title: Estimation of proinflammatory biomarkers of skin irritation by dermal microdialysis following exposure with irritant chemicals.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to quantify the release of proinflammatory biomarkers by dermal microdialysis after topical exposure with irritant chemicals, Jet fuel (JP-8) and xylene in rat skin. Occlusive dermal exposure (2h) was carried out with 230microl of JP-8 or xylene using Hill top chambers((R)). Linear microdialysis probes (10mm) were inserted in the dermis under urethane anesthesia. The dialysis fluid was pumped at a flow rate of 2microl/min and the dialysate was collected for 7h following probe insertion. The expression of substance P (SP), calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the dialysate following microdialysis was measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The effect of pretreatment with an SP antagonist (SR-140333) and a PGE(2) inhibitor (celecoxib), 6 and 18h before the application of JP-8 was also assessed to further establish the sensitivity of the microdialysis set up. On similar lines, untreated and capsaicin treated control experiments were performed to compare with the SP release following JP-8 treatment. Further, we also investigated the SP release following topical application of xylene. The mean concentrations of SP after the application of JP-8 (90.01+/-3.31) and 3h after its removal (58.66+/-9.36) indicated that JP-8 induced significantly higher release of SP as compared to the baseline value (P<0.05). The release of SP following JP-8 treatment (58.66+/-9.36pg/ml) was comparable to capsaicin (58.18+/-11.29pg/ml). JP-8 exposure resulted in a significant increase (P<0.001) in PGE(2) levels over the baseline control at the end of 1 and 2h of exposure. JP-8 treatment also produced significant increase (P<0.001) in PGE(2) levels as compared to the untreated control during occlusion and 1h following its removal. There was a significant drop (P<0.05) in the PGE(2) levels by the end of 3h following exposure. Pretreatment with SR-140333 and celecoxib significantly reduced (P<0.05) SP and PGE(2) release induced by JP-8. The mean concentrations of SP following xylene exposure (25.50+/-8.80pg/ml) and 3h after its removal (34.37+/-5.61pg/ml) indicated its skin irritation potential. Unlike JP-8, xylene produced a significant increase in SP release only after the removal of occlusion. Pretreatment with SR-140333 significantly blocked the xylene induced SP release. CGRP was not detected in any of the samples. This study demonstrates that dermal microdialysis can be used to quantify skin irritation potential of JP-8 and related irritant chemicals.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
authors.forename: Suniket V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Fulzele
authors.affiliation: Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ahaghotu
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA. Electronic address: mandip.sachdeva@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mandip
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D007509:Irritants / Q000633:toxicity*; D017551:Microdialysis; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests; D013373:Substance P / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014992:Xylenes / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D007509:Irritants; C098607:JP8 aviation fuel; D014992:Xylenes; D013373:Substance P; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D015232:Dinoprostone