title: A fuzzy distance metric for measuring the dissimilarity of planar chromatographic profiles with application to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis data from human skin microbes: demonstration of an individual and gender-based fingerprint.
abstract: A newly devised fuzzy metric for measuring the dissimilarity between two planar chromatographic profiles is proposed in this paper. It does not require an accurately assigned sample-feature matrix and can cope with slight imprecision of the positional information. This makes it very suitable for 1-D techniques which do not have a second spectroscopic dimension to aid variable assignment. The usefulness of this metric has been demonstrated on a large data set consisting of nearly 400 samples from Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of microbes on human skin. The pattern revealed by this dissimilarity metric was compared with the one represented by a sample-feature matrix and highly consistent results were obtained. Several pattern recognition techniques have been applied on the dissimilarity matrix based on this dissimilarity metric. According to rank analysis, within-individual variation is significantly less than between-individual variation, suggesting a unique individual microbial fingerprint. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCO) suggests that there is a considerable separation between genders. These results suggest that there are specific microbial colonies characteristic of individuals.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chemometrics, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, UK BS8 1TS.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Brereton
authors.forename: Karlheinz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trebesius
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bergmaier
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oberzaucher
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grammer
authors.forename: Dustin J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Penn
mesh_terms: D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008829:Microbiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*