title: Primary postoperative chemotherapy without radiotherapy for intracranial ependymoma in children: the UKCCSG/SIOP prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over half of childhood intracranial ependymomas occur in children younger than 5 years. As an adjuvant treatment, radiotherapy can be effective, but has the potential to damage the child's developing nervous system at a crucial time-with a resultant reduction in IQ and cognitive impairment, endocrinopathy, and risk of second malignancy. We aimed to assess the role of a primary chemotherapy strategy in avoiding or delaying radiotherapy in children younger than 3 years with intracranial ependymoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between December, 1992, and April, 2003, we enrolled 89 children with ependymoma who were aged 3 years or younger at diagnosis, of whom nine had metastatic disease on pre-operative imaging. After maximal surgical resection, children received alternating blocks of myelosuppressive and non-myelosuppressive chemotherapy every 14 days for an intended duration of 1 year. Radiotherapy was withheld unless local imaging (ie, from the child's treatment centre) showed progressive disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  50 of the 80 patients with non-metastatic disease progressed, 34 of whom were irradiated for progression. The 5-year cumulative incidence of freedom from radiotherapy for the 80 non-metastatic patients was 42% (95% CI 32-53). With a median follow-up of 6 years (range 1.5-11.3), overall survival for the non-metastatic patients at 3 years was 79.3% (95% CI 68.5-86.8) and at 5 years 63.4% (51.2-73.4). The corresponding values for event-free survival were 47.6% (36.2-58.1) and 41.8% (30.7-52.6). There was no significant difference in event-free or overall survival between complete and incomplete surgical resection, nor did survival differ according to histological grade, age at diagnosis, or site of disease. In 47 of 59 (80%) patients who progressed, relapse resulted from local control only. The median time to progression for the 59 patients who progressed was 1.6 years (range 0.1-10.2 years). The median age at irradiation of the whole group was 3.6 years (range 1.5-11.9). For the 80 non-metastatic patients, the 23 who achieved the highest relative dose intensity of chemotherapy had the highest post-chemotherapy 5-year overall survival of 76% (95% CI 46.6-91.2), compared with 52% (33.3-68.1) for the 32 patients who achieved the lowest relative dose intensity of chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This protocol avoided or delayed radiotherapy in a substantial proportion of children younger than 3 years without compromising survival. These results suggest, therefore, that primary chemotherapy strategies have an important role in the treatment of very young children with intracranial ependymoma.
authors.affiliation: Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. richard.grundy@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Grundy
authors.forename: Sophie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wilne
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.forename: Kath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lashford
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ironside
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: W Kling
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Richard H A
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Cliff C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Rao
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gattamaneni
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Picton
authors.forename: Nicky
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mallucci
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Jonathan A G
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Punt
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Machin
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D016190:Carboplatin; D002945:Cisplatin; D008727:Methotrexate