title: Long-term outcomes after treatment with brachytherapy and supplemental conformal radiation for prostate cancer patients having intermediate and high-risk features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study summarizes long-term outcomes from treatment of prostate cancer with increased risk of extracapsular cancer extension (ECE) using brachytherapy-based treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 282 consecutive patients were treated from 1992-1996 by 1 author (M.D.). Two hundred forty-three patients had at least 1 higher risk feature for ECE including Gleason Score 7-10 (172), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) above 10 (166), and clinical stages T(2c) (109) and T(3) (107). Using National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, 119 patients had intermediate-risk disease and 124 had high-risk disease. Patients received pelvic 3-dimensional conformal external beam radiation followed by a palladium (Pd)-103 boost. Generous brachytherapy margins were utilized. Biochemical failure was defined using ASTRO Consensus Definition, nadir +2 and PSA >0.2 ng/mL at last follow-up. The nonfailing patient follow-up period was 1-14 years (median, 9.5 years). Biochemical data and original biopsy slides were independently re-reviewed at the University of Washington (by K.W. and L.T., respectively).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall actuarial freedom from biochemical progression at 14 years was 81%, including 87% and 72% having intermediate and high-risk disease, respectively. Absolute risk of failure decreased progressively, falling to 1% beyond 6 years after treatment. All failing patients had prostate biopsies without evidence of local recurrence. The strongest predictor of failure was Gleason score (P = .03) followed by PSA (P = .041). Treatment morbidity was limited to temporary RTOG grade 1-2 urinary and gastrointestinal symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High tumor control rates are possible with beam radiation followed by Pd-103 brachytherapy. Despite perceptions that brachytherapy is inappropriate for patients at higher risk for ECE, this series strengthens the rationale that brachytherapy-based treatment may be a desirable modality for such patients.
authors.affiliation: Dattoli Cancer Center & Brachytherapy Research Institute, Sarasota, Florida, USA. brachymd@aol.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dattoli
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wallner
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: True
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cash
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sorace
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001918:Brachytherapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010165:Palladium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010165:Palladium; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen