title: Parallel two-channel near- and far-field fluorescence microscopy.
abstract: We report a new two-channel fluorescence microscopy technique for surface-generated fluorescence. The realized fluorescence microscope allows high resolution imaging of aqueous samples. The core element of the instrument is a parabolic mirror objective that is used to collect the fluorescence at large surface angles above the critical angle of the waterglass interface. An aspheric lens, incorporated into the solid parabolic element, is used for diffraction-limited laser focusing and for collecting fluorescence at low angles with respect to the optical axis. By separated collection of the fluorescence emitted into supercritical and subcritical angles, two detection volumes strongly differing in their axial resolution are generated at the surface of a glass cover slip. The collection of supercritical angle fluorescence (SAF) results in a strict surface confinement of the detection volume, whereas collecting below the critical angle allows gathering the fluorescence emitted several microns deep inside the sample. Consequently, the signals from surface-bound and unbound diffusing fluorescent molecules can be obtained simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: Universität Zürich, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dorinel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verdes
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruckstuhl
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seeger
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity