title: Endometriosis is associated with prevalence of comorbid conditions in migraine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the headache characteristics of women with migraine and endometriosis (EM), and differences in the prevalence of comorbid conditions between female migraineurs with EM, without EM and nonheadache controls.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Migraine and EM are common conditions in women of reproductive age, and both are influenced by ovarian hormones. The comorbidity of migraine and EM is newly recognized, but reasons for the association are uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study of female headache outpatients and healthy controls conducted at University of Toledo and Duke University in 2005 and 2006. After a headache specialist determined headache frequency and diagnosis (based on criteria of the second International Classification of Headache Disorders), patients completed a self-administered electronic survey with information on demographics, headache-related disability, menstrual disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), vascular event risk, and comorbid conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), fibromyalgia (FM), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), interstitial cystitis (IC), depression, and anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study enrolled 171 women with migraine and 104 controls. EM was reported more commonly in migraineurs than in controls (22% vs 9.6%, P < .01). Frequency of chronic headache was higher in migraineurs with EM compared to without EM (P= .002) and median headache-related disability scores were also higher in the EM group (P= .025). Symptoms of PMDD were more common in migraineurs, but frequency did not differ by EM status. Migraineurs with EM reported more menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and infertility compared to the migraine cohort without EM and to controls. Depression, anxiety, IBS, FM, CFS, and IC were more common in migraine with EM group than in controls. Anxiety (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.7), IC (OR = 10.6, 95% CI 1.9-56.5), and CFS (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.1-11.5) were more common in migraine with EM group, than in the cohort with migraine without EM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of EM is higher in women with migraine than in nonheadache controls. Migraineurs with EM have more frequent and disabling headaches, and are more likely to have other comorbid conditions affecting mood and pain, compared to migraineurs without EM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Health Science Campus, 3120 Glendale Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Gretchen E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tietjen
authors.forename: Cheryl D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bushnell
authors.forename: Nabeel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Herial
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Utley
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Faizan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hafeez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups; D012016:Reference Values; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology