title: Recent natural hybridization between two allopolyploid wheatgrasses (Elytrigia, Poaceae): ecological and evolutionary implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Natural hybridization was investigated between two predominantly allohexaploid wheatgrasses, weedy Elytrigia repens and steppic E. intermedia, with respect to habitats characterized by different degrees of anthropogenic disturbance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using flow cytometry (relative DNA content), 269 plants from three localities were analysed. Hybrids were further analysed using nuclear ribosomal (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region) and chloroplast (trnT-F region) DNA markers in addition to absolute DNA content and chromosome numbers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weedy E. repens was rare in a steppic locality whereas E. intermedia was almost absent at two sites of agricultural land-use. Nevertheless, hybrids were common there whereas none were found at the steppic locality, underlining the importance of different ecological conditions for hybrid formation or establishment. At one highly disturbed site, > 16 % of randomly collected plants were hybrids. Hexaploid hybrids showed intermediate genome size compared with the parents and additive patterns of parental ITS copies. Some evidence of backcrosses was found. The direction of hybridization was highly asymmetric as cpDNA identified E. intermedia as the maternal parent in 61 out of 63 cases. Out of nine nonaploid cytotypes (2n = 9x = 63) which likely originated by fusion of unreduced and reduced gametes of hexaploids, eight were hybrids whereas one was a nonaploid cytotype of E. repens. The progeny of one nonaploid hybrid demonstrated gene flow between hexaploid and nonaploid cytotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that E. repens and E. intermedia frequently cross at places where they co-occur. Hybrid frequency is likely influenced by habitat type; sites disturbed by human influence sustain hybrid formation and/or establishment. Hexaploid and nonaploid hybrid fertility is not negligible, backcrossing is possible, and the progeny is variable. The frequent production of new at least partially fertile cyto- and genotypes provides ample raw material for evolution and adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic. mahelka@ibot.cas.cz
authors.forename: Václav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mahelka
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fehrer
authors.forename: Frantisek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krahulec
authors.forename: Vlasta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jarolímová
mesh_terms: D032461:Chromosomes, Plant; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D017753:Ecosystem; D005298:Fertility / Q000235:genetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018745:Genome, Plant; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D006109:Poaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D011123:Polyploidy
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D005819:Genetic Markers