title: Examination of cyclic changes in bovine luteal echotexture using computer-assisted statistical pattern recognition techniques.
abstract: B-mode sonography is a well-established diagnostic tool for determination of cycle stage in gynaecology. The aim of this study was to determine whether computer-assisted texture analysis of B- mode sonographic images of bovine luteal glands provides further information about the animal's plasma progesterone concentration and cycle stage. Four Simmenthal cows were examined during two consecutive estrous cycles with an ultrasound device equipped with a 7.5MHz microconvex probe. During each examination three B-mode images of the corpus luteum (CL) were digitized and analyzed off-line using a computer-assisted texture analysis program. Size, echogeneity, and echotexture of the CL were characterized by the following texture parameters: area of cross-sectional planes of the CL (A), mean gray level (MGL), correlation (CORR), run percentage (RPERC), and long-run emphasis (LREM). Plasma progesterone levels (P4) were also determined. All parameters showed characteristic changes during the estrous cycle (P<0.05). Variance component estimates for the effect of Day of estrous cycle on A, MGL, CORR, RPERC, and LREM were 56.6%, 64.6%, 77.6%, 89.9%, and 86.0%, respectively, and 20.6%, 24.5%, 7.2%, 0.0%, and 14.0% for the influence of the individual cow. The factor estrous cycle within cows was responsible for 22.8%, 10.9%, 15.2%, 10.1%, and 0.0% of the variability of A, MGL, CORR, RPERC and LREM values, respectively. Cyclic changes were similar in A and P4. In contrast to P4, which decreased already between Days -5 and -3 (Day 0=ovulation), A stayed at constant high values until Day -3. Mean MGL values were higher (P<0.05) on Days 7, 9, and 13 compared to Days 3 and -3. Mean CORR values were constantly high (P>0.05) during the first days after ovulation and decreased continuously (P<0.05) between Days 5 and 13. Thereafter, mean CORR values remained low (P<0.05) until the next ovulation, except on Day -3 (P<0.05). Mean RPERC rose between Days 1 and 9 from low to high values (P<0.0001) remained at these high values (P>0.05) between Days 9 and 15, and decreased (P<0.05) afterwards to baseline values on Day -1. Mean LREM inclined steeply (P<0.0001) from minimum to maximum between Days 1 and 5. From Days 7 to -3, mean LREM remained (P>0.05) at a constant level close below the maximum value, and decreased to baseline values on Day -1. The results of this study show that statistical pattern recognition techniques provide new information about the luteal glands, thus facilitating a more accurate differentiation between different cycle stages in cows.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Germany. Kathrin.Herzog@tiho-hannover.de
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kiossis
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bollwein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008184:Luteal Cells / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010061:Ovulation Detection / Q000379:methods; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone