title: Vascular disease and apathy in old age. The Leiden 85-Plus Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apathy is defined as an important loss of motivation in all domains of daily functioning. Especially in old age, apathy might be a specific neuropsychiatric syndrome separate from depression. There are indications that apathy in elderly subjects is related to vascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relation between vascular disease and apathy in subjects aged 85 years and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Leiden 85-plus Study is a prospective, population-based study of 500 elderly subjects. Vascular disease including myocardial infarction, angina pectoris or myocardial ischemia, claudicatio intermittens, and arterial surgery was determined at baseline. Symptoms of apathy were assessed annually from age 85 through 90 years using the apathy questions of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Rating Scale (GDS). Diagnostic accuracy of the apathy questions was validated using the Apathy Scale at age 90 years. The association between vascular disease and apathy was estimated both at baseline and longitudinally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The apathy items of the GDS showed a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 85%. At baseline, 69 subjects with apathy but free of depression had significantly more cardiovascular pathologies compared to 287 subjects without apathy. In the 287 subjects who were free of apathy and depression, increase of apathy but not depression during follow-up was significantly higher for each additional cardiovascular pathology at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In community dwelling elderly, those with vascular disease were at higher risk of developing apathy but not depression. This suggests that apathy and depression in old age have different etiologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. r.c.van_der_mast@lumc.nl
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: van der Mast
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vinkers
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stek
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bek
authors.forename: R G J
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Westendorp
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gussekloo
authors.forename: A J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Craen
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D053609:Lethargy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*