title: Immune response of severely injured patients--influence of surgical intervention and therapeutic impact.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  [corrected] Severe injury leads to a severe deterioration of the patients' immune response. The changes of the immune response after severe injury include a broad range of immune functions and may result in a status of immunosuppression, which could favor infectious complications. Therefore, immunostimulating therapies have been introduced in the therapy for severely injured patients in clinical and experimental settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The article summarizes actual immunomodulating approaches in the treatment of trauma patients and therapeutic strategies avoiding additional immune deteriorations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Examples for an immunostimulating approach in trauma patients are interferon gamma and the granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which are summarized in this review in detail. However, the effect of such an interference in the patients' immune response with all its different cellular targets is not yet clearly understood, and most studies focus on the reaction of circulating monocytes. In addition, further immunomodulating strategies, including nutritional support, are addressed. However, clinically established therapeutic immunomodulating strategies in trauma care so far do not exist. The impact of the accidental and also an additional surgical trauma on the immune response has been clearly demonstrated. Therefore, the idea of a "damage control orthopedic surgery" (DCOS) is not only necessary to prevent further deterioration of the homeostasis of, e.g., the coagulating system, but is also desirable in terms of minimizing the burden on the immune system. In addition, also the timing of secondary surgical treatment in trauma patient care should include an evaluation of the immune response, although the most reliable markers still need to be identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunomodulating therapies in trauma patients exist on an experimental level with inconsistent results. The general management of trauma patients includes strategies that have been developed also on the basis of immunological considerations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany. sascha.flohe@uni-duisburg-essen.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flohé
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Flohé
authors.forename: F U
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Schade
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waydhas
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000276:immunology; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor