title: Strabismus, binocular functions and ocular motility in children with hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate heterotropia, heterophoria, head posture, nystagmus, stereo acuity, ocular motility and near point of convergence (NPC) in children with hydrocephalus treated surgically before 1 year of age. In addition, the effects of being born with hydrocephalus, the effect of the etiology of hydrocephalus, number of shunt revisions and the size of the ventricles on these variables were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based study was performed in 75 children and the results were compared with the results of an age- and sex-matched group (comp group) (n = 140).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heterotropia 68.9% (comp group 3.6%; p < 0.001), abnormal head posture 41.3% (comp group 0; p < 0.001), nystagmus 44.0% (comp group 0; p < 0.001), stereo acuity < or =60'' 33.8% (comp group 97.1%; p < 0.001) and ocular motility defects 69.7% (comp group 0.7%; p < 0.001) were more common among children with hydrocephalus than in the comparison group. Children with overt hydrocephalus at birth had significantly more heterotropia (p = 0.0006), esotropia (p = 0.002), abnormal head posture (p = 0.02) and motility defects (p = 0.003) compared to those with hydrocephalus developing during the first year of life. The etiology, number of shunt revisions and the size of the ventricles had no significant effect on any of the investigated variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with hydrocephalus surgically treated before the age of one year commonly present orthoptic abnormalities. The etiology of hydrocephalus, number of shunt revisions and ventricle size seem to be of minor importance compared with the age of onset of hydrocephalus with regard to the risk for orthoptic abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, The Sahlgrenska Academy of Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. eva.aring@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aring
authors.forename: Susann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Anna-Lena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hård
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: Eva-Karin
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Uvebrant
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ygge
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hellström
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002648:Child; D003867:Depth Perception; D004948:Esotropia / Q000209:etiology; D005099:Exotropia / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011187:Posture; D012086:Reoperation; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D015348:Vision, Binocular