title: Survey on acute and chronic complications in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess glycemic control and complications of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents in Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  This demographic and clinical survey included 99 children aged between 5 and 18 years attending Muhimbili National Hospital Clinic for Diabetes. A structured questionnaire was used for evaluating socioeconomic data and for estimation of the prevalence of acute complications occurring over the last 6 months. The prevalences of retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy were determined by fundus ophthalmoscopy and by microalbuminuria, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of these children were treated with a conventional insulin regimen. The mean +/- SD duration of diabetes was 4.76 +/- 3.58 years. Only 1 child (1%) had good glycemic control (A1C <7.5%), 60 children (60.6%) had moderate glycemic control (A1C 7.5-10%), 14 children (14.1%) had poor glycemic control (A1C >10-12.5%), and 24 children (24.2%) had very poor glycemic control (A1C >12.5%). At onset of diabetes, 75% of children presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA); 89 children (89.80%) had at least one episode of DKA, and 55 children (55.67%) had symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes. Microalbuminuria was present in 29 (29.3%) and retinopathy in 22 (22.68%) children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there are some methodological limitations, this survey highlights the difficulties of achieving good metabolic control and the high prevalence of acute and chronic complications in Tanzanian children with type 1 diabetes. These results clearly show that major efforts are needed to improve quality of care in children with type 1 diabetes in Tanzania.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy. dr_esma@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Edna S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Majaliwa
authors.forename: Emanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Munubhi
authors.forename: Kaushik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramaiya
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mpembeni
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanyiwa
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohn
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiarelli
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin