title: Investigation of electron trajectories of an x-ray tube in magnetic fields of MR scanners.
abstract: A hybrid x-ray/MR system combining an x-ray fluoroscopic system and an open-bore magnetic resonance (MR) system offers advantages from both powerful imaging modalities and thus can benefit numerous image-guided interventional procedures. In our hybrid system configurations, the x-ray tube and detector are placed in the MR magnet and therefore experience a strong magnetic field. The electron beam inside the x-ray tube can be deflected by a misaligned magnetic field, which may damage the tube. Understanding the deflection process is crucial to predicting the electron beam deflection and avoiding potential damage to the x-ray tube. For this purpose, the motion of an electron in combined electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields was analyzed theoretically to provide general solutions that can be applied to different geometries. For two specific cases, a slightly misaligned strong field and a perpendicular weak field, computer simulations were performed with a finite-element method program. In addition, experiments were conducted using an open MRI magnet and an inserted electromagnet to quantitatively verify the relationship between the deflections and the field misalignment. In a strong (B >> E/c; c: speed of light) and slightly misaligned magnetic field, the deflection in the plane of E and B caused by electrons following the magnetic field lines is the dominant component compared to the deflection in the E X B direction due to the drift of electrons. In a weak magnetic field (B < or = E/c), the main deflection is in the E x B direction and is caused by the perpendicular component of the magnetic field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Zhifei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fahrig
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Conolly
authors.forename: Norbert J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Pelc
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004583:Electrons; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014965:X-Rays