title: The effects of head trauma on hypothalamic-pituitary function in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endocrine dysfunctions have been increasingly recognized following traumatic brain injury. Ever more numerous studies on acute head-injured adults have also raised concern about this risk in children and adolescents who have experienced head injury. The current review of the pediatric literature summarizes recent findings on acute-phase dysfunction and traumatic brain injury-associated hypopituitarism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying acute-phase hyponatremic and hypernatremic disorders have been elucidated. Prospective studies on traumatic brain injury-associated hypopituitarism in pediatric patients are ongoing and preliminary data are available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traumatic brain injury, a 'silent epidemic' that carries a considerable burden of disabilities, leads to a variety of endocrine dysfunctions in 28-69% of adult acute head-injured patients. In the acute posttraumatic phase, adrenal insufficiency and electrolyte disorders are critical conditions. Neurosurgical patients, particularly those prone to neurological damage, require prompt diagnosis. Hypopituitarism may be diagnosed months or years after a traumatic brain injury event. Since growth hormone and gonadotropin secretion are most frequently compromised, careful follow-up of growth and pubertal development is mandatory in children hospitalized for traumatic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy. silvein@libero.it
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Einaudi
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bondone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000209:etiology; D007027:Hypothalamic Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000503:physiopathology; D007177:Inappropriate ADH Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000503:physiopathology