title: Role of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in the progression of cerebral aneurysms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a hallmark of a cerebral aneurysm; however, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism leading to this change. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) regulates the ECM degradation in vascular walls by inhibiting the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We investigated the role of TIMPs in the progression of cerebral aneurysms in the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR in experimentally-induced cerebral aneurysms in rats. The incidence of aneurysmal changes in TIMP-1(-/-) and TIMP-2(-/-) mice was compared with that in the wild-type mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were expressed mainly by smooth muscle cells in aneurysmal walls. Quantitative PCR showed an increase of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA in the early stage of aneurysm progression (form 0 to 1 month) but not in the late stage (form 1 to 3 months), whereas mRNA expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 dramatically increased in the late stage. In both TIMP-1(-/-) mice and TIMP-2(-/-) mice, aneurysm progression was promoted with the increased enzyme activity of MMPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 have a protective role for the progression of cerebral aneurysms. There is an imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs in the late stage of cerebral aneurysm formation, which may be responsible for ECM degradation leading to the progression and rupture of cerebral aneurysms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Hiroharu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriwaki
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nozaki
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9