title: Evaluation of finger and forehead pulse oximeters during mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the four combination of pulse oximeters (POs) and monitoring sites, the Nihon Kohden BSS-9800 (N), the Masimo SET Radical (M), the Nellcor N550 D-25 (N-D) and the Nellcor N550 Max-Fast (N-MF) in patients with peripheral hypoperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  About 20 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery using mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied prospectively. PO sensors were applied on fingers in N, M and N-D, while on the forehead in N-MF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PO failure was defined as failure to show no SpO2 value or incorrect SpO2 values. PO failure occurred in 12 patients with N, ten patients with M, four patients with N-D and ten patients with N-MF, respectively (p < 0.05 N-D vs. N, M, N-MF). The duration of PO failure was 19 +/- 30% of aortic cross-clamping with N, 29 +/- 33% with M, 10 +/- 26% with N-D and 43 +/- 57% with N-MF, respectively (p < 0.05 N-D vs. M and N-MF).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggested that N-D is most useful among four combinations of POs and monitoring sites tested in this study for monitoring SpO2 during hypoperfusion. The superiority of N-MF during hypoperfusion was not evident in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaura
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irita
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kandabashi
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tohyama
authors.forename: Shosuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010092:Oximetry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies