title: Nutritional knowledge and attitudes in athletes with physical disabilities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about sport nutritional problems and requirements of athletes with physical disabilities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the nutritional knowledge and attitudes of Iranian athletes with physical disabilities (APDs) after nutrition education. Because proper nutrition is important for both performance and injury healing, learning about the nutritional areas in which APDs are deficient may assist professionals in educating them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sport camp.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two APDs (42 APDs in the intervention group and 30 age-matched and sex-matched control APDs) and 10 coaches completed the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The APDs in the intervention group and their coaches were given nutrition education, which included a booklet with a simplified food guide pyramid, simple concepts about nutrition and weight loss, and four 3-hour courses. The APDs in the control group and their coaches were not given nutrition education.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects completed 2 nutritional questionnaires with both quantitative and qualitative components. Nutritional questionnaires were administered at 2 consecutive camps, 30 days apart, before and after nutrition education. Our questionnaires included a demographics section; 88 Likert scale and true-false questions; and 18 open-ended questions, 13 of which were specifically designed for APDs. Each APD completed two 3-day food records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The APDs in the intervention group scored significantly higher after nutrition education and higher than the control group on the knowledge subscales and interest in nutrition. Although the nutrition knowledge score in this study was moderate, several specific areas of deficient nutritional knowledge were identified that are critical for the health of APDs. Our model of nutrition education was more effective than the usual instructions presented irregularly by coaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that Iranian APDs lack nutritional knowledge in areas critical to preventing nutrition-related health problems, especially components related to nutrition for athletes with disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. r.rastmanesh@nnftri.ac.ir
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rastmanesh
authors.forename: Furugh Azam
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Taleban
authors.forename: Masood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimiagar
authors.forename: Yadolah
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mehrabi
authors.forename: Moosa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salehi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D001294:Attitude to Health; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires