title: Combining clinical factors and quantitative ultrasound improves the detection of women both at low and high risk for hip fracture.
abstract: We hypothesized that combining clinical risk factors (CRF) with the heel stiffness index (SI) measured via quantitative ultrasound (QUS) would improve the detection of women both at low and high risk for hip fracture. Categorizing women by risk score improved the specificity of detection to 42.4%, versus 33.8% using CRF alone and 38.4% using the SI alone. This combined CRF-SI score could be used wherever and whenever DXA is not readily accessible.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Several strategies have been proposed to identify women at high risk for osteoporosis-related fractures; we wanted to investigate whether combining clinical risk factors (CRF) and heel QUS parameters could provide a more accurate tool to identify women at both low and high risk for hip fracture than either CRF or QUS alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We pooled two Caucasian cohorts, EPIDOS and SEMOF, into a large database named "EPISEM", in which 12,064 women, 70 to 100 years old, were analyzed. Amongst all the CRF available in EPISEM, we used only the ones which were statistically significant in a Cox multivariate model. Then, we constructed a risk score, by combining the QUS-derived heel stiffness index (SI) and the following seven CRF: patient age, body mass index (BMI), fracture history, fall history, diabetes history, chair-test results, and past estrogen treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the composite SI-CRF score, 42% of the women who did not report a hip fracture were found to be at low risk at baseline, and 57% of those who subsequently sustained a fracture were at high risk. Using the SI alone, corresponding percentages were 38% and 52%; using CRF alone, 34% and 53%. The number of subjects in the intermediate group was reduced from 5,400 (including 112 hip fractures) and 5,032 (including 111 hip fractures) to 4,549 (including 100 including fractures) for the CRF and QUS alone versus the combination score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining clinical risk factors to heel bone ultrasound appears to correctly identify more women at low risk for hip fracture than either the stiffness index or the CRF alone; it improves the detection of women both at low and high risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Durosier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hans
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Krieg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruffieux
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornuz
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Meunier
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schott
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012008:Recurrence; D014463:Ultrasonography