title: Pipe smoking and cancers of the upper digestive tract.
abstract: Pipe smoking has been related to the risk of cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tract, but quantification of the risk for exclusive pipe smokers is still limited. To analyse the association between exclusive pipe smoking and cancers of the upper digestive tract, we used data from a series of case-control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1984 and 1999. After excluding cigarette and cigar smokers, 41 male oral and pharyngeal cancer cases, 52 male oesophageal cancer cases and 1,032 male controls were included in the present analysis. Odds ratios (OR) of cancers were estimated by the mean of unconditional multivariate logistic regression, including terms for age, study centre, education, body mass index, and alcohol drinking. Compared to never smokers, exclusive pipe smokers had an OR of 8.7 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 4.0-18.9] of all upper digestive tract cancers. The OR was 12.6 for oral and pharyngeal and 7.2 for oesophageal cancer. Pipe smokers who were also heavy alcohol drinkers had an OR of 38.8 (95% CI: 13.6-110.9) as compared to never smokers and light drinkers. Thus, pipe smoking and heavy alcohol drinking appears to interact at least on a multiplicative model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.|Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria "G.A. Maccacaro", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Randi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosetti
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.affiliation: Unité d'épidémiologie du cancer, Institut Universitaire de Médicine Sociale et Préventive, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.|Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria "G.A. Maccacaro", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*