title: Cutaneous manifestations of dengue viral infection in Punjab (north India).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dengue infection is emerging as a public health problem in India. Despite numerous studies, there is a paucity of literature regarding the cutaneous manifestations of dengue. This study was performed to investigate the prevalence and type of cutaneous manifestations in dengue viral infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and fifty-six patients with febrile illness, admitted to the Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India, were studied. On the basis of the clinical criteria and laboratory tests, 124 patients were diagnosed with dengue viral infection, and these patients were investigated in detail. Serologic tests were attempted in only 84 patients, and all of these samples tested positive for anti-dengue immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 124 patients with dengue infection, 41 (23.1%) were classified with dengue fever (DF) and 83 (66.9%) with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), four (3.2%) of whom had dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Cutaneous involvement was seen in 46.8% of patients, the most common symptom being maculopapular/morbilliform eruption (48.3%), followed by ecchymotic (27.6%), petechial (13.8%), and macular/scarlatiniform (10.3%) eruption. Maculopapular eruption was observed more in DF, whereas petechiae, ecchymosis, and mucosal involvement were seen more in DHF; 72.4% of patients with cutaneous manifestations were asymptomatic, and 27.6% had pruritus. Involvement was generalized in 48.3% of patients, with the limbs and trunk involved in 32.8% and 18.9% of patients, respectively. Mucosal involvement was seen in 29.8% of patients, with conjunctival involvement being the most common (20.9%), followed by the lips (4.8%), palate (2.4%), and tongue (1.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study describes the variety of cutaneous features associated with dengue viral infection which may evolve during the course of the disease. As a significant proportion of patients showed cutaneous features, these manifestations, together with simple laboratory tests, will be helpful in the early diagnosis of dengue viral infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India. emyabi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Emy Aby
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003715:Dengue / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D003716:Dengue Virus; D004438:Ecchymosis / Q000209:etiology; D005076:Exanthema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005483:Flushing / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011693:Purpura / Q000209:etiology; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000209:etiology