title: Bronchial artery embolization in the treatment of massive hemoptysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of bronchial arteriography and bronchial artery embolization (BAE) in the management of massive hemoptysis in a developing Asian country.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was carried out from March 2000 to March 2005 to evaluate the demographics, clinical presentation, radiographic studies, bronchoscopy results, and complications of bronchial arteriography and BAE at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients (9 males, 5 females) with a mean age of 49 years underwent bronchial arteriography and BAE for massive hemoptysis. Hemoptysis was caused by bronchiectasis (10 patients), active pulmonary tuberculosis (3 patients), and lung malignancy (one patient). A CT scan of the chest was carried out in 11 patients, which revealed bronchiectasis (8 patients), cavity with infiltrates (3 patients), and mass lesion (one patient). Bronchoscopy was performed in all patients. Bleeding lobe or segment was identified in 12 patients. Bronchial arteriography revealed hypervascularity (13 patients), bronchial artery hypertrophy (5 patients), hypervascularity with shunting (one patient), dense soft tissue staining (7 patients), extravasation of contrast (one patient) and pseudoaneurysm (one patient). Bronchial artery embolization was carried out in all patients. Rebleeding occurred within 24 hours in 2 patients who underwent surgery, and within one week in another 2 patients who were managed with repeat BAE. The complication of embolization occurred in one patient (transverse myelitis). Thirteen patients improved and were discharged home. One patient with terminal lung carcinoma died due to cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bronchial artery embolization is an effective method for management of massive hemoptysis in developing countries and has a low complication rate.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi 74800, Pakistan. ali.zubairi@aku.edu
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bin Sarwar Zubairi
authors.lastname: Tanveer-ul-Haq
authors.forename: Kulsoom
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fatima
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azeemuddin
authors.forename: Muhammad Atif
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zubairi
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irfan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001981:Bronchial Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome