Implantation and stability of metallic fiducials within pulmonary lesions.
OBJECTIVE
To report and describe implantation techniques and stability of metallic fiducials in lung lesions to be treated with external beam radiotherapy.


METHODS
Patients undergoing radiation therapy for small early-stage lung cancer underwent implantation with small metallic markers. Implantation was either transcutaneous under computed tomographic (CT) or fluoroscopic guidance or transbronchial with the superDimension/Bronchus system (radiofrequency signal-based bronchoscopy guidance related to CT images).


RESULTS
Implantation was performed transcutaneously in 15 patients and transbronchially in 8 patients. Pneumothorax occurred with eight of the 15 transcutaneous implants, six of which required chest tube placement. None of the patients who underwent transbronchial implantation developed pneumothorax. Successfully inserted markers were all usable during gated image-guided radiotherapy. Marker stability was determined by observing the variation in gross target volume (GTV) centroid relative to the marker on repeated CT scans. Average three-dimensional variation in the GTV center relative to the marker was 2.6 +/- 1.3 (SD) mm, and the largest variation along any anatomic axis for any patient was <5 mm. Average GTV volume decrease during the observation period was 34% +/- 23%. Gross tumor volumes do not appear to shrink uniformly about the center of the tumor, but rather the tumor shapes deform substantially throughout treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Transbronchial marker placement is less invasive than transcutaneous placement, which is associated with high pneumothorax rates. Although marker geometry can be affected by tumor shrinkage, implanted markers are stable within tumors throughout the treatment duration regardless of implantation method.
Kupelian
Patrick A
PA
Department of Radiation Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, FL 32806, USA. patrick.kupelian@orhs.org
Forbes
Alan
A
Willoughby
Twyla R
TR
Wallace
Karen
K
Mañon
Rafael R
RR
Meeks
Sanford L
SL
Herrera
Luis
L
Johnston
Alan
A
Herran
Juan J
JJ
D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015505:Chest Tubes; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed