title: Percutaneous pinning for treating distal radial fractures in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fracture of the distal radius is a common clinical problem. A key method of surgical fixation is percutaneous pinning, involving the insertion of wires through the skin to stabilise the fracture.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the evidence from randomised controlled trials for the use of percutaneous pinning for fractures of the distal radius in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (September 2006), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and other databases, conference proceedings and reference lists of articles. No language restrictions were applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled clinical trials involving adults with a fracture of the distal radius, which compared percutaneous pinning with conservative treatment, or different aspects of percutaneous pinning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed and extracted data from the included trials. Some pooling of data was undertaken for one comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen trials, involving 940 generally older adults with dorsally displaced and potentially or evidently unstable distal radial fractures, were included. Methodological weaknesses among these trials included lack of allocation concealment and inadequate outcome assessment. Factors affecting the applicability of trial evidence included inconsistent fracture classification, variations in outcome assessment and incomplete reporting. Six heterogeneous trials compared percutaneous pinning with plaster cast immobilisation. Across-fracture pinning, used in five trials, was associated with improved anatomical outcome and generally minor complications. There was some indication of similar or improved function in the pinning group. One quasi-randomised trial found an excess of complications after Kapandji pinning. Three trials compared different methods of pinning. Two trials found a higher incidence of complications after Kapandji fixation compared with two methods of across-fracture fixation. The third trial provided inadequate evidence for modified Kapandji fixation versus Willenegger fixation. Two small trials comparing biodegradable pins versus metal pins found a significant excess of complications associated with biodegradable material. Two small trials compared plaster cast immobilisation for one week versus for six weeks after surgery. One trial found duration of immobilisation after trans-styloid fixation did not have a significant effect on outcome. More complications occurred in the early mobilisation group after Kapandji pinning in the second trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though there is some evidence to support its use, the precise role and methods of percutaneous pinning are not established. The higher rates of complications with Kapandji pinning and biodegradable materials casts some doubt on their general use.
authors.affiliation: Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, c/o University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Old Dalkeith Road, Little France, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4SU. h.handoll@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: H H G
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Handoll
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Vaghela
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madhok
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000009:adverse effects; D001864:Bone Wires / Q000009:adverse effects; D001915:Braces; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D003100:Colles' Fracture / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000601:surgery