title: Incidence and etiology of acute non-malignant upper gastrointestinal bleeding in northern Greece.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence and etiology of acute non-malignant upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANMUGIB) in northern Greece due to increased use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including low-dose aspirin (L-A), exposure and geographical variability of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) seroprevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 110 patients admitted for hematemesis or melena during a 6-month period. All patients had undergone a gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy during hospitalization. The presence of Hp was identified by biopsies and a (13)C-urea breath test in the case of Hp(-) biopsy bleeding peptic ulcer (BPU). The activity of ANMUGIB was assessed according to Forrest's classification. Statistical analysis was made by the chi(2)-test and Yates' correction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients were in the two medium age groups with no significant difference between them (P < 0.001). NSAID or L-A (100 mg/day) use was reported in 42.73% of patients in a ratio 1:1 (P > 0.1) and Hp infection was found in 29.09% of patients. BPU, with approximately two-thirds in the bulb, erosions and varices were the most frequent sources. Hp infection was found in 60.65% of BPU, 65.57% were related to NSAIDs or L-A and 8.19% were non-Hp non-NSAID/L-A BPU. Flat spots were most commonly found with a significant difference (P < 0.001) to other stigmata of recent bleeding, except for clean base.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In northern Greece, persons aged over 40 years are prone to ANMUGIB with a non-significant relationship to males. Hp infection and medication use, such as NSAIDS and L-A, are deeply involved in its etiology. Non-Hp non-NSAID/L-A BPU are a small proportion. ANMUGIB seems to have a generally good prognosis.
authors.affiliation: First Medical Propedeutic Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Niki E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Tsesmeli
authors.forename: Panagiotis S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kotsaftis
authors.forename: Christos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Savopoulos
authors.forename: Apostolos I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hatzitolios
authors.forename: Georgia D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kaiafa
authors.forename: Andreas D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kounanis
authors.forename: Dimitrios T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Karamitsos
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006115:Greece; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal