deconditioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with COPD (mean (SE) forced expiratory volume in 1 s 36 (4)% predicted) undertook high-intensity exercise training 3 days/week for 10 weeks. Before and after the training programme the concentration of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in plasma was determined by ELISA, and vastus lateralis mRNA expression of TNFalpha, IL-6, total insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its isoform mechanogrowth factor (MGF) and myogenic differentiation factor D (MyoD) were assessed by real-time PCR. Protein levels of TNFalpha, IGF-I and MyoD were measured by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rehabilitation improved peak exercise work rate by 10 (2%) (p = 0.004) and mean fibre cross-sectional area from 4061 (254) microm(2) to 4581 (241) microm(2) (p = 0.001). Plasma inflammatory mediators and vastus lateralis expression of TNFalpha and IL-6 were not significantly modified by training. In contrast, there was a significant increase in mRNA expression of IGF-I (by 67 (22)%; p = 0.044), MGF (by 67 (15)%; p = 0.002) and MyoD (by 116 (30)%; p = 0.001). The increase observed at the mRNA level was also seen at the protein level for IGF-I (by 72 (36)%; p = 0.046) and MyoD (by 67 (21)%; p = 0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary rehabilitation can induce peripheral muscle adaptations and modifications in factors regulating skeletal muscle hypertrophy and regeneration without decreasing the levels of systemic or local muscle inflammation.
authors.affiliation: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Thorax Foundation, 3 Ploutarhou Str 106 75, Athens, Greece. gianvog@phed.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vogiatzis
authors.forename: Grigoris
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stratakos
authors.forename: Davina C M
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Simoes
authors.forename: Gerasimos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Terzis
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Georgiadou
authors.forename: Charis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roussos
authors.forename: Spyros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakynthinos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D017570:MyoD Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I