title: Time-weighted average water sampling in Lake Ontario with solid-phase microextraction passive samplers.
abstract: In this study, three types of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) passive samplers, including a fiber-retracted device, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-rod and a PDMS-membrane, were evaluated to determine the time weighted average (TWA) concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Hamilton Harbor (the western tip of Lake Ontario, ON, Canada). Field trials demonstrated that these types of SPME samplers are suitable for the long-term monitoring of organic pollutants in water. These samplers possess all of the advantages of SPME: they are solvent-free, sampling, extraction and concentration are combined into one step, and they can be directly injected into a gas chromatograph (GC) for analysis without further treatment. These samplers also address the additional needs of a passive sampling technique: they are economical, easy to deploy, and the TWA concentrations of target analytes can be obtained with one sampler. Moreover, the mass uptake of these samplers is independent of the face velocity, or the effect can be calibrated, which is desirable for long-term field sampling, especially when the convection conditions of the sampling environment are difficult to measure and calibrate. Among the three types of SPME samplers that were tested, the PDMS-membrane possesses the highest surface-to-volume ratio, which results in the highest sensitivity and mass uptake and the lowest detection level.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Chin.
authors.forename: Gangfeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Wennan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bragg
authors.forename: Zhipei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alaee
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawliszyn
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical