title: Abnormal plasticity of sensorimotor circuits extends beyond the affected body part in focal dystonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether abnormal sensorimotor plasticity in focal hand dystonia is a primary abnormality or is merely a consequence of the dystonic posture.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used the paired associative stimulation (PAS) paradigm, an experimental intervention, capable of producing long term potentiation (LTP) like changes in the sensorimotor system in humans. PAS involves transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with median nerve stimulation. 10 patients with cranial and cervical dystonia, who showed no dystonic symptoms in the hand, and nine patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS), a non-dystonic condition, were compared with 10 healthy age matched controls. Motor evoked potential amplitudes and cortical silent period (CSP) duration were measured at baseline before PAS and for up to 60 min (T0, T30 and T60) after PAS in the abductor pollicis brevis and the first dorsal interosseus muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with dystonia showed a stronger increase in corticospinal excitability than healthy controls and patients with HFS. In addition, patients with dystonia showed a loss of topographical specificity of PAS induced effects, with a facilitation in both the median and ulnar innervated muscles. While PAS conditioning led to a prolonged CSP in healthy controls and patients with HFS, it had no effect on the duration of the CSP in patients with cranial and cervical dystonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggests that excessive motor cortex plasticity is not restricted to the circuits clinically affected by dystonia but generalises across the entire sensorimotor system, possibly representing an endophenotypic trait of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Neurologica 2, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy. angelo.quartarone@unime.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quartarone
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morgante
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sant'angelo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bagnato
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Terranova
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Siebner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berardelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girlanda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D010153:Paired-Associate Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation