title: Tardive dyskinesia in children treated with atypical antipsychotic medications.
abstract: Recent years have witnessed increased antipsychotic treatment of children despite limited long-term safety data in children. In this study, motor side effects associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs in children were examined in a sample of pediatric psychiatric patients. Child and adolescent psychiatric patients receiving antipsychotics (most were on atypicals) for 6 months or longer (n = 118) were compared with antipsychotic-naïve patients (n = 80) with similar age, sex ratio, and diagnoses. Only 19% of patients on antipsychotics had ever experienced psychotic symptoms. Eleven children (9%) on antipsychotics exhibited dyskinesia, when compared with 0 in the naïve group (P = 0.003, Fisher's exact test). Nine of 62 African-American children (15%) on antipsychotics exhibited dyskinesia, when compared with only 4% (2 of 52) of European-American children (P = 0.003, Fisher's exact test). Children treated with antipsychotic drugs might experience a significant risk of dyskinesia even when treated only with atypical antipsychotics. Ethnicity might also be a risk factor for dyskinesia in children. Side-effect profile of the atypical antipsychotic drugs in children may be much different than that in adults.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, USA. iwonodi@mprc.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Ikwunga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wonodi
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Ilene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Verovsky
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.forename: Amie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: L Elliot
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Helene M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Gunvant K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Thaker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents