title: Measurement of the effects of abstinence from tobacco: a qualitative review.
abstract: This article reviews terms, methodologies, and scales used to describe the effects of abstinence from tobacco in humans. The review suggests operational definitions for withdrawal, offset, novel, and indefinite abstinence effects. The review recommends the use of prospective studies that use smokers trying to quit, multiple data points pre-abstinence and very soon after abstinence, comparison groups, at least 16 hrs of abstinence, objective measures, measures of clinical significance, and data analytic techniques that allow use of all participants' data. The 8 most commonly used tobacco withdrawal measures differ in coverage, brevity, and use of single vs. multiple items to describe each symptom. Of the measures, 6 consistently increase with abstinence, but no single measure appears superior.
authors.affiliation: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Ira Allen School, Burlington, VT 05401-1419, USA. john.hughes@uvm.edu
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D036301:Qualitative Research; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine