title: Increased levels of neurotrophins are not specific for chronic migraine: evidence from primary fibromyalgia syndrome.
abstract: All data obtained in experimental animal pain models support the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) as a putative candidate intervening in the pathogenesis of chronic pain, including chronic daily headache (CDH). Few studies have been carried out to establish its role in maintaining pain states in humans. The present study was aimed at investigating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of NGF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), both measured by sensitive immunoassay, in 20 chronic migraine (CM) patients and 20 patients affected by primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFMS), compared with those of 20 age-matched control subjects. Significantly higher levels of both neurotrophins and glutamate were found. A significantly positive correlation emerged between CSF values of BDNF and those of NGF (r = .61, P < .001; r = .53, P < .01) and glutamate (r = .44, P < .02; r = .51, P < .01) in CM and PFMS patients, respectively. These findings suggest the possibility of a NGF-mediated up-regulation of BDNF involved in the pathophysiological events underlying long-term neuroplastic changes in persistent chronic painful conditions, such as CM and fibromyalgia. NGF might indirectly exert its effect through enhancing glutamatergic transmission via BDNF. The above mechanisms could account for sustained central sensitization in both chronic pain states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article presents findings of higher NGF and BDNF levels correlated to increased glutamate levels in the CSF of both chronic migraine and fibromyalgia patients. This opens new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of chronic pain and offers clinicians new therapeutic perspectives targeting the above mechanisms in both painful disorders.
authors.affiliation: Neurologic Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Public Health, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. neuro.pg@tiscalinet.it
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sarchielli
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Floridi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coppola
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Katiuscia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nardi
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acciarresi
authors.forename: Luigi Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pini
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calabresi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor