title: Associations between sex steroid hormone levels and depressive symptoms in elderly men and women: results from the Health ABC study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sex steroid hormone levels decline with age and in some studies this decline has been linked with depressive symptoms. This study investigates the association between total testosterone, free testosterone, and DHEAS levels with depressive symptoms in a well-functioning elderly population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from 2855 well-functioning elderly men and women, 70-79 years of age, participating in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Total testosterone, free testosterone, and DHEAS levels were assessed after an overnight fast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men and women, DHEAS levels and depressive symptoms were inversely associated after adjustment for covariates (men: beta=-0.059, p=0.03, women: beta=-0.054, p=0.05). In addition, free testosterone levels in women, but not in men, were inversely associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted beta=-0.079, p=0.004). Men, but not women, in the lowest total testosterone quartile reported significantly more depressive symptoms than men in the other total testosterone quartiles (adjusted beta=-0.166, p=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is consistent with the idea that testosterone and DHEAS levels may play a role in mechanisms underlying depressive symptoms in old age.
authors.affiliation: EMGO Institute/Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lisette F J
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Morsink
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vogelzangs
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: Aartjan T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satterfield
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yaffe
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simonsick
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kritchevsky
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D013739:Testosterone; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate