title: Secular trends in the use, quality, and outcomes of gastrectomy for noncardia gastric cancer in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The overall survival with non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma in the United States has remained poor and relatively unchanged over the past 2 decades. This brings into question the utilization and quality of gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy. We examined the trends, extent, and determinants of surgical treatment and the influence of gastrectomy and adequacy of lymphadenectomy (defined as collection of 15 or more lymph nodes) on non-cardia gastric cancer survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries was used to identify patients with non-cardia adenocarcinoma diagnosed during 1983-2002. Logistic regression was used to examine determinants of gastric resection and adequacy of lymphadenectomy. Cox proportional hazard (PH) models were used to examine determinants of mortality risk for patients treated surgically. All models examined year of diagnosis, age, race, gender, geographic region, and cancer spread.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 16,846 patients with non-cardia gastric cancer of whom 10,534 (62.5%) underwent gastric resection. Approximately 77.9% with localized disease underwent resection. Resection for non-cardia gastric cancer declined 6% for all stages and 20% for local stages between 1983 and 2002. In multivariable models, gastrectomies were less likely to be performed between 1998-2002 (-37% compared to 1983-1987), for localized disease (-78% compared to regional disease), for patients older than 70 (-39% compared to patients younger than 40), and for patients from New Mexico (-45% compared to highest in Hawaii). Wide racial variability was also found (lowest for Whites [-54%] compared to Asians). Adequate LN sampling (15 or more LN) was recorded in only 25% overall and 20% of localized disease. Improvement in LN collection since 1997 has been modest, with only a 7% relative increase. The mortality risk of surgically treated non-cardia cancer patients has been unchanged for 15 years. Adequate lymphadenectomy was associated with a 19% decreased mortality risk in this group. Gender and racial differences in mortality risk were present (up to 13% higher in men compared to women and 22% higher in Whites compared Asians).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastrectomy for non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma is underutilized, especially for localized disease. In the majority of operations for non-cardia gastric cancer, LN collection is inadequate. Racial and geographic variations with gastric resection and LN sampling are as significant as patient age and stage of the cancer. Disparities based on race and geographic region, as well as surgeon and facility factors need to be investigated and addressed to bring forth improvements in outcomes for non-cardia adenocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Melvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Hashem B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: El-Serag
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology