title: Kidney stones and the ketogenic diet: risk factors and prevention.
abstract: A cohort study was performed of children started on the ketogenic diet for intractable epilepsy from 2000 to 2005 (n = 195). Children who developed kidney stones were compared with those without in terms of demographics, urine laboratory markers, and intervention with urine alkalinization (potassium citrate). Thirteen children (6.7%) developed kidney stones. The use of oral potassium citrate significantly decreased the prevalence of stones (3.2% vs 10.0%, P = .049) and increased the mean time on the ketogenic diet before a stone was first noted (260 vs 149 patient-months, P = .29). The prevalence of kidney stones did not correlate with younger age or use of carbonic anhydrate inhibitors (eg, topiramate or zonisamide) but trended toward higher correlation with the presence of hypercalciuria (92% vs 71%, P = .08). No child stopped the diet due to stones; in fact, the total diet duration was longer (median 26 vs 12 months, P < .001). Kidney stones continue to occur in approximately 1 in 20 children on the ketogenic diet, and no statistically significant risk factors were identified in this cohort. As oral potassium citrate was preventative, prospective studies using this medication empirically are warranted.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Amitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sampath
authors.forename: Eric H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kossoff
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Furth
authors.forename: Paula L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pyzik
authors.forename: Eileen P G
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Vining
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D017668:Age of Onset; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D019357:Potassium Citrate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D019357:Potassium Citrate