title: Blunted rostral anterior cingulate response during a simplified decoding task of negative emotional facial expressions in alcoholic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcoholism is characterized by deficits in emotional functioning as well as by deficits in cognitive functioning. However, most brain imaging research on alcoholism has focused on cognition rather than emotion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an event-related functional magnetic imaging approach to examine alcoholics' brain blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response to evaluation of emotional stimuli and to compare their response to that of nonalcoholic controls. The task used was a simplified variant of a facial emotion-decoding task in which subjects determined the intensity level of a target emotion displayed as a facial expression. Facial expressions of happy, sad, anger, disgust, and fear were used as stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcoholics and controls did not differ in accurately identifying the intensity level on the simple emotional decoding task but there were significant differences in their BOLD response during evaluation of facial emotion. In general, alcoholics showed less brain activation than nonalcoholic controls. The greatest differences in activation were during decoding of facial expressions of fear and disgust during which alcoholics had significantly less activation than controls in the affective division of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Alcoholics also had significantly less activation than controls in the affective division of the ACC, while viewing sad faces. Only to facial expressions of anger did the alcoholics show significant activation in the affective ACC and in this case, their BOLD response did not significantly differ from that of the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcoholics show a deficit in the function of the affective division of the ACC during evaluation of negative facial emotions that can serve as cues for flight or avoidance. This deficit may underlie some of the behavioral dysfunction in alcoholism.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. jasmins@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jasmin B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Salloum
authors.forename: Vijay A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Ramchandani
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bodurka
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rawlings
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Momenan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hommer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004644:Emotions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005149:Facial Expression; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol; D010100:Oxygen