title: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as a growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor in grass carp: II. Solution structure of a brain-specific PACAP by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional studies on GH release and gene expression.
abstract: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been proposed to be the ancestral GHRH. Recently, using grass carp as a model for modern-day bony fish, we demonstrated that PACAP nerve fibers are present in close proximity to carp somatotrophs, and mammalian PACAPs can induce GH secretion in carp pituitary cells. To further examine the role of PACAP as a GH-releasing factor in fish, the structural identity of grass carp PACAP was established by molecular cloning. The newly cloned PACAP was found to be a single-copy gene and expressed in the brain but not other tissues. The mature peptides of PACAP, namely PACAP(27) and PACAP(38), were synthesized. As revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, carp PACAP(38) is composed of a flexible N terminal from His(1) to Ile(5), an extended central helix from Phe(6) to Val(26), and a short helical tail in the C terminal from Arg(29) to Arg(34). The C-terminal helix is located after a hinge region at Leu(27) to Gly(28) and is absent in the solution structures of PACAP(27). The two forms of PACAPs were effective in elevating GH release and GH transcript expression in grass carp pituitary cells. These stimulatory effects occurred with parallel rises in cAMP and Ca(2+) entry via voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels in carp somatotrophs. The present study represents the first report for solution structures of nonmammalian PACAPs and provides evidence that a brain-specific isoform of PACAP in fish can stimulate GH synthesis and release at the pituitary level, presumably by activating the appropriate postreceptor signaling mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Kong Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yinhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mulan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Anderson O L
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002347:Carps / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone / Q000502:physiology*; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013006:Growth Hormone; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D002118:Calcium