title: Presentation of childhood CNS tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suspicion of a CNS tumour is classically raised by symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, focal deficits (including seizures), or papilloedema. Development of guidelines is needed for the identification and referral of children who might have a CNS tumour. We did a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to identify the clinical presentation of childhood CNS tumours to provide evidence to support the development of guidelines to assist with the identification and referral for imaging of children who might have a central nervous system tumour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase, and PubMed were searched for cohort studies and case series in children, published between January, 1991, and August, 2005, detailing the symptoms and signs at diagnosis of a CNS tumour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  74 papers (n=4171) met the inclusion criteria. 56 symptoms and signs at diagnosis were identified, ranked by frequency, and clustered according to age, anatomical criteria, and genetic criteria. The most frequent symptoms and signs at diagnosis were: headache (33%), nausea and vomiting (32%), abnormalities of gait and coordination (27%), and papilloedema (13%) for intracranial tumours; macrocephaly (41%), nausea and vomiting (30%), irritability (24%), and lethargy (21%) for children aged under 4 years with intracranial tumours; reduced visual acuity (41%), exophthalmia (16%), and optic atrophy (15%) for children with an intracranial tumour and neurofibromatosis; nausea and vomiting (75%), headache (67%), abnormal gait and coordination (60%), and papilloedema (34%) for posterior fossa tumours; unspecified symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure (47%), seizures (38%), and papilloedema (21%) for supratentorial tumours; headache (49%), abnormal eye movements (21%), squint (21%), and nausea and vomiting (19%) for central brain tumours; abnormal gait and coordination (78%), cranial nerve palsies (52%), pyramidal signs (33%), headache (23%), and squint (19%) for brainstem tumours; and back pain (67%), abnormalities of gait and coordination (42%), spinal deformity (39%), focal weakness (21%), and sphincter disturbance (20%) for spinal-cord tumours. Other features noted were weight loss, growth failure, and precocious puberty. Symptoms of raised intracranial pressure were absent in more than half of children with brain tumours. Other neurological features were heterogeneous and related to tumour location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from raised intracranial pressure, motor and visual system abnormalities, weight loss, macrocephaly, growth failure, and precocious puberty also suggest presence of an intracranial tumour. Children with signs and symptoms that could result from a CNS tumour need a thorough visual and motor system examination and an assessment of growth and pubertal status. Occurrence of multiple symptoms and signs should alert clinicians to possible CNS tumours.
authors.affiliation: Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Academic Division of Child Health, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, UK. sophie.wilne@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilne
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grundy
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000209:etiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology