title: Flavonoids as protectors against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: role of iron chelation, antioxidant activity and inhibition of carbonyl reductase.
abstract: Anthracycline antibiotics (e.g. doxorubicin and daunorubicin) are among the most effective and widely used anticancer drugs. Unfortunately, their clinical use is limited by the dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Flavonoids represent a potentially attractive class of compounds to mitigate the anthracycline cardiotoxicity due to their iron-chelating, antioxidant and carbonyl reductase-inhibitory effects. The relative contribution of various characteristics of the flavonoids to their cardioprotective activity is, however, not known. A series of ten flavonoids including quercetin, quercitrin, 7-monohydroxyethylrutoside (monoHER) and seven original synthetic compounds were employed to examine the relationships between their inhibitory effects on carbonyl reduction, iron-chelation and antioxidant properties with respect to their protective potential against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Cardioprotection was investigated in the neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes whereas the H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells were used for cytotoxicity testing. Iron chelation was examined via the calcein assay and antioxidant effects and site-specific scavenging were quantified by means of inhibition of lipid peroxidation and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, respectively. Inhibition of carbonyl reductases was assessed in cytosol from human liver. None of the flavonoids tested had better cardioprotective action than the reference cardioprotector, monoHER. However, a newly synthesized quaternary ammonium analog with comparable cardioprotective effects has been identified. No direct correlation between the iron-chelating and/or antioxidant effect and cardioprotective potential has been found. A major role of carbonyl reductase inhibition seems unlikely, as the best two cardioprotectors of the series are only weak reductase inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. kaiserova@uochb.cas.cz
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaiserová
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simůnek
authors.forename: Wim J F
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van der Vijgh
authors.forename: Aalt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bast
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kvasnicková
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D000975:Antioxidants; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D004317:Doxorubicin; D007501:Iron; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases