title: Responses of Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) to removal of introduced Pacific rats from islands.
abstract: Invasive mammalian predators such as rats are now widespread on islands, but hypotheses about their effects have rarely been tested. Circumstantial evidence from New Zealand indicates that, when introduced to islands, Pacific rats (Rattus exulans) have negative effects on endemic plants, invertebrates, birds, and reptiles, including the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). We tested the effects of Pacific rats on tuatara by comparing the demographic structure and body condition of tuatara populations on three islands before and after removal of rats and on a fourth island where rats remained. In the presence of rats, juvenile tuatara constituted on average 0-5% of the sample tuatara populations. When Pacific rats were removed after at least 200 years' occupancy, the proportion of juvenile tuatara increased 3.5- to 17-fold and body condition of adult males and females also improved (sometimes dramatically). We predict that, unless Pacific rats are removed from Taranga Island, the tuatara population will collapse because of low population density and the lack of juvenile recruitment. Our results demonstrate that when invasive species exert subtle effects on recruitment and body condition, the effects on populations of long-lived endemic species may only become apparent long after the invasion.
authors.affiliation: Terrestrial Conservation Unit, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68-908, Newton, Auckland 1145, New Zealand and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand. dtowns@doc.govt.nz
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Towns
authors.forename: G Richard
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Parrish
authors.forename: Claudine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: Graham T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ussher
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cree
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: A Tony H
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Westbrooke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001824:Body Constitution; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D011157:Population Dynamics; D051381:Rats; D012104:Reptiles / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors