title: Sonochemical-assisted synthesis of nano-structured lead dioxide.
abstract: PbO(2) nano-powder was synthesized by the ultrasonic irradiation of an aqueous suspension of dispersed beta-PbO, as precursor, in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate as an oxidant. The reaction rate increased with an increase in temperature and ammonium peroxydisulfate concentration. In the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate, the increased concentration of hydroxyl radical facilitated the oxidation of beta-PbO to PbO(2) under ultrasonic irradiation. The PbO(2) nano-powder was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the applied ultrasonic wave determines the particle size. PbO(2) samples prepared under optimized experimental conditions have lead dioxide particles in the range of 50-100 nm, as shown by SEM. The XRD results reveal that only beta-PbO(2) is formed under optimum conditions. When the reaction mixture was stirred instead of ultrasonically irradiated, only a fraction of the lead oxide was converted to lead dioxide, and lead sulfate was the main reaction product.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghasemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: mfmousavi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mousavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamsipur
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Payame-Noor University of Abhar, Abhar, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karami
mesh_terms: D002498:Centrifugation; D007854:Lead / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D007854:Lead; C047365:lead oxide