title: Correlates of sleep complaints in adults: the ARIC study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the prevalence and correlates of sleep complaints in a large well-characterized population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is a prospective population-based study of cardiovascular disease. Using this well-characterized cohort, we undertook a cross-sectional epidemiologic analysis of correlates of 3 sleep complaints that are commonly included in insomnia definitions. We hypothesized that different sleep complaints included under the rubric of "insomnia" would have different correlates. Using multivariate regression analysis we predicted the likelihood of endorsing the symptoms of difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and nonrestorative sleep by age, sex, alcohol intake, smoking, diabetes, heart disease, menopausal status, hypnotic use, hypertension, depression, education level, income, body mass index, respiratory symptoms, and pulmonary function.
  
  
  METHODS
  North American communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  13,563 participants aged 47 to 69 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalences of sleep complaints were 22%, 39%, and 35% for difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and nonrestorative sleep, respectively. In contrast to previous reports, we found that Black race was associated with reduced risk of sleep complaints. We also found that increasing age was associated with difficulty staying asleep but not with difficulty falling asleep or nonrestorative sleep. Medical illness, depression, lower socioeconomic status, and unhealthy behaviors were associated with increased risk of sleep complaints, which varied by risk factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a well-characterized population-based study, specific sleep complaints have differing covariates. It is likely that difficulty falling asleep and difficulty staying asleep have different causes and outcomes. Sleep difficulties do not appear to be associated with black race per se.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. bphil95@aol.com
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mannino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology