title: Roadside oral fluid testing: comparison of the results of drugwipe 5 and drugwipe benzodiazepines on-site tests with laboratory confirmation results of oral fluid and whole blood.
abstract: Drugged drivers pose a serious threat to other people in traffic as well as to themselves. Reliable oral fluid screening devices for on-site screening of drugged drivers would be both a useful and convenient means for traffic control. In this study we evaluated the appropriateness of Drugwipe 5 and Drugwipe Benzodiazepines oral fluid on-site tests for roadside drug screening. Drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs were screened with the Drugwipe tests. Oral fluid and whole blood samples were collected from the drivers and tested for amphetamine-type stimulant drugs, cannabis, opiates, cocaine and benzodiazepines by immunological methods, GC and GC-MS. The performance evaluations of the tests were made by comparing the results of the Drugwipe tests with laboratory GC-MS confirmation results of oral fluid or whole blood. In addition to the performance evaluations of the Drugwipe tests based on laboratory results, a questionnaire on the practical aspects of the tests was written for the police officers who performed the tests. The aim of the questionnaire was to obtain user comments on the practicality of the tests as well as the advantages and weak points of the tests. The results of the performance evaluations were: for oral fluid (sensitivity; specificity; accuracy) amphetamines (95.5%; 92.9%; 95.3%), cannabis (52.2%; 91.2%; 85.1%), cocaine (50.0%; 99.3%; 98.6%), opiates (100%; 95.8%; 95.9%), benzodiazepines (74.4%; 84.2%; 79.2%) and for whole blood accordingly, amphetamines (97.7%; 86.7%; 95.9%), cannabis (68.3%; 87.9%; 84.9%), cocaine (50.0%; 98.5%; 97.7%), opiates (87.5%; 96.9%; 96.6%) and benzodiazepines (66.7%; 87.0%; 74.4%). Although the Drugwipe 5 successfully detected amphetamine-type stimulant drugs and the police officers were quite pleased with the current features of the Drugwipe tests, improvements must still be made regarding the detection of cannabis and benzodiazepines.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Drug Research Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pehrsson
authors.forename: Teemu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gunnar
authors.forename: Charlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Engblom
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seppä
authors.forename: Ahlam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jama
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lillsunde
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000032:analysis; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000032:analysis; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000032:analysis; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000032:analysis; D011934:Reagent Strips; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D009294:Narcotics; D011934:Reagent Strips; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D013759:Dronabinol; D003042:Cocaine