title: Histone gene expression and histone mRNA 3' end structure in Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histone protein synthesis is essential for cell proliferation and required for the packaging of DNA into chromatin. In animals, histone proteins are provided by the expression of multicopy replication-dependent histone genes. Histone mRNAs that are processed by a histone-specific mechanism to end after a highly conserved RNA hairpin element, and lack a poly(A) tail. In vertebrates and Drosophila, their expression is dependent on HBP/SLBP that binds to the RNA hairpin element. We showed previously that these cis and trans acting regulators of histone gene expression are conserved in C. elegans. Here we report the results of an investigation of the histone mRNA 3' end structure and of histone gene expression during C. elegans development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequence analysis of replication-dependent histone genes revealed the presence of several highly conserved sequence elements in the 3' untranslated region of histone pre-mRNAs, including an RNA hairpin element and a polyadenylation signal. To determine whether in C. elegans histone mRNA 3' end formation occurs at this polyadenylation signal and results in polyadenylated histone mRNA, we investigated the mRNA 3' end structure of histone mRNA. Using poly(A) selection, RNAse protection and sequencing of histone mRNA ends, we determined that a majority of C. elegans histone mRNAs lack a poly(A) tail and end three to six nucleotides after the hairpin structure, after an A or a U, and have a 3' OH group. RNAi knock down of CDL-1, the C. elegans HBP/SLBP, does not significantly affect histone mRNA levels but severely depletes histone protein levels. Histone gene expression varies during development and is reduced in L3 animals compared to L1 animals and adults. In adults, histone gene expression is restricted to the germ line, where cell division occurs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that the expression of C. elegans histone genes is subject to control mechanisms similar to the ones in other animals: the structure of C. elegans histone mRNA 3' ends is compatible with histone-specific mRNA 3' end processing; CDL-1 functions in post-transcriptional control of histone gene expression; and C. elegans histone mRNA levels are elevated at periods of active cell division, indicating that histone gene expression is linked to DNA replication.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. rebecca.keall@gmail.com <rebecca.keall@gmail.com>
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keall
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whitelaw
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pettitt
authors.forename: Berndt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D026723:Polyadenylation; D026721:RNA 3' End Processing; D018510:RNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D039221:mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D006657:Histones; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018510:RNA, Helminth; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C458499:cdl-1 protein, C elegans; D039221:mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors