title: The induction of oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity by dental adhesives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polymerized dental resin materials release residual monomers that may interact with pulp tissues. We hypothesized that dental adhesives might cause cytotoxicity in pulp cells via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may also contribute to genotoxic effects in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  For cytotoxicity testing, transformed human pulp-derived cells were exposed to extracts of primers and bonding agents of Clearfil SE bond, Clearfil Protect bond, AdheSE, Prompt L-Pop, and Excite for 24h. The cytotoxicity of the same materials was also analyzed in a dentin barrier test device using three-dimensional pulp cell cultures. The generation of ROS in monolayer cultures was measured after a 1h exposure period by flow cytometry (FACS), and genotoxicity as indicated by the formation of micronuclei was determined in V79 cells after a 24h exposure period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dentin primers and bonding agents decrease cell survival in a dose-related manner. Cytotoxicity of bonding agents based on concentrations which caused 50% cell death (EC50) were ranked as follows: Excite (0.16 mg/ml)>AdheSE bond (0.30 mg/ml)>Clearfil Protect bond (0.35 mg/ml)>Clearfil SE bond (0.37 mg/ml), and Prompt L-Pop bond (0.68 mg/ml). Dentin primers were about 10-fold less effective. In contrast, no cytotoxic effects of the dental adhesives were observed in a dentin barrier test device. Yet, all dental adhesives increased the amounts of ROS about fivefold in pulp cells in a dose-related manner, and, again, the bonding agents were more efficient than the dentin primers. Finally, the number of micronuclei was increased about sixfold by extracts of the AdheSE primer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the cytotoxic potencies demonstrated by these materials might be of clinical relevance, since all dental adhesives disturbed the cellular redox state of pulp cells in monolayer cultures. As a result, the concentrations of biologically active ingredients of some of the agents may be high enough to modify pulp cell metabolism when the materials are used in deep cavities or directly contact pulp tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul 34390, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.forename: K-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hiller
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosl
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Galler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmalz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schweikl
mesh_terms: D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D004249:DNA Damage; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D003804:Dentin / Q000502:physiology; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019279:Resin Cements