title: Subxiphoid incisional hernias after median sternotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subxiphoid incisional hernias are notoriously difficult to repair and are prone to recurrence. The few reports on subxiphoid hernia published over the last two decades have not fully addressed the etiology, pathology, treatment, and outcome of this problem. This review was performed to analyze the published experience and increase the understanding of these difficult hernias.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the extensive literature, including the Medline and Current Contents computerized database searches, and searched the available bibliographies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven retrospective studies of a total of 113 patients who had clinical subxiphoid hernias after median sternotomy were found. An additional surgical technique describing a modified median sternotomy preventing the hernia, and a single review article on selected technical considerations of subxiphoid ventral repair were also found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of subxiphoid hernia after median sternotomy can be possibly reduced by paraxiphoid extension of the sternotomy, reinforcement near the xiphoid end of the incision, or by optimizing closure of the distal sternotomy and the linea alba. Abdominal wall reinforcement by open-mesh closure or laparoscopic transperitoneal prosthetic repair can effectively deal with the defect. Long-term outcome analyses are not yet available.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. jelosanoff@yahoo.com
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Losanoff
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Basson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gruber
mesh_terms: D006555:Hernia, Ventral / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D014989:Xiphoid Bone / Q000601:surgery*