title: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II association with rheumatic heart disease in Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is widespread in Pakistan. Specific alleles of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system are associated with RHD in various world populations. The study aim was to investigate the involvement of HLA class II alleles in genetic susceptibility to RHD in patients with relatively homogeneous clinical manifestations, in Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from 114 unrelated patients (94 females, 20 males) with rheumatic mitral valve disease, predominantly mitral stenosis, as assessed by echocardiography. The control group comprised 109 unrelated, ethnically matched, healthy individuals (60 females, 49 males) with normal echocardiograms. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood using a standard phenol/chloroform extraction procedure. HLA-DRB, -DQA1, and -DQB1 alleles were typed using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. HLA allele and haplotypes frequencies were then calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly higher frequency of DRB1*07 was observed in patients as compared to controls (one-way parametric analysis of variance, F = 4.84, p = 0.028; OR = 1.76, p = 0.039). No alleles for the HLA-DQA1 or -DQB1 loci were associated with the disease. HLA-DRB1*07-DQA1*0501-DQB1*02, the only haplotype that differed significantly between patients and controls (one-way parametric Anova, F = 4.866, p = 0.028; OR = 7.33, p = 0.06), did not exhibit significant linkage disequilibrium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that HLA-DRB1*07, associated with RHD in various world populations, is also associated with RHD in the Pakistani population. The validation of HLA associations with RHD, which is observed in different world populations, may lead to the development of a cost-effective strategy in the primary prevention of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Genetic Engineering Laboratories, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: Waqar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Qasim
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ayub
authors.forename: Syed Q
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Mehdi
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohyuddin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II