Update of atypical Parkinsonian disorders.
OBJECTIVE
This timely update discusses novel diagnostic approaches, recently identified genes, and innovative experimental symptomatic treatments for these devastating disorders.


RESULTS
Differential patterns in the basal ganglia transcranial sonography, magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging regional apparent diffusion coefficients in the brainstem, basal ganglia T2-weighted gradient echo sequences combined with fluid attenuated inversion recovery, or saccades error rates in single and mixed-task blocks could help differentiate the various parkinsonian disorders. In addition to the familial tauopathies (frontotemporal dementia associated with chromosome 17) presenting with an atypical parkinsonian phenotype, 'TDP-43opathies' and 'tataboxbinding or ataxinopathies', depending on the protein deposited in the brain, widen the scope of the familial atypical parkinsonian disorders. Recent identification of novel deep brain stimulation targets such as the pedunculopontine nucleus may help treat the balance and gait disorder in atypical parkinsonian disorders in the near future.


CONCLUSIONS
These new findings are important for diagnosis, help better understanding of the nosology of these disorders, and will likely in the near future impact our clinical practice.
Litvan
Irene
I
Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA. i.litvan@louisville.edu
D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy