title: The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the facial skeleton of the African apes.
abstract: This paper aims to test the contribution of ontogenetic scaling to sexual dimorphism of the facial skeleton in the African apes. Specifically, it addresses whether males and females of each species share a common postnatal ontogenetic shape trajectory for the facial skeleton. Where trajectories are found to differ, it is tested whether male and female trajectories: 1) diverge early, or 2) diverge later after sharing a common trajectory earlier in the postnatal period. Where ontogenetic shape trajectories are found to be shared, it is also tested whether males and females are ontogenetically scaled. This study uses geometric morphometric analyses of 28 landmarks from the facial skeletons of 137 G. g. gorilla (62 adults; 75 juveniles), 95 P. paniscus (34 adults; 61 juveniles), and 115 P. t. troglodytes (58 adults; 57 juveniles). On average, males and females share a common ontogenetic shape trajectory until around the eruption of the second permanent molars. In addition, for the same period, males and females in each species share a common ontogenetic scaling trajectory. After this period, males and females diverge both from each other and from the common juvenile ontogenetic shape and scaling trajectories within each species. Thus, the male and female facial skeleton shows ontogenetic scaling until around the point of the eruption of the second molar (i.e., around puberty and the development of secondary sexual characteristics), but subsequent sexual dimorphism occurs via divergent trajectories and not via ontogenetic scaling.
authors.affiliation: Functional Morphology and Evolution Unit, Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. sam.cobb@hyms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Samuel N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Higgins
mesh_terms: D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development