title: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVT) on refractory diabetic macular edema (DME).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, 88 eyes of 61 patients with clinically significant macular edema that would have responded unfavourably to laser photocoagulation were randomly assigned to two groups. The treatment group (45 eyes) received 4 mg IVT and the control group (43 eyes) received a placebo subconjunctival injection. The primary outcome was central macular thickness (CMT) measured by optical coherence tomography. Complete examination was repeated at 2 and 4 months post-intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) CMT before the intervention and at the 2- and 4-month follow-ups was 393 (151), 293 (109) and 362 (119) microm in the treatment group and 393 (166), 404 (134) and 405 (160) microm in the placebo group, respectively. The second month difference was significant (P=0.01). The difference between visual acuity changes (0.15 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, logMAR) was significant at 2 months (P=0.02) but reduced to 0.11 logMAR (P=0.08) after 4 months. Reduction for hard exudates and petaloid pattern were significantly greater in cases at 4 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The therapeutic effect of IVT on DME is greatest at 2 months and decreases up to the fourth month post-intervention. However, in terms of cystoid macular edema and hard exudates, the effect is maintained up to 4 months.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Research Centre of Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Labbafinejad Medical Centre, Pasdaran Ave. Boostan 9 St., Tehran, 16666, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Dehghan
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadieh
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramezani
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Entezari
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anisian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide