title: 'Correction:' Serum transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) levels in diabetic patients are not associated with pre-existent coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between TGF-beta1 levels and long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is controversial. No study specifically addressed patients with CAD and diabetes mellitus (DM). The association between TGF-beta1 levels and long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is controversial. No study specifically addressed patients with CAD and diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 135, 30-80 years) referred for coronary angiography were submitted to clinical and laboratory evaluation, and the coronary angiograms were evaluated by two operators blinded to clinical characteristics. CAD was defined as the presence of a 70% stenosis in one major coronary artery, and DM was characterized as a fasting glycemia > 126 mg/dl or known diabetics (personal history of diabetes or previous use of anti-hyperglycemic drugs or insulin). Based on these criteria, study patients were classified into four groups: no DM and no CAD (controls, C n = 61), DM without CAD (D n = 23), CAD without DM (C-CAD n = 28), and CAD with DM (D-CAD n = 23). Baseline differences between the 4 groups were evaluated by the chi2 test for trend (categorical variables) and by ANOVA (continuous variables, post-hoc Tukey). Patients were then followed-up during two years for the occurrence of MACE (cardiac death, stroke, myocardial infarction or myocardial revascularization). The association of candidate variables with the occurrence of 2-year MACE was assessed by univariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 58.2 +/- 0.9 years, and 51% were men. Patients with CAD had a higher mean age (p = 0.011) and a higher percentage were male (p = 0.040). There were no significant baseline differences between the 4 groups regarding hypertension, smoking status, blood pressure levels, lipid levels or inflammatory markers. TGF-beta1 was similar between patients with or without CAD or DM (35.1 x/: 1.3, 33.6 x/: 1.6, 33.9 x/: 1.4 and 31.8 x/: 1.4 ng/ml in C, D, C-CAD and D-CAD, respectively, p = 0.547). In the 2-year follow-up, independent predictors of 2-year MACE were age (p = 0.007), C-reactive protein (p = 0.048) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.008), but not TGF-beta1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum TGF-beta1 was not associated with CAD or MACE occurrence in patients with or without DM.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Medicine Service, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul/University Foundation of Cardiology, Porto Alegre, Brazil. bschaan.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br
authors.forename: Beatriz D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Schaan
authors.forename: Alexandre S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Quadros
authors.forename: Rogério
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sarmento-Leite
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Lucca
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertoluci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein