title: Monopolar radiofrequency treatment of the eyelids: a safety evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monopolar radiofrequency (RF) energy has been used to successfully accomplish noninvasive skin tightening of the face, abdomen, and extremities. Owing to concerns about injury to the eye itself, monopolar RF treatment of the eyelids has not been feasible.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to evaluate the safety of a novel 0.25-cm(2)"shallow" treatment tip for noninvasive tightening of eyelid skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a tripartite study that began with an animal model to evaluate soft tissue effects and temperature change at the ocular surface. Findings were then extrapolated to ex vivo evaluation of human eyelids and ultimately to an in vivo human eyelid safety study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The animal studies demonstrated that the 0.25-cm(2) treatment tip could be used safely on eyelids in conjunction with appropriate ocular protection. The ex vivo human eyelid studies confirmed that, at typical treatment settings, the shallow treatment tip did not produce frank eyelid injury. The in vivo human studies confirmed that, at the tested settings, the novel treatment tip did not injure the eyelids or eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If used properly, the 0.25-cm(2) treatment tip can be safely used on human eyelids.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, and Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. bbies@mindspring.com
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Biesman
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D002056:Burns / Q000209:etiology; D005143:Eyelids / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects; D000078702:Radiofrequency Therapy; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome