title: State of the art of where we are at using stem cells for stress urinary incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review aims to discuss: 1) the neurophysiology, highlighting the importance of the middle urethra, and treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI); 2) current injectable cell sources for minimally-invasive treatment; and 3) the potential of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) for the delivery of neurotrophic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PUB-MED search was conducted using combinations of heading terms: urinary incontinence, urethral sphincter, stem cells, muscle, adipose, neurotrophins. In addition, we will update the recent work from our laboratory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In anatomical and functional studies of human and animal urethra, the middle urethra containing rhabdosphincter, is critical for maintaining continence. Cell-based therapies are most often associated with the use of autologous multipotent stem cells, such as the bone marrow stromal cells. However, harvesting bone marrow stromal stem cells is difficult, painful, and may yield low numbers of stem cells upon processing. In contrast, alternative autologous adult stem cells such as MDSCs and adipose-derived stem cells can be easily obtained in large quantities and with minimal discomfort. Not all cellular therapies are the same, as demonstrated by the differences in safety and efficacy from muscle-sourced MDSCs versus myoblasts versus fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transplanted stem cells may have the ability to undergo self-renewal and multipotent differentiation, leading to sphincter regeneration. In addition, such cells may release, or be engineered to release, neurotrophins with subsequent paracrine recruitment of endogenous host cells to concomitantly promote a regenerative response of nerve-integrated muscle. The dawn of a new paradigm in the treatment of SUI may be near.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Furuta
authors.forename: Ron J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pruchnic
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chancellor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000639:trends*; D014521:Urethra / Q000473:pathology; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures