title: Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper updates the treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis supported by relevant views about the pathogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Building on the thesis that Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are due to dermal cell apoptosis, molecular pathways that may lead to this have been proposed. Intravenous immunoglobulin is postulated to block apoptosis via the Fas pathway. Most series on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in toxic epidermal necrolysis have been favourable. Tumour necrosis factor is also thought to be an important mediator of cell death in toxic epidermal necrolysis. There was impressive control of the progression of toxic epidermal necrolysis with intravenous anti-tumour necrosis factor antibody infliximab in two cases. Strong associations between human leukocyte antigen subtypes and severe cutaneous reactions due to allopurinol and carbamazepine have been described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, there is no established treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. With advancing knowledge of the pathogenesis, it is hoped that better forms of treatment may result.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Faith L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: Khai Pang
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Leong
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069285:Infliximab; D013262:Stevens-Johnson Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab