title: Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of bevirimat, a novel inhibitor of HIV maturation, in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bevirimat [3-O-(3',3'-dimethylsuccinyl)-betulinic acid] is a novel inhibitor of HIV-1 maturation. This study was performed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety of bevirimat during repeated dosing in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a 10-day, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose escalation study. A total of 48 healthy male volunteers, aged 19-54 years, took part in the study. Treatment was administered for 10 days in six escalating dose cohorts (n = 8 in each cohort; 6 bevirimat, 2 placebo). The doses of bevirimat given in each successive cohort were 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg (with 150 mg loading dose), 100 mg, 150 mg and 200mg. Safety follow-up was performed 28 days after the first dose. PHARMACOKINETIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Plasma bevirimat levels were measured from blood samples collected pre-dose on days 1-10 and then at approximately 48-hour intervals until 21 days after dosing started. On days 1 and 10, further blood samples were obtained at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours after dosing. Urine samples were collected in the morning on days 1, 5 and 11 and at the end of the study for the measurement of cortisol and 6beta-hydroxycortisol. The pharmacokinetic parameters of bevirimat were estimated using non-compartmental methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dose proportionality of exposure to bevirimat, assessed by the maximum plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean terminal elimination half-life of bevirimat ranged from 56.3 to 69.5 hours, and the mean clearance ranged from 173.9 to 185.8 mL/hour. Bevirimat showed approximately 4-fold greater accumulation on day 10 compared with day 1, and the degree of accumulation was similar with all doses. Maximum plasma concentrations ranged from 8 to 58 microg/mL at day 10. Testing for dose-proportionality showed that exposure to bevirimat was proportional to the dose, both after a single dose and after repeat dosing for 10 days. Measurement of the urinary 6beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio indicated that bevirimat did not affect cytochrome P450 3A activity. Repeated dosing with bevirimat for 10 days was well tolerated. There was no increase in adverse events observed for bevirimat compared with placebo, and no serious adverse events occurred. No clinically relevant changes in vital signs, physical examination or clinical laboratory evaluations were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bevirimat shows dose-proportional pharmacokinetics during repeated dosing for 10 days. Its accumulation is approximately 4-fold greater on day 10 compared with day 1. Repeated dosing with bevirimat is well tolerated. These properties make bevirimat potentially suitable for inclusion in highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens.
authors.affiliation: Drug Development, Panacos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877, USA. dmartin@panacos.com
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doto
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ballow
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D006207:Half-Life; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D013386:Succinates / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013997:Time Factors; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D013386:Succinates; D014315:Triterpenes; C001380:6 beta-hydroxycortisol; C479935:bevirimat; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes