title: Residential area and social contacts in schizophrenia. Results from the European Schizophrenia Cohort (EuroSC).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Social isolation is associated with poor prognosis in schizophrenia. We aim to determine the effect of rural or urban residence on frequency of social and family contacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed data from the European Schizophrenia Cohort, a two-year follow-up study of 1,208 patients in Britain, France and Germany. Frequency of contact was elicited with Lehman's Quality of Life Inventory. Between-effect error component regression models adjusted the effects of living environment for country, age, gender, education, schizophrenia symptoms and global functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all living conditions, contact with family occurred more frequently than contact with others. Family visits, social visits and planned social activities were less common in urban compared to rural settings, whereas no significant differences were found for social and family telephone calls and time spent with a spouse. Patients living with a partner had more family, but fewer social contacts, while women had more contact by phone. Family and social contacts across all categories decreased with age. Employment increased social contacts, but did not affect visits or phone calls within the family. Schizophrenia symptoms, particularly negative symptoms, and impaired global functioning decreased all aspects of social and family contacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrasting with results of previous studies, we found rural living was associated with greater frequency of social contacts in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Beyond living environment, our findings stress the importance both of an adequate control of negative symptoms and of employment opportunities for schizophrenia patients in order to enhance their social networks.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Psychiatry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 20, 04317, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schomerus
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heider
authors.forename: Matthias C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Angermeyer
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Bebbington
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Azorin
authors.forename: Traolach
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brugha
authors.forename: Mondher
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toumi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology; D005060:Europe; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012559:Schizophrenia; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*