title: Understanding 'independence': perspectives of occupational therapists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to understand how the term independence is used in rehabilitation. In particular, we asked occupational therapists in Canada and Japan to interpret the term independence in terms of people with disabilities. In rehabilitation, independence has long been a key concept. A review of the literature shows that the term's meaning has shifted throughout the past century. However, despite its significance, the word's meaning has never been deeply analysed, and it is left to the interpretation of the individual practitioner; consequently, there is a conceptual confusion surrounding the term. Furthermore, no studies have been conducted from an inter-cultural viewpoint that included non-Western societies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative interpretive study was conducted, based on semi-structured interviews with 18 occupational therapists. Nine Canadian and nine Japanese therapists were interviewed in depth and their perspectives analysed for themes and categories corresponding to their working definition of independence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Therapists' interpretation of the term independence consisted of three perspectives: "Independence as competence,""Independence as autonomy," and "Independence as psychological qualities". These perspectives were typically combined into two patterns of dealing with independence in practice. Differences between Canadian and Japanese perspectives were explored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study's findings confirm some ideas about independence that have been pointed out in the professional literature, but they also add several important ideas - the idea of psychological characteristics as key to independence, and the notion of a cultural overlay on the definition and application of the concept independence. This study's findings should contribute to the ongoing discussion in the professional literature about the virtues and limitations of pursuing independence as the ultimate goal in rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Seirei Christopher University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. akiko-t@seirei.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamaru
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McColl
authors.forename: Setsuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003469:Culture; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000941:ethics; D026684:Personal Autonomy