title: Renal dysgenesis and KAL1 gene defects in patients with sporadic Kallmann syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To correlate the presence of renal agenesis/dysgenesis to the prevalence of KAL1 gene defects in patients with sporadic Kallmann syndrome (KS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective assessment of renal structure and DNA sequence analysis of the KAL1 gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinics of the divisions of endocrinology of university hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen male patients with sporadic KS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of renal structure by abdominal ultrasounds scans and DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and DNA sequence analysis of all 14 exons of the KAL1 gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  KAL 1 gene structure and presence of renal dysgenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal dysgenesis was identified in only two of 16 KS patients. Genetic defects were found in only two patients with KS, that is, in those with the identified renal dysgenesis. The first gene defect was identified in a patient with associated right renal agenesis who had two point mutations in the KAL1 gene: the first was a G to A transition in exon 11, turning codon 514 encoding glutamic acid into lysine; and the second was a G to A transition in exon 13, turning codon 660 encoding alanine into threonine. The second gene defect was identified in a patient with ichthyosis, right renal agenesis, and mirror movements of the upper limbs (synkinesia) and comprised a deletion of exons 5-10 of the KAL1 gene and a complete deletion of the steroid sulphatase gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phenotype of renal agenesis/dysgenesis strongly indicates the existence of KAL1 gene defects in the genotype of patients with sporadic KS, providing evidence for the X-linked mode of inheritance and offering the opportunity for genetic counseling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece. neoklisg@hol.gr
authors.forename: Neoklis A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Koika
authors.forename: Assimina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galli-Tsinopoulou
authors.forename: Bessie E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Spiliotis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adonakis
authors.forename: Maria K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Keramida
authors.forename: Argyro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sgourou
authors.forename: Kleanthis D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Koufogiannis
authors.forename: Adamantia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papachatzopoulou
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Papavassiliou
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kourounis
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Vagenakis
mesh_terms: D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017436:Kallmann Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017384:Sequence Deletion
chemical_list: C076266:ANOS1 protein, human; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins