title: Overactive bladder in children. Part 2: Management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The management of pediatric overactive bladder syndrome has relied primarily on anticholinergics and a bowel regimen. In many cases the results have been ineffective and they have frustrated many parents, patients and practitioners. We explored other treatment modalities that may be more effective than the regimens that we currently use. A thorough understanding of the causes of overactive bladder syndrome are essential to help us find the appropriate treatment for individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We looked at numerous treatment modalities that are being used for overactive bladder syndrome and matched them to a specific cause of overactive bladder syndrome that would be best suited to treat the problem. The treatment of constipation as a mainstay for pediatric overactive bladder syndrome was explored as well as its different options. New treatment modalities involving electrical stimulation were explored as well as botulinum A toxin injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effectiveness of each treatment was assessed, thereby providing the reader with a foundation for choosing the appropriate treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of pediatric overactive bladder syndrome is not as simple as placing children on anticholinergics and, if there is no response, simply saying that they will outgrow it. The causes of overactive bladder syndrome are multifactorial and a better understanding of the pathophysiology will allow us to target treatments appropriately for individuals.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA. Isfranco@optonline.net
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D003248:Constipation / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D006801:Humans; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A