WITHDRAWN: Antihypertensive therapy for preventing cardiovascular complications in people with diabetes mellitus.
BACKGROUND
Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are closely associated diseases which are both strongly related to the risk of cardiovascular disease.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of intervention, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, to reduce blood pressure in people with diabetes mellitus on all cause mortality, specific causes of death, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, ischaemic heart disease and renal disease, morbidity associated with macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus and also side effects of the interventions and their influence on quality of life and well being.


METHODS
The search strategy employed was to searching electronic databases such as Embase and Medline for all trials of anti-hypertensive treatment in diabetes mellitus. As well as searching specialist journals in the fields of cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension and renal diease.


METHODS
All trials were considered independently and then discussed by 2 reviewers to determine there eligibility for inclusion in the review. Their methodological quality was also assessed from details of the randomisation methods, blinding and whether the intention-to-treat method of analysis was used. Trials included in the review were all randomised controlled trials of the treatment for anti-hypertensive therapy for the specified endpoints which included subjects with diabetes mellitus.


METHODS
Data was sought on the number of patients with diabetes with each outcome measure by allocated treatment group, either from previous publications or, if this was not possible, the raw data was obtained and analysed using the intention-to-treat method. If these data were not available the results from the 'Per Protocol' analysis were used. To compare the treatment effect of the intervention with that of placebo on all cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each trial and a meta analysis performed using Peto's ORs as the summary measure.


RESULTS
The initial search yielded 760 references, from which 23 appropriate trials were identified (3 for primary prevention and 20 for secondary prevention), and 15 of these trials had data available for analysis. For the primary prevention trials the summary ORs (95% CIs) for all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease were 0.85 (0.62,1.17) and 0.64 (0.50,0.82) respectively. Of the seven trials for long-term secondary prevention (i.e. follow-up greater than one year), the summary OR (95% CI) for all cause mortality was 0.82 (0.69,0.99). Data on cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity was only available for 2 of these trials and the summary OR (95% CI) was 0.82 (0.60,1.13). There were five trials for short term secondary prevention trials (i.e. follow-up of less than 1 year) with data available for analysis. The summary ORs (95% CIs) for all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease were 0.64 (0.50,0.83) and 0.68 (0.43,1.05) respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Primary intervention trials indicated a treatment benefit for cardiovascular disease, but not for total mortality in people with diabetes. For both short- and long-term secondary prevention, the present meta-analysis indicated a benefit for total mortality in diabetic subjects. However lack of information on cardiovascular disease outcomes probably reduced the power of the meta-analysis to detect any corresponding benefit for this end-point. This, along with the fact that all published data of randomised control trials of anti-hypertensive therapy in diabetes for all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease outcomes are taken from the hypertension trials not specific to diabetes, underlines the need for further high quality trials examining the effects of blood pressure lowering interventions in people with diabetes.
Fuller
J
J
Stevens
L K
LK
Chaturvedi
N
N
Holloway
J F
JF
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents