title: [Clinical analysis of the rare causes of hemoptysis: a report of 4 cases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve the diagnosis of hemoptysis caused by rare lung diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four cases of hemoptysis caused by rare diseases which were diagnosed by angiography or operation were reported and related literature were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 4 cases of hemoptysis were caused by intercostal-to-pulmonary arterial fistula (IPAF), pulmonary hamartoma (PH), congenital unilateral absence of the left pulmonary artery (ALPA) and primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Bronchial arteriography and bronchial artery embolization were performed for IPAF. For PH, a benign tumor, the diagnosis was based on the history and radiography examination, and operation was the choice for therapy. ALPA was confirmed by radiography, if massive hemoptysis occurred, surgical intervention was the best choice. The diagnosis of PPH was firstly evaluated by chest film and echocardiogram, and the final diagnosis relied on right cardiac catheter examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemoptysis is a common symptom of respiratory diseases, including some rare cases which are easy to be misdiagnosed. The correct diagnosis and therapy rely on comprehensive thinking, careful history collection and reasonable examinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Li-hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Su-rong
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Ji-yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Ai-ping
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001159:Arterio-Arterial Fistula / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000150:complications*; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000002:abnormalities