title: Association between a polymorphism in the lymphotoxin-a promoter region and migraine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether polymorphisms in the lymphotoxin (LTA)-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) region are associated with the risk of migraine.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies concerning the role of TNFalpha in migraine have provided conflicting results. It has been reported that LTA could be a susceptibility gene in migraine. It is possible that the TNFalpha polymorphism associated with migraine is in linkage disequilibrium with other functional polymorphisms that influence migraine risk. Moreover, there are significant differences among the allele frequencies of TNF gene variants among populations from different ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study, including 439 migraine patients and 382 controls, we examined the association between 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding and promoter regions of LTA and TNFalpha genes, which are located within the 22 kb around TNF and the risk of migraine. We performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) to identify differential protein-DNA binding of LTA-294.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homozygosity for the LTA-294C allele was significantly associated with an increased risk of migraine compared with CT/TT carriers (corrected P= .005, odds ratio [OR]= 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-2.3). Haplotype TGAAC was found to be significantly associated with a protective effect against migraine (P= .0005, Bonferroni corrected P= .003, OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.8). There was no differential protein-DNA binding pattern in both EMSA and ChIP assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the LTA haplotypes were associated with migraine among Koreans and that the best marker for this is the LTA-294 T/C polymorphism. Our results indicate that these associations should be defined in the context of the involvement of other genetically linked region, such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Soo Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Kwang-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Hong Hee
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: Min Ji
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jong-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chin-Sang
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012016:Reference Values; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004247:DNA