Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: beta-amyloid(1-42), tau, phospho-tau-181 and total protein.
Alzheimer's disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease and it is the most prevalent type of dementia. Diagnostic means, including neuroimaging methods, are continuously improving. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to increase the sensitivity and specificity of a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Two diagnostic areas are especially challenging: first, differentiating early stages of Alzheimer's disease from mild cognitive impairment and normal aging; and second, increasing diagnostic specificity especially when similar clinical symptoms are shared by various types of dementia. To date, the analysis of beta-amyloid(1-42), total tau and phospho-tau-181 from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are the best biological markers to diagnose Alzheimer's disease and differentiate it from other forms of dementia with a high reliability and validity. This article reviews the use of CSF biomarkers and of putative blood-related markers.
Marksteiner
Josef
J
Department of General Psychiatry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
Hinterhuber
Hartmann
H
Humpel
Christian
C
D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis; D003704:Dementia / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D016875:tau Proteins