title: Clinicopathologic features of prostate adenocarcinoma incidentally discovered at the time of radical cystectomy: an evidence-based analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review all relevant features of incidentally discovered prostate cancer (PCa) in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: incidence, pathologic characteristics, clinical significance, and implications for its management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured literature review through a MEDLINE search was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of incidentally discovered PCa in cystoprostatectomy specimens is extremely variable because of several factors, particularly the pathology sampling. The relationship among clinically, incidentally, and autopsy-detected cancer is uncertain. The definition of clinically significant cancer varies among published reports and remains inadequate for clinical application. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a marker for concurrent PCa and the risk depends more on the volume than on its absolute presence. Outcome of patients with unsuspected PCa after cystoprostatectomy relies mostly on the bladder tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incidental PCa in patients with bladder cancer is highly variable and with an unclear clinical significance. For those who are candidates for prostate-sparing surgery, it seems reasonable to include a routine prostate biopsy in the standard preoperative work-up irrespective of prostate-specific antigen values. In the absence of sufficient data to make firm recommendations, when PCa is incidentally discovered, PCa surveillance should be part of the follow-up scheme after radical cystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Urologica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cantiello
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Sio
authors.forename: Sisto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perdonà
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Armiento
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Autorino
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001706:Biopsy; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*