title: Antiviral drug-resistant HBV: standardization of nomenclature and assays and recommendations for management.
abstract: Substantial advances have been made in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in the past decade. Approved treatments for chronic hepatitis B include 2 formulations of interferon and 4 nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs). Sustained viral suppression is rarely achieved after withdrawal of a 48-week course of NA therapy, necessitating long, and in many cases, indefinite treatment with increasing risk of development of drug resistance. Antiviral resistance and poor adherence are the most important factors in treatment failure of hepatitis B. Thus, there is a need to standardize nomenclature relating to hepatitis B antiviral resistance, and to define genotypic, phenotypic, and clinical resistance to NA therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0362, USA. aslok@umich.edu
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lok
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zoulim
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Locarnini
authors.forename: Angeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bartholomeusz
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ghany
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pawlotsky
authors.forename: Yun-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Liaw
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizokami
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuiken
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D009705:Nucleosides; D009711:Nucleotides