title: Risk factors for delirium at discharge: development and validation of a predictive model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent delirium at the time of hospital discharge is associated with poor outcomes. The objectives of this study were to develop and validate a predictive model for persistent delirium at hospital discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study followed a prospective validation design. For the development cohort, 491 consecutive patients 70 years or older admitted to the hospital without delirium and surviving to discharge were enrolled from the general medical units of an academic teaching hospital. For the validation cohort, 461 comparable subjects were enrolled. Twenty-two candidate risk factors were examined, including 12 baseline factors (present on admission) and 10 precipitating factors (hospital related). The primary outcome was delirium at hospital discharge, measured by the Confusion Assessment Method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Delirium at discharge was present in 58 patients (11.8%) in the development cohort. Five independent risk factors for delirium at discharge were identified: dementia (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.7); vision impairment (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.2); functional impairment (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-3.0); high comorbidity (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.6); and use of physical restraints during delirium (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.9-5.2). A risk stratification system was created by adding 1 point for each factor present. Rates of delirium for the low-risk (0-1 factors), intermediate-risk (2-3 factors), and high-risk (4-5 factors) groups were 4%, 18%, and 63%, respectively (P < .001). The corresponding rates in the validation cohort, where 28 patients (6.1%) had delirium at discharge, were 3%, 14%, and 27% (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A predictive model based on 5 risk factors has been successfully validated for prediction of delirium at discharge in hospitalized older patients. At least 4 of these risk factors are amenable to intervention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Aging Brain Center, Hebrew SeniorLife, 1200 Centre St, Boston, MA 02131, USA. AgingBrainCenter@hrca.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Sharon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Inouye
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Dan K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Marcantonio
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003693:Delirium / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010351:Patient Discharge; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors