title: Determinants of carriage of resistant Escherichia coli in the Indonesian population inside and outside hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide healthcare problem exacerbated by antibiotic use and transmission of resistant bacteria. Not much is known about resistance in commensal flora and about determinants for resistance in Indonesia. This study analysed recent antibiotic use as well as demographic, socioeconomic, disease-related and healthcare-related determinants of rectal carriage of resistant Escherichia coli in the community and in hospitals in Indonesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carriers of susceptible E. coli were compared with carriers of E. coli with resistance to any of the tested antibiotics. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which variables were associated with carriage of resistant E. coli. Individuals in the community with varying levels of contact with healthcare institutions and hospitalized patients were analysed as separate populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of 3275 individuals (community 2494, hospital 781), 54% carried resistant E. coli. Recent antibiotic use was the most important determinant of resistance in both populations [community: odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.5-2.3; hospital: OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6-3.9]. In the community, hospitalization (OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.0-3.0), diarrhoeal symptoms (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.7) and age under 16 years (adults: OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.5) were associated with carriage of resistant E. coli. For hospitalized patients, having no health insurance was associated with less resistance (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9) and differences were observed between hospitals (Semarang: OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5-3.3) and departments (Paediatrics: OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.7-10.7). Further research is needed to investigate whether transmission is responsible for these differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands, and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Dr Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia. d.o.duerink@lumc.nl
authors.forename: D Offra
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Duerink
authors.forename: Endang S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lestari
authors.forename: Usman
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hadi
authors.forename: Nico J D
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Nagelkerke
authors.forename: Juliëtte A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Severin
authors.forename: Henri A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Verbrugh
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keuter
authors.forename: Inge C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gyssens
authors.forename: Peterhans J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: van den Broek
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002353:Carrier State / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents