title: Factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in subjects who had suffered from the 2004 Niigata-Chuetsu Earthquake in Japan: a community-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factor structure of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was studied by a survey of subjects who had experienced the 2004 Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake (6.8 on the Richter scale) in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychological distress was measured at two years after the earthquake by using GHQ-12 in 2,107 subjects (99.0% response rate) who suffered the earthquake. GHQ-12 was scored by binary, chronic and Likert scoring method. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to reveal the factor structure of GHQ-12. Categorical regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships between various background factors and GHQ-12 scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the model consisting of the two factors and using chronic method gave the best goodness-of-fit among the various models for factor structure. Recovery in the scale for the factor 'social dysfunction' was remarkably impaired compared with that of the factor 'dysphoria'. Categorical regression analysis revealed that various factors, including advanced age, were associated with psychological distress. Advanced age affected the impaired recovery of factor 'social dysfunction' score as well as total GHQ score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two-factor structure of GHQ-12 was conserved between the survey at five month and that at two years after the earthquake. Impaired recovery in the ability to cope with daily problems in the subjects who had experienced the earthquake was remarkable even at two years after the earthquake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Asahimachi-Dori 1, Niigata, Japan. toyabe@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toyabe
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shioiri
authors.forename: Kuriko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuwabara
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Someya
authors.forename: Kouhei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akazawa
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004190:Disasters; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*