title: Combination of surgical avulsion and topical therapy for single nail onychomycosis: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional therapy of onychomycosis is prolonged and often frustrating, which is why combination therapy involving topical, oral and surgical measures has been advocated as the treatment of choice. There are no controlled studies evaluating the efficacy of nail avulsion followed by topical antifungal therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of combined surgical and topical therapy for onychomycosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with single nail onychomycosis [28 with distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis, seven with total dystrophic onychomycosis (TDO) and five with proximal subungual onychomycosis] were randomly assigned to four treatment groups. Each group received avulsion of the involved nail, followed by ketoconazole 2% cream without (group I) or with occlusion (group II), or oxiconazole 1% cream without (group III) or with occlusion (group IV). Topical therapies were applied twice daily. The patients were reviewed monthly and treatment was continued until the regrowth of completely normal nail (mycologically negative). In cured cases, further monthly review was carried out for at least 6 months, without any form of therapy. At each visit direct microscopic examination was repeated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a high dropout rate, with seven patients (group I), six patients (group II), six patients (group III) and eight patients (group IV) completing the treatment protocol. Out of these, mycological cure was achieved in three (43%) patients in group I, four (67%) in group II, two (33%) in group III and six (75%) in group IV. All the cases of TDO failed to respond to this therapy. Overall, 15 of 27 (56%) patients were cured with this approach. On further follow up, recurrence of onychomycosis was recorded in two patients in group I. No side-effects or long-term complications of the nail avulsion were encountered. Important limitations encountered in the present study included a small sample size, a high dropout rate (32%) and poor patient compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to earlier reports, surgical nail avulsion with topical antifungal agents was not found to be a very encouraging modality for the treatment of onychomycosis. Both oxiconazole and ketoconazole delivered comparable results. Occlusion improved the treatment outcome, although the difference was not statistically significant. As a subtype, TDO showed poorest response. Surgical nail avulsion followed by topical antifungal therapy cannot be generally recommended for the treatment of onychomycosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India. chandergroverkubba@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: B S N
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001458:Bandages; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000601:surgery; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; C022155:oxiconazole; D007654:Ketoconazole