title: Efficacy of a novel biofilter in hatchery sanitation: I. Removal of airborne bacteria, dust and endotoxin.
abstract: A novel biofilter containing organic, bentonite and halloysite media was applied for elimination of microbial pollutants from the air of an industrial hatchery. The concentrations of total mesophilic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, thermophilic actinomycetes, dust and bacterial endotoxin were determined in the air of hatchery during 2 months before installation of the biofilter, and during 6 months after installation of the biofilter, at the inlet and outlet ducts from each medium. Before installation of the biofilter, the concentrations of total mesophilic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, thermophilic actinomycetes, dust and endotoxin in the air were within the ranges of 0.97-131.2x10(3) cfu/m3, 0.0-34.4x10(3) cfu/m3, 0.0-0.02x10(3) cfu/m3, 0.37-4.53 mg/m3, and 50.9-520,450.4 ng/m3, respectively. Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and other species) prevailed among bacterial species recovered from the air of the hatchery. A total of 56 species or genera of bacteria were identified in the air samples taken in the examined hatchery; of these, 11, 11 and 6 species or genera respectively were reported as having allergenic, immunotoxic and/or infectious properties The concentrations of total mesophilic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis and endotoxin found at the inlet duct of the biofilter after its installation were significantly smaller compared to those recorded before its installation (p<0.05). The concentrations of Gram-negative bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis and dust found at the outlet ducts of biofilter after its installation were significantly smaller compared to those recorded at the inlet duct of the biofilter (p<0.01). The concentrations of total meso-philic bacteria were also smaller at the outlet ducts of the biofilter compared to that at the inlet duct; however, the difference was not significant because of the massive growth of Streptomyces species in the biofilter's media which contaminated the outcoming air. In conclusion, the applied biofilter proved to be effective in the elimination of potentially pathogenic bacteria, dust and endotoxin from the air of the hatchery. The efficacy of the biofilter could be improved by the inhibition of the Streptomyces growth in the media of the biofilter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Hygiene and Environment, Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, University of Agriculture in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland. anna.korzeniowska@ar.lublin.pl
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tymczyna
authors.forename: Czesława
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Skórska
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sitkowska
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cholewa
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dutkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000391:Air Microbiology; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002645:Chickens; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011044:Poland
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins