title: Antibiotic-resistant enterococci and fecal indicators in surface water and groundwater impacted by a concentrated Swine feeding operation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in swine feed can select for antibiotic resistance in swine enteric bacteria. Leaking swine waste storage pits and the land-application of swine manure can result in the dispersion of resistant bacteria to water sources. However, there are few data comparing levels of resistant bacteria in swine manure-impacted water sources versus unaffected sources.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to analyze surface water and groundwater situated up and down gradient from a swine facility for antibiotic-resistant enterococci and other fecal indicators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface water and groundwater samples (n = 28) were collected up and down gradient from a swine facility from 2002 to 2004. Fecal indicators were isolated by membrane filtration, and enterococci (n = 200) were tested for susceptibility to erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, virginiamycin, and vancomycin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median concentrations of enterococci, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli were 4- to 33-fold higher in down-gradient versus up-gradient surface water and groundwater. We observed higher minimal inhibitory concentrations for four antibiotics in enterococci isolated from down-gradient versus up-gradient surface water and groundwater. Elevated percentages of erythromycin- (p = 0.02) and tetracycline-resistant (p = 0.06) enterococci were detected in down-gradient surface waters, and higher percentages of tetracycline- (p = 0.07) and clindamycin-resistant (p < 0.001) enterococci were detected in down-gradient groundwater.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We detected elevated levels of fecal indicators and antibiotic-resistant enterococci in water sources situated down gradient from a swine facility compared with up-gradient sources. These findings provide additional evidence that water contaminated with swine manure could contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. amy@amysapkota.com
authors.forename: Amy R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sapkota
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Curriero
authors.forename: Kristen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Kellogg J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D013552:Swine; D014871:Water Microbiology