title: Identification and metabolic transformations of carotenoids in ocular tissues of the Japanese quail Coturnix japonica.
abstract: As in humans and monkeys, lutein [(3R,3'R,6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol] and zeaxanthin [a mixture of (3R,3'R)-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'diol and (3R,3'S-meso)-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol] are found in substantial amounts in the retina of the Japanese quail Coturnix japonica. This makes the quail retina an excellent nonprimate small animal model for studying the metabolic transformations of these important macular carotenoids that are thought to play an integral role in protection against light-induced oxidative damage such as that found in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, we first identified the array of carotenoids present in the quail retina using C30 HPLC coupled with in-line mass spectral and photodiode array detectors. In addition to dietary lutein (2.1%) and zeaxanthin (11.8%), we identified adonirubin (5.4%), 3'-oxolutein (3.8%), meso-zeaxanthin (3.0%), astaxanthin (28.2%), galloxanthin (12.2%), epsilon,epsilon-carotene (18.5%), and beta-apo-2'-carotenol (9.5%) as major ocular carotenoids. We next used deuterium-labeled lutein and zeaxanthin as dietary supplements to study the pharmacokinetics and metabolic transformations of these two ocular pigments in serum and ocular tissues. We then detected and quantitated labeled carotenoids in ocular tissue using both HPLC-coupled mass spectrometry and noninvasive resonance Raman spectroscopy. Results indicated that dietary zeaxanthin is the precursor of 3'-oxolutein, beta-apo-2'-carotenol, adonirubin, astaxanthin, galloxanthin, and epsilon,epsilon-carotene, whereas dietary lutein is the precursor for meso-zeaxanthin. Studies also revealed that the pharmacokinetic patterns of uptake, carotenoid absorption, and transport from serum into ocular tissues were similar to results observed in most human clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhosale
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Serban
authors.forename: Da You
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003370:Coturnix / Q000378:metabolism*; D005123:Eye / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D012160:Retina / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D065146:Zeaxanthins
chemical_list: D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D002338:Carotenoids; C584722:meso-zeaxanthin; D014975:Lutein