title: Diabetes in treated hypertension is common and carries a high cardiovascular risk: results from a 28-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to analyse predictive factors for development of type 2 diabetes during life-long therapy for hypertension and the alleged additional cardiovascular risk this constitutes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group (n = 754) comprised the hypertensive subgroup of a randomized population sample of 7500 men, aged 47-54 years, screened for cardiovascular risk factors and followed for 25-28 years. The patients were treated with thiazide diuretics and beta-adrenergic blocking drugs with the addition of hydralazin during the first decade. Calcium antagonists were substituted for hydralazin and, if needed, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were added when these drugs became available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 148 (20.4%) treated hypertensive patients developed diabetes during 25 years, and in multivariate Cox regression analysis body mass index, serum triglycerides and treatment with beta-blockers were positively related with this complication. New-onset diabetes implied a significantly increased risk for stroke [hazard ratio (HR): 1.67; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.1-2.6; P < 0.05], myocardial infarction (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.1-2.5; P < 0.05) and mortality (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.1-1.9; P < 0.05). The greatest risk for stroke was new-onset diabetes, followed by smoking (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1-2.2; P = 0.07) and the greatest risk for myocardial infarction was new-onset diabetes, followed by smoking (HR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.1-2.4; P < 0.01). The greatest risk for mortality was smoking (HR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.3-2.2; P < 0.005). Achieved systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not predictive of cardiovascular complications or death. The mean observation time from onset of diabetes mellitus to a first stroke was 9.1 years and to a first myocardial infarction 9.3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes in treated hypertensive patients is alarmingly common and carries a high risk for cardiovascular complications and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Almgren
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilhelmsen
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Himmelmann
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: Ove K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents