title: Cost analysis of divalproex sodium extended-release compared to valproic acid in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze, from a payer perspective, the net pharmaceutical and medical costs of prescribing divalproex sodium extended-release (DVPX-ER) versus valproic acid (VPA) in patients with bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a decision analytic framework to compare the total costs associated with DVPX-ER relative to VPA in the treatment of bipolar disease. The decision model incorporated two primary outcomes: GI side effects and treatment success. Levels of health service utilization and probability values were obtained from an expert panel comprised of 15 psychiatrists. Unit costs were obtained from an academic medical center. Two-way sensitivity analysis and a Monte Carlo simulation were conducted to examine the stability of the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average probability of GI side effects associated with VPA and DVPX-ER estimated by the expert panel was 0.36 and 0.10 respectively. The average probability of treatment success for VPA and DVPX-ER was estimated to be 0.45 and 0.58 respectively. In the base case analysis, the expected total cost per patient was $34 208.84 and $25 336.13 for VPA and DVPX-ER respectively, a difference (incremental cost) of -$8188.87. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation indicated a negative incremental cost of using DVPX-ER relative to VPA in a majority (approximately 70%) of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this decision analysis, based on probabilities of major events and associated utilization from an expert panel, suggest that divalproex sodium extended-release results in lower total costs than valproic acid in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Limitations of this study primarily involved the sources of data used in the model, including that derived from expert opinion.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmacoeconomic Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. schumock@uic.edu <schumock@uic.edu>
authors.forename: Glen T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Schumock
authors.forename: Surrey M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: Shiraz R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Joyce A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cramer
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D016527:Drug Costs; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D014635:Valproic Acid