title: CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, EPHX1 exons 3 and 4, and NAT2 polymorphisms, smoking, consumption of alcohol and fruit and vegetables and risk of head and neck cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As risk-modifiers of alcohol and tobacco effects, metabolic genes polymorphisms were investigated as susceptibility candidates for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 210 cases and 245 hospital controls, age and gender matched, were genotyped for CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, EPHX1 exons 3 and 4, and NAT2 polymorphisms. A measurement of the biological interaction among two risk factors was estimated by the attributable proportion (AP) due to interaction and its 95% confidence interval (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCCHN risk was associated with high-levels of alcohol intake [OR = 3.50 (95%CI: 1.93-6.35) and OR = 6.47 (95%CI: 2.92-14.35) for 19-30 g/day and >30 g/day, respectively], cigarette smoking [OR = 3.47 (95%CI: 1.88-6.41) and OR = 7.65 (95%CI: 4.20-13.90) for 1-25 and >25 pack-years of smoking, respectively] and low-fruit and vegetables consumption (OR = 2.45; 95%CI: 1.53-3.92). No differences were observed for the genotypes or haplotypes distributions among cases and controls, and no biological interaction emerged from gene-gene and gene-environment interaction analyses. An attributable proportion (AP) due to biological interaction of 0.65 (95%CI: 0.40-0.90) was detected for heavy drinkers with a low intake of fruit and vegetables, and an AP of 0.40 (95%CI: 0.10-0.72) resulted forever smokers with low fruit and vegetables consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in presence of high alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking, a high intake of fruit and vegetables might prevent the development of around one quarter of SCCHN cases. The lack of interaction between the studied polymorphisms and the environmental exposures suggests that chronic consumption of tobacco and alcohol overwhelm enzyme defences, irrespective of genotype.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology and Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy. sboccia@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boccia
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cadoni
authors.forename: Fakhredin A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Sayed-Tabatabaei
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volante
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arzani
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Lauretis
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cattel
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Almadori
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Duijn
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paludetti
authors.forename: Gualtiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D004851:Epoxide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012308:Risk Management; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D004798:Enzymes; D004851:Epoxide Hydrolases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C478900:NAT2 protein, human; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1; C522330:EPHX1 protein, human