title: Prenatal predictors of infant temperament.
abstract: Emerging data suggest that prenatal factors influence children's temperament. In 50 dyads, we examined fetal heart rate (FHR) activity and women's antenatal psychiatric illness as predictors of infant temperament at 4 months (response to novelty and the Infant Behavior Checklist). FHR change during maternal challenge was positively associated with observed infant motor reactivity to novelty (p = .02). The odds of being classified as high versus low motor among fetuses who had an increase in FHR during maternal stress was 11 times those who had a decrease in FHR (p = .0006). Antenatal psychiatric diagnosis was associated with an almost fourfold greater odds of having a high cry reactivity classification (p = .03). There also were modest associations between baseline FHR and maternal reports of infant temperament and between observed temperament and that based on mothers' reports. All of the infant results were found independent of the influence of women's postnatal anxiety. These data indicate that physiological markers of individual differences in infant temperament are identifiable in the fetal period, and possibly shaped by the prenatal environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry Behavioral Medicine Program Columbia University Medical Center 1150 St Nicholas Avenue Suite 1-121, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Fifer
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yixin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Rhiannon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003448:Crying / Q000523:psychology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology*