title: A prospective clinical investigation of the failure rate of immediately loaded mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the failure rate of immediately loaded mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage.
  
  
  METHODS
  140 mini-implants were inserted in 98 patients and immediately loaded with 50cN super-elastic coil springs. 99 devices were inserted in the lower jaw and 41 in the upper jaw in the following sites: mandibular symphusis (n=17), mandibular alveolar process (n=72), maxillary alveolar process (n=32), retromolar area (n=10), and palate (n=9). The mini-implants were used to perform the following dental movements: molar uprighting, molar uprighting and mesial movement, molar mesial movement, incisor intrusion and proclination, incisor retraction, premolar intrusion, midline correction, premolar distal movement, and molar intrusion. All devices that showed complete absence of mobility after 120 days of continuous load were scored as successful. Those that showed minimum mobility but stayed in place and could resist further load were scored as partial failures, while those that were lost were scored as failures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  13 of the mini-implants failed (9.3%), 9 were partial failures (6.4%). The upper jaw had a greater failure rate (12.2%) than the lower jaw (8.0%). The palate was the anatomic location with the greatest risk of failure, while in the mandibular alveolar process the lowest failure rate was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall failure rate was similar to other investigations where a healing period had been performed, suggesting that immediate loading with light forces should not be considered a risk factor. Other factors such as inflammation of the surrounding soft tissues, bone characteristics, thickness of the mucosa and incorrect surgical procedure should be considered determinants of clinical failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark. cesare.luzi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luzi
authors.forename: Carlalberta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verna
authors.forename: Birte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Melsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000601:surgery; D015921:Dental Implants; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008904:Miniaturization; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants