title: Field evaluation of different insecticide use strategies as resistance management and control tactics for Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
abstract: Various insecticide use strategies including rotations, sequential use, and mixtures were evaluated experimentally on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in California and Arizona (U.S.A.) cotton fields. Toxicological responses of adult B. tabaci were measured along with preimaginal densities and cotton yields from plots subjected to different insecticide regimens. Weekly monitoring for susceptibility changes over ten consecutive weeks in four different trials failed to detect significant differences between sequential use and rotation regimens, nor in comparison to the control plots. There were, however, significant differences among study-site locations and between study years as well as significant within-season time effects. Relative infestations in insecticide-treated plots expressed as a percentage of preimaginal densities in control plots indicated that better control was obtained by all insecticide treatments in conjunction with higher susceptibility levels observed in the second year. Lower preimaginal densities of B. tabaci were measured in the rotation treatment in comparison to sequential treatments of endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, or amitraz, but all were less effective than sequential treatments of bifenthrin or the mixture of bifenthrin + endosulfan. Cotton lint yields were inversely related to B. tabaci densities, with highest yields in the bifenthrin and mixture plots and lowest yields in the control plots. Suppression of B. tabaci infestations in insecticide-treated plots relative to untreated control plots also improved under conditions of lower B. tabaci pressure. The increases in cotton yield and susceptibility to insecticides seen in the current study support the trend observed in the southwestern USA of improved management of B. tabaci despite continuing intensive use of insecticides.
authors.affiliation: Western Cotton Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 4135 East Broadway Road, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA. scastle@wcrl.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Toscano
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prabhaker
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Henneberry
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Palumbo
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001130:Arizona; D002140:California; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000633:toxicity; D003368:Gossypium / Q000254:growth & development; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D011156:Population Density; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D012621:Seasons; D014052:Toluidines / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014052:Toluidines; C014983:amitraz; C099952:bifenthrin; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D004726:Endosulfan