title: Protein-tyrosine kinase activity profiling in knock down zebrafish embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) regulate virtually all biological processes. PTKs phosphorylate substrates in a sequence-specific manner and relatively short peptide sequences determine selectivity. Here, we developed new technology to determine PTK activity profiles using peptide arrays. The zebrafish is an excellent model system to investigate signaling in the whole organism, given its wealth of genetic tools, including morpholino-mediated knock down technology. We used zebrafish embryo lysates to determine PTK activity profiles, thus providing the unique opportunity to directly compare the effect of protein knock downs on PTK activity profiles on the one hand and phenotypic changes on the other.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multiplex arrays of 144 distinct peptides, spotted on a porous substrate, allowing the sample to be pumped up and down, optimizing reaction kinetics. Kinase reactions were performed using complex zebrafish embryo lysates or purified kinases. Peptide phosphorylation was detected by fluorescent anti-phosphotyrosine antibody binding and the porous chips allowed semi-continuous recording of the signal. We used morpholinos to knock down protein expression in the zebrafish embryos and subsequently, we determined the effects on the PTK activity profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reproducible PTK activity profiles were derived from one-day-old zebrafiish embryos. Morpholino-mediated knock downs of the Src family kinases, Fyn and Yes, induced characteristic phenotypes and distinct changes in the PTK activity profiles. Interestingly, the peptide substrates that were less phosphorylated upon Fyn and Yes knock down were preferential substrates of purified Fyn and Yes. Previously, we demonstrated that Wnt11 knock down phenocopied Fyn/Yes knock down. Interestingly, Wnt11 knock down induced similar changes in the PTK activity profile as Fyn/Yes knock down. The control Nacre/Mitfa knock down did not affect the PTK activity profile significantly. Our results indicate that the novel peptide chip technology can be used to unravel kinase signaling pathways in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lemeer
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jopling
authors.forename: Faris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naji
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruijtenbeek
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slijper
authors.forename: Albert J R
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: den Hertog
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D020868:Gene Silencing; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases