title: Virtual surgery simulation for medical training using multi-resolution organ models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Real-time simulation of organ deformation is one of the biggest challenges in virtual surgery, due to the conflicting requirements of real-time interactivity and simulation realism. In this paper we propose a method to overcome this challenge by introducing a multi-resolution modelling technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our approach a reasonably coarse global model is locally enhanced, using a mesh subdivision and smoothing algorithm. The global model is based on a discretization of the boundary integral representation of three-dimensional deformable objects. Local refinements are provided at the tool-tissue interaction region by a local subdivision technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As an example, we have developed a deformable human kidney model generated from the Visible Human Dataset, with tissue properties determined from in vivo animal experiments. A mixed reality laparoscopic surgical training system has been developed, using an abdominal mannequin and force feedback devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of precomputation and structural re-analysis techniques results in a very rapid computation procedure. Validation of the simulator is in progress.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea. jungkim@kaist.ac.kr
authors.forename: Jung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Changmok
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Suvranu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: Mandayam A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D003626:Data Display; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D004548:Elasticity; D005246:Feedback; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery*; D008348:Manikins; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012371:Robotics; D012984:Software; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface