title: Does expressive writing reduce stress and improve health for family caregivers of older adults?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether written emotional disclosure reduces stress and improves health outcomes for family caregivers of physically frail and cognitively impaired older adults, as it has been shown to do for certain student and clinical populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary caregivers of older adults attending a day program were randomly assigned to expressive-writing (n = 14), time-management (n = 13), or history-writing (n = 13) conditions. Participants wrote for 20 minutes on four occasions over a 2-week period, and they completed self-report measures of caregiver burden and health prior to the intervention, immediately afterward, and at 1-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrary to expectations, expressive-writing and history-writing participants performed similarly across outcomes. Only caregiver participants in the time-management condition experienced significant mental and physical health improvements after writing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study add to a growing body of research demonstrating equivocal effects of expressive writing with clinical samples, and they suggest the potential benefit of written time management for stressed caregivers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada. corey_mackenzie@umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: Corey S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Ursula J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Wiprzycka
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hasher
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000628:therapy*; D014956:Writing