title: Partner-delivered reflexology: effects on cancer pain and anxiety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of partner-delivered foot reflexology and usual care plus attention on patients' perceived pain and anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental pretest/post-test design included patient-partner dyads randomly assigned to an experimental or control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hospitals in the southeastern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 experimental and 44 control subjects comprised 86 dyads of patients with metastatic cancer and their partners, representing 16 different types of cancer; 23% of patients had lung cancer, followed by breast, colorectal, and head and neck cancer and lymphoma. The subjects had a mean age of 58.3 years, 51% were female, 66% had a high school education or less, and 58% were Caucasian, 40% were African American, and 1% were Filipino.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention included a 15- to 30-minute teaching session on foot reflexology to the partner by a certified reflexologist, an optional 15- to 30-minute foot reflexology session for the partner, and a 30-minute, partner-delivered foot reflexology intervention for the patient. The control group received a 30-minute reading session from their partners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain and anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following the initial partner-delivered foot reflexology, patients experienced a significant decrease in pain intensity and anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A nurse reflexologist taught partners how to perform reflexology on patients with metastatic cancer pain in the hospital, resulting in an immediate decrease in pain intensity and anxiety; minimal changes were seen in the control group, who received usual care plus attention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospitals could have qualified professionals offer reflexology as a complementary therapy and teach interested partners the modality.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA. stephensonn@mail.ecu.edu
authors.forename: Nancy L N
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: Melvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Joann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Frances J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engelke
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*