title: Hypopharyngeal airway surgery.
abstract: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the result of upper airway obstruction during sleep. Hypopharyngeal airway obstruction can be caused by the prominence or relaxation of the base of the tongue, lateral pharyngeal wall, and occasionally, the aryepiglottic folds or epiglottis. Although nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is considered as the first treatment for obstructive sleep apnea, surgery has been shown to be a viable option for patients who are intolerant of positive pressure therapy. This article presents the current state of hypopharyngeal surgery for sleep apnea. Preoperative airway evaluation with fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy, the use of lateral cephalometric radiograph, and the formulation of a surgical plan with selection of procedures to address hypopharyngeal obstruction are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic and Research Center, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. drli@sleepapneasurgery.com
authors.forename: Kasey K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000601:surgery; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000601:surgery*; D019186:Mandibular Advancement; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D014059:Tongue / Q000601:surgery