title: The use of the erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser in endodontic treatment: the results of an in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of the erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser has become accepted in the field of cavity preparation. The development of miniaturized and flexible fiber tips has allowed this device to be used in endodontics. The authors conducted an in vitro study to assess the effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on root canals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors inoculated root canals with two bacteria, laser irradiated them at two power settings and subjected them to a quantitative microbiological evaluation. They used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess morphological changes in endodontically processed and laser-irradiated root canal walls. They measured temperature increases on the root surface to determine possible thermal side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bacteriological evaluation revealed a disinfecting effect in the root dentin samples that was dependent on the output power but not specific for the bacterial species investigated. SEM showed the removal of the smear layer from the root canal walls and the exposure of dentinal tubules. The temperature rise during irradiation was moderate when standardized power settings were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Er,Cr:YSGG laser can be used to eliminate bacteria in root canals. It also effectively removes smear layer and debris from the canal wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Practitioners can use the Er,Cr:YSGG laser to prepare root canals for endodontic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. curd.schoop@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schoop
authors.forename: Kawe
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goharkhay
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klimscha
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zagler
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wernisch
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sperr
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moritz
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria; D002857:Chromium; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis; D004871:Erbium; D004926:Escherichia coli; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016369:Smear Layer
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium; D004871:Erbium