Anesthesia and analgesia for small mammals and birds.
This article should help the veterinarian to assess pain in small mammals and birds. The focus is on a multimodal approach to anesthesia and analgesia using opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alpha(2)-agonists, dissociatives, and local anesthetics as injectables, constant rate infusions, local blocks, and epidurals. Drugs used for induction, intubation techniques, and inhalant anesthesia are discussed. Protocols for critical patients and doses of common analgesics are covered.
Lichtenberger
Marla
M
marlavet@aol.com
Ko
Jeff
J
D000698:Analgesia / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005289:Ferrets; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary*; D011817:Rabbits; D012377:Rodentia
D000700:Analgesics; D000777:Anesthetics