title: Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular disease risk: lost in translation.
abstract: Studies of the general population have suggested that high homocysteine levels are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In chronic kidney disease, homocysteine levels rise, and cardiovascular risk increases with declining kidney function. While some studies in this population have found an association between elevated homocysteine and cardiovascular risk, others have noted that this association is largely attenuated by adjustment for kidney function, and several studies of patients with kidney failure have found that lower homocysteine levels predict mortality. Homocysteine levels can be lowered with folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. Three large, randomized, controlled trials of patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease and two smaller, randomized, controlled trials of patients with kidney failure failed to detect any cardiovascular benefit from homocysteine-lowering vitamins. Several more interventional trials are ongoing, but the available data thus far do not support screening for or treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Tufts-New England Medical Centre, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sarnak
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12