title: Dependence of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yields on physical parameters: implications for exposure, emissions control and monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the extent to which tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields are dependent on cigarette design features such as burn rate, filter ventilation and paper porosity, and to consider the implications for human exposure and the regulation of TNCO emissions. A related aim is to determine whether accurate prediction of TNCO yields is possible using only simple physical parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Datasets that include quantitative design parameters as well as measurements of TNCO yields collected under standard conditions with vents unblocked (International Organization for Standardization) and under intense conditions with vents fully blocked (Health Canada) were compiled from the literature (primarily US and UK brands). Forward stepwise multiple regression analysis is used to assess the relative importance of each design feature in explaining variability in the observed emissions. Using randomly split data subsets, multiple linear regression is used to model the dependence of TNCO yields on design features in the training subset and validated against the test subset. Tar and carbon monoxide correlate with many of the particulate- and volatile-phase toxins in smoke, and brand values normalised to nicotine yield are used as surrogate measures of exposure within the bounds defined by non-intense and intense smoking protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Filter ventilation is the dominant control on measured TNCO emissions, but other factors including burn rate, amount of tobacco and paper porosity also contribute. Yields are predictable with reasonable accuracy and precision using only measured physical parameters. Surrogate exposure indicators suggest that filter ventilation does not lead to any reduction in exposure and that highly ventilated (low-yield) brands may actually increase exposure to the more volatile toxins.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography & Geosciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UK. wes@st-andrews.ac.uk
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013638:Tars / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D013638:Tars; D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide