title: Comparison of three staining methods for the morphological evaluation of human spermatozoa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare different staining methods to evaluate human sperm morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients at the Departments of Dermatology and Urology, University of Jena, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 94 randomly collected patients attending the andrological outpatient clinics of the Departments of Dermatology and Urology, University of Jena, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical comparison of resultant standard morphological parameters (mean percentages) after staining according to Papanicolaou and Shorr methods and with Testsimplets prestained slides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All morphological parameters investigated (percent normal morphology, percent head, midpiece, and flagellar abnormalities) correlated statistically significantly positively, however with markedly lower correlation coefficients for the Testsimplets results. As compared with the mean Papanicolaou (4.78% +/- 2.54%) and Shorr staining (4.75% +/- 2.64%) results, a statistically significantly lower percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa was determined after using the Testsimplets slides (3.89% +/- 2.53%). In general, the mean values of all parameters differed for all comparisons with the Testsimplets slides and especially for the percentage of flagellar defects but not between the Papanicolaou and the Shorr staining results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show an extensive agreement between the Papanicolaou- and Shorr-stained smears, whereas Testsimplets staining exhibited statistically significant deviations. Because the correct evaluation of sperm morphology is of essence within the scope of assisted reproduction and in andrological diagnostics, the use of rapid staining methods cannot be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa. rhenkel@uwc.ac.za
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henkel
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sturmhoefel
authors.forename: Uta-Christina
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Hipler
authors.forename: Dirk Henrik
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Zermann
authors.forename: Roelof
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menkveld
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000379:methods; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*