Application of surfactants and microemulsions to the extraction of pyrene and phenanthrene from soil with three different extraction methods.
In the present work, the use of surfactants and oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions as alternative extractants in accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrene and phenanthrene) from soils was investigated. In particular, the effect of each individual component within the microemulsions, i.e., oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant, and extraction conditions on the percentage recovery was systematically studied. When compared to the water and organic solvent, the important findings were that the common surfactant solutions at the concentrations above their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were shown to enhance the percentage recovery at the lower extraction temperature. Moreover, the highest percentage recovery can be obtained using microemulsion as the extractant. The chemical component within the microemulsions and relative amounts of the oil phase appeared to play a much more significant role in ensuring high percentage recovery. Finally, an overall comparison between the percentage recoveries obtained with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ASE using organic solvents, surfactants and microemulsions as extractants was exhibited.
Song
Guanqun
G
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
Lu
Chao
C
Lin
Jin-Ming
JM
D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
D004655:Emulsions; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D011721:Pyrenes; D012987:Soil; D012997:Solvents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C031181:phenanthrene; C030984:pyrene