title: Comprehensive laparoscopic approach to pediatric varicocele based on preoperative color Doppler ultrasound assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to assess whether laparoscopic treatment for any kind of varicocele is possible after preoperative identification of refluxing veins by color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS).
  
  
  METHODS
  At the authors' institution, 98 patients with a median age of 11.3 years (range, 7.1-16 years) were evaluated for a left varicocele. Preoperatively, all the patients underwent ultrasound scan assessment of testicular volume and CDUS to rule out reflux into the internal spermatic vein (ISV), deferential vein, or cremasteric vein. In all the patients, laparoscopic division of the spermatic artery and veins was performed as close as possible to the internal inguinal ring. The other vessels were coagulated and divided if shown to be refluxing on CDUS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Color Doppler ultrasound showed reflux only in the ISV in 87 cases (88.7%), but in both the ISV and the deferential in the remaining 11 cases (11.2%). During a median follow-up period of 18 months (range, 6-49 months), none of the authors' patients experienced varicocele recurrence either clinically or according to CDUS scanning. The median left testicular volume increased significantly postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed technique based on laparoscopic interruption of the ISV and testicular artery very close to the internal inguinal ring, meticulous CDUS assessment to rule out reflux in the deferential vein, and coagulation of refluxing deferential veins allows successful laparoscopic treatment of most varicoceles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Palermo, Dipartimento Universitario Materno Infantile, Via Cardinale Rampolla 1, 90142, Palermo, Italy Palermo, Italy. mcimador@unipa.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cimador
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Di Pace
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castagnetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sergio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Grazia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014646:Varicocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*