Forms of war.
OBJECTIVE
Under war conditions, employed weapons can be identified on radiographs obtained in X-ray diagnostic. The analysis of such X-ray films allows concluding that there are additional information about the conditions of transport and treatment; it shall be shown that there are X-ray findings which are typical and characteristic for certain forms of warfare.


METHODS
The radiograms have been collected during thirty years; they come from hospitals, where war casualties had been treated, and personal collections.


RESULTS
The material is selected, because in war X-ray diagnostic will be limited and the interest of the opposing parties influence the access to the material; furthermore the possibilities to publish or to communicate facts and thoughts are different. Citizens of the USA, GB, France, or Israel will have easier access to journals than those of Vietnam, Chad, and Zimbabwe. Under war conditions, poor countries, like North Vietnam may develop own concepts of medical care. There are X-ray findings which are typical or even characteristic for air warfare, guerrilla warfare, gas war, desert warfare, conventional warfare, and annihilation warfare, and city guerrilla warfare/civil war. The examples demonstrate that weapons and the conditions of transport and treatment can be recognized by X-ray findings. The radiogram can be read like a document.


CONCLUSIONS
In War, there are differences between a treatment and imaging diagnostic in countries, which control the air space and in those who do not. Medical care of the poor, i.e. in countries (in general those opposing the western nations) will hardly be published, and poverty has no advocate.
Vogel
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H
Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Röntgenabteilung, Lohmühlenstrasse 5, 20099 Hamburg, Germany. Hermann.vogel@ak-stgeorg.lbk-hh.de
Bartelt
D
D
D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography; D014857:Warfare; D054041:Weapons; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*