title: The sensitivity and specificity of high-resolution imaging in evaluating perineural spread of adenoid cystic carcinoma to the skull base.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting perineural spread (PNS) of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck to the skull base.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck frequently exhibits PNS across the skull base. Failure to detect PNS before treatment can have significant negative consequences on the planning and outcome of therapy. High-resolution CT, MRI, or both are used to evaluate the presence of PNS; however, their accuracy in detecting perineural involvement has not yet been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six consecutive patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma, who were treated with cranial base resection, were included in this study. The surgical resection specimens of all patients were thoroughly examined by 1 pathologist for the presence of PNS along cranial nerves or their named branches. A total of 38 nerves were examined, and PNS was defined as the presence of tumor in the perineural or endoneural space. The results of the preoperative imaging studies (CT and/or MRI) were then reviewed retrospectively by 1 head and neck radiologist, who was unaware of the pathology report. Radiological evidence of PNS was considered to be present on CT, MRI, or both if nerves showed evidence of thickening (regardless of enhancement), contrast enhancement (regardless of size), or widening of their bony foramina or canals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histopathologic evidence of PNS was present in 25 (66%) of 38 named nerves. The sensitivity and specificity of CT in detecting PNS were 88% and 89%, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging had a higher sensitivity (100%) and specificity (85%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perineural spread across the skull base is a frequent occurrence in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. Magnetic resonance imaging has a higher sensitivity and specificity than CT in detecting PNS along the base of the skull.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 441, Houston, TX 77030, USA. eyhanna@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Ehab
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Emre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vural
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prokopakis
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carrau
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Snyderman
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weissman
mesh_terms: D003528:Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media; D003390:Cranial Nerve Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media