title: Induction of tibial dyschondroplasia by carbamate and thiocarbamate pesticides.
abstract: Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a major poultry leg problem, the natural etiology of which is unknown. Certain dithiocarbamate pesticides such as tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) have been shown to induce the disease in chickens. Because many different carbamate and thiocarbamate chemicals are used in a number of agricultural, industrial, and household applications, the objective of this study was to determine whether all chemicals of these categories induce TD and whether there is a concentration-dependent relationship between the ingestion of these chemicals and the incidences and the severity of the disease. Week-old broiler chicks were fed diets containing thiram or other assorted carbamate and thiocarbamate pesticides mixed in feed for 24-48 hr between ages 8 and 10 days. The birds were killed on day 15 and the proximal tibial and tarsometatarsal growth plates were evaluated for the presence and severity of TD lesions. TD was distinguished by broadening of growth plates; upon histologic exam chondrocytes appeared to be shrunken and dead. When compared by including equimolar concentrations of these chemicals in the feed, the dithiocarbamates with more than two sulfide groups, such as disulfiram, ferbam, thiram, and ziram were potent inducers of TD, whereas those with two sulfides to no sulfide group appeared ineffective at inducing TD. Both thiram and ferbam also reduced the bird's body weights. Thiram increased the incidence and the severity of the disease, denoted by TD index, in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that inadvertent contamination of feed or litter with some of these or similar chemicals may cause leg problems in poultry.
authors.affiliation: Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. nrath@uark.edu
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Huff
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Huff
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010009:Osteochondrodysplasias / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides