title: Expression of the PDE5 enzyme on human retinal tissue: new aspects of PDE5 inhibitors ocular side effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the effect of two phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, sildenafil and tadalafil, on ophthalmic artery (OA) blood flow velocity and investigated the presence of the PDE5 enzyme on human retinal tissue in comparison with the PDE6 enzyme localization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) we investigated, in 30 healthy young subjects (27.8 years of age; range, 24.3-33.7 years), the effects of a single oral dose of sildenafil (100 mg), tadalafil (20 mg), and placebo on OA blood flow velocity. Western blot for PDE6 and PDE5 protein expression was performed on frozen samples of human retina, testis, sperm, skin, and corpus cavernosum. Immunohistochemistry was performed on two ocular globes from dead donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDU showed a relationship between the administration of PDE5 inhibitors and OA blood flow velocity modifications in a time-dependent manner. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis showed PDE6 and PDE5 presence in human retinal tissue and gave a map of its distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that (a) tadalafil and sildenafil are able to modify the OA flux in a time-dependent manner; (b) the PDE5 enzyme is expressed on retinal and choroid vasculature (smooth muscle and endothelial cells), on ganglion and bipolar cells; (c) human retinal tissues express the PDE6 enzyme in the rod and cone photoreceptors; (d) visual side effects after PDE5 inhibitors administration may be linked to a specific effect on the PDE5 enzyme; and (e) the PDE5 enzyme may have a physiologic role on ganglion and bipolar cells that need to be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. carlo.foresta@unipd.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foresta
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caretta
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zuccarello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poletti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biagioli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Caretti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002243:Carbolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D054706:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068581:Tadalafil; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002243:Carbolines; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D000068581:Tadalafil; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D054706:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; D006152:Cyclic GMP