title: Challenges in defining type 2M von Willebrand disease: results from a Canadian cohort study.
abstract: METHODS
  In order to better characterize the genotype-phenotype correlation in type 2M von Willebrand disease (VWD), we sequenced the coding region for the mature subunit of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene (exons 18-52, including exon/intron boundaries) in 16 index cases originally submitted to the Canadian Type 1 VWD Study as type 1 VWD, but reclassified as type 2M VWD on the basis of phenotype (excessive mucocutaneous bleeding and von Willebrand factor: antigen (VWF:Ag) and/or von Willebrand factor: ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo) between 0.05 and 0.50 IU mL(-1) on at least two occasions and RCo/Ag ratio < 0.6 and no loss of high molecular weight multimers). Available family members (16 affected, 23 unaffected and six unknown) were sequenced for identified mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified eight different missense mutations (R854Q, T1054M, R1315C, R1374C, R1374H, L1382P, S2179F, and T2647M) within these 16 families. We were significantly more likely to identify a VWF mutation in cases with RCo/Ag ratios < 0.50 (P < 0.05, chi-squared test). Importantly, every index case with an RCo/Ag ratio < 0.40 (4/4 index cases) had a mutation identified within the A1 domain, in contrast to 1/12 cases with an RCo/Ag ratio > 0.40. Difficulties with the standardization of the VWF:RCo may be responsible for the heterogeneity in cases with RCo/Ag ratios between 0.40 and 0.60.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genotype-phenotype correlation for cases with RCo/Ag ratios < 0.40 is clear. On the basis of our results, the phenotypic definition of type 2M VWD may need to be more stringent, and should be the subject of an international standardization initiative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Notley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hegadorn
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rapson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lillicrap
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D014842:von Willebrand Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System