title: Interventional radiological management of prehepatic obstruction of [corrected] the splanchnic venous system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate interventional radiological management of patients with symptomatic portal hypertension secondary to obstruction of splanchnic veins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients, 15 males and 9 females, 0.75 to 79 years old (mean, 36.4 years), with symptomatic portal hypertension, secondary to splanchnic venous obstruction, were treated by percutaneous methods. Causes and extent of splanchnic venous obstruction and methods are summarized following a retrospective evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obstructions were localized to the main portal vein (n = 22), intrahepatic portal veins (n = 8), splenic vein (n = 4), and/or mesenteric veins (n = 4). Interventional treatment of 22 (92%) patients included recanalization (n = 19), pharmacological thrombolysis (n = 1), and mechanical thrombectomy (n = 5). Partial embolization of the spleen was done in five patients, in two of them as the only possible treatment. TIPS placement was necessary in 10 patients, while an existing occluded TIPS was revised in two patients. Transhepatic embolization of varices was performed in one patient, and transfemoral embolization of splenorenal shunt was performed in another. Thirty-day mortality was 13.6% (n=3). During the follow-up, ranging between 2 days and 58 months, revision was necessary in five patients. An immediate improvement of presenting symptoms was achieved in 20 patients (83%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that interventional procedures can be successfully performed in the majority of patients with obstruction of splanchnic veins, with subsequent improvement of symptoms. Treatment should be customized according to the site and nature of obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey. asoysu@gmail.com
authors.forename: Aslihan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Semiz-Oysu
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keussen
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cwikiel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008641:Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008642:Mesenteric Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D019233:Retreatment; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D013162:Splenic Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013164:Splenorenal Shunt, Surgical; D017131:Thrombectomy; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy