title: Active exercise, education, and cognitive behavioral therapy for persistent disabling low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine 1) whether, among patients with persistent disabling low back pain (LBP), a group program of exercise and education using a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach, reduces pain and disability over a subsequent 12-month period; 2) the cost-effectiveness of the intervention; and 3) whether a priori preference for type of treatment influences outcome.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is evidence that both exercise and CBT delivered in specialist settings is effective in improving LBP. There is a lack of evidence on whether such interventions, delivered by trained individuals in primary care, result in improved outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in nine family medical practices in East Cheshire, UK. Patients 18 to 65 years of age, consulting with LBP, were recruited; those still reporting LBP 3 months after the initial consultation were randomized between the two trial arms. The intervention arm received a program of eight 2-hour group exercise session over 6 weeks comprising active exercise and education delivered by physiotherapists using a CBT approach. Both arms received an educational booklet and audio-cassette. The primary outcome measures were pain (0-100 Visual Analogue Scale) and disability (Roland and Morris Disability Scale; score 0-24).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 196 subjects (84%) completed follow-up 12 months after the completion of the intervention program. The intervention showed only a small and nonsignificant effect at reducing pain (-3.6 mm; 95% confidence interval, -8.5, 1.2 mm) and disability (-0.6 score; 95% confidence interval, -1.6, 0.4). The cost of the intervention was low with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of pound5000 (U.S. $8650) per quality adjusted life year. In addition, patients allocated to the intervention that had expressed a preference for it had clinically important reductions in pain and disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This intervention program produces only modest effects in reducing LBP and disability over a 1-year period. The observation that patient preference for treatment influences outcome warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Psychology, Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Gareth T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wiles
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaddock
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Deborah P M
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Symmons
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Torgerson
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome