title: Prognostic nomogram for patients undergoing oesophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumour node metastasis (TNM) staging predicts survival on the basis of the pathological extent of a tumour. The aim of this study was to develop a prognostic model with improved survival prediction after oesophagectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients who had potentially curative oesophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction were included. Cox regression analyses were performed to examine the association between risk factors and time to death from oesophageal cancer. The concordance index, calculated after bootstrapping, was used to measure accuracy. A nomogram was designed for use in clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oesophageal cancer-specific survival rates for the 364 included patients who underwent oesophagectomy between 1993 and 2003 were 75.8, 54.9 and 39.2 per cent at 1, 2 and 5 years respectively. A prognostic model using all prognostic variables outperformed TNM staging (concordance index 0.79 versus 0.68 respectively; P < 0.001). A reduced model derived after backward elimination, containing only T stage, lymph node ratio and extracapsular lymph node involvement, also outperformed TNM staging (concordance index 0.77; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A prognostic model developed to predict disease-specific survival after oesophagectomy was superior to TNM staging. More reliable prognostic information might lead to different approaches to patient follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.lagarde@slaz.nl
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lagarde
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: S M M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.forename: F J W
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ten Kate
authors.forename: O R C
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: J J B
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Lanschot
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049451:Nomograms; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome