Measuring international normalized ratios in long-term care: a comparison of commercial laboratory and point-of-care device results.
OBJECTIVE
Point-of-care (POC) anticoagulation testing devices can potentially improve warfarin therapeutics in long-term care; however, there is variable accuracy reported for these devices and scant data when used in older adults. Accordingly, we undertook this study to determine the accuracy of a POC device (Hemosense INratio) in long-term care settings and examine factors associated with discrepant results.


METHODS
Case series.


METHODS
Two, demographically comparable continuing-care retirement communities in the Southeastern United States.


METHODS
Long-term (nursing home and assisted living) residents with atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, or prior cerebrovascular accident (16 at site 1; 8 at site 2).


METHODS
INR results calculated by the Hemosense device were compared with those determined by venipuncture-collected samples run in commercial laboratories. Patient demographic and clinical data were collected, as was performance by tester.


RESULTS
Correlation varied between sites and, at site 1, between testers. Accuracy at site 1 was comparable to published reports for 2 of the 3 testers, with rather disconcerting discrepancy rates of 17.8% and 23.1%. However, correlation for the third tester was much better, with only a 7% discrepancy rate based on clinician rating of Hemosense-Reference lab differences. Correlation at site 2 was considerably worse than site 1, to the point that the Hemosense could not be safely adopted.


CONCLUSIONS
POC devices may not be appropriate for commercial laboratory tests substitution without prior performance evaluation. Running POC INRs concurrent with laboratory-determined INRS can determine test reliability. Timing of Hemosense testing in relation to when laboratory INRs were drawn is one likely explanation for our results, although user differences may also contribute significantly. Further research in larger, more diverse populations, using a variety of POC devices, and with direct comparison of older and younger patients is needed.
Bluestein
Daniel
D
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA. bluestda@evms.edu
Brantley
Cynthia
C
Barnes-Eley
Myra
M
Gravenstein
Stefan
S
Basta
Sameh
S
D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D040561:Assisted Living Facilities; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D015144:Southeastern United States; D014859:Warfarin / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin