title: Efficacy and safety of darunavir-ritonavir compared with that of lopinavir-ritonavir at 48 weeks in treatment-experienced, HIV-infected patients in TITAN: a randomised controlled phase III trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The protease inhibitor darunavir has been shown to be efficacious in highly treatment-experienced patients with HIV infection, but needs to be assessed in patients with a broader range of treatment experience. We did a randomised, controlled, phase III trial (TITAN) to compare 48-week efficacy and safety of darunavir-ritonavir with that of lopinavir-ritonavir in treatment-experienced, lopinavir-naive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received optimised background regimen plus non-blinded treatment with darunavir-ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily or lopinavir-ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily. The primary endpoint was non-inferiority (95% CI lower limit for the difference in treatment response -12% or greater) for HIV RNA of less than 400 copies per mL in plasma at week 48 (per-protocol analysis). TITAN (TMC114-C214) is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00110877.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 595 patients randomised and treated, 187 (31%) were protease inhibitor naive; 476 of 582 (82%) were susceptible to four or more protease inhibitors. At week 48, significantly more darunavir-ritonavir than lopinavir-ritonavir patients had HIV RNA of less than 400 copies per mL (77% [220 of 286] vs 68% [199 of 293]; estimated difference 9%, 95% CI 2-16). Fewer virological failures treated with darunavir-ritonavir than with lopinavir-ritonavir developed primary protease inhibitor mutations (21% [n=6] vs 36% [n=20]) and nucleoside analogue-associated mutations (14% [n=4] vs 27% [n=15]). Safety data were generally similar between the groups; grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in 80 (27%) darunavir-ritonavir and 89 (30%) lopinavir-ritonavir patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In lopinavir-naive, treatment-experienced patients, darunavir-ritonavir was non-inferior to lopinavir-ritonavir treatment in terms of our virological endpoint, and should therefore be considered as a treatment option for this population.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referência e Treinamento DST/AIDS, Mariana-São Paulo, Brazil. valdezmr@uol.com.br
authors.forename: José Valdez
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Madruga
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McMurchie
authors.forename: Fredy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.forename: Denes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banhegyi
authors.forename: Kiat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruxrungtham
authors.forename: Dorece
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
authors.forename: Marie-Pierre
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: de Béthune
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomaka
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Pauw
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vangeneugden
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spinosa-Guzman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D000069454:Darunavir; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D012367:RNA, Viral; D013449:Sulfonamides; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir; D000069454:Darunavir