title: Longitudinal analysis of regional grey matter loss in Huntington disease: effects of the length of the expanded CAG repeat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms guiding the progression of neuronal damage in patients with Huntington disease (HD) are not completely understood. It is unclear whether the genotype--that is, the length of the expanded CAG repeat--guides the location and speed of grey matter decline once HD is clinically manifested. Moreover, the relationship between cortical and subcortical grey matter atrophy and the severity of motor symptoms of HD is controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this article, we longitudinally studied, over the period of 1 year, a cohort of 49 patients with HD. We investigated: first, the clinical relevance of regional progressive grey matter atrophy; and second, the relationship between the ratio of atrophy progression and genotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  The length of the expanded CAG repeat was quantified for all patients and the United Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) was used to rate the severity of clinical symptoms. Grey matter atrophy was determined using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) of brain MRI. Progression of atrophy was quantified in 37 patients who were submitted to two different MRI scans, the second scan 1 year later than the first.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, patients exhibited progressive atrophy involving the caudate, pallidum, putamen, insula, cingulate cortex, cerebellum, orbitofrontal cortex, medial temporal lobes and middle frontal gyri. Patients with a larger UHDRS score exhibited selective atrophy of the caudate, thalamus, midbrain, insula and frontal lobes. Patients with longer, expanded CAG repeat sequences showed faster rates and more widespread atrophy, particularly those patients with more than 55 expanded CAG repeats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that brain atrophy progresses after the clinical onset of HD and that regional atrophy is related to symptom severity. Moreover, our results also indicate that intensity and rate of progression of brain atrophy are more pronounced in patients with larger, expanded CAG repeat sequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, State University of Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ruocco
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonilha
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lopes-Cendes
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cendes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D042622:DNA Repeat Expansion / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats / Q000235:genetics*