title: Ethyl chloride as a cryoanalgesic in pediatrics for venipuncture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethyl chloride can be used as a cryoanalgesic, but with the availability of alternative and relatively safer topical analgesics, its use has decreased. However, it still has the advantage of being quicker to apply compared with other topical analgesics, making it ideal for use in the outpatient departments. We wanted to compare the effectiveness of ethyl chloride as an analgesic during venipuncture in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venipuncture was carried out using either no analgesia (NO), ethyl chloride spray (EC), or application of the topical anesthetic Ametop (TA) on children attending the phlebotomy outpatient service by experienced pediatric phlebotomists. A pain score was recorded using either the Faces scoring system or the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry Consolability scoring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 55 patients were included in the study, 18 from group EC, 18 from group TA, and 19 from group NO. Thirteen patients from both groups EC and TA and 17 from group NO scored 2 or less on the pain scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ethyl chloride was as effective as topical anesthetics in preventing distress to children in venipuncture. However, in the appropriate situations, the use of NO could also be comfortable to the child if venipuncture was done by specialist pediatric phlebotomists.
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery Department, Frenchay Hospital, Frenchay Park Rd, Bristol, UK. alisoueid@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soueid
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Richard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D050785:Cryoanesthesia / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000379:methods; D005018:Ethyl Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005018:Ethyl Chloride