title: A phase II trial of thalidomide in patients with refractory leiomyosarcoma of the uterus and correlation with biomarkers of angiogenesis: a gynecologic oncology group study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of thalidomide in previously treated, measurable, persistent or recurrent leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of the uterus, and to explore associations between angiogenic markers and treatment or clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible, consenting patients were treated until disease progression or toxicity intervened with daily starting dose of 200 mg thalidomide/day that was increased by 200 mg every 2 weeks to a target dose of 1000 mg/day. End-points included progression-free survival (PFS)>or=6 months, toxicity, response, PFS and survival. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) were evaluated in pre- and post-treatment serum and plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 30 enrolled patients, one was ineligible (wrong histology). Median age was 56 years. Among 29 eligible patients, seven reached the target dose and only two received more than 4 cycles. Two patients (7%) experienced PFS>or=6 months. There were no objective responses, seven (24%) had stable disease, 19 (66%) progressed and 3 (10%) were not evaluable for response. Median PFS was 1.9 months and median overall survival was 8.3 months. Grade 4 AEs were not observed. The most common grade 3 AEs were neurologic (6), pulmonary (4) and constitutional (3). Treatment with thalidomide was associated with a significant decrease in plasma bFGF (p=0.008) and serum sEPCR (p=0.006), but not in plasma VEGF. Plasma VEGF was associated with increased risk of progression (hazard ratio [HR]=3.5; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.5-7.8; p=0.003) and death (HR=4.7; 95% CI=1.6-13.8; p=0.005) after adjusting for GOG performance status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thalidomide was not active in patients with uterine LMS and did not alter VEGF concentration. The association between pretreatment VEGF and prognosis in this population supports further evaluation of anti-angiogenic therapies in uterine LMS.
authors.affiliation: University of Oklahoma, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Health Sciences Center, OB/GYN, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, and Department of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. scott-mcmeekin@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: D Scott
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: McMeekin
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Sill
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Darcy
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stearns-Kurosawa
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waggoner
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benbrook
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000074283:Endothelial Protein C Receptor; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007890:Leiomyosarcoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D015703:Antigens, CD; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D000074283:Endothelial Protein C Receptor; C478370:PROCR protein, human; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D013792:Thalidomide