title: Personality and mortality risk across the life span: the importance of conscientiousness as a biopsychosocial attribute.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study addressed whether personality in childhood and personality in adulthood are independent predictors of mortality risk and the extent to which behavioral and other psychosocial factors can explain observed relationships between personality and mortality risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 1,253 male and female Californians over 7 decades (1930-2000). Proportional hazards regressions were the principal analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality risk (in the form of relative hazards) was the primary outcome. Additional tests of mediators and moderators ascertained whether associations between personality and mortality risk remained significant when psychosocial and behavioral variables were statistically controlled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings, including a new 14-year additional follow-up in old age, revealed that conscientiousness, measured independently in childhood and adulthood, predicted mortality risk across the full life span. The link from childhood remained robust when adult conscientiousness and certain behavioral variables were controlled. Psychosocial and behavioral variables partly explained the adult conscientiousness-longevity association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings demonstrate the utility and complexity of modern personality concepts in understanding health and point to conscientiousness as a key underexplored area for future biopsychosocial studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA 92515-8247, USA. Lmartin@Lasierra.edu
authors.forename: Leslie R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Howard S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002605:Character; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D003242:Conscience; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009026:Mortality; D010551:Personality / Q000145:classification*; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010553:Personality Development; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors