title: Optimisation of supercritical fluid extraction of indole alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus using experimental design methodology--comparison with other extraction techniques.
abstract: Response surface modelling, using MODDE 6 software for Design of Experiments and Optimisation, was applied to optimise supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions for the extraction of indole alkaloids from the dried leaves of Catharanthus roseus. The effects of pressure (200-400 bar), temperature (40-80 degrees C), modifier concentration (2.2-6.6 vol%) and dynamic extraction time (20-60 min) on the yield of alkaloids were evaluated. The extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography and the analytes were identified using ion trap-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry. The method was linear for alkaloid concentration in the range 0.18-31 microg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification for catharanthine, vindoline, vinblastine and vincristine were 0.2, 0.15, 0.1 and 0.08 microg/mL and 2.7, 2.0, 1.3 and 1.1 microg/g, respectively. The dry weight content of major alkaloids in the plants were compared using different extraction methods, i.e. SFE, Soxhlet extraction, solid-liquid extraction with sonication and hot water extraction at various temperatures. The extraction techniques were also compared in terms of reproducibility, selectivity and analyte recoveries. Relative standard deviations for the major alkaloids varied from 4.1 to 17.5% in different extraction methods. The best recoveries (100%) for catharanthine were obtained by SFE at 250 bar and 80 degrees C using 6.6 vol% methanol as modifier for 40 min, for vindoline by Soxhlet extraction using dichloromethane in a reflux for 16 h, and for 3',4'-anhydrovinblastine by solid-liquid extraction using a solution of 0.5 m sulphuric acid and methanol (3:1 v/v) in an ultrasonic bath for 3 h.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartonen
authors.forename: Marja-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Riekkola
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D030008:Catharanthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D026121:Indole Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014748:Vinca Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D026121:Indole Alkaloids; D014748:Vinca Alkaloids; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C056817:3',4'-anhydrovinblastine; C009667:vindoline; D014747:Vinblastine; C017836:catharanthine