title: Characteristics and course of panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia in primary care patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the course of panic disorder (PD) and panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) in 235 primary care patients during a 3-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited from primary care waiting rooms and diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. They were reassessed at 6 months, 1 year, and annually thereafter for diagnosis, treatment, and other clinical and demographic variables. Recruitment occurred between July 1997 and May 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At intake, 85 patients were diagnosed with PD and 150 were diagnosed with PDA. Patients with PD were significantly more likely to achieve recovery (probability estimate, 0.75) from their disorder than patients with PDA (0.22) at the end of 3-year follow-up (p < .0001). There was no difference in recurrence rates between the 2 disorders. Women were more likely to recover from PD (p = .001). At intake, comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (p = .004), higher Global Assessment of Functioning score (p = .0003), and older age at panic onset (p = .05) were related to recovery from PDA, and comorbid major depressive disorder (p = .05) and psychosocial treatment (p = .002) predicted remaining in an episode of PDA. The relationship between psychosocial treatment and poor recovery must be interpreted with caution and is most likely due to the treatment bias effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary care patients with PDA have a chronic course of illness, whereas those with PD have a more relapsing course. Given the significant burden of PD and PDA in primary care, attention to factors relevant to the course of these disorders is important for recognition and for continued improvement of treatment interventions in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. jfrancis@usuhs.mil
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Risa B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Weisberg
authors.forename: Ingrid R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Dyck
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Culpepper
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orlando Edelen
authors.forename: Martin B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keller