title: Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length and body mass index modulate the safety of long-term intramuscular testosterone undecanoate therapy in hypogonadal men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A reliable form of androgen substitution therapy regarding kinetics, tolerance, and restoration of androgenicity is paramount in hypogonadal men. Intramuscular injection of the long-acting ester testosterone undecanoate (TU) offers a new modality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to assess the safety of TU regarding metabolic and pharmacogenetic confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a longitudinal one-arm open observation trial. A minimum of five individual assessments was a prerequisite. Putative modulators of safety parameters entering regression models were nadir and/or delta total testosterone concentrations, body mass index, androgen receptor (AR) gene CAG repeat length, and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at an andrological outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients included 66 hypogonadal men (mean age 38 +/- 9.9 yr).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 515 data time points each related to prostate, erythropoiesis, lipoproteins, and circulation during 118 treatment-years with 1000 mg TU at 10- to 14-wk intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Testosterone substitution resulted in significant decrements of serum levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, resting diastolic and systolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Erythropoiesis was stimulated and concentrations of high-density lipoproteincholesterol increased. Parameters remained stable after four injections. No adverse effects regarding the prostate were observed. Significantly increased hematocrit greater than 50% was predicted by enhanced androgen action (shorter AR CAG repeats per higher testosterone levels). However, insufficient androgen action (longer AR CAG repeats per lower testosterone levels) caused pathological safety parameters (high blood pressure, adverse lipid profiles). In addition, a body mass index 30 kg/m(2) or greater represents a clinically relevant factor for the occurrence of all pathological safety parameters. Risk calculations for obese patients and nonlinear pharmacogenetic models to tailor androgen substitution are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Testosterone substitution with im TU is generally well tolerated. Modifications of androgen action are due to both AR CAG repeats and testosterone levels. Adverse observations are mostly seen in obese patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Clinics, Muenster D-48149, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zitzmann
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieschlag
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D045165:Testosterone Congeners; D013739:Testosterone; C010792:testosterone undecanoate