title: Percutaneous vertebral artery intervention: a necessary tool in every interventional cardiologist armamentarium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of endovascular treatment of symptomatic vertebrobasilar insufficiency unresponsive to medical therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients who were regularly followed up in our cardiology clinic with symptoms suggestive of posterior fossa ischemia and with diagnostic or suspicious findings on ultrasound evaluation were evaluated with selective vertebral and subclavian artery angiography. All patients (17 men, 11 women; mean age, 64 years; range, 54-87) had critical lesions (>70% stenosis) in the vertebral or subclavian arteries or both. Those lesions that were considered severe enough to explain the reported symptomatology underwent percutaneous intervention and stent placement. All patients were followed up through clinic visits for a mean of 14.2 months (range, 3.5-24.3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 28 patients treated, 25 vertebral and 10 subclavian stents were placed. Success (<20% residual diameter stenosis, without stroke or death) was achieved in 27 patients (96%). One patient who had been undergoing intervention for a subtotal occlusion of the left subclavian artery developed a posterior fossa transient ischemic attack. At follow-up, 25 patients (89%) were alive, and 22 (88%) of those had no further neurological complaints. Three (11%) patients died during follow-up from cardiac complications. One (3.5%) patient had recurrent symptoms with in-stent restenosis at 6 months with successful balloon angioplasty and resolution of symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posterior fossa ischemia is an underdiagnosed condition that occurs with relative frequency in the usual patient population that interventional cardiologists attend to. Endovascular treatment using coronary wires and stents including drug-eluting stents is the treatment of choice for vertebral artery revascularization due to its high technical success rate, low complication rate, and long-term durability.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA. ezamd@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Edgardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zavala-Alarcon
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emmans
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cecena
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bant
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D002309:Cardiology / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D012107:Research Design; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015607:Stents; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014715:Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*