title: [Clinical features of primary ciliary dyskinesia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cases of PCD received endoscopic sinus surgery and were followed up for life quality and recovery. Among these 3 cases, two were twin brothers and the other girl was twin born with a healthy brother. The mucosa of inferior turbinate was extracted prior to the operation without narcotic and decongestant. The ultrastructure of mucosal cilia was detected with electron microscope. Nine exons of gene DNAH5 and chromosome in one case and her fraternal twin were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nasal and sinus CT imaging of the 3 cases showed chronic pansinusitis (1 case accompanied with situs inversus according with the diagnosis of Kartagener syndrome). The nasal polyp was resected, and the sinuses were opened. The twin brothers received the adenoidectomy. All patients felt nasal ventilation improved while the surgical field still covered with thick discharges during follow-up for 2 - 4 years. Ciliary ultrastructures of the three cases showed lateral dynein absent, the sequence of 9 exons of DNAH5 and chromosome presented no change in the fraternal twins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgery could improve the symptoms of sinusitis in PCD. Change of ciliary ultrastructure was an important indication of its pathological changes and molecular biology evaluation needs further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing 100730, China. weiyongxiang@vip.sina.com
authors.forename: Yong-Xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Fei-Hong
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Xu-Tao
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Xiao-Chao
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yi-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: De-Min
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D056444:Axonemal Dyneins / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002923:Cilia / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007619:Kartagener Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D056444:Axonemal Dyneins; C497507:DNAH5 protein, human