title: Milk composition of three free-ranging African elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) cows during mid lactation.
abstract: Data are presented that indicate the dynamic changes of nutrients in milk from three free ranging African elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) cows during lactation. At the respective collection times of 12, 14 and 18 months of lactation the nutrient content was 47.3, 52.0 and 68.6 g protein; 60.7, 87.4 and 170.8 g fat; 1.6, 2.1 0.5 g lactose and 20.9, 21.5 and 8.6 g oligosaccharides per kg milk. The protein fraction respectively consisted of 18.0, 31.7 and 45.9 g caseins/kg milk and of 29.3, 20.3 and 22.7 g whey proteins/kg milk. Electrophoresis and identification of protein bands showed that polymorphs of one whey protein may be present in elephant's milk similar to polymorphs of alpha-lactalbumin found in cow's milk. From the middle of the lactation time lactose was replaced by oligosaccharides as major carbohydrate, and the major compound of these was identified as isoglobotriose by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The lipid fraction contains a high content, of capric and lauric acids, approximately 70% of the total fatty acids, and low content of myristic, palmitic and oleic acids. During these lactation times the content of short chain fatty acids, capric and caprylic acids increased, while fatty acids lauric acid and longer decreased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. OsthoffG.sci@ufs.ac.za
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Osthoff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Kamara
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D002364:Caseins / Q000032:analysis; D004606:Elephants; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D002364:Caseins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008894:Milk Proteins