title: IL-6 programs T(H)-17 cell differentiation by promoting sequential engagement of the IL-21 and IL-23 pathways.
abstract: T helper cells that produce interleukin 17 (IL-17; 'T(H)-17 cells') are a distinct subset of proinflammatory cells whose in vivo function requires IL-23 but whose in vitro differentiation requires only IL-6 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). We demonstrate here that IL-6 induced expression of IL-21 that amplified an autocrine loop to induce more IL-21 and IL-23 receptor in naive CD4(+) T cells. Both IL-21 and IL-23, along with TGF-beta, induced IL-17 expression independently of IL-6. The effects of IL-6 and IL-21 depended on STAT3, a transcription factor required for the differentiation of T(H)-17 cells in vivo. IL-21 and IL-23 induced the orphan nuclear receptor RORgammat, which in synergy with STAT3 promoted IL-17 expression. IL-6 therefore orchestrates a series of 'downstream' cytokine-dependent signaling pathways that, in concert with TGF-beta, amplify RORgammat-dependent differentiation of T(H)-17 cells.
authors.affiliation: The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ivaylo I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: Rosanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spolski
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shenderov
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Egawa
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Warren J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Dan R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Littman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression; D015151:Immunoblotting; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053759:Interleukin-23 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D057132:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D000098546:Interleukin-21
chemical_list: D020381:Interleukin-17; D053759:Interleukin-23; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007378:Interleukins; D057132:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; C539901:Rorc protein, mouse; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D000098546:Interleukin-21