title: Improving outcome of CAPD: twenty-five years' experience in a single Korean center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an established treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We investigated the outcome of CAPD over a period of 25 years at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  CAPD has been performed in 2301 patients in 25 years. After excluding patients with less than 3 months of follow-up and missing data, we evaluated 1656 patients who started peritoneal dialysis between November 1981 and December 2005. Data for sex, age, primary disease, comorbidities, follow-up duration, cause of death, and cause of technique failure were collected. We also examined data for urea kinetic modeling (UKM), beginning in 1990, and peritonitis episodes, including causative organisms, starting in 1992.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to incident patients from 1981-1992, mean age and incidence of ESRD caused by diabetic nephropathy increased in patients from 1993 to 2005. Technique survival after 5 and 10 years was 71.9% and 48.1% respectively. Technique survival was significantly higher in patients who started CAPD after 1992 than in those who started before 1992. Peritonitis was the main reason for technique failure. Overall peritonitis rate was 0.38 episodes per patient-year, with a significant downward trend to 0.29 per patient-year over 10 years, corresponding to a decrease in gram-positive peritonitis. Patient survival after 5 and 10 years was 69.8% and 51.8% respectively. Patient survival improved significantly during 1992-2005 compared to 1981-1992 after adjustment for age, gender, diabetes, and cardiovascular comorbidities [hazard ratio (HR) 0.68, p < 0.01]. Subgroup analysis based on UKM revealed that dialysis adequacy did not affect patient survival. However, diabetes (HR 2.78, p < 0.001), older age (per 1 year: HR 1.06; p < 0.001), serum albumin level (per 1 g/dL: increase, HR 0.52; p < 0.05), and cardiovascular comorbidities (HR 2.32, p < 0.01) were identified as significant risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Technique survival has improved due partly to a decrease in peritonitis, which was attributed to a decrease in gram-positive peritonitis. Patient survival has also improved considering increases in aged patients and ESRD caused by diabetes. The mortality rate of CAPD is still high in older, diabetic, malnourished, and cardiovascular diseased patients. A more careful management of higher risk groups will be needed to improve the outcome of CAPD patients in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The Institute of Kidney Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Hyeok
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Sang Choel
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Song Vogue
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hoon Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Beom Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shin-Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Kyu Hun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Dae Suk
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ho Yung
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors