title: A rehabilitation tool for functional balance using altered gravity and virtual reality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a need for effective and early functional rehabilitation of patients with gait and balance problems including those with spinal cord injury, neurological diseases and recovering from hip fractures, a common consequence of falls especially in the elderly population. Gait training in these patients using partial body weight support (BWS) on a treadmill, a technique that involves unloading the subject through a harness, improves walking better than training with full weight bearing. One problem with this technique not commonly acknowledged is that the harness provides external support that essentially eliminates associated postural adjustments (APAs) required for independent gait. We have developed a device to address this issue and conducted a training study for proof of concept of efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a tool that can enhance the concept of BWS training by allowing natural APAs to occur mediolaterally. While in a supine position in a 90 deg tilted environment built around a modified hospital bed, subjects wear a backpack frame that is freely moving on air-bearings (cf. puck on an air hockey table) and attached through a cable to a pneumatic cylinder that provides a load that can be set to emulate various G-like loads. Veridical visual input is provided through two 3-D automultiscopic displays that allow glasses free 3-D vision representing a virtual surrounding environment that may be acquired from sites chosen by the patient. Two groups of 12 healthy subjects were exposed to either strength training alone or a combination of strength and balance training in such a tilted environment over a period of four weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isokinetic strength measured during upright squat extension improved similarly in both groups. Measures of balance assessed in upright showed statistically significant improvements only when balance was part of the training in the tilted environment. Postural measures indicated less reliance on visual and/or increased use of somatosensory cues after training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upright balance function can be improved following balance specific training performed in a supine position in an environment providing the perception of an upright position with respect to gravity. Future studies will implement this concept in patients.
authors.affiliation: Sister Kenny Rehabilitation Institute, Sister Kenny Research Center (12101), 800 E, 28th St, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA. Lars.Oddsson@Allina.com
authors.forename: Lars I E
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Oddsson
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ince
authors.forename: Steve R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zemkova
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance; D012046:Rehabilitation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014584:User-Computer Interface