title: Evaluation of dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph-node biopsy for detecting occult metastases in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the introduction of dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph-node (SLN) biopsy (used to detect occult lymph node metastases in patients with penile cancer and clinically impalpable inguinal lymph nodes at presentation) at a UK tertiary referral centre for penile cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 75 patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma of stage T1, grade > or = 2, and unilateral or bilateral impalpable groin nodes, were prospectively enrolled over a 2-year period. Patients underwent lymphoscintigraphy with (99m)technetium-labelled nanocolloid which was injected intradermally around the tumour or into the distal penile shaft skin. Four hours later, the SLN(s) were identified during surgery using a hand-held gamma-probe and intradermal injections with blue dye. Completion lymph node dissection was subsequently used in patients with tumour-positive SLNs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 255 SLNs were removed from 143 groins; all excised nodes had taken up the radioactive marker, and the blue dye was evident in 87%. Eighteen of 75 (24%) patients and 21 of 143 groins (15%) had a tumour-positive SLN. All but one patient went on to completion lymph node dissection. Three of these 18 (17%) had further disease in other than SLNs. Six of 143 (4%) groins developed minor complications. One false-negative result was reported at a median (range) follow-up of 11 (2-24) months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique is feasible for managing penile cancer in a UK tertiary referral centre. The initial results suggest that it can accurately identify the SLN(s), which can then be removed for pathological review with minimal morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, St George's Hospital, London, UK. paulhadway@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hadway
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corbishley
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heenan
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Watkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome