title: How irritant is alcohol?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol-based hand rubs are used worldwide to prevent transmission of nosocomial pathogens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate skin irritation caused by alcohols alone and in combination with detergent washing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single and repetitive patch testing with 60-100% alcohols [ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol (synonyms: isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol)], a positive control [0.5% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)] and negative controls (empty chamber and water) were performed. Wash tests were performed with 80% ethanol and 0.5% SLS on the forearms with each agent alone and with both agents in a tandem design. Skin hydration, erythema and barrier disruption [measured as transepidermal water loss (TEWL)] were evaluated (always 15 volunteers).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no significant change in skin barrier or erythema induced by the alcohols in the patch tests, whereas skin hydration decreased significantly. Application of alcohols to previously irritated skin did not show a stronger skin barrier disruption than application of SLS alone. Wash tests demonstrated that alcohol application caused significantly less skin irritation than washing with a detergent (TEWL, P < 0.001; skin hydration, P < 0.05; erythema, P < 0.05). Even on previously irritated skin, ethanol did not enhance irritation. By contrast, a protective effect of ethanol used after skin washing was observed (TEWL, P < 0.05; skin hydration, P < 0.05; erythema, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol-based hand rubs cause less skin irritation than hand washing and are therefore preferred for hand hygiene from the dermatological point of view. An alcohol-based hand rub may even decrease rather than increase skin irritation after a hand wash due to a mechanical partial elimination of the detergent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. harald.loeffler@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löffler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kampf
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmermund
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000438:Alcohols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003902:Detergents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D003902:Detergents