title: Biennial eye screening in patients with diabetes without retinopathy: 10-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety of every-other-year eye screening for patients with diabetes without retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1994, patients with diabetes without retinopathy in Iceland have received eye screening every other year. 296 patients with diabetes who had no diabetic retinopathy in 1994/95 were followed with biennial eye examinations until they had developed retinopathy. The 10-year experience of this approach is reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 296 diabetic individuals, 172 did not develop diabetic retinopathy during the 10-year observation period. 96 patients developed mild non-proliferative retinopathy, six developed clinically significant diabetic macular oedema, 23 developed preproliferative retinopathy, and four developed proliferative diabetic retinopathy during the 10-year observation period. All the patients who developed macular oedema or proliferative retinopathy had already been diagnosed as having mild nonproliferative retinopathy and entered an annual screening protocol before the sight-threatening retinopathy developed. No patient had any undue delay in treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Every other year screening for diabetic eye disease seems to be safe and effective in diabetics without retinopathy. Such an approach will reduce the number of screening visits more than 25%. This reduces health costs and strain on resources considerably and relieves the patients with diabetes from unnecessary clinic visits and examinations.
authors.affiliation: University of Iceland, University Hospital Landspitali, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olafsdóttir
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stefánsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003363:Cost Control; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity