title: Trends in hospitalizations of HIV-infected children and adolescents in the United States: analysis of data from the 1994-2003 Nationwide Inpatient Sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe trends in hospital use by HIV-infected children and adolescents in the United States in the 10 years from 1994 (before highly active antiretroviral therapy) to 2003 (widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database were used. The most frequent diagnoses were evaluated by year, and trends in hospitalizations for selected diagnoses and procedures were examined by multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2003, there were an estimated 3419 hospitalizations of HIV-infected children who were 18 years or younger, compared with 11785 such hospitalizations in 1994 (a 71% decrease). This decrease was more marked among infants and children who were younger than 5 years (94% for boys and 92% for girls) than among adolescents (decrease of 47% for boys and increase of 23% for girls 15-18 years of age). The inpatient fatality rate among HIV-infected children decreased from 5.0% in 1994 to 1.8% in 2003. The number of hospitalizations among HIV-infected children in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era decreased significantly compared with before highly active antiretroviral therapy (1994-1996) for Pneumocystis jiroveci, bacterial infection, or sepsis; fungal infection; encephalopathy; failure to thrive; and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. No significant change in the number of hospitalizations for Pneumococcus or cytomegalovirus was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dramatic decreases in the number of hospitalizations among HIV-infected children occurred since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the United States. However, this trend is not seen in hospitalizations of adolescents, particularly girls. Hospitalizations for several HIV-related conditions are less frequent in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era, but for certain other conditions, the hospitalization burden remains high.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. apk3@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Athena P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kourtis
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bansil
authors.forename: Samuel F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Posner
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Denise J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jamieson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology