title: Patterns of subjective memory impairment in the elderly: association with memory performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association of subjective memory impairment (SMI) with cognitive performance in healthy elderly subjects is poor because of confounds such as depression. However, SMI is also a predictor for future dementia. Thus, there is a need to identify subtypes of SMI that are particularly related to inferior memory performance and may represent at-risk stages for cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2389 unimpaired subjects were recruited from the German Study on Ageing, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe), as part of the German Competence Network on Dementia. Clusters of SMI according to patterns of response to SMI questions were identified. Gender, age, depressive symptoms, apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype, delayed recall and verbal fluency were included in a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis to identify discriminators between the clusters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified three clusters. Cluster 1 contained subjects without memory complaints. Cluster 2 contained subjects with general memory complaints, but mainly without memory complaints on individual tasks of daily living. Cluster 3 contained subjects with general memory complaints and complaints on individual tasks of daily living. Depressive symptoms, as the first-level discriminator, distinguished between clusters 1 and 2 versus cluster 3. In subjects with only a few depressive symptoms, delayed recall discriminated between cluster 1 versus clusters 2 and 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In SMI subjects with only a minor number of depressive symptoms, memory complaints are associated with delayed recall. As delayed recall is a sensitive predictor for future cognitive decline, SMI may be the first manifestation of future dementia in elderly subjects without depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Jessen@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jessen
authors.forename: Birgitt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiese
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cvetanovska
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaduszkiewicz
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kölsch
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luck
authors.forename: Edelgard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mösch
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pentzek
authors.forename: Steffi G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Riedel-Heller
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Werle
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weyerer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bickel
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011939:Mental Recall; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D014706:Verbal Learning
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E