title: Amphibian hatching gland cells: pattern and distribution in anurans.
abstract: The hatching gland (HG) is a transient organ, found in most anuran embryos and early larvae, and located on the dorsal side of the head. The enzymes secreted by hatching gland cells (HGCs) aid the embryos to escape from their enveloping coats. Analysis of HG morphology and distribution in 20 anuran species from six families using scanning electron microscopy revealed small differences in the shape and pattern of the gland particularly in the length and width of the posterior mid-dorsal extension of the gland. The four species of foam-nest making leptodactylids examined had HGs of a somewhat different shape to the others, but otherwise, there was little sign of a relationship between HG shape and taxonomic position. In the single Eleutherodactylus species examined, cells with the appearance and location of HGCs were transiently present long before the active stage of hatching. No sign of HGCs was seen on the head surface of one species, Phyllomedusa trinitatis. It seems possible that in this species, hatching is achieved by a mechanical rather than an enzymatic mechanism. The microvilli characteristic of the surfaces of HGCs were quite variable in density and length from species to species, and at different stages. HGCs remained at the surface of the embryo for some time after hatching and the possibility of a post-hatching function is briefly discussed.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. nokhbeh@susc.ac.ir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nokhbatolfoghahai
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Downie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005088:Exocrine Glands / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013045:Species Specificity