title: Application of a prospective model for calculating worker exposure due to the air pathway for operations in a laboratory.
abstract: In order to arrive at recommendations for guidelines on maximum allowable quantities of radioactive material in laboratories, a proposed mathematical model was used for the calculation of transfer fractions for the air pathway. A set of incident scenarios was defined, including spilling, leakage and failure of the fume hood. For these 'common incidents', dose constraints of 1 mSv and 0.1 mSv are proposed in case the operations are being performed in a controlled area and supervised area, respectively. In addition, a dose constraint of 1 microSv is proposed for each operation under regular working conditions. Combining these dose constraints and the transfer fractions calculated with the proposed model, maximum allowable quantities were calculated for different laboratory operations and situations. Provided that the calculated transfer fractions can be experimentally validated and the dose constraints are acceptable, it can be concluded from the results that the dose constraint for incidents is the most restrictive one. For non-volatile materials this approach leads to quantities much larger than commonly accepted. In those cases, the results of the calculations in this study suggest that limitation of the quantity of radioactive material, which can be handled safely, should be based on other considerations than the inhalation risks. Examples of such considerations might be the level of external exposure, uncontrolled spread of radioactive material by surface contamination, emissions in the environment and severe accidents like fire.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, Safety and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. grimbergen@nrg-nl.com
authors.forename: T W M
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Grimbergen
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wiegman
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D001822:Body Burden; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D007753:Laboratories; D008954:Models, Biological; D009426:Netherlands; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive