title: Challenges associated with the evaluation of a dental health promotion programme in a deprived urban area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports the results of a community trial to measure the clinical impact of a linked series of interventions on Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and general caries levels among five-year-old children. It exemplifies the problems of undertaking population based interventions in deprived communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two health districts (Primary Care Groups) were matched for dental disease levels and socio-demographic factors. One was randomly allocated to be the active intervention PCG, the other the comparison PCG. Children in the active PCG received a series of interventions to support positive dental health behaviour from the age of 8 to 32 months. Clinical examinations were undertaken on a cohort of 5-year-old children in both active and comparison PCGs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the active PCG, children who attended designated clinics for their 8-month developmental checks and/or MMR inoculations at 12 to 15 months, were given gift bags, the first contained a trainer cup, the second fluoride toothpaste (1450 ppm F) and toothbrush. Parents were also given written, pictorial and verbal advice on oral care. Further supplies of toothpaste and brushes were posted to the children's homes at 20, 26 and 32 months. When five years of age children in the two PCGs were examined in school.
  
  
  METHODS
  Severity and prevalence of ECC and general caries. Levels of participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among participants in the active PCG the prevalence of ECC, general caries and extraction experience and mean dmft (20%: 54%: 3%: 2.2) were lower than in 'participants' in the comparison area (32%: 64%: 12%: 3.7). All differences were statistically significant. When all children (participants and non-participants) in the two PCGs were compared, the differences were much reduced (30%: 63%: 6%: 3.1 vs. 32%: 64%: 12%: 3.6). A higher proportion of children in the active PCG area (47%) were found not to have participated in the interventions, when compared to 21% in the comparison area. Disease levels in the non-participants in the active PCG were particularly high. The impact of participation bias, changes in baseline balance, population mobility and alternative study design on outcomes are explored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of non-participation in a deprived, urban conurbation with high levels of population mobility are sufficient to dilute the impact of a health intervention such that few benefits are discernible at a population level.
authors.affiliation: Manchester Primary Care Trust, Manchester UK. gill.davies@manchester.nhs.uk
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Duxbury
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Boothman
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003467:Cultural Deprivation; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000517:prevention & control; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006267:Health Education, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015370:Infant Equipment; D009909:Oral Health; D012923:Social Class; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014504:Urban Health; D035862:Vulnerable Populations
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D014100:Toothpastes; D005459:Fluorides