title: Spatial and visual discrimination reversals in adult and geriatric rats exposed during gestation to methylmercury and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
abstract: Fish contain essential long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 (or n-3) PUFA, but are also the main source of exposure to methylmercury (MeHg), a potent developmental neurotoxicant. Since n-3 PUFAs support neural development and function, benefits deriving from a diet rich in n-3s have been hypothesized to protect against deleterious effects of gestational MeHg exposure. To determine whether protection occurs at the behavioral level, female Long-Evans rats were exposed, in utero, to 0, 0.5, or 5ppm of Hg as MeHg via drinking water, approximating exposures of 0, 40, and 400 microgHg/kg/day and producing 0, 0.29, and 5.50ppm of total Hg in the brains of siblings at birth. They also received pre- and postnatal exposure to one of two diets, both based on the AIN-93 semipurified formulation. A "fish-oil" diet was high in, and a "coconut-oil" diet was devoid of, DHA. Diets were approximately equal in alpha-linolenic acid and n-6 PUFAs. As adults, the rats were first assessed with a spatial discrimination reversal (SDR) procedure and later with a visual (nonspatial) discrimination reversal (VDR) procedure. MeHg increased the number of errors to criterion for both SDR and VDR during the first reversal, but effects were smaller or non-existent on the original discrimination and on later reversals. No such MeHg-related deficits were seen when the rats were retested on SDR after 2 years of age. These results are consistent with previous reports and hypotheses that gestational MeHg exposure produces perseverative responding. No interactions between diet and MeHg were found, suggesting that n-3 PUFAs do not guard against these behavioral effects. Brain Hg concentrations did not differ between the diets, either. In geriatric rats, failures to respond were less common and response latencies were shorter for rats fed the fish-oil diet, suggesting that exposure to a diet rich in n-3s may lessen the impact of age-related declines in response initiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA. paletz@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Elliott M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Paletz
authors.forename: Jeremy J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Margaret C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Craig-Schmidt
authors.forename: M Christopher
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Newland
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012193:Reversal Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds