title: Divine proportions and facial esthetics after manipulation of frontal photographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between divine proportion and facial esthetics in frontal photographs as well as whether any of the 4 ratios for manipulation provide more favorable facial esthetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 20 frontal photographs of Caucasian individuals (11 males and 9 females). The photographs were digitized and stored on a compact disk. A photometric analysis was created with 7 facial segments that were measured on Image Tool software and 4 ratios between 2 facial segments calculated using Microsoft Excel. This manipulation led to 5 different photographs of the same individual: one photograph with no manipulation and the others with 1 of the ratios manipulated in the Deformer 2.0 to very close or equal to 1.618. Thereafter, the 5 photographs of all individuals were evaluated by 12 examiners. The examiners selected those photographs that were esthetically more pleasant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After evaluation, a chi-square test revealed a relationship between divine proportion and facial esthetics. Among the ratios selected, R1 and R2 provided more favorable facial esthetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnosis and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edmundo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Medici Filho
authors.forename: Márcia Valéria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Marcos André
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: dos Santos da Silva
authors.forename: Julio Cezar de Melo
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Castilho
authors.forename: Luiz Cesar
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.forename: Cássia Teresinha Lopes de Alcântara
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Gil
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004954:Esthetics; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010781:Photography; D014716:Vertical Dimension