title: When pharmacotherapeutic recommendations may lead to the reverse effect on physician decision-making.
abstract: For long the medical literature has shown that patients do not always receive appropriate care, including pharmacotherapeutic treatment. To achieve improved patient care, a number of physician-oriented interventions are being delivered internationally in an attempt to implement evidence based medicine in routine daily practice of medical practitioners. The pharmacy profession has taken an active role in the delivery of intervention strategies aimed at promoting evidence based prescribing and improved quality and safety of medicine use. However, the medical literature also supports the notion that valid clinical care recommendations do not always have the desired impact on physician behaviour. We argue that the well-established theory of psychological reactance might at least partially explain instances when physicians do not act upon such recommendations. Reactance theory suggests that when recommended to take a certain action, a motivational state compels us to react in a way that affirms our freedom to choose. Often we choose to do the opposite of what the recommendation is proposing that we do or we just become entrenched in our initial position. The basic concepts of psychological reactance are universal and likely to be applicable to the provision of recommendations to physicians. Making recommendations regarding clinical care, including pharmacotherapy, may carry with it implied threats, as it can be perceived as an attempt to restrict one's freedom of choice potentially generating reactance and efforts to avoid them. By identifying and taking into account factors likely to promote reactance, physician-oriented interventions could become more effective.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. abilio@pharm.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Abilio C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Almeida Neto
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003657:Decision Making; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D010595:Pharmacists; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D024382:Professional Role; D011582:Psychological Theory