title: A study of the volatile organic compounds exhaled by lung cancer cells in vitro for breath diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhaled by lung cancer cells in the microenvironment are the source biomarkers of lung cancer and also serve as direct evidence that the diagnosis of lung cancer by breath is possible. However, to the authors' knowledge, few articles published to date have provided accurate VOCs in the microenvironment, thereby leading to different points of view with regard to searching for biomarkers in the breath from lung cancer patients In this article, an innovative pathologic analysis method of lung cancer and the early diagnosis of lung cancer at the cellular level were introduced for this purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography is used as the detection system to determine the VOCs in the culture medium of several target cells, including different kinds of lung cancer cells, bronchial epithelial cells, tastebud cells, osteogenic cells, and lipocytes. As a result, each kind of cells has a unique chromatogram. There are 4 special VOCs that were found to exist in all culture mediums of lung cancer cells, which are the metabolic products of lung cancer cells and can be viewed as markers of lung cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors were able to determine a correlation between VOCs in the metabolic products of lung cancer cells and VOCs in the breath of lung cancer patients, some of whom had stage I and II disease, and eventually hope to certify the biomarkers in the breath of lung cancer patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research is significant and provides the basis for the noninvasive detection and the breath diagnosis of lung cancer using an electronic nose.
authors.affiliation: Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of National Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou PR China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Fengjuan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yuefeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Deji
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kejing
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Enguo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals