title: Subcutaneous adipose tissue exerts proinflammatory cytokines after minimal trauma in humans.
abstract: Inflammatory cytokines released from adipose tissue play an important role in different pathological processes. In the present study, we investigated the inflammatory cytokine response of human subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) by applying the open-flow microperfusion technique. Four standard 18-gauge microperfusion catheters were inserted into periumbilical SAT of eight healthy male volunteers [29 +/- 3 yr, BMI 24.3 +/- 1.9 (mean +/- SD)]. SAT probe effluents were collected at 60-min intervals for 8 h after catheter insertion. Different perfusion fluids were used to measure the local effect of insulin and/or glucose on the cytokine response. SAT probe effluents were analyzed for IL-1beta, IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8), and TNF-alpha. SAT concentrations of IL-1beta increased 100-fold from 1.0 +/- 0.2 pg/ml (mean +/- SE) to 101.5 +/- 23.2 pg/ml (P < 0.001) after 8 h. A 130-fold increase was observed for CXCL8, from 49 +/- 29 to 6,554 +/- 1,713 pg/ml (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a 20-fold increase of IL-6 was observed within the first 5 h (from 159 +/- 123 to 3,554 +/- 394 pg/ml; P < 0.001), and a significant decline to 2,154 +/- 216 pg/ml (P < 0.01) was seen thereafter. Finally, TNF-alpha increased from 1.4 +/- 0.6 to 2.5 +/- 0.5 pg/ml (P < 0.05) in hour 2 and remained stable thereafter. Local administration of insulin exerted a stimulatory effect on the inflammatory response of IL-6. In conclusion, SAT exerts a highly reproducible and consistent proinflammatory cytokine response after minimally invasive trauma caused by the insertion of a catheter in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolism, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pachler
authors.forename: Dimas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ikeoka
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plank
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weinhandl
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suppan
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mader
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bodenlenz
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Regittnig
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mangge
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pieber
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ellmerer
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D007328:Insulin; D008297:Male; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology* / Q000293:injuries*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007328:Insulin