title: Peptidergic and nitrergic innervation of the pineal gland in the domestic pig: an immunohistochemical study.
abstract: The presence and co-localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide N-terminal histidine C-terminal isoleucine (PHI), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), somatostatin (SOM), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were studied in neuronal structures of the pig pineal gland. Paraformaldehyde-fixed pineals of 3-month-old gilts were sliced into serial cryostat sections, which were subjected to a set of double immunofluorescence stainings. Based on the co-existence patterns of neuropeptides, five populations of nerve fibres supplying the pig pineal were distinguished: (1) PHI-positive, (2) PACAP-positive, (3) SOM-positive, (4) SP/CGRP-positive and (5) SP-positive/CGRP-negative. Only a subpopulation of PHI-positive fibres contained VIP at the level detectable by immunofluorescence. NOS was found in some intrapineal PHI- and VIP-positive fibres. PHI-, VIP- and NOS-positive nerve fibres were more numerous in the peripheral than in the central part of the pineal. PACAP-positive fibres were equally distributed within the gland. The density of SOM-positive fibres was higher in the ventro-proximal than in the dorso-distal part of the pineal. SOM was also detected in some neuronal-like cells or specialized pinealocytes situated in the central region of the gland. Two populations of fibres containing SP were found: CGRP-positive, present in the distal and central parts of the pineal as well as CGRP-negative, localized in the proximal compartment of the gland.
authors.affiliation: Division of Histology, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wojtkiewicz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lewczuk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kosacka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majewski
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Przybylska-Gornowicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine / Q000033:anatomy & histology*