title: An approach to estimating the intangible costs of multiple sclerosis according to disability in Catalonia, Spain.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease, which represents a great economic burden to society. Cost-of-illness studies of MS tend to underestimate the intangible costs related to pain, anxiety and helplessness. The purpose of this study was to estimate the intangible costs of MS, and determine whether these costs increase as disability progresses. We studied 211 consecutive patients with MS who attended our MS unit. Patients mean age was 41.6 (SD: 10.7) years, 69% were female, and their mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score was 2.47 (SD: 2.05). Quality-of-life was measured with the EuroQoL visual analogue scale. Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was calculated for each patient. Patients were grouped into five disability stages according to their EDSS, and QALY was compared between patients and a group of healthy controls matched by age and sex. A benchmark value was ascribed to each QALY lost, and the intangible costs per patient-year were calculated as Euros 0 (EDSS =0), Euros 1100 (EDSS =1-3), Euros 8250 (EDSS =3.5-5.5), Euros 9900 (EDSS =6-7) and Euros 11,000 (EDSS >7.5). Sensitivity analysis showed a similar progression of costs. We conclude that intangible costs are relevant in MS, especially when disability increases. Although the method to calculate the costs remains controversial, we consider that they should be included in cost analysis of MS.
authors.affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Institute of Biomedical Investigation, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Spain. unitatem@csub.scs.es
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gubieras
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moral
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martinez-Yelamos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez-Yelamos
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carmona
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arbizu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013030:Spain