title: Is the Kramers-Kronig relationship between ultrasonic attenuation and dispersion maintained in the presence of apparent losses due to phase cancellation?
abstract: Phase cancellation effects can compromise the integrity of ultrasonic measurements performed with phase sensitive receiving apertures. A lack of spatial coherence of the ultrasonic field incident on a phase sensitive receiving array can produce inaccuracies of the measured attenuation coefficient and phase velocity. The causal (Kramers-Kronig) link between these two quantities in the presence of phase distortion is investigated using two plastic polymer materials, Plexiglas and Lexan, that exhibit attenuation coefficients that increase linearly with frequency, in a fashion analogous to that of soft tissue. Flat and parallel plates were machined to have a step of a thickness corresponding to an integer number of half wavelengths within the bandwidth investigated, 3 to 7 MHz. Insonification of the stepped portion of each plate produces phase cancellation artifacts at the receiving aperture and, therefore, in the measured frequency dependent attenuation coefficient. Dispersion predictions using two different forms of the Kramers-Kronig relations were performed for the flat and the stepped regions of each plastic plate. Despite significant phase distortion and a detection system sensitive to these aberrations, the Kramers-Kronig link between the apparent attenuation coefficient and apparent phase velocity dispersion remains intact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
authors.forename: Adam Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Karen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Marutyan
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004867:Equipment Design; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009038:Motion; D011108:Polymers; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; C017902:lexan; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate