title: Surgical decision making in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this paper was to assess the reliability of surgeons' decision-making in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) based on patient photographs and clinical and radiographic data.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Orthopedic spine surgeons rated severity of deformity as the most important surgical consideration in AIS. However, studies have shown that surgeon reliability is highly variable when rating physical deformity. Surgeons' unreliable ratings of patients' physical deformity may lead to inconsistent decision-making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four pediatric spine surgeons viewed 40 patients with varying severity of AIS on three occasions, 2 weeks apart. In the first viewing, surgeons viewed only patient photos and body image scores. In the second viewing, surgeons viewed patient photos, body image scores, and clinical data. In the third viewing, surgeons viewed patient photos, body image scores, a 3-ft anteroposterior spinal radiograph, and corresponding radiographic data. After viewing each patient, surgeons were asked if: 1) spinal fusion with or without thoracoplasty would improve the patient's appearance; and 2) whether they would recommend this patient for spinal fusion with or without thoracoplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgeons' concordance in recommending patients for surgery and if they thought it would improve their appearance varied widely with kappa scores ranging from poor (0.34) to good (0.76). Recommendations for surgery were more consistent with the addition of radiographs but were not influenced by patients' body image perceptions. Surgeons' recommendations for surgery were also inconsistent with treatment actually received with overall kappa scores ranging from poor (0.32) to good (0.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical decision-making for AIS is inconsistent.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. sandra.donaldson@sickkids.ca
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alman
authors.forename: Unni
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001828:Body Image; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010781:Photography; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011859:Radiography; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index