title: Laparoscopic and robotic complex upper-tract reconstruction in children with a duplex collecting system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We suggest that when surgical correction is considered to treat a duplicated collecting system with well-functioning moieties, a laparoscopic approach at the renal level is feasible even in cases requiring complex reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six children between the ages of 4 months and 10 years (mean age 5.2 years) presented with urinary-tract infection, incontinence, or pain and underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic reconstruction for duplex collecting system pathology in renal moieties with preserved function. Five patients underwent laparoscopic upper pole-to-lower pole ureteroureterostomies, whereas one patient underwent a complex reconstruction of a long narrowing defect utilizing a Scardino-Prince vertical flap. Four patients underwent conventional laparoscopy, while the da Vinci Surgical System was used during the surgical procedures of the other two patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean operative time was 3.1 hours (range 2.6-4.9 hours) for the entire procedure, including cystoscopic evaluation. Stents were removed 6 weeks postoperatively. The patients were evaluated with retroperitoneal ultrasonography and either intravenous urography or diuretic radionuclide imaging to assess the anatomic integrity of the reconstruction. The presenting symptomatology resolved in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that complex laparoscopic upper-tract reconstruction in children who benefit from a parenchyma-preserving approach is possible and should be evaluated against open techniques.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutikov
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guzzo
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Canter
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casale
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012371:Robotics; D014102:Torsion Abnormality; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000601:surgery*; D014567:Urography; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*