title: Clinical safety of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) and pharmacokinetics of glabridin in healthy humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Licorice flavonoids have various physiological activities such as abdominal fat-lowering, hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects. Licorice flavonoid oil (LFO: Kaneka Glavonoid Rich Oil) is a new dietary ingredient containing licorice flavonoids dissolved in medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). Glabridin is one of the bioactive flavonoids included specifically in licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and is the most abundant flavonoid in LFO. In this study, we assessed the safety of LFO in healthy humans and determined the plasma concentration profile of glabridin as a marker compound.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-dose and two multiple-dose studies at low (300 mg), moderate (600 mg) and high (1200 mg) daily doses of LFO were carried out using a placebo-controlled single-blind design. In each study the safety of LFO and the pharmacokinetics of glabridin were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacokinetic analysis in the single-dose study with healthy male subjects (n = 5) showed that glabridin was absorbed and reached the maximum concentration (Cmax) after approximately 4 h (Tmax), and then eliminated relatively slowly in a single phase with a T1/2 of approximately 10 h at all doses. The Cmax and AUC(0-24 h) increased almost linearly with dose. The multiple-dose studies with healthy male and female subjects for 1 week and 4 weeks suggested that plasma glabridin reached steady state levels within 2 weeks with a single daily administration of 300 to 1200 mg/day LFO. In these human studies at three dose levels, there were no clinically noteworthy changes in hematological or related biochemical parameters. All clinical events observed were mild and considered to be unrelated to LFO administration even after repeated administration for 4 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrated that LFO is safe when administered once daily up to 1200 mg/day. This is the first report on the safety of licorice flavonoids in an oil preparation and the first report on the pharmacokinetics of glabridin in human subjects.
authors.affiliation: Functional Food Ingredients Division, Kaneka Corporation, 1-8 Miyamae-machi, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan. Fumiki.Aoki@kn.kaneka.co.jp
authors.forename: Fumiki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Kaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Mitsuaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikematsu
authors.forename: Kenjirou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Tatsumasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mae
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006035:Glycyrrhiza / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010636:Phenols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D012449:Safety; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005419:Flavonoids; D007529:Isoflavones; D010636:Phenols; D010938:Plant Oils; C107601:glabridin