title: Immune regulation by CD4+CD25+ T cells and interleukin-10 in birch pollen-allergic patients and non-allergic controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and the cytokines IL-10 or TGF-beta play key roles in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis and tolerance to infectious and non-infectious antigens such as allergens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the regulation of immune responses to birch pollen allergen compared with influenza antigen by Treg cells obtained from birch pollen-allergic patients and non-allergic controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood was collected from 10 birch pollen-allergic patients and 10 non-allergic healthy controls. CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25- cells isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting were co-cultured and stimulated with birch pollen extract or influenza vaccine in the absence or presence of anti-IL-10 or soluble TGF-betaRII.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD4+CD25+ cells from non-allergic controls were able to suppress influenza antigen and birch pollen stimulated effector cell proliferation, whereas CD4+CD25+ cells from allergic patients suppressed influenza antigen-, but not birch pollen-stimulated proliferation. The production of Th1 cytokines, but not Th2 cytokines, was suppressed by CD4+CD25+ cells from both allergic patients and controls, upon stimulation with birch pollen extract. Neutralization of IL-10 led to significantly increased production of IFN-gamma in cultures with CD4+CD25- T effector cells. In addition, six-fold higher concentrations of TNF-alpha were detected after neutralization of IL-10 in both CD4+CD25- and CD4+CD25+ cell cultures from allergic patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that the allergen-specific suppressive function of CD4+CD25+ cells from allergic patients is impaired compared with non-allergic controls. Moreover, neutralization of IL-10 enhances the production of TNF-alpha, suggesting counter-acting properties of IL-10 and TNF-alpha, where IL-10 promotes tolerance and suppression by Treg cells and TNF-alpha promotes inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. sarah.thunberg@ki.se
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thunberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akdis
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Akdis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grönneberg
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malmström
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trollmo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Hage
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gafvelin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D029662:Betula / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011058:Pollen / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D016207:Cytokines; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D016753:Interleukin-10