title: Community-onset urinary tract infections: a population-based assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although multiple studies have investigated community-onset urinary tract infections (UTI), population-based data are lacking. We therefore conducted population-based laboratory surveillance in order to define the incidence, demographic risk factors, etiology, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of community onset UTI in a large Canadian region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory surveillance for all community onset UTIs among residents of the Calgary Health Region (population approximately 1.2 million) was conducted during 2004/2005. Repeated positive samples within a 1-month period and those infections first cultured more than 2 days after admission to a hospital were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 40,618 episodes of community onset UTI occurred among 30,851 residents for an overall annual incidence of 17.5 per 1,000. Seventy-four percent of the cultures were submitted from ambulatory patients, 18% from hospitalized patients within the first 2 days of admission, and 9% from nursing home residents. Females were at significantly increased risk as compared to males (30.0 vs 5.0 per 1,000, RR 5.98; 95% CI, 5.81-6.15; p < 0.0001) as were the very young and very old. The most common infecting organisms were Escherichia coli (70%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7%) and Enterococcus species (6%). Overall resistance rates among first isolates per patient tested were 14% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 8% for cefazolin, 7% for nitrofurantoin, 6% for ciprofloxacin, 4% for gentamicin, and 2% for ceftriaxone although rates differed significantly based on sending location and patient age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides novel information on the epidemiology of community-onset UTIs in a non-selected Canadian population. The occurrence, etiology, and resistance rates of community onset UTI differ significantly among definable population groups.
authors.affiliation: Calgary Laboratory Services, Centre for Anti-microbial Resistance, University of Calgary and Calgary Health Region, Room 1W-415, #9, 3535 Research Road NW, T2L 2K8 Calgary, AB, Canada. kevin.laupland@calgaryhealthregion.ca
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Laupland
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: J D D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pitout
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gregson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*