title: Reversible differentiation of Caco-2 cells reveals galectin-9 as a surface marker molecule for human follicle-associated epithelia and M cell-like cells.
abstract: M cells interspersed in the follicle-associated epithelium of Peyer's patches represent the major antigen sampling cells of the intestinal mucosa providing immune surveillance for particulate antigens. Despite their crucial role in immune defense our knowledge about these elusive cells is still only rudimentary. A Caco-2 co-culture model for the induction of M cell-like cells and DNA microarray analysis for differential gene expression profiling were employed to identify (a) putative suitable surface marker(s). Induction of M cell-like cells was demonstrated morphologically by electron microscopy, evaluated by infection with Yersinia enterocolitica and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain E2348/69 and further monitored by changes in binding of the lectin UEA-1. The differentiation of Caco-2 cells was found to be reversible, dependent on (a) lymphocyte-derived soluble factor(s) and accompanied by the up-regulation of the glycoprotein lectin galectin-9, which was specifically expressed on these cells as well as on human follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cells. Galectin-9 represents a novel surface marker which might be employed for molecular targeting to the Peyer's patches thereby opening new opportunities for drug and vaccine development.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pielage
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cichon
authors.forename: Lilo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greune
authors.forename: Mitsuomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirashima
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kucharzik
authors.forename: M Alexander
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D054338:Cell Transdifferentiation; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D037161:Galectins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010539:Permeability; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000166:cytology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D037161:Galectins; C105032:LGALS9 protein, human