title: Age-adjusted Plasmodium falciparum antibody levels in school-aged children are a stable marker of microgeographical variations in exposure to Plasmodium infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amongst school-aged children living in malaria endemic areas, chronic morbidity and exacerbation of morbidity associated with other infections are often not coincident with the presence or levels of Plasmodium parasitaemia, but may result from long-term exposure to the parasite. Studies of hepatosplenomegaly associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection and exposure to Plasmodium infection indicate that differences that occur over 1-2 km in levels of Plasmodium transmission are related to the degree of exacerbation of hepatosplenomegaly and that Plasmodium falciparum schizont antigen (Pfs)-IgG3 levels may be a marker for the differing levels of exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the validity of Pfs-IgG3 measurements as a tool to assess these comparative exposure levels on a microgeographical scale, cross-sectional community surveys were conducted over a 10 x 6 km study site in Makueni District, Kenya, during low and high malaria transmission seasons. During both high and low malaria transmission seasons, thick blood smears were examined microscopically and circulating Pfs-IgG3 levels measured from dried blood spot elute. GIS techniques were used to map prevalence of parasitaemia and Pfs-IgG3 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microgeographical variations in prevalence of parasitaemia were observed during the high but not the low transmission season. Pfs-IgG3 levels were stable between high and low transmission seasons, but increased with age throughout childhood before reaching a plateau in adults. Adjusting Pfs-IgG3 levels of school-aged children for age prior to mapping resulted in spatial patterns that reflected the microgeographical variations observed for high season prevalence of parasitaemia, however, Pfs-IgG3 levels of adults did not. The distances over which age-adjusted Pfs-IgG3 of school-aged children fluctuated were comparable with those distances over which chronic morbidity has previous been shown to vary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age-adjusted Pfs-IgG3 levels of school-aged children are stable and when mapped can provide a tool sensitive enough to detect microgeographical variations in malaria exposure, that would be useful for studying the aetiology of morbidities associated with long-term exposure and co-infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. sw320@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Shona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Frances M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Joseph K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mwatha
authors.forename: Gachuhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kimani
authors.forename: H Curtis
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kariuki
authors.forename: Birgitte J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Vennervald
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ouma
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muchiri
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dunne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015995:Prevalence; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D015800:Protozoan Proteins