title: Precipitating factors of hepatic encephalopathy: experience at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic encephalopathy is an extra hepatic complication of impaired liver function and is manifested as neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms associated with acute or chronic liver disease in the absence of other neurological disorders. There are numerous factors of hepatic encephalopathy. The main objective of this study was to analyse the precipitating factors of hepatic encephalopathy in cases seen in Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty admitted patients with acute or chronic liver diseases complicating to hepatic encephalopathy were probed into for precipitating factors, based on history, clinical examination and laboratory methods from September 2005 to December 2005. The associated biochemical laboratory data analysis and prognostic stratification through Child's Pugh classification was also done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection (44%), gastrointestinal bleeding (38%) and constipation (38%), stood out as the most common factors. Usage of drugs with ammonium salts, tranquilizers and large volume paracentesis were least common factors. Most patients were in grade III (52%), and grade IV (22%), of hepatic encephalopathy. Other common associations were ascites (64%), Child's class C (62%), hyponatremia (50%), low haemoglobin (70%), hepatitis C (62%), and high mortality rate (30%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection, gastrointestinal bleeding and constipation being the most important precipitating factors must be prevented and hospital funds, medicines and human efforts should lay emphasis, on these factors to decrease the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy. This also includes effective control measures against rising cases of hepatitis C, as it is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis in Pakistan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. saadeekmc@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Saad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maqsood
authors.forename: Amer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.forename: Adeel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Javed Aslam
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Butt
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003248:Constipation / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D006306:Health Surveys; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance