title: Addressing challenges in adolescent smoking cessation: design and baseline characteristics of the HS Group-Randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Well-documented challenges have hampered both intervention development and research in teen smoking cessation. Addressing these challenges, the Hutchinson Study of High School Smoking (HS Study), the largest group-randomized trial in adolescent smoking cessation to date, incorporates several design innovations to investigate the effect of a counselor-initiated, individually tailored telephone counseling smoking cessation intervention for older adolescents. This paper presents and discusses these innovative design features, and baseline findings on the resulting study population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trial used a population-based survey to proactively identify and recruit all high school juniors who had smoked in the past month - potentially expanding intervention reach to all smokers, even those who smoked less than daily and those not motivated to quit. For ethical and intervention reasons, some nonsmokers were enrolled in the intervention, also. Other important design features included the random allocation of schools into experimental conditions (intervention vs. no-intervention control) and a multi-wave design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The design innovations address problems and challenges identified in adolescent smoking cessation literature. The heterogeneous baseline characteristics of the study population, well-balanced between the two arms, have three significant implications: They (1) demonstrate the effectiveness of the trial's design features, (2) highlight several intervention-related issues, and (3) provide assurance that the trial's evaluation of intervention effectiveness will be unbiased.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview, Ave N., M2-C826, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA. jliu@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Jingmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Arthur V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kealey
authors.forename: Sue L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bricker
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Marek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D012107:Research Design; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology