title: Dentoalveolar procedures for the anticoagulated patient: literature recommendations versus current practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the current practice of oral and maxillofacial surgeons in Michigan regarding perioperative warfarin therapy and dentoalveolar surgery in defined procedure risk groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were distributed to all surgeons (n = 188) registered with the Michigan Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Low/moderate/high surgery risk groups were defined based on retrospective data accumulated for procedures on pretransplant liver failure patients. We requested the surgeon's maximum tolerated International Normalized Ratio (INR) for each risk group. In addition, surgeons were asked if their routine practice for each group included continuation or discontinuation of therapeutic warfarin perioperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 72.6% response rate was achieved. The average maximum INR cutoff values for the various risk groups were: low, 2.68; moderate, 2.28; and high, 2.01. Routine discontinuation of warfarin occurred in these groups 23.6%, 48.8%, and 70.5%, respectively. Using a paired t test, these results showed statistically significant differences in patient management practices (P < .001) between the low, moderate, and high risk groupings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of uniformity exists regarding warfarin therapy and dentoalveolar surgery. No studies to date involve significant numbers of moderate/high risk procedures to provide evidence-based support of safety with maintenance of therapeutic INR. For moderate or high risk procedures, the majority of surgeons prefer warfarin discontinuation with minimally therapeutic or subtherapeutic levels, a practice that secondarily increases risk for thromboembolism. Based on these preliminary data, we believe a prospective trial to elucidate stronger management guidelines for both the moderate and high risk surgery population is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. bward@umich.edu
authors.forename: Brent B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Miller H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017742:Dental Care for Chronically Ill / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008824:Michigan; D006472:Oral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D019239:Practice Patterns, Dentists' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin