title: Vertebrate Ctr1 coordinates morphogenesis and progenitor cell fate and regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation.
abstract: Embryogenesis involves two distinct processes. On the one hand, cells must specialize, acquiring fates appropriate to their positions (differentiation); on the other hand, they must physically construct the embryo through coordinated mechanical activity (morphogenesis). In early vertebrate development, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulates multiple embryonic events, including germ layer differentiation and morphogenesis; the cellular components that direct FGF signaling to evoke these different responses remain largely unknown. We show here that the copper transporter 1 (Ctr1) protein is a critical router of FGF signals during early embryogenesis. Ctr1 both promotes the differentiation and inhibits the morphogenesis of mesoderm and neurectoderm in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis, thereby coordinating normal development. Signal sorting by Ctr1 involves the activation of the Ras-MAP kinase cascade and appears to be independent of its role in copper transport. Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells deficient for Ctr1 (Ctr1(-/-)) retain characteristics of pluripotency under conditions that favor differentiation in wild-type ES cells, indicating a conserved role for Ctr1 during amphibian and mammalian cell fate determination. Our studies support a model in which vertebrate Ctr1 functions as a key regulator of the differentiation capacity of both stem and progenitor cell populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haremaki
authors.forename: Stuart T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Yien-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Margaret H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D000079923:Copper Transporter 1; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D000079923:Copper Transporter 1; C522333:Ctr1 protein, Xenopus; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C490077:Slc31a1 protein, mouse; D029867:Xenopus Proteins