title: Beneficial effect of low-density lipoprotein apheresis (LDL-A) on refractory nephrotic syndrome (NS) due to focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypercholesterolemia is one of the factors which deteriorate renal function in NS especially due to FGS. LDL-A is a potential option for treating NS due to FGS accompanied by hypercholesterolemia and resistant to conventional drug therapy with steroids and/or cyclosporine A (CsA). As reported by Muso et al. [2001], LDL-A combined with drug therapy yields more rapid relief from NS and better prognosis than drug therapy alone. However, very limited data are available on outcome at several years after treatment. The aim of this study was to clarify long-term outcome of NS patients treated with LDL-A and to evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  To clarify the long-term outcome of LDL-A, we conducted a retrospective survey on outcome up to 5 years. From 36 hospitals in Japan, 41 patients with NS whose short-term outcomes with LDL-A were reported from 1999-2004 were collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 29 and 15 patients with outcomes determined at 2 and 5 years after treatment, respectively, were obtained. At 2 and 5 years after treatment, 62 and 87% of patients, respectively, were classified into complete or Type 1 incomplete remission. The strength of correlations between outcome and several factors including parameters of renal function measured before and after treatment and treatment condition revealed that early administration of LDL-A after the onset of NS provided a good long-term outcome. The data also suggest that more drastic decrease of LDL favored a better prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In NS due to FGS treated with LDL-A, long-term outcome was as good as short-term outcome. Early administration of LDL-A after the onset of NS provided a good long-term outcome. To obtain more precise findings regarding the effects of this treatment, a large-scale prospective study will be needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, The Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan. muso@kitano-hp.or.jp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muso
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mune
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yorioka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001781:Blood Component Removal / Q000379:methods*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL