title: Cardiotrophin-1 induces interleukin-6 synthesis in human monocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) show increased serum concentrations of cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1). Additionally, monocyte function is modulated in CHF. The aim of this study was to examine if CT-1 is able to induce IL-6 in human monocytes and to investigate the underlying pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Separated peripheral blood monocytes of healthy volunteers were cultured with increasing concentrations of CT-1 for different periods. IL-6 mRNA was determined by RT-PCR or real-time PCR and IL-6 protein concentration in the supernatant by ELISA. Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) 3 was analyzed by western blot or by FACS analysis. To clarify the signalling pathway of CT-1 induced IL-6 expression various inhibitors of possible signal transducing molecules were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT-1 induced IL-6 mRNA in monocytes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Maximal mRNA induction was detectable after 6h with 100 ng/ml CT-1. IL-6 protein also increased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with a maximum after 48 h with 100 ng/ml CT-1. AG490 as well as SB 203580 and parthenolide blocked CT-1 induced IL-6 expression completely. AG 490 was able to inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation in western blot analysis completely. This indicates that JAK2/STAT3, p38 and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) are involved in this pathway. To exclude a possible influence of plastic adherence of monocytes on CT-1 induced IL-6 expression, we determined intracellular STAT3 phosphorylation in whole blood samples by FACS analysis and observed independently of culture conditions a CT-1 concentration-dependent STAT3 phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT-1 induces IL-6 mRNA and protein expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The underlying pathway is Janus kinase (JAK)2/STAT3, p38 and NFkappaB dependent. These data may explain increased IL-6 serum concentrations and altered monocyte function found in patients with CHF. Modulation of the CT-1 pathway might be a interesting strategy in the treatment of CHF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07740 Jena, Germany. Michael.Fritzenwanger@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fritzenwanger
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meusel
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foerster
authors.forename: Friedhelm
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kuethe
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krack
authors.forename: Hans-R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Figulla
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017931:DNA Primers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C092073:cardiotrophin 1