title: Validation of an efficient method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using ethyl acetate for extraction.
abstract: In this study, a version of the "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe" (QuEChERS) method was modified to use ethyl acetate (EtOAc) rather than acetonitrile (MeCN) for extraction in the determination of multiple pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. EtOAc is better suited than MeCN for gas chromatographic (GC) analysis with electron capture detection (ECD) and nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD). The method entailed extraction of 30 g chopped sample plus 5 g NaHCO(3) and 30 g anhydrous Na(2)SO(4) with 60 mL EtOAc using a probe blender. After a centrifugation step, removal of residual water and cleanup were performed using dispersive solid-phase extraction (dispersive-SPE) with MgSO(4) and primary secondary amine (PSA) sorbent. (14)C-labeled chlorpyrifos with liquid scintillation counting was used to assist in optimizing and characterizing the method, and GC-ECD and GC-NPD were used for analysis of 24 selected pesticides. The method was validated using tomato, apple and frozen green bean matrices spiked at 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg/kg. For 22 of the analytes, recoveries averaged 93% for all three commodities over the validation range with a relative standard deviation of 10% (n = 1182). Lower recoveries of dichlorvos were obtained with the method and iprodione determination was compromised in the green beans by an interfering peak. Typical limits of detection were 0.005-0.01 mg/kg with the method.
authors.affiliation: Food and Agricultural Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, Seibersdorf, Austria.
authors.forename: Perihan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aysal
authors.forename: Arpád
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ambrus
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lehotay
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cannavan
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000097:Acetonitriles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; C007650:ethyl acetate; C032159:acetonitrile