title: Evaluation of lens hardness in cataract surgery using high-frequency ultrasonic parameters in vitro.
abstract: Ultrasonic parameters of sound velocity and frequency-dependent attenuation ranging from 25 to 45 MHz were measured for the purpose of evaluating the hardness of lenses in cataract surgery (phacoemulsification). Measurements were performed with a 35-MHz ultrasonic transducer on porcine lenses in which artificially cataracts were induced. The hardness of the cataractous lens was also evaluated by mechanical measurement of its elastic properties. The results indicated that the ultrasonic attenuation coefficients in normal porcine lenses were approximately 4.49 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SD) and 6.32 +/- 0.04 dB/mm at 30 and 40 MHz, respectively. The development progression of the cataracts resulted in the attenuation coefficient increasing linearly to 7.36 +/- 0.25 and 11.1 +/- 0.92 dB/mm, respectively, corresponding to an increase of Young's modulus from 2.6 to 101.2 kPa. The sound velocity concomitantly increased from 1639.8 +/- 4.2 to 1735.6 +/- 10.4 m/s. Evaluation of the relationship between the phacoemulsification energy level and ultrasonic parameters in vitro by surgeons revealed that both the attenuation coefficient and sound velocity were linearly correlated with the phacoemulsification energy (r = 0.941 and 0.915, respectively). These results showed that measuring high-frequency ultrasonic parameters provides surgeons with good capability and reproducibility for selecting the optimal energy level for phacoemulsification.
authors.affiliation: NIH Resource on Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA
authors.forename: Chih-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ameri
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deboer
authors.forename: Adrian P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rowley
authors.forename: Xiaochen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Shyh-Hau
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Humayun
authors.forename: K Kirk
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Shung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002386:Cataract / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004548:Elasticity; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006244:Hardness; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D023421:Models, Animal; D018918:Phacoemulsification / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014463:Ultrasonography