title: Expression of constitutive androstane receptor, hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha, and P450 oxidoreductase genes determines interindividual variability in basal expression and activity of a broad scope of xenobiotic metabolism genes in the human liver.
abstract: Identification of genetic variation predictive of clearance rate of a wide variety of prescription drugs could lead to cost-effective personalized medicine. Here we identify regulatory genes whose variable expression level among individuals may have widespread effects upon clearance rate of a variety of drugs. Twenty liver samples with variable CYP3A activity were profiled for expression level and activity of xenobiotic metabolism genes as well as genes involved in the regulation thereof. Regulatory genes whose expression level accounted for the highest degree of collinearity among expression levels of xenobiotic metabolism genes were identified as possible master regulators of drug clearance rate. Significant linear correlations (p < 0.05) were identified among mRNA levels of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, MRP2, OATP2, P450 oxidoreductase (POR), and UDP-glucuronosyltranferase 1A1, suggesting that these xenobiotic metabolism genes are coregulated at the transcriptional level. Using partial regression analysis, constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4 alpha) were identified as the nuclear receptors whose expression levels are most strongly associated with expression of coregulated xenobiotic metabolism genes. POR expression level, which is also associated with CAR and HNF4 alpha expression level, was found to be strongly associated with the activity of many cytochromes P450. Thus, interindividual variation in the expression level of CAR, HNF4 alpha, and POR probably determines variation in expression and activity of a broad scope of xenobiotic metabolism genes and, accordingly, clearance rate of a variety of xenobiotics. Identification of polymorphisms in these candidate master regulator genes that account for their variable expression among individuals may yield readily detectable biomarkers that could serve as predictors of xenobiotic clearance rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wortham
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czerwinski
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parkinson
authors.forename: Yu-Jui Yvonne
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008099:Liver / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; C496592:HNF4A protein, human; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015262:Xenobiotics; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System