title: The cognitive neuropsychology of depression in the elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cognitive impairment of older depressed patients with late- as opposed to early-onset illness may show important differences, in that patients with early onset may suffer predominantly from impaired episodic memory, and those with late onset mainly from reductions of executive function and processing speed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Medline and EMBASE as well as individual papers' reference lists for relevant publications, recording comparisons in neuropsychological test results between early-onset depression (EOD), late-onset depression (LOD) and healthy volunteers. Effect sizes are presented for cognitive domains, such as executive function, processing speed, episodic memory, semantic memory and mental state examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with LOD showed greater reductions in processing speed and executive function than patients with EOD and controls. Both patient groups showed reduced function in all domains, except mental state, compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pronounced executive deficits are typical of the late-onset patients described in published studies, while episodic memory impairment is not specific to early-onset illness. Possible reasons and confounders are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
authors.forename: Lucie L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Guy M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Klaus P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ebmeier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving; D011930:Reaction Time; D014706:Verbal Learning