title: Antigenotoxic effects of the phytoestrogen pelargonidin chloride and the polyphenol chlorogenic acid.
abstract: Pelargonidin (PEL), a common anthocyanidin with estrogenic activity, was tested in HL-60 cells for its genotoxicity and possible antigenotoxic effects against 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (NQO), a potent mutagen and carcinogen which induces oxidative stress. To take into account potential interactions between phytochemicals within normal human nutrition, we evaluated a combination of PEL with the nonestrogenic phytochemical chlorogenic acid (CLA), one of the most abundant polyphenols in the human diet. PEL (< or = 2 microM) and CLA (< or = 800 microM) were nongenotoxic in the micronucleus test. We observed significant antigenotoxic effects against NQO with both compounds, but no additive interaction of PEL and CLA. Comet assay results showed a nonsignificant reduction in NQO-induced DNA damage with both compounds and their combination. Flow cytometric analysis of oxidative stress revealed significant protection against NQO-induced oxidative stress by PEL, CLA, and their combination. Furthermore, PEL and CLA prevented the NQO-induced reduction in GSH level. This could be a mechanism for the observed reduction in genotoxicity. In conclusion, the phytoestrogen PEL revealed antioxidative and antigenotoxic properties in HL-60 cells, but no significant additive interaction with the abundant nutritional polyphenol CLA under the tested conditions.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Suresh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schupp
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stopper
mesh_terms: D015112:4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D009153:Mutagens; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D015112:4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide; C066957:pelargonidin