title: Adherence behaviours in Taiwanese children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: aims and objective: To describe the current non-adherence behaviours of Taiwanese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Poor adherence to prescribed protocols of long-term therapies is a pervasive and costly problem in the care of children with chronic illnesses. Non-adherence to diabetes mellitus treatment regimens of Taiwanese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Taiwan has not been well documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data were collected from 101 patients who had type 1 diabetes mellitus and were between the ages of 10 and 18 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five types of adherence behaviours were measured: number of calories consumed per day, frequency of meals, self-monitoring of blood glucose, amount of time between injections and meals and frequency of exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 25% of patients consumed the ideal daily number of calories (within +/-10% of the ideal range), while 48% of patients consumed 10% fewer calories than the suggested ideal daily number of calories. Only 28% of patients consumed the ideal percentage (50-60%) of calories from carbohydrates. Approximately 15% of patients consumed >60% of their calories from carbohydrates and 30% of their calories from fat. Approximately 30% of patients ate their meals 20-40 minutes after injection; some patients ate their meals within 20 minutes after injection (45% in the morning and 33% in the evening). For frequency of meals, most patients (> or =90%) ate their regular three meals, three or four times per day; only 18% ate the ideal number of six times per day. For self-monitoring of blood glucose, most patients (>70%) tested their blood sugar twice a day, once in the morning and again in the evening. In terms of frequency of exercise, 48% of patients exercised once per day and 43% of patients did not exercise at all. Only 7% of patients met the good diabetes control of HbA(1c) < 7%; almost half of the patients had HbA(1c) > 10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the patients had poor adherence behaviours in each aspect of diabetes mellitus management and diabetes control total glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) was very poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies are needed to explore factors related to non-adherence to treatment regimens as well as poor control of diabetes among Taiwanese children with type 1 DM.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Chang Gung University, 5 Fu-Shing Street, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chao-Hsing
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Fu-Sung
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Yi-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000628:therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012648:Self Care; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin