title: In vitro effects of combined and sequential bone morphogenetic protein administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of combined and sequential administration of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and BMP-7 on osteoblastic differentiation compared with administration of single growth factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro study of osseous differentiation in murine pluripotent cells using assays of extracellular matrix calcification, alkaline phosphatase activity, and expression of osseous markers. Mesenchymal cells were cultured with BMP-2, BMP-7, or a combination of these growth factors or were sequentially exposed to the growth factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequential administration of BMP-2 and BMP-7 resulted in increased extracellular matrix calcification and expression of osteocalcin, whereas all groups treated with BMP up-regulated expression of the osteoblastic transcription factor Runx2/cbfa1, type I collagen, and the inhibitory BMP second messenger Smad6. None of the experimental groups demonstrated increased expression of osteopontin or Smad1, and only cells treated with concurrent administration of BMP-2 and BMP-7 increased Smad5 expression. Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased from baseline only in cells treated with BMP-2 alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Culture with BMP-2 and BMP-7, their sequential administration, and their coadministration had variable effects on osseous differentiation in mesenchymal cells. These results demonstrate the need for increased understanding of the role of growth factors and their combinations in bone development and have important implications for the ongoing development of osteoinductive therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 N Broad St, Kresge Hall, Ste 102, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. oneida.arosarena@temple.edu
authors.forename: Oneida A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Arosarena
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Puleo
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000188:drug therapy; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000187:drug effects; D051898:Smad1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051902:Smad5 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; C493716:Runx2 protein, mouse; D051898:Smad1 Protein; C497401:Smad1 protein, mouse; D051902:Smad5 Protein; C497798:Smad5 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D015675:Osteocalcin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase