title: Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and high altitude during sleep in Aconcagua climbers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the changes in ventilation during sleep at high altitude using the LifeShirt monitoring system on 2 climbers who were attempting to summit Mount Aconcagua (6956 m).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prior to the summit attempt, we measured cardiovascular and pulmonary function at 401 m (Rochester, MN) and gathered respiratory and cardiovascular data during sleep using the LifeShirt monitoring system with exposure to normobaric normoxia and normobaric hypoxia (simulated 4300 m). We then monitored the ventilatory response during sleep at 3 altitudes (4100 m, 4900 m, and 5900 m).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During normoxic sleep, subjects had normal oxygen saturation (O(2sat)), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (V(T)) and minute ventilation (V(E)), and exhibited no periodic breathing (O(2sat) = 100 +/- 2%, HR = 67 +/- 1 beats/min, RR = 16 +/- 3 breaths/min, V(T) = 516 +/- 49 mL, and V(E) = 9 +/- 1 L/min, mean +/- SD). Sleep during simulated 4300 m caused a reduction in O(2sat), an increase in HR, RR, V(T), and V(E), and induced periodic breathing in both climbers (O(2sat) = 79 +/- 4%, HR = 72 +/- 14 beats/min, RR = 20 +/- 3 breaths/min, V(T) = 701 +/- 180 mL, and V(E) = 14 +/- 3 L/min). All 3 levels of altitude had profound effects on O(2sat), HR, and the ventilatory strategy during sleep (O(2sat) = 79 +/- 2, 70 +/- 8, 60 +/- 2%; HR = 70 +/- 12, 76 +/- 6, 80 +/- 3 beats/min; RR = 17 +/- 6, 18 +/- 4, 20 +/- 6 breaths/min; V(T) = 763 +/- 300, 771 +/- 152, 1145 +/- 123 mL; and V(E) = 13 +/- 1, 14 +/- 0, 22 +/- 4 L/min; for 4100 m, 4900 m, and 5900 m, respectively). There were strong negative correlations between O(2sat) and V(E) and ventilatory drive (V(T)/T(i), where T(i) is the inspiratory time) throughout the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interestingly, the changes in ventilatory response during simulated altitude and at comparable altitude on Aconcagua during the summit attempt were similar, suggesting reductions in FiO(2), rather than in pressure, alter this response.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. snyder.eric@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stepanek
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D001118:Argentina; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009051:Mountaineering; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen