title: Nasal cytology: a marker of clinically silent inflammation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and a predictor of noncompliance with nasal CPAP therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) often complain of nasal side effects. We studied patients before and after initiation of nasal CPAP to see how treatment affected nasal function and markers of nasal inflammation. We searched for pretreatment findings that might help to predict noncompliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal symptom scores, nasal flow by anterior rhinomanometry, mediator levels (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and interleukin-13), and nasal scrapes for cytology were obtained at baseline and monthly for up to 3 months of nasal CPAP therapy. Compliance was assessed from the patient's report and by recording hours of usage for up to 19 months of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients with newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea were classified as having no rhinitis (42%), allergic rhinitis (37%), or nonallergic rhinitis (21%). There was no significant difference in compliance in patients with and without rhinitis. Compliant and noncompliant patients showed no significant differences in their baseline nasal symptom scores, nasal flow, and mediator levels. Nasal neutrophil counts before treatment were greater in noncompliant than in compliant patients (p = .004) and greater in those discontinuing because of nasal symptoms than in patients who quit for other reasons (p = .05). There was a positive correlation between neutrophil counts and nasal bacterial scores, both before and after treatment with nasal CPAP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with increased neutrophil counts in the nasal scrape before beginning nasal CPAP are at increased risk of discontinuing therapy. They appear to have subclinical nasal inflammation that cannot be identified from clinical assessment, nasal symptom scores or rhinomanometry.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Clinic Sleep Center, La Jolla, CA 92037-1027, USA.
authors.forename: Farhad F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Shadan
authors.forename: Alfredo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jalowayski
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fahrenholz
authors.forename: Lawrence E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000379:methods*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D025363:Rhinomanometry; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018793:Interleukin-13; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1