title: Vagus nerve stimulation in children with refractory epilepsy: unusual complications and relationship to sleep-disordered breathing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is approved for use in patients with refractory epilepsy over the age of 12 years. While this procedure is widely used, there is little data on adverse events in young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted on 26 children who had VNS implantation for refractory epilepsy from 1998 to 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ages ranged from 3 to 17 years (16 boys and 10 girls). Seventy-seven percent had moderate to severe mental retardation. Sixty-five percent had more than 30 seizures per month. Symptomatic-generalized epilepsy was the predominant epilepsy syndrome seen in 77% of children. The duration of VNS treatment ranged from 1 month to 8 years (mean = 3.5 years). Twenty of 26 patients (77%) were on rapid-cycling mode. More than 50% reduction in seizure frequency was noted in 54% with two patients achieving seizure freedom. Twenty-three percent had less than 50% seizure reduction. Four patients were able to terminate seizures with use of the magnet. VNS was removed from one patient because of intractable cough persisting in spite of stimulation being turned off for 1 month. Another patient had it removed twice for infection. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was observed in four patients (15%) after placement of VNS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VNS appears to be an effective treatment for children with refractory epilepsy. Development of intractable cough in one patient in spite of device being turned off and recurrent infection-related removal in another are unusual complications. Polysomnography before implantation of VNS should be considered to identify patients with pre-existing OSA.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA. Divya.Khurana@drexelmed.edu
authors.forename: Divya S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reumann
authors.forename: Elizabeth F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Hobdell
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neff
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.forename: Agustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Legido
authors.forename: Sanjeev V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kothare
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology