title: The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms.
abstract: Despite a long tradition of effectiveness in laboratory tests, normative messages have had mixed success in changing behavior in field contexts, with some studies showing boomerang effects. To test a theoretical account of this inconsistency, we conducted a field experiment in which normative messages were used to promote household energy conservation. As predicted, a descriptive normative message detailing average neighborhood usage produced either desirable energy savings or the undesirable boomerang effect, depending on whether households were already consuming at a low or high rate. Also as predicted, adding an injunctive message (conveying social approval or disapproval) eliminated the boomerang effect. The results offer an explanation for the mixed success of persuasive appeals based on social norms and suggest how such appeals should be properly crafted.
authors.affiliation: California State University, San Marcos, CA 92078, USA. wschultz@csusm.edu
authors.forename: P Wesley
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Cialdini
authors.forename: Noah J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Vladas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Griskevicius
mesh_terms: D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012919:Social Behavior; D012945:Social Values