title: Restoration of visual response in aged dystrophic RCS rats using AAV-mediated channelopsin-2 gene transfer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the channelopsin-2 (Chop2) gene would restore visual responses in 10-month-old dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (aged RCS; rdy/rdy) rats, the authors transferred the Chop2 gene into the retinal cells of aged RCS rats using the adenoassociated virus (AAV) vector.
  
  
  METHODS
  The N-terminal fragment (residues 1-315) of Chop2 was fused to a fluorescent protein, Venus, in frame at the end of the Chop2 coding fragment. The viral vector construct (AAV-Chop2V) for the expression of the Chop2V in the retina was made by subcloning into an adenoassociated virus vector, including the CAG promoter. To evaluate the expression profile of Chop2V in the retina, the rats were killed and the eyes were removed and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline. Retinal wholemount specimens and cryosections were made. Under anesthetized conditions, electrodes for the recording of visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were implanted onto the visual cortex in aged-RCS (rdy/rdy) rats. AAV-Chop2V vectors were then injected into the vitreous cavity of the left eyes. As a control, AAV-Venus vectors were applied to the right eyes. VEPs were evoked by the flash of a blue, white, or red light-emitting diode (LED) and were recorded from the visual cortex of the rats at various time points after the AAV vector injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chop2V fluorescence was predominantly observed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Some fluorescence was observed in the inner nuclear layer and the inner plexiform layer neurites. A tendency of recovery was observed in the VEPs of aged RCS (rdy/rdy) rats after the AAV-Chop2V injection but not after the AAV-Venus injection. The visual response of AAV-Chop2V-injected aged RCS (rdy/rdy) rats was less sensitive to the blue LED flash than that of nondystrophic RCS (+/+) rats. The AAV-Chop2V-injected aged RCS (rdy/rdy) rats were insensitive to the red LED flash, which evoked a robust VEP in the RCS (+/+) rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The visual response of aged RCS (rdy/rdy) rats was partially restored by transduction of the Chop2 gene through AAV into the inner retinal neurons, mainly RGCs. These results suggest that the transduction of Chop2 would provide a new strategy to treat some retinitis pigmentosa (RP) symptoms independent of their etiology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biofunctional Science, Tohoku University Biomedical Engineering Research Organization, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. hiroshi-tomita@tubero.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.forename: Hiromu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yawo
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isago
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narikawa
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kügler
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamai
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002696:Chlamydomonas / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004596:Electroretinography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D015870:Gene Expression; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D051381:Rats; D011922:Rats, Mutant Strains; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C523009:channelopsin-2, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii