title: Endogenous hormone levels, mammographic density, and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mammographic density and circulating sex hormones are two well-confirmed predictors of breast cancer risk. Whether mammographic density reflects levels of endogenous sex hormones is unclear. We examined whether these predictors are independently associated with breast cancer risk in a prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study cohort of 253 case subjects with breast cancer and 520 control subjects. All participants were postmenopausal women who were not using postmenopausal hormones at the time of both blood collection and mammography. Plasma levels of estradiol, free estradiol, testosterone, and free testosterone were evaluated. Mammographic density was assessed by use of computer-assisted analysis of mammograms. Logistic regression models that were adjusted for matching variables and potential confounders were used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of circulating sex steroids and mammographic density were both statistically significantly and independently associated with breast cancer risk. The relative risk of breast cancer associated with mammographic density (RR for highest quartile compared with lowest quartile = 3.8, 95% CI = 2.2 to 6.6; P(trend)<.001) changed little when the analysis was adjusted for circulating estradiol (RR = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.2 to 6.9; P(trend)<.001) or circulating testosterone (RR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.3 to 7.2; P(trend)<.001). Circulating levels of estradiol (RR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.4 to 4.0) and of testosterone (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2 to 3.1) were both associated with breast cancer risk, before and after adjustment for mammographic density. In a joint analysis of mammographic density and plasma testosterone, the risk of breast cancer was highest in the highest tertiles of both relative to the lowest tertiles of both (RR = 6.0, 95% CI = 2.6 to 14.0). A similar pattern was observed in the joint analysis of estradiol and mammographic density (RR = 4.1, 95% CI = 1.7 to 9.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating sex steroid levels and mammographic density appear strongly and independently associated with the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. rulla.tamimi@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Rulla M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tamimi
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hankinson
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D004967:Estrogens; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D009726:Nurses; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D011374:Progesterone; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D017584:Reproductive History; D012306:Risk; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol