title: 2006 Young Investigator Award Winner: lumbosacral nerve root displacement and strain: part 1. A novel measurement technique during straight leg raise in unembalmed cadavers.
abstract: METHODS
  A descriptive cadaveric study incorporating a novel nerve root marking technique.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the displacement and strain of the lumbosacral nerve roots in the lateral recess during straight leg raise (SLR) without disrupting the foraminal ligaments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies document 2 to 8 mm of lumbosacral nerve root displacement during SLR. Prior dissection methods incorporated laminectomy and facetectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lower limbs and associated nerve roots of 5 unembalmed cadavers (n = 10) were studied. Metal markers were inserted intraneurally within the lateral recess of L4, L5, and S1 with a modified spinal needle. Fluoroscopic images were digitized to evaluate displacement and strain during SLR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lumbosacral nerve roots in the lateral recess moved less and experienced less strain during SLR than described in previously published reports. Statistically significant distal displacement occurred at hip positions greater than 60 degrees of flexion at all nerve root levels (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lumbosacral nerve roots (L4, L5, S1) moved less and underwent less strain during SLR testing than previously reported and may require hip motion greater than 60 degrees to produce substantive displacement in the lateral recess. Additional research is needed to examine the effects of prepositioning during SLR.
authors.affiliation: Center for Rehabilitation Research and Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA. kerry.gilbert@ttuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Kerry K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brismée
authors.forename: Dwayne L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: C Roger
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Rinoo V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Phillip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sizer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical