Regulation of simultaneous synthesis of floral scent terpenoids by the 1,8-cineole synthase of Nicotiana suaveolens.
The white flowers of N. suaveolens emit a complex bouquet of fragrance volatiles. The dominant compounds are benzenoids (e.g. methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and benzyl salicylate), monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, limonene, sabinene, E-beta-ocimene, beta-beta-myrcene, alpha- and beta-pinene and alpha-terpineole) and sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene), which are all emitted at higher levels during the night. Here, we show that the simultaneous nocturnal emission of most monoterpenes is realized by a single floral-specific multi-product enzyme (1,8-cineole synthase, CIN), which synthesizes the monoterpenes of the "cineole cassette". Interestingly, N. suaveolens is the only known taxon of the Suaveolentes section to have a flower emitting "cineole cassette of monoterpenes" which is otherwise typical for the Alatae section. Gene sequence analysis of CIN has revealed the highest similarities to other angiosperm monoterpene synthases from Vitis vinifera, Quercus ilex, Citrus unshiu and C. limon, which cluster in the same branch of the terpene synthase B subfamily. However, based on its synthesized products, N. suaveolens CIN shares similarity with enzymes of the Arabidopsis thaliana root and Salvia officinalis leaf. The N. suaveolens CIN gene is only expressed in the stigma/style tissue and petals. Thin sections of petals present the enzyme primarily in the adaxial and abaxial epidermis; this facilitates the comprehensive emission of volatiles in all spacial directions. The oscillation of monoterpene emission is a consequence of the regulation of the CIN gene by the circadian clock, with oscillations occurring at the level of transcript and protein accumulations and of enzyme activity. Light/dark or dark/light transition signals synchronize the slow-running endogenous clock. Two strategies for synchronized scent emission have been established in N. suaveolens flowers: (i) the synthesis of volatile organic compounds by a multi-product enzyme and (ii) the coordination of biosynthetic pathways by a circadian clock.
Roeder
Susanna
S
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str 3, Rostock, Germany. sroeder@umich.edu
Hartmann
Anna-Maria
AM
Effmert
Uta
U
Piechulla
Birgit
B
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019755:Carbon-Carbon Lyases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D035264:Flowers / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010476:Perfume / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics
D010476:Perfume; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes; C019899:1,8-cineole synthetase; D019755:Carbon-Carbon Lyases