title: Cholesterol regulates prostasome release from secretory lysosomes in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Prostasomes are vesicles secreted by epithelial cells of the prostate gland. However, little is known about the mechanism and the regulation of prostasome secretion. Since endocytic organelles may be involved in prostasome release, PC-3-derived prostasomes were investigated by Western blot analysis for the presence of marker proteins normally associated with these organelles. Prostasomes secreted by PC-3 cells contain clathrin, Tsg101, Hrs, Rab11, Rab5, LAMP-1, LAMP-2, LAMP-3/CD63, and annexin II. Moreover, electron microscopy of PC-3 cells revealed the presence of characteristic multivesicular body-like secretory lysosomes containing vesicles with the same size-distribution as released prostasomes. Ultrastructural immunogold labelling showed that LAMP-1, LAMP-2 and LAMP-3/CD63 were associated with these vesicles. In addition, we have investigated whether cholesterol plays a role in prostasome release by the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Interestingly, prostasome release was significantly increased when the cholesterol levels of PC-3 cells were reduced by the cholesterol-sequestering agent methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD), or by treatment with lovastatin and mevalonate. In conclusion, these studies indicate that cholesterol plays an important role in the release of prostasomes by the human prostate cancer PC-3 cells, and suggest that prostasomes may be released after fusion of secretory lysosomes with the plasma membrane.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty Division The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, N-0310 Oslo, Norway. aliciaml@rr-research.no
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llorente
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Deurs
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sandvig
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008798:Mevalonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C108732:methyl-beta-cyclodextrin; D002784:Cholesterol; D008148:Lovastatin; D008798:Mevalonic Acid