title: Herpes simplex virus infection and genital ulcer disease among patients with sexually transmitted infections in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
abstract: The relative importance of Haemophilus ducreyi and Treponema pallidum in genital ulcer disease in Africa has decreased recently, whereas that of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 has increased. We analysed 301 lesional specimens from Tanzanian patients with genital ulcer disease for the presence of H. ducreyi, T. pallidum and HSV-1/HSV-2 by performing a separate PCR for each pathogen. Infectious agents were detected in 211 (70%) of the cases. A single pathogen was found in 191 samples and two or more pathogens in the remaining 20. HSV-2 represented 83% of all identified pathogens, HSV-1 8%, T. pallidum 4% and H. ducreyi 5%. HSV-1 was identified as a single pathogen in four samples, in combination with others in an additional 14 samples. Thus, HSV-1 can also be the cause of genital ulcer disease in Africa. Regular surveillance of genital ulcer disease aetiology is important in programs for management of genital ulcer disease and HIV in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. arvid.nilsen@helse-bergen.no
authors.forename: Arvid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: Mabula Joseph
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kasubi
authors.forename: Stein Christian
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mohn
authors.forename: Davis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mwakagile
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Langeland
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haarr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D006191:Haemophilus ducreyi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014210:Treponema pallidum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014456:Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004279:DNA, Viral