title: Genome-wide expression analysis of placental malaria reveals features of lymphoid neogenesis during chronic infection.
abstract: Chronic inflammation during placental malaria (PM) is most frequent in first time mothers and is associated with poor maternal and fetal outcomes. In the first genome-wide analysis of the local human response to sequestered malaria parasites, we identified genes associated with chronic PM and then localized the corresponding proteins and immune cell subsets in placental cryosections. B cell-related genes were among the most highly up-regulated transcripts in inflamed tissue. The B cell chemoattractant CXCL13 was up-regulated >1,000-fold, and B cell-activating factor was also detected. Both proteins were expressed by intervillous macrophages. Ig L and H chain transcription increased significantly, and heavy depositions of IgG3 and IgM were observed in intervillous spaces. The B cell phenotype was heterogeneous, including naive (CD27-negative), mature (CD138-positive), and cycling (Ki-67-positive) cells. B cells expressed T-bet but not Bcl-6, suggesting T cell-independent activation without germinal center formation. Genes for the Fc binding proteins FcgammaRIa, FcgammaRIIIa, and C1q were highly up-regulated, and the proteins localized to intervillous macrophages. Birth weight was inversely correlated with transcript levels of CXCL13, IgG H chain, and IgM H chain. The iron regulatory peptide hepcidin was also expressed but was not associated with maternal anemia. The results suggest that B cells and macrophages contribute to chronic PM in a process resembling lymphoid neogenesis. We propose a model where the production of Ig during chronic malaria may enhance inflammation by attracting and activating macrophages that, in turn, recruit B cells to further produce Ig in the intervillous spaces.
authors.affiliation: Mother-Offspring Malaria Study (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Atis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muehlenbachs
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lachowitzer
authors.forename: Theonest K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Mutabingwa
authors.forename: Patrick E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Duffy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D054382:Chemokine CXCL13; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D038041:Lymphopoiesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010922:Placenta Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; C110663:CXCL13 protein, human; D054382:Chemokine CXCL13; D019743:Chemokines, CXC