title: Chronic administration of R-flurbiprofen attenuates learning impairments in transgenic amyloid precursor protein mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We and others have shown that certain NSAIDs reduce secretion of Abeta42 in cell culture and animal models, and that the effect of NSAIDs on Abeta42 is independent of the inhibition of cyclooxygenase by these compounds. Since Abeta42 is hypothesized to be the initiating pathologic molecule in AD, the ability of these compounds to lower Abeta42 selectively may be associated with their protective effect. We have previously identified R-flurbiprofen (tarenflurbil) as a selective Abeta42 lowering agent with greatly reduced cyclooxygenase activity that shows promise for testing this hypothesis. In this study we report the effect of chronic R-flurbiprofen treatment on cognition and Abeta loads in Tg2576 APP mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A four-month preventative treatment regimen with R-flurbiprofen (10 mg/kg/day) was administered to young Tg2576 mice prior to robust plaque or Abeta pathology. This treatment regimen improved spatial learning as assessed by the Morris water maze, indicated by an increased spatial bias during the third probe trial and an increased utilization of a place strategy to solve the water maze. These results are consistent with an improvement in hippocampal- and medial temporal lobe-dependent memory function. A modest, though not statistically significant, reduction in formic acid-soluble levels of Abeta was also observed. To determine if R-flurbiprofen could reverse cognitive deficits in Tg2576 mice where plaque pathology was already robust, a two-week therapeutic treatment was given to older Tg2576 mice with the same dose of R-flurbiprofen. This approach resulted in a significant decrease in Abeta plaque burden but no significant improvement in spatial learning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have found that chronic administration of R-flurbiprofen is able to attenuate spatial learning deficits if given prior to plaque deposition in Tg2576 mice. Given its ability to selectively target Abeta42 production and improve cognitive impairments in transgenic APP mice, as well as promising data from a phase 2 human clinical trial, future studies are needed to investigate the utility of R-flurbiprofen as an AD therapeutic and its possible mechanisms of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. kukar.thomas@mayo.edu <kukar.thomas@mayo.edu>
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kukar
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: Vallie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: M Paul
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Todd E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Golde
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nicolle
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005480:Flurbiprofen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D005480:Flurbiprofen