Chinese midwifery: the history and modernity.
OBJECTIVE
to investigate how and why Chinese midwife numbers are dwindling, and to help understand the role of midwives in society in general.


METHODS
to critically examine Chinese midwifery in three stages: (1) historical literature overview; (2) identification and reinterpretation of Chinese midwifery and its development; (3) placing issues that have arisen within a sociological context (i.e. the modernisation of obstetric technologies and the meaning of modernity).


RESULTS
no books on the history of Chinese midwifery were found. History was classified into three stages: (1) before 1929, a period of an indigenous model; (2) 1929-1996, the highs and lows of the bio-medical model; (3) after 1996, the demise of Chinese midwives. The issues identified were the legitimacy and professionalisation of Chinese midwives, the meaning of modernity and the reasons for the decline of Chinese midwifery.


CONCLUSIONS
no sufficient evidence-based research was conducted to support the recent changes made to Chinese midwifery. The modernisation of maternity care in China took place amid dramatic social and cultural changes within society. As a consequence, midwifery as a profession in China has been marginalised. The modernisation of maternity care has failed to deliver on personal choice, quality of service and professional diversity.


CONCLUSIONS
evidence-based research and the state's responsibility are essential to ensure the quality of maternity care and to protect the interests of women. The state's responsibilities include legislation regarding the role of midwives, code of practice, professional standards, responsibility and accountability in order to make midwifery care a true choice for women.
Cheung
Ngai Fen
NF
16 Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh EH11 1LW, UK. nf-cheung@tesco.net
D002681:China; D005260:Female; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional / Q000266:history*; D008880:Midwifery / Q000266:history*; D009721:Nurse Midwives / Q000266:history*; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000266:history*; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000266:history; D012922:Social Change / Q000266:history; D012962:Sociology, Medical / Q000266:history