title: Three-dimensional nonwoven scaffolds from a novel biodegradable poly(ester amide) for tissue engineering applications.
abstract: Biodegradable polyesters are established biomaterials in medicine due to their chemical characteristics and options for material processing. A main problem, however, is the release of acid degradation products during biodegradation with severe local pH-drops and inflammatory reactions. Polyesteramides, in contrast, show a less prominent pH-drop during degradation. In this study, we developed a simple, reproducible synthesis of the poly(ester amide) (PEA) type C starting from epsilon-caprolactame, 1,4-butanediol, and adipic acid in a one-batch two-step reaction and conducted the manufacturing of PEA-derived 3D textile scaffolds applicable for tissue engineering purposes. The thermal and mechanical properties of PEA-type C were analysed and the structural conformity of different batches was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. The polymer was formed into nonwovens by textile manufacturing. Cytotoxicity tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the effect of scaffold extraction before cell seeding. The manufactured carriers were seeded with human preadipocytes and examined for cellular proliferation and differentiation. The production of PEA type C successfully occurred via simultaneous ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactame and polycondensation with 1,4-butanediol and adipic acid at 250 degrees C under high-vacuum. Soxhlet extraction allowed optimal cleaning of nonwoven scaffolds. Extracted PEA-derived matrices were capable of allowing good adherence, proliferation, and differentiation of preadipocytes. These results are encouraging and guidance towards an optimally prepared nonwoven carrier applicable for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery--Burn Centre, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany. hemmrich@gmx.de
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hemmrich
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salber
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meersch
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wiesemann
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pallua
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klee
mesh_terms: D000272:Adipates / Q000737:chemistry; D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002072:Butylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D002209:Caprolactam / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013784:Textiles; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000272:Adipates; D000577:Amides; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002072:Butylene Glycols; D011091:Polyesters; D002209:Caprolactam; C029900:adipic acid; C039681:1,4-butanediol