title: Effects of instructions on responses to the nicotine patch: a laboratory study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smokers have weak positive expectancies for nicotine replacement therapies relative to smoking (Juliano and Brandon, Nicotine Tob Res, 6:569-574, 2004).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated if a manipulation designed to alter expectancies for the nicotine patch was effective in increasing positive expectancies for the patch and influencing smoking cessation outcomes during a 2-day abstinence period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smokers (n = 72) were randomly assigned to receive information that emphasized either patch benefits (n = 25) or standard patch information including side effects (n = 25). Participants wore placebo patches but were told that the patches contained nicotine. A control condition (n = 22) was informed that they received placebo patches while given standard patch information to independently test the effect of the nicotine-dose instructional set on abstinence outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Benefits information significantly increased positive expectancies for the patch and promoted positive mood during the abstinence period relative to the side effects information. Nicotine-dose instructions resulted in fewer lapsed cigarettes and higher ratings of patch helpfulness than placebo instructions. In particular, women's smoking behavior appeared to be more influenced by nicotine instructions than that of men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this preliminary study suggest that information provided to smokers about patch effects and nicotine content may influence behavioral and subjective outcomes of patch use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fucito
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Juliano
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000465:Algorithms; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012008:Recurrence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine