title: Nonoperative management of spasticity in children.
abstract: Central to the longitudinal management of childhood hypertonia are nonsurgical treatments. These include physical and occupational therapy, electrical stimulation, orthotics, botulium toxin, and drugs. This manuscripts reviews these treatment modalities as well as evaluation tools available to assess their impact on a child's hypertonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, School of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ronan
authors.forename: Joan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000628:therapy*; D010372:Pediatrics; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins