title: Transcriptional recapitulation and subversion of embryonic colon development by mouse colon tumor models and human colon cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expression of carcino-embryonic antigen by colorectal cancer is an example of oncogenic activation of embryonic gene expression. Hypothesizing that oncogenesis-recapitulating-ontogenesis may represent a broad programmatic commitment, we compared gene expression patterns of human colorectal cancers (CRCs) and mouse colon tumor models to those of mouse colon development embryonic days 13.5-18.5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report here that 39 colon tumors from four independent mouse models and 100 human CRCs encompassing all clinical stages shared a striking recapitulation of embryonic colon gene expression. Compared to normal adult colon, all mouse and human tumors over-expressed a large cluster of genes highly enriched for functional association to the control of cell cycle progression, proliferation, and migration, including those encoding MYC, AKT2, PLK1 and SPARC. Mouse tumors positive for nuclear beta-catenin shifted the shared embryonic pattern to that of early development. Human and mouse tumors differed from normal embryonic colon by their loss of expression modules enriched for tumor suppressors (EDNRB, HSPE, KIT and LSP1). Human CRC adenocarcinomas lost an additional suppressor module (IGFBP4, MAP4K1, PDGFRA, STAB1 and WNT4). Many human tumor samples also gained expression of a coordinately regulated module associated with advanced malignancy (ABCC1, FOXO3A, LIF, PIK3R1, PRNP, TNC, TIMP3 and VEGF).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-species, developmental, and multi-model gene expression patterning comparisons provide an integrated and versatile framework for definition of transcriptional programs associated with oncogenesis. This approach also provides a general method for identifying pattern-specific biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This delineation and categorization of developmental and non-developmental activator and suppressor gene modules can thus facilitate the formulation of sophisticated hypotheses to evaluate potential synergistic effects of targeting within- and between-modules for next-generation combinatorial therapeutics and improved mouse models.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
authors.forename: Sergio
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authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Young-Kyu
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authors.lastname: Eschrich
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authors.forename: Jeremy E
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authors.lastname: Kleimeyer
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authors.lastname: Kleimeyer
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authors.lastname: Ramaswamy
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authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Jonathan M
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authors.lastname: Doetschman
authors.forename: Joanna
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authors.lastname: Groden
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Dove
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Threadgill
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yeatman
authors.forename: Robert J
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authors.lastname: Coffey
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authors.lastname: Aronow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000196:embryology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin