title: A microarray analysis of retinal transcripts that are controlled by image contrast in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of myopia is controlled by still largely unknown retinal signals. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in retinal mRNA expression after different periods of visual deprivation in mice, while controlling for retinal illuminance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each group consisted of three male C57BL/6 mice. Treatment periods were 30 min, 4 h, and 6+6 h. High spatial frequencies were filtered from the retinal image by frosted diffusers over one eye while the fellow eyes were covered by clear neutral density (ND) filters that exhibited similar light attenuating properties (0.1 log units) as the diffusers. For the final 30 min of the respective treatment period mice were individually placed in a clear Perspex cylinder that was positioned in the center of a rotating (60 degrees) large drum. The inside of the drum was covered with a 0.1 cyc/degree vertical square wave grating. This visual environment was chosen to standardize illuminances and contrasts seen by the mice. Labeled cRNA was prepared and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 arrays. Alterations in mRNA expression levels of candidate genes with potential biological relevance were confirmed by semi-quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all groups, Egr-1 mRNA expression was reduced in diffuser-treated eyes. Furthermore, the degradation of the spatial frequency spectrum also changed the cFos mRNA level, with reduced expression after 4 h of diffuser treatment. Other interesting candidates were Akt2, which was up-regulated after 30 min of deprivation and Mapk8ip3, a neuron specific JNK binding and scaffolding protein that was temporally regulated in the diffuser-treated eyes only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microarray analysis demonstrated a pattern of differential transcriptional changes, even though differences in the retinal images were restricted to spatial features. The candidate genes may provide further insight into the biochemical short-term changes following retinal image degradation in mice. Because deprivation of spatial vision leads to increased eye growth and myopia in both animals and humans, it is believed some of the identified genes play a role in myopia development.
authors.affiliation: Section for Neurobiology of the Eye, University Eye Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaeffel
authors.forename: Marita Pauline
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Feldkaemper
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D003199:Computer Systems; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012683:Sensory Deprivation / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C486109:Egr1 protein, mouse; C403619:Mapk8ip3 protein, mouse; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C494922:Akt2 protein, mouse; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt