title: Resistance of surface-dried virus to common disinfection procedures.
abstract: It is believed that surface-dried viruses can remain infectious and may therefore pose a threat to public health. To help address this issue, we studied 0.1 N NaOH and 0.1% hypochlorite for their capacity to inactivate surface-dried lipid-enveloped (LE) [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV)] and non-lipid-enveloped [NLE; canine parvovirus (CPV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV)] viruses in a background of either plasma or culture medium. In addition, 80% ethanol was tested on surface-dried LE viruses. Without treatment, surface-dried LE viruses remained infectious for at least one week and NLE viruses for more than one month. Irrespective of the disinfectant, inactivation decreased for viruses dried in plasma, which is more representative of viral contaminated blood than virus in culture medium. Inactivation by all disinfectants improved when preceded by rehydration, although the infectivity of CPV actually increased after rehydration and disinfection may thus be overestimated in the absence of rehydration. This is the first comprehensive study of five important (model) viruses in a surface-dried state showing persistence of infectivity, resistance to three commonly used disinfectants and restoration of susceptibility after rehydration. Our results may have implications for hygiene measurements in the prevention of virus transmission.
authors.affiliation: Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.terpstra@sanquin.nl
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Terpstra
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: van den Blink
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: A G C
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Boots
authors.forename: F H M
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Brinkhuis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gijsen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van Remmerden
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schuitemaker
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: van 't Wout
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D004267:DNA Viruses / Q000187:drug effects*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000187:drug effects*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite