title: Morphologic study of the ascending aorta and aortic arch in hypoplastic left hearts: surgical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ascending aorta and aortic arch in patients with hypoplasia of the left heart are hypoplastic as a result of diminished blood flow. In this study, the presence and degree of obstruction owing to areas of narrowing or infolding within the diminutive aorta are quantified, and their surgical significance is discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-six specimens with hypoplasia of the left heart were studied and measurements were taken at specified sites to evaluate areas of narrowing. Quantitative assessments of infoldings and their contribution to obstruction of flow are made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Narrowing of the distal ascending aorta was found in 60 (62.5%) specimens, with a decrease in circumference of the distal ascending aorta (0.72 +/- 1.06 mm) present when compared with its midpoint (P < .05). Tissue infolding at the orifice of the brachiocephalic artery and its junction with the distal ascending aorta was observed in 56 (58.3%) hearts, with major infolding in 29 (30.2%) and minor infolding in 27 (28.5%). Tissue infolding at this site correlated with a smaller ascending aorta (P < .001) but not with narrowing in the distal ascending aorta (P = .53). Ductal coarctations were detected in 77 (81.1%) specimens. Their presence correlated with a smaller diameter of the ascending aorta (P < .05), and their severity correlated with the presence of aortic and mitral valvular atresia (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Important areas of obstruction in the ascending aorta in patients with hypoplasia of the left heart were found, and their pathogenesis is discussed. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating the ascending aorta into the aortic reconstruction at the time of initial palliation for patients with hypoplasia of the left heart.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. ailbawi@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: André M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ilbawi
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Spicer
authors.forename: Saroja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bharati
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001344:Autopsy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*