title: The cyclolignan picropodophyllin attenuates intimal hyperplasia after rat carotid balloon injury by blocking insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smooth muscle cell proliferation (SMC) is a pivotal factor in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. A number of growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), have been shown to be involved in SMC proliferation. We evaluated the effect of picropodophyllin (PPP), a new IGF-1 receptor inhibitor, in the prevention of SMC proliferation and development of intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of systemic administration of PPP on intimal hyperplasia were studied in a balloon rat carotid injury model. Lesions were quantified by morphometry and SMC proliferation and apoptosis was studied by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activated caspase 3, respectively. The effect of PPP on rat aortic SMC proliferation and apoptosis was studied in vitro by using cell counting, 3[H]-thymidine incorporation, and a flow cytometry assay for annexin V. Phosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor, protein kinase B (Akt), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in vitro and in vivo were analyzed by using Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPP inhibited IGF-1-mediated SMC proliferation in vitro but no significant increase in apoptosis was detected. In rats treated with PPP, a more than a twofold reduction in carotid intima area was observed 2 weeks after balloon injury, a significant decrease in PCNA staining was demonstrated in early lesions, but activated caspase 3 was not detected. In addition, PPP attenuated phosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor, Akt, and ERK1/2 in IGF-1-stimulated SMCs in vitro, and a reduced phosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor and Akt was found in balloon-injured carotid arteries in rats treated with PPP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that PPP potently blocks IGF-1-mediated phosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor in SMCs, decreases downstream Akt and ERK1/2 activation, inhibits SMC replication, and subsequently attenuates intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury of rat carotid arteries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden. Anton.Razuvaev@ki.se
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Razuvaev
authors.forename: Bimma
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Girnita
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hedin
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002404:Catheterization; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011034:Podophyllotoxin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; C415032:picropodophyllin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D011034:Podophyllotoxin