title: Unique patterns of dietary adequacy in three cultures of Canadian Arctic indigenous peoples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information is needed on dietary adequacy of Arctic indigenous populations in Canada. Extensive work has been completed on composition of Arctic food and food use, and dietary reference intakes are available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To complete the first comprehensive dietary adequacy assessment of three populations of adult Arctic indigenous people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary assessment interviews were conducted with randomly selected indigenous adults during two seasons in 44 representative communities of Yukon First Nations (n = 797), Dene/Métis, (n = 1007) and Inuit (n = 1525).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four-hour recalls were used to derive adjusted distributions of usual nutrient intakes in four age/gender groups for assessment of dietary adequacy for carbohydrate, dietary fibre, protein, n-3 fatty acids, n-6 fatty acids, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin D and vitamin E.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nutrients with high prevalence of adequacy for most age/gender groups in all three cultures were protein, carbohydrate, n-3 fatty acids, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium, riboflavin and vitamin B6; some individuals exceeded the upper intake level for iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A and vitamin D. Estimated average requirement nutrients of concern for adequacy were magnesium, folate, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E; however, a few age/gender groups were exceptions. Prevalence of inadequacy for AI nutrients which may be undesirably high were fibre, n-6 fatty acids and calcium. Vitamin D was more adequate in Inuit women and men than for Yukon First Nations or Dene/Métis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unique patterns of dietary adequacy exist among Arctic indigenous peoples. Local wildlife food sources and market food sources should be maximised for their nutrient contributions to Arctic diets.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Indigenous Peoples Nutrition and Environment (CINE), McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. harriet.kuhnlein@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Harriet V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Kuhnlein
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Receveur
authors.forename: Rula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soueida
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Berti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001110:Arctic Regions; D002170:Canada; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004930:Inuit / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients