title: Beverage patterns, diet quality, and body mass index of US preschool and school-aged children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate diet quality and body mass index (BMI) by beverage patterns in children aged 2 to 11 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beverage patterns were formed using 24-hour dietary recall diet variables from the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diet quality was assessed using energy, micronutrient intakes, and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores (a 100-point scale that measures adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children, aged 2 to 5 years (n=541) and 6 to 11 years (n=793), were selected from 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster analysis was used to identify beverage patterns in preschool and school-aged children. General linear models were used to compare HEI scores, energy, micronutrient intakes, and BMI across beverage clusters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four and five beverage clusters were identified for preschool and school-aged children, respectively. In preschool children, mean HEI differed between the fruit juice cluster (79.0) vs the high-fat milk cluster (70.9, P<0.01); however, both fruit juice and high-fat milk clusters had the highest micronutrient intakes. Mean HEI differed significantly across beverage patterns for school-aged children (from 63.2 to 69.9, P<0.01), with the high-fat milk cluster having the best diet quality, reflected by HEI and micronutrient intakes. Adjusted mean BMI differed significantly across beverage clusters only in school-aged children (from 17.8 to 19.9, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beverage patterns were related to diet quality among preschool and school-aged children, but were only related to BMI in school-aged children. Children from all clusters could benefit by consuming fewer calorically sweetened beverages and increasing micronutrient-dense foods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA. Tara.larowe@fammed.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Tara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: LaRowe
authors.forename: Suzen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Alexandra K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008892:Milk; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients