title: Severe spinal injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding: a 6-year review of a tertiary trauma centre for the Bernese Alps ski resorts, Switzerland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the epidemiological data, injury pattern, clinical features and mechanisms of severe spinal injuries related to alpine skiing and snowboarding.
  
  
  METHODS
  A six-year review of all adult patients with severe spinal injuries sustained from alpine skiing or snowboarding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary trauma centre in Bern, Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  All adult patients (over 16 years of age) admitted to a tertiary trauma centre from 1 July 2000, through 30 June 2006, were reviewed using a computerised database. From these records, a total of 728 patients injured from snow sports were identified. Severe spinal injuries (defined as spinal fractures, subluxations, dislocations or concomitant spinal cord injuries) were found in 73 patients (17 female, 56 male). The clinical features of these patients were reviewed with respect to epidemiological factors, mechanism of injury, fracture pattern, and neurological status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of severe spinal injuries (n = 63) were related to skiing. Fatal central-nervous injuries and transient or persistent neurological symptoms occurred in 28 patients (23 skiers, 5 snowboarders). None of the snowboarders suffered from persistent neurological sequelae. Snowboarders with severe spinal injuries (n = 10) were all male (p<0.05), and were significantly younger than skiers (p<0.001). The most commonly affected site was the lumbar spine. However, 39 patients (53.4%) suffered from injury pattern at two or more levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With advances in technology and slope maintenance, skiers and snowboarders progress to higher skill levels and faster speeds more rapidly than ever before. Great efforts have been focused on reducing extremity injuries in snow sports, but until recently very little attention has been given to spinal injury prevention on the slopes. Suggestions for injury prevention include the use of spine protectors, participation on appropriate runs for ability level, proper fit and adjustment of equipment, and taking lessons with the goal of increasing ability and learning hill etiquette.
authors.affiliation: Dr T Franz, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Buergerspital Solothurn, CH - 4500 Solothurn, Switzerland. tfranz_so@spital.ktso.ch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Franz
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hasler
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benneker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Siebenrock
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Exadaktylos
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011482:Protective Devices; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012865:Skiing / Q000293:injuries*; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology