title: Ethnicity and quality of diabetes care in a health system with universal coverage: population-based cross-sectional survey in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The UK has a universal health care system that is free at the point of access. Over the past decade, the UK government has implemented an ambitious agenda of quality improvement initiatives in chronic disease management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the quality of diabetes care and intermediate clinical outcomes within a multiethnic population after a sustained period of investment in quality improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based cross-sectional survey, using electronic general practice records, carried out between November 2005 and January 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven thousand six hundred five adults (>or=18 years) with diabetes registered with 32 primary care practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percentage achievement by ethnic group (black, south Asian, or white) of the quality indicators for diabetes in a new pay-for performance contract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were only modest variations in recording of process measures of care between ethnic groups, with no significant differences in recent measurement of blood pressure, HbA1c, cholesterol, micro-albuminuria, creatinine, or retinopathy screening attendance. Blacks and south Asians were significantly less likely to meet all three national treatment targets for diabetes (HbA1c <or= 7.4%, blood pressure <or= 145/85 mmHg, total cholesterol <or= 5 mmol/L [193 mg/dL]) than whites (25.3%, 24.8% , and 32.0%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that substantial investment in quality improvement initiatives in the UK may have led to more systematic and equitable processes of care for diabetes but have not addressed ethnic disparities in intermediate clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Wandsworth Primary Care Research Centre, Wandsworth Primary Care Trust, London, SW11 6HN, UK.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Millett
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Gopalakrishnan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Netuveli
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
authors.forename: Azeem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majeed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013222:State Medicine; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000208:ethnology; D019472:Universal Health Insurance