title: Socioeconomic status, access to health care, and outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in Canada's universal health care system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a debate as to whether universal drug coverage confers similar access to care at all socioeconomic status (SES) levels. Experiences in Canada may bring light to questions raised regarding access.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess associations between SES and access to cardiac care and outcomes in Canada's universal health care system.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to acute care hospitals in Quebec (QC), Ontario (ON), and British Columbia (BC), between 1996 and either 2000 (QC) or 2001 (ON, BC) with acute myocardial infarction, were identified using provincial government administrative databases (n = 145,882).
  
  
  METHODS
  Variables representing SES grouped at the census area level were examined in association with use of cardiac medications and procedures, survival, and readmission, while adjusting for individual-level variables. A Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression model was used to account for the nested structure of the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite provincial variations in SES and drug reimbursement policies, there were generally no associations between the SES variables and access to cardiac medications or invasive cardiac procedures. The few exceptions were not consistent across SES indicators and/or provinces. Similarly, the only observed effect of SES on clinical outcomes was in BC, where there was increased 1-year mortality among patients living in less-affluent regions (adjusted odds ratios per standard deviation change in proportion of low-income households, 95% Bayesian credible intervals, QC: 1.09, 0.96-1.25; ON: 1.02, 0.95-1.08; and BC: 1.18, 1.09-1.28).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that intermediary factors other than SES, such as cardiovascular risk factors, likely account for observed "wealth-health" gradients in Canada. Implementation of a universal drug coverage policy could decrease socioeconomic disparities in access to health care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pilote
authors.forename: Jack V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Behouli
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Belisle
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joseph
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents