title: Modeling the role of genetic factors in characterizing extra-intestinal manifestations in Crohn's disease patients: does this improve outcome predictions?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate to what extent an inefficient statistical model affects the study of genetic factors in extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease (CD) and how clinical predictions can be improved using more adequate techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extra-intestinal manifestations were studied in 152 CD patients. Three sets of variables were considered: (1) disease characteristics--presentation, behavior, location; (2) generic risk factors--age, gender, smoke and familiarity; and (3) genetic polymorphisms of the NOD2, CD14, TNF, IL12B, and IL1RN genes, whose involvement in CD is known or suspected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six statistical classifiers and data mining models were applied: (1) logistic regression as a benchmark; (2) generalized additive model; (3) projection pursuit regression; (4) linear discriminant analysis, (5) quadratic discriminant analysis; (6) artificial neural networks one-layer feed forward. Models were selected using the Akaike Information criterion and their accuracy was compared with several indexes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extra-intestinal manifestations occurred in 75 patients. The model with clinical variables only selected familiarity, gender, presentation, and behavior as significantly associated with extra-intestinal manifestations, whereas when the genetic factors were also included familiarity was no longer significant, being replaced by the NOD2, TNF, and IL12B single nucleotide polymorphisms. The projection pursuit regression performed best in predicting individual outcomes (Kappa statistics 0.078 [SE 0.09] without and 0.108 [SE 0.075] with genetic information). One-layer artificial neural networks did not show any particular improvement in terms of model accuracy over nonlinear techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The correct identification of factors associated with extra-intestinal symptoms in CD, in particular the genetic ones, is highly dependent on the model chosen for the analysis. By using the most sophisticated statistical models, the accuracy of prediction can be strengthened by 10-64%, compared with linear regression.
authors.affiliation: Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Clmical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Giachino
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Regazzoni
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bardessono
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Marchi
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gregori
mesh_terms: D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 / Q000235:genetics; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011379:Prognosis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C500879:IL12B protein, human; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha