title: Prevalence and genotyping of human papillomavirus infection in women with vulvodynia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence of vulvar human papillomavirus infection varies and the frequency of the different genotypes has not been adequately assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty consecutive sexually active healthy patients with vulvodynia and suspected of human papillomavirus infection underwent a vulvoscopy and biopsy. Ten normal vulvar samples were also enrolled as control. Histological and vulvoscopic findings were compared in relation to human papillomavirus-DNA presence and genotyping by a broad-spectrum polymerase chain reaction and reverse hybridization line probe assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the clinical and histological diagnoses did not always coincide, a good association was found (p<0.0001). Human papillomavirus-DNA was detected in 42% of all biopsies and in none of the controls, and less frequently in acetowhite-positive patients (33.3%, p<0.03). Squamous papillomatosis (74%) was the most frequent histological diagnosis, followed by condyloma (20%). Condyloma (90%) but not squamous papillomatosis (29.7%) was significantly associated with human papillomavirus-DNA presence. Out of the vulvoscopically normal patients, one (33%) was human papillomavirus-DNA positive. Out of the recorded microscopic features, only koilocytosis was associated with human papillomavirus-DNA presence. Eight different human papillomavirus genotypes were detected: high-risk 16 (43%), 31 (19%), 52 (14.3%), 68, and 59 (4.8% each), and low-risk types 6 (71.4%), 11, and 40 (4.8% each); 33.3% of infections were multiple, ranging from 2 to 4 genotypes. Out of the human papillomavirus-DNA positive squamous papillomatosis, 72.7% showed a high-risk type but the infection remained episomal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm human papillomavirus as a frequent cause of vulvodynia and its frequent association with squamous papillomatosis or condyloma. The high-risk human papillomavirus in squamous papillomatosis suggests screening for possible undiagnosed cervical infection.
authors.affiliation: Anatomic Pathology Institute, Department of Biopathology and Image Diagnostics, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy. orlandi@uniroma2.it
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orlandi
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Francesconi
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angeloni
authors.forename: Giampiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fulvia
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciotti
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Criscuolo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sesti
authors.forename: Luigi Giusto
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Spagnoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003218:Condylomata Acuminata / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010212:Papilloma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D014845:Vulvar Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral