title: Antimicrobial activity in the common seawhip, Leptogorgia virgulata (Cnidaria: Gorgonaceae).
abstract: Antimicrobial activity was examined in the gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata (common seawhip) from South Carolina waters. Extraction and assay protocols were developed to identify antimicrobial activity in crude extracts of L. virgulata. Detection was determined by liquid growth inhibition assays using Escherichia coli BL21, Vibrio harveyii, Micrococcus luteus, and a Bacillus sp. isolate. This represents the first report of antimicrobial activity in L. virgulata, a temperate/sub-tropical coral of the western Atlantic Ocean. Results from growth inhibition assays guided a fractionation scheme to identify active compounds. Reverse-phase HPLC, HPLC-mass spectrometry, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy were used to isolate, purify, and characterize metabolites in antimicrobial fractions of L. virgulata. Corroborative HPLC-MS/NMR evidence validated the presence of homarine and a homarine analog, well-known emetic metabolites previously isolated from L. virgulata, in coral extracts. In subsequent assays, partially-purified L. virgulata fractions collected from HPLC-MS fractionation were shown to contain antimicrobial activity using M. luteus and V. harveyii. This study provides evidence that homarine is an active constituent of the innate immune system in L. virgulata. We speculate it may act synergistically with cofactors and/or congeners in this octocoral to mount a response to microbial invasion and disease.
authors.affiliation: NOAA/NOS/CCEHBR, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shapo
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Sylvia B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Galloway
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003063:Cnidaria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005663:Furans / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D005663:Furans; D010848:Picolinic Acids; C447623:pukalide; C010981:homarine