title: Butyrate mediates decrease of histone acetylation centered on transcription start sites and down-regulation of associated genes.
abstract: Butyrate is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) with anti-neoplastic properties, which theoretically reactivates epigenetically silenced genes by increasing global histone acetylation. However, recent studies indicate that a similar number or even more genes are down-regulated than up-regulated by this drug. We treated hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells with butyrate and characterized the levels of acetylation at DNA-bound histones H3 and H4 by ChIP-chip along the ENCODE regions. In contrast to the global increases of histone acetylation, many genomic regions close to transcription start sites were deacetylated after butyrate exposure. In order to validate these findings, we found that both butyrate and trichostatin A treatment resulted in histone deacetylation at selected regions, while nucleosome loss or changes in histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) did not occur in such locations. Furthermore, similar histone deacetylation events were observed when colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells were treated with butyrate. In addition, genes with deacetylated promoters were down-regulated by butyrate, and this was mediated at the transcriptional level by affecting RNA polymerase II (POLR2A) initiation/elongation. Finally, the global increase in acetylated histones was preferentially localized to the nuclear periphery, indicating that it might not be associated to euchromatin. Our results are significant for the evaluation of HDACi as anti-tumourogenic drugs, suggesting that previous models of action might need to be revised, and provides an explanation for the frequently observed repression of many genes during HDACi treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 05 Sweden. alvaro.rada@genpat.uu.se
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rada-Iglesias
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Enroth
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ameur
authors.forename: Christoph M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Gayle K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Clelland
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Respuela-Alonso
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: Oliver M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Dovey
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Cordelia F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dunham
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Komorowski
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wadelius
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D006655:Histone Deacetylases