title: Fifteen-year follow-up of thyroid function in lithium patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study prospectively the course of clinically relevant thyroid dysfunction in a cohort of patients on long-term lithium treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (no.=150) who had undergone a cross-sectional evaluation of their thyroid function in 1989, when they were at different stages of lithium treatment, were followed up for thyroid circulating thyroid antibodies, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroidectomy, during a further period of lithium exposure of up to 15 yr.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual rates of newly developed circulating thyroid antibodies and hypothyroidism were 1.7 and 1.5%, respectively. Subjects with thyroid antibodies had a higher chance of requiring substitution treatment with levothyroxine for hypothyroidism compared with subjects with no evidence of thyroid antibodies (6.4% annual rate compared to 0.8%; relative risk: 8.4; 95% confidence interval: 2.9-24.0). One case of hyperthyroidism was observed over 976 patient-yr. Three patients underwent thyroidectomy during followup (two for multinodular goiter and one for multicentric papillary carcinoma).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lithium may be associated with hypothyroidism in particular in the presence of circulating thyroid antibodies. Incidence of thyroid antibodies is comparable with that reported for the general population. Hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer are rare.
authors.affiliation: Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Bernard B. Brodie Department of Neurosciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. bocchett@unica.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bocchetta
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cocco
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Velluzzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Zompo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mariotti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loviselli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D018828:Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating / Q000097:blood; D015994:Incidence; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D001323:Autoantibodies; D018828:Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D013974:Thyroxine