title: Tomato juice decreases LDL cholesterol levels and increases LDL resistance to oxidation.
abstract: High dietary intakes of tomato products are often associated with a reduced risk of CVD, but the atheroprotective mechanisms have not been established. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of increased dietary intake of tomato products on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation. The diet intervention included a baseline period, a 3-week low tomato diet (no tomato products allowed) and a 3-week high tomato diet (400 ml tomato juice and 30 mg tomato ketchup daily). Twenty-one healthy study subjects participated in the study. Total cholesterol concentration was reduced by 5.9 (sd 10) % (P = 0.002) and LDL cholesterol concentration by 12.9 (sd 17.0) % (P = 0.0002) with the high tomato diet compared to the low tomato diet. The changes in total and LDL cholesterol concentrations correlated significantly with the changes in serum lycopene (r 0.56, P = 0.009; r 0.60, P = 0.004, total and LDL, respectively), beta-carotene (r 0.58, P = 0.005; r 0.70, P < 0.001) and gamma-carotene concentrations (r 0.64, P = 0.002; r 0.64, P = 0.002). The level of circulating LDL to resist formation of oxidized phospholipids increased 13 % (P = 0.02) in response to the high tomato diet. In conclusion, a high dietary intake of tomato products had atheroprotective effects, it significantly reduced LDL cholesterol levels, and increased LDL resistance to oxidation in healthy normocholesterolaemic adults. These atheroprotective features associated with changes in serum lycopene, beta-carotene and gamma-carotene levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Marja-Leena
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Silaste
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alfthan
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aro
authors.forename: Y Antero
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kesäniemi
authors.forename: Sohvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hörkkö
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D001628:Beverages; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008055:Lipids; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D002784:Cholesterol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D000077276:Lycopene