title: A novel method of measuring reduction of nitrite-induced methemoglobin applied to fetal and adult blood of humans and sheep.
abstract: The reaction of nitrite with deoxyhemoglobin results in the production of nitric oxide and methemoglobin, a reaction recently proposed as an important oxygen-sensitive source of vasoactive nitric oxide during hypoxic and anoxic stress, with several animal studies suggesting that nitrite may have therapeutic potential. Accumulation of toxic levels of methemoglobin is suppressed by reductase enzymes present within the erythrocyte. Using a novel method of measuring methemoglobin reductase activity in intact erythrocytes, we compared fetal and adult sheep and human blood. After nitrite-induced production of 20% methemoglobin, the blood was equilibrated with carbon monoxide, which effectively stopped further production. Methemoglobin disappearance was first order in nature with specific rate constants (k x 1,000) of 12.9 +/- 1.3 min(-1) for fetal sheep, 5.88 +/- 0.26 min(-1) for adult sheep, 4.27 +/- 0.34 for adult humans, and 3.30 +/- 0.15 for newborn cord blood, all statistically different from one another. The effects of oxygen tensions, pH, hemolysis, and methylene blue are reported. Studies of temperature dependence indicated an activation energy of 8,620 +/- 1,060 calories/mol (2.06 kJ/mol), appreciably higher than would be characteristic of processes limited by passive membrane diffusion. In conclusion, the novel methodology permits absolute quantification of the reduction of nitrite-induced methemoglobin in whole blood.
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. gpower@llu.edu
authors.forename: Gordon G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bragg
authors.forename: Bryan T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dejam
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Arlin B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Blood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042966:Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008708:Methemoglobinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*; D012977:Sodium Nitrite / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D008706:Methemoglobin; D042966:Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase; D012977:Sodium Nitrite