title: Declines in sex ratio at birth and fetal deaths in Japan, and in U.S. whites but not African Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expected ratio of male to female births is generally believed to be 1.05, also described as the male proportion of 0.515.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We describe trends in sex ratio at birth and in fetal deaths in the United States, in African Americans and in whites, and in Japan, two industrial countries with well-characterized health data infrastructures, and we speculate about possible explanations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Public health records from national statistical agencies were assembled to create information on sex ratio at birth and in fetal deaths in the United States (1970-2002) and Japan (1970-1999), using SPSS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sex ratio at birth has declined significantly in Japan and in U.S. whites, but not for African Americans, for whom sex ratio remains significantly lower than that of whites. The male proportion of fetal death has increased overall in Japan and in the United States.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sex ratio declines are equivalent to a shift from male to female births of 135,000 white males in the United States and 127,000 males in Japan. Known and hypothesized risk factors for reduced sex ratio at birth and in fetal deaths cannot account fully for recent trends or racial or national differences. Whether avoidable environmental or other factors--such as widespread exposure to metalloestrogens or other known or suspected endocrine-disrupting materials, changes in parental age, obesity, assisted reproduction, or nutrition--may account for some of these patterns is a matter that merits serious concern.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. davisdl@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Devra Lee
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Hillary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stainthorpe
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chilton
authors.forename: Lovell
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Rikuo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doi
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D044466:Asian People; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012744:Sex Ratio; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People