title: Cause-specific inequalities in mortality in Scotland: two decades of change. A population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality have increased in recent years in many countries. We examined age-, sex-, and cause-specific mortality rates for social groups in and regions of Scotland to understand the patterning of inequalities and the causes contributing to these inequalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used death records for 1980-82, 1991-92 and 2000-02 together with mid-year population estimates for 1981, 1991 and 2001 covering the whole of Scotland to calculate directly standardised mortality rates. Deaths and populations were coded to small areas (postcode sectors and data zones), and deprivation was assessed using area based measures (Carstairs scores and the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation). We measured inequalities using rate ratios and the Slope Index of Inequality (SII).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substantial overall decreases in mortality rates disguised increases for men aged 15-44 and little change for women at the same ages. The pattern at these ages was mostly attributable to increases in suicides and deaths related to the use of alcohol and drugs. Under 65 a 49% fall in the mortality of men in the least deprived areas contrasted with a fall of just 2% in the most deprived. There were substantial increases in the social gradients for most causes of death. Excess male mortality in the Clydeside region was largely confined to more deprived areas, whilst for women in the region mortality was in line with the Scottish experience. Relative inequalities for men and women were greatest between the ages of 30 and 49.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  General reductions in mortality in the major causes of death (ischaemic heart disease, malignant neoplasms) are encouraging; however, such reductions were socially patterned. Relative inequalities in mortality have increased and are greatest among younger adults where deaths related to unfavourable lifestyles call for direct social policies to address poverty.
authors.affiliation: MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, UK. a.leyland@sphsu.mrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alastair H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Leyland
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dundas
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McLoone
authors.forename: F Andrew
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Boddy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D003644:Death Certificates; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*