title: Presumptive treatment strategy for aspergillosis in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The onset of invasive aspergillosis (IA) after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is bimodal. However, IA early after HSCT has become less frequent due to the shortened neutropenic period, and the clinical significance of empirical treatment for aspergillosis based on persistent febrile neutropenia (FN) became less clear. Therefore, we started a presumptive treatment strategy, in which anti-Aspergillus agents were started when patients developed positive serum test and/or infiltrates or nodules on X-ray or CT-scan associated with persistent FN, in 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 114 adult patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT between September 2002 and December 2005 in high-efficiency particulate air-filtered clean rooms. Fluconazole was given as anti-Candida prophylaxis. The primary endpoint was the development of early IA, which was defined as probable or proven IA according to the EORTC/MSG criteria that developed between the day of HSCT and 7 days after engraftment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 73 patients who experienced persistent FN for 7 days or longer, anti-Aspergillus agents were empirically started in 13 patients at the discretion of attending physicians, whereas 60 patients actually followed presumptive treatment strategy. Only 4 of 60 patients received anti-Aspergillus agents. Two patients in the presumptive group developed early IA, but were successfully treated with anti-Aspergillus agents started after the diagnosis of IA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested the feasibility of a presumptive treatment strategy for aspergillosis in HSCT recipients. A randomized controlled trial is warranted to compare empirical and presumptive anti-Aspergillus strategy in allogeneic HSCT recipients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, and Department of Cell Therapy and Transplantation Medicine, University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asano-Mori
authors.forename: Nahoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.forename: Shunya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Sumimasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hosoya
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Izutsu
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hangaishi
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Motokura
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: Mineo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole