title: Modulation of Aire regulates the expression of tissue-restricted antigens.
abstract: Intrathymic expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) has been viewed as the key element in the induction of central tolerance and recently, a central role for the autoimmune regulator (Aire) has been suggested in this process. The aim of this study was to establish whether down or up-regulation of Aire leads to alterations in TRA expression and whether this is limited to thymic epithelial cells. This study also characterized whether TRAs follow Aire expression during normal development, and whether thymic microenvironment plays a role in the expression of Aire and TRAs. We did several in vivo and in vitro experiments to manipulate Aire expression and measured expression of four TRAs (Trefoil factor-3, Insulin-2, Major urinary protein-1 and Salivary protein-1) by real-time RT-PCR. Aire had an allele dose-dependent effect on TRA expression in the thymuses of mice from two strains, C57BL/6J and Balb/c, but had no effect on TRA expression in the lymph nodes. In the thymus, Aire and TRAs were both localized in the medulla and were co-expressed during normal development and involution. In the primary stromal cells as well as thymic epithelial cell line, the adenoviral over-expression of Aire resulted in an increase in TRA expression. By manipulating in vitro organ-cultures we showed that thymic microenvironment plays a dominant role in Aire expression whereas TRAs follow the same pattern. The data underline a direct role for Aire in TRA expression and suggest that modulation of Aire has a potential to control central tolerance and autoimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pathology, Biomedicum, Tartu University, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kont
authors.forename: Martti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laan
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kisand
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merits
authors.forename: Hamish S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Pärt
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009077:Mucins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D000096927:AIRE Protein
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D007328:Insulin; D009077:Mucins; D011506:Proteins; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D000096927:AIRE Protein; C493263:Tff3 protein, mouse; C035737:major urinary proteins