title: Prognostic relevance of increased Rac GTPase expression in prostate carcinomas.
abstract: Rac proteins of the Rho-like GTPase family, including the ubiquitous Rac1, the hematopoiesis-specific Rac2, and the least-characterized Rac3 play a major role in oncogenic transformation, tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the prognostic relevance of Rac expression in human tumors has not been investigated yet. In the present study, Rac protein expression was analyzed in benign secretory epithelium, high-grade prostatic intraepithelium neoplasia (HG-PIN), and prostate carcinomas of 60 R0-resected radical prostatectomy specimens by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry. Thus, Rac proteins were significantly strongly expressed in HG-PIN (P < 0.001) and prostate carcinomas (P < 0.001) when compared with benign secretory epithelium. Accordingly, all tumor tissues analyzed by isoform-specific real-time PCR (n = 7) exhibited significantly higher RNA expression levels of Rac (i.e. sum of Rac1 and Rac3 expression levels) than the respective benign counterparts (P = 0.018) and this appeared to result mainly from increased expression of the Rac3 isoform as verified by immunoblotting. Univariate analyses showed statistically significant associations of increased Rac protein expression in prostate cancer (P = 0.045), preoperative prostate-specific antigen levels (P = 0.044), pT stage (P = 0.002), and Gleason score (P = 0.001) with decreased disease-free survival (DFS). This prognostic effect of increased protein expression of Rac remained significant even in a multivariate analysis including all these four factors (relative risk = 3.22, 95% confidence interval = 1.04-10.00; P = 0.043). In conclusion, our data suggest that increased Rac protein expression in prostate cancer relative to the corresponding benign secretory epithelium is an independent predictor of decreased DFS and appears to result mainly from increased expression of the Rac3 isoform.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. engers@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engers
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willers
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gabbert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000032:analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; C411563:RAC3 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein