title: Kohl - the traditional eyeliner: Use and analysis.
abstract: Kohl is a traditional powder-like mixture used as an eyeliner and to treat eye disease in many Middle and Far East countries. We studied kohl use among 360 individuals selected at random in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Kohl was used by 13% of males and 26% of females, especially the elderly and illiterate. Forty percent of females with children applied kohl to the eyes of their children during the first postnatal month. Analysis of five commercially available traditional kohl samples showed that some preparations have a high pH and a high lead concentration (88%), indicating that most preparations are lead-based rather than antimony-based. It is interesting to find that some kohl preparation have a weak antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Proteus species. The use of lead-based kohl is still a common and serious practice and should be discouraged, especially in children. The role of traditional kohl use in the pathogenesis of common ocular external diseases prevalent in Middle and Far East countries merits in investigation.
authors.affiliation: King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, and Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Kaff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Rajhi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tabbara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Yazigi