title: Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) results in urine passing, in a retrograde manner, up the ureter. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have been considered the main cause of permanent renal parenchymal damage in children with reflux. Management of these children has been directed at preventing infection by antibiotic prophylaxis and/or surgical correction of reflux. Controversy remains as to the optimum strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the benefits and harms of different treatment options for primary VUR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, reference lists of articles and abstracts from conference proceedings. Date of last search: June 2006
  
  
  METHODS
  Any treatment of VUR including surgery, antibiotic prophylaxis of any duration, non-invasive techniques and any combination of therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently searched the literature, determined study eligibility, assessed quality, extracted and entered data. For dichotomous outcomes, results were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Data were pooled using the random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies (1148 children) were identified. Seven compared correction of VUR (by surgery or endoscope) plus antibiotics for 1-24 months with antibiotics alone, two compared antibiotics with no treatment and two compared different materials for endoscopic correction of VUR. Risk of UTI by 2, 5 and 10 years was not significantly different between surgical and medical groups (2 years RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.32 to 2.09; 5 years RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.26; 10 years RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.44). Combined treatment resulted in a 50% reduction in febrile UTI by 10 years (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.92) but no concomitant reduction in risk of new or progressive renal damage by 10 years (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.00). In two small studies no significant differences in risk for UTI (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.15 to 3.84) or renal damage (RR 1.70, 95% CI 0.36 to 8.07) were found between antibiotic prophylaxis and no treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is uncertain whether the treatment of children with VUR confers clinically important benefit. The additional benefit of surgery over antibiotics alone is small at best. Assuming a UTI rate of 20% for children with VUR on antibiotics for five years, nine reimplantations would be required to prevent one febrile UTI, with no reduction in the number of children developing any UTI or renal damage.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital at Westmead, Centre for Kidney Research, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145. Elisah@chw.edu.au
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hodson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vimalchandra
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*