title: Effects of treatments for symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of treatments for the symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles (English and full text) on double blind randomised trials found by searching with the key words anticonvulsant, antidepressant, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tramadol, opioid, ion channel blocker, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and neuropathy. The search included Medline, Embase, EMB reviews-AP Journal club, and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing topically applied and orally administered drugs with a placebo in adults with painful diabetic neuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted to examine quality of methods, characteristics of studies and patients, efficacy, and side effects. The primary outcome was dichotomous information for 50% or moderate reduction of pain. Secondary outcomes were 30% reduction of pain and withdrawals related to adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Odds ratios were calculated for achievement of 30%, 50%, or moderate pain relief and for withdrawals related to adverse effects. Twenty five reports were included and seven were excluded. The 25 included reports compared anticonvulsants (n=1270), antidepressants (94), opioids (329), ion channel blockers (173), N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist (14), duloxetine (805), capsaicin (277), and isosorbide dinitrate spray (22) with placebo. The odds ratios in terms of 50% pain relief were 5.33 (95% confidence interval 1.77 to 16.02) for traditional anticonvulsants, 3.25 (2.27 to 4.66) for newer generation anticonvulsants, and 22.24 (5.83 to 84.75) for tricylic antidepressants. The odds ratios in terms of withdrawals related to adverse events were 1.51 (0.33 to 6.96) for traditional anticonvulsants, 2.98 (1.75 to 5.07) for newer generation anticonvulsants, and 2.32 (0.59 to 9.69) for tricylic antidepressants. Insufficient dichotomous data were available to calculate the odds ratios for ion channel blockers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anticonvulsants and antidepressants are still the most commonly used options to manage diabetic neuropathy. Oral tricyclic antidepressants and traditional anticonvulsants are better for short term pain relief than newer generation anticonvulsants. Evidence of the long term effects of oral antidepressants and anticonvulsants is still lacking. Further studies are needed on opioids, N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, and ion channel blockers.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Services Division, United Christian Hospital, 130 Hip Wo Street, Hong Kong. wongmc0829@yahoo.com.hk
authors.forename: Man-chun
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Joanne W Y
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Thomas K S
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D007473:Ion Channels; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D016202:N-Methylaspartate