title: Does cannabis use predict the first incidence of mood and anxiety disorders in the adult population?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether cannabis use predicted the first incidence of mood and anxiety disorders in adults during a 3-year follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), a prospective study in the adult population of 18-64 years. The analysis was carried out on 3881 people who had no life-time mood disorders and on 3854 people who had no life-time anxiety disorders at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Life-time cannabis use and DSM-III-R mood and anxiety disorders, assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for strong confounders, any use of cannabis at baseline predicted a modest increase in the risk of a first major depression (odds ratio 1.62; 95% confidence interval 1.06-2.48) and a stronger increase in the risk of a first bipolar disorder (odds ratio 4.98; 95% confidence interval 1.80-13.81). The risk of 'any mood disorder' was elevated for weekly and almost daily users but not for less frequent use patterns. However, dose-response relationships were less clear for major depression and bipolar disorder separately. None of the associations between cannabis use and anxiety disorders remained significant after adjustment for confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The associations between cannabis use and the first incidence of depression and bipolar disorder, which remained significant after adjustment for strong confounders, warrant research into the underlying mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute, Netherlands National Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands. mlaar@trimbos.nl
authors.forename: Margriet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Laar
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Dorsselaer
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Monshouwer
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002188:Cannabis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies