title: Multidirectional instability: medial T-plasty and selective capsular repairs.
abstract: Multidirectional instability of the shoulder present a unique challenge in management. The patient with multidirectional instability classically is seen without a history of significant trauma to the shoulder; however, posttraumatic multidirectional instability may be encountered in the athletic population. Patients with an atraumatic etiology often respond to nonoperative rehabilitative measures, whereas those with a traumatic etiology are more likely to require surgical intervention. Standard operative stabilization procedures for unidirectional instability are likely to fail in the patient with multidirectional instability.
authors.affiliation: From the Hospital for Special Surgery (M.J.P., R.F.W.), and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cornell University Medical College (R.F.W.), New York, New York.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pagnani
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Warren