title: Study of azoospermia factor-a deletion caused by homologous recombination between the human endogenous retroviral elements and population-specific alleles in Japanese infertile males.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between the status of homologous recombination and population-specific alleles in infertile Japanese males with azoospermia factor (AZF)-a deletions and to characterize the clinical features of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective deletion study in infertile Japanese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital and reproductive clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 931 consecutive patients visiting a male-infertility clinic were genetically evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were analyzed for Y-chromosomal microdeletions and the breakpoints of intrachromosomal homologous recombination of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) 15qy; in addition, Y-haplogroup typing on the basis of polymerase chain reaction also was performed. Endogenous retroviruses contribute to the evolution of the host genome and can be associated with disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence or absence of appropriately sized polymerase chain reaction products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four cases of AZFa deletions were found. All patients with AZFa deletions had an azoospermia and breakpoints in the ID2 region of HERV15qy. Three of the four cases were derived from Y-haplogroup D2b. Testicular sperm extraction procedures were performed in three of these four patients, and elongated spermatids were recovered in two. However, no pregnancies were successfully achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Y-haplotype D2b, specific for some Japanese clade, may be associated with HERV breakpoints that lead to intrachromosomal homologous recombination. From the clinical point of view, the testicular sperm extraction procedure is not applicable to males with complete AZFa deletions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan. Electronic address: kohei@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Eitetsu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Fotoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: The Reproduction Center, Kiba Park Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Namiki
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000235:genetics; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses / Q000235:genetics*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D056426:Genetic Loci; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D013094:Spermatozoa
chemical_list: D018626:Retroelements; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins