title: Abdominal obesity and coronary artery calcification in young adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether abdominal obesity is related to coronary artery calcification (CAC) is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relations of waist girth and waist-hip ratio (WHR) to CAC in 2951 African American and white young adults from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study was a cross-sectional and observational cohort study. Using standardized protocols, we measured CAC in 2001-2002 by using computed tomography and measured waist and hip girths in 1985-1986 (baseline), 1995-1996 (year 10), and 2001-2002 (year 15, waist girth only). CAC was classified as present or absent, whereas waist girth and WHR were placed in sex-specific tertiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, sex, race, clinical center, physical activity, cigarette smoking, education, and alcohol intake, baseline waist girth and WHR were directly associated with a higher prevalence of CAC 15 y later (P for trend < 0.001 for both). The odds ratios (ORs) for CAC in the highest versus lowest tertiles of waist girth and WHR were 1.9 (95% CI: 1.36, 2.65) and 1.7 (1.23, 2.41), respectively. Waist girth and WHR at year 10 and waist girth at year 15 similarly predicted CAC. These associations persisted after additional adjustment for systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin concentrations, diabetes, and antihypertensive medication use but became nonsignificant after additional adjustment for blood lipids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal obesity measured by waist girth or WHR is associated with early atherosclerosis as measured by the presence of CAC in African American and white young adults. This is consistent with an involvement of visceral fat in the occurrence of coronary artery calcium in young adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise & Wellness, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA. chong.lee@asu.edu
authors.forename: Chong-Do
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hankinson
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol