Neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: evidence from animal models to human in vivo studies with [11C]-PK11195 PET.
Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is an active process in Parkinson's disease (PD) that contributes to ongoing neurodegeneration. PD brains and experimental PD models show elevated cytokine levels and up-regulation of inflammatory-associated factors as cyclo-oxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide oxidase. Antiinflammatory treatment reduced neuronal degeneration in experimental models. In this review, we summarize the place of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of PD. In vivo PET studies are discussed. These methods provide a means to monitor in vivo potential clinical relevance of antiinflammatory treatment strategies in PD.
Bartels
Anna L
AL
Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. a.l.bartels@neuro.umcg.nl
Leenders
Klaus L
KL
D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007546:Isoquinolines; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000097:blood; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007546:Isoquinolines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C037850:PK 11195