title: Anatomy of the Canine Skull in Low-grade Otocephaly.
abstract: An inherited low-grade otocephaly in a strain of Beagles was studied. All cases were "mild" with partial agnathia a constant feature in the adult animal. One case of high-grade otocephaly with aprosopus was recorded in an outcrossed animal. Neonatal mortalities in the low-grade type were associated with gross patency of the parietal fontanelle and hydrocephaly. Enlarged lateral ventricles were found in adult dogs, associated with incomplete union of the cranial sutures and occasional membranous-like paietal bone replacement over the patent fontanelle. Partial agnathia was not obvious in the neonate, but became apparent during postnatal skeletal development. The major anatomical differences in the skulls of these dogs were compared with normal Beagles. Malocclusion of the lower mandible and teeth against the upper jaw during development may have resulted in changes in length and width of the upper jaw and certain cranial structures. It was thought that the maloccluding lower jaw acted as a wedge against the upper jaw during mastication and these abnormal pressures, transmitted in an upward, forward, and outward direction, caused lengthening and widening of the palatine and temporal bones, and lengthening of the premaxilla and nasal bones. The nasopharyngeal meatus and palatine fissures were narrower and elongated. The pterygoid processes were pulled into a more horizontal position. It was suggested that a primary inherited abnormality may cause secondary changes in contiguous structures during development, and differentiation between primary (genetic) and secondary (acquired) anatomical abnormalities should be considered.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Fox