title: Nucleotide excision repair pathway genes and oral premalignant lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral premalignant lesions (OPL) are associated with tobacco exposure and an increase in risk of oral cancer. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the major DNA repair pathways involved in the removal of tobacco carcinogen adducts. Polymorphisms in NER genes may cause variations in DNA repair capacity and increase susceptibility to both premalignant lesions and cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case-control study of 144 OPL patients and 288 controls, we genotyped 11 polymorphisms in 8 major NER genes, including XPA [A23G at 5' untranslated region (UTR)], XPD (Asp312Asn, Lys751Gln), XPC (Ala499Val, Lys939Gln), XPG (His1104Asp), XPF (Pro662Ser), ERCC6 (Met1097Val, Arg1230Pro) Rad23B (Ala249Val), and CCNH (Val270Ala).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant or borderline-significant associations between OPL risk and the polymorphisms XPA (A23G), XPD (Lys751Gln), XPC (Ala499Val), Rad23B (Ala249Val), and XPD (Asp312Asn), with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.97 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.27-3.06], 1.60 (95% CI, 1.02-2.51), 0.63 (95% CI, 0.40-1.00), 0.67 (95% CI, 0.41-1.07), and 1.42 (95% CI, 0.90-2.23), respectively. When further stratified analyses were done, the decreased risk conferred by the XPC (Ala499Val) variant allele was more evident in older individuals (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.24-1.03), in women (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.21-1.01), in ever smokers (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.33-1.05), and in never drinkers (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.18-1.00). Finally, we found joint effects between these NER gene variants and smoking status. For example, when never smokers with the XPA 23A genotypes were used as the reference group, the ORs for never smokers with the XPA 23G genotype, smokers with the 23A genotype, and smokers with 23G genotypes were 2.19 (1.07-4.46), 2.64 (1.42-4.89), and 5.04 (2.62-9.69), respectively. Gene-gene and gene-smoking interaction for OPLs risk were also confirmed by multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis in our study. MDR analysis revealed that a model containing ever smoking, XPA (A23G), XPC (Ala499Val), and XPD (Asp312Asn) was the best model to predict OPL risk with maximum average cross-validation consistency and minimum prediction error (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that polymorphisms in NER genes may contribute to genetic susceptibility to OPLs and may therefore contribute to the development of oral cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Yunfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Margaret R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: J Jack
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Maosheng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lippman
authors.forename: Xifeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects