title: The histone domain of macroH2A1 contains several dispersed elements that are each sufficient to direct enrichment on the inactive X chromosome.
abstract: Histone variants replace the core histones in a substantial fraction of nucleosomes, affecting chromatin structure and impacting chromatin-templated processes. In many instances incorporation of histone variants results in formation of specialized regions of chromatin. Proper localization of histone variants to distinct regions of the genome is critical for their function, yet how this specific localization is achieved remains unclear. macroH2A1 is enriched on the inactive X chromosome in female mammalian cells, where it functions to maintain gene silencing. macroH2A1 consists of a histone H2A-like histone domain and a large, globular C-terminal macro domain that is not present in other histone proteins. The histone domain of macroH2A1 is alone sufficient to direct enrichment on the inactive X chromosome when expressed in female cells, indicating that sequences important for correct localization lie in this domain. Here we investigate whether divergent sequences of the H2A variant macroH2A1 contribute to its correct localization. We mapped the regions of the macroH2A1 histone domain that are sufficient for localization to the inactive X chromosome using chimeras between H2A and the histone domain of macroH2A1. Multiple short sequences dispersed along the macroH2A1 histone domain individually supported enrichment on the inactive X chromosome when introduced into H2A. These sequences map to the surface of the macroH2A1/H2B dimer, but are buried in the crystal structure of the macroH2A1 containing nucleosome, suggesting that they may contribute to recognition by macroH2A1/H2B deposition factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Dmitri A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nusinow
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Alana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Plath
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Panning
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002460:Cell Line; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C120756:macroH2A histone