title: Transcription factor NF-kappaB is transported to the nucleus via cytoplasmic dynein/dynactin motor complex in hippocampal neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term changes in synaptic plasticity require gene transcription, indicating that signals generated at the synapse must be transported to the nucleus. Synaptic activation of hippocampal neurons is known to trigger retrograde transport of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Transcription factors of the NF-kappaB family are widely expressed in the nervous system and regulate expression of several genes involved in neuroplasticity, cell survival, learning and memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we examine the role of the dynein/dynactin motor complex in the cellular mechanism targeting and transporting activated NF-kappaB to the nucleus in response to synaptic stimulation. We demonstrate that overexpression of dynamitin, which is known to dissociate dynein from microtubules, and treatment with microtubule-disrupting drugs inhibits nuclear accumulation of NF-kappaB p65 and reduces NF-kappaB-dependent transcription activity. In this line, we show that p65 is associated with components of the dynein/dynactin complex in vivo and in vitro and that the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) within NF-kappaB p65 is essential for this binding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows the molecular mechanism for the retrograde transport of activated NF-kappaB from distant synaptic sites towards the nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Neurobiochemie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
authors.forename: Ilja
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mikenberg
authors.forename: Darius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Widera
authors.forename: Aljoscha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaus
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaltschmidt
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaltschmidt
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D000072159:Dynactin Complex; D004398:Dyneins / Q000502:physiology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D028884:Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000502:physiology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D000072159:Dynactin Complex; D028884:Karyopherins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D004398:Dyneins