title: Regulated ATP release from astrocytes through lysosome exocytosis.
abstract: Release of ATP from astrocytes is required for Ca2+ wave propagation among astrocytes and for feedback modulation of synaptic functions. However, the mechanism of ATP release and the source of ATP in astrocytes are still not known. Here we show that incubation of astrocytes with FM dyes leads to selective labelling of lysosomes. Time-lapse confocal imaging of FM dye-labelled fluorescent puncta, together with extracellular quenching and total-internal-reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), demonstrated directly that extracellular ATP or glutamate induced partial exocytosis of lysosomes, whereas an ischaemic insult with potassium cyanide induced both partial and full exocytosis of these organelles. We found that lysosomes contain abundant ATP, which could be released in a stimulus-dependent manner. Selective lysis of lysosomes abolished both ATP release and Ca2+ wave propagation among astrocytes, implicating physiological and pathological functions of regulated lysosome exocytosis in these cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Aihong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Qingming
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao-song
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Shumin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duan
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D052118:Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011190:Potassium Cyanide / Q000378:metabolism; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C507005:AM1-43 compound; D015415:Biomarkers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D052118:Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011190:Potassium Cyanide