title: Posaconazole therapy for chronic refractory coccidioidomycosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coccidioides infections often result in chronic relapsing disease that presents a challenge to the currently available therapy. Posaconazole, an oral extended-spectrum triazole agent, has been shown in vitro and in vivo to have potent activity against this fungus.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open-label multinational study of posaconazole, 800 mg/d, administered in divided doses for the treatment of invasive fungal infection that has been refractory to previous therapy was conducted. The data were reviewed by an independent data review committee (DRC). Fifteen patients met the criteria for proven coccidioidal infection and disease refractory to previous therapy. Success was a complete or partial response; nonsuccess was stable disease, lack of response to therapy, or undetermined response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sites of coccidioidal infection were pulmonary (seven patients) and disseminated (eight patients). Patients were refractory to previous therapy (including amphotericin B with or without an azole) for a median duration of 306 days. At the end of treatment (posaconazole treatment duration, 34 to 365 days), therapy for 11 of 15 patients (73%) was considered to be successful by the DRC. Four responses were complete and seven were partial; these included five patients with pulmonary sites and six patients with disseminated sites. In responders, improvement was seen within months of the initiation of therapy. Five patients received therapy for >or= 12 months. The side effects were minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapy for coccidioidomycosis remains a clinical challenge, especially when patients have not responded to therapy with drugs that were recommended in treatment guidelines. The success rate (73%) achieved in this case series suggests that oral posaconazole should be considered as an important agent for the treatment of refractory coccidioidomycosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, 751 South Bascom Ave, San Jose, CA 95128-2699, USA. stevens@stanford.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rendon
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gaona-Flores
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catanzaro
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Anstead
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pedicone
authors.forename: J Richard
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Graybill
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003047:Coccidioidomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D014230:Triazoles; C101425:posaconazole