title: Molecular imaging of bone marrow mononuclear cell homing and engraftment in ischemic myocardium.
abstract: Bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) therapy shows promise as a treatment for ischemic heart disease. However, the ability to monitor long-term cell fate remains limited. We hypothesized that molecular imaging could be used to track stem cell homing and survival after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We first harvested donor BMMCs from adult male L2G85 transgenic mice constitutively expressing both firefly luciferase (Fluc) and enhanced green fluorescence protein reporter gene. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed approximately 0.07% of the population to consist of classic hematopoietic stem cells (lin-, thy-int, c-kit+, Sca-1+). Afterward, adult female FVB recipients (n = 38) were randomized to sham surgery or acute I/R injury. Animals in the sham (n = 16) and I/R (n = 22) groups received 5 x 10(6) of the L2G85-derived BMMCs via tail vein injection. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was used to track cell migration and survival in vivo for 4 weeks. BLI showed preferential homing of BMMCs to hearts with I/R injury compared with sham hearts within the first week following cell injection. Ex vivo analysis of explanted hearts by histology confirmed BLI imaging results, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (for the male Sry gene) further demonstrated a greater number of BMMCs in hearts with I/R injury compared with the sham group. Functional evaluation by echocardiography demonstrated a trend toward improved left ventricular fractional shortening in animals receiving BMMCs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that molecular imaging can be used to successfully track BMMC therapy in murine models of heart disease. Specifically, we have demonstrated that systemically delivered BMMCs preferentially home to and are retained by injured myocardium. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Edwards Building R354, Stanford, California 94305-5344, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmad Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Shu-An
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Koen E A
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: van der Bogt
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Ching-Pin
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Contag
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002465:Cell Movement; D005260:Female; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D024282:Genes, sry; D006085:Graft Survival; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013623:Tail / Q000098:blood supply; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly