title: The effects of upper body exercise on the physical capacity of people with a spinal cord injury: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the effects of upper body training on the physical capacity of people with a spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Sport Discus and Cochrane were searched from 1970 to May 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  The keywords 'spinal cord injury', 'paraplegia', 'tetraplegia' and 'quadriplegia' were used in combination with 'training'. The methodological quality of the included articles (both randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials) was assessed with the modified 'van Tulder et al.' checklist. Studies were described with respect to population, test design, training protocol and mode of training. The training effects on physical capacity, reflected by peak power output (PO(peak)) and oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)), were summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five studies were included with a mean score of 8.8 out of 17 items on the quality checklist. The methodological quality was quite low, mostly because of the absence of randomized controlled trials. Therefore no meta-analysis was possible. In the 14 articles of acceptable quality the mean (SD) increase in VO( 2peak) and PO(peak,) following a period of training, was 17.6 (11.2)% and 26.1 (15.6)%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the overall low quality of studies it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions on training effects for different lesion groups or training modes. The results of the relatively few studies with an acceptable quality seem to support the view that upper body exercise may increase the physical capacity of people with spinal cord injury. The magnitude of improvement in PO( peak) and VO(2peak), however, varies considerably among studies.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation centre Heliomare, Department of Research and Development, Wijk aan Zee, The Neterlands. l.valent@heliomare.nl
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valent
authors.forename: Annet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dallmeijer
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Houdijk
authors.forename: Eelkje
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Talsma
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Woude
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*