title: Evaluation of aetiology and efficacy of management protocol of epistaxis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epistaxis is one of the commonest medical emergencies. It affects all age groups and both sexes. The cause may be local or systemic but in majority it is spontaneous and idiopathic. Trauma is considered to be a major aetiological factor. Various treatment protocols are utilized to control epistaxis derpending upon the type, severity and cause of bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  This descriptive study was designed to evaluate the aetiology and efficacy of management protocol of epistaxis in a tertiary care setting. 313 patients underwent prospective evaluation by consultant and non-consultant doctors with considerable experience in Ear, Nose & Throat (ENT) emergencies management. Standard principles were followed in the management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study demonstrated a bimodal distribution with incidence peaks in below 25 years & above 50 years of age. Males were affected twice more than the females (2.15:1.04). Anterior nasal bleeding was noted in majority of the patients. Anterior nasal packing was the most effective method of controlling anterior epistaxis. While posterior bleeding was controlled by posterior nasal packing with Foley's catheter. The most common cause was found to be trauma, followed by hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be concluded from this study that epistaxis is the most common ENT emergency, affecting all age groups. It has a bimodal age presentation and affects males twice more than females. Anterior bleeding is more common than posterior bleeding. Epistaxis may be controlled with chemical/electro-cautery if the bleeding point is visible. In case of failure to localize or access a bleeding point or profuse bleeding, anterior nasal packing can effectively control majority of epistaxis. Foley's catheter is a good option that can be used for posterior nasal packing. Gelfoam may be used for controlling epistaxis in cases of bleeding disorders, when there is mucosal ooze.
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT, Saidu Medical College, Saidu Sharif, Swat.
authors.forename: Gulshan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Mahid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Shahid Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Said
authors.lastname: Sanaullah
authors.forename: Sharafat Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zaman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013630:Tampons, Surgical; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications