title: Characterization of diabetic nephropathy by urinary proteomic analysis: identification of a processed ubiquitin form as a differentially excreted protein in diabetic nephropathy patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of markers for prediction of the clinical course of diabetic nephropathy remains a major challenge in disease management. We established a proteomics approach for identification of diabetic nephropathy-related biomarkers in urine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry and SAX2 protein arrays to compare protein profiles from urine of 4 defined patient groups. Samples from patients with type 2 diabetes (DM; n = 45) without nephropathy and without microalbuminuria (DM-WNP), patients with DM with macro- or microalbuminuria (DM-NP; n = 38), patients with proteinuria due to nondiabetic renal disease (n = 34), and healthy controls (n = 45) were analyzed. Anionic exchange, reversed-phase fractionation, gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and identify proteins with high discriminatory power.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A protein with m/z 6188 (P <0.0000004) was strongly released in the urine of healthy controls, patients with proteinuria due to nondiabetic disease, and DM-WNP in contrast to DM-NP patients. An m/z 14 766 protein (P <0.00008) was selectively excreted in the urine of DM-NP patients, whereas the protein with m/z 11 774 (P <0.000004) was significantly excreted by patients with proteinuria and DM-NP. The m/z 11 774 and m/z 14 766 mass peaks were identified as beta(2)-microglobulin and UbA52, a ubiquitin ribosomal fusion protein, respectively. The protein with m/z 6188 was identified as a processed form of ubiquitin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The release of high amounts of UbA52 in urine of DM-NP patients could serve as a diagnostic marker, whereas the lack of the short form of ubiquitin raises interesting questions about the pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany. dihazi@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dihazi
authors.forename: Gerhard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Abdul R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Asif
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oellerich
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Strutz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020543:Proteome; D014452:Ubiquitins