title: Social support and social conflict as predictors of prenatal depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate how social support and social conflict relate to prenatal depressive symptoms and to generate a brief clinical tool to identify women at increased psychosocial risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study following 1,047 pregnant women receiving care at two university-affiliated clinics from early pregnancy through 1 year postpartum. Structured interviews were conducted in the second trimester of pregnancy. Hierarchical and logistic regressions were used to examine potential direct and interactive effects of social support and conflict on prenatal depressive symptoms measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three percent of the sample reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms predicted from sociodemographic factors, social support, and social conflict. Social support and conflict had independent effects on depressive symptoms although social conflict was a stronger predictor. There was a "dose-response," with each increase in interpersonal risk factor resulting in consequent risk for probable depression based on symptom reports (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Scale greater than or equal to 16). A composite of one social support and three conflict items were identified to be used by clinicians to identify interpersonal risk factors for depression in pregnancy. Seventy-six percent of women with a composite score of three or more high-risk responses reported depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased assessment of social support and social conflict by clinicians during pregnancy can identify women who could benefit from group or individual interventions to enhance supportive and reduce negative social interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. cwestda@emory.edu
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Westdahl
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milan
authors.forename: Urania
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Magriples
authors.forename: Trace S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kershaw
authors.forename: Sharon Schindler
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rising
authors.forename: Jeannette R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ickovics
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support