title: Inequitable distribution of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in Ontario.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy reduces the risk of sudden death in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, but their novelty and cost may represent barriers to utilization. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of age, gender, place of residence, and socioeconomic status on rates of ICD implantation for the primary prevention of death.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study involving the entire province of Ontario, Canada. Patients were eligible if they had survived following hospitalization for heart failure from 1 January 1993, to 31 March 2004, and previously sustained an acute coronary syndrome within 5 years. Patients with an existing ICD or a documented history of cardiac arrest were excluded, as were patients who died in the hospital. Primary outcome was ICD implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 48,426 patients hospitalized for heart failure who survived to hospital discharge. Of these, 440 received an ICD, with a gradual 30-fold increase in implantation rates over the study period (.12-3.9 percent). ICD recipients were more likely to be men (odds ratio [OR]=4.14; 95 percent confidence interval [CI], 3.24-5.30), younger than 75 years of age (OR=3.19; 95 percent CI, 2.57-3.96), reside in a metropolitan area (OR=1.42; 95 percent CI, 1.04-1.9), and live in a higher socioeconomic neighborhood (OR=1.32; 95 percent CI, 1.08-1.61).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with heart failure and a previous myocardial infarction, ICD use is increasing in Ontario. However, the application of this technology is characterized by major sociodemographic inequities. The causes and consequences of the pronounced age and gender discrepancies, in particular, warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, and Department of Medicine, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. jay.udell@ices.on.ca
authors.forename: Jacob A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Udell
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Juurlink
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jack V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Muhammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mamdani
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014600:Utilization Review