title: Clinical outcomes associated with the use of subcutaneous insulin-by-glucose sliding scales to manage hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with pneumonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite its ubiquitous use, the value of subcutaneous insulin-by-glucose sliding scales (SISS) for the management of in-patient hyperglycemia has not been carefully assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical charts of 391 patients >45 years of age admitted with pneumonia from January 2003 to May 2004 who had a recorded glucose within 24h of admission and who did not have active cancer, tuberculosis or AIDS were reviewed. Abstracted data included demographics, clinical characteristics, admission and daily glucose levels, medications, SISS use and clinical outcomes. The primary outcome was pre-defined as a composite of in-hospital mortality, cardiovascular complications, sepsis or ICU admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to patients not prescribed an SISS during the admission, the 47 patients prescribed an SISS had a higher rate of the following outcomes: primary outcome (OR=2.55; 95% CI 1.38-4.73); cardiovascular complications or death (OR=1.86; 95% CI 0.99-3.49), sepsis or ICU admission (OR=4.98; 95% CI 2.38-10.42). The relationship between sliding scale use and the primary outcome was statistically significant, even after controlling for age, sex, diabetes, steroids, CHF and COPD (P<0.0001). Patients receiving a sliding scale had mean in-hospital glucose values of 11.83 mmol/L versus 7.2 mmol/L (P<0.0001) in patients not receiving an insulin sliding scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients admitted to a medical ward with pneumonia, an SISS is associated with higher glucose levels and poorer clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, c/o Dr. H.C. Gerstein, Room 3V38, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada. gerstein@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Taryn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moldoveanu
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cukierman
authors.forename: Hertzel C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gerstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007297:Inpatients; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin