title: Upper-extremity functional electric stimulation-assisted exercises on a workstation in the subacute phase of stroke recovery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the efficacy of functional electric stimulation (FES)-assisted exercise therapy (FES-ET) on a workstation in the subacute phase of recovery from a stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-blind, randomly controlled comparison of high- and low-intensity treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory in a rehabilitation hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen stroke survivors (10 men, 9 women; mean age +/- standard deviation, 60.6+/-5.8y), with upper-extremity hemiplegia (mean poststroke time, 48+/-17d). The main inclusion criteria were: stroke occurred within 3 months of onset of trial and resulted in severe upper-limb dysfunction, and FES produced adequate hand opening.
  
  
  METHODS
  An FES stimulator and an exercise workstation with instrumented objects were used by 2 groups to perform specific motor tasks with their affected upper extremity. Ten subjects in the high-intensity FES-ET group received FES-ET for 1 hour a day on 15 to 20 consecutive workdays. Nine subjects in the low-intensity FES-ET group received 15 minutes of sensory electric stimulation 4 days a week and on the fifth day they received 1 hour of FES-ET.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measure included the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). Secondary outcome measures included the Motor Activity Log (MAL), the upper-extremity portion of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), and the combined kinematic score (CKS) derived from workstation measurements. The WMFT, MAL, and FMA were used to assess function in the absence of FES whereas CKS was used to evaluate function assisted by FES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvements in the WMFT and CKS were significantly greater in the high-intensity group (post-treatment effect size, .95) than the low-intensity group (post-treatment effect size, 1.3). The differences in MAL and FMA were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects performing high-intensity FES-ET showed significantly greater improvements on the WMFT than those performing low-intensity FES-ET. However, this was not reflected in subjects' self-assessments (MAL) or in their FMA scores, so the clinical significance of the result is open to debate. The CKS data suggest that high-intensity FES-ET may be advantageous in neuroprosthetic applications.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. jan@angeltear.com
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowalczewski
authors.forename: Valeriya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gritsenko
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ellaway
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prochazka
mesh_terms: D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*