title: Quantitative evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of thiopental sodium, propofol, and halothane on brain ischemia in the gerbil: effects of the anesthetics on ischemic depolarization and extracellular glutamate concentration.
abstract: Although propofol and thiopental are commonly used as neuroprotective agents, it has not been determined which is more neuroprotective. This study was designed to quantitatively evaluate the neuroprotective effects of thiopental, propofol, and halothane on brain ischemia by determining P50, ischemic time necessary for causing 50% neuronal damage. Gerbils were anesthetized with thiopental, propofol, or halothane and underwent 2-vessel occlusion (0, 3, 5 or 10 min). Direct current potentials were measured in bilateral CA1 regions, in which histologic evaluation was performed 5 days later. In some animals, extracellular glutamate concentrations (microdialysis) were measured during 7.5 minutes of ischemia. P50 in the thiopental, propofol, and halothane groups were estimated to be 8.4, 6.5 (P<0.05, vs. thiopental), and 5.1 (P<0.05) minutes, respectively. Durations of ischemic depolarization were equally reduced in the thiopental and propofol groups compared with that in the halothane group. Severity of neuronal damage with identical duration of ischemic depolarization was attenuated by thiopental compared with the effect of propofol. Maximum glutamate concentrations in the thiopental and propofol group were significantly reduced compared with that in the halothane groups but were comparable. By using P50, we found that the neuroprotective effect of thiopental was greater than that of propofol. Although duration of ischemic depolarization was equally reduced in thiopental and propofol groups, thiopental has a greater suppressive effect on neuronal injury during identical duration of ischemic depolarization than propofol does. Glutamate concentration during brain ischemia tended to be attenuated more by thiopental than by propofol, but it was not statistically significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan. koba-q@par.odn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Motomu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taninishi
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: Hisami
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoe
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005849:Gerbillinae; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013874:Thiopental / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D013874:Thiopental; D006221:Halothane; D015742:Propofol