title: Management of ureteral endometriosis: areas of controversy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this review we critically evaluate what we know and what we still do not know about pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of ureteral endometriosis, highlighting areas of controversy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent studies have produced new insights into diagnostic and management options for ureteral endometriosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of ureteral endometriosis entails a high index of suspicion for the disorder. Imaging techniques are of limited value in providing an accurate depiction of extension of ureteral lesions. Preliminary results suggest that magnetic resonance urography is accurate in differentiating between intrinsic and extrinsic forms of ureteral involvement, but further studies are required to define its role in directing better treatment. Current controversies in the treatment of ureteral endometriosis are over whether segmental resection and anastomosis or ureterolysis are indicated, and whether minimal-access procedures are equally effective than their traditional open counterparts. Recent studies suggest that laparoscopic ureterolysis can be an effective treatment option in most patients with ureteral endometriosis but that recurrence rates are not negligible, as suggested in pioneering works. Successful application of laparoscopic surgery, even for procedures that have traditionally necessitated laparotomy, has been reported. Extensive experience with endourological techniques is prerequisite for success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. fabio.ghezzi@uninsubria.it
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cromi
authors.forename: Valentino
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bergamini
authors.forename: Pierfrancesco
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolis
mesh_terms: D004715:Endometriosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014567:Urography