title: Ketamine increases the frequency of electroencephalographic bicoherence peak on the alpha spindle area induced with propofol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reticular and thalamocortical system is known to play a prominent role in spindle wave activity, and the spindle wave is related to the sedative effects of anaesthetics. Recently, bispectral analysis of the EEG has been developed as a better method to indicate nonlinear regulation including the thalamocortical system linking to the cortical area. In the present study, in order to explore the interference of ketamine with the nonlinear regulation of the sub-cortical system, we examined the effect of ketamine on spindle alpha waves through the bispectral analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 21 patients. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained using a propofol-TCI system (target-controlled infusion, with target concentration 3.5 microg ml(-1)). An A-2000 BIS monitor was used and the raw EEG signals were collected via an RS232 interface on a personal computer. Bicoherence, the normalized bispectrum, and power spectrum were analysed before and after i.v. administration of 1 mg kg(-1) racemic ketamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Propofol caused alpha peaks in both power and bicoherence spectra, with average frequencies of 10.6 (SD 0.9) Hz and 10.7 (1.0) Hz, respectively. The addition of ketamine significantly shifted each peak to frequencies of 14.4 (1.4) Hz and 13.6 (1.5) Hz, respectively [P < 0.05, mean (SD)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine shifted the alpha peaks of bicoherence induced by propofol to higher frequencies. This suggests that ketamine changes the alpha spindle rhythms through the modulation of the nonlinear sub-cortical reverberating network.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan. zukko@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagihira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D015742:Propofol