title: Lost opportunities: physicians' reasons and disparities in breast cancer treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Women with breast cancer do not consistently receive adjuvant treatments that have been shown to increase survival. Acquiring an understanding of the reasons for these lost opportunities may inform strategies for quality improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were conducted with surgeons treating 119 women who did not receive guideline-recommended adjuvant therapy to ascertain reasons underlying treatment omission. Primary reason for underuse was categorized as not recommended, recommended but declined, or system failure (treatment recommended, not refused but did not ensue). Logistic regression identified patient characteristics, and surgeons' practice and referral patterns associated with underuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgeons did not recommend adjuvant treatment for 41 (34%) of 119 women, most often because perceived risks exceeded benefits (37 of 119; 31%); unawareness of treatment benefits was rare (four of 119; 3%). Among the 78 (66%) of 119 for whom surgeons recommended treatment, 37 (31%) declined therapy; 41 (34%) system failures occurred. System failures occurred more commonly among minority than white women (73% v 54%; P < .01), and more commonly in women who were receiving Medicaid or were uninsured than those with Medicare or commercial insurance (54% v 19%; P < .01). Women treated by a surgeon who works closely with oncologists were less likely to experience a system failure (84% v 68%; P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One third of underuse episodes were attributable to surgeons' perceptions that treatment was not indicated, one third because women did not accept recommendations, and one third were the result of system failures. Reasons for underuse of adjuvant breast cancer treatments appear multifactorial and this heterogeneity suggests the need for simultaneous development of different strategies to improve care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. Nina.Bickell@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Nina A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bickell
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: LePar
authors.forename: Jason J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leventhal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000706:statistics & numerical data