title: Indications for predismissal testing with arrhythmia-induction in patients receiving an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
abstract: Arrhythmia induction during implantation of cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) is a standard procedure. However, controversy exists regarding the need for routine arrhythmia induction before discharge from hospital (pre-hospital discharge (PHD) test). In order to reduce the number of tests we identified risk factors that predict relevant ICD malfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  965 patients receiving a first device implantation (n=724) or device/system replacement (n=241) between 1998 and 2004 were analysed. During implantation 176 (18%) complications (intraoperative undersensing of induced arrhythmias, unsuccessful arrhythmia-therapy or low DFT safety margin) occurred. Frequent (>4 times) intraoperative lead repositioning due to low sensing values was present in 44 patients (5%). 9% of the patients with first ICD implantation, 21% with device replacement and 27% with system replacement developed complications during PHD testing with arrhythmia induction. Intraoperative complications, although corrected during implantation, were independent risk factors for malfunction during PHD testing (p<0.05). Additional predictors for malfunction were intraoperative lead repositioning (>4 times) and a history of both VF and VT (p<0.05). Patients without intraoperative complications rarely developed malfunction during PHD testing (3.7% first device, 6.25% system replacement). Only in patients undergoing device replacement was a higher risk for failure (13%) evident. No risk factors could be identified for these subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine arrhythmia induction during PHD is recommended in ICD patients with intraoperative complications, although corrected during implantation, as well as frequent intraoperatives lead repositioning. Patients undergoing device/system replacement uncomplicated implantation are not generally at low risk for device failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christ
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kelemen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Senges-Becker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schoels
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bald
authors.forename: H  A
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010351:Patient Discharge; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors