title: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms predict nicotine dependence and progression to regular smoking from adolescence to young adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between retrospectively reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and progression to smoking and the association with nicotine dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study sample consisted of a nationally representative cohort of U.S. adolescents (n = 13,494). Logistic regression was used to examine ADHD symptoms from both the inattentive (IN) and hyperactive-impulsive (HI) domains and smoking trajectories. Linear regression was used to examine nicotine dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HI symptoms were associated with progression from nonsmoking to regular smoking (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.07-1.21), and with progression from experimentation to regular smoking (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.08-1.26). IN and HI symptoms were associated with nicotine dependence among current smokers (IN: beta = 0.17, SE = 0.03, p < 0.0001; HI: beta = 0.10, SE = 0.04., p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results have important implications for the development of prevention and treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: Community and Family Medicine, University Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center, USA. Bernard.fuemmeler@duke.edu
authors.forename: Bernard F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Fuemmeler
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kollins
authors.forename: F Joseph
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: McClernon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology