title: Blockade of IDO inhibits nasal tolerance induction.
abstract: The amino acid tryptophan is essential for the proliferation and survival of cells. Modulation of tryptophan metabolism has been described as an important regulatory mechanism for the control of immune responses. The enzyme IDO degrades the indole moiety of tryptophan, not only depleting tryptophan but also producing immunomodulatory metabolites called kynurenines, which have apoptosis-inducing capabilities. In this study, we show that IDO is more highly expressed in nonplasmacytoid dendritic cells of the nose draining lymph nodes (LNs), which form a unique environment to induce tolerance to inhaled Ags, when compared with other peripheral LNs. Upon blockade of IDO during intranasal OVA administration, Ag-specific immune tolerance was abrogated. Analysis of Ag-specific T cells in the LNs revealed that inhibition of IDO resulted in enhanced survival at 48 h after antigenic stimulation, although this result was not mediated through alterations in apoptosis or cell proliferation. Furthermore, no differences were found in CD4(+) T cells expressing FoxP3. Our data suggest that the level of IDO expression in dendritic cells, present in nose draining LNs, allows for the generation of a sufficient number of regulatory T cells to control and balance effector T cells in such a way that immune tolerance is induced, whereas upon IDO blockade, effector T cells will outnumber regulatory T cells, leading to immunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arnold P J
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: van der Marel
authors.forename: Janneke N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Samsom
authors.forename: Mascha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greuter
authors.forename: Lisette A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: van Berkel
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kraal
authors.forename: Reina E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mebius
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D010047:Ovalbumin