title: Tumor targeting with antibody-functionalized, radiolabeled carbon nanotubes.
abstract: Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) are mechanically robust graphene cylinders with a high aspect ratio that are comprised of sp(2)-bonded carbon atoms and possessing highly regular structures with defined periodicity. CNT exhibit unique mechanochemical properties that can be exploited for the development of novel drug delivery platforms. We hypothesized that novel prototype nanostructures consisting of biologics, radionuclides, fluorochromes, and CNT could be synthesized and designed to target tumor cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor-targeting CNT constructs were synthesized from sidewall-functionalized, water-soluble CNT platforms by covalently attaching multiple copies of tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies, radiometal-ion chelates, and fluorescent probes. The constructs were characterized spectroscopically, chromatographically, and electrophoretically. The specific reactivity of these constructs was evaluated in vitro by flow cytometry and cell-based immunoreactivity assays and in vivo using biodistribution in a murine xenograft model of lymphoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A soluble, reactive CNT platform was used as the starting point to build multifunctional constructs with appended antibody, metal-ion chelate, and fluorescent chromophore moieties to effect specific targeting, to carry and deliver a radiometal-ion, and to report location, respectively. These nanoconstructs were found to be specifically reactive with the human cancer cells they were designed to target in vivo in a model of disseminated human lymphoma and in vitro by flow cytometry and cell-based immunoreactivity assays versus appropriate controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The key achievement in these studies was the selective targeting of tumor in vitro and in vivo by the use of specific antibodies appended to a soluble, nanoscale CNT construct. The ability to specifically target tumor with prototype-radiolabeled or fluorescent-labeled, antibody-appended CNT constructs was encouraging and suggested further investigation of CNT as a novel delivery platform.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Department, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. m-mcdevitt@ski.mskcc.org
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McDevitt
authors.forename: Debjit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kappel
authors.forename: Jaspreet Singh
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jaggi
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antczak
authors.forename: Jon T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Njardarson
authors.forename: Renier
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brentjens
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Scheinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016513:Mice, SCID; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000069283:Rituximab; D012995:Solubility; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D002614:Chelating Agents; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C071349:1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid; D000069283:Rituximab