title: The effect of low-dose aspirin on the decreased risk of development of dyspepsia and gastrointestinal ulcers associated to cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and ulcers associated to the use of low-dose aspirin (ASA) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) treated with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) drugs, to clarify the controversy in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a longitudinal databank, a prospective study using Cox proportional hazards models was performed in patients receiving COX-2 therapy for RA or OA to examine the effect of ASA on GI events. In 4 separate analyses patients reported dyspeptic symptoms and GI ulcers at semiannual intervals for up to 3 years. Ulcers were validated by review of medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 4240 patients taking COX-2-specific inhibitors, with no ulcer at study start, the age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios for the effect of ASA on the development of epigastric pain, heartburn, nausea, and ulcers, without these previous events, were 1.11 (95% CI 0.97-1.29), 1.00 (95% CI 0.88-1.15), 1.32 (95% CI 1.13-1.54), and 1.27 (95% CI 0.78-2.05). The use of a propensity score to account for the risk of ASA prescription showed an even lower effect of ASA among all GI variables. This risk occurs within the setting of no prior GI symptoms or GI events, and independently of the use of proton pump inhibitors, other GI drugs, other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, prednisone, or methotrexate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In actual practice, the use of low-dose ASA has a small effect on the risk of developing dyspeptic symptoms in a group of patients with rheumatic disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ebenitogarcia@bioepi.com
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benito-Garcia
authors.forename: Kaleb
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin