title: Refinement of a morphological scoring system for postimplantation rabbit conceptuses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rabbit is used extensively in developmental toxicity testing, yet basic information on rabbit embryo development is lacking. The goals of this study were to refine a rabbit embryo morphology scoring system, and use it to evaluate rabbit whole embryo cultures (WEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 265 conceptuses were harvested between GD 8.0 and 12.0 (coitus = GD 0) at 6-hr intervals and examined in detail. Discreet developmental landmarks were then established for 18 morphological features and assigned scores ranging from 0 up to 6. The scoring system was then validated on a subset of randomly selected in vivo conceptuses, and was used to evaluate conceptuses grown for 12, 24, 36, or 48 hr in WEC beginning from GD 9.0 or 10.0. A few embryos also were examined using microscopic computed tomography (microCT)-based virtual histologytrade mark to assess the utility of this technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphology scores of in vivo developed conceptuses increased linearly (r2 = 0.98) with advancing gestational age, from means of 0.0 on GD 8.0 to 67.9 on GD 12.0. Application of the scoring system, supplemented with evidence from Virtual histologytrade mark, indicated that the WEC system supported normal morphological development of rabbit conceptuses. However, when explanted at GD 9, the rate of development was about 20% slower than in vivo, whereas the rate of development in WEC from GD 10 was indistinguishable from in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work enhances the evaluation tools available to study mechanisms of normal and abnormal development in this widely used animal testing species.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA. ecarney@dow.com
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Belen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tornesi
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Nowland
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Terence R S
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Ozolins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011817:Rabbits / Q000196:embryology*; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods