title: Proteinuria lowers the risk of amphotericin B-associated hypokalaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity is frequent, severe and associated with an increased risk of death. Patients with underlying renal disease are considered to be at high risk for amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. Amphotericin B is a molecule that is highly protein bound over a wide range of protein and drug concentrations, including those seen in patients with >or= 3 + proteinuria. We hypothesized that amphotericin B treatment in patients with proteinuria will be associated with less hypokalaemia than patients with non-proteinuric renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six subjects who received amphotericin B deoxycholate were studied retrospectively. Twenty-five patients with proteinuria < 3 g/L and 11 with proteinuria >or= 3 g/L were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypokalaemia (K+ < 3.5 mmol/L) developed in 47.2% (17/36) of our cohort of patients. There was a 64% (16/25) incidence of hypokalaemia in the group with < 3 g/L of proteinuria in contrast to an incidence of 9.1% (1/11) in the other group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, heavy proteinuria appears to protect the tubular luminal membrane by decreasing the luminal concentration of free drug available to bind with the membrane. Our findings redefine the patient population deemed to be at risk of developing amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. This ensures the benefit of this important antifungal treatment option to patients with heavy proteinuria who might otherwise not be administered this drug due to the presence of pre-existing kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Harlem Hospital Center, Columbia, University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 506 Lenox Avenue, Room 12101, New York, NY 10037, USA. sm2206@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Saud
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alimohammadi
authors.forename: Manasvi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaitly
authors.forename: Jen-Tse
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Velvie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Pogue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000652:urine*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B