title: Differences between physicians in the likelihood of referral and acceptance of elderly patients for dialysis-influence of age and comorbidity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incidence of dialysis in elderly patients in the Netherlands is low compared to other countries. This study aims to assess the impact of patients' age and comorbidity on the likelihood of referral and acceptance of patients for dialysis and whether this is affected by physician characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A vignette study was performed among 209 primary care physicians, 162 non-nephrology specialists and 20 nephrologists working in the north of the Netherlands. Physicians were offered six vignettes concerning case-reports of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and varying comorbidities or circumstances and asked about the likelihood of referral/acceptance of the patient in the given circumstances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The likelihood of referral within groups of physicians varied widely, especially within the group of primary care physicians and non-nephrology specialists, but was not affected by characteristics of physicians. The likelihood of referral or acceptance of patients for dialysis depended on the patient's age, and type and severity of comorbidity. In general, primary care physicians and non-nephrology specialists were less likely to refer than nephrologists were to accept. Differences within and between groups of physicians were larger for 80- than for 65-year-old patients, and for patients with less severe shortness of breath and cognitive impairments and more severe diabetes and social impairments. Hardly any differences were found for patients with cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients' age and comorbidities affect the likelihood of referral. Differences between groups of physicians suggest that there is insufficient agreement on the extent to which these factors should affect the referral/acceptance of patients for dialysis. These findings underline the need for more research into circumstances under which patients might benefit from dialysis. Guidelines should be developed to improve the referral of elderly and less healthy patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Northern Centre for Healthcare Research, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands. an.visser@med.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Geke J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: Roel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.forename: Ron T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gansevoort
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Sijmen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reijneveld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology; D009426:Netherlands; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010821:Physicians, Family; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires