title: Endoscope-assisted placement of a multiperforated shunt catheter into the fourth ventricle via a frontal transventricular approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with symptomatic isolated fourth ventricle and multicompartmentalized hydrocephalus benefit from operative treatment, but the optimal surgical approach and technique have yet to be established. The authors report on their experience with the treatment of symptomatic adult patients by endoscope-assisted placement of a fourth ventricle shunt catheter via a frontal transventricular approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors describe a retrospective series of four patients treated for isolated fourth ventricle. The surgical technique is described in detail: use of a flexible endoscope with dual-port intraventricular access for direct visualization and for mechanical manipulation of a multiperforated panventricular catheter guided by frameless stereotaxy. The transventricular approach allowed optimal catheter placement within the fourth ventricle. The use of the flexible endoscope permitted the neurosurgeon to use the endoscope as a tool to guide the ventricular catheter tip within the third ventricle and through the cerebral aqueduct. Clinical outcomes demonstrated neurological and radiographically verified improvement in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endoscope-assisted dual-port technique provides a solution to the technical difficulties of fourth ventricle shunt placement. The multiple advantages of this technique include a single ventricular catheter shunt system that equalizes ventricular pressures, a frontal location for the ventricular catheter that facilitates valve placement and programming, and ventricular catheter placement within the fourth ventricle that does not allow the catheter to impinge on the fourth ventricle floor and makes the catheter less prone to obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-7039, USA. kupchurch@gmail.com
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Upchurch
authors.forename: Murisiku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raifu
authors.forename: Marvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergsneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020546:Fourth Ventricle / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D044583:Neuroendoscopy; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014696:Ventriculostomy