title: Large-volume endoscopic injection of epinephrine plus normal saline for peptic ulcer bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Large-volume endoscopic injection of epinephrine has been proven to significantly reduce rates of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding. Injection of normal saline may be equally effective for the similar hemostatic effect of local tamponade. The aim of our study was to compare the therapeutic effects of large-volume (40 mL) endoscopic injections of epinephrine, normal saline and a combination of the two in patients with active bleeding ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 216 patients with actively bleeding ulcers (spurting or oozing) were randomly assigned to three groups (1:10,000 epinephrine, normal saline or diluted epinephrine plus normal saline). The hemostatic effects and clinical outcomes were compared between the three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial hemostatic rate was significantly lower in the normal saline group (P < 0.05). The volume of injected solution required for the arrest of bleeding was significantly larger in the normal saline group (P < 0.01). Mean duration for arrest of bleeding was significantly longer in the normal saline group (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the three groups with respect to the rates of recurrent bleeding, surgical intervention, 30-day mortality, amount of transfusion and duration of hospitalization. Significant elevation of systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05) and persistent high pulse rate after endoscopic injection were observed in the epinephrine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with active bleeding ulcers (spurting or oozing), we recommend a large-volume (40 mL) combination injection using diluted epinephrine to cease bleeding, followed by injection of normal saline to achieve sustained hemostasis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. ltc@ms2.mmh.org.tw
authors.forename: Tai-Cherng
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.forename: Wen-Hsiung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Horng-Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shee-Chan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shou-Chuan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D004837:Epinephrine