title: Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid arising more often from follicular carcinoma than papillary carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), a rare and highly malignant tumor, has long been thought to arise from well-differentiated carcinoma (WDC) such as follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The purpose of this study was to test this notion by examining whether and, if so, how often ATC harbors the oncogenes that are commonly associated with WDC, such as RAS in FTC and BRAF in PTC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the mutation hotspots of BRAF (codon 600) and N-, K-, and H-RAS (codons 12, 13, and 61) in 16 ATCs. We also examined two genes, PIK3CA (exons 9 and 20) and TP53 (exons 5-9), both of which have been reported in ATCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that approximately 31% (5 of 16) of ATCs harbored N-RAS mutation, 6% (1 of 16) had mutated BRAF, and approximately 56% (9 of 16) had mutated TP53. As to the three ATCs that had coexisted PTCs, mutated BRAF was detected in all PTC components but only in one ATC, while mutated PIK3CA was found in only one PTC component but not in the ATC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of ATCs arise from WDCs, more often from RAS-mutant tumors than from BRAF-mutant tumors, implying that particular attention should be paid to the WDC harboring RAS mutation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 160, Sec. 3, Chungkang Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hwei-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yu-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jen-Seng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Cheng-Hsu
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Victor C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: Chao-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Han-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chin-Yuan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tzen
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000231:Adenocarcinoma, Papillary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003062:Codon; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; C484760:PIK3CA protein, human; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)