title: Control of Clostridium perfringens spores by green tea leaf extracts during cooling of cooked ground beef, chicken, and pork.
abstract: We investigated the inhibition of Clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by two green tea extracts with low (green tea leaf powder [GTL]; 141 mg of total catechins per g of green tea extract) and high (green tea leaf extract [GTE]; 697 mg of total catechins per g of extract) catechin levels during abusive chilling of retail cooked ground beef, chicken, and pork. Green tea extracts were mixed into the thawed beef, chicken, and pork at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% (wt/ wt), along with a heat-activated (75 degrees C for 20 min) three-strain spore cocktail to obtain a final concentration of approximately 3 log spores per g. Samples (5 g) of the ground beef, chicken, and pork were then vacuum packaged and cooked to 71 degrees C for 1 h in a temperature-controlled water bath. Thereafter, the products were cooled from 54.4 to 7.2 degrees C in 12, 15, 18, or 21 h, resulting in significant increases (P < 0.05) in the germination and outgrowth of C. perfringens populations in the ground beef, chicken, and pork control samples without GTL or GTE. Supplementation with 0.5 to 2% levels of GTL did not inhibit C. perfringens growth from spores. In contrast, the addition of 0.5 to 2% levels of GTE to beef, chicken, and pork resulted in a concentration-and time-dependent inhibition of C. perfringens growth from spores. At a 2% level of GTE, a significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of growth occurred at all chill rates for cooked ground beef, chicken, and pork. These results suggest that widely consumed catechins from green tea can reduce the potential risk of C. perfringens spore germination and outgrowth during abusive cooling from 54.4 to 7.2 degrees C in 12, 15, 18, or 21 h of cooling for ground beef, chicken, and pork.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA. vijay.juneja@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Juneja
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bari
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inatsu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: Mendel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003296:Cooking; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008461:Meat Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000254:growth & development; D013552:Swine; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005520:Food Preservatives; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013662:Tea