title: The functional modulation of epigenetic regulators by alternative splicing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epigenetic regulators (histone acetyltransferases, methyltransferases, chromatin-remodelling enzymes, etc) play a fundamental role in the control of gene expression by modifying the local state of chromatin. However, due to their recent discovery, little is yet known about their own regulation. This paper addresses this point, focusing on alternative splicing regulation, a mechanism already known to play an important role in other protein families, e.g. transcription factors, membrane receptors, etc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To this end, we compiled the data available on the presence/absence of alternative splicing for a set of 160 different epigenetic regulators, taking advantage of the relatively large amount of unexplored data on alternative splicing available in public databases. We found that 49 % (70 % in human) of these genes express more than one transcript. We then studied their alternative splicing patterns, focusing on those changes affecting the enzyme's domain composition. In general, we found that these sequence changes correspond to different mechanisms, either repressing the enzyme's function (e.g. by creating dominant-negative inhibitors of the functional isoform) or creating isoforms with new functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that alternative splicing of epigenetic regulators can be an important tool for the function modulation of these enzymes. Considering that the latter control the transcriptional state of large sets of genes, we propose that epigenetic regulation of gene expression is itself strongly regulated by alternative splicing.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CID, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain. sergi@mmb.pcb.ub.es <sergi@mmb.pcb.ub.es>
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lois
authors.forename: Noemí
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Balbás
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: de la Cruz
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011485:Protein Binding; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004798:Enzymes; D007527:Isoenzymes; D014157:Transcription Factors