title: Looking for an accident: glider pilots' visual management and potentially dangerous final turns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accidents caused by spinning from low turns continue to kill glider pilots despite the introduction of specific exercises aimed at increasing pilot awareness and recognition of this issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-cockpit video cameras were used to analyze flying accuracy and log the areas of visual interest of 36 qualified glider pilots performing final turns in a training glider.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pilots were found to divide their attention between four areas of interest: the view directly ahead; the landing area (right); the airspeed indicator; and an area between the direct ahead view and the landing area. The mean fixation rate was 85 shifts per minute. Significant correlations were found between over-use of rudder and a lack of attention to the view ahead, as well as between the overall fixation rate and poorer coordination in the turn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide some evidence that a relationship exists between pilots' visual management and making turns in a potentially dangerous manner. Pilots who monitor the view ahead for reasonable periods during the final turn while not allowing their scan to become over-busy are those who are most likely to prevent a potential spin.
authors.affiliation: Human Factors Department, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK. s.r.jarvis@cranfield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000517:prevention & control; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000368:Aged; D000401:Aircraft; D001288:Attention; D001359:Aviation / Q000379:methods*; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017120:Nystagmus, Optokinetic / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014741:Video Recording