title: The efficacy of surgical drainage in cervicofacial rhytidectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative drainage is often used instinctively in face lifting on the assumption that it may reduce the likelihood of complications. This potential benefit should be balanced against cost, discomfort, and the possibility of provoking bleeding and hematoma on removal. Evidence-based decisions on drainage are problematic, since no prospective studies have examined its role. This study was designed to address this issue directly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty consecutive patients undergoing face lift over a 3-month period were randomized to drainage of one side of the face only, with the contralateral side serving as a paired control. Bruising, swelling, and hematoma or seroma were assessed objectively, independently of the operating surgeon and subjectively by the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative hematoma and edema were not influenced by the use of drains (p > 0.5). Patients reported no difference between the two sides with respect to swelling (p = 0.6) or discomfort (p = 0.5). However, drains produced a statistically significant reduction in postoperative bruising both on clinical assessment (p = 0.005) and patient assessment (p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article represents the first prospective, randomized, controlled trial assessing the use of postoperative drainage in facial rejuvenation surgery. Surgical drains do not influence postoperative complications, but they do significantly reduce bruising and so may facilitate the patient's return to normal activity.
authors.affiliation: London, United Kingdom From the King Edward VII's Hospital Sister Agnes.
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D004487:Edema / Q000517:prevention & control; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*