title: Potentiation of arsenic trioxide cytotoxicity by Parthenolide and buthionine sulfoximine in murine and human leukemic cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To possibly increase the in vitro cytotoxic activity of arsenic trioxide (ATO) by combining it with Parthenolide (PRT), a known NF-kappaB inhibitor and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several cell lines representing various hematological malignancies were treated in vitro with the study drugs alone or in combinations. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell death rates and reative oxygen species production. Glutathione and ATP levels were determinded using a photometric and a luminometric assay, respectively. Cell death was characterised by fluorescence microscopy and DNA fragmentation analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PRT increased cytotoxicity of ATO in seven out of eight cell lines. Addition of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) further potentiated cytotoxicity of the combined treatment. When combined with PRT and BSO, clinically achievable concentrations of ATO (2.5 microM) induced cytotoxicity rates of 80-98% after 24 h. Importantly, lymphocytes from healthy donors were largely unaffected by these treatment modalities, also after growth stimulation in cell culture. N-acetylcysteine inhibited the cytotoxic effects of the triple combination. Treatment of leukemic cells with ATO, PRT and BSO rapidly depleted cells from glutathione, induced oxidative stress and decreased intracellular ATP levels. Cell death showed characteristics of necrosis presumably as a result of ATP loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the observed selectivity towards malignant cells this combination may offer a therapeutic option applicable to different kinds of leukemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Sw. Teresy Street, 91-348 Łódź, Poland. markusd@imp.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duechler
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stańczyk
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czyz
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stepnik
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005978:Glutathione / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C002669:parthenolide; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide