title: [Endothelin 1 and angiotensin II in preeeclampsia].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is generally thought that development of hypertension in preeclampsia (PE) is due to generalized endothelial dysfunction and/or results from an imbalance in the production and/or action of vasoactive factors, resulting in higher cytosolic Ca2+ concentration which in turn leads to vasoconstriction and decreased blood pressure perfusion in organs, including the fetoplacental unit. Among vasoactive factors involved in blood pressure regulation, endothelin 1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) regulate cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations and therefore are considered in this review. PE is associated with higher circulating and placental ET-1 levels, observation that explains, at least in part, vasoconstriction and oxidative stress. Higher and lower Ang II sensitivity seen in PE and normal pregnancy, respectively, could not be explained by changes in renin-angiotensin system components, including Ang II receptors (AT1). During normal pregnancy, AT1 receptors are found as monomers and are inactivated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to lower Ang II sensitivity. In contrast, PE is associated with increased AT1/bradykinin receptors (B2) heterodimers which are resistant to inactivation by ROS, maintaining increased AT1-receptor stimulated signaling in PE. In addition, AT-1 agonistic antibodies (AT1-AA) obtained from PE women increases intracellular Ca2+, NADPH oxidase components and ROS, effects not observed with normal pregnancy AT1-AA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High ET-1 levels, the presence of AT1/B2 receptor heterodimers and increased AT1-AA are involved, at least in part, in the hypertensive and oxidative stress states in PE.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Tlalpan, México.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ariza
authors.forename: Norma A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bobadilla
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halhali
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D019281:Dimerization; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008954:Models, Biological; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D043782:Receptor, Bradykinin B2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin / Q000502:physiology; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D019332:Endothelin-1; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D043782:Receptor, Bradykinin B2; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin; D000804:Angiotensin II; D009569:Nitric Oxide