title: Improving gene quantification by adjustable spot-image restoration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the major factors that complicate the task of microarray image analysis is that microarray images are distorted by various types of noise. In this study a robust framework is proposed, designed to take into account the effect of noise in microarray images in order to assist the demanding task of microarray image analysis. The proposed framework, incorporates in the microarray image processing pipeline a novel combination of spot adjustable image analysis and processing techniques and consists of the following stages: (1) gridding for facilitating spot identification, (2) clustering (unsupervised discrimination between spot and background pixels) applied to spot image for automatic local noise assessment, (3) modeling of local image restoration process for spot image conditioning (adjustable wiener restoration using an empirically determined degradation function), (4) automatic spot segmentation employing seeded-region-growing, (5) intensity extraction and (6) assessment of the reproducibility (real data) and the validity (simulated data) of the extracted gene expression levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both simulated and real microarray images were employed in order to assess the performance of the proposed framework against well-established methods implemented in publicly available software packages (Scanalyze and SPOT). Regarding simulated images, the novel combination of techniques, introduced in the proposed framework, rendered the detection of spot areas and the extraction of spot intensities more accurate. Furthermore, on real images the proposed framework proved of better stability across replicates. Results indicate that the proposed framework improves spots' segmentation and, consequently, quantification of gene expression levels.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  All algorithms were implemented in Matlab (The Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) environment. The codes that implement microarray gridding, adaptive spot restoration and segmentation/intensity extraction are available upon request. Supplementary results and the simulated microarray images used in this study are available for download from: ftp://users:bioinformatics@mipa.med.upatras.gr.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Processing and Analysis Group, Laboratory of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 265 04 Rio, Greece. daskalakis@med.upatras.gr
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daskalakis
authors.forename: Dionisis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cavouras
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bougioukos
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kostopoulos
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glotsos
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kalatzis
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Kagadis
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Argyropoulos
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nikiforidis
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity