title: Effects of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists on oxidative stress in purified rat retinal ganglion cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists against oxidative stress on purified rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), timolol, betaxolol, carteolol and nipradilol were included in the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  RGCs were purified using a 2 step panning procedure from postnatal days 6-8 using Wistar rats. After 72 h in culture under normal condition, RGCs were exposed to oxidative stress induced by B27 medium without anti-oxidant. To verify whether this stress is apoptotic or necrotic, Annexin V and propidium iodide were used to detect apoptotic and necrotic cells after 2 h stress. The presence of a proinhibitor for intracellular cathepsin B, and an inhibitor for thiol protease (cathepsin B/H/L, calpain), was also assessed to verify necrotic cell death event in oxidative conditions. Next, RGC cultures under oxidative stress were incubated with timolol, betaxolol, carteolol, and nipradilol added, respectively, for 24 h culture. The RGC viability in each condition normalized to that under normal condition was evaluated as live cell percentage based on total experiments of 8-15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two h after oxidative stress, Annexin V and propidium iodide positive cells increased. Increased cell death under oxidative stress was significantly reduced by inhibitors for cathepsin or calpain. These data suggest that increased cell death under the current oxidative stress was due to necrosis. Under oxidative stress for 24 h, RGC viability reduced to 52.5-60.2% as compared with normal. With 10 nM and 100 nM timolol, live cell significantly increased to 69.3% and 75.5%, respectively. Both betaxolol and nipradilol enhanced live RGCs significantly in concentration of 100 nM and 1 microM, with viability of 70.5%, 71.6%, and 70.4%, 74.7%, respectively. While with 10 nM, 100 nM and 1 microM addition of carteolol, there was no significant increase in live RGC percentage which ranged from 53.1-55.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Timolol, betaxolol and nipradilol, but not carteolol, showed neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress induced by B27 without antioxidant on purified rat RGCs at concentrations of 10 nM or higher. Although the neuroprotective mechanism of beta-blockers for oxidative stress is still unknown, this additive effect may deserve future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo, Japan. yuzikuid@hotmail.com <yuzikuid@hotmail.com>
authors.forename: Zi-Kui
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yi-Ning
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aihara
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Saiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Araie
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017950:Ganglia, Sensory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D009336:Necrosis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists