title: Characteristics of movement of the lips, tongue and velum during a bilabial plosive: a noninvasive study using a magnetic resonance imaging movie.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain dynamic images of articulators using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) movie and to clarify the relationships among the articulators.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects consisted of 10 volunteers. Custom-made circuitry was connected to an MRI apparatus to enable an external trigger pulse to control the timing of the scanning sequence and to provide an auditory cue for synchronization of the subject's utterance. The subject repeated a bilabial plosive, and the run was measured using a gradient echo sequence with a repetition time of 30 ms. Several variables were defined to delineate the individual movements of articulators and to determine the temporal relationships among them.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that (1) the change in these variables showed distinctive waveforms; (2) mean values of the standard deviations for these variables were relatively small; and (3) the movement of the velum was significantly correlated with those of the lips and the anterior part of the tongue, but not with the posterior part of the tongue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that (1) articulatory movements were clearly recorded using an MRI movie, and (2) there seems to be a central mechanism for controlling articulators, and the level of coupling may be associated with the place of articulation.
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Maristela Sayuri
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Ei-Ichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurabayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000502:physiology*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D009068:Movement; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000502:physiology*; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013062:Speech Articulation Tests; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology*