title: Growth of Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa Eltor in freshwater.
abstract: Growth of Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa Eltor was studied with a growth assay in which autoclaved and filtered (0.22 microm) freshwater was inoculated at low cell density (5 x 10(3) cells ml(-1)) and proliferation was followed with flow cytometry. Against the common view, V. cholerae was able to grow extensively in different kinds of freshwater. The bacterium multiplied in river water, lake water and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant up to a cell density of 1.55 x 10(6) cells ml(-1). In these samples, apparent assimilable organic carbon (AOC(app)) concentrations ranged from 52 up to 800 microg l(-1) and the results demonstrate a positive trend between the AOC(app) concentration and final cell concentration, suggesting that AOC was a key parameter governing growth of V. cholerae. No growth was observed in waters (tap and bottled drinking water) containing less than approximately 60 microg AOC(app) l(-1). When pure cultures of V. cholerae were grown on identical lake water at different temperatures (20, 25 and 30 degrees C) the maximum specific growth rates (micromax) achieved were 0.22 h(-1), 0.32 h(-1) and 0.45 h(-1), respectively. In addition, growth was characterized in lake water samples amended with different concentrations of NaCl. The highest micromax of V. cholerae was recorded at moderate salinity levels (5 g NaCl l(-1), micromax=0.84 h(-1)), whereas at 30 g NaCl l(-1) (micromax=0.30 h(-1)) or 0 g NaCl l(-1) (micromax)=0.40 h(-1)) specific growth rates were significantly reduced. In the water tested here, micro(max) of V. cholerae was always around 50 % of that exhibited by a freshwater community of indigenous bacteria enriched from the water sampling site. Direct batch competition experiments between V. cholerae and the lake water bacterial community were performed at different temperatures in which V. cholerae was enumerated in the total community using fluorescent-surface antibodies. In all cases V. cholerae was able to grow and constituted around 10 % of the final total cell concentration of the community. No significant effect of temperature was observed on the outcome of the competition. Mathematical modelling of the competition at the different temperatures based on the calculated micromax values confirmed these experimental observations. The results demonstrate that V. cholerae is not only able to survive, but also able to grow in freshwater samples. In these experiments the bacterium was able to use a large fraction (12-62 %) of the AOC(app) available to the bacterial AOC-test community, indicating that V. cholerae has the ability to gain access to the substrates present in freshwater even in competition with an autochthonous bacterial lake water consortium.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.|Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, PO Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vital
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, PO Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Füchslin
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, PO Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hammes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.|Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, PO Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Egli
mesh_terms: D003470:Culture Media; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013696:Temperature; D041241:Vibrio cholerae O1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D012965:Sodium Chloride