title: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of aspirin intolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of aspirin intolerance (AI), to summarize the latest genetic and pathophysiologic findings, and to discuss the current therapeutic recommendations, including aspirin desensitization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the PubMed database, a systematic search of articles published between 1968 and 2006 was performed to evaluate the current literature on AI. The bibliographies of selected articles served as a source of additional literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included articles were selected for their relevance to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of AI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of AI is approximately 0.3% to 0.9%, but AI is often overlooked. It can display a wide range of clinical pictures, such as acute asthma attacks, urticaria, angioedema, chronic rhinitis, myocardial ischemia, and anaphylactic shock. Regarding the pathogenesis of AI, modifications of eicosanoid metabolism are supposed to underlie AI, including aspirin-induced asthma and aspirin-induced urticaria. However, the pathogenesis of AI has not yet been clearly elucidated. Associations of several HLA alleles with subtypes of AI, such as aspirin-induced urticaria and aspirin-induced asthma, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism have been shown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because aspirin therapy should be avoided in AI patients, the use of alternative drugs is recommended. Patients intolerant of alternative drugs and those with therapy-resistant asthma or sinusitis benefit from aspirin desensitization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jenneck
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Juergens
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buecheler
authors.forename: Natalija
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Novak
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic / Q000379:methods; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001241:Aspirin