title: Anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis (CD2) on periodontal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis extracts on periodontitis patients and to investigate the involved mechanisms in vitro on activated macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy subjects and 21 patients with chronic periodontitis were enrolled to analyze the effect of L. brevis-containing lozenges on periodontitis-associated symptoms and signs. Before and after the treatment, the patients received a complete periodontal examination. Saliva samples, collected before and after treatment, were analyzed for metalloproteinase and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, immunoglobulin-A (IgA), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) levels. Arginine deiminase (AD) and NOS activities were determined through a radiometric assay. Metalloproteinases were assayed by zymogram and Western blotting, whereas IgA, PGE(2) and IFN-gamma were assayed by enzyme-linked imunosorbent assay tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatment led to the total disappearance or amelioration of all analyzed clinical parameters in all patients. This was paralleled to a significant decrease of nitrite/nitrate, PGE(2), matrix metalloproteinase, and IFN-gamma levels in saliva samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of L. brevis could be attributed to the presence of AD which prevented nitric oxide generation. Our findings give further insights into the knowledge of the molecular basis of periodontitis and have a potential clinical significance, giving the experimental ground for a new innovative, simple and efficacious therapeutical approach of periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: D N Della
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Riccia
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bizzini
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Perilli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polimeni
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trinchieri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Amicosante
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Cifone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D052196:Levilactobacillus brevis / Q000201:enzymology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000628:therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006867:Hydrolases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; C019723:arginine deiminase; D015232:Dinoprostone