title: Intermolecular C-H bond activation reactions promoted by transient titanium alkylidynes. Synthesis, reactivity, kinetic, and theoretical studies of the Ti[triple bond]C linkage.
abstract: The neopentylidene-neopentyl complex (PNP)Ti=CH(t)Bu(CH2(t)Bu) (2; PNP(-) = N[2-P(CHMe2)(2-)4-methylphenyl]2), prepared from the precursor (PNP)Ti[triple bond]CH(t)Bu(OTf) (1) and LiCH2(t)Bu, extrudes neopentane in neat benzene under mild conditions (25 degrees C) to generate the transient titanium alkylidyne, (PNP)Ti[triple bond]C(t)Bu (A), which subsequently undergoes 1,2-CH bond addition of benzene across the Ti[triple bond]C linkage to generate (PNP)Ti=CH(t)Bu(C6H5) (3). Kinetic, mechanistic, and theoretical studies suggest the C-H activation process to obey pseudo-first-order in titanium, the alpha-hydrogen abstraction to be the rate-determining step (KIE for 2/2-d(3) conversion to 3/3-d(3) = 3.9(5) at 40 degrees C) with activation parameters DeltaH = 24(7) kcal/mol and DeltaS = -2(3) cal/mol.K, and the post-rate-determining step to be C-H bond activation of benzene (primary KIE = 1.03(7) at 25 degrees C for the intermolecular C-H activation reaction in C6H6 vs C6D6). A KIE of 1.33(3) at 25 degrees C arose when the intramolecular C-H activation reaction was monitored with 1,3,5-C6H3D3. For the activation of aromatic C-H bonds, however, the formation of the sigma-complex becomes rate-determining via a hypothetical intermediate (PNP)Ti[triple bond]C(t)Bu(C6H5), and C-H bond rupture is promoted in a heterolytic fashion by applying standard Lewis acid/base chemistry. Thermolysis of 3 in C6D6 at 95 degrees C over 48 h generates 3-d(6), thereby implying that 3 can slowly equilibrate with A under elevated temperatures with k = 1.2(2) x 10-5 s(-1), and with activation parameters DeltaH = 31(16) kcal/mol and DeltaS = 3(9) cal/mol x K. At 95 degrees C for one week, the EIE for the 2 --> 3 reaction in 1,3,5-C6H3D3 was found to be 1.36(7). When 1 is alkylated with LiCH2SiMe3 and KCH2Ph, the complexes (PNP)Ti=CHtBu(CH2SiMe3) (4) and (PNP)Ti=CHtBu(CH2Ph) (6) are formed, respectively, along with their corresponding tautomers (PNP)Ti=CHSiMe3(CH2tBu) (5) and (PNP)Ti=CHPh(CH2tBu) (7). By means of similar alkylations of (PNP)Ti=CHSiMe3(OTf) (8), the degenerate complex (PNP)Ti=CHSiMe3(CH2SiMe3) (9) or the non-degenerate alkylidene-alkyl complex (PNP)Ti=CHPh(CH2SiMe3) (11) can also be obtained, the latter of which results from a tautomerization process. Compounds 4/5 and 9, or 6/7 and 11, also activate benzene to afford (PNP)Ti=CHR(C6H5) (R = SiMe3 (10), Ph (12)). Substrates such as FC6H5, 1,2-F2C6H4, and 1,4-F2C6H4 react at the aryl C-H bond with intermediate A, in some cases regioselectively, to form the neopentylidene-aryl derivatives (PNP)Ti=CHtBu(aryl). Intermediate A can also perform stepwise alkylidene-alkyl metatheses with 1,3,5-Me3C6H3, SiMe4, 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)alkyne, and bis(trimethylsilyl)ether to afford the titanium alkylidene-alkyls (PNP)Ti=CHR(R') (R = 3,5-Me2C6H2, R' = CH2-3,5-Me2C6H2; R = SiMe3, R' = CH2SiMe3; R = SiMe2CCSiMe3, R' = CH2SiMe2CCSiMe3; R = SiMe2OSiMe3, R' = CH2SiMe2OSiMe3).
authors.affiliation: Molecular Structure Center and School of Informatics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
authors.forename: Brad C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Hongjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huffman
authors.forename: Mu-Hyun
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mindiola
mesh_terms: D000480:Alkynes / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014025:Titanium