title: Raman microscopy of porcine inner retinal layers from the area centralis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the Raman spectra of porcine inner retinal layers, specifically, the inner nuclear, inner plexiform, ganglion cell, and nerve fiber layers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Raman microscopy was employed at three excitation wavelengths, 785, 633, and 514 nm to measure Raman spectra in a high resolution grid across the inner layers of 4% paraformaldehyde cryoprotected porcine retina. Multivariate statistics were used to summarize the principal spectral signals within those layers and to map the distribution of each of those signals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The detected Raman scattering was dominated by a signal characteristic of the protein population present in each layer. As expected, a significant nucleotide contribution was observed in the inner nuclear layer, while the inner plexiform layer displayed a minor contribution from fatty acid based lipid, which would be characteristic of the axonal and synaptic connection resident in this layer. Blood vessels were readily characterized by their distinct heme-derived spectral signature, which increased at 633 and 514 nm excitation compared to 785 nm. Discrete isolated nucleotide signals were identified in the ganglion cell layer, while the nerve fiber layer exhibited a homogenous profile, which is indicative of its broadly uniform axonal and cytoplasmic Muller cell components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated the potential of Raman microscopy as a tool to study the biochemical composition of pathologically normal retina. Specifically, the method allowed a unique method of analyzing the network of neurons involved in relaying information from the photoreceptor population to the ganglion cell derived nerve fiber layer. The study has demonstrated the ability of Raman microscopy to generate simultaneously information on a range of specific biochemical entities within the stratified normal retina.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine Research Cluster, Institute of Clinical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland. r.beattie@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: J Renwick
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brockbank
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McGarvey
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Curry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism; D008853:Microscopy; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000378:metabolism; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000378:metabolism; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013395:Sucrose / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009711:Nucleotides; D006418:Heme; D013395:Sucrose