title: Effects of lorazepam on deductive reasoning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Benzodiazepines slow reasoning performance, but it is still unknown which phase of reasoning is affected and whether this effect is present for different types of relations between entities in reasoning problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated which phases of deductive reasoning are affected by lorazepam and whether this effect varies according to the type of relations in deductive reasoning problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a double-blind, crossover design study of acute oral doses of lorazepam (2 mg) and placebo, using young healthy volunteers. We focused on response delay of three separable phases of deductive reasoning and matched working memory tasks (that involved only maintenance of information) the premise processing phase, the premise integration phase, and the validation phase, in which reasoners decide whether a conclusion logically follows from the premises (reasoning task) or is identical to one of the premises (maintenance task). Type of relations in the premises was also manipulated. We employed material that was difficult to envisage visually and visuospatially ("subiconic") and material easy to envisage visually or visuospatially.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lorazepam slowed response as memory load increased, irrespective of type of relations. It also specifically slowed validation in reasoning problems with visual relations, an effect that disappeared after subtraction of maintenance scores, and increased validation time in problems with subiconic relations, which remained after this subtraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute lorazepam administration affected reasoning in two ways: it slowed processing nonspecifically when working memory demands increased and augmented validation time depending on the difficulty in generating and/or manipulating mental representations by the central executive.
authors.affiliation: Dep Neurologia, Setor de Eletrofisiologia Clínica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, R Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-002, São Paulo, Brazil. spompeia@gmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pompéia
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Manzano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pradella-Hallinan
authors.forename: O F A
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Bueno
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003657:Decision Making / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D008140:Lorazepam