title: Measuring the impact of multidrug resistance in nosocomial infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The review examines potential confounders hampering measurement of the impact of multidrug resistance in nosocomial infections. Methodological techniques dealing with the problem of confounding are discussed and current findings in how multidrug resistance affects outcome in patients with nosocomial infection are highlighted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcome comparisons between patients infected with multidrug-resistant pathogens and patients infected with susceptible microorganisms are hampered by confounders such as differences in disease severity, prolonged hospitalization prior to onset of infection (exposure time), the causative pathogen, the type of infection, and the rate of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy. The confounding effect can be countered by means of either multivariable regression techniques or matched cohort studies, or a combination of both. Recent literature on the impact of multidrug resistance (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, etc) is conflicting and highly dependable on the way disturbing variables are accounted for.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent data underscore that the impact of multidrug resistance on the outcome of nosocomial infection might differ depending on the study population, type of infection, type of pathogen and appropriateness of therapy, and hence, that any conclusion drawn prior to accurate accounting for imbalanced confounders is premature and potentially false.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. stijn.blot@ugent.be
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blot
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Depuydt
authors.forename: Koenraad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vandewoude
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Bacquer
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents