title: Orthogonal projections to latent structures as a strategy for microarray data normalization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During generation of microarray data, various forms of systematic biases are frequently introduced which limits accuracy and precision of the results. In order to properly estimate biological effects, these biases must be identified and discarded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We introduce a normalization strategy for multi-channel microarray data based on orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS); a multivariate regression method. The effect of applying the normalization methodology on single-channel Affymetrix data as well as dual-channel cDNA data is illustrated. We provide a parallel comparison to a wide range of commonly employed normalization methods with diverse properties and strengths based on sensitivity and specificity from external (spike-in) controls. On the illustrated data sets, the OPLS normalization strategy exhibits leading average true negative and true positive rates in comparison to other evaluated methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The OPLS methodology identifies joint variation within biological samples to enable the removal of sources of variation that are non-correlated (orthogonal) to the within-sample variation. This ensures that structured variation related to the underlying biological samples is separated from the remaining, bias-related sources of systematic variation. As a consequence, the methodology does not require any explicit knowledge regarding the presence or characteristics of certain biases. Furthermore, there is no underlying assumption that the majority of elements should be non-differentially expressed, making it applicable to specialized boutique arrays.
authors.affiliation: Research group for Chemometrics, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. max.bylesjo@chem.umu.se
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bylesjö
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sjödin
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trygg
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity