Applications of turbidity monitoring to forest management in California.
Many California streams have been adversely affected by sedimentation caused by historic and current land uses, including timber harvesting. The impacts of timber harvesting and logging transportation systems on erosion and sediment delivery can be directly measured, modeled, or inferred from water quality measurements. California regulatory agencies, researchers, and land owners have adopted turbidity monitoring to determine effects of forest management practices on suspended sediment loads and water quality at watershed, project, and site scales. Watershed-scale trends in sediment discharge and responses to current forest practices may be estimated from data collected at automated sampling stations that measure turbidity, stream flow, suspended sediment concentrations, and other water quality parameters. Future results from these studies will provide a basis for assessing the effectiveness of modern forest practice regulations in protecting water quality. At the project scale, manual sampling of water column turbidity during high stream flow events within and downstream from active timber harvest plans can identify emerging sediment sources. Remedial actions can then be taken by managers to prevent or mitigate water quality impacts. At the site scale, manual turbidity sampling during storms or high stream flow events at sites located upstream and downstream from new, upgraded, or decommissioned stream crossings has proven to be a valuable way to determine whether measures taken to prevent post-construction erosion and sediment production are effective. Turbidity monitoring at the project and site scales is therefore an important tool for adaptive management. Uncertainty regarding the effects of current forest practices must be resolved through watershed-scale experiments. In the short term, this uncertainty will stimulate increased use of project and site-scale monitoring.
Harris
Richard R
RR
Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA. rrharris@nature.berkeley.edu
Sullivan
Kathleen
K
Cafferata
Peter H
PH
Munn
John R
JR
Faucher
Kevin M
KM
D002140:California; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016468:Forestry; D005843:Geography; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D035501:Uncertainty; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*