A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi.
A comprehensive phylogenetic classification of the kingdom Fungi is proposed, with reference to recent molecular phylogenetic analyses, and with input from diverse members of the fungal taxonomic community. The classification includes 195 taxa, down to the level of order, of which 16 are described or validated here: Dikarya subkingdom nov.; Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota phyla nov.; Monoblepharidomycetes, Neocallimastigomycetes class. nov.; Eurotiomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, Mycocaliciomycetidae subclass. nov.; Acarosporales, Corticiales, Baeomycetales, Candelariales, Gloeophyllales, Melanosporales, Trechisporales, Umbilicariales ords. nov. The clade containing Ascomycota and Basidiomycota is classified as subkingdom Dikarya, reflecting the putative synapomorphy of dikaryotic hyphae. The most dramatic shifts in the classification relative to previous works concern the groups that have traditionally been included in the Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. The Chytridiomycota is retained in a restricted sense, with Blastocladiomycota and Neocallimastigomycota representing segregate phyla of flagellated Fungi. Taxa traditionally placed in Zygomycota are distributed among Glomeromycota and several subphyla incertae sedis, including Mucoromycotina, Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, and Zoopagomycotina. Microsporidia are included in the Fungi, but no further subdivision of the group is proposed. Several genera of 'basal' Fungi of uncertain position are not placed in any higher taxa, including Basidiobolus, Caulochytrium, Olpidium, and Rozella.
Hibbett
David S
DS
Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA. dhibbett@clarku.edu
Binder
Manfred
M
Bischoff
Joseph F
JF
Blackwell
Meredith
M
Cannon
Paul F
PF
Eriksson
Ove E
OE
Huhndorf
Sabine
S
James
Timothy
T
Kirk
Paul M
PM
Lücking
Robert
R
Thorsten Lumbsch
H
H
Lutzoni
François
F
Matheny
P Brandon
PB
McLaughlin
David J
DJ
Powell
Martha J
MJ
Redhead
Scott
S
Schoch
Conrad L
CL
Spatafora
Joseph W
JW
Stalpers
Joost A
JA
Vilgalys
Rytas
R
Aime
M Catherine
MC
Aptroot
André
A
Bauer
Robert
R
Begerow
Dominik
D
Benny
Gerald L
GL
Castlebury
Lisa A
LA
Crous
Pedro W
PW
Dai
Yu-Cheng
YC
Gams
Walter
W
Geiser
David M
DM
Griffith
Gareth W
GW
Gueidan
Cécile
C
Hawksworth
David L
DL
Hestmark
Geir
G
Hosaka
Kentaro
K
Humber
Richard A
RA
Hyde
Kevin D
KD
Ironside
Joseph E
JE
Kõljalg
Urmas
U
Kurtzman
Cletus P
CP
Larsson
Karl-Henrik
KH
Lichtwardt
Robert
R
Longcore
Joyce
J
Miadlikowska
Jolanta
J
Miller
Andrew
A
Moncalvo
Jean-Marc
JM
Mozley-Standridge
Sharon
S
Oberwinkler
Franz
F
Parmasto
Erast
E
Reeb
Valérie
V
Rogers
Jack D
JD
Roux
Claude
C
Ryvarden
Leif
L
Sampaio
José Paulo
JP
Schüssler
Arthur
A
Sugiyama
Junta
J
Thorn
R Greg
RG
Tibell
Leif
L
Untereiner
Wendy A
WA
Walker
Christopher
C
Wang
Zheng
Z
Weir
Alex
A
Weiss
Michael
M
White
Merlin M
MM
Winka
Katarina
K
Yao
Yi-Jian
YJ
Zhang
Ning
N
D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D009626:Terminology as Topic