title: Frequency and pattern of distribution of congenital anomalies in the newborn and associated maternal risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine frequency, pattern of distribution of congenital anomalies in newborn and associated maternal risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was carried out in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lyari General Hospital, during the period of January 2000 to October 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the women giving birth to babies with congenital anomalies during this period were included. Demographic details, associated risk factors and the type of congenital anomalies in babies were recorded. Diagnosis of congenital anomalies was based on ultrasonography and clinical evaluation of newborn by experienced neonatologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 5776 patients delivered, of which 76 had congenitally malformed babies, making the prevalence of 11.4 per 1000 births. Most of the women (55.26%) belonged to the age group between 21 to 30 years. Congenital anomalies were more commonly (55.26%) seen in the primiparas. The most frequent associated risk factor was history of consanguineous marriage in 44.74%. Neural tube defect (NTD) was found to be the commonest (65.8%) type of anomaly. Among the most frequent NTD was hydrocephalus and anencephaly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The commonest associated risk factor was consanguineous marriage the frequency of which may be reduced by creating awareness regarding the avoidance of consanguineous marriages. NTD were the most prevalent anomaly detected and early prenatal diagnosis is helpful in decreasing the indirect prevalence of perinatal mortality by offering early termination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dow University of Health Sciences and Lyari General Hospital, Karachi. perveen89rzw@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Fouzia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perveen
authors.forename: Subhana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tyyab
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003241:Consanguinity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008423:Maternal Age; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal