title: Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends.
abstract: Human influence on climate has been detected in surface air temperature, sea level pressure, free atmospheric temperature, tropopause height and ocean heat content. Human-induced changes have not, however, previously been detected in precipitation at the global scale, partly because changes in precipitation in different regions cancel each other out and thereby reduce the strength of the global average signal. Models suggest that anthropogenic forcing should have caused a small increase in global mean precipitation and a latitudinal redistribution of precipitation, increasing precipitation at high latitudes, decreasing precipitation at sub-tropical latitudes, and possibly changing the distribution of precipitation within the tropics by shifting the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Here we compare observed changes in land precipitation during the twentieth century averaged over latitudinal bands with changes simulated by fourteen climate models. We show that anthropogenic forcing has had a detectable influence on observed changes in average precipitation within latitudinal bands, and that these changes cannot be explained by internal climate variability or natural forcing. We estimate that anthropogenic forcing contributed significantly to observed increases in precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, drying in the Northern Hemisphere subtropics and tropics, and moistening in the Southern Hemisphere subtropics and deep tropics. The observed changes, which are larger than estimated from model simulations, may have already had significant effects on ecosystems, agriculture and human health in regions that are sensitive to changes in precipitation, such as the Sahel.
authors.affiliation: Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
authors.forename: Xuebin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Francis W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Zwiers
authors.forename: Gabriele C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Hegerl
authors.forename: F Hugo
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Nathan P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Gillett
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stott
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nozawa
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D017753:Ecosystem; D005843:Geography; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011634:Public Health; D011891:Rain; D014329:Tropical Climate