title: Inhalation and incubation with procaterol increases diaphragm muscle contractility in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although procaterol is used clinically as a beta(2)-adrenergic receptor agonist to relax airway smooth muscle, it has not yet been clarified whether procaterol has inotropic effects on respiratory muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three intervention groups were investigated: a procaterol inhalation only group; a procaterol inhalation plus endotoxin injection group (in vivo); and a procaterol incubation group (in vitro). The diaphragm muscle in all groups was dissected and measurements of its contractile properties were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effects of procaterol inhalation shifted the force-frequency curves upward at 30 minutes after inhalation, and inhibited the decline of force-frequency curves due to endotoxin injection in vivo. In vitro administration of procaterol resulted in an increase in the force-frequency curves in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that procaterol has an inotropic effect on the diaphragmatic muscles taken from normal animals as well as on the diaphragm muscles in a septic animal model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. cshindoh@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Chiyohiko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shindoh
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Yuriko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shindoh
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tamura
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000187:drug effects; D017265:Procaterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D004731:Endotoxins; D017265:Procaterol