title: Postpartum urinary retention after cesarean delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence of postpartum urinary retention (PUR) after cesarean delivery and determine which obstetric factors contribute to this problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study recruited 605 pregnant women who had a cesarean delivery. Each patient's postvoid residual bladder volume (PVRBV) was estimated with an ultrasound scan after first micturition. The women were divided into 2 groups: PUR (PVRBV > or =150 mL) and normal. Patients' characteristics, obstetric parameters, and prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms at 3 months postpartum were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of PUR was 24.1%. The incidence of overt and covert PUR was 7.4% and 16.7%, respectively. Morphine-related postoperative analgesia, multiple pregnancy, and low body mass index were significantly associated with PUR. At 3-month follow-up, 5.0% of patients had obstructive voiding symptoms and 9.1% had irritative voiding symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results revealed PUR was a common phenomenon in patients who had a cesarean delivery, and morphine-related postoperative analgesia was the main contributing factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. ccjoliang@cgmh.org.tw
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chueh
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid