title: What is the state of the evidence on the mind-cancer survival question, and where do we go from here? A point of view.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is long history of anecdote and surmise linking psychosocial factors to cancer incidence and survival. However, over the past three decades, an increasing number of rigorous studies have investigated the possibility of a mind-cancer survival connection. The objective of this paper is (1) to review the past 30 years of psycho-oncology research on the mind-cancer survival question, (2) to review the methodological debate and interpretations of the research findings, and (3) to consider future research directions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the past three decades, a small number of studies have been published. Some observational and quasi-experimental studies suggest the possibility that coping and psychological factors may influence disease outcomes, but clinical trials suggest that psychosocial interventions do not prolong survival. Methodological comment and interpretation about the significance of these trials vary. Some researchers view the mind-cancer survival question as resolved and negative, whereas others identify conceptual and methodological challenges and view the possible impact of psychosocial factors on survival as simply unproven. We take the position that the question is unanswered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommended future research directions include: (1) more trials based on testable theories, targeted interventions, and greater specificity in the measurement model and (2) new research questions and more rigorous observational, prospective, and longitudinal studies, case studies, mixed methods, and innovative design approaches being developed by complementary and alternative medicine researchers. Further research is warranted on the mind-cancer survival question.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. jstephen@bccancer.bc.ca
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Stephen
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahn
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leis
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D019222:Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*