Mineral metabolism disturbances in patients with chronic kidney disease.
BACKGROUND
Kidney disease, especially chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a worldwide public health problem with serious adverse health consequences for affected individuals. Secondary hyperparathyroidism, a disorder characterized by elevated serum parathyroid hormone levels, and alteration of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis are common metabolic complications of CKD that may impact cardiovascular health.


METHODS
Here, we systematically review published reports from recent observational studies and clinical trials that examine markers of altered mineral metabolism and clinical outcomes in patients with CKD.


RESULTS
Mineral metabolism disturbances begin early during the course of chronic kidney disease, and are associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in observational studies. Vascular calcification is one plausible mechanism connecting renal-related mineral metabolism with cardiovascular risk. Individual therapies to correct mineral metabolism disturbances have been associated with clinical benefit in some observational studies; clinical trials directed at more comprehensive control of this problem are warranted.


CONCLUSIONS
There exists a potential to improve outcomes for patients with CKD through increased awareness of the Bone Metabolism and Disease guidelines set forth by the National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Future studies may include more aggressive therapy with a combination of agents that address vitamin D deficiency, parathyroid hormone and phosphorus excess, as well as novel agents that modulate circulating promoters and inhibitors of calcification.
Kestenbaum
B
B
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA. brk@u.washington.edu
Belozeroff
V
V
D002114:Calcinosis / Q000209:etiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use
D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium