title: Breast milk: a source of bifidobacteria for infant gut development and maturation?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The establishment of gut microbiota is a stepwise process contributing to gut development and maturation of the immune system. Aberrant gut microbiota at an early age may predispose to disease later in life. Breast-fed infants harbor a characteristic intestinal microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess, using molecular techniques (PCR), whether human milk contains bifidobacteria and to determine the bifidobacterial species present.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of bifidobacteria in breast milk samples (n = 20) was qualitatively and quantitatively determined by using PCR and real-time PCR, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast milk samples contained bifidobacteria. Bifidobacterium longum was the most widely found species followed by Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium catenulatum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast milk contains bifidobacteria and specific Bifidobacterium species that may promote healthy microbiota development.
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods Forum and Departments, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. miguel.gueimonde@utu.fi
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gueimonde
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isolauri
mesh_terms: D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000254:growth & development; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction