title: Type-D personality but not depression predicts severity of anxiety in heart failure patients at 1-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a debilitating condition associated with poor outcome, including increased anxiety. However, anxiety and its determinants have not yet been studied systematically in CHF. We examined whether type-D personality and depressive symptoms would predict clinically significant anxiety at 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with systolic CHF (n=149; 79% men; mean age 66+/-8.6) completed the type-D Scale (DS14), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index at baseline. A clinical interview (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) was used to assess clinically significant anxiety at 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 12 months follow-up, 26% (9/35) of type-D patients had clinically significant anxiety versus only 6% (7/114) of the non type-Ds (p=0.001). In univariable analyses, type-D personality (OR=5.3; p=0.002) and anxiety sensitivity (OR=4.5; p=0.009), but not depressive symptoms (p=0.27) predicted clinically significant anxiety. Type-D remained an independent predictor of anxiety at 1 year (OR=5.7; p=0.01), controlling for depressive symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, socio-demographic and clinical variables. Adding type-D in a hierarchical logistic regression model, comprising standard and psychological risk factors, enhanced the level of prediction of clinically significant anxiety substantially (-2LL=75.16 chi(2)=26.46; p=0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type-D personality, but not depressive symptoms predicted 1-year clinically significant anxiety. The type-D scale could be used to identify CHF patients at high risk of anxiety, as these patients may be at an increased risk of adverse prognosis and impaired quality of life.
authors.affiliation: CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Tilburg University, the Netherlands. Angelique.schiffer@uvt.nl
authors.forename: Angélique A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Schiffer
authors.forename: Susanne S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Broers
authors.forename: Jos W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Widdershoven
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denollet
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012307:Risk Factors; D012803:Sick Role