title: Probiotics for preventing and treating nosocomial infections: review of current evidence and recommendations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the available clinical data supporting the use of probiotics in preventing and treating serious nosocomial infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline database from 1996 to July 2006 and references from identified articles were used to perform a literature search relating to the clinical applications of probiotics in preventing and treating Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDD) and prevention of hospital-associated pneumonia (HAP).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nosocomial infections like HAP and CDD contribute significantly to health-care costs in the United States. These clinical problems are associated with prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality in critically ill patients. The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens in cases of HAP and the recent description of an epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of C difficile, combined with the anticipated lack of new antimicrobial agents in the near future emphasize the need for new, innovative strategies to prevent and treat these diseases. Probiotics normally function as colonizers and contribute to the overall health of their hosts by multiple mechanisms including immune and antibacterial effects. There is no current clinical evidence to support the use of probiotics to restore the normal human flora in critically ill patients and reduce HAP rates. Probiotics can prevent episodes of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, but their utility in treating and preventing CDD requires demonstration of benefit in multicenter clinical trials, preferably sponsored by the National Institutes of Health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. wisakow@im.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Isakow
authors.forename: Lee E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Marin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kollef
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016638:Critical Illness; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000150:complications; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000517:prevention & control; D019936:Probiotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents