title: The neural correlates of non-spatial working memory in velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome).
abstract: Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, is a neurogenetic disorder that is associated with both learning disabilities and a consistent neuropsychological phenotype, including deficits in executive function, visuospatial perception, and working memory. Anatomic imaging studies have identified significant volumetric reductions in the parietal lobe of individuals with VCFS, but several studies have reported that the frontal lobe is relatively preserved. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of non-spatial working memory in 17 youths with VCFS, 10 of their unaffected siblings, and 10 community controls (with the same proportion of learning disabilities as the VCFS youths). Task performance of siblings tended to be more accurate than children with VCFS, who did not differ from community controls. All three-study groups recruited parietal regions that were equivalent in location and magnitude. Whereas the sibling group also recruited the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), Broca's area, and anterior cingulate, DLPFC activation was absent in the whole brain analyses of children with VCFS and controls. Moreover, the magnitude of frontal activation in VCFS participants was restricted relative to both siblings and controls. These findings suggest that VCFS participants exhibit frontal hypoactivation that is not attributable to performance. In addition, VCFS children and controls (many with idiopathic learning disabilities) appear to rely on phonological rehearsal to hold information on line instead of the DLPFC. Despite previous anatomic MRI reports of preserved frontal lobe volumes in VCFS therefore, these fMRI findings suggest that the frontal component of the distributed network subserving executive function and working memory may be disrupted in youth with this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA. katesw@upstate.edu
authors.forename: Wendy R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kates
authors.forename: Beth R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdulsabur
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colgan
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Antshel
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shprintzen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004062:DiGeorge Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014888:Wechsler Scales