title: Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differ?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigators in trials of glucosamine report a range of estimates for efficacy, making conclusions difficult. We undertook this study to identify factors that explain heterogeneity in trials of glucosamine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched for reports of trial results in Ovid Medline, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and proceedings of scientific conferences. We selected reports of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of glucosamine for pain from osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. We extracted data regarding features of design, subjects, and markers of industry involvement, including industry funding, whether a drug was supplied by industry, industry participation, and industry-affiliated authorship. We examined which factors best accounted for differences in the effect sizes of studies grouped by these characteristics, and we examined changes in I(2), a measure of heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen trials met our inclusion criteria. The summary effect size was 0.35 (95% confidence interval 0.14, 0.56). I(2) was 0.80. Except for allocation concealment, no feature of study design explained this substantial heterogeneity. Summary effect sizes ranged from 0.05 to 0.16 in trials without industry involvement, but the range was 0.47-0.55 in trials with industry involvement. The effect size was 0.06 for trials using glucosamine hydrochloride and 0.44 for trials using glucosamine sulfate. Trials using Rottapharm products had an effect size of 0.55, compared with 0.11 for the rest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterogeneity among trials of glucosamine is larger than would be expected by chance. Glucosamine hydrochloride is not effective. Among trials with industry involvement, effect sizes were consistently higher. Potential explanations include different glucosamine preparations, inadequate allocation concealment, and industry bias.
authors.affiliation: Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. svlad@bu.edu
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Vlad
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: LaValley
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: McAlindon
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Felson
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018579:Patient Selection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D005944:Glucosamine