title: Diabetes personal trainer outcomes: short-term and 1-year outcomes of a diabetes personal trainer intervention among youth with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the social-cognitive, behavioral, and physiological outcomes of a self-management intervention for youth with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 81 youth with type 1 diabetes aged 11-16 years were randomized to usual care versus a "diabetes personal trainer" intervention, consisting of six self-monitoring, goal-setting, and problem-solving sessions with trained nonprofessionals. Assessments were completed at baseline and multiple follow-up intervals. A1C data were obtained from medical records. ANCOVA adjusting for age and baseline values were conducted for each outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At both short-term and 1-year follow-up, there was a trend for an overall intervention effect on A1C (short-term F = 3.71, P = 0.06; 1-year F = 3.79, P = 0.06) and a significant intervention-by-age interaction, indicating a great effect among older than younger youth (short-term F = 4.78, P = 0.03; 1-year F = 4.53, P = 0.04). Subgroup analyses demonstrated no treatment group difference among younger youth but a significant difference among the older youth. No treatment group differences in parent or youth report of adherence were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diabetes personal trainer intervention demonstrated significant effects in A1C among middle adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. nanselt@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Tonja R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Nansel
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Iannotti
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Simons-Morton
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Leslie P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Plotnick
authors.forename: Loretta M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeitzoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015444:Exercise; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010809:Physical Fitness; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin