title: Glutathione S-transferase omega in the lung and sputum supernatants of COPD patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The major contribution to oxidant related lung damage in COPD is from the oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and possibly impaired antioxidant defence. Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most important antioxidants in human lung and lung secretions, but the mechanisms participating in its homeostasis are partly unclear. Glutathione-S-transferase omega (GSTO) is a recently characterized cysteine containing enzyme with the capability to bind and release GSH in vitro. GSTO has not been investigated in human lung or lung diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  GSTO1-1 was investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis in 72 lung tissue specimens and 40 sputum specimens from non-smokers, smokers and COPD, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in plasma from healthy non-smokers and smokers. It was also examined in human monocytes and bronchial epithelial cells and their culture mediums in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSTO1-1 was mainly expressed in alveolar macrophages, but it was also found in airway and alveolar epithelium and in extracellular fluids including sputum supernatants, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, plasma and cell culture mediums. The levels of GSTO1-1 were significantly lower in the sputum supernatants (p = 0.023) and lung homogenates (p = 0.003) of COPD patients than in non-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSTO1-1 is abundant in the alveolar macrophages, but it is also present in extracellular fluids and in airway secretions, the levels being decreased in COPD. The clinical significance of GSTO1-1 and its role in regulating GSH homeostasis in airway secretions, however, needs further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. terttu.harju@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Terttu H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Harju
authors.forename: Mirva J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Peltoniemi
authors.forename: Paula H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rytilä
authors.forename: Ylermi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Soini
authors.forename: Kaisa M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Salmenkivi
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Board
authors.forename: Lloyd W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Ruddock
authors.forename: Vuokko L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Kinnula
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013183:Sputum / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: C490476:GSTO1 protein, human; D005982:Glutathione Transferase