title: Rise of oceanographic barriers in continuous populations of a cetacean: the genetic structure of harbour porpoises in Old World waters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the role of seascape in shaping genetic and demographic population structure is highly challenging for marine pelagic species such as cetaceans for which there is generally little evidence of what could effectively restrict their dispersal. In the present work, we applied a combination of recent individual-based landscape genetic approaches to investigate the population genetic structure of a highly mobile extensive range cetacean, the harbour porpoise in the eastern North Atlantic, with regards to oceanographic characteristics that could constrain its dispersal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses of 10 microsatellite loci for 752 individuals revealed that most of the sampled range in the eastern North Atlantic behaves as a 'continuous' population that widely extends over thousands of kilometres with significant isolation by distance (IBD). However, strong barriers to gene flow were detected in the south-eastern part of the range. These barriers coincided with profound changes in environmental characteristics and isolated, on a relatively small scale, porpoises from Iberian waters and on a larger scale porpoises from the Black Sea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of these barriers to gene flow that coincide with profound changes in oceanographic features, together with the spatial variation in IBD strength, provide for the first time strong evidence that physical processes have a major impact on the demographic and genetic structure of a cetacean. This genetic pattern further suggests habitat-related fragmentation of the porpoise range that is likely to intensify with predicted surface ocean warming.
authors.affiliation: MARE-Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, Bat B6c, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium. michael.fontaine@ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: Michaël C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.forename: Stuart J E
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piry
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Krystal A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tolley
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Birkun
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jauniaux
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llavona
authors.forename: Bayram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oztürk
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: A Oztürk
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ridoux
authors.forename: Emer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rogan
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sequeira
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: Gísli A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Vikingsson
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bouquegneau
authors.forename: Johan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Michaux
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D002591:Cetacea; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D009791:Oceanography / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D050741:Phocoena / Q000235:genetics*; D012623:Seawater