title: Changes in var gene mRNA levels during erythrocytic development in two phenotypically distinct Plasmodium falciparum parasites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The var multigene family encodes PfEMP1, which are expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes and bind to various host endothelial receptors. Antigenic variation of PfEMP1 plays a key role in malaria pathogenesis, a process partially controlled at the level of var gene transcription. Transcriptional levels, throughout the intra-erythrocytic cycle, of 59 var genes of the NF54 clone were measured simultaneously by quantitative real-time PCR. The timing of var transcript abundance, the number of genes transcribed and whether transcripts were correctly spliced for protein expression were determined. Two parasite populations were studied; an unselected population of NF54 and a selected population, NF54VAR2CSA, to compare both the transcription of var2csa and the expression pattern of the corresponding protein.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synchronized parasites were harvested at different time points along the 48 hours intra-erythrocytic cycle for extraction of RNA and for analysis of expression of variant surface antigens by flow cytometry. Total RNA from each parasite sample was extracted and cDNA synthesized. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using gene-specific primers for all var genes. Samples for flow cytometry were labelled with rabbit IgG targeting DBL5epsilon of VAR2CSA and serum IgG from malaria-exposed men and pregnant women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  var transcripts were detected at all time points of the intra-erythrocytic cycle by quantitative real-time PCR, although transcription peaked in ring-stage parasites. There was no difference in the timing of appearance of group A, B or C transcripts, and dominant and subdominant var transcripts appeared to be correctly spliced at all time points. VAR2CSA appeared on the surface of infected erythrocytes 16 hours after invasion, consistent with previous studies of other PfEMP1. Transcription of the pseudogene var1csa could not be detected in NF54VAR2CSA cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal sampling point for analysis of var transcripts using quantitative real-time PCR is the ring-stage, which is encouraging for the analysis of fresh clinical isolates. The data presented here indicate that there is no promiscuous transcription of var genes at the individual cell level and that it is possible to correlate dominant transcripts with adhesion phenotype and clinical markers of malaria severity.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark. dahlback@cmp.dk
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahlbäck
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lavstsen
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salanti
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hviid
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Arnot
authors.forename: Thor G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Theander
authors.forename: Morten A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046508:Culture Techniques; D017125:Genes, Protozoan / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C085731:erythrocyte membrane protein 1, Plasmodium falciparum