title: A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most studies of diet in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes have focused on intakes of fat, carbohydrate, fibre, fruits and vegetables. Instead, we aimed to compare diets that were available during human evolution with more recently introduced ones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients with ischaemic heart disease plus either glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes were randomised to receive (1) a Palaeolithic ('Old Stone Age') diet (n = 14), based on lean meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs and nuts; or (2) a Consensus (Mediterranean-like) diet (n = 15), based on whole grains, low-fat dairy products, vegetables, fruits, fish, oils and margarines. Primary outcome variables were changes in weight, waist circumference and plasma glucose AUC (AUC Glucose(0-120)) and plasma insulin AUC (AUC Insulin(0-120)) in OGTTs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 12 weeks, there was a 26% decrease of AUC Glucose(0-120) (p = 0.0001) in the Palaeolithic group and a 7% decrease (p = 0.08) in the Consensus group. The larger (p = 0.001) improvement in the Palaeolithic group was independent (p = 0.0008) of change in waist circumference (-5.6 cm in the Palaeolithic group, -2.9 cm in the Consensus group; p = 0.03). In the study population as a whole, there was no relationship between change in AUC Glucose(0-120) and changes in weight (r = -0.06, p = 0.9) or waist circumference (r = 0.01, p = 1.0). There was a tendency for a larger decrease of AUC Insulin(0-120) in the Palaeolithic group, but because of the strong association between change in AUC Insulin(0-120) and change in waist circumference (r = 0.64, p = 0.0003), this did not remain after multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A Palaeolithic diet may improve glucose tolerance independently of decreased waist circumference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hs 32, University of Lund, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden. staffan.lindeberg@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindeberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hs 32, University of Lund, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Granfeldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hs 32, University of Lund, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borgstrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hs 32, University of Lund, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hs 32, University of Lund, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hs 32, University of Lund, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahrén
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy; D004032:Diet; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010163:Paleontology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin