title: Impaired activation of face processing networks revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurogenetic syndrome associated with a high rate of psychiatric disorders. Previous research has revealed distinctive cognitive deficits, including impaired face processing. However, the neuro-functional substrates underlying these deficits have not been explored. Our aim was to investigate facial and emotional processing in 22q11DS.
  
  
  METHODS
  During event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, 15 individuals with 22q11DS were compared with age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects on a simple visual categorization task (faces or houses). Each stimulus was presented twice, and faces had either neutral or emotional (fearful) expressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal responses to faces were observed in 22q11DS, including a lack of normal face-selectivity in fusiform gyrus. By contrast, responses to houses were comparable across groups, with preserved selectivity in parahippocampal gyrus. Results also revealed a repetition-suppression effect for fearful faces in the right amygdala, which arose in healthy control subjects only, suggesting a lack of amygdala modulation by fear expression in 22q11DS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate selective anomalies in several brain regions critically implicated in visual and social function in 22q11DS. These findings suggest important new avenues for studying emotional processing and social deficits frequently observed in psychotic patients and establishing their relation to specific phenotypic manifestations in 22q11DS.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital and Department of Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. frederic.andersson@medecine.unige.ch
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Bronwyn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spiridon
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Debbané
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vuilleumier
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eliez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002892:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000098:blood supply
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen