title: Older elite football players have reduced cardiac and osteoporosis risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aging with a sedentary lifestyle is associated with increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether former professional football athleticism would be associated with reduced risk factors for CVD and osteoporosis, and higher muscle mass in later life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), body composition, and lipid and glucose risk factors for CVD were compared between 16 older former professional football players and never-athletic men matched for age, body mass index, current physical activity, and race. Regional bone mineral density of the football players was compared with age-matched reference norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite greater physical activity into middle age, the former football players had similar VO2max as the controls. Former football players had 26% lower total-body fat mass, 26% lower visceral adipose tissue area, and 13% higher muscle mass compared with the controls (P < 0.05). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were 37% higher (P < 0.001), HDL2-C levels were fourfold higher (P < 0.001), and triglycerides were 31% lower (P < 0.05) in the former football players than the controls. The former football players also had 20% and 6% higher total-body bone mineral content and density than the controls (P < 0.05) and higher lumbar spine, femoral neck, and greater trochanter bone mineral density than similar age-referenced norms (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elite athlete physical activity status in young adulthood, and remaining physically active in middle age, may confer body composition changes that are sustained in older adulthood. In this small sample of older men, former successful professional athletes who remained physically active in middle age have a favorable body composition and reduced risk factors for CVD and osteoporosis compared with healthy age- and BMI-matched older men.
authors.affiliation: Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Alice S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Leslie I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Katzel
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001769:Blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States