title: Effects of ning shen ling granule and dehydroepiandrosterone on cognitive function in mice undergoing chronic mild stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the changes of spontaneous and cognitive behavior, and cholinergic M receptors in the brain of mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS), and to determine the effect of Ning Shen Ling Granule (NSL) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on them.
  
  
  METHODS
  CMS model mice were established by applying stress every day for 3 consecutive weeks with 7 kinds of unforeseeable stress sources, and they were medicated for 1 week beginning at the 3rd week of modeling. The changes in behavior were determined by Morris Water Maze and spontaneous movement test, and M-receptor binding activity in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus were measured by radioactive ligand assay with 3H-QNB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) The spontaneous movement in CMS model mice was significantly reduced, with the latency for searching platform in Morris Water Maze obviously prolonged (P<0.01), and these abnormal changes in behavior were improved in those treated with NSL and DHEA. (2) The binding ability of M-receptor in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of CMS mice was significantly decreased as compared with those in the control group (P<0.05), but could be restored to the normal level after intervention with NSL or DHEA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decline of spontaneous movement and spatial learning and memory ability could be induced in animals by chronic mild stress, and that may be related to the low activity of central cholinergic M-receptors. Both NSL and DHEA could effectively alleviate the above-mentioned changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yi-long
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yan-yong
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rui-feng
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ping-ping
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Zuo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D011813:Quinuclidinyl Benzilate / Q000378:metabolism; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000378:metabolism; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D013550:Swimming
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; C521736:ning shen ling; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D011813:Quinuclidinyl Benzilate