title: Strabismus in adults with uveal melanoma following episcleral plaque brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the incidence of persistent strabismus in patients treated with plaque brachytherapy and its subsequent treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single center retrospective case note review of adult patients with persistent diplopia or strabismus following plaque brachytherapy for all types of intraocular tumors between 1996 and 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 929 consecutive adults underwent plaque brachytherapy during the study period at a single center. Sixteen patients (1.7%) with treated uveal melanoma developed persistent diplopia or strabismus. In 11 patients (69%) the timing of onset was in the first year, in 2 (13%) in the second year, and one each (6% each) in years 5, 7, and 8. Two patients (13%) did not require any intervention. Fourteen patients (88%) required treatment: 7 (50%) were treated with prisms only, 3 (21%) underwent botulinum toxin (BTXA) injections, and 4 (29%) were treated with extraocular muscle surgery (3 required one operation and one required 2 procedures).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of ocular motility disorders following plaque brachytherapy in our cohort was 1.7% over 8 years and we include this in the consent process for conservative treatment of intraocular tumors. Options for treatment for persistent diplopia or strabismus include prisms, botulinum toxin injection, or surgery.
authors.affiliation: Strabismus Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Mandeep S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sagoo
authors.forename: Jodhbir S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Comer
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hungerford
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004172:Diplopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012429:Ruthenium Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects; D012590:Sclera; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D012429:Ruthenium Radioisotopes; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A