title: Investigating ADHD treatment trajectories: listening to families' stories about medication use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Policymakers, federal agencies, and researchers have called for more in-depth investigation of contextual mechanisms that may explain differences in medication use among youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted qualitative interviews with 28 families from varied socioeconomic and racial/ethnic and linguistic backgrounds regarding diagnostic and treatment trajectories for their children with symptoms consistent with ADHD, with a particular focus on whether and how medication use became a part of the trajectory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four longitudinal patterns of help-seeking trajectories emerged: (1) a pattern characterized by delay to diagnosis, common among youths with complicated clinical and/or environmental pictures or primarily inattentive ADHD symptoms; (2) an initial nonmedication treatment pattern in which parents at first chose to use other modalities of treatment; (3) a reluctant receipt of an ADHD diagnosis and/or treatment pattern, mainly seen among the low-income, Spanish-speaking families; and (4) a rapid engagement in medication use pattern, characterized by directed movement to and maintenance of medication use. These patterns resulted from a dynamic interplay of explanatory models regarding the cause, course, and cure of a child's problems; the influence of extended social networks; and factors previously examined in medical utilization models. Additional themes included (1) parents' need for more information about ADHD, (2) families' desire for additional mental health and school services making medications less necessary, and (3) the importance of cultural sensitivity and a longitudinal relationship between the caregiver and clinician to enhance communication between families and clinicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings deserve further study in a larger, more diverse sample.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123-0282, USA. leslie@casrc.org
authors.forename: Laurel K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: Dena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plemmons
authors.forename: Amy R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Monn
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Palinkas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D005192:Family Health / Q000208:ethnology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017058:Mexican Americans; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants