title: Self-reported comfort of collegiate athletes with injury and condition care by same-sex and opposite-sex athletic trainers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Athletes may experience similar comfort concerns as patients in other allied health care fields.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To address athlete comfort with injury and condition care provided by same-sex and opposite-sex athletic trainers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university athletic programs were invited and agreed to participate. Universities were selected by geographic location and affiliation with 3 National Athletic Trainers' Association districts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 685 athletes (341 women, 344 men) completed questionnaires (277 in the Mid-America District, 282 in the Far West District, and 126 in the Southeast District).
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires consisted of 17 injuries and conditions common to both female and male athletic trainer scenarios. Three sex-specific items were added to each scenario. Responses were scored on a 5-point scale anchored by 1 (very uncomfortable) and 5 (very comfortable). Participants were asked to indicate the reason for any degree of discomfort. Internal consistency, determined by Cronbach alpha, was .93 for the female athletic trainer scenario and .95 for the male athletic trainer scenario.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant injury and condition category-by-sex interactions for general medical conditions (F(1,683) = 578.9, P < .001), psychological conditions (F(1,683) = 136.2, P < .001), injuries to the upper body (F(1,683) = 175.7, P < .001), injuries to the mid-body (F(1,683) = 199.1, P < .001), and injuries to the lower body (F(1,683) = 4.9, P < .001). For gender-specific injuries and conditions, we found a difference between the mean ratings in both female athlete comfort (t(340) = -26.350, P < .001) and male athlete comfort (t(340) = -26.350, P < .001) when athletes were provided care by a female athletic trainer and a male athletic trainer. Overall, athletes appeared to be more comfortable when provided care by a same-sex athletic trainer. The most common reason reported for discomfort was gender related.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both athletes and athletic trainers should be aware that athletes do experience discomfort, especially if the injury or condition is intimate in nature. It may be necessary to have athletic trainers of both sexes accessible to athletes to optimize the treatment received.
authors.affiliation: The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104-3189, USA. jan-drummond@utulsa.edu
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hostetter
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Laguna
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillentine
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Rossi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D011336:Probability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017749:Total Quality Management; D014495:Universities