title: Enantioselective analysis of ketamine and its metabolites in equine plasma and urine by CE with multiple isomer sulfated beta-CD.
abstract: CE with multiple isomer sulfated beta-CD as the chiral selector was assessed for the simultaneous analysis of the enantiomers of ketamine and metabolites in extracts of equine plasma and urine. Different lots of the commercial chiral selector provided significant changes in enantiomeric ketamine separability, a fact that can be related to the manufacturing variability. A mixture of two lots was found to provide high-resolution separations and interference-free detection of the enantiomers of ketamine, norketamine, dehydronorketamine, and an incompletely identified hydroxylated metabolite of norketamine in liquid/liquid extracts of the two body fluids. Ketamine, norketamine, and dehydronorketamine could be unambiguously identified via HPLC fractionation of urinary extracts and using LC-MS and LC-MS/MS with 1 mmu mass discrimination. The CE assay was used to characterize the stereoselectivity of the compounds' enantiomers in the samples of five ponies anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and treated with intravenous continuous infusion of racemic ketamine. The concentrations of the ketamine enantiomers in plasma are equal, whereas the urinary amount of R-ketamine is larger than that of S-ketamine. Plasma and urine contain higher S- than R-norketamine levels and the mean S-/R-enantiomer ratios of dehydronorketamine in plasma and urine are lower than unity and similar.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Regula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Theurillat
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knobloch
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Paul-Gerhard
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Lassahn
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mevissen
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thormann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D006736:Horses; D007649:Ketamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013431:Sulfates; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; D007649:Ketamine; C033419:norketamine