title: Genetic polymorphisms in TP53, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of colorectal cancer: evidence for gene-environment interaction?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Substantial evidence indicates that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs protect against colorectal cancer by altering cell cycle progression and/or inducing apoptosis, whereas p53 protein is crucial to maintaining cell-cycle arrest and regulating DNA repair, differentiation, and apoptosis. Genetic variants in TP53 gene might therefore influence colorectal cancer risk and modify the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We assessed the association of TP53 Arg72Pro and p53PIN3 polymorphisms with colorectal cancer risk and their possible interaction with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 467 cases and 563 controls from a population-based case-control study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between genotypes, environmental exposures and colorectal cancer risk, adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Odds ratios of colorectal cancer were 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.99) for TP53 72Pro carriers compared with those homozygous for the TP53 72Arg allele and 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.58-1.05) for p53PIN3 A2 carriers compared with p53PIN3 A1A1. Risks differed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. For both investigated TP53 polymorphisms, we found that the colorectal cancer risk associated with regular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use was statistically significantly modified by the TP53 genotype (P values for interaction=0.049 and 0.034, respectively), whereby a substantial protective effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use was observed for homozygous carriers of the 72Arg allele and of the PIN3 A1 allele (odds ratio 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.30-0.65 and odds ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.65). The interaction between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and TP53 genetic polymorphisms was confirmed by haplotype analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the TP53 genotype may modify the influence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use on the risk of colorectal cancer. A direct proof of functional analysis is warranted to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Xiang-Lin
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieters
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoffmeister
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang-Claude
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53