title: Are social norms the best predictor of outcomes among heavy-drinking college students?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research was designed to evaluate the relative contribution of social norms, demographics, drinking motives, and alcohol expectancies in predicting alcohol consumption and related problems among heavy-drinking college students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 818 (57.6% women) first-year undergraduates who reported at least one heavy-drinking episode in the previous month. In addition to providing demographic information (gender and fraternity/sorority membership) participants completed Web-based assessments of social norms (perceived descriptive norms regarding typical student drinking, injunctive norms regarding friends' and parents' approval), motives (social, enhancement, coping, and conformity), and expectancies and evaluations of positive and negative alcohol effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression results indicated that descriptive and injunctive norms were among the best predictors of college student drinking. With respect to alcohol problems, results indicated that coping motives accounted for the largest proportion of unique variance. Finally, results revealed that alcohol consumption mediated the relationships between predictors and problems for social norms, whereas coping motives, negative expectancies, and evaluation of negative effects were directly associated with alcohol problems despite having relatively weak or null unique associations with consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study substantiate social norms as being among the best predictors of alcohol consumption in this population and suggest that drinking to cope is a better predictor of problems. The findings are discussed in terms of practical prevention and treatment implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354694, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA. claytonn@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Clayton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neighbors
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fossos
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Larimer
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012718:Set, Psychology; D012932:Social Facilitation; D012945:Social Values; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data