title: Chronic granulomatous disease in pediatric patients: 25 years of experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an uncommon primary immune deficiency (affecting 1/200,000 newborn infants) caused by a defect in phagocyte production of oxygen metabolites, and resulting in bacterial infections produced by catalase-positive microorganisms and fungal diseases that occasionally may prove fatal.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review is made of the clinical records of 13 pediatric patients diagnosed with CGD between 1980 and 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were males. The mean age at diagnosis was 36 months. The clinical manifestations at the time of diagnosis comprised the following: Abscesses or abscessified adenopathies 4/13 (Staphylococcus aureus (2), Serratia liquefaciens, S. marcescens and Klebsiella sp.), pneumonia 3/13 (Rhodococcus equi, Salmonella typhimurium plus Pneumocystis jiroveci), osteomyelitis 1/13 (Aspergillus sp.), sepsis 1/13 (S. aureus), urinary infection 1/13 (Klebsiella sp.), severe gastroenteritis 1/13, oral aphthae 1/13 and Crohn-like inflammatory bowel disease 1/13. The diagnosis was initially established by the nitroblue tetrazolium test, and confirmed by flow cytometry 10/13 and genetic techniques (gp91) 9/13. In the course of these disease processes there were 88 infections: abscesses (n = 26), lymphadenitis (n = 12), pneumoniae (n = 10), gastroenteritis (n = 7), sepsis (n = 6), osteomyelitis (n = 3) and others (n = 24). As to the germs isolated, the frequency distribution was as follows (n = 49): Aspergillus sp. (n = 10), Staphylococcus sp. (n = 7), Salmonella sp. (n = 6), Serratia sp. (n = 5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 4), Klebsiella sp. (n = 4), Proteus sp. (n = 3), Leishmania sp. (n = 2) and others (n = 8). IFN-gamma was administered in 7/13 cases, and itraconazole in 9/13; all received cotrimoxazole. There were four deaths, with one case each of sepsis due to gramnegative bacterial infection; disseminated aspergillosis; visceral leishmaniasis and hemophagocytosis; and post-kidney transplant complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical suspicion and flow cytometry are the keys for diagnosis of CGD and detection of carrier relatives. Specific prophylactic measures and medical controls are required to prevent serious infections. IFN-gamma has been used intermittently, though its effectiveness is controversial.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soler-Palacín
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Margareto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Llobet
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Asensio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caragol
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Español
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D006105:Granulomatous Disease, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012235:Rhodamines; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D012235:Rhodamines; C058319:dihydrorhodamine 123; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D017964:Itraconazole; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D007371:Interferon-gamma