title: Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency: dichotomy of apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder usually associated with hypergammaglobulinemia and defective apoptosis mostly due to Fas or Fas ligand mutation. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a disorder with hypogammaglobulinemia commonly associated with increased Fas expression and spontaneous apoptosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe a patient with a unique combination of hypogammaglobulinemia and ALPS with Fas deficiency but high spontaneous apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fas expression on freshly isolated lymphocytes was evaluated by means of immunofluorescence using polyclonal rabbit anti-Fas IgG antibody. Apoptosis of cultured lymphocytes was quantitated using acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe a male patient diagnosed as having CVID at the age of 10 years receiving monthly intravenous immunoglobulin. The patient developed ALPS at the age of 21 years manifested by persistent lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. The percentage of double-negative T lymphocytes was estimated to be 9%. Freshly isolated lymphocytes showed low Fas expression (3.6% for the patient and 11.2% for the control). The spontaneous apoptosis rate was high (15% for the patient and 5% for the control).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome can be associated with hypogammaglobulinemia and should be looked for in chronic nonmalignant lymphoproliferation in CVID. Common variable immunodeficiency might involve Fas-independent pathways or recruitment of Fas downstream molecules for apoptosis. There is a subset of patients with both CVID and ALPS in whom Fas deficiency could be associated with enhanced spontaneous apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Madhu Babu
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Narra
authors.forename: Nabih I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Abdou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D017074:Common Variable Immunodeficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D019014:fas Receptor