title: Association of mineral metabolism factors with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients: the Japan dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study.
abstract: Abnormalities in mineral metabolism have been linked to mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We postulated that these abnormalities would have a particularly large deleterious impact on deaths due to cardiovascular causes in Japan. This study describes the recent status of abnormal mineral metabolism, significant predictors, and potential consequences in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS), Phases 1 and 2, in Japan. Major predictor variables were patient demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory markers of mineral metabolism such as albumin-adjusted serum calcium (calciumAlb), phosphorus, and intact PTH (iPTH). In a cross section of 3973 Japanese HD patients in DOPPS I and II, a large faction had laboratory values outside of the recommended Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guideline range for serum concentrations of phosphorus (51% of patients above upper target range), calciumAlb (43.7% above), calcium-phosphorus (Ca x P) product (41.1% above), and iPTH (18.6% above). All-cause mortality was significantly and independently associated with calciumAlb (relative risk [RR]=1.22 per 1 mg/dL, p=0.0005) and iPTH (RR=1.04 per 100 pg/mL, p=0.04). Cardiovascular mortality was significantly associated with calciumAlb (RR=1.28, p=0.02), phosphorus (RR=1.13 per 1 mg/dL, p=0.008), Ca x P product (RR=1.07 per 2 mg(2)/dL(2), p=0.002), and PTH (RR=1.08, p=0.0001). This study expands our understanding of the relationship between altered mineral metabolism and mortality outcomes, showing slightly stronger associations with cardiovascular causes than observed for all-cause mortality. These findings have important therapeutic implications for Japanese HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Kidney Center, Division of Blood Purification, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kimata
authors.forename: Justin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Yoshindo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akizawa
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Pisoni
authors.forename: Friedrich K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Port
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000097:blood; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D012709:Serum Albumin; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium