title: Recombinant production of Streptococcus equisimilis streptokinase by Streptomyces lividans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Streptokinase (SK) is a potent plasminogen activator with widespread clinical use as a thrombolytic agent. It is naturally secreted by several strains of beta-haemolytic streptococci. The low yields obtained in SK production, lack of developed gene transfer methodology and the pathogenesis of its natural host have been the principal reasons to search for a recombinant source for this important therapeutic protein. We report here the expression and secretion of SK by the Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces lividans. The structural gene encoding SK was fused to the Streptomyces venezuelae CBS762.70 subtilisin inhibitor (vsi) signal sequence or to the Streptomyces lividans xylanase C (xlnC) signal sequence. The native Vsi protein is translocated via the Sec pathway while the native XlnC protein uses the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SK yield in the spent culture medium of S. lividans was higher when the Sec-dependent signal peptide mediates the SK translocation. Using a 1.5 L fermentor, the secretory production of the Vsi-SK fusion protein reached up to 15 mg SK/l. SK was partially purified from the culture supernatant by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. A 44-kDa degradation product co-eluted with the 47-kDa mature SK. The first amino acid residues of the S. lividans-produced SK were identical with those of the expected N-terminal sequence. The Vsi signal peptide was thus correctly cleaved off and the N-terminus of mature Vsi-SK fusion protein released by S. lividans remained intact. This result also implicates that the processing of the recombinant SK secreted by Streptomyces probably occurred at its C-terminal end, as in its native host Streptococcus equisimilis. The specific activity of the partially purified Streptomyces-derived SK was determined at 2661 IU/mg protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterologous expression of Streptococcus equisimilis ATCC9542 skc-2 in Streptomyces lividans was successfully achieved. SK can be translocated via both the Sec and the Tat pathway in S. lividans, but yield was about 30 times higher when the SK was fused to the Sec-dependent Vsi signal peptide compared to the fusion with the Tat-dependent signal peptide of S. lividans xylanase C. Small-scale fermentation led to a fourfold improvement of secretory SK yield in S. lividans compared to lab-scale conditions. The partially purified SK showed biological activity. Streptomyces lividans was shown to be a valuable host for the production of a world-wide important, biopharmaceutical product in a bio-active form.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Centro de Química Farmacéutica, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba. epimienta@infomed.sld.cu
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pimienta
authors.forename: Julio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: Caridad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Lieve
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Mellaert
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vallín
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anné