title: Ultrasound criteria of malignancy for cervical lymph nodes in patients followed up for differentiated thyroid cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neck ultrasonography (US) has become a keystone in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine specificity and sensitivity of ultrasound criteria of malignancy for cervical lymph nodes (LNs) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied 19 patients referred to the Institut Gustave Roussy for neck LN dissection. All patients underwent a neck US within 4 d prior to surgery. Only LNs that were unequivocally matched between US and pathology were taken into account for the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred three LNs were detected on US, 578 LNs were surgically removed, and 56 LNs were analyzed (28 benign and 28 malignant). Sensitivity and specificity were 68 and 75% for the long axis (> or =1 cm), 61 and 96% for the short axis (>5 mm), 46 and 64% for the round shape (long to short axis ratio < 2), 100 and 29% for the loss of fatty hyperechoic hilum, 39 and 18% for hypoechogenicity, 11 and 100% for cystic appearance, 46 and 100% for hyperechoic punctuations, and 86 and 82% for peripheral vascularization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cystic appearance, hyperechoic punctuations, loss of hilum, and peripheral vascularization can be considered as major ultrasound criteria of LN malignancy. LNs with cystic appearance or hyperechoic punctuations are highly suspicious of malignancy. LNs with a hyperechoic hilum should be considered as benign. Peripheral vascularization has the best sensitivity-specificity compromise. Round shape, hypoechogenicity, and the loss of hilum taken as single criteria are not specific enough to suspect malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France. leboulleux@igr.fr
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leboulleux
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Jean Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Travagli
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sabbah
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caillou
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hartl
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lassau
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baudin
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlumberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014463:Ultrasonography