title: [Risk factors of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder in children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore risk factors of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  parents of 43 pure ADHD+ODD children, and 43 pure ADHD children (criteria of DSM-IV; group matched by sex, age and ADHD subtypes) were asked to complete a set of investigation questionnaires including child and family information; family history; pregnancy, delivery and infancy complications; physical development and temperament; and predisposing factors and parents' or teachers' responses toward children's misbehaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  probabilities of psychosis or schizophrenia of family members, long-term conflict between parents and parents' constant/stringent criticism to children in ADHD+ODD group were significantly higher than those in ADHD group (psychosis or schizophrenia of family members (16% vs 2%, P=0.058, OR=8.167); long-term conflict between parents (23% vs 7%, P=0.035, OR=4.040); parents' constant/stringent criticism to children (51% vs 28%, P=0.027, OR=2.706); probability of having anoxia at birth in ADHD group was significantly higher than that in ADHD+ODD group (12% vs 0, P=0.055, OR=0.469). Setting diagnosis of ADHD+ODD as dependent variable, and factors with significant difference between the two groups as independent variables, after 2 steps of regression analyses, one factor, i.e. parents' constant/stringent criticism to children was left in the model (P=0.054, OR=2.879). The regression formula had a sensitivity of 53.5%, a specificity of 83.7%, and total correction rate of 68.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inappropriate parenting is a risk factor of ADHD comorbid with ODD, and long-term conflict between parents and positive family history of psychoses might have influence on ADHD comorbid with ODD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yu-feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016487:Parenting; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires