title: Lead concentration in breast milk of nursing mothers living in Riyadh.
abstract: Lead poisoning has proven to be one of the most difficult environmental health problems. Part of this difficulty is based on the lack of distinctive manifestations at an early phase in the process. Breast milk feeding with high lead concentration is one of the first sources of lead exposure in neonates. This study reported that lead in breast milk samples from 81% of nursing mothers varied from a low concentration of 0.318 microg/dL to a high of 2.5 microg/dL with an average of 0.768 +/- 0.42 microg/dL. The high lead concentration of 2.5 microg/dL recorded in this study is similar to the average lead concentration reported by others. Lead concentration was found to be low in young mothers and higher in mothers age 36 years or more with an average of 0.515 +/- 0.14 and 1.344 +/- 0.65 microg/dL respectively. There were no significant differences between lead concentration in samples obtained from right or left breasts and similarly, there were no significant differences in lead concentrations in milk samples in relation to the length of period of lactation (P>/=0.1). Breast milk samples obtained from mothers residing near industrial areas or highways, using copper casserole coated with white (rich in lead) inner coat and eating food material preserved for long periods in metal containers showed higher lead concentration than from those living in remote areas with reduced exposure. The diagnosis of lead poisoning required a constant awareness of its prevalence.
authors.affiliation: College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh and College of Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Younes
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Meshari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hakeem
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Saleh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Zamel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Shammari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alwarthan