title: Predictors of depressive symptoms in primary caregivers of young children with or at risk for developmental delay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite extensive research with families raising children with or at risk for developmental delay (DD), it is not clear whether primary caregivers of these children are at increased risk for depressive symptoms. Discrepant findings in the literature may be owing to heterogeneity of child problems. More research is needed on child, parent and family variables that may increase risk for, or resilience to, caregiver depressive symptoms. Some studies have found that parental resources (e.g. social support and coping strategies) may buffer the effects of parental distress, while other studies have highlighted the role of parental self-efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores in 178 primary caregivers (mainly biological mothers) who had 2-year-old children with or at risk for DD owing to: (a) low birthweight, prematurity or multiple birth (n = 58), (b) other known reasons (e.g. Down syndrome, spina bifida) (n = 67), or (c) unknown reasons (n = 69).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 20% (n = 35) of the caregivers scored above the BDI clinical cut-off for depression. Analysis of variance revealed that caregivers with elevated BDI scores had higher child behaviour problem and escape-avoidance coping scores, and lower social support and parent self-efficacy, compared with caregivers without depressive symptoms. Caregivers with children who had DD for unknown reasons had higher BDI scores than caregivers of the other two groups of children. Regression analyses showed that child behaviour problems, escape-avoidance coping strategies and social support predicted caregiver BDI scores, but caregiver self-efficacy only did so when entered independently of social support. Only social support mediated and (marginally) moderated the relationship between child behaviour problems and caregiver depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that early intervention programmes should carefully consider the interaction of child characteristics (e.g. Diagnosis and behaviour problems), caregiver resources (e.g. coping strategies and social support), and parental mental health and mood when planning and tailoring services for families of children with or at risk for DD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St Catherines, ON, Canada. mfeldman@brocku.ca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serbin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Secco
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors