title: Glia protects neurons against extracellular human neuromelanin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuromelanin-containing neurons of the substantia nigra are highly vulnerable to degenerate in Parkinson's disease. Inhibition of the respiratory chain or formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by intracellular neuromelanin and triggering of inflammatory processes by extracellular neuromelanin emanating from melanized neurons after their demise are thought to be causally implicated in the high vulnerability of melanized neurons.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We addressed the direct effect of purified neuromelanin on mitochondrial complex I activity, and its influence on ROS production and survival of primary mesencephalic neurons in the presence or absence of glia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuromelanin was isolated from midbrain of postmortem human brains. The content in iron and other elements was measured by inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The effect of neuromelanin on mitochondrial complex I activity was analyzed in post-nuclear extracts. Primary neuronal enriched and neuron-glia mixed cultures from midbrain were treated with different concentrations of neuromelanin. The generation of ROS was determined by fluorochrome detection. MAP2-positive and TH-positive neuronal viability was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuromelanin did not affect complex I activity, but concentration-dependently increased ROS production in neurons and reduced the number of MAP2-positive and TH-positive cultured neurons. Glia protected neurons against the neuromelanin toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracellular neuromelanin is detrimental to neurons implicating a mechanism of intracellular ROS production, but not complex I inhibition. ROS formation may be catalyzed by iron, which was sensitively identified in purified neuromelanin (3.3 mg/g). Importantly, we demonstrate that glial cells have the potential to mitigate the neurotoxic effect of neuromelanin.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Candan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Depboylu
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matusch
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tribl
authors.forename: Myroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zoriy
authors.forename: Patrick P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riederer
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Wolfgang H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oertel
authors.forename: Günter U
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Höglinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008543:Melanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000166:cytology; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000473:pathology; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000737:chemistry; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C489788:MAP2 protein, human; D008543:Melanins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C014121:neuromelanin; D003561:Cytarabine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase