title: Tailed forisomes of Canavalia gladiata: a new model to study Ca2+-driven protein contractility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Forisomes are Ca(2+)-dependent contractile protein bodies that form reversible plugs in sieve tubes of faboid legumes. Previous work employed Vicia faba forisomes, a not entirely unproblematic experimental system. The aim of this study was to seek to establish a superior model to study these intriguing actuators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Existing isolation procedures were modified to study the exceptionally large, tailed forisomes of Canavalia gladiata by differential interference contrast microscopy in vitro. To analyse contraction/expansion kinetics quantitatively, a geometric model was devised which enabled the computation of time-courses of derived parameters such as forisome volume from simple parameters readily determined on micrographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Advantages of C. gladiata over previously utilized species include the enormous size of its forisomes (up to 55 microm long), the presence of tails which facilitate micromanipulation of individual forisomes, and the possibility of collecting material repeatedly from these fast-growing vines without sacrificing the plants. The main bodies of isolated Canavalia forisomes were box-shaped with square cross-sections and basically retained this shape in all stages of contraction. Ca(2+)-induced a 6-fold volume increase within about 10-15 s; the reverse reaction following Ca(2+)-depletion proceeded in a fraction of that time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sword bean C. gladiata provides a superior experimental system which will prove indispensable in physiological, biophysical, ultrastructural and molecular studies on the unique ATP-independent contractility of forisomes.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University/Purdue University, Department of Biology, 2101 East Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, IN 46805-1499, USA. petersw@ipfw.edu
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knoblauch
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Warmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schnetter
authors.forename: A Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Pickard
mesh_terms: D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D032449:Canavalia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins