title: Effects of the parasiticide ivermectin on the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata.
abstract: Although widely used for the treatment of endo- and ectoparasites in livestock and pets, very few data on chronic effects on aquatic organisms are available for the parasiticide ivermectin. In the present study, toxicity of ivermectin to two freshwater organisms, the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was investigated. For D. magna, a mean LC(50) 48 h of 5.7 ngl(-1) was derived from 10 acute tests. Chronic toxicity of ivermectin to D. magna was extremely high: with 0.001 and 0.0003 ngl(-1), respectively, nominal LOEC and NOEC based on growth and reproduction were far below the analytical limit of detection for this compound. P. subcapitata was considerably less sensitive to ivermectin than D. magna. For both growth rate and yield, EC(50) was >4,000 microgl(-1), LOEC was 1,250 microgl(-1) and NOEC 391microgl(-1). In view of the high toxicity to D. magna, the use of ivermectin might pose a risk to local aquatic ecosystems. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the effects of ivermectin and its degradation products on pelagic and benthic freshwater invertebrates.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d' écotoxicologie, Cemagref, 3bis quai Chauveau, 69336 Lyon, CP 220, Cedex 09, France. garric@lyon.cemagref.fr
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garric
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vollat
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duis
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Péry
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Junker
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramil
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ternes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007559:Ivermectin