title: Endoscopic treatment of post-surgical bile duct injuries: long term outcome and predictors of success.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the short and long term outcome of endoscopic stent treatment after bile duct injury (BDI), and to determine the effect of multiple stent treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was performed in a tertiary referral centre to analyse the outcome of endoscopic stenting in 67 patients with cystic duct leakage, 26 patients with common bile duct leakage and 110 patients with a bile duct stricture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long term outcome and independent predictors for successful stent treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall success in patients with cystic duct leakage was 97%. In patients with common bile duct leakage, stent related complications occurred in 3.8% (n = 1). The overall success rate was 89% (n = 23). In patients with a bile duct stricture, stent related complications occurred in 33% (n = 36) and the overall success rate was 74% (n = 81). After a mean follow up of 4.5 years, liver function tests did not identify "occult" bile duct strictures. Independent predictors for outcome were the number of stents inserted during the first procedure (OR 3.2 per stent; 95% CI 1.3 to 8.4), injuries classified as Bismuth III (OR 0.12; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.91) and IV (OR 0.04; CI 0.003 to 0.52) and endoscopic stenting before referral (OR 0.24; CI 0.06 to 0.88). Introduction of sequential insertion of multiple stents did not improve outcome (before 77% vs after 66%, p = 0.25), but more patients reported stent related pain (before 11% vs after 28%, p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with a postoperative bile duct leakage and/or strictures, endoscopic stent treatment should be regarded as the choice of primary treatment because of safety and favourable long term outcome. Apart from the early insertion of more than one stent, the benefit from sequential insertion of multiple stents did not become readily apparent from this series.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: de Reuver
authors.forename: Erik A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rauws
authors.forename: Mattijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Marcel G W
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dijkgraaf
authors.forename: Dirk J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gouma
authors.forename: Marco J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bruno
mesh_terms: D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome