title: The biomechanical effects of dynamic external rotation on rotator cuff repair compared to testing with the humerus fixed.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biomechanical testing without humeral motion is a standard method for evaluating rotator cuff repair constructs. This cannot elucidate the effects of dynamic external rotation on the repair, which is a common postoperative motion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Biomechanical properties and gap formation of rotator cuff repairs will be different when dynamic external rotation is allowed to occur during loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 6 matched pairs of human cadaveric shoulders, a commonly used single-row rotator cuff repair was performed. In 6 shoulders, a materials testing machine and a custom testing apparatus that permits cyclic rotation (0 degrees -30 degrees ) were employed (group 1). In contralateral shoulders, the apparatus was fixed to prevent humeral rotation (group 2). All repairs were cyclically loaded from 0 to 60 N at a displacement rate of 1 mm/s for 30 cycles. The constructs were then loaded to failure. Repair strength, gap formation, and strain were compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclic loading revealed no difference in linear stiffness between testing conditions. Hysteresis was significantly greater when dynamic external rotation was allowed to occur. With load to failure, there were no differences in yield or ultimate load. Anterior tendon gap formation was greater at end rotation (30 degrees of humeral external rotation) and at yield load, and strain on the posterior tendon was less with dynamic external rotation. With dynamic external rotation, gap formation and tendon strain were significantly greater in the anterior region of the supraspinatus tendon compared with the posterior region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  External rotation using postoperative physiologic loads affects gap formation and tendon strain between anterior and posterior supraspinatus tendon regions. Previous testing models without humeral rotation may underestimate gap formation and anterior tendon strain and overestimate posterior tendon strain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding regional differences with respect to these variables, depending on quality of repair, may provide the surgeon a framework from which to prescribe guidelines for postoperative rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 5601 De Soto Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 91365, USA. mcp16@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Maxwell C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Bong J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Chong J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Neal S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: ElAttrache
authors.forename: Thay Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013718:Tensile Strength