title: Factorial analysis of the trihalomethanes formation in water disinfection using chlorine.
abstract: The factors that affect trihalomethane (THM) (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform) formation from the chlorination of aqueous solutions of hydrophobic fulvic acids (FA) were investigated in a prototype laboratorial simulation using factorial analysis. This strategy involved a fractional factorial design (16 plus 5 center experiments) of five factors (fulvic acids concentration, chlorine dose, temperature, pH and bromide concentration) and a Box Behnken design (12 plus 3 center experiments) for the detailed analysis of three factors (FA concentration, chlorine dose and temperature). The concentration of THM was determined by headspace analysis by GC-ECD. The most significant factors that affect the four THM productions were the following: chloroform-FA concentration and temperature; bromodichloromethane-FA concentration and chlorine dose; chlorodibromomethane-chlorine dose; and, bromoform-chlorine dose and bromide concentration. Moreover, linear models were obtained for the four THM concentrations in the disinfection solution as function of the FA concentration, chlorine dose and temperature, and it was observed that the complexity of the models (number of significant factors and interactions) increased with increasing bromine atoms in the THM. Also, this study shows that reducing the FA concentration the relative amount of bromated THM increases.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Av. Francisco Sá Carneiro 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro M S M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Joaquim C G
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Esteves da Silva
authors.forename: Maria Cristina G
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Antunes
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine