High-pressure fibrin sealant foam: an effective hemostatic agent for treating severe parenchymal hemorrhage.
BACKGROUND
The majority of early trauma deaths are related to uncontrolled, noncompressible, parenchymal hemorrhage from truncal injuries. The purpose of this study was to formulate a fibrin sealant foam (FSF) able to control severe parenchymal bleeding without compression or vascular control.


METHODS
FSF with high fibrinogen concentration (20 mg/mL) and low thrombin activity (5 U/mL) was prepared and pressurized by addition of liquid gas propellant. The efficacy of this foam was tested against a severe parenchymal hemorrhage, created by partial resection of liver lobes in anticoagulated rabbits (n = 7) and compared to untreated injury (n = 8) and placebo treatment (n = 7). The hemostatic efficacy of pressurized FSF (n = 8) was also compared to a commercially available liquid fibrin sealant (n = 8) and a developing dry powdered fibrin sealant product (n = 8) in the same model.


RESULTS
The liver injury resulted in 122 +/- 11.5 mL blood loss and death of 75% of untreated rabbits (3.2-3.4 kg) within 1 h. Treatment with placebo foam had no effect on blood loss or mortality rate. Pressurized FSF significantly reduced bleeding, resulting in 56% (P < 0.05) and 66% (P < 0.01) reduction in blood loss as compared to untreated or placebo-treated animals, respectively, and 100% survival (P = 0.008). When pressurized FSF was compared with liquid and powdered forms of fibrin sealant, only foam significantly reduced blood loss (49%, P < 0.05) and mortality rate (54%, P < 0.05) of rabbits as compared to untreated control animals (n = 9).


CONCLUSIONS
Biological nature, rapid preparation, coverage of large wound areas, and effective hemostatic properties make pressurized FSF an ideal candidate for treating nonoperable parenchymal injuries in damage control procedures.
Kheirabadi
Bijan S
BS
US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, USA. Bijan.Kheirabadi@CEN.AMEDD.ARMY.MIL
Sieber
Jennifer
J
Bukhari
Tallat
T
Rudnicka
Kiti
K
Murcin
Lara A
LA
Tuthill
David
D
D000818:Animals; D001458:Bandages; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005339:Fibrin Foam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D011817:Rabbits; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
D005339:Fibrin Foam; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive; D006490:Hemostatics