title: Antifungal use in intensive care units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide benchmarking data on antifungal use in intensive care units (ICUs), to analyse risk factors and to look for correlations with antibiotic use data and structure parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antimicrobial use data for 13 ICUs were obtained from computerized databases from January 2004 through June 2005. Antimicrobial usage density (AD) is expressed as daily defined doses/1000 patient-days. Correlations were calculated by the Spearman correlation or for binomic variables by the two-sided Wilcoxon test. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for the outcome 'antifungal use'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean systemic antifungal drug use was 93.0, the range being between ADs of 18.9 and 232.2. ICUs treating transplant patients had a significantly higher mean antifungal usage at 152.9 compared with ICUs not treating transplant patients where the AD was 46.0. Fluconazole was the most frequently prescribed antifungal (mean AD 69.6) followed by amphotericin B (11.4) and voriconazole (6.2). Antifungal use correlated significantly with the consumption of quinolones, carbapenems and extended-spectrum penicillins, but not with total antibiotic use and not with the type of ICU or university status. In the multivariate linear regression analysis, two parameters, i.e. high quinolone use (P = 0.002) and ICUs which treat transplant patients (P = 0.027), were independent risk factors for a high level of antifungal use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antifungal use was heterogeneous in German ICUs with the mean AD lying at 93. Benchmarking data might provide a useful method for assessing strategies that aim to reduce antifungal use in ICUs. However, data should be stratified for ICUs with and without transplant patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg University Hospital, Breisacher Str. 115B, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. elisabeth.meyer@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gastmeier
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ruden
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heininger
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents