title: Comparison of the sensitivities of noroviruses and feline calicivirus to chemical disinfection under field-like conditions.
abstract: Noroviruses (NV), in the family Caliciviridae, are an important cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Measures for prevention and control of NV dissemination are therefore necessary to ensure public safety. The abilities of an organic acid (Venno Vet 1 Super), an aldehyde (Venno FF Super), a halogen compound (sodium hypochlorite solution), and a peroxide (Oxystrong FG) to inactivate feline calicivirus (FCV), a cultivable virus surrogate for NV, were studied. Molecular protocols were then used for the comparative evaluation of disinfectant efficacies against NV and FCV, which were tested by reproducing NV field conditions, using human fecal material as a protein load. Generally, disinfectant efficacy was strongly reduced by the organic impurities (feces) used during tests. All disinfectants, except the aldehyde, were effective on FCV, as measured by cell culture and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), with inactivation levels of >or=99.9%. The glutaraldehyde-based compound failed to adequately inactivate FCV according to RT-PCR results, although the infectivity in cell culture was completely abolished. Similar inactivation levels were achieved with NV, but generally NV appeared more resistant than FCV, and consequently, the suitability of FCV as a model for NV should be considered with caution. In conclusion, according to RT-PCR results, 5% Venno Vet 1 Super, 1% Oxystrong FG, and not less than 2% Venno FF Super, with a contact time of 1 h, and 1% sodium hypochlorite, with 6,000 ppm of free chlorine and a contact time of 15 min, are required for safe disinfection when a calicivirus-related outbreak is suspected.
authors.affiliation: Hohenheim University, Institut für Umwelt und Tierhygiene, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Lorenza Ferrero
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Poschetto
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ike
authors.forename: Tibor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Papp
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mohn
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Marschang
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017927:Calicivirus, Feline / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D002415:Cats; D002460:Cell Line; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005561:Formates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006038:Glyoxylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D004202:Disinfectants; D005561:Formates; D006038:Glyoxylates; D010545:Peroxides; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; C031150:glyoxylic acid