title: Frailty and risk of falls, fracture, and mortality in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A standard phenotype of frailty was associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes including mortality in a recent study of older adults. However, the predictive validity of this phenotype for fracture outcomes and across risk subgroups is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether a standard frailty phenotype was independently associated with risk of adverse health outcomes in older women and to evaluate the consistency of associations across risk subgroups defined by age and body mass index (BMI), we ascertained frailty status in a cohort of 6724 women>or=69 years and followed them prospectively for incident falls, fractures, and mortality. Frailty was defined by the presence of three or more of the following criteria: unintentional weight loss, weakness, self-reported poor energy, slow walking speed, and low physical activity. Incident recurrent falls were defined as at least two falls during the subsequent year. Incident fractures (confirmed with x-ray reports), including hip fractures, and deaths were ascertained during an average of 9 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for multiple confounders such as age, health status, medical conditions, functional status, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and bone mineral density, frail women were subsequently at increased risk of recurrent falls (multivariate odds ratio=1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.88), hip fracture (multivariate hazards ratio [MHR]=1.40, 95% CI, 1.03-1.90), any nonspine fracture (MHR=1.25, 95% CI, 1.05-1.49), and death (MHR=1.82, 95% CI, 1.56-2.13). The associations between frailty and these outcomes persisted among women>or=80 years. In addition, associations between frailty and an increased risk of falls, fracture, and mortality were consistently observed across categories of BMI, including BMI>or=30 kg/m2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frailty is an independent predictor of adverse health outcomes in older women, including very elderly women and older obese women.
authors.affiliation: Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA. ensru001@umn.edu
authors.forename: Kristine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ensrud
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ewing
authors.forename: Brent C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Katie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.forename: J Kathleen
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hochberg
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rodondi
authors.forename: Peggy M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cawthon
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications*; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence