title: Prospective case-control study of nonfatal cancer preceding the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior studies suggest a decreased frequency of cancer in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted a nested case-control study to estimate the association between the diagnosis of PD and a history of preceding cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our case-control study was nested within a prospective cohort of 22,071 US male physicians. During 22 years of follow-up, 487 incident cases of PD were identified and matched by age to 487 controls. We then evaluated a history of cancer prior to the index date that was confirmed by medical record review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of any cancer was less in cases (13.1%) than in controls (14.8%). There was an inverse relationship between overall cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.57-1.21), smoking-related (OR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.35-1.57), and non-smoking-related cancer (OR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.59-1.32) and the subsequent development of PD. Smoking significantly modified the relationship between PD and smoking-related cancer (p (interaction) = 0.002). PD cases who smoked had an OR of 0.32 (95% CI, 0.11-0.89) for smoking-related cancer. In contrast, PD cases who never smoked had an OR of 6.85 (95% CI, 0.83-56.39).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that the frequency of cancer preceding the diagnosis of PD is decreased. Smoking status prior to PD or cancer diagnosis significantly modified the association between smoking-related cancer and PD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont Street, Boston, MA 02120-1613, USA.
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Driver
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaziano
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Logroscino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology