title: c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cooperates with Gsk3beta to regulate Dishevelled-mediated microtubule stability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wnt factors are a large family of signaling molecules that play important roles in the regulation of cell fate specification, tissue polarity and cell movement. In the nervous system, Wnts also regulates the formation of neuronal connection acting as retrograde signals that regulate the remodeling of the axons prior to the assembly of the presynaptic apparatus. The scaffold protein Dishevelled (Dvl) mimics the effect of Wnt on the neuronal cytoskeleton by increasing the number of stable microtubule along the axon shaft and inducing the formation of looped microtubules (MT) at enlarged growth cones. A divergent Wnt-Dvl canonical pathway which bifurcates downstream of Gsk3beta regulates MT dynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show that the Wnt pathway also activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to regulate MT stabilization. Although in the Wnt planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, JNK lays downstream of Rho GTPases, these GTPases are not required for Wnt-mediated MTs stability. Epistatic analyses and pharmacological studies suggest that the Wnt-Dvl signalling regulates the dynamic of the cytoskeleton through two different pathways that lead to inhibition of Gsk3beta and activation of JNK in the same cell.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate a novel role for JNK in Wnt-mediated MT stability. Wnt-Dvl pathway increases MT stability through a transcription independent mechanism that requires the concomitant inhibition of Gsk3beta and activation of JNK. These studies demonstrate that Wnts can simultaneously activate different signalling pathways to modulate cytoskeleton dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK. L.Ciani@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ciani
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Salinas
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000841:Anisomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology; D000072261:Dishevelled Proteins; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000873:Anthracenes; D000072261:Dishevelled Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; C432165:pyrazolanthrone; D003994:Bucladesine; D000841:Anisomycin; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D015739:Nocodazole