title: Exercise echocardiography reveals subclinical cardiac dysfunction in young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anthracyclines (AC) have contributed significantly to increased survival rate in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), although the use of these drugs is limited due to cardiotoxicity. The aim was to evaluate heart muscle function in asymptomatic adult survivors of ALL treated in early childhood in relation to the combined effects of AC and other potential cardiotoxic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three young adult ALL survivors who had all received treatment with median 120 (120-400) mg AC/m(2) before the onset of puberty were examined median 21 years after remission and compared with 12 healthy controls. Basal echocardiography including two-dimensional (2D) M-mode and Doppler examination was performed, followed by a maximal exercise stress test and stress echocardiography immediately after stress test and after 5 min recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant differences in systolic function between patients and controls at maximal exercise despite absence of reported symptoms from the patients. The most marked difference was in ejection fraction at stress 59.5% (32.6-81.1) and 77.3% (66.2-85.3), respectively (P < 0.00006). Ten out of 23 patients reduced their ejection fraction at stress compared with at rest; this was not found in any of the controls. Cardiovascular risk factors such as GH deficiency and a high proportion of trunk fat did not have an impact on cardiac function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With very long follow up in a homogenous cohort of ALL survivors, we found subclinical cardiac dysfunction with exercise stress echocardiography even after low doses of AC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Haematology and Oncology, Cardiovascular Institute, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. marianne.jarfelt@vgregion.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jarfelt
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kujacic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holmgren
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bjarnason
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lannering
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018943:Anthracyclines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000172:deficiency; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D018943:Anthracyclines; D019382:Human Growth Hormone