title: Induction of sonic hedgehog mediators by transforming growth factor-beta: Smad3-dependent activation of Gli2 and Gli1 expression in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Hedgehog (Hh) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family members are involved in numerous overlapping processes during embryonic development, hair cycle, and cancer. Herein, we show that TGF-beta induces the expression of the Hh signaling molecules Gli1 and Gli2 in various human cell types, including normal fibroblasts and keratinocytes, as well as various cancer cell lines. Gli2 induction by TGF-beta is rapid, independent from Hh receptor signaling, and requires a functional Smad pathway. Gli1 expression is subsequently activated in a Gli2-dependent manner. In transgenic mice overexpressing TGF-beta1 in the skin, Gli1 and Gli2 expression is also elevated and depends on Smad3. In pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines resistant to Hh inhibition, pharmacologic blockade of TGF-beta signaling leads to repression of cell proliferation accompanied with a reduction in Gli2 expression. We thus identify TGF-beta as a potent transcriptional inducer of Gli transcription factors. Targeting the cooperation of Hh and TGF-beta signaling may provide new therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U697, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Pavillon Bazin, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sylviane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dennler
authors.forename: Jocelyne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Ismini
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alexaki
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Magnaldo
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: ten Dijke
authors.forename: Xiao-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verrecchia
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mauviel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
chemical_list: C400551:GLI1 protein, human; C082593:GLI2 protein, human; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C497790:SMAD3 protein, human; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2; C000541:cyclopamine