Parental history and risk of type 2 diabetes in overweight Latino adolescents: a longitudinal analysis.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this article was to examine metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents as a function of maternal versus paternal family history of type 2 diabetes and to examine whether differences in these risk factors emerge during adolescent growth.


METHODS
A total of 247 overweight Latino children (baseline age = 11.1 +/- 1.7 years) with a parental history of type 2 diabetes were followed annually for 5 years (2.2 +/- 1.2 observations/child) with measures of insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response to glucose, and disposition index. Longitudinal linear mixed-effects modeling was used to evaluate the influence of maternal versus paternal family history of type 2 diabetes on changes in diabetes risk factors over age.


RESULTS
Insulin sensitivity and the disposition index decreased over age (beta = -0.052 and beta = -0.033, P < 0 0.01). Acute insulin response to glucose and fasting and 2-h glucose increased (beta = 0.019, beta = 0.002, and beta = 0.003, P < 0.01). Declines in insulin sensitivity were significantly greater in participants whose maternal grandmothers had a history of type 2 diabetes (beta = -0.03, P = 0.03). Declines in the disposition index (beta = -0.02, P = 0.04) and increases in fasting glucose were significantly influenced by a maternal history of type 2 diabetes (beta = 0.60, P < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Maternal but not paternal family history for diabetes may have a significant impact on insulin dynamics, becoming more pronounced during growth in overweight Latino adolescents. Further research is clearly warranted.
Kelly
Louise A
LA
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Lane
Christianne J
CJ
Weigensberg
Marc J
MJ
Koebnick
Corinna
C
Roberts
Christian K
CK
Davis
Jaimie N
JN
Toledo-Corral
Claudia M
CM
Shaibi
Gabriel Q
GQ
Goran
Michael I
MI
D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D009035:Mothers; D009679:Nuclear Family; D050177:Overweight / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial