title: High-speed ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography findings in hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare structural changes in the retina seen on high-speed ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (hsUHR-OCT) with multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and automated visual fields in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients receiving hydroxychloroquine were evaluated clinically with hsUHR-OCT, mfERG, and automated visual fields. Six age-matched subjects were imaged with hsUHR-OCT and served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distinctive discontinuity of the perifoveal photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment junction and thinning of the outer nuclear layer were seen with hsUHR-OCT in patients with mild retinal toxic effects. Progression to complete loss of the inner segment/outer segment junction and hyperscattering at the outer segment level were seen in more advanced cases. The mfERG abnormalities correlated with the hsUHR-OCT findings. Asymptomatic patients had normal hsUHR-OCT and mfERG results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinctive abnormalities in the perifoveal photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment junction were seen on hsUHR-OCT in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine who also were symptomatic and had abnormalities on automated visual fields and mfERG.
authors.affiliation: Tufts-New England Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Julio A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Padilla
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hedges
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Monson
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wojtkowski
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reichel
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Duker
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schuman
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine