title: Risk factors for breast cancer in patients treated at NORI Hospital, Islamabad.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk factors for breast cancer in women attending Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI) hospital, Islamabad.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case control study was conducted at NORI from January to July 2005. A total 300 females, including 150 cases and their age matched healthy 150 controls were included. Cases had newly diagnosed breast cancer based on histopathological findings. Marital status, family history of breast cancer (first degree relatives), breast feeding history (12 months at least), smoking, parity, use of oral contraceptives (regular uptake for at least one year), and menopausal status were evaluated as risk factors for breast cancer. Demographical data and risk factor related information were collected using a short structured questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed to note predictive effect of each factor on risk for breast cancer. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No history of breast-feeding (p = < 0.001), less parity (p = 0.001), smoking (p = 0.001), postmenopausal status (p = 0.002), family history of breast cancer (p = 0.006), unmarried status (p = 0.008), and use of contraceptive pill (p = 0.03) were associated with breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of breast-feeding, less parity, and smoking are most significantly associated with breast cancer in patients attending NORI.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institutel, Islamabad.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faheem
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khurram
authors.forename: Imran Ali
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Jafri
authors.forename: Humera
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehmood
authors.forename: Zubair
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Ghulam Sabir
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Farooq
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maqsood
authors.forename: S Rafaqt Ali
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jafri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D018787:Radiation Oncology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires