title: Early electrical remodeling in rabbit pulmonary vein results from trafficking of intracellular SK2 channels to membrane sites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atrial fibrillation is often initiated by bursts of ectopic activity arising in the pulmonary veins. We have previously shown that a 3-h intermittent burst pacing protocol (BPP), mimicking ectopic pulmonary vein foci, shortens action potential duration (APD) locally at the pulmonary vein-atrial interface (PV) while having no effect elsewhere in rabbit atrium. This shortening is Ca(2+) dependent and is prevented by apamin, which blocks small conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (SK(Ca)). The present study investigates the ionic and molecular mechanisms whereby two apamin-sensitive SK(Ca) channels, SK2 and SK3, might contribute to the regional APD changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microelectrode and patch clamp techniques were used to record APDs and apamin-sensitive currents in isolated rabbit left atria and cells dispersed from PV and Bachmann's bundle (BB) regions. SK2 and SK3 mRNA and protein levels were quantified, and immunofluorescence was used to observe channel protein distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a direct relationship between APD shortening and apamin-sensitive current in burst-paced but not sham-paced PV. Moreover, apamin-sensitive current density increased in PV but not BB after BPP. SK2 mRNA, protein, and current were increased in PV after BPP, while SK2 immunostaining shifted from a perinuclear pattern in sham atria to predominance at sites near or at the PV membrane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BPP-induced acceleration of repolarization in PV results from SK2 channel trafficking to the membrane, leading to increased apamin-sensitive outward current. This is the first indication of involvement of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) currents in atrial remodeling and provides a possible basis for evolution of an arrhythmogenic substrate.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Nazira
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozgen
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dun
authors.forename: Eugene A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sosunov
authors.forename: Evgeny P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Anyukhovsky
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: Heather S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Penelope A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Boyden
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001030:Apamin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D006325:Heart Atria; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051640:Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051640:Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; D001030:Apamin