title: Effects of sea buckthorn berries on infections and inflammation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of sea buckthorn berries on the number and duration of common cold (CC) infections. As secondary objectives the effects on digestive and urinary tract infections (DTI, UTI), and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 254 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive sea buckthorn or placebo product during the study, which 233 of them completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in the number or duration of CC or DTI between groups (CC: relative risks (sea buckthorn vs placebo) for the number and duration were 1.15 (95% CI 0.90-1.48) and 1.05 (95% CI 0.87-1.27), respectively). In the sea buckthorn group, as compared to the placebo, the serum CRP concentrations decreased significantly (difference in median change -0.059 mg/l, P=0.039). The number of UTI was too small to draw solid conclusions, but the results indicate the subject merits further investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sea buckthorn berries did not prevent CC or DTI. However, a reductive effect on CRP, a marker of inflammation, and a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, was detected.
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. petra.larmo@utu.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Larmo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kallio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tahvonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003139:Common Cold / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D044948:Flavonols / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044948:Flavonols; D006027:Glycosides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein