title: Long-term effects of levetiracetam and topiramate in clinical practice: A head-to-head comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two of the most commonly prescribed new antiepileptic drugs as add-on therapy for patients with chronic refractory epilepsies are topiramate and levetiracetam. In regulatory trials, both drugs were characterized as very promising new antiepileptic drugs. However, results from these highly controlled short-term clinical trials cannot simply be extrapolated to everyday clinical practice, also because head-to-head comparisons are lacking. Therefore, results from long-term open label observational studies that compare two or more new AEDs are crucial to determine the long-term performance of competing new antiepileptic drugs in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed all patients referred to a tertiary epilepsy centre who had been treated with topiramate from the introduction of the drug in spring 1993 up to a final assessment point mid-2002 and all patients who had been treated with LEV in the same centre from the introduction of the drug in early 2001 up to a final assessment point end-2003 using a medical information system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and one patients were included for levetiracetam and 429 patients for TPM. Retention rate after 1 year was 65.6% for LEV-treated patients and 51.7% for TPM-treated patients (p=0.0015). Similarly, retention rates for LEV were higher at the 24-month mark: 45.8% of LEV-treated patients and 38.3% of TPM-treated patients were still continuing treatment (p=0.0046). Adverse events led to drug discontinuation in 21.9% of TPM-treated patients compared to 6.0% of LEV-treated patients (p<0.001). The number of patients discontinuing treatment because of lack of efficacy was similar for both groups. Seizure freedom rates varied between 11.6 and 20.0% for TPM and between 11.1 and 14.3% for LEV per 6-months interval. Several important AED specific adverse events leading to drug discontinuation were identified, including neurocognitive side effects from TPM and mood disorders from LEV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The retention rate for LEV is significantly higher than for TPM. LEV had a more favourable side effect profile than TPM with comparable efficacy. Patients on TPM discontinued treatment mainly because of neurocognitive side effects. In the treatment with LEV, the effects on mood must not be underestimated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands. BootsmaHP@kempenhaeghe.nl
authors.forename: H P R
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Bootsma
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ricker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diepman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hulsman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lambrechts
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leenen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majoie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schellekens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Krom
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Aldenkamp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010889:Piracetam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D000077236:Topiramate
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000077236:Topiramate; D005632:Fructose; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam