title: The E2F-regulated gene Chk1 is highly expressed in triple-negative estrogen receptor /progesterone receptor /HER-2 breast carcinomas.
abstract: We previously showed that checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and Claspin, two DNA-damage checkpoint proteins, were down-regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), a known inhibitor of cell proliferation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the transcriptional regulation of Chk1 and Claspin and to study their expression levels in human breast cancer tissue. Transient transfection experiments in MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed that promoter activities of Chk1 and Claspin were regulated by the E2F family of transcription factors. Subsequently, transcript levels of Chk1, Claspin, and E2F1 were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis in 103 primary invasive breast carcinomas and were compared with several clinicopathologic variables in breast cancer. A strong correlation was found between Chk1 and Claspin transcript levels. Transcript levels of Chk1, Claspin, and E2F1 were highest in histologic grade 3 tumors and in tumors in which the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) was lost. Moreover, Chk1 expression was significantly elevated in grade 3 breast carcinomas showing a triple-negative ER-/PR-/HER-2- phenotype compared with other grade 3 tumors. Further research is warranted to validate the use of Chk1 inhibitors in triple-negative breast carcinomas for which treatment strategies are limited at present.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorium voor Experimentele Geneeskunde en Endocrinologie and CMPG/ESAT, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lieve
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verlinden
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vanden Bempt
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eelen
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drijkoningen
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Verlinden
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Wolf-Peeters
authors.forename: Marie-Rose
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Christiaens
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michiels
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bouillon
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verstuyf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D011494:Protein Kinases; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human; C000605867:CHEK1 protein, human; C000605869:Chek1 protein, mouse