title: The reliability of three-dimensional scapular attitudes in healthy people and people with shoulder impingement syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal scapular displacements during arm elevation have been observed in people with shoulder impingement syndrome. These abnormal scapular displacements were evaluated using different methods and instruments allowing a 3-dimensional representation of the scapular kinematics. The validity and the intrasession reliability have been shown for the majority of these methods for healthy people. However, the intersession reliability on healthy people and people with impaired shoulders is not well documented. This measurement property needs to be assessed before using such methods in longitudinal comparative studies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the intra and intersession reliability of 3-dimensional scapular attitudes measured at different arm positions in healthy people and to explore the same measurement properties in people with shoulder impingement syndrome using the Optotrak Probing System.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional scapular attitudes were measured twice (test and retest interspaced by one week) on fifteen healthy subjects (mean age 37.3 years) and eight subjects with subacromial shoulder impingement syndrome (mean age 46.1 years) in three arm positions (arm at rest, 70 degrees of humerothoracic flexion and 90 degrees of humerothoracic abduction) using the Optotrak Probing System. Two different methods of calculation of 3-dimensional scapular attitudes were used: relative to the position of the scapula at rest and relative to the trunk. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measure (SEM) were used to estimate intra and intersession reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both groups, the reliability of the three-dimensional scapular attitudes for elevation positions was very good during the same session (ICCs from 0.84 to 0.99; SEM from 0.6 degrees to 1.9 degrees ) and good to very good between sessions (ICCs from 0.62 to 0.97; SEM from 1.2 degrees to 4.2 degrees ) when using the method of calculation relative to the trunk. Higher levels of intersession reliability were found for the method of calculation relative to the trunk in anterior-posterior tilting at 70 degrees of flexion compared to the method of calculation relative to the scapula at rest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The estimation of three-dimensional scapular attitudes using the method of calculation relative to the trunk is reproducible in the three arm positions evaluated and can be used to document the scapular behavior.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. jean-sebastien.roy.1@ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Jean-Sébastien
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moffet
authors.forename: Luc J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: St-Vincent
authors.forename: Bradford J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McFadyen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D011187:Posture; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012540:Scapula; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology