title: Ankle plantarflexor strength and endurance in 7-9 year old children as measured by the standing single leg heel-rise test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The standing single-leg (SSL) heel-rise test is a measure of plantarflexor strength and endurance. However, reference values have yet to be determined for children. The purposes of this study were to: (1) determine the average number, minimum number (cut-off score) of SSL heel-rises for healthy, 7-9 year old children, (2) examine the influence of age, gender, height, weight, and physical activity characteristics upon the number of heel-rises completed, (3) examine inter-rater reliability, and (4) examine reliability between the number of repetitions counted by observation, and by video-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of ninety-five children, aged 7-9, performed SSL heel-rises until fatigue. The number of heel-rises were counted by two examiners and was determined from videotape.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children completed an average of 36 +/- 18 SSL heel-rises (COV = 50%). Age, gender, height, weight, or activity level had no significant effect upon heel-rise performance. Excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.99), reliability between the motion analysis system and the examiners (ICC = 0.93), was established. Discussion,
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapist visual observation can determine heel-rise count as accurately as when using a motion analysis system. Children who have functional limitations, who perform 13 or fewer heel-rises should repeat the SSL heel-rise test at a later date and/or perform other tests to confirm the plantarflexion muscle strength-endurance impairment prior to initiating an intervention program.
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Providence Hospital, Southfield, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finley
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ulewicz
authors.forename: Cathy A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle; D002648:Child; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D019370:Observation; D015588:Observer Variation; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014743:Videotape Recording