title: Effect of walnut-enriched restructured meat in the antioxidant status of overweight/obese senior subjects with at least one extra CHD-risk factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of recent studies indicate that antioxidants reduce the oxidative stress associated with the development of coronary heart diseases (CHD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (i) To investigate whether the erythrocyte catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), and serum uric acid and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) are modified at increased CHD-risk individuals consuming walnut-enriched meat (WM), (ii) to evaluate whether these changes were influenced by basal serum cholesterol, body mass index or smoking habit.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a non blinded, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial in which 22 volunteers (60% overweight and 40% obese) with increased CHD-risk were randomly assigned to receive WM or control meat (CM) during two different periods of 5 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant interaction time*treatment (p < 0.05) was observed in all enzymes and substrates tested except HDL-C, uric acid and LPO. The treatment significantly increased CAT activity, total glutathione and GSSG (p < 0.05). Significant gender*time*treatment interaction (p = 0.043) for total glutathione was found increasing at the end of the WM period in male but not changing in female. Total glutathione and GSH/GSSG ratio (p < 0.05) were lower in smokers. Hypercholesterolemics presented higher uric acid (p < 0.05) but no enzyme activities or substrate concentrations were different from those of normocholesterolemics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WM tested appears to be a functional food as it improved the antioxidant status of increased CHD-risk volunteers. Despite its high energy content, it also appears adequate for overweight and obese people because did not exert negative effect upon body weight.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatologia I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, E-28040-Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Amaia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: Juana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benedí
authors.forename: Meritxell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nus
authors.forename: Josana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Librelotto
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Montero
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Muniz
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D031324:Juglans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D050177:Overweight; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008055:Lipids; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human; D005978:Glutathione