Outpatient oesophageal-precordial electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: an effective and safe technique to restore sinus rhythm.
OBJECTIVE
External electrical cardioversion is commonly used in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF), but usually involves general anaesthesia. We tested the efficacy, safety and tolerability of a minimally invasive cardioversion technique, not requiring general anaesthesia, performed on an outpatient basis.


METHODS
We performed outpatient oesophageal cardioversion in 87 consecutive patients (mean age: 67.5 +/- 9.6 years; weight: 77.47 +/- 12.34 kg; left atrium diameter: 46.25 +/- 6.85 mm; LVEF: 55.5 +/- 16%) with persistent AF (mean duration: 6.99 +/- 11.55 months). A biphasic shock was delivered via an oesophageal decapolar lead (cathode) and two precordial patches (anode) under a mild sedation (midazolam 2.5-5 mg). In the first 25 patients, a step-up protocol (from 10 to 100 J) was performed whereas, in the other 62, a first shock at 50 J and a second one at 100 J, were delivered.


RESULTS
Patients described the level of discomfort caused by the procedure according a five-grade scale. Cardioversion was achieved in 97.7% of patients using a mean effective energy of 51.2 +/- 15.7 J. In 88.5% of patients, sinus rhythm was restored by using 50 J or less. No complications occurred and no patient required hospital admission. Mean discomfort score was 1.56 +/- 0.74 out of 5. Sinus rhythm persisted in 62.6% of patients at the 1-month follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
Outpatient oesophageal cardioversion is a safe, acceptable and effective way to cardiovert patients with AF. It may be a useful alternative to external cardioversion. A relatively high starting energy (50 J) was demonstrated to be superior to a low-energy step-up technique.
Santini
Luca
L
Department of Cardiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy. lsantini@aliceposta.it
Magris
Barbara
B
Topa
Alessia
A
Gallagher
Mark M
MM
Forleo
Giovanni B
GB
Papavasileiou
Lida P
LP
Borzi
Mauro
M
Romeo
Francesco
F
Santini
Massimo
M
D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008874:Midazolam