title: Morphological and immunohistochemical changes in muscle tissue in association with mandibular distraction osteogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of changes in the surrounding soft tissue in association with distraction osteogenesis in the maxillofacial region, where various different kinds of tissue are tightly packed, are rare. In this study, we performed morphological and immunohistochemical investigations of muscle tissue during mandibular distraction osteogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Japanese white rabbits were divided into 2 groups. In 1 group, the mandibular bone was distracted at a rate of 1 mm/day (DO group), whereas in the other group it was advanced by 10 mm all at once (O group). The cross-section of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle was examined using hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining methods, as well as scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the DO group, the cross-section of muscle bundle revealed no remarkable changes. In PAS staining, type II fibers gradually disappeared with distraction, but eventually reappeared after a period of consolidation. In the SEM photographs, striation-like laminated structures were evident in the control and the 3-mm distraction, ambiguous in the 6-mm distraction, and not evident in the 10-mm distraction. In contrast, the structure appeared to be restored in the consolidation for 1 week thereafter. In the PCNA immunostaining, the numbers of PCNA-positive nuclei increased during periods of distraction, but subsequently tended to decrease gradually.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although minute injuries were induced in muscle fibers in association with distraction osteogenesis, it is suggested that muscle fibers regenerate starting in the distraction period and thus can adapt to the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. sato.osur@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maruoka
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kunimori
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kabasawa
authors.forename: Shizuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ichinose
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omura
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen