title: Effects of ketamine on levels of cytokines, NF-kappaB and TLRs in rat intestine during CLP-induced sepsis.
abstract: This study was designed to investigate the effects of ketamine on levels of inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in rat intestine during polymicrobial sepsis, induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). After the induction of sepsis or sham-operation, the rats were treated with ketamine (2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg) or saline (10 ml/kg). At 2, 4 or 6 h post-operation, the intestinal concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-6, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activity of NF-kappaB in rat intestine was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). And expressions of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) of rat intestine were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We found that TNF-alpha and IL-6 concentrations, NF-kappaB activity, TLR2 and TLR4 expressions in rat intestine were increased after CLP. At the doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, ketamine suppressed CLP-induced elevation of IL-6. Ketamine 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg after CLP decreased intestinal TNF-alpha level and NF-kappaB activity, and inhibited TLR2 and TLR4 expressions as well. These results suggest that ketamine may have anti-inflammatory effects, such as suppressing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and attenuating NF-kappaB activity, during polymicrobial sepsis. And these anti-inflammatory effects possibly correlate with the inhibitory influence of ketamine on TLR2 and TLR4 expressions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Danbing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Zhijie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000293:injuries; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008026:Ligation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011677:Punctures / Q000009:adverse effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495343:Tlr2 protein, rat; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007649:Ketamine