title: Prediction of mode of death in heart failure: the Seattle Heart Failure Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prognosis and mode of death in heart failure patients are highly variable in that some patients die suddenly (often from ventricular arrhythmia) and others die of progressive failure of cardiac function (pump failure). Prediction of mode of death may facilitate decisions about specific medications or devices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM), a validated prediction model for total mortality in heart failure, to assess the mode of death in 10,538 ambulatory patients with New York Heart Association class II to IV heart failure and predominantly systolic dysfunction enrolled in 6 randomized trials or registries. During 16,735 person-years of follow-up, 2014 deaths occurred, which included 1014 sudden deaths and 684 pump-failure deaths. Compared with a SHFM score of 0, patients with a score of 1 had a 50% higher risk of sudden death, patients with a score of 2 had a nearly 3-fold higher risk, and patients with a score of 3 or 4 had a nearly 7-fold higher risk (P<0.001 for all comparisons; 1-year area under the receiver operating curve, 0.68). Stratification of risk of pump-failure death was even more pronounced, with a 4-fold higher risk with a score of 1, a 15-fold higher risk with a score of 2, a 38-fold higher risk with a score of 3, and an 88-fold higher risk with a score of 4 (P<0.001 for all comparisons; 1-year area under the receiver operating curve, 0.85). The proportion of deaths caused by sudden death versus pump-failure death decreased from a ratio of 7:1 with a SHFM score of 0 to a ratio of 1:2 with a SHFM score of 4 (P trend <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SHFM score provides information about the likely mode of death among ambulatory heart failure patients. Investigation is warranted to determine whether such information might predict responses to or cost-effectiveness of specific medications or devices in heart failure patients.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass, USA. dmozaffa@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mozaffarian
authors.forename: Stefan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: Inder
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Linker
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: John G F
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cleland
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Aldo P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Poole-Wilson
authors.forename: Wayne C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology