title: A specific box switches the cell fate determining activity of XOTX2 and XOTX5b in the Xenopus retina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Otx genes, orthologues of the Drosophila orthodenticle gene (otd), play crucial roles in vertebrate brain development. In the Xenopus eye, Xotx2 and Xotx5b promote bipolar and photoreceptor cell fates, respectively. The molecular basis of their differential action is not completely understood, though the carboxyl termini of the two proteins seem to be crucial. To define the molecular domains that make the action of these proteins so different, and to determine whether their retinal abilities are shared by Drosophila OTD, we performed an in vivo molecular dissection of their activity by transfecting retinal progenitors with several wild-type, deletion and chimeric constructs of Xotx2, Xotx5b and otd.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a small 8-10 amino acid divergent region, directly downstream of the homeodomain, that is crucial for the respective activities of XOTX2 and XOTX5b. In lipofection experiments, the exchange of this 'specificity box' completely switches the retinal activity of XOTX5b into that of XOTX2 and vice versa. Moreover, the insertion of this box into Drosophila OTD, which has no effect on retinal cell fate, endows it with the specific activity of either XOTX protein. Significantly, in cell transfection experiments, the diverse ability of XOTX2 and XOTX5b to synergize with NRL, a cofactor essential for vertebrate rod development, to transactivate the rhodopsin promoter is also switched depending on the box. We also show by GST-pull down that XOTX2 and XOTX5b differentially interact with NRL, though this property is not strictly dependent on the box.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provide molecular evidence on how closely related homeodomain gene products can differentiate their functions to regulate distinct cell fates. A small 'specificity box' is both necessary and sufficient to confer on XOTX2 and XOTX5b their distinct activities in the developing frog retina and to convert the neutral orthologous OTD protein of Drosophila into a positive and specific XOTX-like retinal regulator. Relatively little is known of what gives developmental specificity to homeodomain regulators. We propose that this box is a major domain of XOTX proteins that provides them with the appropriate developmental specificity in retinal histogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Pisa, Via G. Carducci 13, 56010 Ghezzano (Pisa), Italy. m.onorati@sns.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onorati
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cremisi
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rong-Qiao
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barsacchi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vignali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000235:genetics*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D050506:Mutant Chimeric Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000235:genetics; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051245:Retinal Bipolar Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; C416212:CRX protein, Xenopus; D005136:Eye Proteins; D050506:Mutant Chimeric Proteins; C084884:Nrl protein, mouse; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors; C497661:Otx2 protein, Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins