title: High-normal levels of albuminuria predict the development of micro- and macroalbuminuria and increased mortality in Brazilian Type 2 diabetic patients: an 8-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the risk factors for the development of micro- and macroalbuminuria and mortality rates in a cohort of normoalbuminuric Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, 193 Type 2 DM patients with urinary albumin excretion (UAE) < 20 microg/min, 96 men (50%), aged 56.5 +/- 9 years, were followed for a mean period of 8 +/- 3 years. UAE and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) were measured. The outcomes were development of persistent micro- and macroalbuminuria and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients were lost to follow-up. Of the 173 remaining patients, 33 (19%) died. The Cox analysis [hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence interval] revealed that the baseline significant predictors of mortality were higher UAE [above median (5 microg/min); HR 2.7, 1.2-6.1; P = 0.02], male sex (HR 3.9, 1.7-9.2; P = 0.002), age (HR 1.6, 1.3-1.9; P = 0.0001), and fasting plasma glucose (HR 1.2, 1.1-1.3; P = 0.004). Smoking and eGFR were not significant in this model. Follow-up renal data were available for 158 patients: 34 (22%) progressed to microalbuminuria and seven (4%) to macroalbuminuria, and the baseline predictors were a higher UAE (> 5 microg/min, HR 2.5, 1.2-5.1; P = 0.02), presence of diabetic retinopathy (HR 2.5, 1.3-5.0; P = 0.009), fasting glucose (HR 1.1, 1.0-1.2; P = 0.015), and male sex (HR 2.2, 1.1-4.7; P = 0.04), independently of smoking and hypertension. Lower GFR (HR 0.98, 0.97-1.00; P = 0.07) was of borderline significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In normoalbuminuric Type 2 DM patients, the development of micro- or macroalbuminuria and mortality rates was independently and positively associated with higher levels of albuminuria, although still in the traditionally established normal range.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murussi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Campagnolo
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Silveiro
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome