title: Clostridium difficile colitis in cystic fibrosis patients with and without lung transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite a large carriage rate of Clostridium difficile among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is rather rare. In case of lung transplantation, the incidence and clinical aspects of CDAD in this patient population are not well known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical files of all CF patients who presented with symptomatic C. difficile infection from January 1998 to December 2004 and compared the incidence, clinical aspects, severity of disease, and clinical outcome between non-transplanted and transplanted CF patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1998 and 2004, 106 adult CF patients were followed at our clinic. Forty-nine patients underwent lung transplantation; 15 before 1998 and 34 after 1998. The incidence density of CDAD was higher in transplanted CF patients as compared with non-transplanted CF patients (24.2 vs. 9.5 episodes/100,000 patient-days; risk ratio: 2.93 [1.41-6.08]; P=0.0044). Diarrhea was a very frequent feature, but was notably absent in 20% of the cases. Rates of moderate and severe colitis were similar in both groups. However, only transplanted patients developed complicated colitis. CT scan and endoscopy were performed more frequently in the transplant group. Two transplant recipients died because of CDAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CF patients who undergo lung transplantation are at a higher risk of developing CDAD and seem to present more often atypical and/or complicated disease. CDAD should be part of the differential diagnosis in case of digestive symptoms, even in the absence of diarrhea, and requires early treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. caroline.theunissen@chu-brugmann.be
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Theunissen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knoop
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nonhoff
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Byl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liesnard
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Estenne
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Struelens
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index