title: Prognostic factors after preoperative irradiation and surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The experience of preoperative irradiation in clinically locally advanced rectal cancer for the period 1991-2003 is reported. Prognostic factors for survival and recurrence, and parameters for obtaining a free circumferential margin were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study of 204 M0 patients given >45 Gy preoperatively (median age 66 years; 29% women; tumour level <16 cm from the anal verge).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivisceral and/or pelvic wall resections were performed in 61% of the patients. R0, R1 and R2 resections were achieved in 74%, 21% and 5%. Five-year survival was 52% for all patients, 60% for R0 resections, 31% for R1 and 0% for R2. The calculated 5-year recurrence rates were 13% for R0 resections and 24% for R1 resections (p<0.035). R-stage, N-stage, age, type of rectal resection and pelvic wall resection remained significant in Cox multivariate analysis for survival. Regarding local recurrence, the following parameters were independent: N-stage, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) response and pelvic wall resection. Medium high tumour level and reduced histopathological differentiation are important individual factors that seem to predict increased risk for not obtaining a R0 resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After preoperative irradiation and surgery, about 50% of the patients with locally advanced rectal cancer without overt metastases (M0) can be cured.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology, Radiumhospitalet Cancer Center, Rikshospitalet, N-0310 Oslo, Norway. stein.larsen@radiumhospitalet.no
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Wiig
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dueland
authors.forename: K-E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Giercksky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003082:Colectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D016019:Survival Analysis