title: Mast cell stabilization reduces hemorrhage formation and mortality after administration of thrombolytics in experimental ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) improves stroke outcome, but hemorrhagic complications and reperfusion injury occasionally impede favorable prognosis after vessel recanalization. Perivascularly located cerebral mast cells (MCs) release on degranulation potent vasoactive, proteolytic, and fibrinolytic substances. We previously found MCs to increase ischemic and hemorrhagic brain edema and neutrophil accumulation. This study examined the role of MCs in tPA-mediated hemorrhage formation (HF) and reperfusion injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to tPA in vitro induced strong MC degranulation. In vivo experiments in a focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model in rats showed 70- to 100-fold increase in HF after postischemic tPA administration (P<0.001). Pharmacological MC stabilization with cromoglycate led to significant reduction in tPA-mediated HF at 3 (97%), 6 (76%), and 24 hours (96%) compared with controls (P<0.01, P<0.001, and P<0.01, respectively). Furthermore, genetically modified MC-deficient rats showed similarly robust reduction of tPA-mediated HF at 6 (92%) and 24 (89%) hours compared with wild-type littermates (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). MC stabilization and MC deficiency also significantly reduced other hallmarks of reperfusion injury, such as brain swelling and neutrophil infiltration. These effects of cromoglycate and MC deficiency translated into significantly better neurological outcome (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively) and lower mortality (P<0.05 and P<0.05, respectively) after 24 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCs appear to play an important role in HF and reperfusion injury after tPA administration. Pharmacological stabilization of MCs could offer a novel type of therapy to improve the safety of administration of thrombolytics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strbian
authors.forename: Marja-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Karjalainen-Lindsberg
authors.forename: Petri T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Kovanen
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tatlisumak
authors.forename: Perttu J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lindsberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator