title: Correlation of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 expression with clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer patients of different race/ethnicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) expression in prognosis and survival of colorectal cancer patients with different ethnic backgrounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because NDRG1 is a downstream target of p53 and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), we examined NDRG1 expression together with p53 and HIF-1 alpha by immunohistochemistry. A total of 157 colorectal cancer specimens including 80 from Japanese patients and 77 from US patients were examined. The correlation between protein expression with clinicopathological features and survival after surgery was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NDRG1 protein was significantly increased in colorectal tumor compared with normal epithelium in both Japanese and US patient groups. Expression of NDRG1 protein was significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, depth of invasion, histopathological type, and Dukes' stage in Japanese colorectal cancer patients. NDRG1 expression was correlated to histopathological type, Dukes' stage and HIF-1 alpha expression in US-Caucasian patients but not in US-African American patients. Interestingly, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that NDRG1 expression correlated significantly with poorer survival in US-African American patients but not in other patient groups. However, in p53-positive US cases, NDRG1 positivity correlated significantly with better survival. In addition, NDRG1 expression also correlated significantly with improved survival in US patients with stages III and IV tumors without chemotherapy. In Japanese patients with stages II and III tumors, strong NDRG1 staining in p53-positive tumors correlated significantly with improved survival but negatively in patients without chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NDRG1 expression was correlated with various clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer depending on the race/ethnicity of the patients. NDRG1 may serve as a biological basis for the disparity of clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer patients with different ethnic backgrounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.
authors.forename: Minori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koshiji
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumamoto
authors.forename: Keiichirou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morimura
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Utsumi
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohki
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takenoshita
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Thérèse
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Commes
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piquemal
authors.forename: Curtis-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Kam-Meng
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Tchou-Wong
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D000099259:N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Protein
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D000099259:N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Protein; C497442:HIF1A protein, human