title: Staurosporine-induced cell death in salmonid cells: the role of apoptotic volume decrease, ion fluxes and MAP kinase signaling.
abstract: Apoptotic cell death in mammalian models is frequently associated with cell shrinkage. Inhibition of apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) is cytoprotective, suggesting that cell shrinkage is an important early event in apoptosis. In salmonid hepatoma and gill cells staurosporine induced apoptosis, as assessed by activation of effector caspases, nuclear condensation, and a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and these changes were accompanied by cell shrinkage. The Cl- transport inhibitor DIDS and the K+ channel inhibitor quinidine prevented AVD, but only DIDS inhibited apoptosis. Other Cl- flux inhibitors, as well as a pan-caspase inhibitor, did not prevent cell shrinkage, but still prevented caspase activation. Furthermore, regulatory volume decrease (RVD) under hypotonic conditions was not facilitated, but diminished in apoptotic cells. Since all transport inhibitors used blocked RVD, but only DIDS and quinidine inhibited AVD, the ion transporters involved in both processes are apparently not identical. In addition, our data indicate that inhibition of Cl- fluxes rather than blocking cell shrinkage or K+ fluxes is important for preventing apoptosis. In line with this, inhibition of MAP kinases reduced RVD and not AVD, but still diminished caspase activation. Finally, we observed that MAP kinases were activated upon staurosporine treatment and that at least activation of ERK was prevented when AVD was inhibited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria. Gerhard.Krumschnabel@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krumschnabel
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maehr
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.forename: Pablo J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schwarzbaum
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manzl
mesh_terms: D017878:4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D012856:4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D048429:Cell Size; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000502:physiology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011802:Quinidine / Q000378:metabolism; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012856:4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019311:Staurosporine; D011802:Quinidine; D017878:4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid; D011188:Potassium