title: Effect of feeding fermented liquid feed and fermented grain on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance in piglets.
abstract: To investigate the microbial and nutritional characteristics of dry feed, liquid feed containing fermented liquid cereal grains, and fermented liquid feed, and their effect on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance, 120 piglets from 40 litters were used and housed in pens with 5 animals in each. The 3 dietary treatments (all nonheated and nonpelleted diets) were: a dry meal diet (DRY); a fermented, liquid cereal grain feed (FLG); and a fermented liquid feed (FLF). The FLG diet was prepared by storing the dietary cereals (barley and wheat) and water (1:2.5, wt/wt) in a closed tank at 20 degrees C and adding the remaining dietary ingredients immediately before feeding. The FLF diet was prepared by storing compound feed and water (1:2.5, wt/wt) in a closed tank at 20 degrees C. Three times daily, 50% of the fermented cereals or compound feed and water stored in the tanks was removed and replaced with an equal amount of fresh cereals or feed and water. On d 14, 1 piglet from each pen was killed and samples from the gastrointestinal tract were obtained. The pH of the fermented cereals was 3.85 (SD = 0.10), that of the FLG diet was 5.00 (SD = 0.18), and the pH of the FLF diet was 4.45 (SD = 0.11). The dietary concentration of lysine (g/16 g of N) pointed to a decreased concentration in the FLF (5.46, SD = 0.08) compared with the DRY (6.01) and FLG (6.21, SD = 0.27) diets, and the concentration of cadaverine was greater in the FLF diet (890 mg/kg, SD = 151.3) than in the DRY (32 mg/kg) or FLG (153 mg/kg, SD = 18.7) diets. Fermenting only the cereal component of the diet (FLG) promoted the growth of yeasts to a greater extent than fermenting the whole diet (FLF). Terminal RFLP profiles of diets and digesta from the stomach and midcolon showed differences among dietary groups. The number of yeasts able to grow at 37 degrees C in the stomach and caudal small intestine was greatest in the FLG group compared with the other 2 dietary groups (P < 0.01). In the cecum and colon, the differences were only significant between piglets fed the FLG and the FLF diets (P < 0.05). The greatest number of yeasts able to grow at 20 degrees C was detected in the animals fed the FLG diet. However, the values were different from the FLF-fed piglets only in the stomach (P < 0.05) and midcolon (P < 0.05). There was a tendency (P < 0.10) for greater ADG of the piglets fed the FLG compared with the FLF diet. Feeding liquid feed containing fermented, liquid cereal grains as a means of avoiding microbial decarboxylation of free amino acids in the feed and increasing feed intake by improving palatability seems promising but requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Denmark. nuria.canibe@agrsci.dk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Canibe
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Højberg
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Badsberg
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000662:veterinary; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D004068:Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development*; D015430:Weight Gain