title: Postmenopausal HRT and tibolone in relation to muscle strength and body composition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass with age, has a great impact on physical function, and especially in postmenopausal women, who experience a greater decline in muscle strength than do men of similar age. Conventional hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may diminish this loss of muscle strength and may even increase muscle strength. However, HRT is not currently promoted for this indication because of its negative side effects, which is why tibolone, a synthetic steroid with oestrogenic, progestogenic, and androgenic activity, may be an alternative option. The aim of this article was to review data on the effect of HRT and tibolone on muscle strength and body composition in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Pubmed, Embase, and Sumsearch were searched for articles on the effect of HRT and tibolone on muscle strength and body composition, using the Mesh terms hormone replacement therapy and clinical trial combined with muscle strength or body composition. Tibolone was added as search term with clinical trial and muscle strength or body composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of five randomized controlled trials reported a significant positive effect of HRT on muscle strength but not on body composition. Tibolone significantly increased handgrip strength and isometric knee extension strength in one randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial and increased mean knee extensor strength in one cross-sectional study. Tibolone also increased the lean body mass and decreased the accumulation of body fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRT and tibolone increase muscle strength. Unlike HRT, tibolone also increases lean body mass and significantly reduces the total body fat content. Further research is recommended to determine whether tibolone is a safe treatment for sarcopenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. d.jacobsen@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kezic
authors.forename: H J J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Verhaar
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D009652:Norpregnenes; C027385:tibolone