title: Rescue shock outcomes during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Questions remain about the optimal timing and method for treating ventricular fibrillation (VF) during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and a variety of treatment protocols are used. Detailed description of rescue shock outcomes during actual patient care under different protocols would allow rational comparison of treatment strategies. The purpose of this study is to describe rescue shock outcomes in a single system using a specific defibrillation protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient care records were examined for all adult (age> or =18 years) out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases treated by an urban paramedic system during a 52-month interval. The immediate outcomes of monophasic rescue shocks were determined from the record and were classified as asystole, VF, restoration of organized electrical activity (ROEA), or restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1496 cases of cardiac arrest, 654 received a median of 3 (IQR 1,5) rescue shocks. Of these cases, 408 (28%) had an initial rhythm of VF whereas VF developed later during resuscitation in the remainder. For an initial series of three escalating rescue shocks, most cases of ROSC (9%) and ROEA (12%) occurred after the first shock. The likelihood that a rescue shock would result in ROSC or ROEA increased with witnessed collapse, and rescue shock number. An initial rhythm of asystole was associated with a decreased likelihood that a rescue shock would result in ROEA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Witnessed collapse and an initial rhythm other than asystole were associated with an increased likelihood of rescue shock success. There is a small but real incremental gain in ROSC and ROEA from delivering three rescue shocks in rapid succession. The greater incidence of rescue shock success with later rescue shocks suggests that VF responds favorably to ongoing resuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hostler
authors.forename: Clifton W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Callaway
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy