title: Clinical response to glatiramer acetate correlates with modulation of IFN-gamma and IL-4 expression in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether glatiramer acetate (GA)-induced lymphoproliferation and IFN-gamma and IL-4 modulation correlate with the clinical response in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  GA therapy involves the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine shifts. However, it is not known whether this response correlates with the clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patients were treated with GA for at least two years, and classified clinically as GA-responders (GA-R=22) or hypo/non-responders (GA-HR/NR = 14). Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to GA and Tetanus toxoid (TT), as well as IL-4 and IFN-gamma ELISPOT, were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in PBMC proliferation to GA or TT between GA-R and GA-HR/NR before and during treatment (P>0.05). The mean number of IFN-gamma ELISPOTS in unstimulated, TT and anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMC was lower among GA-R (unstimulated: GA-R =10.1+/-6.21 (n=22) versus GA-HR/NR=17.8+/-12.7 (n=14), P=0.04; TT-GA-R =12.2+/-4.06 (n=12) versus GA-HR/NR=26.8+/-21.0 (n=8), P=0.028; anti-CD-3/CD28 GA-R=217.3+/-140.4 (n=22) versus GA-HR/NR=368.5+/-170.1 (n=14), P=0.006). In contrast, the number of IL-4 ELISPOTS remained unchanged in the GA-R group, but was progressively reduced in the GA-HR/NR group during GA therapy (GA-HR/NR IL-4: pre-Rx: 59+/-34 versus 22+/-11 at 12 months (n =6), P=0.0429). The IL-4/ IFN-gamma ratio in anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMC was significantly higher among GA-R compared to GA-HR/NR (P=0.0474).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphoproliferation to GA did not differentiate GA-R from GA-HR/NR. However, reduced IFN-gamma expression and stable IL-4 expression in anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMC, and an increased IL-4/IFN-gamma ratio was associated with favorable clinical response. More data are needed to validate the prospective use of IL-4/IFN-gamma expression in PBMC as a biomarker of clinical response to GA for individual patients.
authors.affiliation: UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhib-Jalbut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010455:Peptides; D015847:Interleukin-4; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D007371:Interferon-gamma