title: Branched oxytocinergic innervations from the paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei to superficial layers in the spinal cord.
abstract: The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is an interesting structure with diverse functions due to its different neuronal populations, neurotransmitters, and projections to other central nervous system structures. The PVN is a primary source of oxytocin (OT) in the central nervous system. In fact, a direct PVN projection to the spinal cord has been demonstrated by retrograde and anterograde tracers, and more than the 50% of this projection is oxytocinergic. This OT descending projection is proposed to be an endogenous system that controls the nociceptive information arriving at the spinal cord. However, we have no information about the specific organization of the OT descending innervations to the different spinal cord segments. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the projecting PVN neurons arrive at cervical regions and then continue to lumbar regions. That is, we sought to establish if the OT projecting cells have a topic or a diffuse projection in order to obtain histological data to support the endogenous OT diffuse mechanism of analgesia described elsewhere. With this purpose in mind we combined the OT immunohistochemistry technique with retrograde neuronal tracers in the spinal cord. We applied Diamidino Yellow (DY) for the superficial dorsal horn cervical segments and True Blue (TB) for the lumbar segments. Data were collected from eight rats with well-placed injections. We only used the animals in which the tracer deposits were confined to superficial layers I and II of the dorsal horn. A mainly ipsilateral projection was observed, but stained neurons were also observed in the contralateral PVN. A large fraction of the stained PVN cells was doubled labeled but some were single labeled. Combining the retrograde tracer techniques and the OT detection procedure, we observed triple-labeled neurons. The present results demonstrate that PVN neurons send collaterals at least to the superficial cervical and lumbar segments of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Moreover, some of these stained cells use OT as a neurotransmitter. These results are of great relevance since they demonstrate that the PVN plays an important role in the somatosensorial system, and they support anatomic evidence of an endogenous mechanism involved in analgesia. Finally, we also describe median raphe nucleus double-labeled cells (DY+TB) signaling diffuse descending projections for this largely studied nucleus that are involved in endogenous analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, México. condes@servidor.unam.mx
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Condés-Lara
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martínez-Lorenzana
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rojas-Piloni
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Jiménez
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000578:Amidines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020104:Immunophilins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000378:metabolism*; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D001572:Benzofurans; D010121:Oxytocin; C038675:true blue; C037945:diamidino yellow; D020104:Immunophilins