title: Nonprescription medication purchases and the role of pharmacists as healthcare workers in self-medication in Istanbul.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Turkey, some drugs can be purchased from pharmacists without a prescription and there is no legal classification corresponding to the international term "over-the-counter drugs". The purpose of this study was to identify these non-prescribed drugs and to define the role of pharmacists in their sale and their use in primary healthcare.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was carried out in Istanbul between December 1, 2003, and August 31, 2004. Seventy-three of the 901 pharmacies in two districts of Istanbul were chosen with systematic sampling, and information concerning drug sales and pharmacists' behavior regarding primary healthcare services was collected by observations as well as by interviews with the pharmacists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study demonstrated that 41% of the drugs sold were non-prescribed. In pharmacies remote from healthcare institutions, remote from district centers, and in the summer seasons, the rates of non-prescribed drug sales were higher than those of prescribed drugs (Chi(2)=10.5, d.f.=1, p=0.001; Chi(2)=62.8, d.f.=1, p=0.0001; Chi(2)=23.4, d.f.=1, p=0.0001). The pharmacists stated that aside from drug sales, consumers visited them to consult about drugs, to get information on their health status, and to learn about family planning (78.1%, 72.1%, and 72.6% of the pharmacists, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extensive sale of non-prescribed drugs as a response to public demand, including those used for serious illnesses, has been observed in private pharmacies in Istanbul. The role of pharmacies and pharmacists in primary healthcare should be discussed more thoroughly and redefined on a legal basis.
authors.affiliation: Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey. hulyagul@istanbul.edu.tr
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gül
authors.forename: Gülden
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Omurtag
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Ayfer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tozan
authors.forename: Sevda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role; D012621:Seasons; D012651:Self Medication; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations