title: Relationship among vesicoureteral reflux, urinary tract infection and renal damage in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the relationship among vesicoureteral reflux, urinary tract infection and permanent renal damage in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 303 children younger than 2 years with a first time, nonobstructive, culture verified urinary tract infection. The protocol included ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrography within 3 months after urinary tract infection, and (99m)technetium dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy after 1 to 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vesicoureteral reflux was found in 36 of 163 boys (22%) and in 44 of 140 girls (31%). Of the 303 patients 80 (26%) had permanent renal damage according to dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy. The rate of abnormality increased significantly with grade of vesicoureteral reflux in boys and girls. The relative risk of renal damage was significantly increased in patients with vesicoureteral reflux grade II and higher. Maximum C-reactive protein concentration, maximum temperature during urinary tract infection, presence of vesicoureteral reflux and febrile recurrences of urinary tract infection were significantly related to permanent renal damage. In stepwise logistic regression vesicoureteral reflux was the only independent variable for boys, while C-reactive protein and vesicoureteral reflux were independent factors for girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a significant relationship between grade II vesicoureteral reflux and higher and permanent renal damage in boys and girls. However, while the association between renal damage and vesicoureteral reflux was evident in boys, the role of urinary tract infection and renal inflammation seemed to be equally or more important in girls. These findings support the concept that renal damage is associated with vesicoureteral reflux and is often congenital in boys, while in girls it is more related to urinary tract infection with vesicoureteral reflux as a reinforcing factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Uro-Nephrologic Center, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. svante.swerkersson@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Svante
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swerkersson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jodal
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sixt
authors.forename: Eira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stokland
authors.forename: Sverker
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hansson
mesh_terms: D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D014567:Urography; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein