title: Secondary acute myelogenous leukemia in patients with retinoblastoma: is chemotherapy a factor?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a series of patients with secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (sAML) and retinoblastoma (RB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective observational cases series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ocular and pediatric oncologists at referral centers in Europe and the Americas and the RB databases at the National Institutes of Health and the Ophthalmic Oncology Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physician survey, retrospective database review, and literature search.
  
  
  METHODS
  History of RB and development of sAML, management of RB (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy), age at diagnosis of RB and leukemia, French-American-British (FAB) subtype, and current status of patient (alive or dead).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients with sAML were identified; 13 occurred in childhood. Mean latent period from RB to AML diagnosis was 9.8 years (median, 42 months). Nine cases were of the M2 or M5 FAB subtypes. Twelve patients (79 %) had received chemotherapy with a topoisomerase II inhibitor, 8 (43%) had received chemotherapy with an epipodophyllotoxin. Ten children died of their leukemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute myelogenous leukemia is a rare secondary malignancy among retinoblastoma patients, many of whom were treated with primary or adjuvant chemotherapy. Additional studies are needed to assess potential risk factors contributing to sAML development in this cohort.
authors.affiliation: Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. dgombos@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Dan S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gombos
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hungerford
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kingston
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chantada
authors.forename: Ira J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Dunkel
authors.forename: Celia B G
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Antoneli
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: Barret G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Haik
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Medina-Sanson
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Schefler
authors.forename: Gavivann
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veerakul
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bornfeld
authors.forename: Mathew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Christopher Bing On
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011034:Podophyllotoxin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D011034:Podophyllotoxin