title: Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography of Barrett's esophagus: preliminary descriptive clinical study correlating images with histology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR OCT) achieves an axial image resolution of approximately 5 microm, which is 2 - 3 times finer than standard endoscopic OCT imaging. This study investigated the capability of endoscopic UHR OCT for imaging patients with Barrett's esophagus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fivty volunteers previously diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus underwent UHR OCT. Imaging was performed at 1.3 microm wavelengths with approximately 5 microm axial and approximately 15 microm transverse resolutions using a 1.8 mm/diameter linear-scanning catheter introduced through the accessory channel of a standard endoscope. OCT images were compared with endoscopic diagnosis and pinch biopsy histological appearances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UHR OCT images of normal esophagus, Barrett's esophagus, high grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma were evaluated. UHR OCT images of the normal esophagus exhibited characteristic layered architecture with uniform epithelium, while images of Barrett's esophagus corresponded to crypt-like glandular structures. High grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma images exhibited more heterogeneous structures corresponding to irregular, heterogeneous tissue morphology from distorted and cribriform or villiform glandular architecture. Fine features can be discerned more clearly with endoscopic UHR OCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study evaluated new endoscopic OCT technology and demonstrated the feasibility of carrying out UHR OCT imaging in conjunction with standard endoscopy for in vivo real-time imaging of Barrett's esophagus, dysplasia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. A survey of normal and abnormal upper gastrointestinal tissues was performed using a research prototype OCT system with the highest axial resolution to date, and can serve as a baseline for future investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.forename: P-L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hsiung
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Herz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedrosa
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: S-W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koski
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mashimo
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000473:pathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D020776:Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D014741:Video Recording