title: Modifying sorbents in controlled release formulations to prevent herbicides pollution.
abstract: The herbicides chloridazon and metribuzin, identified as groundwater pollutants, were incorporated in alginate-based granules to obtain controlled release properties. In this research the effect of incorporation of sorbents such as bentonite, anthracite and activated carbon in alginate basic formulation were not only studied on encapsulation efficiency but also on the release rate of herbicides which was studied using water release kinetic tests. In addition, sorption studies of herbicides with bentonite, anthracite and activated carbon were made. The kinetic experiments of chloridazon and metribuzin release in water have shown that the release rate is higher in metribuzin systems than in those prepared with chloridazon, which has lower water solubility. Besides, it can be deduced that the use of sorbents reduces the release rate of the chloridazon and metribuzin in comparison to the technical product and to the alginate formulation without sorbents. The highest decrease in release rate corresponds to the formulations prepared with activated carbon as a sorbent. The water uptake, permeability, and time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water, T(50), were calculated to compare the formulations. On the basis of a parameter of an empirical equation used to fit the herbicide release data, the release of chloridazon and metribuzin from the various formulations into water is controlled by a diffusion mechanism. Sorption capacity of the sorbents for chloridazon and metribuzin, ranging from 0.53mgkg(-1) for the metribuzin sorption on bentonite to 2.03x10(5)mgkg(-1) for the sorption of chloridazon on the activated carbon, was the most important factor modulating the herbicide release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, s/n, Almería 04120, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Flores Céspedes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villafranca Sánchez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pérez García
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández Pérez
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D010316:Particle Size; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D012995:Solubility; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D011724:Pyridazines; D014227:Triazines; D001546:Bentonite; C005586:pyrazon; D002244:Carbon; C009235:metribuzin