title: Identification of myeloperoxidase, alpha-defensin and calgranulin in calcium oxalate renal stones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to understand the mechanism of stone genesis, it is essential to determine the characteristics of macromolecules constituting the urinary stones. We characterized proteins from the inner core and outer matrix of calcium oxalate (CaOx) renal stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inner core and outer matrix of CaOx renal stones were separated and proteins were extracted with a buffer containing SDS and beta-mercaptoethanol. Proteins were analyzed and purified by SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC respectively. The protein bands from gel and protein fractions were sequenced by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry. ELISA, western and slot blot immunoassays were performed to confirm the identity of the proteins in stones and urine of the stone formers. The potential of the identified protein as an effective promoter or inhibitor was assessed by observing their effects on CaOx crystallization using aggregometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inner core extract predominantly exhibited protein species in the molecular weight range of 12-14 kDa. However, a 66 kDa band, identified as osteopontin was also detected in the inner core along with outer matrix and in the urine of stone formers and non stone formers. Purification of low molecular weight proteins was carried out by reversed phase HPLC. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified them as myeloperoxidase chain A (MPO-A), alpha-defensin, and calgranulin. ELISA, western blot and slot-blot immuno-assays further confirmed their presence restricted to the inner core and not in the outer matrix. Turbidity assays showed that low molecular weight renal stone proteins promoted the aggregation of CaOx crystals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent hyperoxaluria leads to tubular epithelial injury, resulting in the release of these anti-inflammatory proteins. These proteins could have been first adsorbed on CaOx crystals thereby become a part of nucleation process leading to inner matrix formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Research Laboratory, Juma Building, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shamim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mushtaq
authors.forename: Anwar Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Zulfiqar Ali
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Naqvi
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rattani
authors.forename: Jamsheer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Talati
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palmberg
authors.forename: Jawed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shafqat
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry*; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D023084:alpha-Defensins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; D010455:Peptides; D023084:alpha-Defensins; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D009195:Peroxidase