title: An evaluation of capnography monitoring during the apnoea test in brain-dead patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diagnosis of brain death usually requires the absence of spontaneous respiratory movements during the apnoea test and an arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure above 60 mmHg. On the other hand, although capnography (end-tidal CO(2)) is currently monitored in intensive care unit patients, it has not been evaluated during the apnoea test in brain-dead patients. Therefore, the aim of this prospective study was first to investigate the usefulness of capnography monitoring, and secondly to evaluate the variation of the carbon dioxide partial pressure-end-tidal CO(2) gradient during the apnoea test in clinically brain-dead patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  After local Ethics Committee approval, 60 clinically brain-dead patients were investigated. End-tidal CO(2) was continuously recorded before, during and after the apnoea test. Arterial blood gases were sampled immediately before and after the apnoea test for calculation of the carbon dioxide partial pressure-end-tidal CO(2) gradient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The apnoea test was clinically positive in 58 patients, whereas end-tidal CO(2) was equal to 0 during the apnoea. During the 20-min apnoea test, carbon dioxide partial pressure increased from 40 +/- 7 to 97 +/- 19 mmHg (P < 0.001) with a rate of 2.8 +/- 0.9 mmHg min(-1), end-tidal CO(2) increased from 31 +/- 6 to 68 +/- 17 mmHg (P < 0.001) and carbon dioxide partial pressure-end-tidal CO(2) gradient increased from 9 +/- 4 to 29 +/- 10 mmHg (P < 0.001). In two patients, the apnoea test was clinically negative because of the occurrence of spontaneous respiratory movements, whereas capnography showed contemporaneously significant increases in end-tidal CO(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  End-tidal CO(2) should be systematically monitored and recorded, at least for medico-legal considerations, during the apnoea test in brain-dead patients. The high variability in the carbon dioxide partial pressure-end-tidal CO(2) gradient increase precludes any extrapolation of the carbon dioxide partial pressure from the end-tidal CO(2) at the end of the apnoea test.
authors.affiliation: *Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Paris, France. benoit.vivien@psl.aphp.fr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vivien
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amour
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolas-Robin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vesque
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Langeron
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coriat
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001049:Apnea / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D001926:Brain Death / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019296:Capnography / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide