title: Blood lead level and physical fitness of schoolchildren in the copper basin of south-western Poland: indirect effects through growth stunting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was set in the context of two questions. First, does blood lead level exert a direct effect on measures of physical fitness? And second, might blood lead influence physical fitness indirectly through growth stunting?
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Blood lead level is negatively associated with performances on a variety of fine motor tasks. Corresponding information on associations with measures of physical fitness and gross motor coordination are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schoolchildren 7-15 years of age (463 males, 436 females) living in the vicinity of copper smelters and refineries were tested for blood lead. In addition to body size and blood lead, physical fitness was measured: right and left grip strength, timed sit-ups, flexed arm hang, plate tapping, shuttle run, standing long jump and medicine ball throw. Simple reaction time was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of blood lead level on physical fitness was indirect and small, and operated through anthropometric dimensions that more directly influenced the measures of fitness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct effects of blood lead level on indicators of physical fitness in school age youth are not evident. Blood lead level adversely affects physical fitness indirectly through growth stunting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropokinetics, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Zosia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ignasiak
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sławinska
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rozek
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malina
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008906:Mining; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011044:Poland; D011930:Reaction Time; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D007854:Lead