title: The impact of depressive symptoms in early Parkinson disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive disorders may affect up to 50% of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and are associated with increased disability and reduced quality of life. No previous study has systematically examined the impact of depressive symptoms in early, untreated PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) as part of two NIH-sponsored phase II clinical trials in PD, enrolling 413 early, untreated PD subjects. We used linear mixed models to examine the relationship of depressive symptoms, measured by the GDS-15, with motor function and activities of daily living (ADLs), as measured by the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS). A time-dependent Cox model was used to examine the effect of demographic and clinical outcome measures as predictors of investigator-determined time to need for symptomatic therapy for PD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 114 (27.6%) subjects screened positive for depression during the average 14.6 months of follow-up. Forty percent of these subjects were neither treated with antidepressants nor referred for further psychiatric evaluation. Depression, as assessed by the GDS-15, was a significant predictor of more impairment in ADLs (p < 0.0001) and increased need for symptomatic therapy of PD (hazard ratio = 1.86; 95% CI 1.29, 2.68).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically important depressive symptoms are common in early Parkinson disease (PD), but are often not treated. Depressive symptoms are an important contributor to disability and the decision to start symptomatic therapy for motor-related impairment in early PD, highlighting the broad importance of identifying and treating depression in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. Bernard.ravina@ctcc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ravina
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Camicioli
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Como
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankovic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elm
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents