title: Regulation of macrophage activation in alcoholic liver disease.
abstract: Chronic ethanol feeding sensitizes Kupffer cells to activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leading to increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). The regulation of TNFalpha synthesis is controlled by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms via the integration of complex signal transduction pathways activated in response to LPS exposure. Recent data has shown that increased LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway 1/2 (ERK1/2) is one of the important molecular targets of chronic ethanol in Kupffer cells. This increased activation of ERK1/2 after chronic ethanol is associated with increased expression of Egr-1, a transcription factor required for enhanced LPS-stimulated TNFalpha mRNA expression after chronic ethanol exposure. egr-1 null mice are protected from the development of fatty liver injury in response to chronic ethanol feeding, identifying an essential role for Egr-1 in the development of chronic ethanol-induced liver injury. Here we review recent studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which chronic ethanol enhances the LPS-->ERK1/2-->Egr-1-->TNFalpha pathway in Kupffer cells. These studies identify a critical role for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species in the activation of ERK1/2 and subsequent production of TNFalpha in Kupffer cells after chronic ethanol feeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4906, USA.
authors.forename: Varsha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: Megan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McMullen
authors.forename: Michele T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nagy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000502:physiology; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000502:physiology; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000431:Ethanol; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3