title: Reduced mortality: the unexpected impact of a telephone-based care management intervention for older adults in managed care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This analysis evaluated mortality over 24 months for Medicare managed care members who participated in the Care Advocate Program (CA Program) designed to link those with high health care utilization to home- and community-based services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data from the CA Program, part of the California HealthCare Foundation's Elders in Managed Care Initiative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized-control trial in which participants (N=781) were randomly assigned to intent-to-treat (ITT) and control groups. ITT group received telephonic social care management and 12 months of follow-up. Various multivariate analyses were used to evaluate mortality risk throughout multiple study periods controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and health care utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Older adults (65+) enrolled in a Medicare managed care plan who had high health care utilization in the previous year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ITT group had a significantly lower odds of mortality throughout the study (OR=0.55; p=.005) and during the care management intervention (OR=0.45; p=.006), whereas differential risk in the postintervention period was not statistically significant. Other significant predictors of mortality were age, gender, three chronic conditions (cancer, heart disease, and kidney disease), and emergency room utilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that the care advocate model of social care management affected mortality while the program was in progress, but not after completion of the intervention phase. Key model elements accounted for the findings, which include individualized targeting, assessment, and monitoring; consumer choice, control, and participant self-management; and bridging medical and social service delivery systems through direct linkages and communication.
authors.affiliation: Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
authors.forename: Gretchen E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Alkema
authors.forename: Kathleen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wilber
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006278:Medicare / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009026:Mortality; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D012737:Sex Factors; D013689:Telephone