title: Leadership behaviors of athletic training leaders compared with leaders in other fields.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Athletic trainers are in positions of leadership.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine self-reported leadership practices of head athletic trainers (HATCs) and program directors (PDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respondents' academic institutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 238 athletic training leaders completed the Leadership Practices Inventory. Of these, 50.4% (n = 120) were HATCs and 49.6% (n = 118) were PDs; 69.3% (n = 165) were men and 30.7% (n = 73) were women; almost all respondents (97.1%, n = 231) were white. Respondents typically reported having 11 to 15 years of experience as an athletic trainer (n = 57, 23.9%) and being between the ages of 30 and 39 years (n = 109, 45.8%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Categories of leadership behaviors (ie, Model, Inspire, Challenge, Encourage, and Enable) were scored from 1 (almost never) to 10 (almost always). Item scores were summed to compute mean category scores. We analyzed demographic information; used t ratios to compare the data from athletic training leaders (PDs and HATCs) with normative data; compared sex, age, position, ethnicity, and years of experience with leadership practices; and computed mean scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Athletic training leaders reported using leadership behaviors similar to those of other leaders. The PDs reported using inspiring, challenging, enabling, and encouraging leadership behaviors more often than did the HATCs. No differences were found by ethnicity, age, years of experience, or leadership practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Athletic training leaders are transformational leaders. Athletic training education program accreditation requirements likely account for the difference in leadership practices between PDs and HATCs.
authors.affiliation: Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, VA 24501, USA. Laurent@lynchburg.edu
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Laurent
authors.forename: Debbie A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bradney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D011336:Probability; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017749:Total Quality Management