title: Reovirus infections associated with high mortality in psittaciformes in The Netherlands.
abstract: In The Netherlands between January 2002 and December 2004, numerous psittaciformes died showing severe splenomegaly and hepatomegaly with multifocal acute necrosis. At the start of the outbreaks mostly parakeets were affected, but later larger parrots were also involved. Seventy-eight birds showed the same features and six were examined completely, including a virological examination. Tests for polyomavirus, Pacheco's disease (herpesvirus) and circovirus psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) viruses and Chlamydophila psittaci were carried out. All results were negative, except for two cases of circovirus infection. Many concurrent bacterial and parasitic infections were seen. Immunohistochemistry revealed reovirus antigen in intralesional mononuclear cells, and reovirus-like particles could be observed by negative contrast electron microscopy. A reovirus was grown and the isolates reacted with polyclonal reovirus antiserum but did not react with monoclonal antibodies against chicken reovirus. The virus was therefore considered a psittacine reovirus. Because reoviruses were seen consistently, they seemed to be the most probable cause of the outbreaks. Climate, the introduction of new birds and the transportation of birds might be other factors involved in the disease seen in The Netherlands. No regional influence could be seen; therefore, we suggested that the virus might be widespread and carriers could be a source of re-introduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Pathology Division, Section of Diseases of Exotic Animals and Wildlife, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Judith M A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van den Brand
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manvell
authors.forename: Guntram
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Marja J L
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kik
authors.forename: Gerry M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dorrestein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011563:Psittaciformes / Q000821:virology*; D012087:Reoviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013154:Spleen / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors