title: Children with cardiomyopathy: complications after noncardiac procedures with general anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with cardiomyopathy (CM) often undergo procedures that require general anesthesia (GA) but little is known about anesthesia-related adverse events or postprocedural outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  After approval, all children with CM who underwent nonopen heart surgical procedures and/or diagnostic imaging under GA at a tertiary children's hospital during January 2002 to May 2005 were identified from a clinical database. Based on their preprocedure fractional shortening (FS) on echocardiogram, systemic ventricular dysfunction was categorized as mild (FS 23-28%), moderate (FS 16-22%), or severe (FS < 16%) and those with normal (FS > 28%) were excluded from review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six patients underwent 34 procedures under GA, of whom 13 (38%) had mild or moderate ventricular dysfunction and 21 (62%) had severe dysfunction. Common procedures included pacer/defibrillator placement (43%) and imaging studies (18%). Eighteen complications were noted in 12 patients. Fifteen (83%) complications occurred in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction. One patient with severe ventricular dysfunction died (3% mortality). Hypotension requiring inotropic support was the most frequent complication (61%). Children with severe ventricular dysfunction often required hospital support pre- and postprocedure with 67% requiring intensive care. Hospital stay was longer for patients with severe ventricular dysfunction compared with children with mild or moderate ventricular dysfunction (P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 30-day mortality rate was low but complications were common, especially in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction. For these patients, we recommend early consideration of perioperative intensive care support to optimize cardiovascular therapy and monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Alaina K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kipps
authors.forename: Chandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramamoorthy
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Glyn D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009202:Cardiomyopathies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative