title: The urban decline of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus): a possible link with electromagnetic radiation.
abstract: During recent decades, there has been a marked decline of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) population in the United Kingdom and in several western European countries. The aims of this study were to determine whether the population is also declining in Spain and to evaluate the hypothesis that electromagnetic radiation (microwaves) from phone antennae is correlated with the decline in the sparrow population. Between October 2002 and May 2006, point transect sampling was performed at 30 points during 40 visits to Valladolid, Spain. At each point, we carried out counts of sparrows and measured the mean electric field strength (radiofrequencies and microwaves: 1 MHz-3 GHz range). Significant declines (P = 0.0037) were observed in the mean bird density over time, and significantly low bird density was observed in areas with high electric field strength. The logarithmic regression of the mean bird density vs. field strength groups (considering field strength in 0.1 V/m increments) was R = -0.87 (P = 0.0001). The results of this article support the hypothesis that electromagnetic signals are associated with the observed decline in the sparrow population. We conclude that electromagnetic pollution may be responsible, either by itself or in combination with other factors, for the observed decline of the species in European cities during recent years. The appearently strong dependence between bird density and field strength according to this work could be used for a more controlled study to test the hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Direccion General del Medio Natural, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Valladolid, Spain. balmaral@jcyl.es
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balmori
authors.forename: Orjan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hallberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040421:Cell Phone; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D008872:Microwaves; D011827:Radiation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012098:Reproduction / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013030:Spain; D046370:Sparrows