title: A case study on Bangka Island, Indonesia on the habits and consequences of pesticide use in pepper plantations.
abstract: Habits and consequences of pesticide use in pepper plantations were studied in Indonesia. The first study was conducted by questioning 117 farmers about their habits in pesticide use and determining pesticide residues on pepper berries on Bangka Island. Meanwhile, the second study was completed by analyzing exposure levels of pesticide in farmers' bodies before and after pesticide application to pepper plantations at Sukamulya, West Java. Risks of pesticide exposure to below ground terrestrial invertebrates and aquatic ecosystems adjacent to the treated fields were evaluated using scenarios and a decision support system. Results showed that five respondents (4.3%) were agricultural workers without their own plantations and the others were plantation owners. About 112 respondents (95.7%) used pesticides regularly, while 21 respondents (17.9%) had experienced pesticide poisoning. About 54 respondents (46.2%) tended to apply the same pesticide on all occasions, and 104 respondents (88.9%) indicated to always apply a single compound. About 91 respondents (77.8%) were not aware of the possible impact of pesticides on their health, and 102 respondents (87.2%) were not aware of the possible effects on the environment. In addition while spraying pesticides 17 respondents (14.5%) were smoking, 81 respondents (69.2%) were wearing daily clothes, and 84 respondents (71.8%) were throwing empty bottles into the forest. Exposure study revealed that the residues in the urine and blood increased 6.5-10 and 1.1-1.5 folds, respectively indicating actual and direct exposures. The environmental risk assessment indicated low risks for the terrestrial below ground invertebrates but high potential risks for the aquatic ecosystem. The residues of the major pesticides were below the maximum residue limits. This study indicated that the farmers and their workers, and probably also the environment, were at risk of high exposure to the pesticides applied, but that the risks for the consumers were negligible, if present at all.
authors.affiliation: Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute, Jl. Tentara Pelajar No 3, Bogor 16114, Indonesia. wiratno02@yahoo.com
authors.lastname: Wiratno
authors.forename: Darmono
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taniwiryono
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Van den Brink
authors.forename: Ivonne M C M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rietjens
authors.forename: Albertinka J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Murk
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D029222:Piper nigrum; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides