title: Blood pressure biofeedback exerts intermediate-term effects on blood pressure and pressure reactivity in individuals with mild hypertension: a randomized controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This randomized controlled study examined whether a 4-week blood pressure (BP) biofeedback program can reduce BP and BP reactivity to stress in participants with mild hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the active biofeedback group (n=20) were trained in 4 weekly laboratory sessions to self-regulate their BP with continuous BP feedback signals, whereas participants in the sham biofeedback group (n=18) were told to manipulate their BP without feedback signals. BP, skin temperature, skin conductance, BP reactivity to stress, body weight, and state anxiety were assessed before training and repeated at the eighth week after the training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The decreases in systolic (12.6 +/- 8.8 versus 4.1 +/- 5.7) and mean BP (8.2 +/- 6.9 versus 3.3 +/- 4.9) from baseline at week 12 follow-up were significantly greater in the active biofeedback group compared with the sham biofeedback group (p=0.001 and 0.017, respectively). Results from analysis of covariance with the follow-up systolic blood pressure (SBP) (or mean arterial pressure [MAP]) as the dependent variable, baseline SBP (or MAP) as the covariate, and group as the independent variable showed that biofeedback training effectively lowered SBP and MAP (p=0.013 and 0.026, respectively). The pre-to-post differences in skin conductance and SBP reactivity were statistically significant for the biofeedback group (p=0.005 and 0.01, respectively), but not for the control group. For the sample as a whole and for the biofeedback group, the state anxiety score and body weight remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BP biofeedback exerts a specific treatment effect in reducing BP in individuals with mild hypertension, possibly through reducing pressor reactivity to stress.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. ptsai@tmu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Pei-Shan
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Nen-Chung
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Wen-Yin
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Pi-Hsia
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mei-Yeh
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome