title: Chronic bronchitis in women using solid biomass fuel in rural Peshawar, Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biomass smoke has been associated with many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between biomass smoke and chronic bronchitis in women in the rural setting of Peshawar, Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three villages in rural Peshawar were randomly selected as "test villages" where biomass fuel was used. The women responsible for cooking in these villages were interviewed for the prevalence of bronchitis, and data were compared to those obtained from three matching "control villages" where liquid petroleum gas was used as fuel. Crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a statistical software package (EPI Info, version 6.0 [public domain software]; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, GA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study was carried out in 1,426 female test patients and 1,131 female control subjects. Chronic bronchitis was found in 100 women (7.01%) in the test group and 33 women (2.92%) in the control group. The OR was 2.51 (95% CI, 1.65 to 3.83). A strong association was found between bronchitis and the use of wood (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 2.12 to 3.01), dung cake (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.72 to 2.42), rice straws (OR, 3.32; 95% CI, 1.11 to 9.88), and kai grass (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.75 to 2.45). Cooking in the living room and bronchitis were highly associated (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.94 to 3.66). An association between the presence of a kitchen and bronchitis was established with an OR of 2.65 (95% CI, 2.10 to 3.42). In the test group, 75% of kitchens were ventilated; in the control group, 82% were ventilated. The difference between the two groups was nonsignificant (p>0.6; chi2=0.39; OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomass fuel exposure is strongly associated with chronic bronchitis in women who are involved in cooking in rural Peshawar.
authors.affiliation: Pakistan Medical Research Council Research Center at Khyber Medical College, Peshawar NWFP 25000, Pakistan. tasleemkmc@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tasleem
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: Zahoor
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.forename: Mir Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Rubina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nazli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018533:Biomass; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003296:Cooking; D005260:Female; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D005579:Fossil Fuels; D012906:Smoke