title: Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of carbon-doped aluminum oxide (Al2O3:C) for film dosimetry in radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conventional x-ray films and radiochromic films have inherent challenges for high precision radiotherapy dosimetry. Here we have investigated basic characteristics of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of irradiated films containing carbon-doped aluminum oxide (Al2O3:C) for dosimetry in therapeutic photon and electron beams.
  
  
  METHODS
  The OSL films consist of a polystyrene sheet, with a top layer of a mixture of single crystals of Al2O3:C, ground into a powder, and a polyester base. The total thickness of the films is 0.3 mm. Measurements have been performed in a water equivalent phantom, using 4, 6, 10, and 18 MV photon beams, and 6-22 MeV electron beams. The studies include assessment of the film response (acquired OSL signal/delivered dose) on delivered dose (linearity), dose rate (1-6 Gy/min), beam quality, field size and depth (6 MV, ranges 4 x 4-30 x 30 cm2, dmax-35 cm). Doses have been derived from ionization chamber measurements. OSL films have also been compared with conventional x-ray and GafChromic films for dosimetry outside the high dose area, with a high proportion of low dose scattered photons. In total, 787 OSL films have been irradiated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the OSL response for electron beams was 3.6% lower than for photon beams. Differences between the various electron beam energies were not significant. The 6 and 18 MV photon beams differed in response by 4%. No response dependencies on dose rate were observed. For the 6 MV beam, the field size and depth dependencies of the OSL response were within +/-2.5%. The observed inter-film response variation for films irradiated with the same dose varied from 1% to 3.2% (1 SD), depending on the measurement day. At a depth of 20 cm, 5 cm outside the 20 x 20 cm2 6 and 18 MV beams, an over response of 17% was observed. In contrast to GafChromic and conventional x-ray films, the response of the Al2O3:C films is linear in the clinically relevant dose range 0-200 cGy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of the OSL signal of irradiated films containing Al2O3:C is a promising technique for film dosimetry in radiotherapy with no or small response variations with dose rate, beam quality, field size and depth, and a linear response from 0 to 200 cGy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. v.schembri@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schembri
authors.forename: B J M
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Heijmen
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008422:Materials Testing; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D000537:Aluminum Oxide