Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species.
Recent research in nitrogen exchange with the atmosphere has separated research communities according to N form. The integrated perspective needed to quantify the net effect of N on greenhouse-gas balance is being addressed by the NitroEurope Integrated Project (NEU). Recent advances have depended on improved methodologies, while ongoing challenges include gas-aerosol interactions, organic nitrogen and N(2) fluxes. The NEU strategy applies a 3-tier Flux Network together with a Manipulation Network of global-change experiments, linked by common protocols to facilitate model application. Substantial progress has been made in modelling N fluxes, especially for N(2)O, NO and bi-directional NH(3) exchange. Landscape analysis represents an emerging challenge to address the spatial interactions between farms, fields, ecosystems, catchments and air dispersion/deposition. European up-scaling of N fluxes is highly uncertain and a key priority is for better data on agricultural practices. Finally, attention is needed to develop N flux verification procedures to assess compliance with international protocols.
Sutton
M A
MA
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK. ms@ceh.ac.uk
Nemitz
E
E
Erisman
J W
JW
Beier
C
C
Bahl
K Butterbach
KB
Cellier
P
P
de Vries
W
W
Cotrufo
F
F
Skiba
U
U
Di Marco
C
C
Jones
S
S
Laville
P
P
Soussana
J F
JF
Loubet
B
B
Twigg
M
M
Famulari
D
D
Whitehead
J
J
Gallagher
M W
MW
Neftel
A
A
Flechard
C R
CR
Herrmann
B
B
Calanca
P L
PL
Schjoerring
J K
JK
Daemmgen
U
U
Horvath
L
L
Tang
Y S
YS
Emmett
B A
BA
Tietema
A
A
Peñuelas
J
J
Kesik
M
M
Brueggemann
N
N
Pilegaard
K
K
Vesala
T
T
Campbell
C L
CL
Olesen
J E
JE
Dragosits
U
U
Theobald
M R
MR
Levy
P
P
Mobbs
D C
DC
Milne
R
R
Viovy
N
N
Vuichard
N
N
Smith
J U
JU
Smith
P
P
Bergamaschi
P
P
Fowler
D
D
Reis
S
S
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001272:Atmosphere; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005060:Europe; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D008956:Models, Chemical; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
D000393:Air Pollutants; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds