title: Remifentanil-midazolam sedation for paediatric patients receiving mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedation of critically ill children requiring artificial ventilation remains a therapeutic challenge due to large individual variation in drug effects and a paucity of knowledge of pharmacokinetics in this population. This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in children requiring ventilation after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six ventilated children aged 1 month to 9.25 yr (median 1.77 yr) who had undergone cardiac surgery were sedated with a fixed rate infusion of midazolam 50 microg kg(-1) h(-1) and a remifentanil infusion that was commenced at 0.8 microg kg(-1) min(-1) for a minimum of 60 min and subsequently decreased by 0.1 microg kg(-1) min(-1)every 20 min until the patient awoke. Arterial blood concentrations of remifentanil and midazolam were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Mixed-effects population models were fitted to the remifentanil concentration-time data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Satisfactory sedation was achieved in all patients as assessed by Comfort score during the initial maintenance and reduction phase of the remifentanil infusion. One patient was withdrawn from the study due to hypotension. Remifentanil pharmacokinetics were best described using a two-compartment allometric model. For a typical child with a body weight of 10.5 kg, clearance was 68.3 ml kg(-1) min(-1), intercompartmental clearance was 80 ml kg(-1) min(-1), the central compartment volume was 91.7 ml kg(-1), and the peripheral compartment volume was 141 ml kg(-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of remifentanil and midazolam provided satisfactory sedation for these patients. Owing to enhanced clearance rates, smaller (younger) children will require higher remifentanil infusion rates than larger (older) children and adults to achieve equivalent blood concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesia Research Group, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rigby-Jones
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Priston
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sneyd
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tooley
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000097:blood*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000097:blood*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010880:Piperidines / Q000097:blood*; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D008874:Midazolam