title: Treatment failure in intracranial primary germinomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A radiation dose of 40-50 Gy is able to produce a cure rate of more than 90% in intracranial pure germinoma. However, many attempts have been made to reduce the dose and volume of radiation without compromising the disease control rate because of the toxicity of irradiation. This retrospective study is intended to provide the physician with an appropriate therapeutic strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed a series of 10 recurrent germinomas among 117 germinomas diagnosed histologically or clinically between 1979 and 2002. These patients involved underwent three different treatment modalities; radiation alone (N = 71), chemotherapy alone (N = 9), and combined therapy (N = 37). The 10-year overall and relapse-free survival rates were 97 and 93% in the radiation alone group, 89 and 67% in the chemotherapy alone group, and 92 and 92% in the combined therapy group, respectively. As expected, both radiation therapy and combined therapy were effective in controlling the disease. Tumor recurrence was closely related to the volume of radiation but not to the dose of radiation. If the tumor bed and craniospinal axis were fully covered, the radiation dose might be reduced. Chemotherapy alone showed earlier recurrence and a higher tumor recurrence rate. In the case of combined therapy, chemotherapy was useful in reducing the radiation dose but revealed some toxicity (death of two patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The investigation of a possible further dose reduction seems worthwhile. Radiation therapy alone with a dose of less than 40 Gy should be compared with ongoing chemotherapeutic protocols combined with low-dose irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Tae-Gon
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chang-Ok
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Jae-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Chul-Joo
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Joong-Uhn
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jung-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong-Seok
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D018237:Germinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents