title: Seven distinct dietary patterns identified among pregnant Finnish women--associations with nutrient intake and sociodemographic factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and describe dietary patterns in a cohort of pregnant women and investigate whether the dietary patterns are associated with dietary intake and sociodemographic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers entering the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Nutrition Study in 1997-2002 were retrospectively asked to complete a food-frequency questionnaire concerning their diet during pregnancy. Principal components analysis was used to identify dietary patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 3730 women with a newborn infant carrying increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven factors were identified and named. Energy intake correlated positively with 'Healthy', 'Fast food', 'Traditional bread', 'Traditional meat' and 'Coffee' patterns and inversely with the 'Alcohol and butter' pattern. Intake of dietary fibre correlated positively with 'Healthy', 'Traditional bread' and 'Low-fat foods' patterns and inversely with the 'Alcohol and butter' pattern. The seven dietary patterns seemed to account for relatively large proportions of the variance in energy and nutrient intakes except for the intake of vitamin D, vitamin C, carotenoids and calcium. Maternal age and higher level of education were associated with higher scores on 'Healthy', 'Low-fat foods' and 'Alcohol and butter' patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Principal components analysis produced seven dietary patterns which may be useful for further research concerning maternal diet and health outcomes among both mothers and their offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, PO Box 5000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. tuula.arkkola@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arkkola
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kronberg-Kippilä
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kenward
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: Marja-Leena
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ovaskainen
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000151:congenital / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors