title: High sodium intake strengthens the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with blood pressure in a community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited evidence is available on a gene-environment interaction of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism and high blood pressure (BP) with salt intake among general populations. We hypothesized that persons with the I allele of the ACE gene have elevated BP levels in response to a higher sodium intake, and thus the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with BP levels was stronger among persons with a higher sodium intake than those with a lower sodium intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of 2823 men and women aged 30 to 74 years in a Japanese rural community to examine the association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with BP levels stratified by salt intake, as estimated by 24-h urine collection and dietary questionnaire. Polymorphism of the ACE I/D was detected by an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in BP levels among DD, ID, and II groups for either sex or total samples. However, mean difference in diastolic BP levels for II versus DD groups was +3.0 mm Hg (P = .003) among persons with higher sodium excretion, +1.8 mm Hg (P = .04) among those with higher present sodium intake score, and +1.7 mm Hg (P = .06) among those with higher past sodium intake score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high sodium intake strengthens the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with BP levels in community-based samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, and Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. k-yamagishi@umin.net
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
authors.forename: Renzhe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Minako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimamoto
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A