title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vildagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor currently under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and tolerability of vildagliptin at doses of 10 mg, 25 mg and 100 mg twice daily following oral administration in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, four-period, crossover study. Patients received vildagliptin 10 mg, 25 mg and 100 mg as well as placebo twice daily for 28 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vildagliptin was absorbed rapidly (median time to reach maximum concentration 1 hour) and had a mean terminal elimination half-life ranging from 1.32 to 2.43 hours. The peak concentration and total exposure increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner. Vildagliptin inhibited DPP-4 (>90%) at all doses and demonstrated a dose-dependent effect on the duration of inhibition. The areas under the plasma concentration-time curves of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) [p < 0.001] and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) [p < 0.001] were increased whereas postprandial glucagon was significantly reduced at the 25 mg (p = 0.006) and 100mg (p = 0.005) doses compared with placebo. As compared with placebo treatment, mean plasma glucose concentrations were decreased by 1.4 mmol/L with the vildagliptin 25 mg dosing regimen and by 2.5 mmol/L with the 100 mg dosing regimen, corresponding to a 10% and 19% reduction, respectively. Vildagliptin was generally well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vildagliptin is likely to be a useful therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes based on the inhibition of DPP-4 and the subsequent increase in incretin hormones, GLP-1 and GIP, and the decrease in glucose and glucagon levels.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-3584, USA. yanling.he@novartis.com
authors.forename: Yan-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Yibin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Joelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campestrini
authors.forename: Gilles-Jacques
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Riviere
authors.forename: Carolyn F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Sherwyn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Jace C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ligueros-Saylan
mesh_terms: D000218:Adamantane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009570:Nitriles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000077597:Vildagliptin; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D009570:Nitriles; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000077597:Vildagliptin; D000218:Adamantane