title: A novel human ex vivo model for the analysis of molecular events during lung cancer chemotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) causes most of cancer related deaths in humans and is characterized by poor prognosis regarding efficiency of chemotherapeutical treatment and long-term survival of the patients. The purpose of the present study was the development of a human ex vivo tissue culture model and the analysis of the effects of conventional chemotherapy, which then can serve as a tool to test new chemotherapeutical regimens in NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a short-term tissue culture model designated STST (Short-Term Stimulation of Tissues) in combination with the novel *HOPE-fixation and paraffin embedding method we examined the responsiveness of 41 human NSCLC tissue specimens to the individual cytotoxic drugs carboplatin, vinorelbine or gemcitabine. Viability was analyzed by LIFE/DEAD assay, TUNEL-staining and colorimetric MTT assay. Expression of Ki-67 protein and of BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine) uptake as markers for proliferation and of cleaved (activated) effector caspase-3 as indicator of late phase apoptosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Transcription of caspase-3 was analyzed by RT-PCR. Flow cytometry was utilized to determine caspase-3 in human cancer cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viability, proliferation and apoptosis of the tissues were moderately affected by cultivation. In human breast cancer, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and human cell lines (CPC-N, HEK) proliferative capacity was clearly reduced by all 3 chemotherapeutic agents in a very similar manner. Cleavage of caspase-3 was induced in the chemo-sensitive types of cancer (breast cancer, SCLC). Drug-induced effects in human NSCLC tissues were less evident than in the chemo-sensitive tumors with more pronounced effects in adenocarcinomas as compared to squamous cell carcinomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there was high heterogeneity among the individual tumor tissue responses as expected, we clearly demonstrate specific multiple drug-induced effects simultaneously. Thus, STST provides a useful human model to study numerous aspects of mechanisms underlying tumor responsiveness towards improved anticancer treatment. The results presented here shall serve as a base for multiple functional tests of novel chemotherapeutic approaches to NSCLC in the future.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. dlang@fz-borstel.de
authors.forename: Dagmar S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Droemann
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Detlev
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Branscheid
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Anne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ressmeyer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zabel
authors.forename: Ekkehard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vollmer
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goldmann
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014022:Tissue Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077235:Vinorelbine; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D014747:Vinblastine; D004247:DNA; D016190:Carboplatin; D053148:Caspase 3; D000077235:Vinorelbine; D000093542:Gemcitabine