title: Learning large-scale spatial relationships in a maze and effects of MK-801 on retrieval in the rhesus monkey.
abstract: Monkeys have strong abilities to remember the visual properties of potential food sources for survival in the nature. The present study demonstrated the first observations of rhesus monkeys learning to solve complex spatial mazes in which routes were guided by visual cues. Three monkeys were trained in a maze (6 m x 6 m) included of four different mazes. We recorded the cue and cup errors, latencies, and pathway for each trial. The data showed that monkeys learned the target place after three days in the first maze and spent a shorter time in learning the following mazes. The maze was an efficient method to measure the ability and proceeding of spatial memory in monkeys. Moreover, working memory can also be tested by using the maze. MK-801 at 0.02 mg/kg but not at 0.005 mg/kg impaired monkeys' retrieval of spatial memory after they learned all four mazes. The present maze may provide an efficient method to help bridging the gap in cognition between nonhuman primates and humans, and in particular to gain insight into human cognitive function and dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Primate Neuroscience Research and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhi Qiang
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Ning Lei
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Man Xiu
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Hua Xian
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiangdong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sanford
authors.forename: Fraser A W
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Xin Tian
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Synnöve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Yuan-Ye
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate