title: Alendronate has an anabolic effect on bone through the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: We committed MSCs to differentiate into either osteoblasts or adipocytes and examined the effect of ALN on both adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. ALN inhibited adipogenesis while promoting osteoblast differentiation and activity. Our results reveal a new anabolic effect of ALN in differentiating bone marrow cells.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Alendronate (ALN) prevents bone loss in postmenopausal patients through the regulation of osteoclastic activity. However, it has also proven to be effective in older adults where the pathophysiological mechanism is the predominance of adipogenesis over osteoblastogenesis. The aim of this study is to determine the in vitro effect of ALN on both osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were plated at a density of 5 x 10(5) cells/well in 100-cm2 dishes containing MSC growth media. After confluence, cells were committed to differentiate adding either adipogenic or osteogenic media with and without 1,25(OH)2D3 (10(-8) M) and supplemented with ALN at increasing concentrations (10(-9) to 10(-7) M). Untreated differentiating MSCs were used as control. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), oil red O, and Alizarin red staining were performed at timed intervals (weeks 1 and 2). Additionally, levels of expression of both osteogenesis and adipogenesis transcription factors were measured in protein extracts. Finally, the effect of ALN on PPARgamma2 nuclear activation complex was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that ALN has a significant and dose-dependent effect on osteoblastogenesis. This effect was not modified by the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the medium. Furthermore, adipogenic differentiation of MSCs was affected by addition of both ALN and 1,25(OH)2D3 to the media as confirmed by phenotype changes and lower number of lipid droplets. Finally, expression of adipogenic transcription factors and PPARgamma2 activation were reduced in adipose differentiating MSCs treated with either ALN or ALN + 1,25(OH)2D3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows a potential anabolic effect of ALN in vitro through the stimulation of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Additionally, a previously unknown inhibitory effect of ALN on bone marrow adipogenesis was also found.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. gustavo.duque@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duque
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rivas
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D019386:Alendronate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D002117:Calcitriol; D019386:Alendronate