title: Serotonin concentrations in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the adult rat following microinjection or dorsal surface application.
abstract: Application of neuroactive substances, including monoamines, is common in studies examining the spinal mechanisms of sensation and behavior. However, affected regions and time courses of transmitter activity are uncertain. We measured the spatial and temporal distribution of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in the lumbosacral spinal cord of halothane-anesthetized adult rats, following its intraspinal microinjection or surface application. Carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) were positioned at various locations in the spinal cord and oxidation currents corresponding to extracellular 5-HT were measured by fast cyclic voltammetry. Intraspinal microinjection of 5-HT (100 microM, 1-3 microl) produced responses that were most pronounced at CFMEs positioned <or=800 microm from the drug micropipette: 5-HT concentration was significantly higher (1.43 vs. <0.28% of initial concentration) and response latency was shorter (67.1 vs. 598.2 s) compared with more distantly positioned CFMEs. Treatment with the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor clomipramine only slightly affected the spread of microinjected 5-HT. Surface application over several segments led to a transient rise in concentration that was usually apparent within 30 s and was dramatically attenuated with increasing depth: 0.25% of initial concentration (1 mM) within 400 microm of the dorsal surface and <0.001% between 1,170 and 2,000 microm. This initial response to superfusion was sometimes followed by a gradual increase to a new concentration plateau. In sum, compared with bath application, microinjection can deliver about tenfold higher transmitter concentrations, but to much more restricted areas of the spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Michele R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Brumley
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Hentall
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinzon
authors.forename: Brijesh H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kadam
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blythe
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Annette M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Taberner
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Noga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002997:Clomipramine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008845:Microinjections; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012701:Serotonin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012701:Serotonin; D002997:Clomipramine; D006221:Halothane