title: History of lasers.
abstract: The developments of laser technology from the cradle of modern physics in 1900 by Planck to its latest medical boundaries is an exciting example of how basic physics finds its way into clinical practice. This article merits the protagonists and their contribution to the steps in this development. The competition between the different research groups finally led to the award of the Nobel Prize to Townes, Basov and Prokhorov in 1964 for the scientific basis on quantum electronics, which led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle. Forty-three years after Einstein's first theories Maiman introduced the first ruby laser for commercial use. This marked the key step for the laser application and pioneered fruitful cooperations between basic and clinical science. The pioneers of lasers in clinical urology were Parsons in 1966 with studies in canine bladders and Mulvany 1968 with experiments in calculi fragmentation. The central technological component for the triumphal procession of lasers in urology is the endoscope. Therefore lasers are currently widely used, being the tool of choice in some areas, such as endoscopical lithotriptic stone treatment or endoluminal organ-preserving tumor ablation. Furthermore they show promising treatment alternatives for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Urologie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Rübenkamp 220, 22291, Hamburg, Germany. an.gross@asklepios.com
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Thomas R W
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000266:history*; D007834:Lasers / Q000266:history*; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation; D009613:Nobel Prize; D014572:Urology / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation