title: Restricting cadaveric kidney transplantation based on age: the impact on efficiency and equity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caring for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is resource intense, and health care costs for this small segment of the population continue to rise. When compared to long-term dialysis as a therapy for ESRD, kidney transplantation increases survival, improves quality of life, and is cost saving.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used decision analytic techniques to determine if cadaveric kidney transplantation is cost-effective in all age groups. We then looked at the impact of a strategy of restricting access to transplantation to those under 60 years of age to determine the impact on overall clinical outcomes and costs, as well as the outcomes and costs within each age group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Equal access to cadaveric kidney transplantation resulted in an increase in expected life years (7.4 vs 6.7 years) and a significant cost savings ($376,577 vs $568,670 per patient) compared to a strategy of long-term dialysis therapy over a 25-year time horizon. This pattern was seen for the overall cohort, and for all four age groups individually. Restricting access to transplantation to patients under the age of 60 resulted in only a very small improvement in expected life years and small cost savings under base-case assumptions. As expected, older patients were adversely impacted by this strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that transplantation is cost-effective for all age groups. A strategy of restricting access to transplantation to younger patients does not result in large cost savings and provides only small improvements in expected life-years at the expense of significantly worse outcomes in older patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of nephrology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. robert.quinn@sunnybrook.ca
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000191:economics / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America; D018579:Patient Selection; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome