title: Parental presence during induction enhances the effect of oral midazolam on emergence behavior of children undergoing general anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pre-anesthetic anxiety and emergence agitation are major challenges for anesthesiologists in pediatric anesthesia. Thus, sedative premedication and parental presence during induction of anesthesia (PPIA) are used to treat pre-anesthetic anxiety in children. The aim of the present study was to test if a combination of mother presence and midazolam premedication is effective for improving emergence condition in children undergoing general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty children were allocated to one of three groups: a sedative group (0.5 mg/kg oral midazolam), a PPIA group or a sedative and PPIA group. When anesthesia was induced with 7% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen, qualities of mask induction were rated. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (1.5-2.5%) in 60% oxygen and intravenous fentanyl 4 microg/kg. During emergence from anesthesia, the score of the child's emergence behavior was rated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children in the midazolam group showed a better quality of mask induction compared with those in the PPIA group, the addition of parental presence to oral midazolam did not provide additional improvement of mask induction. In contrast, the children in the midazolam + PPIA group were less agitated than those in the other groups at emergence from anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental presence during induction of anesthesia enhanced the effect of oral midazolam on emergence behavior of children undergoing general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan. arainon@aichi-med-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y-C P
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kandatsu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinugasa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komatsu
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001519:Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007223:Infant; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D008874:Midazolam; D009035:Mothers; D010290:Parents; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D008874:Midazolam