C-reactive protein and hypertension: is there a causal relationship?
There is a large body of evidence indicating that inflammation plays a crucial role in all steps characterizing the atherosclerotic process. C-Reactive Protein is a circulating marker of inflammation which recently emerged as a powerful independent determinant of cardiovascular events. Hypertension is closely linked to inflammation. Experimental data and results from cross-sectional studies in humans indicate a relationship between CRP levels and blood pressure. In particular, CRP seems to be related with markers of arterial stiffness, thus suggesting a specific interaction between CRP and systolic blood pressure. However, such observational studies cannot provide any direct evidence for a cause-effect relation. Prospective studies are likely candidates to better define the putative causal relationship on this association. Available results from longitudinal studies are scanty, and do not allow to draw definitive conclusions. Moreover, prospective, placebo-controlled intervention trials documenting that reduction of CRP levels by pharmacological treatment might lead to a reduced risk to develop hypertension are not yet available. Without such crucial information, at the present time the causal connection between inflammation and blood pressure, although regarded as an intriguing possibility, remains undiscovered.
Virdis
A
A
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. a.virdis@med.unipi.it
Ghiadoni
L
L
Plantinga
Y
Y
Taddei
S
S
Salvetti
A
A
D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013599:Systole
D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein