title: Nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and cardiovascular risk: are they safe?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess possible cardiovascular risks associated with use of nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from January 1985 through April 2007 and relevant studies were retrieved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peer-reviewed, prospective, double-blind, case-control, and cohort-design studies published in the English language literature were considered eligible for review. Previous meta-analyses and systematic reviews were also analyzed. In total, 17 case-control studies; 9 cohort studies; 1 prospective, double-blind study; 3 meta-analyses; and 1 systematic review of observational studies were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three studies were prospective and the remainder consisted of observational, retrospective studies, with most reporting acute fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction as the cardiovascular endpoint. Among the nonselective NSAIDs, diclofenac appears to pose the highest risk for cardiovascular toxicity; other agents trend toward a neutral effect with respect to cardiovascular risk. Although the data are suggestive, it remains unclear whether naproxen provides protective cardiovascular effects among patients on chronic therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently available data are insufficient for defining evidence-based clinical guidelines for the use of NSAIDs, and the need for additional research, specifically randomized controlled trials, is evident. Diclofenac demonstrates a significant risk while naproxen appears to pose the lowest, albeit nonsignificant, risk for cardiovascular morbidity. Although the current clinical evidence may not warrant recommending naproxen as the preferred NSAID treatment, it may be prudent to avoid diclofenac for patients with cardiovascular risk factors requiring NSAID treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA. javier.waksman@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Javier C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Waksman
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal