title: 'It was not chest pain really, I can't explain it!' An exploratory study on the nature of symptoms experienced by women during their myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to explore the presenting nature of cardiac symptoms as experienced by women diagnosed with a myocardial infarction. The objectives were to use the participants' own words to gain a detailed understanding of how they perceived their evolving symptoms.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Women with coronary heart disease tend to delay seeking help despite experiencing symptoms. The classic hallmarks used to diagnose a myocardial infarction have been based on research primarily involving white middle-aged men with a focus on specific descriptions of chest pain. Whether these hallmarks apply to women in the same way as they apply to men is an area of increasing contention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a purposive sample, a qualitative design was used to investigate the nature of cardiac symptoms experienced by women prior to and at the time of their myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve women participated in semi-structured in-depth tape-recorded interviews conducted while they were in hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three interlinking themes emerged, which reflect a changing dynamic status in health, mediated by the perceived threat of individual symptoms. These included gradual awareness, not having pain in the chest and reactions to symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It would appear that symptom presentation and distribution amongst women may not follow the pattern traditionally associated with current understanding of a 'typical' myocardial infarction. These differences together with perceptions about their cardiac symptoms may influence their health-seeking behaviours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with a myocardial infarction may present with non-specific chest symptoms, which are difficult to interpret or recognize by patients and health professionals alike. Skill in recording history and in performing a comprehensive assessment of initial and current symptoms will enable nurses to identify women with a differential diagnosis of chest pain readily. Additionally, to increase awareness of coronary heart disease, nurses must use any opportunity to educate women of all age groups.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. john.albarran@uwe.ac.uk
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Albarran
authors.forename: Brenda A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001364:Awareness; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000209:etiology; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013546:Sweating; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology; D014930:Women / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*