title: Salinosporamide A (NPI-0052) potentiates apoptosis, suppresses osteoclastogenesis, and inhibits invasion through down-modulation of NF-kappaB regulated gene products.
abstract: Salinosporamide A (also called NPI-0052), recently identified from the marine bacterium Salinispora tropica, is a potent inhibitor of 20S proteasome and exhibits therapeutic potential against a wide variety of tumors through a poorly understood mechanism. Here we demonstrate that salinosporamide A potentiated the apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), bortezomib, and thalidomide, and this correlated with down-regulation of gene products that mediate cell proliferation (cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2], and c-Myc), cell survival (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cFLIP, TRAF1, IAP1, IAP2, and survivin), invasion (matrix metallopro-teinase-9 [MMP-9] and ICAM-1), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]). Salinosporamide A also suppressed TNF-induced tumor cell invasion and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. We also found that it suppressed both constitutive and inducible NF-kappaB activation. Compared with bortezomib, MG-132, N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal (ALLN), and lactacystin, salinosporamide A was found to be the most potent suppressor of NF-kappaB activation. Further studies showed that salinosporamide A inhibited TNF-induced inhibitory subunit of NF-kappaB alpha (IkappaBalpha) degradation, nuclear translocation of p65, and NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression but had no effect on IkappaBalpha kinase activation, IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, or IkappaBalpha ubiquitination. Thus, overall, our results indicate that salinosporamide A enhances apoptosis, suppresses osteoclastogenesis, and inhibits invasion through suppression of the NF-kappaB pathway.
authors.affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Kwang Seok
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: Ta-Hsiang
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Saskia T C
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Neuteboom
authors.forename: Madan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Palladino
authors.forename: Anas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Younes
authors.forename: Bharat B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007783:Lactones; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D053245:RANK Ligand; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors; C475865:marizomib; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex