title: Methods to recruit and retain a cohort of young-adult injection drug users for the Third Collaborative Injection Drug Users Study/Drug Users Intervention Trial (CIDUS III/DUIT).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New injection drug users (IDUs) are at high risk for blood-borne viral infections. Given U.S. policy to only fund proven-effective HIV prevention interventions, insights into conducting intervention trials among young IDUs are provided here by describing methods and participants' characteristics in the CIDUS III/DUIT study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2002-2004, 15-30-year-old IDUs in Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and Seattle were recruited through community outreach, advertising and coupon-based participant referrals. Baseline interviews assessed sociodemographics, injection, and sexual behaviors. Antibody tests for HIV and hepatitis A, B, and C viruses (HAV, HBV, and HCV) were conducted. IDUs who were HIV and HCV antibody negative at baseline were eligible to participate in a randomized controlled HIV/HCV prevention trial. Follow-up assessments were conducted 3 and 6 months post-intervention. Data were analyzed to identify participant differences at baseline by city, trial enrollment, and trial retention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline assessments were completed by 3285 IDUs. Participants were mean age 23.8 years, 69% male, 64% White, 17% Hispanic, and 8% Black. Seroprevalence of HIV, HCV, HBV, and HAV antibodies were 2.9, 34.4, 22.4, and 19.3%, respectively. Of the 2062 (62.7%) baseline participants who were HIV and HCV antibody negative, 859 (41.7%) were randomized. At least one follow-up assessment was completed by 712 (83%) randomized participants. Contextual factors, primarily homelessness, were associated with lower enrollment and retention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recruitment and retention of young-adult IDUs for complex intervention trials is complicated, yet feasible. Risk behaviors among participants enrolling in and completing the trial reflected those eligible to enroll.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. rgarfein@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Garfein
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swartzendruber
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ouellet
authors.forename: Farzana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kapadia
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thiede
authors.forename: Steffanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strathdee
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kerndt
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Latka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D035881:Compensation and Redress; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D012107:Research Design; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000517:prevention & control