title: Complications of antiretroviral therapy in patients with tuberculosis: drug interactions, toxicity, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
abstract: Access to antiretroviral therapy is rapidly expanding in resource-limited settings, where tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection. Coadministration of antitubercular and antiretroviral agents is, therefore, occurring commonly, and it is associated with 3 major complications. First, induction of cytochrome P-450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein by rifampin results in reduced concentrations of nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and, particularly, protease inhibitors. This potentially results in the loss of antiviral efficacy and the development of viral resistance. Replacing rifampin with rifabutin, which does not significantly affect the concentrations of antiretroviral agents, is advocated but is currently unaffordable in resource-limited settings. Second, overlapping toxicities of antitubercular and antiretroviral agents occur frequently, necessitating discontinuation of therapy and increasing the risk of nonadherence. Third, immunopathological reactions, termed "the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome," occur frequently when antiretroviral therapy is initiated in patients with tuberculosis. These complexities of coadministration of antitubercular and antiretroviral agents are reviewed, and research priorities are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McIlleron
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meintjes
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maartens
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003906:Developing Countries; D004347:Drug Interactions; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012293:Rifampin / Q000378:metabolism; D012294:Rifamycins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D012294:Rifamycins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D012293:Rifampin