title: Outcome and patterns of recurrence of nonbilharzial pure squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary review of The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonbilharzial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a rare entity in the Western hemisphere. To further understanding of its natural history, a contemporary experience with management and outcome of this disease was reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1988 and 2003, 27 patients with pure SCC were treated at the center. Charts were reviewed to assess impact of therapy on survival and patterns of recurrence in those that died of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 47.6% and 32.8%, respectively, with a median follow-up of 15.3 months in survivors. Eight patients received initial chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy with the intent of performing surgical consolidation. In 5 of these patients surgical consolidation was not performed due to rapid progression of disease and death. Of the 3 patients who were treated with neoadjuvant therapy (1 with chemotherapy, 1 with radiation, and 1 with chemoradiation) and had surgical consolidation, 2 (67%) were downstaged at cystectomy and remain disease-free. In 10 of 20 patients who underwent radical cystectomy the disease recurred after a median duration of 5.1 months and 7 died: 3 of local recurrence, 1 of distant recurrence, and 3 of both. History of superficial transitional cell carcinoma that differentiated into pure SCC (P = .035; hazards ratio [HR] of 3.73) and treatment by radical cystectomy (P = .002; HR of 0.19) were associated with RFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In select patients with resectable disease, radical cystectomy remains the mainstay of therapy for pure SCC of the bladder. Locoregional recurrence is the primary cause of death in the majority of patients. The role for neoadjuvant therapy is unclear.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Wassim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kassouf
authors.forename: Philippe E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Spiess
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siefker-Radtke
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Ashish M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kamat
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Munsell
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Bogdan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Czerniak
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dinney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D015996:Survival Rate; D013781:Texas; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*