title: Directed evolution can rapidly improve the activity of chimeric assembly-line enzymes.
abstract: Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are produced by NRP synthetase (NRPS) enzymes that function as molecular assembly lines. The modular architecture of NRPSs suggests that a domain responsible for activating a building block could be replaced with a domain from a foreign NRPS to create a chimeric assembly line that produces a new variant of a natural NRP. However, such chimeric NRPS modules are often heavily impaired, impeding efforts to create novel NRP variants by swapping domains from different modules or organisms. Here we show that impaired chimeric NRPSs can be functionally restored by directed evolution. Using rounds of mutagenesis coupled with in vivo screens for NRP production, we rapidly isolated variants of two different chimeric NRPSs with approximately 10-fold improvements in enzyme activity and product yield, including one that produces new derivatives of the potent NRP/polyketide antibiotic andrimid. Because functional restoration in these examples required only modest library sizes (10(3) to 10(4) clones) and three or fewer rounds of screening, our approach may be widely applicable even for NRPSs from genetically challenging hosts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fischbach
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D002999:Clone Cells; D019020:Directed Molecular Evolution / Q000379:methods*; D004758:Enterobactin / Q000737:chemistry; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010453:Peptide Synthases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011090:Polyenes / Q000737:chemistry; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011090:Polyenes; D011758:Pyrroles; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C088069:andrimid; D004758:Enterobactin; D010453:Peptide Synthases; C104385:non-ribosomal peptide synthase