title: The coprophilous mushroom Coprinus radians secretes a haloperoxidase that catalyzes aromatic peroxygenation.
abstract: Coprophilous and litter-decomposing species (26 strains) of the genus Coprinus were screened for peroxidase activities by using selective agar plate tests and complex media based on soybean meal. Two species, Coprinus radians and C. verticillatus, were found to produce peroxidases, which oxidized aryl alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes at pH 7 (a reaction that is typical for heme-thiolate haloperoxidases). The peroxidase of Coprinus radians was purified to homogeneity and characterized. Three fractions of the enzyme, CrP I, CrP II, and CrP III, with molecular masses of 43 to 45 kDa as well as isoelectric points between 3.8 and 4.2, were identified after purification by anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography. The optimum pH of the major fraction (CrP II) for the oxidation of aryl alcohols was around 7, and an H2O2 concentration of 0.7 mM was most suitable regarding enzyme activity and stability. The apparent Km values for ABTS [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazolinesulfonic acid)], 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, benzyl alcohol, veratryl alcohol, and H2O2 were 49, 342, 635, 88, and 1,201 microM, respectively. The N terminus of CrP II showed 29% and 19% sequence identity to Agrocybe aegerita peroxidase (AaP) and chloroperoxidase, respectively. The UV-visible spectrum of CrP II was highly similar to that of resting-state cytochrome P450 enzymes, with the Soret band at 422 nm and additional maxima at 359, 542, and 571 nm. The reduced carbon monoxide complex showed an absorption maximum at 446 nm, which is characteristic of heme-thiolate proteins. CrP brominated phenol to 2- and 4-bromophenols and selectively hydroxylated naphthalene to 1-naphthol. Hence, after AaP, CrP is the second extracellular haloperoxidase-peroxygenase described so far. The ability to extracellularly hydroxylate aromatic compounds seems to be the key catalytic property of CrP and may be of general significance for the biotransformation of poorly available aromatic substances, such as lignin, humus, and organopollutants in soil litter and dung environments. Furthermore, aromatic peroxygenation is a promising target of biotechnological studies.
authors.affiliation: International Graduate School (IHI) Zittau, Unit of Environmental Biotechnology, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany.
authors.forename: Dau Hung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Anh
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ullrich
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benndorf
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svatos
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muck
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofrichter
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism*; D001709:Biotechnology; D002384:Catalysis; D003302:Coprinus / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D003470:Culture Media; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007700:Kinetics; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols; D003470:Culture Media; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D010544:Peroxidases; C022333:peroxygenase; C042197:veratryl alcohol