Does sodium nitroprusside kill babies? A systematic review.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether sodium nitroprusside causes fetal death in pregnancies complicated with hypertension.


METHODS
Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE; 1996 to 2003), Excerpta Medica (EMBASE; 1970 to 2003), Web of Science/Institute for Scientific Information (ISI; 1945 to 2003), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS; 1982 to 2003) and the Cochrane Library.


METHODS
The medical subject headings used were "nitroprusside and pregnancy", "hypertension or eclampsia or preeclampsia" and "nitroprusside and pregnancy and hypertensive emergencies". The search was limited to humans and female gender, in all fields, publication types, languages and subsets. Articles were also identified by reviewing the references of articles and textbooks on hypertension and pregnancy.


RESULTS
The search located nine studies. The sum of all the publications yielded a total of 22 patients and 24 exposed fetuses (two pairs of twins). There were no randomized clinical trials and no prospective cohorts. All of the studies were observational in nature.


CONCLUSIONS
At present, there is insufficient evidence for definitive conclusions about any direct association between sodium nitroprusside use and fetal demise.
Sass
Nelson
N
Obstetrics Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil. nelsonsa.alp@terra.com.br
Itamoto
Caroline Harumi
CH
Silva
Marina Pereira
MP
Torloni
Maria Regina
MR
Atallah
Alvaro Nagib
AN
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside