title: Effective molecular RHD typing strategy for blood donations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 50 weak D alleles and numerous partial D alleles have been described to date that can be identified by molecular methods as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing of the RHD gene. A real time-based RHD typing scheme was developed and tested during an 8-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 53,347 blood donors and patients were tested with standardized immunohematologic methods. A total of 201 DNA samples with weak D reactions underwent molecular characterization by weak D real-time PCR, exon-screening real-time PCR, and nucleotide sequencing of RHD Exons 1 through 10. A total of 2,427 samples with D- phenotype were tested for the presence of RHD markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Molecular typing of 201 samples with weak D expression revealed 15 different known aberrant alleles as well as one new weak D type dubbed weak D Type 49. Approximately 60 percent of the alleles were determined as weak D Types 1 through 3 and detected by only one amplification run. Weak D Type 1 represented the most frequent allele (n = 72). Three samples with D- phenotype showed amplification of RHD-specific markers. Sequence-based typing (SBT) of these samples revealed a DEL allele, RHD(IVS3+1G>A), in two samples and one weak D Type 4.3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented scheme for RHD genotyping of weak D red blood cell units was reliable for detection of aberrant alleles. Testing of D- blood samples as quality control seems to overcome limitations of standard serology by detection of samples with weak D or DEL phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Red Cross Transfusion Service of Upper Austria, Krankenhausstrasse 7, A-4017 Linz, Austria. helene.polin@blutz.o.redcross.or.at
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Polin
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danzer
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Waltraud
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gassner
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gabriel
mesh_terms: D001782:Blood Donors; D005091:Exons; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; C026410:Rho(D) antigen