title: Occurrence of multidrug resistant Salmonella in antimicrobial-free (ABF) swine production systems.
abstract: This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella species in swine reared in the intensive (indoor) and extensive (outdoor) ABF production systems at farm and slaughter in North Carolina, U.S.A. We sampled a total of 279 pigs at farm (extensive 107; intensive 172) and collected 274 carcass swabs (extensive 124; intensive 150) at slaughter. Salmonella species were tested for their susceptibility against 12 antimicrobial agents using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Serogrouping was done using polyvalent and group specific antisera. A total of 400 salmonellae were isolated in this study with a significantly higher Salmonella prevalence from the intensive (30%) than the extensive farms (0.9%) (P<0.001). At slaughter, significantly higher Salmonella was isolated at the pre- and post-evisceration stages from extensively (29% pre-evisceration and 33.3% post-evisceration) than the intensively (2% pre-evisceration and 6% post-evisceration) reared swine (P<0.001). The isolates were clustered in six serogroups including B, C, E1, E4, G and R. Highest frequency of antimicrobial resistance was observed against tetracycline (78.5%) and streptomycin (31.5%). A total of 13 antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed including the pentaresistant strains with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline resistance pattern observed only among isolates from the intensive farms (n=28) and all were serotype Salmonella typhimurium var. Copenhagen. In conclusion, this study shows that multidrug resistant Salmonella are prevalent in ABF production systems despite the absence of antimicrobial selection pressure. In addition, it also highlights the possible role played by slaughterhouse and other environmental factors in the contamination and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in ABF production systems.
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
authors.forename: Siddhartha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tadesse
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Wondwossen A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Gebreyes
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D015995:Prevalence; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*