title: Effects of environmental enrichment and paradoxical sleep deprivation on open-field behavior of amphetamine-treated mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Environmental enrichment or paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) has been shown to modify some responses elicited by drugs of abuse. The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of environmental enrichment and PSD, conducted separately or in association, on open-field behavior elicited by amphetamine (AMP) in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to live in either an enriched environmental condition (EC) or a standard environmental condition (SC) for 12 months since weaning. Some of the EC and SC mice were sleep deprived for 48 h, while others were maintained in their home-cages. Immediately after PSD or home-cage stay, the animals received an ip injection of saline, 2.5 mg/kg AMP or 5.0 mg/kg AMP. Fifteen minutes later, their open-field behavior was quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas PSD enhanced total and peripheral locomotor activity of acutely AMP-treated mice, environmental enrichment presented only a trend toward enhancement. When PSD and environmental enrichment were combined, an increase in the total and peripheral locomotion frequencies of AMP-treated animals, similar to that observed after PSD, was revealed. In addition, PSD, environmental enrichment or their combination did not modify the effects of AMP on the other open-field behavioral parameters that were analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings demonstrate that some (but not all) of the behavioral effects caused by AMP acute administration can be similarly and specifically enhanced by both environmental enrichment and PSD in C57BL/6 mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. danifukushiro@gmail.com
authors.forename: Daniela Fukue
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Fukushiro
authors.forename: Mariana Bendlin
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Calzavara
authors.forename: Thaís Fernanda
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Trombin
authors.forename: Giorgia Batlle
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Vanessa Costhek
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Abílio
authors.forename: Monica Levy
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tufik
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frussa-Filho
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004777:Environment; D005059:Euphoria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000661:Amphetamine