title: Long-term outcomes in patients with treated childhood hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal in this study was to determine the long-term effects of childhood hydrocephalus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A patient-reported survey completed by 1953 participants was used to collect data in a subgroup of 1459 individuals who had been treated for hydrocephalus in childhood. Data on shunt complications, including total shunt revisions and infections, were examined in those whose hydrocephalus had been diagnosed at least 10 years earlier (718 patients). Social and functional outcomes were examined in patients who were 20 years of age or older at the time of survey completion (403 individuals). Specific questions addressed the presence of depression, the patient's marital status, independent living arrangements, and the educational level attained. Shunt complications were common; 54% of patients had four or more shunt revisions, and 9% had three or more shunt infections. Depression requiring treatment occurred in 45% of participants. Other measures of social functioning all reflected a major impact of childhood hydrocephalus. In general, a worse outcome was found in patients whose hydrocephalus was diagnosed before 18 months of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lifelong morbidity associated with shunt placement to treat childhood hydrocephalus is substantial, and it includes shunt-related complications and comorbidities that adversely affect social functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco 94102, USA. guptan@neurosurg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Nalin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Jeanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Dory A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kranz
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wrensch
authors.forename: Yvonne W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012917:Social Adjustment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors