title: S100B is not a reliable prognostic index in paediatric TBI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As far as paediatric traumatic brain injury is concerned, it is difficult to quantify the extent of the primary insult, to monitor secondary changes and to predict neurological outcomes by means of the currently used diagnostic tools: physical examination, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and computed tomography. For this reason, several papers focused on the use of biochemical markers (S100B, neuron-specific enolase) to detect and define the severity of brain damage and predict outcome after traumatic head injury or cardiac arrest.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is measuring the range of S100B serum concentrations in children affected by traumatic brain injury and describing the possible roles of this protein in the reaction to trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen children aged 1-15 years were included in the study. Traumatic brain injury severity was defined by paediatric GCS score as mild (9 patients), moderate (2 patients) or severe (4 patients). Blood samples for S100B serum measurement were taken at emergency department admission and after 48 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum S100B concentration was higher in the group of severe trauma patients, who scored the lowest on the GCS at admission, and among them, the highest values were reported by the children with concomitant peripheral lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of S100B in paediatric traumatic brain injury has not been clarified yet, and the interpretation of its increase when the head trauma is associated with other injuries needs the understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms that rule its release in the systemic circulation. The levels of S100B in serum after a brain injury could be related to the mechanical discharge from a destroyed blood-brain barrier, or they could be due to the active expression by the brain, as a part of its involvement in the systemic inflammatory reaction. Early increase of this protein is not a reliable prognostic index of neurological outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury, since even very elevated values are compatible with a complete neurological recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Storti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cotena
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stoppa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perrotta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pirozzi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tufano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; C579160:S100B protein, human