title: Metabolic syndrome in HD patients: association with body composition, nutritional status, inflammation and serum iron.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MeS) are common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Such metabolic and clinical abnormalities may lead to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group included 22 well-nourished and 20 middle- to moderate-malnourished, stable ESRD patients, with median dialysis duration of 48 months (IQR 24.5-82.0). To determine nutritional status, body composition, inflammatory biomarkers and the presence of MeS subjective global assessment (SGA), anthropometrical measurements (BMI and waist circumference), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and biochemical parameters [the levels of serum albumin, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, hematocrit, hemoglobin, iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation (TSAT), ferritin, calcium, phosphorus, intact parathormone (i-PTH), TNF-alpha, IL-6 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)] were used. All parameters were evaluated by comparisons between two groups, with MeS (Group 2) and without it (Group 1). Logistical regression analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between measured variables and the presence of MeS in HD patients. Independent variables for MeS were identified by backward multivariate regression analysis. To identify the independent predictors for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) multivariate regression analysis was conducted, after linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for confounding variables, a model consisting of serum levels of iron, transferrin saturation (TSAT), and BMI which accounted for 62% of the variance in MeS, determined only BMI as an independent marker (according to ATP-III criteria). But, serum glucose level, iron, waist and total fat mass accounted for 68% of the variance in MeS, according to IDF criteria. Glucose level was an independent predictor. BMI and iron, as independent variables, contributed to 29% of the variance in IR HOMA, the sensitive marker of MeS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated that serum iron participated together with independent predictors, glucose and BMI, in the pathogenesis of IR and MeS of ESRD patients on maintenance HD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Zemun/Belgrade, Serbia. zoricar@eunet.yu
authors.forename: Zorica
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rasic-Milutinovic
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perunicic
authors.forename: Steva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pljesa
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gluvic
authors.forename: Mirka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilic
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stokić
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005293:Ferritins