title: Teaching struggling readers who are native Spanish speakers: what do we know?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to share what we have learned from a series of 4 scientific studies about preventing reading failure through early intervention with native Spanish-speaking students who are struggling readers. The goal is to provide guidance to practitioners about effective practices for working with native Spanish-speaking children who are struggling to become readers using evidence rather than conjecture and opinion.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, the method and findings are summarized from each of 4 scientific studies (2 English, 2 Spanish) examining supplemental reading intervention that was provided in addition to core reading instruction in first grade. Second, the supplemental interventions are detailed. Next, aspects of instruction that appear to generalize from what we know about preventing reading failure among native English speakers are discussed. Last, the types of adjustments made to this instruction in order to accommodate the needs of English language learners are examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outcomes confirm that native Spanish-speaking children benefited from explicit, systematic instruction that shared many of the same elements that have been proven to be effective with native English speakers. Further, English as a second language teaching techniques (i.e., use of concrete gestures and visual aids, consistent and repeated routines, and use of repeated phrases and consistent language) benefited native Spanish speakers who were struggling to learn to read in English. However, little transfer of knowledge from one language to another was detected.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Reading Research, Southern Methodist University, PO Box 750381, Dallas, TX 75275, USA. pmathes@smu.edu
authors.forename: Patricia G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Mathes
authors.forename: Sharolyn D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pollard-Durodola
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cárdenas-Hagan
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Linan-Thompson
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaughn
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D032882:Comprehension; D003479:Curriculum; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D019303:Multilingualism; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D012073:Remedial Teaching; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014825:Vocabulary