title: Clinical spectrum of spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula.
abstract: A carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the cavernous sinus and the carotid arterial system. A CCF is divided into two categories, direct and indirect. Direct fistulas usually account for 70 to 90% of all CCF. Spontaneous, low-flow fistulas are usually associated with atherosclerosis, hypertension and collagen vascular disease or may develop in females during peripartum period. The elderly age group, especially women are at increased risk. We report three cases of spontaneous CCF presenting with ocular manifestations and hypertension, without any collagen vascular disease. One case was a direct variety and the other two were of indirect variety.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Oculoplasty, Sri Sankardeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, India. jk2269929@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Jayanta Kr
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Jnanankar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Medhi
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Nilutpol
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Borah
authors.forename: Kasturi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.forename: Ganesh C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Kuri
authors.forename: Hemlata
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deka
authors.forename: Biraj J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Goswami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography; D020216:Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color