title: A randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of immersion bath on labour pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to evaluate the effect of an immersion bath on pain magnitude during the first stage of labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  a randomised controlled trial comparing the pain scores of bathing and non-bathing nulliparous women during birth was employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  the study was conducted at the Normal Birth Center of Amparo Maternal, São Paulo, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  108 birthing women, with 54 women randomly assigned to each group.
  
  
  METHODS
  when the birthing women presented at 6-7 cm of cervical dilation, they were placed in an immersion bath for 60 mins.
  
  
  METHODS
  pain scores, using a behavioural pain scale and a numeric scale, were recorded at two evaluation time points: at 6-7 cm of cervical dilation and 1h after the first pain score evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  at the first evaluation, on the behavioural scale, the means were 2.1 for both groups (p=0.914; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.9-2.3 for the control group and 2.0-2.2 for the experimental group). On the numeric scale, the means were 8.7 and 8.5 for the control and experimental groups, respectively (p=0.235; 95% CI 8.2-9.2 for the control group and 8.1-8.9 for the experimental group). At the second evaluation, the pain score means for both scales were statistically higher in the control group than in the experimental group. On the behavioural scale, the scores were 2.4 vs. 1.9, respectively, for the control and experimental groups (p<0.001; 95% CI 2.2-2.6 for the control group and 1.7-2.1 for the experimental group). On the numeric scale, the scores were 9.3 vs. 8.5, respectively, for the control and experimental groups (p<0.05; 95% CI 8.9-9.7 for the control group and 8.1-8.9 for the experimental group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  mean labour pain scores in the control group were significantly higher than those in the experimental group. The present findings suggest that use of an immersion bath is a suitable alternative form of pain relief for women during labour.
authors.affiliation: Sapopemba Birth Center, Rua Borges Lagoa no. 512 apto. 93-A, Vila Clementino, São Paulo CEP 04038-000, Brazil. flora010101@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Flora Maria Barbosa
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Sonia Maria Junqueira Vasconcellos
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Moacyr Roberto Cuce
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nobre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001494:Baths / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D016550:Birthing Centers; D001938:Brazil; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D048949:Labor Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D007747:Labor Stage, First; D009721:Nurse Midwives; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome