title: Reconstruction of the hypopharynx: current trends.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reconstruction of the hypopharynx continues to present a clinical challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. Trends continue to evolve as many viable options exist, depending on individual patient characteristics and institutional preferences. The article reviews the most current literature available on the subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical resections resulting in pharyngoesophageal defects require timely reconstruction to minimize patient morbidity while optimizing quality of life, specifically in regards to speech and swallowing. Contemporary reconstructive options include various gastrointestinal flaps, pedicled myocutaneous flaps, and fasciocutaneous free flaps. Institutional trends often depend on the availability, training, and expertise of the reconstructive surgeon. The current options available differ in their complication rate and overall morbidity, and must take into account each patient's general medical health. Increased availability of surgeons trained in microvascular reconstruction and the continued high published success rates have made free flaps an attractive option for hypopharyngeal reconstruction. Functional outcome regarding swallowing and speech rehabilitation after free flap reconstruction is promising.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With continued publication of overall high success rates coupled with superior functional outcome and increased availability of surgeons trained in microvascular reconstruction, fasciocutaneous free flap reconstruction of the hypopharynx will probably surpass intestinal flaps in reliability and popularity.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery San Diego, California 92103-889, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Richmon
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Brumund
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology