title: Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. The relationship between milder elevations of blood glucose and mortality is less clear. This study investigated whether impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as diabetes mellitus, increase the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1999 to 2000, glucose tolerance status was determined in 10,428 participants of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). After a median follow-up of 5.2 years, 298 deaths occurred (88 CVD deaths). Compared with those with normal glucose tolerance, the adjusted all-cause mortality hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for known diabetes mellitus and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus were 2.3 (1.6 to 3.2) and 1.3 (0.9 to 2.0), respectively. The risk of death was also increased in those with impaired fasting glucose (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.4) and impaired glucose tolerance (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0). Sixty-five percent of all those who died of CVD had known diabetes mellitus, newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, or impaired glucose tolerance at baseline. Known diabetes mellitus (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4 to 4.7) and impaired fasting glucose (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 5.1) were independent predictors for CVD mortality after adjustment for age, sex, and other traditional CVD risk factors, but impaired glucose tolerance was not (HR 1.2, 95% CI 0.7 to 2.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study emphasizes the strong association between abnormal glucose metabolism and mortality, and it suggests that this condition contributes to a large number of CVD deaths in the general population. CVD prevention may be warranted in people with all categories of abnormal glucose metabolism.
authors.affiliation: International Diabetes Institute, 250 Kooyong Rd, Caulfield, Victoria, 3162, Australia. lbarr@idi.org.au
authors.forename: Elizabeth L M
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Paul Z
authors.initials: PZ
authors.lastname: Zimmet
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Welborn
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jolley
authors.forename: Dianna J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Magliano
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.forename: Adrian J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: Hugh R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tonkin
authors.forename: Tien Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000150:complications*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose