title: Mechanisms for persistent microphthalmia following ethanol exposure during retinal neurogenesis in zebrafish embryos.
abstract: The exposure of the developing human embryo to ethanol results in a spectrum of disorders involving multiple organ systems, including the visual system. One common phenotype seen in humans exposed to ethanol in utero is microphthalmia. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of ethanol during retinal neurogenesis in a model organism, the zebrafish, and to pursue the potential mechanisms by which ethanol causes microphthalmia. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 1% or 1.5% ethanol from 24 to 48 h after fertilization, a period during which the retinal neuroepithelium undergoes rapid proliferation and differentiation to form a laminated structure composed of different retinal cell types. Ethanol exposure resulted in significantly reduced eye size immediately following the treatment, and this microphthalmia persisted through larval development. This reduced eye size could not entirely be accounted for by the accompanying general delay in embryonic development. Retinal cell death was only slightly higher in ethanol-exposed embryos, although cell death in the lens was extensive in some of these embryos, and lenses were significantly reduced in size as compared to those of control embryos. The initiation of retinal neurogenesis was not affected, but the subsequent waves of cell differentiation were markedly reduced. Even cells that were likely generated after ethanol exposure--rod and cone photoreceptors and Müller glia--were delayed in their expression of cell-specific markers by at least 24 h. We conclude that ethanol exposure over the time of retinal neurogenesis resulted in persistent microphthalmia due to a combination of an overall developmental delay, lens abnormalities, and reduced retinal cell differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA.
authors.forename: Bhavani
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kashyap
authors.forename: Logan C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Frederickson
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Stenkamp
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000379:methods; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D013997:Time Factors; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D005136:Eye Proteins; D006657:Histones; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; C000605730:PAX6 protein, human; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D000431:Ethanol