title: Feasibility of prosthetic posture sensing via injectable electronic modules.
abstract: A bionic neuron (BION) is an inductively powered, miniature implant developed for functional electric stimulation (FES) to reanimate paralyzed limbs. This paper investigates the possibility of reusing the BION antenna coil as a magnetic sensor to provide meaningful posture information for feedback control of FES. A variety of techniques have been developed to model and cancel nonideal effects caused by the shapes of the internal and external coils, ferrite material, and electronic connections. Field warping has been employed to both amplitude and direction to achieve more accurate description of the dipole magnetic field generated by external coils suitable for generating a reference magnetic frame in the environment of a wheelchair. Models of the transmitting coil and the receiving BION coil were validated against experimental data, providing a solid foundation for implementing a sensor system. Based on the established model, a magnetic sensing system combined with customized microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometer has been designed and tested as a prototype on the bench. The sensor output can be employed to compute 6-D position and orientation. A two-step algorithm integrated with multiple error-cancelling techniques demonstrated sufficient accuracy in bench tests to appear promising for control of reach-and-grasp tasks. A sensor fusion step is proposed to estimate the position and orientation of a limb segment using data from multiple implants in muscles, where they will also function as neuromuscular stimulators to produce the movements to be controlled.
authors.affiliation: A. E. Mann Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. wtan@rbccorp.com
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Gerald E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Loeb
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004582:Electronics, Medical; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008904:Miniaturization; D008954:Models, Biological; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014159:Transducers