title: Pathways into receiving a prescription for diamorphine (heroin) for the treatment of opiate dependence in the United kingdom.
abstract: In the UK, few doctors prescribe diamorphine for the treatment of opiate dependence to a small number of patients. A retrospective case note review of patients receiving diamorphine in 2000 was conducted in the UK to determine how and why these patients came to receive a prescription for diamorphine. Patient eligibility criteria were examined together with doctors' stated reasons for initiating a diamorphine (heroin) prescription. Two hundred and ten sets of patients' case notes were reviewed at 27 of the 42 (64%) drug clinics in England and Wales where diamorphine was prescribed by the doctor. There appeared to be a general consensus among the few doctors who had prescribed diamorphine that it was a treatment of last resort, for those with long histories of heroin use and injecting, and those who had not responded sufficiently well to previous other treatments. However, there was also a small number of patients initiated on diamorphine without ever having previously received opiate treatments and some because they were experiencing problems injecting methadone. This reflects the UK history of the individual doctor's clinical autonomy in deciding when diamorphine is appropriate and the previous lack of nationally agreed patient eligibility criteria.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour, Imperial College London, London, UK. Nicola.Metrebian@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Metrebian
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mott
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Carnwath
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carnwath
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Stimson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019233:Retreatment; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000534:rehabilitation; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014852:Wales
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine; D009294:Narcotics; D003932:Heroin