title: MRI and multinuclear MR spectroscopy of 3,200-year-old Egyptian mummy brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to present the MR and MR spectroscopy imaging findings of a 3,200-year-old preserved brain from an Egyptian mummy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work, the morphology of the intact specimen was examined by MRI at 1.5 T. Chemistry of the intact specimens was studied by proton spectroscopy at 1.5 T and sodium nuclear MR (NMR) spectroscopy at 4.0 T. Biopsies from the temporal lobes were analyzed by proton and phosphorus NMR spectroscopy (14 T) or rehydrated and stained for paleohistologic study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI showed a heterogeneous brain with convolutions, gyri, and air pockets. Paleohistology showed a uniform, disorganized cerebral substance with numerous eosinophilic structures and argentophilic granules. Spectroscopic studies identified bound sodium ions in the specimen and phosphate and free fatty acids in extracts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR techniques are a nondestructive method for the analysis of adipocere observed in a preserved mummy's brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada. skarlik@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Karlik
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bartha
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Rethy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chhem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004534:Egypt; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009106:Mummies