title: N-acetyl cysteine supplementation prevents impairment of spatial working memory functions in rats following exposure to hypobaric hypoxia.
abstract: Exposure to high altitude (HA), especially extreme altitude, is associated with impairment of cognitive functions including memory and increased oxidative stress. However, the underlying mechanisms involved are not well understood. It is hypothesized that HA induced oxidative stress may be one of the factors underlying hypoxia induced memory impairment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hypobaric hypoxia (HH) on spatial working and reference memory functions, oxidative stress markers in rats and effect of supplementation of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). The rats were divided into four groups. Group I served as normoxic (n=6), Group II served as hypoxic (n=6), Group III as hypoxia group treated with NAC (n=6) and Group IV served as normoxic group treated with NAC (n=6). Group II & III were exposed to HH for 3 days equivalent to 6100 m and received oral NAC supplementation (750 mg/kg) daily. Rats from all the groups were trained in Morris Water Maze (MWM) task for 8 consecutive days. Spatial working and reference memory were tested immediately after the termination of HH and then the rats were sacrificed for estimation of oxidative stress markers in hippocampus. Rats displayed significant deficits in spatial working memory, and increased oxidative stress along with decrease in antioxidant status on hypoxic exposure. Supplementation with NAC in hypoxia-exposed group improved spatial memory performance, and decreased oxidative stress. These findings indicate that hypoxic exposure is associated with increased oxidative stress, which may have caused memory deficit in rats exposed to simulated HA.
authors.affiliation: Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jayalakshmi
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalpana
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sairam
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muthuraju
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ilavazhagan
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D000111:Acetylcysteine