title: Linkage disequilibrium pattern of the ATM gene in breast cancer patients and controls; association of SNPs and haplotypes to radio-sensitivity and post-lumpectomy local recurrence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ATM protein is activated as a result of ionizing radiation, and genetic variants of the ATM gene may therefore affect the level of radiation-induced damage. Individuals heterozygous for ATM mutations have been reported to have an increased risk of malignancy, especially breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Norwegian breast cancer patients (272) treated with radiation (252 of which were evaluated for radiation-induced adverse side effects), 95 Norwegian women with no known history of cancer and 95 American breast cancer patients treated with radiation (44 of which developed ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence, IBTR) were screened for sequence variations in all exons of the ATM gene as well as known intronic variants by denaturating high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) followed by sequencing to determine the nature of the variant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A total of 56 variants were identified in the three materials combined. A borderline significant association with breast cancer risk was found for the 1229 T>C (Val>Ala) substitution in exon 11 (P-value 0.055) between the Norwegian controls and breast cancer patients as well as a borderline significant difference in haplotype distribution (P-value 0.06). Adverse side effects, such as: development of costal fractures and telangiectasias, subcutaneous and lung fibrosis, pleural thickening and atrophy were evaluated in the Norwegian patients. Significant associations were found for several of the identified variants such as rs1800058 (Leu > Phe) where a decrease in minor allele frequency was found with increasing level of adverse side effects for the clinical end-points pleural thickening and lung fibrosis, thus giving a protective effect. Overall our results indicate a role for variation in the ATM gene both for risk of developing breast cancer, and in radiation induced adverse side effects. No association could be found between risk of developing ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence and any of the sequence variants found in the American patient material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway. hedvards@rr-research.no
authors.forename: Hege
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Edvardsen
authors.forename: Toril
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tefre
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Phuong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Haffty
authors.forename: Sophie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fosså
authors.forename: Vessela N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: Anne-Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Børresen-Dale