title: Botulinum neurotoxins: fundamentals for the facial plastic surgeon.
abstract: The most commonly performed nonsurgical cosmetic procedure in the facial plastic surgery armamentarium involves the various commercial preparations of botulinum neurotoxins. These drugs have undergone a transformation from public health scourge to near ubiquitous therapeutic modality across the entire medical spectrum. Herein, the history of botulinum neurotoxins is reviewed, including an exploration of their pharmacology, neuromuscular junction physiology, a description of the commercially available preparations, and the recent research concerning the practicalities of their clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, PO Box 100264, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. robert.adelson@ent.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Robert Todd
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Adelson
mesh_terms: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins