title: Risk factors for proximal sesamoid bone fractures associated with exercise history and horseshoe characteristics in Thoroughbred racehorses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess individual and combined associations of high-speed exercise and horseshoe characteristics with risk of forelimb proximal sesamoid bone fractures and proximal sesamoid bone midbody fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses.
  
  
  METHODS
  269 deceased Thoroughbred racehorses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study design was used to compare 121 horses with a fracture of at least 1 of 4 forelimb proximal sesamoid bones (75 horses had a midbody fracture) and 148 horses without a forelimb proximal sesamoid bone fracture. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate potential risk factors for association with proximal sesamoid bone fracture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with horses that died without proximal sesamoid bone fractures, horses that died with proximal sesamoid bone fractures were more likely to be sexually intact males, spend more time in active trainingand racing, complete more events, train and race longer since their last layup, have higher exercise intensities during the 12 months prior to death, and have greater cumulative distances for their career. Horses with proximal sesamoid bone midbody fractures were more likely to be sexually intact males, train and race longer since their last layup, and have higher exercise intensities during the 12 months prior to death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitingexercise intensity and the continuous time spent in activity duringa horse's career may decrease the frequency of forelimb proximal sesamoid bone fractures in Thoroughbred horses.
authors.affiliation: J. D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Lucy A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Anthenill
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Ashley E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D012716:Sesamoid Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D012775:Shoes