title: Energy costs of daily activities for women in rural India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In view of the paucity of data on energy costs, the present study aimed to estimate these for typical daily activities performed by women in rural India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study covering 26 different activities was done by indirect calorimetry using the Oxylog instrument (Morgan).
  
  
  METHODS
  Villages about 30-40 km from Pune city, Maharashtra, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Energy costs were measured on 22 rural Indian women aged 18-45 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irrespective of whether an activity was domestic or farming, energy cost was lower when performed in sitting position (cleaning grains 5.24 kJ min-1, plucking leafy vegetables 5.76 kJ min-1) and increased considerably with the extent of muscular movement (carrying two water containers 14.77 kJ min-1, chopping firewood 14.5 kJ min-1), indicating the importance of the postural details of the activity. Physical activity ratio computed using the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University equation (PARw) was lower for all activities compared with that (PARm) based on measured basal metabolic rate, indicating the need for a population-specific equation. Furthermore, PARw identified more activities as belonging to the 'very light' category (nine out of 26 activities), in contrast to the perception of rural women which was supported with empirical evidence. Estimated daily energy expenditure of the women was 7.69 +/- 0.63 MJ (1837 +/- 150 kcal) and identified their daily activity pattern as 'moderate' based on PALw (1.65 +/- 0.16) while PALm (2.04 +/- 0.18) identified it as 'heavy'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results highlight the importance of qualitative descriptions of the various activities. The energy costs for several daily activities reported in this study could potentially be used for estimating daily energy expenditure of women from similar rural settings.
authors.affiliation: Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India. raoari@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Shobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Medha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gokhale
authors.forename: Asawari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanade
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012423:Rural Health; D016387:Women's Health