title: A finite element model for protein transport in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biological mass transport processes determine the behavior and function of cells, regulate interactions between synthetic agents and recipient targets, and are key elements in the design and use of biosensors. Accurately predicting the outcomes of such processes is crucial to both enhancing our understanding of how these systems function, enabling the design of effective strategies to control their function, and verifying that engineered solutions perform according to plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Galerkin-based finite element model was developed and implemented to solve a system of two coupled partial differential equations governing biomolecule transport and reaction in live cells. The simulator was coupled, in the framework of an inverse modeling strategy, with an optimization algorithm and an experimental time series, obtained by the Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) technique, to estimate biomolecule mass transport and reaction rate parameters. In the inverse algorithm, an adaptive method was implemented to calculate sensitivity matrix. A multi-criteria termination rule was developed to stop the inverse code at the solution. The applicability of the model was illustrated by simulating the mobility and binding of GFP-tagged glucocorticoid receptor in the nucleoplasm of mouse adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The numerical simulator shows excellent agreement with the analytic solutions and experimental FRAP data. Detailed residual analysis indicates that residuals have zero mean and constant variance and are normally distributed and uncorrelated. Therefore, the necessary and sufficient criteria for least square parameter optimization, which was used in this study, were met.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed strategy is an efficient approach to extract as much physiochemical information from the FRAP protocol as possible. Well-posedness analysis of the inverse problem, however, indicates that the FRAP protocol provides insufficient information for unique simultaneous estimation of diffusion coefficient and binding rate parameters. Care should be exercised in drawing inferences, from FRAP data, regarding concentrations of free and bound proteins, average binding and diffusion times, and protein mobility unless they are confirmed by long-range Markov Chain-Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods and experimental observations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. kouroush@cs.umd.edu
authors.forename: Kouroush
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sadegh Zadeh
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Elman
authors.forename: Hubert J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Montas
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirmohammadi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D036681:Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid