title: An exploratory study of drug abuse and dependence information in package inserts.
abstract: Information about drug abuse and dependence from package inserts of centrally acting drugs was evaluated for content. Of the 77 labels reviewed, 40 were opiate agonists, 18 were stimulants, and the remainder fell into other selected categories. The amount of information ranged from 0-66 sentences, with greatest variability found in the opiate agonists (range 9-66). Information amount was significantly correlated with the year of drug approval (p < 0.001) but not with the latest label revision (p = 0.749). Information amount did not differ significantly with warning strength or schedule. While most package inserts explain physical dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal, there is a lack of information about psychological dependence. Variability in information about abuse and dependence potential is high and can affect prescribing by physicians and counseling by pharmacists, underscoring the need for further studies.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA. burroughslr@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Lisa Burroughs
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Balster
authors.forename: Patricia W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Slattum
authors.forename: Cynthia K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
mesh_terms: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004348:Drug Labeling / Q000592:standards; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000592:standards; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009294:Narcotics; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs