title: Mechanisms of resistance of human glioma cells to Apo2 ligand/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many tumor cells are resistant to Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the absence of inhibitors of protein synthesis. Apo2L/TRAIL, in addition to induction of apoptosis, may therefore also activate survival pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we investigated whether such survival pathways mediate resistance to Apo2L.0-induced apoptosis in human glioma cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apo2L.0 induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but not of Akt. This effect was unaffected by caspase inhibition. Inhibitors of protein synthesis, PI3 kinase, ERK kinase, NF-kappaB or casein kinase 2 sensitized for Apo2L.0-induced apoptosis to a different extent in a panel of human malignant glioma cell lines. However, none of the sensitizers overcame resistance mediated by ectopic expression of the viral caspase 8 inhibitor, crm-A. Primary glioma cultures were almost completely resistant to Apo2L.0-induced cell death even in the presence of the inhibitors. Caspase-8 was expressed in these cells whereas only weak expression of DR5 was detected. Transient expression of DR5 conferred sensitivity to Apo2L.0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data challenge the view that specific cell lines harbour specific mechanisms of resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL. Weak expression of DR5 in primary glioma might limit the therapeutic application of Apo2L/TRAIL in human glioblastoma patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of General Neurology and Hertie Insitute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wick
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; C505530:CASP8 protein, human; D053181:Caspase 8