title: A review of methylnaltrexone, a peripheral opioid receptor antagonist, and its role in opioid-induced constipation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opioid medications are frequently used in pain and palliative care patients with malignancy to manage symptoms such as pain and dyspnea. However, opiates are associated with various side effects. Constipation is a particularly problematic and common side effect of opioid pharmacology. Opioid antagonists have been studied in the management of opioid-induced constipation. Methylnaltrexone (MNTX) is a peripheral opioid antagonist currently under clinical investigation. It offers the potential to reverse undesirable side effects without reversing analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article attempts to review existing clinical data, focusing on antagonism of opioid-induced adverse effects on the gastrointestinal system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MNTX seems to be well tolerated with limited or transient side effects. MNTX has been shown to improve oral-cecal transit times in opioid treated patients, induce laxation in chronic opioid users, and neither reverses the analgesic effects of morphine nor cause withdrawal symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larger clinical trials of MNTX are still necessary to support its use as a standard for treatment of opioid-induced constipation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Pain and Palliative Care, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shaiova
authors.forename: Faye
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rim
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jahdi
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003248:Constipation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C032257:methylnaltrexone; D009271:Naltrexone