title: A bispecific diabody directed against prostate-specific membrane antigen and CD3 induces T-cell mediated lysis of prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although cancer of the prostate is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men, no curative treatment currently exists after its progression beyond resectable boundaries. Therefore, new agents for targeted treatment strategies are needed. Cross-linking of tumor antigens with T-cell associated antigens by bispecific monoclonal antibodies have been shown to increase antigen-specific cytotoxicity in T-cells. Since the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) represents an excellent tumor target, immunotherapy with bispecific diabodies could be a promising novel treatment option for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A heterodimeric diabody specific for human PSMA and the T-cell antigen CD3 was constructed from the DNA of anti-CD3 and anti-PSMA single chain Fv fragments (scFv). It was expressed in E. coli using a vector containing a bicistronic operon for co-secretion of the hybrid scFv V(H)CD3-V(L)PSMA and V(H)PSMA-V(L)CD3. The resulting PSMAxCD3 diabody was purified from the periplasmic extract by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The binding properties were tested on PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells and PSMA-negative cell lines as well as on Jurkat cells by flow cytometry. For in vitro functional analysis, a cell viability test (WST) was used. For in vivo evaluation the diabody was applied together with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in a C4-2 xenograft-SCID mouse model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By Blue Native gel electrophoresis, it could be shown that the PSMAxCD3 diabody is mainly a tetramer. Specific binding both to CD3-expressing Jurkat cells and PSMA-expressing C4-2 cells was shown by flow cytometry. In vitro, the diabody proved to be a potent agent for retargeting PBL to lyze C4-2 prostate cancer cells. Treatment of SCID mice inoculated with C4-2 tumor xenografts with the diabody and PBL efficiently inhibited tumor growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PSMAxCD3 diabody bears the potential for facilitating immunotherapy of prostate cancer and for the elimination of minimal residual disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 117, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bühler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gierschner
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schaber
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katzenwadel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schultze-Seemann
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wetterauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tacke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swamy
authors.forename: W W A
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Schamel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Elsässer-Beile
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000276:immunology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific; D017252:CD3 Complex; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen