title: Cell surface adhesion molecules and cytokine profiles in primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the utility of adhesion molecule (AM) and cytokine/chemokine expressions in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as markers of disease activity in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The expressions of AMs and the levels of 17 cytokines in patients with PPMS (n = 25) were compared with those in secondary progressive MS (SPMS) (n = 18) and controls (n =11) and correlated with the volumes of focal and atrophic changes on MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expressions of very late activation antigen 4 (VLA-4), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in blood and CSF were higher in PPMS than in controls. Comparison between PPMS and SPMS showed higher levels of ICAM-1 in blood and CSF in PPMS, while the level of the vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) was higher only in blood. There was no difference in the levels of cytokines in serum or CSF between PPMS and SPMS or controls, but evidence suggesting intrathecal synthesis of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was found in PPMS. The expressions of CSF VLA-4 in PPMS correlated with the total volume of cerebral lesions and the number of diffuse brain lesions in MRI, while the amount of LFA-1 in CSF correlated with the number of spinal T2 lesions. The level of serum MIP-1beta correlated with the T2 lesion load and EDSS score in PPMS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The upregulated expressions of AMs in blood and CSF and evidence for intrathecal synthesis of MCP-1 and IL-8 in PPMS indicate the importance of inflammatory changes in the pathogenesis of PPMS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. maritta.ukkonen@pshp.fi
authors.forename: Maritta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ukkonen
authors.forename: Kingchen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reipert
authors.forename: Prasun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dastidar
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elovaara
mesh_terms: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines