title: Comparative activities of antibiotics against intracellular non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a major bacterial pathogen of community-acquired respiratory tract infection and is usually found extracellularly, although studies have revealed that NTHi may possess the ability to invade human epithelial cells where it is then protected against attack by the local immune system and partly against the effect of antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to assess the ability of ampicillin, azithromycin, telithromycin, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin, five antibiotics in common clinical use, to kill NTHi within bronchial epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confluent human bronchial epithelial cells were infected with NTHi 77, a particularly invasive clinical strain. Extracellular bacterial cells were killed with gentamicin and the intracellular bacteria were incubated with antibiotics at concentrations of 1 mg/l or 10 mg/l for 4 h or 8 h. Viable intracellular bacteria were counted after lysis of the epithelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of ampicillin, all the antibiotics caused significant reduction of intracellular bacteria at concentrations of 10 mg/l and exposure for 4 h or at 1 mg/l for 8 h. At 1 mg/l, moxifloxacin eliminated 94% of intracellular NTHi after 4 h and 98% after 8 h; ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and telithromycin only achieved killing indices below 75 after 4 h but 86-90% killing after 8 h. At 10 mg/l, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, telithromycin and azithromycin were able to achieve 99.7%, 96.3%, 86.7% and 74.7% eradication of intracellular bacteria, respectively, after exposure for 4 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the rapid antibacterial efficacy of moxifloxacin against intracellular NTHi in vitro. Moxifloxacin, which combines high extracellular and intracellular activities, could be an important tool in the treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kratzer
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Graninger
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Macfelda
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buxbaum
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000667:Ampicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D048628:Ketolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D048628:Ketolides; D011804:Quinolines; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D000667:Ampicillin; D017963:Azithromycin; C106791:telithromycin; D000077266:Moxifloxacin