Eating out of home and its correlates in 10 European countries. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the average out-of-home (OH) consumption of foods and beverages, as well as energy intake, among populations from 10 European countries and to describe the characteristics of substantial OH eaters, as defined for the purpose of the present study, in comparison to other individuals.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study. Dietary data were collected through single 24-hour dietary recalls, in which the place of consumption was recorded. For the present study, substantial OH eaters were defined as those who consumed more than 25% of total daily energy intake at locations other than the household premises. Mean dietary intakes and the proportion of substantial OH eaters are presented by food group and country. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds of being a substantial OH eater in comparison to not being one, using mutually adjusted possible non-dietary determinants.


METHODS
Ten European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).


METHODS
The subjects were 34 270 individuals, 12 537 men and 21 733 women, aged 35-74 years.


RESULTS
The fraction of energy intake during OH eating was generally higher in northern European countries than in the southern ones. Among the food and beverage groups, those selectively consumed outside the home were coffee/tea/waters and sweets and, to a lesser extent, cereals, meats, added lipids and vegetables. Substantial OH eating was positively associated with energy intake and inversely associated with age and physical activity. Substantial OH eating was less common among the less educated compared with the more educated, and more common during weekdays in central and north Europe and during the weekend in south Europe.


CONCLUSIONS
Eating outside the home was associated with sedentary lifestyle and increased energy intake; it was more common among the young and concerned in particular coffee/tea/waters and sweets.
Orfanos
Philippos
P
Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece.
Naska
Androniki
A
Trichopoulos
Dimitrios
D
Slimani
Nadia
N
Ferrari
Pietro
P
van Bakel
Marit
M
Deharveng
Genevieve
G
Overvad
Kim
K
Tjønneland
Anne
A
Halkjaer
Jytte
J
Santucci de Magistris
Maria
M
Tumino
Rosario
R
Pala
Valeria
V
Sacerdote
Carlotta
C
Masala
Giovanna
G
Skeie
Guri
G
Engeset
Dagrun
D
Lund
Eiliv
E
Jakszyn
Paula
P
Barricarte
Aurelio
A
Chirlaque
Maria-Dolores
MD
Martinez-Garcia
Carmen
C
Amiano
Pilar
P
Quirós
J Ramon
JR
Bingham
Sheila
S
Welch
Ailsa
A
Spencer
Elizabeth A
EA
Key
Timothy J
TJ
Rohrmann
Sabine
S
Linseisen
Jakob
J
Ray
Jennifer
J
Boeing
Heiner
H
Peeters
Petra H
PH
Bueno-de-Mesquita
H Bas
HB
Ocke
Marga
M
Johansson
Ingegerd
I
Johansson
Gerd
G
Berglund
Göran
G
Manjer
Jonas
J
Boutron-Ruault
Marie-Christine
MC
Touvier
Mathilde
M
Clavel-Chapelon
Françoise
F
Trichopoulou
Antonia
A
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*