title: Topical application of acidified nitrite to the nail renders it antifungal and causes nitrosation of cysteine groups in the nail plate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Topical treatment of nail diseases is hampered by the nail plate barrier, consisting of dense cross-linked keratin fibres held together by cysteine-rich proteins and disulphide bonds, which prevents penetration of antifungal agents to the focus of fungal infection. Acidified nitrite is an effective treatment for tinea pedis. It releases nitric oxide (NO) and other NO-related species. NO can react with thiol (-SH) groups to form nitrosothiols (-SNO).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether acidified nitrite can penetrate the nail barrier and cure onychomycosis, and to determine whether nitrosospecies can bind to the nail plate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nails were treated with a mixture of citric acid and sodium nitrite in a molar ratio of 0.54 at either low dose (0.75%/0.5%) or high dose (13.5%/9%). Immunohistochemistry, ultraviolet-visible absorbance spectroscopy and serial chemical reduction of nitrosospecies followed by chemiluminescent detection of NO were used to measure nitrosospecies. Acidified nitrite-treated nails and the nitrosothiols S-nitrosopenicillamine (SNAP) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) were added to Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes cultures in liquid Sabouraud medium and growth measured 3 days later. Thirteen patients with positive mycological cultures for Trichophyton or Fusarium species were treated with topical acidified nitrite for 16 weeks. Repeat mycological examination was performed during this treatment time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S-nitrothiols were formed in the nail following a single treatment of low- or high-dose sodium nitrite and citric acid. Repeated exposure to high-dose acidified nitrite led to additional formation of N-nitrosated species. S-nitrosothiol formation caused the nail to become antifungal to T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. Antifungal activity was Cu(2+) sensitive. The nitrosothiols SNAP and GSNO were also found to be antifungal. Topical acidified nitrite treatment of patients with onychomycosis resulted in > 90% becoming culture negative for T. rubrum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acidified nitrite cream results in the formation of S-nitrosocysteine throughout the treated nail. Acidified nitrite treatment makes a nail antifungal. S-nitrosothiols, formed by nitrosation of nail sulphur residues, are the active component. Acidified nitrite exploits the nature of the nail barrier and utilizes it as a means of delivery of NO/nitrosothiol-mediated antifungal activity. Thus the principal obstacle to therapy in the nail becomes an effective delivery mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Prostrakan Pharmaceuticals, Buckholm Mill Brae, Galashiels TS1 2HB, UK.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Finnen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hennessy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bisset
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Megson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weller
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009824:Ointments; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012977:Sodium Nitrite / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014249:Trichophyton
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009824:Ointments; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols; D019343:Citric Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C021315:S-nitrosocysteine; D003545:Cysteine; D012977:Sodium Nitrite