title: Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A growing interest in the possible influences of pre- and postoperative anxiety and pain scores as outcomes of surgical treatment and benefits of anxiety or pain-reducing interventions has emerged. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three different premedication regimens on postoperative pain and anxiety in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized, open-label clinical trial enrolled 60 schoolchildren. They were randomized for premedication with oral midazolam 0.5 mgxkg(-1), oral clonidine 4 microgxkg(-1), or transmucosal dexmedetomidine (DEX) 1 mug.kg(-1), submitted to a pre- and postoperative evaluation of anxiety with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and asked to report any pain in verbal and visual analog scales. We also evaluated secondary outcomes such as parents' anxiety, sedation, separation from parents, adverse effects and hemodynamic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dexmedetomidine and clonidine were related to lower scores of pain than midazolam. alpha(2)-agonists produced lower scores of peroperative mean arterial pressure and heart rate than midazolam. Both groups had similar levels of postoperative state-anxiety in children. There was no difference in preanesthesia levels of sedation and response to separation from parents between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that children receiving clonidine or DEX preoperatively have similar levels of anxiety and sedation postoperatively as those receiving midazolam. However, children given alpha(2)-agonists had less perioperative sympathetic stimulation and less postoperative pain than those given midazolam.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology and Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil. apschmidtus@yahoo.com
authors.forename: André P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Emilia A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Valinetti
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bandeira
authors.forename: Maria F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bertacchi
authors.forename: Cláudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.forename: José Otávio C
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Auler
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003000:Clonidine / Q000009:adverse effects; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000009:adverse effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D003000:Clonidine; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen