title: Impairment at rehabilitation admission and 1 year after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective multi-centre analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Describe physical impairment at rehabilitation admission and 1-year after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective longitudinal multi-centre descriptive analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical examination variables were analysed for all subjects in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems database from 1988-2002 that had data both at rehabilitation admission and at 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standing balance was more commonly and severely impaired at admission (82% of sample impaired) and 1 year (24% impaired) compared to other examination variables. Sitting balance was impaired in 52% of the sample at admission, largely resolving (5% abnormal) by 1 year. The profile of impaired strength, coordination and tone was similar among the four limbs. Impaired limb strength was most common and persistent over the study period compared to coordination and tone, but strength was normal in greater than 80% of subjects at 1 year. Dysphagia present at admission (40% of sample) largely resolved by 1 year (0.4% unable to swallow). Impairment in audition and vision was uncommon and changed little during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute impairment was present in all variables. A minority of the sample had detectable impairment at 1 year. Standing balance was most severely and persistently impaired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. brown.allen@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Allen W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Malec
authors.forename: Nancy N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Englander
authors.forename: David X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Cifu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009420:Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors