title: The aboral pore of hydra: evidence that the digestive tract of hydra is a tube not a sac.
abstract: The digestive tract of Bilateria is a tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other end. Radiata, that include the phylum Cnidaria, have a blind-sac form of digestive tract with only one opening. It has therefore been commonly believed that the evolution of the body plan from Radiata to Bilateria included the change of the digestive tract from a blind sac to a tube. In this study, we report that there is a very narrow opening at the aboral end of hydra termed the aboral pore. This confirms a classical finding by Kanajew (Zool Anz, 76:37-44, 1928), but we confirmed it in both asexually reproduced and sexually reproduced polyps, demonstrating that the aboral pore represents innate morphology. We also find that the opening coincides with the site where synthesis of an extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme, hydra matrix metalloprotease, is elevated suggesting that the pore is maintained by extracellular matrix degradation. Finally, we find that there is material transfer through the opening in both inward and outward directions. From these observations, we conclude that the digestive tract and the body plan of hydra is not a blind sac as formerly believed but is a tube with a tapered end.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima 411-8540, Japan. hshimizu@lab.nig.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Yasuharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takaku
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Toshitaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006829:Hydra / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases