title: Clinical assessment of infant colour at delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Use of video recordings of newborn infants to determine: (1) if clinicians agreed whether infants were pink; and (2) the pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (Spo(2)) at which infants first looked pink.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected clips from video recordings of infants taken immediately after delivery were shown to medical and nursing staff. The infants received varying degrees of resuscitation (including none) and were monitored with pulse oximetry. The oximeter readings were obscured to observers but known to the investigators. A timer was visible and the sound was inaudible. The observers were asked to indicate whether each infant was pink at the beginning, became pink during the clip, or was never pink. If adjudged to turn pink during the clip, observers recorded the time this occurred and the corresponding Spo(2) was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  27 clinicians assessed videos of 20 infants (mean (SD) gestation 31(4) weeks). One infant (5%) was perceived to be pink by all observers. The number of clinicians who thought each of the remaining 19 infants were never pink varied from 1 (4%) to 22 (81%). Observers determined the 10 infants with a maximum Spo(2) >/=95% never pink on 17% (46/270) of occasions. The Spo(2) at which individual infants were perceived to turn pink varied from 10% to 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among clinicians observing the same videos there was disagreement about whether newborn infants looked pink with wide variation in the Spo(2) when they were considered to become pink.
authors.affiliation: National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. codonnell@nmh.ie
authors.forename: Colm P F
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: C Omar F
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Kamlin
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Carlin
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Morley
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D003490:Cyanosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017283:Neonatal Nursing; D009359:Neonatology; D015588:Observer Variation; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010808:Physical Examination; D012151:Resuscitation; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen