title: Prescribing of hormone therapy for menopause, tibolone, and bisphosphonates in women in the UK between 1991 and 2005.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine recent trends in the prescribing of hormone therapy for menopause, tibolone, and bisphosphonate preparations for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis, in the UK in relation to publication of research evidence on the health effects of hormone therapy and subsequent changes in prescribing advice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual patient-level data were obtained on the prescribing of hormone therapy, tibolone, and bisphosphonates by general practitioners in the UK between 1991 and 2005 to women aged 40 years and older in the UK General Practice Research Database. Overall and age-specific prescribing prevalence were calculated for each therapy type. Prescribing prevalence was also calculated for subcategories of hormone therapy and bisphosphonates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prescribing of hormone therapy to women aged 40 years and older increased between 1991 and 1996 and remained fairly stable between 1997 and 2001. Hormone therapy prescribing has fallen by about 50% since 2002. Tibolone, a selective tissue estrogenic activity regulator, is prescribed much less commonly than hormone therapy but shows a similar pattern. Prescribing of bisphosphonates increased rapidly throughout the study period, particularly in women aged 70 years and older, with the pattern of prescribing reflecting to some extent, the availability of new weekly formulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trends in the prescribing of hormone therapy in the UK appear to closely reflect new epidemiological evidence and prescribing advice. It is likely that the substantial fall in hormone therapy and tibolone prescribing seen since 2002 is a direct consequence of the publication of Women's Health Initiative trial results and subsequent changes in advice given by the Committee on Safety of Medicines. The 1997 publication of results from the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer and 2003 publication of the Million Women Study findings may also have impacted on trends, particularly within certain age groups. The substantial and continuing increase in prescribing prevalence of bisphosphonates reinforces the need for research into the long-term risks and benefits of these therapies.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK. joanna.watson@ceu.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D009652:Norpregnenes; C027385:tibolone