title: Polytherapy with hERG-blocking antiepileptic drugs: increased risk for embryonic cardiac arrhythmia and teratogenicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) phenytoin, phenobarbital, dimethadione, and carbamazepine cause a similar pattern of malformations in humans, with an increased risk after polytherapy. The teratogenicity has been linked to cardiac rhythm disturbances and hypoxic damage as a consequence of their common potential to inhibit a specific potassium ion current (IKr). The IKr is of major importance for embryonic cardiac repolarization and rhythm regulation. This study investigated whether these AEDs cause irregular rhythm and if various combinations of AEDs result in higher arrhythmia risk than exposure to a single AED.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects on heart rhythm of a single AED (monotherapy), and of various combinations (polytherapy) of AEDs, in gestational day 10 C57BL mouse embryos in culture were analyzed and graphically illustrated during a 25 s recording with a digitalization technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the studied AEDs caused increased intervals between heartbeats (resulting in bradycardia) and large variations in the interval between heartbeats (resulting in irregular rhythm) in a concentration-dependent manner in cultured mouse embryos. Dimethadione caused irregular rhythm at concentrations within and phenytoin slightly above the therapeutic ranges. Polytherapy resulted in more substantial prolongation of the mean interval between heartbeats (>60 ms) than monotherapy at clinically relevant concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that polytherapy more than monotherapy causes substantial prolongation of the cardiac repolarization, a marker associated with high risk of developing irregular rhythm during longer exposure periods (days to months). This supports the idea that the increased risk for malformations following polytherapy is linked to an increased risk for cardiac rhythm disturbances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, S 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Danielsson
authors.forename: Faranak
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azarbayjani
authors.forename: Anna-Carin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sköld
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: Bengt R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Danielsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000633:toxicity*; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000196:embryology; D004114:Dimethadione / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000633:toxicity; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D010672:Phenytoin; D004114:Dimethadione