title: The effect of initiating a preventive multimodal analgesic regimen on long-term patient outcomes for outpatient anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unrelieved postoperative pain may impair rehabilitation, delay recovery, and result in poor outcomes. Preventive multimodal analgesic techniques may improve long-term outcome after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized 200 consecutive patients to receive acetaminophen 1000 mg and either celecoxib 400 mg or placebo 1-2 h before anterior cruciate ligament surgery. All patients received intraarticular analgesics and had an external cooling system applied to the operative knee. After discharge patients were instructed to take acetaminophen 1000 mg every 6 h and either celecoxib 200 mg every 12 h or matching placebo for the first 14 days postoperatively. All patients were enrolled in an accelerated rehabilitation program. Six months postoperatively, the level of activity was assessed, as was the presence of patellofemoral complications including: anterior knee pain, flexion contracture, quadriceps weakness, and complex regional pain syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More patients in the control group developed patellofemoral complications compared to the celecoxib group (P = 0.001) including anterior knee pain (14/96; 15%) vs (4/95; 1%), complex regional pain syndrome (7/96; 7%) vs (1/95; 1%), flexion contractures (9/96; 9%) vs (2/95; 2%), and scar tissue requiring re-arthroscopy (8/96; 8%) vs (2/95; 2%) respectively. More patients in the celecoxib group returned to a higher activity level (84% vs 65%) (P < 0.01), were able to participate at a more intense level (P < 0.02), and return to full sports activity (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The administration of celecoxib as a component of a preventive multimodal analgesic technique for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction reduces long-term patellofemoral complications and increases the likelihood of returning to a preinjury level of activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA. scott.reuben@bhs.org
authors.forename: Scott S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Reuben
authors.forename: Evan F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Ekman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics