title: Improved oral bioavailability and brain transport of Saquinavir upon administration in novel nanoemulsion formulations.
abstract: The aim of this investigation was to develop novel oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsions containing Saquinavir (SQV), an anti-HIV protease inhibitor, for enhanced oral bioavailability and brain disposition. SQV was dissolved in different types of edible oils rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to constitute the internal oil phase of the nanoemulsions. The external phase consisted of surfactants Lipoid-80 and deoxycholic acid dissolved in water. The nanoemulsions with an average oil droplet size of 100-200 nm, containing tritiated [(3)H]-SQV, were administered orally and intravenously to male Balb/c mice. The SQV bioavailability as well as distribution in different organ systems was examined. SQV concentrations in the systemic circulation administered in flax-seed oil nanoemulsions were threefold higher as compared to the control aqueous suspension. The oral bioavailability and distribution to the brain, a potential sanctuary site for HIV, were significantly enhanced with SQV delivered in nanoemulsion formulations. In comparing SQV in flax-seed oil nanoemulsion with aqueous suspension, the maximum concentration (C(max)) and the area-under-the-curve (AUC) values were found to be five- and threefold higher in the brain, respectively, suggesting enhanced rate and extent of SQV absorption following oral administration of nanoemulsions. The results of this study show that oil-in-water nanoemulsions made with PUFA-rich oils may be very promising for HIV/AIDS therapy, in particular, for reducing the viral load in important anatomical reservoir sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 110 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Tushar K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Vyas
authors.forename: Aliasgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahiwala
authors.forename: Mansoor M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Amiji
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D004655:Emulsions; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013010:Sonication; D055672:Static Electricity; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid; D008043:Linseed Oil; D019258:Saquinavir