title: Cardiovascular alterations after injection of 2% lidocaine with norepinephrine 1:50,000 (xylestesin) in rats.
abstract: The purpose of the present study is to determine the cardiovascular effects produced by intravascular injection of 2% lidocaine with 20 microg/mL of norepinephrine on systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and heart rate of rats at the following times: control period, during the injection (first 15 seconds), during the first minute, and at the end of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after drug administration. The study was performed on 13 male Wistar rats with weights between 200 grams and 220 grams that were awake during the recording of these parameters. The dose administered was proportional to 1 cartridge of local anesthetic (1.8 mL) in an average-size human, which is equivalent to 0.51 mg/kg of lidocaine hydrochloride and 0.51 microg/kg of norepinephrine hydrochloride. The average time of injection was 15.7 seconds. The results of this study showed significant increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure and a noticeable decrease in heart rate. The greatest variation occurred in the systolic blood pressure. The greatest alterations occurred during injection and within the first minute following administration of the anesthetic solution. We would anticipate these changes in the parameters analyzed to be clinically significant. Thus, dentists using 2% lidocaine with norepinephrine 20 mug/mL should be very careful to avoid intravascular injection.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Implantology, Post-Graduate Course, Santo Amaro University, UNISA, São Paulo, Brasil. fatimafaraco@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Fatima Neves
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Faraco
authors.forename: Paschoal Laercio
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Armonia
authors.forename: Stanley F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Malamed
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D009638:Norepinephrine