title: Endotoxin removal with a polymyxin B-immobilized hemoperfusion cartridge improves cardiopulmonary function after cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is performed widely, given the progress in cardioprotective methods. However, endotoxemia caused by CPB leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and deterioration of organ function. We evaluated the effectiveness of endotoxin removal with a polymyxin B-immobilized hemoperfusion cartridge (PMX) in CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pigs weighing about 25 kg were divided into control (n = 5) and PMX (n = 5) groups. Normothermic CPB was performed in the control group, while endotoxin was removed with PMX under normothermic CPB in the PMX group. Endotoxin removal was performed from the start to end of CPB. The end-systolic pressure-volume ratio (E(max)), left ventricular pressure (LVP), maximum and minimum rates of increase in LVP (+/-LVdp/dt), and cardiac output (CO) were measured 2 h after CPB, and the recovery rates of the parameters were compared between the two groups. A histopathological study was also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recovery rates of E(max), CO, and LVP were significantly better (P < 0.05) in the PMX group than in the control group. The PaO(2) 2 h after CPB was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the PMX group than in the control group. The interleukin (IL)-8 level 2 h after CPB was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the PMX group. Histopathologically, the heart and pulmonary tissues were better preserved in the PMX group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PMX treatment reduced the inflammatory reaction caused by CPB, and cardiac and pulmonary functions after normothermic CPB were well preserved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Visceral Organ Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohki
authors.forename: Kiyohiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takeyoshi
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morishita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006464:Hemoperfusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011112:Polymyxin B; D013552:Swine; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology; D052096:Warm Ischemia / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D011112:Polymyxin B