title: Air pollution and risk of urinary bladder cancer in a case-control study in Spain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Air pollution has been associated with an increased risk for lung cancer. We examined whether long-term air pollution is associated with bladder cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information from a case-control study in Spain that included 1219 incident cases and 1271 hospital controls was used. Information on residential history including several indicators of exposure to air pollution and other potential risk factors was collected in a face-to-face computerised personal interview. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were adjusted for age, gender, region, smoking, occupation, water contaminants and diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Living more than 40 years in a city with a population of more than 100 000 was associated with an increased risk for bladder cancer overall (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.63). Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diesel from industries near the residence, as evaluated by experts, were associated with an increased risk (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.98), while lower or no excess risks were observed for other pollution-related variables. Odds ratios among never smokers tended to be higher than among smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The small to moderate positive associations found for several indices of air pollution and bladder cancer, while suggestive of excess risk, require further evaluation in other settings.
authors.affiliation: Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research, C/Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain. gcastano@imim.es
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castaño-Vinyals
authors.forename: Kenneth P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Malats
authors.forename: Adonina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tardon
authors.forename: Reina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Closas
authors.forename: Consol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carrato
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dosemeci
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons