title: Endovascular embolization of the swine rete mirabile with Eudragit-E 100 polymer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both adhesive and nonabrasive embolic agents are available for arteriovenous malformation (AVM) embolization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel ethanol-based nonadhesive liquid embolic material in a swine AVM model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eudragit (copolymer of methyl and butyl methacrylate and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) was dissolved in 50% ethanol and 50% iopamidol. Eudragit was injected into 9 retia mirabilia (RMs). Ethanol and iopamidol mixture were injected into 4 RMs for comparison. Three RMs embolized with Eudragit mixture were evaluated both angiographically and histopathologically acutely (3-24 hours) and at 30 days and 90 days after embolization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No procedural complications from Eudragrit embolization were noted, including retention or adhesion of the microcatheter. Various degrees of inflammation were observed in the acute and 30-day specimens. Two RMs showed partial recanalization on both histopathology and follow-up angiography in the 30-day group. Arterial fibrosis and calcification were observed in the 30- and 90-day specimens. The internal elastic lamina was disrupted in the 30- and 90-day specimens, but there was no evidence of Eudragit extravasation or hemorrhage. Endothelial damage was seen in all specimens and was particularly severe in the 30- and 90-day specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eudragit polymer induced inflammation in thrombosis similar to n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate, but without the disadvantages of perivascular hemorrhage and extravasation of embolization material. Although recanalization of some embolized RMs was noted, further investigation into Eudragit as a potentially useful embolic material for brain AVMs is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA. harakawa@jikei.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Baumgardner
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Do
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011859:Radiography; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; C477020:Eudragit E100; D011108:Polymers