title: Characterization of AfpA, an alkaline foam protein from cultures of Fusarium culmorum and its identification in infected malt.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of Fusarium culmorum to produce non-hydrophobin surface-active proteins in vitro, to isolate and characterize such proteins from liquid cultures, to analyse their effect on overfoaming (gushing) of beer and to elucidate their prevalence in pure cultures and infected malt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 20 kDa protein was isolated from liquid cultures of F. culmorum BBA 62182 upon enrichment by foaming. BLAST search with N-terminal and internal sequences of the protein revealed high homology with a hypothetical protein predicted within the F. graminearum PH1 genome sequence. Oligonucleotide primers designed to bind 30 nt upstream and downstream of the predicted gene were used to amplify a 695 nt PCR fragment from genomic DNA of F. culmorum BBA 62182. Cloning and sequencing of the product revealed a 635 nt open reading frame which had 98% homology to the predicted F. graminearium PH1 gene code. Removal of a 59 nt intron and translation resulted in a 191 amino acid protein of 20.754 kDa with a calculated pI of 9.1. Amino acids obtained by Edman sequencing of fragments within the 20 kDa protein were 100% homologous with the sequence deduced from the DNA sequence. According to its properties, the new protein was termed alkaline foam protein A (AfpA). Sequence comparison revealed some homologies with proteins in Emericella nidulans, which are involved in phialide development and response to antifungal agents. Homologies with other hypothetical fungal proteins suggest a new group of proteins, for which we suggest the name fungispumins. Addition of AfpA to beer showed that overfoaming (gushing) is not induced in stable beer but can significantly enhance this effect in beer showing moderate gushing. Use of a polyclonal anti-AfpA antibody in a Western blot revealed that the protein is produced by various F. culmorum strains and also by F. graminearum, but not by other Fusarium spp. tested. PCR testing of 69 species of Fusarium and Trichoderma reesei with a gene specific primer pair revealed that the gene may be present exclusively in F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. cerealis, F. lunulosporum and F. oxysporum f. sp . dianthi. Immunochemical detection of AfpA in malts artificially inoculated with F. culmorum and F. graminearum showed that the protein was present in gushing inducing malts (gushing test) but absent in malts which were negative in a gushing test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AfpA is a member of a new protein class, fugispumins, and can be isolated from pure liquid cultures of F. culmorum. A homologous protein is synthesised by F. graminearum. The protein is produced in contaminated malt and enhances gushing of beer. The gene coding for AfpA is restricted to Fusarium species presumably involved in the induction of beer gushing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe a new class of proteins, fungispumins, the natural function of which remains to be elucidated. Findings add useful information to research on the mechanisms involved in foam stability of beer. AfpA may be useful as a marker for gushing in future quality control applications for the brewing industry.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, TU München, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Zapf
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Theisen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rabenstein
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niessen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D001515:Beer / Q000382:microbiology; D003470:Culture Media; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000276:immunology; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D007106:Immune Sera; D010940:Plant Proteins; D013501:Surface-Active Agents