title: Design and performance of a pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment system for natural gas storage produced water.
abstract: To test the hypothesis that water produced from natural gas storage wells could be treated effectively by constructed wetland treatment systems, a modular pilot-scale system was designed, built, and used for treating gas storage produced waters. Four simulated waters representing the range of contaminant concentrations typical of actual produced waters were treated, and the system's performance was monitored. Freshwater wetland cells planted with Schoenoplectus californicus and Typha latifolia were used to treat fresh and brackish waters. Saline and hypersaline waters were treated by saltwater wetland cells planted with Spartina alterniflora and by reverse osmosis. Effective removal of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc was achieved by the pilot-scale system. Results suggest that use of specifically designed constructed wetland treatment systems provides a flexible and effective approach for treating gas storage produced waters over a wide range of compositions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kanagy
authors.forename: Brenda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D005740:Gases; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007220:Industrial Waste; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012722:Sewage; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014881:Water Supply; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D005579:Fossil Fuels; D005740:Gases; D007220:Industrial Waste; D012722:Sewage; D014131:Trace Elements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water