title: Direct stimulatory effect of ghrelin on pituitary release of LH through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism that is modulated by estrogen.
abstract: Ghrelin, a gut peptide with key actions on food intake and GH secretion, has been recently recognized as potential regulator of reproductive function. Thus, in adult female rats, ghrelin has been proven to modulate GnRH/LH secretion, with predominant inhibitory effects in vivo. We analyze herein potential direct pituitary effects of ghrelin on basal and GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin secretion in prepubertal female rats, and its interplay with ovarian inputs, nitric oxide (NO), and hypothalamic differentiation. In the experimental setting, pituitaries from intact and ovariectomized prepubertal female rats were challenged with ghrelin in vitro and LH secretion was monitored. Our results demonstrate that 1) ghrelin consistently stimulated in vitro pituitary LH secretion under different experimental conditions; 2) the sensitivity to ghrelin, expressed either as the minimal effective dose or the amplitude of the LH response, was modulated by ovarian inputs; 3) the blockade of estrogen action significantly augmented the stimulatory effect of ghrelin; 4) the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on LH secretion required proper NO synthesis; and 5) the ability of ghrelin to elicit LH secretion in vitro was preserved after alteration (masculinization) of brain sexual differentiation. Overall, our present data reinforce the concept that ghrelin participates in the control of LH secretion, with potential stimulatory actions at the pituitary level that require the presence of NO and are modulated by ovarian signals.
authors.affiliation: Physiology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernández-Fernández
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tena-Sempere
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roa
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.forename: Víctor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Leonor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinilla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D054439:Ghrelin; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone