title: The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To: (1) determine the association between Internet addiction and depression, self-reported symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), social phobia, and hostility for adolescents; and (2) evaluate the sex differences of association between Internet addiction and the above-mentioned psychiatric symptoms among adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2114 students (1204 male and 910 female) were recruited for the study. Internet addiction, symptoms of ADHD, depression, social phobia, and hostility were evaluated by the self-report questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that adolescents with Internet addiction had higher ADHD symptoms, depression, social phobia, and hostility. Higher ADHD symptoms, depression, and hostility are associated with Internet addiction in male adolescents, and only higher ADHD symptoms and depression are associated with Internet addiction in female students.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Internet addiction is associated with symptoms of ADHD and depressive disorders. However, hostility was associated with Internet addiction only in males. Effective evaluation of, and treatment for ADHD and depressive disorders are required for adolescents with Internet addiction. More attention should be paid to male adolescents with high hostility in intervention of Internet addiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ju-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Chih-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Cheng-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Hsiu-Yueh
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ming-Jen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology