title: Serum C3 is a stronger inflammatory marker of insulin resistance than C-reactive protein, leukocyte count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate: comparison study in an elderly population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to ascertain the relative relevance of some inflammatory markers in insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four inflammatory markers (leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [CRP], and C3 complement) were assessed as possible determinants of the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, together with the five elements of the metabolic syndrome (National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults [Adult Treatment Panel III] definition), total cholesterol, physical activity, and four indicators of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat, and hepatic steatosis) in an unselected population of 990 subjects aged 65-91 years (the Pianoro Study).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In univariable analysis, C3, CRP, and leukocyte count, but not ESR, were significantly correlated with HOMA index. In multivariable analysis, C3 remained associated with insulin resistance with the highest partial R(2) value (0.049), independently of all other covariates. The other most significant (P < 0.0001) determinants of HOMA index were total cholesterol (inverse association, R(2) = 0.026), waist circumference (R(2) = 0.023), triglycerides (R(2) = 0.022), and hepatic steatosis (R(2) = 0.021) (R(2) = 0.450 for the whole model). The adjusted relative risks of having the metabolic syndrome for the subjects with inflammatory markers in the high tertile, with respect to those with lower values, were (prevalence ratio [95% CI]): 1.77 (1.41-2.22) for C3, 1.38 (1.12-1.70) for leukocyte count, 1.17 (0.94-1.46) for CRP, and 1.13 (0.91-1.40) for ESR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of the four inflammatory markers simultaneously assessed in our elderly population, only C3 was strongly associated with insulin resistance, independently of the components of the metabolic syndrome and the main indexes of abdominal and general obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cardioangiology, and Hepatology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. amuscari@med.unibo.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muscari
authors.forename: Serafina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cavrini
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dapporto
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ligabue
authors.forename: Cosimo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ludovico
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Magalotti
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poggiopollini
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zoli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003176:Complement C3; D002097:C-Reactive Protein