title: The role of manufacturers in reducing biofilms in dental chair waterlines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reviews how dental chair unit (DCU) manufacturers can contribute practically to resolving the problem of biofilm formation in dental unit waterlines (DUWs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The review concentrates on how novel developments and changes in a range of specific areas have, and might contribute to DUW biofilm control. These include (i) DCU engineering and design changes; (ii) improvements to DCU supply water quality; (iii) development of automated DUW treatment procedures that are effective at controlling biofilm in the long-term, safe for patients and dental staff, environmentally friendly and which do not exhibit adverse effects on DCU components after prolonged use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The majority of the material contained in this review is based on, or supported by the peer-reviewed literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current consensus from the literature reveals that the emphasis on DUW biofilm and its control has focused on describing the problem and its control using a range of periodic and residual DUW treatment agents. Unfortunately, until recently, DCU manufacturers have provided very little specific guidance in this regard. Indeed, ensuring that DCUs provide good quality output water has generally been regarded to be the responsibility of dental practitioners. Some recent studies have shown that novel DCUs with integral semi-automated or automated DUW cleaning systems can effectively control DUW biofilm in the long-term. However, there are other potential DCU engineering and design changes that DCU manufacturers could undertake to further improve DUW biofilm control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DCU manufacturers can significantly contribute to controlling the problem of DUW biofilm.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental School & Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland. david.coleman@dental.tcd.ie
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D003748:Dental Equipment / Q000382:microbiology*; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019981:Health Care Sector; D006801:Humans; D019552:Infection Control, Dental / Q000379:methods; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply