title: Hypoxia enhances the expansion of human limbal epithelial progenitor cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the effects of hypoxia on proliferation and differentiation of human limbal epithelial cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human limbal epithelial cells were harvested from the rim of donor corneas. Colony-forming efficiency (CFE) and cell proliferation were observed in standard (20% O(2)) or hypoxic (2% O(2)) culture conditions. Cell cycle, forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SCC) of cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Proliferating cells were also observed by pulse labeling (2 hours) with BrdU and Ki67 staining. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay. Isolated colonies were examined by immunohistochemistry against K15, p63, involucrin, and K3. Involucrin expression was also analyzed by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both CFE and proliferation of limbal epithelial cells was significantly enhanced in hypoxia. Flow cytometry revealed a higher fraction of hypoxic cells in the G(0)/G(1)-phase and fewer cells in the S-phase, compared with normoxia. However, there was no difference in the uptake of BrdU during a 2-hour pulse, suggesting that hypoxic colonies contained rapidly cycling cells. Apoptotic cells were sparse in both groups, and hypoxic cells showed lower FSC compared with normoxic cells. Although there was no difference in the staining pattern of K15, p63, and Ki67, cells cultivated in normoxia expressed higher levels of the differentiation markers involucrin and K3. Significantly higher involucrin expression was also observed by Western blot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoxic culture (2%) enhances proliferation while inhibiting differentiation of limbal epithelial cells in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higa
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawakita
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsubota
authors.forename: Shigeto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimmura
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D005125:Eye Banks; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D016850:Limbus Corneae / Q000166:cytology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen