title: Differences in bone mineral status between urban and rural Chinese men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have investigated differences in bone health and associated lifestyle factors between urban and rural populations in countries, such as China, undergoing rapid nutrition transition. Such a study may help to identify risk factors of osteoporosis and provide evidence for future preventive strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine primarily whether differences in bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) exist between urban and rural Chinese men and women and secondly whether any urban-rural differences could be explained by body size or lifestyle factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 490 men and 689 women aged 50-70 were included in the study. 535 of them were from urban Shanghai and 644 from surrounding rural areas. Anthropometric measurements were conducted and spine lumber 1-4 BMC measurements were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Information on socioeconomic status, medical history, smoking and drinking habits and physical activity were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urban men and women had significantly higher spine BMC, BMD and bone area than their rural counterparts (P<0.01). After controlling body size, the differences between urban-rural spine BMC and BMD remained in women (P<0.001), but were no longer significant in men. The urban and rural differences of BMC and BMD in women could not be explained by including the lifestyle factors such as income, intake of milk, vitamin D and calcium, total physical activity level, walking and social activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found the significant differences in both spine BMC and BMD between urban and rural men and women in Shanghai, China. This difference could be explained by the body size in men; however, it remained unexplained in women after adjusting for body size and certain lifestyle risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Tai-Yuan Rd., Shanghai, 200031, China.
authors.forename: Wenjia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Kirsten L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rennie
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yanfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhijie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D049628:Body Size / Q000208:ethnology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population