title: Psychosocial factors associated with smoking and drinking among Japanese early adolescent boys and girls: cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking and drinking alcohol among early adolescents are serious public health concerns, but few studies have been conducted in Japan to assess their prevalence and etiology. A regional survey was conducted in eight schools in two Japanese school districts to identify psychosocial factors associated with smoking and drinking behaviors for boys and girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Junior high school students from seventh to ninth grades (N = 2,923) completed a self-reported questionnaire between December 2002 and March 2003. Relationships between psychosocial variables (i.e., self-assertive efficacy to resist peer pressure, parental involvement, school adjustment, and deviant peer influence) and smoking and drinking were investigated using logistic regression analyses and path analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking in the last six months was significantly more prevalent in boys (7.9%) than girls (5.1%). The prevalence of drinking in the last six months was similar in boys (23.7%) and girls (21.8%). Self-efficacy to resist peer pressure was negatively associated with both smoking and drinking among both boys and girls and provided both direct and indirect effects through deviant peer influence. Parental involvement showed indirect effects through school adjustment and/or deviant peer influence to both smoking among both boys and girls and drinking among girls, although parental involvement showed direct effects on smoking only for boys. School adjustment was negatively associated with smoking among both boys and girls and drinking among girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that self-assertive efficacy to resist peer pressure, parental involvement, school adjustment and deviant peer influence are potentially important factors that could be addressed by programs to prevent smoking and/or drinking among early adolescent boys and girls in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Center for Research and Development in Education, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan. miando@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mikayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Simons-Morton