title: Atheroembolism during percutaneous renal artery revascularization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atheroembolization during renal artery angioplasty and stenting (RA-PTAS) has been postulated as a cause for the inferior renal function results observed when compared with those with surgical revascularization. To further characterize procedure-associated atheroembolism, we analyzed recovered atheroembolic debris and clinical data from patients undergoing RA-PTAS with distal embolic protection (DEP).
  
  
  METHODS
  RA-PTAS procedures were performed with DEP using a commercially available temporary balloon occlusion and aspiration catheter system between July 2005 and December 2006. Following RA-PTAS but prior to deflation of the distal occlusion balloon, the static column of blood proximal to the balloon was aspirated and submitted for embolic particle analysis. Angiograms, demographics, and laboratory data were reviewed. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated before RA-PTAS and at 4 to 8 weeks postintervention using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Associations between clinical factors, captured particle counts, and changes in renal function were examined using univariate techniques and multiple linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight RA-PTAS procedures were performed with DEP. Mean total number of embolic particles counted per procedure was 2033 +/- 1553 for particles 20-60 microm and 265 +/- 132 for particles >60 microm. Significant positive associations with quantity of captured particles 20 to 60 microm were observed for African American race (P = .002), predilation (P = .005), and stent diameter (P < .001); a significant negative association was observed for preoperative aspirin use (P =.016). Quantity of captured particles >60 microm was positively associated with ratio of stent to renal artery diameter (P =.009). Change in eGFR was positively associated with preoperative aspirin use (P = .006) and preoperative eGFR (P < .001), while a negative association was observed for captured particle counts >60 microm (P = .015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the liberation of thousands of atheroembolic particles during RA-PTAS. Clinical, anatomic, and device-related factors may be predictive of procedural embolization, and increasing captured particle counts >60 microm were associated with inferior renal function results. Further investigation is warranted to establish relationships between atheroembolism, end organ functional impairment, and clinical responses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Sciences, Section on Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. medwards@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Corriere
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Craven
authors.forename: Xian Mang
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Nicholas B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Mertaugh
authors.forename: Kimberley J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D017700:Embolism, Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D012008:Recurrence; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine