title: Expression of the gamma-globin gene is sustained by the cAMP-dependent pathway in beta-thalassaemia.
abstract: The present study found that the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway efficiently induced gamma-globin expression in adult erythroblasts, and this pathway plays a role in gamma-globin gene (HBG) expression in beta-thalassaemia. Expression of HBG mRNA increased to about 46% of non-HBA mRNA in adult erythroblasts treated with forskolin, while a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) analogue induced HBG mRNA to levels <20% of non-HBA mRNA. In patients with beta-thalassaemia intermedia, cAMP levels were elevated in both red blood cells and nucleated erythroblasts but no consistent elevation was found with cGMP levels. The transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) was phosphorylated in nucleated erythroblasts and its phosphorylation levels correlated with HBG mRNA levels of the patients. Other signalling molecules, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases and signal transducers and activators of transcription proteins, were phosphorylated at variable levels and showed no correlations with the HBG mRNA levels. Plasma levels of cytokines, such as erythropoietin, stem cell factor and transforming growth factor-beta were increased in patients, and these cytokines induced both HBG mRNA expression and CREB phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that the cAMP-dependent pathway, the activity of which is augmented by multiple cytokines, plays a role in regulating HBG expression in beta-thalassaemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Lakiea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuroyanagi
authors.forename: Carla F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Franco-Penteado
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Conran
authors.forename: Fernando F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ausenda
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cappellini
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikuta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D004900:Erythroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D019089:Stem Cell Factor / Q000097:blood; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D004921:Erythropoietin; D005914:Globins; D000242:Cyclic AMP