title: Phosphorylation profiles of protein kinases in alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.
abstract: Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma, which includes two major subtypes, alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The mechanism of its oncogenesis is largely unknown. However, the oncogenic process of rhabdomyosarcoma involves multi-stages of signaling protein dysregulation characterized by prolonged activation of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases. To better understand this protein dysregulation, we evaluated the phosphorylation profiles of multiple tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases to identify whether these protein kinases are activated in rhabdomyosarcoma. We applied immunohistochemistry with phospho-specific antibodies to examine phosphorylation levels of selected receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70S6K, and protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes on alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma tissue microarray slides. Our results showed that the phosphorylation levels of these kinases are elevated in some rhabdomyosarcoma tissues compared to normal tissues. Phosphorylation levels of receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases are elevated between 26 and 68% in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and between 24 and 71% in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, respectively, compared to normal tissues. In addition, phosphorylation levels of mTOR and its downstream targets, p70S6K, S6, and 4EBP1, are increased between 50 and 72% in both subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma. Further, phosphorylation levels of PKCalpha, PKCdelta, PKCtheta, and PKCzeta/lambda are upregulated between 57 and 69% in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and between 43 and 72% in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. This is the first report to create a phosphorylation profile of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases involved in the mTOR and PKC pathways of alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. These protein kinases may play roles in the development or tumor progression of rhabdomyosarcomas and thus may serve as novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer, Columbus Children's Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cen
authors.forename: Kristy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Arnoczky
authors.forename: Fu-Chuan
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Huey-Jen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Qualman
authors.forename: Songlin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Huiyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Jiayuh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000032:analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000032:analysis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000032:analysis*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D018232:Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D018233:Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D038601:Ribosomal Protein S6 / Q000032:analysis; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000032:analysis; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C087000:EIF4EBP1 protein, human; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D038601:Ribosomal Protein S6; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C