title: Functional fatigue and upper extremity sensorimotor system acuity in baseball athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sensorimotor system controls the balance between upper extremity stability and mobility during athletic performance. Research indicates that fatigue hampers sensorimotor system function; however, few investigators have studied functional fatigue or multijoint, multiplanar measures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of functional fatigue on upper extremity position reproduction in overhead throwing athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-session, repeated-measures design.
  
  
  METHODS
  University musculoskeletal laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy collegiate baseball players (age = 21.0 +/- 1.6 years, height = 175.8 +/- 10.2 cm, mass = 82.8 +/- 4.3 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects threw a baseball from a single knee with maximum velocity (every 5 seconds) and rated their level of upper extremity exertion after every 20 throws. Subjects stopped after reporting above level 14 on the Borg scale and began posttests immediately.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured active multijoint reproduction of 2 positions: arm cock and ball release. Dependent variables were absolute and variable error for 10 joint motions: scapulothoracic internal-external rotation, upward rotation, and posterior tilt; glenohumeral internal-external rotation, horizontal abduction-adduction, and flexion-extension; elbow pronation-supination and flexion-extension; and wrist ulnar-radial deviation and flexion-extension. We calculated acuity for each joint and the entire upper extremity using 3-dimensional variable error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fatigue occurred after an average of 62 +/- 28 throws and increased 3-dimensional variable error scores (ie, decreased acuity) of the entire upper extremity and all joints in both positions (P < .05) except for the wrist in arm cock. Fatigue increased errors (ranging from 0.6 degrees to 2.3 degrees ) at arm cock for scapulothoracic internal-external rotation, upward rotation, and posterior tilt; glenohumeral internal-external rotation and flexion-extension; elbow flexion-extension; and wrist ulnar-radial deviation and at ball release for scapulothoracic internal-external rotation and upward rotation, glenohumeral horizontal abduction-adduction, elbow pronation-supination, and wrist ulnar-radial deviation and flexion-extension (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional fatigue affects the acuity of the entire upper extremity, each individual joint, and multiple joint motions in overhead throwers. Clinicians should consider the deleterious effects of upper extremity fatigue when designing injury prevention and rehabilitation programs and should incorporate multijoint and multiplanar endurance exercises. Compromised neuromuscular control of the scapulohumeral relationship may hold pathologic implications for this population as well.
authors.affiliation: Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. trippb@fiu.edu
authors.forename: Brady L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Tripp
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Yochem
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Uhl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011336:Probability; D011434:Proprioception; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology