Role of NADPH oxidase and ANG II in diabetes-induced retinal leukostasis.
We studied whether angiotensin II (ANG II) via superoxide may contribute to retinal leukostasis and thus to the pathogenesis of retinopathies. We studied: 1) whether intravitreal ANG II induces retinal leukostasis that is altered by antioxidants or by apocynin, a NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor and 2) whether retinal leukostasis induced by diabetes in rats is also altered by these treatments. Rats were injected intravitreally with ANG II (20 microg in 2 microl), and divided into the following three groups: 1) untreated; 2) treated with tempol doses ( approximately 3 mM/day) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC; approximately 1 g.kg(-1).day(-1)); and 3) treated with apocynin ( approximately 2 mM/day), both in the drinking water. Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were similarly treated. Leukostasis was evaluated 48 h after ANG II or 2 wk after diabetes induction. ANG II increased retinal leukostasis from 0.3 +/- 0.5 to 3.7 +/- 0.4 leukocytes/ mm(2) (P < 0.01), and these changes were markedly decreased by treatment with tempol + NAC or apocynin, and also by a blocking antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor given intravitreally (P < 0.01). In addition, incubation of dihydroethidium-loaded retina sections with ANG II caused marked increase in superoxide formation. Compared with normal controls, retinal leukostasis in diabetic rats markedly increased from 0.2 +/- 0.3 to 3.8 +/- 0.1 leukocytes/mm(2) (P < 0.01). Diabetic retinal leukostasis was also decreased by treatment with tempol-NAC and normalized by apocynin. Thus increases in intravitreal ANG II can induce retinal leukostasis, which appears to be mediated via increasing superoxide generation by NAD(P)H oxidase, and by VEGF. The activity of NAD(P)H oxidase is required for leukostasis to occur in the diabetic retina.
Chen
Ping
P
Eye Care Services, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Pl., 4D, Detroit, MI 48202-3450, USA.
Guo
Austin M
AM
Edwards
Paul A
PA
Trick
Gary
G
Scicli
A Guillermo
AG
D000098:Acetophenones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018921:Leukostasis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019808:Losartan / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
D000098:Acetophenones; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000975:Antioxidants; D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D011725:Pyridines; D011758:Pyrroles; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000804:Angiotensin II; C073402:PD 123319; C116890:Semaxinib; C056165:acetovanillone; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D019808:Losartan; D000111:Acetylcysteine