title: Effects of dietary thia fatty acids on lipid composition, morphology and macrophage function of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) kidney.
abstract: High lipid levels are being used in modern salmonid diets to promote rapid growth; however there is a limiting supply of the traditional fish oils as the fish farming industry expands. One way to utilize the lipid sources better, could be to find ways to stimulate fatty acid (FA) oxidation so that Atlantic salmon use more energy for muscle growth and less for storage in perivisceral adipose tissue. We have previously shown that dietary inclusion of the thia FA tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) promoted hepatic beta-oxidation and reduced total body lipid levels. However, dietary TTA also had some negative effects, leading to accumulation of sulfone and sulfoxide metabolites of TTA in the kidney and increasing mortality rates, particularly at low water temperatures. Therefore we also wish to investigate the effects of TTA on kidney function at high and low temperatures, including some immune system parameters. The production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) immunoreactive material from exogenously added arachidonic acid in isolated head kidney macrophages was affected by both diet and temperature. The phagocytic activity in these cells was reduced by DTA in the 12 degrees C group and there was significantly higher protein degradation in head kidney macrophages at 12 degrees C compared to 5 degrees C in all dietary groups. Interestingly, the incorporation of thia FAs in the kidney was higher at 5 degrees C (0.3% TTA and 0.6% DTA) than at 12 degrees C (0.1% TTA and 0.5% DTA). Additionally, there were lower levels of saturated FAs, while higher levels of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) in the kidney of TTA fed fish at 5 degrees C. We also observed temperature-independent tubular dilatation and a reduction in the density of melanomacrophages of the kidney in salmon fed TTA. Nevertheless, the mRNA expression of some immune-relevant genes in head kidney tissue was not affected by TTA-inclusion in salmon diets. In conclusion, it is clear that 0.6% TTA-inclusion in the feed leads to changes in the kidney function particularly at low water temperatures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, and Institute of Medicine, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. tor.gjoen@farmasi.uio.no
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gjøen
authors.forename: Ellen Johanne
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kleveland
authors.forename: Corina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moya-Falcón
authors.forename: Marianne K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Frøystad
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vegusdal
authors.forename: Erlend
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hvattum
authors.forename: Rolf K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Berge
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ruyter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007975:Leukotriene B4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020317:Salmo salar; D013440:Sulfides
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D008055:Lipids; D013440:Sulfides; D007975:Leukotriene B4; D015232:Dinoprostone