title: Concentrations in plasma, epithelial lining fluid, alveolar macrophages and bronchial mucosa after a single intravenous dose of 1.6 mg/kg of iclaprim (AR-100) in healthy men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A validated microbiological assay was used to measure concentrations of iclaprim (AR-100) in plasma, bronchial mucosa (BM), alveolar macrophages (AM) and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) after a single 1.6 mg/kg intravenous 60 min iv infusion of iclaprim.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male volunteers were randomly allocated to three nominal sampling time intervals 1-2 h (Group A), 3-4 h (Group B) and 5.5-7.0 h (Group C) after the start of the drug infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean iclaprim concentrations in plasma, BM, AM and ELF, respectively, were for Group A 0.59 mg/L (SD 0.18), 0.51 mg/kg (SD 0.17), 24.51 mg/L (SD 21.22) and 12.61 mg/L (SD 7.33); Group B 0.24 mg/L (SD 0.05), 0.35 mg/kg (SD 0.17), 7.16 mg/L (SD 1.91) and 6.38 mg/L (SD 5.17); and Group C 0.14 mg/L (SD 0.05), no detectable level in BM, 5.28 mg/L (SD 2.30) and 2.66 mg/L (SD 2.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iclaprim concentrations in ELF and AM exceeded the MIC(90) for penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC90 0.06 mg/L), penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae (MIC90 2 mg/L), penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (MIC90 4 mg/L) for 7, 7 and 4 h, respectively, and Chlamydia pneumoniae (MIC90 0.5 mg/L) for 7 h. Mean iclaprim concentrations in ELF exceeded the MIC90 for Haemophilus influenzae (MIC90 4 mg/L) and Moraxella catarrhalis (MIC90 8 mg/L) for up to 4 and 2 h, respectively; in AM the MIC90 was exceeded for up to 7 h. Furthermore, the MIC90 for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of 0.12 mg/L was exceeded at all sites for up to 7 h. These data suggest that iclaprim reaches lung concentrations that should be effective in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, City Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK. jenny.andrews@swbh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Honeybourne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ashby
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jevons
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fraise
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warrington
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hawser
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wise
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D011743:Pyrimidines; C486448:iclaprim