Structural and functional basis for (S)-allantoin formation in the ureide pathway.
The ureide pathway, which mediates the oxidative degradation of uric acid to (S)-allantoin, represents the late stage of purine catabolism in most organisms. The details of uric acid metabolism remained elusive until the complete pathway involving three enzymes was recently identified and characterized. However, the molecular details of the exclusive production of one enantiomer of allantoin in this pathway are still undefined. Here we report the crystal structure of 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline (OHCU) decarboxylase, which catalyzes the last reaction of the pathway, in a complex with the product, (S)-allantoin, at 2.5-A resolution. The homodimeric helical protein represents a novel structural motif and reveals that the active site in each monomer contains no cofactors, distinguishing this enzyme mechanistically from other cofactor-dependent decarboxylases. On the basis of structural analysis, along with site-directed mutagenesis, a mechanism for the enzyme is proposed in which a decarboxylation reaction occurs directly, and the invariant histidine residue in the OHCU decarboxylase family plays an essential role in producing (S)-allantoin through a proton transfer from the hydroxyl group at C4 to C5 at the re-face of OHCU. These results provide molecular details that address a longstanding question of how living organisms selectively produce (S)-allantoin.
Kim
Kwangsoo
K
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Room 7117, Building 200, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
Park
Jinseo
J
Rhee
Sangkee
S
D000481:Allantoin / Q000737:chemistry*; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019281:Dimerization; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D048288:Imidazolines / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry
C510198:2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy--5-ureidoimidazoline; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D048288:Imidazolines; D000481:Allantoin; D006639:Histidine; D014508:Urea; C510199:2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy--5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase, mouse; C522775:2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase, Arabidopsis; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases