title: Novel inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase suppress vascular smooth muscle cell calcification.
abstract: We report three novel inhibitors of the physiological pyrophosphatase activity of alkaline phosphatase and show that these compounds are capable of reducing calcification in two models of vascular calcification (i.e., they suppress in vitro calcification by cultured Enpp1(-/-) VSMCs and they inhibit the increased pyrophosphatase activity in a rat aortic model).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Genetic ablation of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) leads to accumulation of the calcification inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)). TNALP deficiency ameliorates the hypermineralization phenotype in Enpp1(-/-) and ank/ank mice, two models of osteoarthritis and soft tissue calcification. We surmised that the pharmacological inhibition of TNALP pyrophosphatase activity could be used to prevent/suppress vascular calcification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comprehensive chemical libraries were screened to identify novel drug-like compounds that could inhibit TNALP pyrophosphatase function at physiological pH. We used these novel compounds to block calcification by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and to inhibit the upregulated pyrophosphatase activity in a rat aortic calcification model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using VSMC cultures, we determined that Enpp1(-/-) and ank/ank VSMCs express higher TNALP levels and enhanced in vitro calcification compared with wildtype cells. By high-throughput screening, three novel compounds, 5,361,418, 5,923,412, and 5,804,079, were identified that inhibit TNALP pyrophosphatase function through an uncompetitive mechanism, with high affinity and specificity when measured at both pH 9.8 and 7.5. These compounds were shown to reduce the calcification by Enpp1(-/-) VSMCs. Furthermore, using an ex vivo rat whole aorta PP(i) hydrolysis assay, we showed that pyrophosphatase activity was inhibited by all three lead compounds, with compound 5,804,079 being the most potent at pH 7.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that TNALP is a druggable target for the treatment and/or prevention of ectopic calcification. The lead compounds identified in this study will serve as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry efforts to develop drugs for the treatment of soft tissue calcification.
authors.affiliation: The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sonoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narisawa
authors.forename: Dympna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harmey
authors.forename: Manisha C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: W Charles
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Marc F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hoylaerts
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Millán
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000201:enzymology; D001665:Binding Sites; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000201:enzymology; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000235:genetics; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C525560:5361418 compound; C525561:5804079 compound; C525559:5923412 compound; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D014227:Triazines; D014230:Triazoles; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; C065962:ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1; D011755:Pyrophosphatases