title: Design of electrodes and current limits for low frequency electrical impedance tomography of the brain.
abstract: For the novel application of recording of resistivity changes related to neuronal depolarization in the brain with electrical impedance tomography, optimal recording is with applied currents below 100 Hz, which might cause neural stimulation of skin or underlying brain. The purpose of this work was to develop a method for application of low frequency currents to the scalp, which delivered the maximum current without significant stimulation of skin or underlying brain. We propose a recessed electrode design which enabled current injection with an acceptable skin sensation to be increased from 100 muA using EEG electrodes, to 1 mA in 16 normal volunteers. The effect of current delivered to the brain was assessed with an anatomically realistic finite element model of the adult head. The modelled peak cerebral current density was 0.3 A/m(2), which was 5 to 25-fold less than the threshold for stimulation of the brain estimated from literature review.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Malet Place Engineering Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. o.gilad@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gilad
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Horesh
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Holder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D012535:Scalp / Q000502:physiology; D014054:Tomography / Q000379:methods*