title: Development and validation of a prognostic risk score for major bleeding in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention via the femoral approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an independent risk factor for early and late mortality. We developed and validated a risk score predictive of major bleeding after PCI using the femoral approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline clinical and procedural variables from two contemporary, multicentre, randomized PCI trials were used for risk score development (the REPLACE-2 trial, n = 6002) and validation (the REPLACE-1 trial, n = 1056). On the basis of the odds ratio, independent risk factors were assigned a weighted integer, the sum of which comprised a total risk score. Seven variables were identified as independent correlates of major bleeding (age >55 years, female gender, estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), pre-existing anaemia, administration of low-molecular-weight heparin within 48 h pre-PCI, use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and intraaortic balloon pump use). In the development set, the risk of major bleeding varied from 1.0% in patients without risk factors to 5.4% in high-risk patients. The discriminatory power of this risk model was confirmed in the validation data set (area under the receiver operating curve = 0.62).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple risk score of baseline clinical and procedural variables is useful to predict the incidence of major peri-procedural bleeding after contemporary PCI using the femoral approach.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Pavilion, 5th Floor, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nikolsky
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehran
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dangas
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fahy
authors.forename: Yingbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pocock
authors.forename: A Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lincoff
authors.forename: Gregg W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014914:Whole Blood Coagulation Time
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants