The influence of cigarette smoking on various aspects of periodontal health.
Tobacco is one of the most important risk factors for oral diseases, including oral cancer, oral mucosal lesions and periodontal diseases. There is substantial evidence suggesting that the risk of oral diseases increases with frequent use of tobacco and that quitting smoking results in reduced risk. In this article, the influence of cigarette smoking on the periodontium will be discussed, giving importance to the effects on immune responses, alveolar bone loss, periodontal pathogens and briefly outlining the negative effects of smoking on wound healing and periodontal treatment procedures.
Jacob
Vimal
V
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Czech Republic. vimal.jacob@rediffmail.com
Vellappally
Sajith
S
Smejkalová
Jindra
J
D006801:Humans; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*