title: Surveillance for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: is it effective in intermediate/advanced cirrhosis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surveillance of cirrhotic patients for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), based on ultrasonography and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) measurement, is widely used. Its effectiveness depends on liver function, which affects the feasibility of treatments and cirrhosis-related mortality. We assessed whether patients with intermediate/advanced cirrhosis benefit from surveillance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 468 Child-Pugh class B and 140 class C patients from the ITA.LI.CA database, including 1,834 HCC patients diagnosed from January 1987 to December 2004. HCC was detected in 252 patients during surveillance (semiannual 172, annual 80 patients; group 1) and in 356 patients outside surveillance (group 2). Survival of surveyed patients was corrected for the estimated lead time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Child-Pugh class B: cancer stage (P < 0.001) and treatment distribution (P < 0.001) were better in group 1 than in group 2. The median (95% CI) survivals were 17.1 (13.5-20.6) versus 12.0 (9.4-14.6) months and the survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 yr were 60.4%versus 49.2%, 26.1%versus 16.1%, and 10.7%versus 4.3%, respectively (P= 0.022). AFP, gross pathology, and treatment of HCC were independent prognostic factors. Child-Pugh class C: cancer stage (P= 0.001) and treatment distribution (P= 0.021) were better in group 1 than in group 2. Nonetheless, median survival did not differ: 7.1 (2.1-12.1) versus 6.0 (4.1-7.9) months (P= 0.740).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest surveillance be offered to class B patients and maintained for class A patients who migrate to the subsequent class. Surveillance becomes pointless in class C patients probably because the poor liver function adversely affects the overall mortality and HCC treatments.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Cardioangiologia, Epatologia, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Trevisani
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Santi
authors.forename: Annagiulia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gramenzi
authors.forename: Maria Anna
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Di Nolfo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Del Poggio
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benvegnù
authors.forename: Gianludovico
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rapaccini
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farinati
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zoli
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borzio
authors.forename: Edoardo Giovanni
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caturelli
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins