title: [Biopsychosocial variables associated with gender of rearing in children with male pseudohermaphroditism].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of parental rearing on gender identity development in children with ambiguous genitalia remains controversial. The present study aimed to address this issue by investigating the factors that may be associated with sex of rearing in children with male pseudohermaphroditism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 56 children with male pseudohermaphroditism that were consecutively referred to a child psychiatry outpatient clinic. At the time of referral the age range of the sample was 6 months-14 years; 28 children had been raised as boys and 28 as girls. Demographic and biological information was obtained from patient charts. An intersex history interview was administered to the children and parents, whereas The Gender Identity Interview and the Draw-A-Person Test were administered only to the children. The children were observed during free play. Comparisons of biological, psychological and social variables were made with respect to gender of rearing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More children reared as boys were younger at time of referral, belonged to extended families, and had higher Prader scores. Although children's gender roles were appropriate for their gender of rearing, findings of the Gender Identity Interview and the Draw-A-Person Test suggested that some of the girls presented with a male or neutral gender self-perception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationships between age at the time of problem identification, age at the time of diagnosis, and gender of rearing indicate the importance of taking measures to ensure that the intersex condition is identified at birth and children are referred for early diagnosis, gender assignment, and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Cocuk Ruh Sağliği ve Hastaliklari, Ankara U Tip Fak., Ankara. ruslu@medicine.ankara.edu.tr
authors.forename: Runa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uslu
authors.forename: Didem
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oztop
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: Savaş
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Merih
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berberoğlu
authors.forename: Pelin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adiyaman
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cakmak
authors.forename: Efser
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kerimoğlu
authors.forename: Gönül
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ocal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing; D002675:Child, Preschool; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male