title: Permeability of hair dye compounds p-phenylenediamine, toluene-2,5-diaminesulfate and resorcinol through protective gloves in hairdressing.
abstract: Dermal exposure to skin irritants and contact allergens is frequent in hairdressing. Hair dyeing is popular today and involves exposure to highly potent contact allergens, such as p-phenylenediamine (PPD). Use of protective gloves to prevent contact with skin-damaging substances is essential. The aim of the present study was to determine the resistance to permeation by PPD, toluene-2,5-diaminesulfate (TDS) and resorcinol (RES) through protective gloves used in hairdressing in Sweden. The permeation of PPD, TDS and RES through four types of protective gloves made of natural rubber latex (NRL), polyvinylchloride (PVC), nitrile rubber (NR) and polyethene (PE) was tested using the American Society for Testing and Materials (1-inch) test cell. Exposure solutions were 5% PPD (w/v), 0.75% TDS and 10% RES in borate buffer with 0.2 M ascorbic acid. The cumulative breakthrough, the so-called 'time-lag breakthrough' (Lag-BT), and permeation rate were determined for each substance and glove. For the NRL glove, the permeated amounts were below the analytical detection levels for all the tested substances. The NR glove was permeated only by RES, with a Lag-BT of 183 min. The PE glove was the thinnest glove and had a Lag-BT of 32 min for PPD; however, the steady-state permeation rate was only 0.031 nmol cm(-2) min(-1). The PVC glove gave the lowest protection against PPD and RES. TDS did not permeate any of the tested gloves. All the tested gloves were disposable, and all need to be changed often and disposed of after use. In conclusion, if properly used, all the tested gloves give considerable protection against permeation of PPD, TDS and RES.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Dermatology, National Institute for Working Life, SE-113 91 Stockholm, Sweden. marie-louise.lind@niwl.se
authors.forename: Marie-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: Stina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnsson
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meding
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boman
mesh_terms: D001505:Beauty Culture / Q000592:standards; D017575:Gloves, Protective / Q000592:standards*; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D010539:Permeability; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D012118:Resorcinols / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006202:Hair Dyes; D010655:Phenylenediamines; D012118:Resorcinols; D014050:Toluene; C031389:resorcinol