title: Body composition in children and adolescents born after in vitro fertilization or spontaneous conception.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence suggests that adverse conditions during prenatal life are associated with the development of chronic diseases in adult life. It is still unclear whether in vitro fertilization (IVF) conception could affect the vulnerable developmental processes in humans occurring during early prenatal development with long-term perturbations of developmental pathways.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to examine body composition in 8- to 18-yr-old IVF singletons and spontaneously conceived controls born from subfertile parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This follow-up study was conducted at the VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 233 IVF children (139 pubertal children) and 233 age- and gender-matched control children (143 pubertal children).
  
  
  METHODS
  Body composition measures were assessed by anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the pubertal subpopulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IVF children had a significantly lower subscapular-triceps skinfold ratio and a significantly higher sum of peripheral skinfolds, peripheral body mass, and percentage of peripheral body fat as compared with controls. Although not reaching statistical significance, both dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and skinfold measurements suggested that total body fat in IVF children is increased. Neither current and early risk factors nor parental factors, such as subfertility cause, could explain the differences in peripheral fat assessed by anthropometry between IVF children and controls. No differences in bone mineral composition between IVF children and controls were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations indicate that body fat composition in IVF children is disturbed. Follow-up of IVF children to monitor body fat pattern and potentially related health problems from adolescence into adulthood is of great importance.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Paediatrics, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceelen
authors.forename: Mirjam M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van Weissenbruch
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: Jan P W
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vermeiden
authors.forename: Flora E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Henriette A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Delemarre-van de Waal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D001823:Body Composition; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology*; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies