title: An analysis of the spatial and temporal patterns of highly pathogenic avian influenza occurrence in Vietnam using national surveillance data.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to describe the spatio-temporal pattern of an epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Vietnam and to identify potential risk factors for the introduction and maintenance of infection within the poultry population. The results indicate that during the time period 2004-early 2006 a sequence of three epidemic waves occurred in Vietnam as distinct spatial and temporal clusters. The risk of outbreak occurrence increased with a greater percentage of rice paddy fields, increasing domestic water bird and chicken density. It increased with reducing distance to higher population density aggregations, and in the third epidemic wave with increasing percentage of aquaculture. The findings indicate that agri-livestock farming systems involving domestic water birds and rice production in river delta areas are important for the maintenance and spread of infection. While the government's control measures appear to have been effective in the South and Central parts of Vietnam, it is likely that in the North of Vietnam the vaccination campaign led to transmission of infection which was subsequently brought under control.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Division, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom. pfeiffer@rvc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dirk U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: Phan Q
authors.initials: PQ
authors.lastname: Minh
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epprecht
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Otte
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D015994:Incidence; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011200:Poultry; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance / Q000662:veterinary*; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines