title: Body fat distribution reference standards in Spanish adolescents: the AVENA Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present body fat patterning reference standards to identify children with a predominant distribution of body fat in the abdominal or truncal region of the body.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study in a representative sample of Spanish adolescents aged 13-18 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2160 adolescents with a complete set of anthropometric measurements (1109 males and 1051 females).
  
  
  METHODS
  Weight, height, body mass index, skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh, calf) and waist and hip circumferences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the majority of the age groups, subscapular/triceps skinfolds ratio, trunk-to-total skinfolds percent (TTS%)and waist circumference values were significantly higher in males than in females; hip circumference was higher in females than in males, except at 15.5 years. In males, age showed a significant effect for all the body fat distribution indices; however, in females, the effect was only significant for triceps skinfold, waist and hip circumferences and waist-to-hip ratio. Smoothed age- and sex-specific triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, subscapular/triceps skinfolds ratio, TTS%, waist circumference and hip circumference, waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratio percentile values for male and female adolescents have been established.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These reference data for waist circumference and the other fat patterning indices, together with data from other countries, will help to establish international central obesity criteria for adolescents. The presented percentile values will give the possibility to estimate the proportion of adolescents with high or low regional adiposity amounts.
authors.affiliation: EU Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. lmoreno@unizar.es
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Mesana
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fleta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wärnberg
authors.forename: Jf
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bueno
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D050218:Body Fat Distribution / Q000592:standards*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology; D012016:Reference Values; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013030:Spain; D013223:Statistics as Topic