title: Sodium fusidate-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres: preparation, characterisation and in vivo evaluation of their effectiveness in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to prepare poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres containing sodium fusidate (SF) using a double emulsion solvent evaporation method with varying polymer:drug ratios (1:1, 2.5:1, 5:1) and to evaluate its efficiency for the local treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The particle size and distribution, morphological characteristics, thermal behaviour, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release assessments of the formulations had been carried out. Sterilized SF-PLGA microspheres were implanted in the proximal tibia of rats with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) osteomyelitis. After 3 weeks of treatment, bone samples were analysed with a microbiological assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PLGA microspheres between the size ranges of 2.16-4.12 microm were obtained. Production yield of all formulations was found to be higher than 79% and encapsulation efficiencies of 19.8-34.3% were obtained. DSC thermogram showed that the SF was in an amorphous state in the microspheres and the glass transition temperature (T(g)) of PLGA was not influenced by the preparation procedure. In vitro drug release studies had indicated that these microspheres had significant burst release and their drug release rates were decreased upon increasing the polymer:drug ratio (p < 0.05). Based on the in vivo data, rats implanted with SF-PLGA microspheres and empty microspheres showed 1987 +/- 1196 and 55526 +/- 49086 colony forming unit of MRSA in 1 g bone samples (CFU/g), respectively (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro and in vivo studies had shown that the implanted SF loaded microspheres were found to be effective for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in an animal experimental model. Hence, these microspheres may be potentially useful in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. ecevher@istanbul.edu.tr
authors.forename: Erdal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cevher
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Orhan
authors.forename: Demet
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sensoy
authors.forename: Rengin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahiskali
authors.forename: Pei Lee
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Olcay
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sağirli
authors.forename: Lütfiye
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mülazimoğlu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005672:Fusidic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D010012:Osteogenesis; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry; D011859:Radiography; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D011108:Polymers; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005672:Fusidic Acid; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol