title: Metallographic in situ hybridization.
abstract: Metallographic methods, in which a target is visualized using a probe or antibody that deposits metal selectively at its binding site, offers many advantages for bright-field in situ hybridization (ISH) detection as well as for other labeling and detection methods. Autometallographically enhanced gold labeling procedures have demonstrated higher sensitivity than conventional enzyme chromogens. Enzyme metallography, a novel procedure in which an enzymatic probe is used to deposit metal directly from solution, has been used to develop bright-field ISH methods for HER2 gene determination in breast cancer and other biopsy specimens. It provides the highest level of sensitivity and resolution, both for visualizing endogenous gene copies in nonamplified tissues and for resolving multiple gene copies to allow copy enumeration in amplified tissues without the need for oil immersion or fluorescence optics. An automated enzyme metallography procedure, silver ISH, has been developed for use in slide-staining instruments. Metallographic staining also provides excellent results for immunohistochemistry and may be combined with other staining procedures for the simultaneous detection of more than one gene or combinations of genes and proteins.
authors.affiliation: Nanoprobes, Incorporated, 95 Horseblock Road, Unit 1, Yaphank, NY 11980, USA. rpowell@nanoprobes.com
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pettay
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Grogan
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hainfeld
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Tubbs
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D017979:Gold Colloid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000379:methods*; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D018030:Silver Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D016622:Silver Staining / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D017979:Gold Colloid; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D018030:Silver Compounds