title: Brainstem dysfunction in chronic migraine as evidenced by neurophysiological and positron emission tomography studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathophysiology of chronic migraine (CM) is not fully understood. We aimed to examine transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) indices of cortical excitability in patients with CM and also performed PET studies to ascertain if there were any areas of activation and inhibition for possible correlation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Excitability of the cortex was assessed by a reliable parameter of magnetic suppression of perceptual accuracy (MSPA) profiles using transcranial magnetic stimulation in 25 patients with CM. Of these 10 patients were also studied with ((18)F-FDG PET) scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSPA demonstrated decreased inhibition in CM compared to normal controls and episodic migraine. The percentage of letters reported correct at 100 ms was 84.37 for CM compared to 19.14 for normal controls and 57.41 for episodic migraine. The PET evaluation in 10 subjects demonstrated increased cerebral metabolism in areas of in the brainstem compared to the global flow. There were also decreased areas of cerebral metabolism in the medial frontal and parietal as well as the somatosensory cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with CM appear to be characterized by reduced visual suppression correlating with high cortical excitability. In a cohort of these subjects there was brainstem activation and inhibition in certain areas of the cortex suggesting a potential dysfunction in the inhibitory pathways.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Headache Center, 1101 Madison #200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
authors.forename: Sheena K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Aurora
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Barrodale
authors.forename: Reda L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Tipton
authors.forename: Ani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khodavirdi
mesh_terms: D001363:Awards and Prizes; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012016:Reference Values; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18