title: Prospective study of awake craniotomy used routinely and nonselectively for supratentorial tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors prospectively assessed the value of awake craniotomy used nonselectively in patients undergoing resection of supratentorial tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The demographic features, presenting symptoms, tumor location, histological diagnosis, outcomes, and complications were documented for 610 patients who underwent awake craniotomy for supratentorial tumor resection. Intraoperative brain mapping was used in 511 cases (83.8%). Mapping identified eloquent cortex in 115 patients (22.5%) and no eloquent cortex in 396 patients (77.5%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurological deficits occurred in 89 patients (14.6%). In the subset of 511 patients in whom brain mapping was performed, 78 (15.3%) experienced postoperative neurological worsening. This phenomenon was more common in patients with preoperative neurological deficits or in those individuals in whom mapping successfully identified eloquent tissue. Twenty-five (4.9%) of the 511 patients suffered intraoperative seizures, and two of these individuals required intubation and induction of general anesthesia after generalized seizures occurred. Four (0.7%) of the 610 patients developed wound complications. Postoperative hematomas developed in seven patients (1.1%), four of whom urgently required a repeated craniotomy to allow evacuation of the clot. Two patients (0.3%) required readmission to the hospital soon after being discharged. There were three deaths (0.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Awake craniotomy is safe, practical, and effective during resection of supratentorial lesions of diverse pathological range and location. It allows for intraoperative brain mapping that helps identify and protect functional cortex. It also avoids the complications inherent in the induction of general anesthesia. Awake craniotomy provides an excellent alternative to surgery of supratentorial brain lesions in patients in whom general anesthesia has been induced.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Demitre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serletis
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015173:Supratentorial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D014851:Wakefulness