title: Influence of physical fitness and smoking on the coagulation system in hypertensive patients: effect on prothrombin fragment F1+2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, prothrombin fragment F1+2 was shown to be a sensitive direct marker of thrombin formation. We examined the effect of lifestyle (including physical activity) on prothrombin fragment F1+2 levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the results of a questionnaire, the subjects were classified into groups on the basis of multiple medications, smoking, exercise, and drinking alcohol. The prothrombin fragment F1+2 levels were compared between each pair of groups and differences were analyzed using the unpaired t-test. Correlations between each parameter and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as with prothrombin fragment F1+2, were examined by multiple regression analysis. Patients The subjects were 109 patients who had essential hypertension without a past history of thrombotic events
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers (1.47 +/- 0.75 vs 0.98 +/- 0.46 nmol/L, p<0.0001), and those without regular exercise (1.22 +/- 0.59 vs 0.68 +/- 0.30 nmol/L, p<0.0001) had higher levels of prothrombin fragment F1+2. Age, lack of exercise, and smoking were significant predictors of a high concentration of prothrombin fragment F1+2. Of the smokers, the patient with a regular exercise had low F1+2 compared with those without regular exercise (0.75 +/- 0.20 vs 2.01 +/- 0.49 nmol/L, p<0.0001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with essential hypertension, age, smoking, and lack of regular exercise may increase the risk of thrombosis. Even in smokers, a regular exercise routine may reduce the tendency towards thrombus formation.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Section, Yokohama City Sports Medical Center, Yokohama. junagashima-circ@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Junzo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Musha
authors.forename: Hideomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Rikiya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fujimaki
authors.forename: Narumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishige
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aono
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murayama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C044183:prothrombin fragment 2; D011516:Prothrombin