title: ENT challenges at the small scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this paper we consider two relatively frequently performed operations in the field of ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery and consider how they could be improved by using robotic applications. We consider currently available robots and propose theoretical robotic solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The application of robotic systems for both cochlear implantation and endoscopic sinus surgery was considered. Currently available robotic systems were reviewed and those with potential use in ENT surgery were identified. For aspects of operations where there is no available technology, hypotheses are presented on how robots could help.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three robotic systems were identified with potential usage in ENT: the Pathfinder neurosurgical robot, the Acrobot knee replacement system and the autonomous smart drill for drilling a cochleostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The challenge for the future of ENT is being able to perform tasks beyond the level of human perception and abilities. The examples presented here demonstrate that microtechnologies could be used to reduce complications, decrease operating time and improve clinical results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. chriscoulson@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Coulson
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Proops
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Brett
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed