title: ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener iptakalim protects against MPP-induced astrocytic apoptosis via mitochondria and mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathways.
abstract: Inhibition of astrocytic apoptosis has been regarded as a novel prospective strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we demonstrated that iptakalim (IPT), an ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP) channel) opener, exerted protective effect on MPP(+)-induced astrocytic apoptosis, which was reversed by selective mitochondrial K(ATP) channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate. Further study revealed that IPT inhibited glutathione (GSH) depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential loss and subsequent release of pro-apoptotic factors (cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) phosphorylation induced by MPP(+). Meanwhile, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor PD98059 inhibited the protective effect of IPT on MPP(+)-induced astrocytic apoptosis. Furthermore, IPT could also activate ERK/MAPK and maintain increased phospho-ERK1/2 level after MPP(+) exposure. Taken together, these findings reveal for the first time that IPT protects against MPP(+)-induced astrocytic apoptosis via inhibition of mitochondria apoptotic pathway and regulating the MAPK signal transduction pathways by opening mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoK(ATP)) channels in astrocytes. And targeting K(ATP) channels expressed in astrocytes may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disorders.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neurosciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jian-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Xi-Qiao
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Xiu-Lan
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011437:Propylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C502260:N-(1-methylethyl)-1,1,2-trimethylpropylamine; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011437:Propylamines; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; C026560:1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium; D045304:Cytochromes c; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005978:Glutathione