title: Corn fiber oil and sitostanol decrease cholesterol absorption independently of intestinal sterol transporters in hamsters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the cholesterol-lowering mechanisms of corn fiber oil (CFO), ferulate phytostanyl esters (FPEs) and parent compounds of FPE, including sitostanol and ferulic acid, in hamsters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy male Golden Syrian hamsters were randomly assigned to six experimental diets for 4 weeks: (1) cornstarch-casein-sucrose-based control diet (control); and (2) control diet plus 0.1% (wt/wt) cholesterol (cholesterol-control). The remaining four groups were given cholesterol-control diet with: (3) 10% (wt/wt) CFO; (4) 0.5% (wt/wt) sitostanol; (5) 0.23% (wt/wt) ferulic acid; and (6) 0.73% (wt/wt) FPE. At the end of dietary intervention, total plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined. Parameters of cholesterol kinetics, including cholesterol absorption and synthesis, as well as mRNA expression of sterol transporters such as Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1), ATP-binding cassette G5 (ABCG5) and ABCG8, were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supplementation with CFO decreased (P<.0001) plasma total cholesterol levels by 29% as compared with the cholesterol-control group, while FPE and sitostanol reduced (P<.02) cholesterolemia by 15% and 14%, respectively. CFO and sitostanol decreased (P<.05) cholesterol absorption by 24% compared to the cholesterol-control group. Dietary intervention did not alter the intestinal gene expression of ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results show that the CFO-induced and sitostanol-induced decrease in cholesterol absorption is independent of intestinal enterocyte sterol transporters such as ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1 in hamsters.
authors.affiliation: School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ebine
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Amira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kassis
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marinangeli
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beech
authors.forename: Kevin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kubow
authors.forename: Peter J H
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D003314:Corn Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006224:Cricetinae; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000494:pharmacology; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013261:Sterols / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D010840:Phytosterols; D012855:Sitosterols; D013261:Sterols; D003314:Corn Oil; D002784:Cholesterol; C004999:ferulic acid; C021255:stigmastanol