title: Facial thermography is a sensitive and specific method for assessing food challenge outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral challenge is widely used for diagnosing food allergy but variable interpretation of subjective symptoms may cause error. Facial thermography was evaluated as a novel, objective and sensitive indicator of challenge outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 24 children with a history of egg allergy underwent oral challenge, which were scored positive when objective symptoms occurred or negative after all doses were consumed without reaction. Facial temperatures were recorded at baseline and 10-min intervals. The difference between mean and baseline temperature (DeltaT), maximum DeltaT during challenge (DeltaT(max)) and area under curve of DeltaT against time (DeltaTAUC) were calculated for predefined nasal, oral and forehead areas, and related to objective challenge outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 13 positive and 11 negative challenges. Median nasal DeltaTAUC and DeltaT(max) were greater in positive compared with negative challenges (231- and 5-fold, respectively; P < 0.05). In positive challenges, nasal temperatures showed an early transient rise at 20 min, preceding objective symptoms at median 67 min. There was a sustained temperature increase from 60 min, which was reduced by antihistamines. A cut-off for nasal DeltaT(max) of 0.8 degrees C occurring within 20 min of the start of the challenge predicted outcome with 91% sensitivity (positive predictive value [PPV] 100%) and 100% specificity (negative predictive value [NPV] 93%). Subjective symptoms occurred in four of 13 positive and three of 11 negative challenges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facial thermography consistently detects a significant early rise in nasal temperature during positive compared with negative food challenges, which is evident before objective symptoms occur. Thermography may therefore provide a sensitive method to determine outcome of food challenges and investigate the pathophysiology of food allergic reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mangat
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Monk
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Ewan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D021181:Egg Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis; D005145:Face; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013817:Thermography / Q000592:standards*