title: Otorhinolaryngologic disorders and diving accidents: an analysis of 306 divers.
abstract: Diving is a very popular leisure activity with an increasing number of participants. As more than 80% of the diving related problems involve the head and neck region, every otorhinolaryngologist should be familiar with diving medical standards. We here present an analysis of more than 300 patients we have treated in the past four years. Between January 2002 and October 2005, 306 patients presented in our department with otorhinological disorders after diving, or after diving accidents. We collected the following data: name, sex, age, date of treatment, date of accident, diagnosis, special aspects of the diagnosis, number of dives, diving certification, whether and which surgery had been performed, history of acute diving accidents or follow up treatment, assessment of fitness to dive and special remarks. The study setting was a retrospective cohort study. The distribution of the disorders was as follows: 24 divers (8%) with external ear disorders, 140 divers (46%) with middle ear disorders, 56 divers (18%) with inner ear disorders, 53 divers (17%) with disorders of the nose and sinuses, 24 divers (8%) with decompression illness (DCI) and 9 divers (3%) who complained of various symptoms. Only 18% of the divers presented with acute disorders. The most common disorder (24%) was Eustachian tube dysfunction. Female divers were significantly more often affected. Chronic sinusitis was found to be associated with a significantly higher number of performed dives. Conservative treatment failed in 30% of the patients but sinus surgery relieved symptoms in all patients of this group. The middle ear is the main problem area for divers. Middle ear ventilation problems due to Eustachian tube dysfunction can be treated conservatively with excellent results whereas pathology of the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain often require surgery. More than four out of five patients visited our department to re-establish their fitness to dive. Although the treatment of acute diving-related disorders is an important field for the treatment of divers, the main need of divers seems to be assessment and recovery of their fitness to dive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery (HNO), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. christoph_klingmann@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klingmann
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Praetorius
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Plinkert
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D001469:Barotrauma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D004242:Diving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005064:Eustachian Tube / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology