title: Detailed analysis of 15q11-q14 sequence corrects errors and gaps in the public access sequence to fully reveal large segmental duplications at breakpoints for Prader-Willi, Angelman, and inv dup(15) syndromes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chromosome 15 contains many segmental duplications, including some at 15q11-q13 that appear to be responsible for the deletions that cause Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes and for other genomic disorders. The current version of the human genome sequence is incomplete, with seven gaps in the proximal region of 15q, some of which are flanked by duplicated sequence. We have investigated this region by conducting a detailed examination of the sequenced genomic clones in the public database, focusing on clones from the RP11 library that originates from one individual.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our analysis has revealed assembly errors, including contig NT_078094 being in the wrong orientation, and has enabled most of the gaps between contigs to be closed. We have constructed a map in which segmental duplications are no longer interrupted by gaps and which together reveals a complex region. There are two pairs of large direct repeats that are located in regions consistent with the two classes of deletions associated with Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. There are also large inverted repeats that account for the formation of the observed supernumerary marker chromosomes containing two copies of the proximal end of 15q and associated with autism spectrum disorders when involving duplications of maternal origin (inv dup[15] syndrome).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have produced a segmental map of 15q11-q14 that reveals several large direct and inverted repeats that are incompletely and inaccurately represented on the current human genome sequence. Some of these repeats are clearly responsible for deletions and duplications in known genomic disorders, whereas some may increase susceptibility to other disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK. a.makoff@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Makoff
authors.forename: Rachel H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Flomen
mesh_terms: D017204:Angelman Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D019457:Chromosome Breakage; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002884:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15; D020440:Gene Duplication; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D011218:Prader-Willi Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*