title: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response pilot study evaluating intradiscal etanercept in patients with chronic discogenic low back pain or lumbosacral radiculopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, convincing evidence has emerged implicating tumor necrosis factor alpha as a causative factor in radiculopathy and discogenic back pain. But although preliminary open-label studies demonstrated promising results for the treatment of low back pain with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, early optimism has been tainted by a controlled study showing no significant benefit in sciatica. To determine whether outcomes might be improved by a more direct route of administration, the authors evaluated escalating doses of intradiscal etanercept in 36 patients with chronic lumbosacral radiculopathy or discogenic low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted whereby six patients received 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, or 1.5 mg etanercept intradiscally in each pain-generating disc. In each escalating dose group of six patients, one received placebo. A neurologic examination and postprocedure leukocyte counts were performed in all patients at 1-month follow-up visits. In patients who experienced significant improvement in pain scores and function, follow-up visits were conducted 3 and 6 months after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1-month follow-up, no differences were found for pain scores or disability scores between or within groups for any dose range or subgroup of patients. Only eight patients remained in the study after 1 month and elected to forego further treatment. No complications were reported, and no differences were noted between preprocedure and postprocedure leukocyte counts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although no serious side effects were observed in this small study, a single low dose of intradiscal etanercept does not seem to be an effective treatment for chronic radicular or discogenic low back pain.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Division, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. scohen40@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wenzell
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.forename: Chester C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Buckenmaier
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Bennie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Morlando
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D000068800:Etanercept