title: Comparison of the rheological properties of ready-to-serve and powdered instant food-thickened beverages at different temperatures for dysphagic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, affects an estimated 15 million Americans. Its management may include use of instant food thickener (IFT) to modify beverage consistency to minimize the risk of aspiration and prevent dehydration. However, inconsistencies with the desired viscosity of these thickened liquids occur both within and across product lines for both ready-to-serve commercially packaged prethickened (CPPT) and IFT-thickened beverages.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the rheological property differences between CPPT and similar IFT-thickened beverages, and to assess the stability of these products at two temperature ranges using three viscosity measurement techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rheological properties of five CPPT and IFT-thickened beverages at both nectar- and honey-like consistencies were evaluated at 10 degrees C (50 degrees F) and 20 degrees C (68 degrees F) using the line spread, funnel, and viscometry methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-way analysis of variance was used for data analysis. When a significant difference was observed, Tukey's test was used to separate the means.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each viscosity measurement technique showed the CPPT nectar- and honey-like consistency beverages were significantly more viscous (P<0.0001) at both temperatures compared with their IFT counterparts. Moreover, CPPT beverages at nectar and honey consistencies were almost always more viscous than the National Dysphagia Diet Task Force-defined standards, whereas the IFT-thickened beverages were more frequently within those standards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reevaluation of the viscosity of CPPT beverages with reference to the National Dysphagia Diet Task Force set standard ranges needs to be considered. A strong need also exists for development of a standard protocol on product labels that includes the expected rheological properties of CPPT and IFT-thickened beverages. To the clinicians, especially registered dietitians, it is an important clinical consideration to recognize that CPPT products may be thicker than IFT-thickened products and also may be more viscous than the National Dysphagia Diet Task Force-defined standards.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Allied Health Professions, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, LA 70504, USA. boadeleye@louisiana.edu
authors.forename: Bernice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adeleye
authors.forename: Corryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rachal
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005503:Food Additives / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005526:Food, Formulated / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D012212:Rheology; D013696:Temperature; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives