title: The molecular causes of low ATM protein expression in breast carcinoma; promoter methylation and levels of the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether aberrant methylation of the ATM promoter or loss of the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) may be the underlying causes of reduced ATM protein levels often seen in breast tumours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the ATM promoter status and DNA-PKcs levels were measured by immunohistochemistry. None of the 74 invasive carcinomas (ICs) studied showed ATM promoter hypermethylation, whereas promoter methylation of CDKN2A/p16 (1.8%) and GSTP1 (15.8%) was detected. Of 92 ICs examined, 68 had reduced DNA-PKcs levels, supporting previous findings that alterations in double-strand break repair are associated with breast cancer pathogenesis. Although no association was found between the DNA-PKcs and ATM scores for the series of 92 tissues and 22/24 tissues with normal DNA-PKcs had reduced ATM, 29 tumours showed low expression of both DNA-PKcs and ATM compared with normal tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No evidence was found that the reduction in ATM protein levels seen in breast carcinoma is the result of epigenetic silencing. However, cross-regulation between DNA-PKcs and ATM may be a possible cause in a subset of tumours and warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Centre Régional Léon Bérard, International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Treilleux
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chapot
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Angèle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D020134:Catalytic Domain / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases