title: Short interfering RNA directed against the SLUG gene increases cell death induction in human melanoma cell lines exposed to cisplatin and fotemustine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melanoma remains largely resistant to currently available chemotherapy, and new strategies have been proposed to flank standardized therapeutic protocols in an effort to improve efficacy. Such an approach requires good knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the resistance and survival of melanoma cells. In this context, the SLUG gene has recently been characterized as a major regulator of melanocytes and melanoma cell survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the hypothesis that an oligonucleotide-based short interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against the SLUG gene increases the susceptibility of melanoma cells to drugs such as cisplatin and fotemustine, which are frequently used to treat this cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that SLUG siRNA increased cisplatin-induced cell death and rendered the drug active in vitro at half its plasmatic peak concentration. Such activity was correlated with an upregulation of the pro-apoptotic gene, PUMA. Furthermore, SLUG siRNA increased the capacity of fotemustine to elicit cell death and induced p21WAF1 upregulation, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, this pathway did not require functional p53.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that SLUG siRNA enhances the efficacy of two of the most widely used drugs to treat melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, Italy.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vannini
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonafe
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tesei
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosetti
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fabbri
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Storci
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ulivi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brigliadori
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amadori
authors.forename: Wainer
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zoli
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D009607:Nitrosourea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009607:Nitrosourea Compounds; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C000604407:SNAI1 protein, human; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C054368:fotemustine; D002945:Cisplatin