title: Ethnic differences in macular pigment density and distribution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many epidemiologic studies suggest a number of risk factors that may be associated with progression of age-related maculopathy (ARM). In this study, the authors investigate ethnic differences in macular pigment density (MPD) and macular pigment (MP) distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria were healthy subjects, aged 35 to 49 years, visual acuity >or=20/20, race ethnicity white non-Hispanic (WNH) or African. All subjects underwent the following examinations: best-corrected ETDRS visual acuity (VA), measurements of MPD, and spatial distribution of MP with a modified confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope according to a standard protocol. MPD maps were calculated from autofluorescence images recorded at 488 nm and 514 nm. Central macular pigment density (MPDc) was quantified from MPD maps within 0.5 degrees around the center of the fovea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 118 healthy subjects (61 women, 57 men) aged 35 to 49 years (mean, 42.5 +/- 3.6 years) were recruited for the study. Sixty-seven healthy subjects were WNH and 51 were African. Visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/16 in the study eye. Significant differences were found among MPDc between the group of WNH (MPDc, 0.36 +/- 0.13 density units [DU]; P < 0.0001) and African subjects (MPDc, 0.59 +/- 0.14 DU). A parafoveal ring was significantly more frequent in African subjects than in WNH subjects (86% [African] vs. 68% [WNH]; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that ethnicity plays a role in MPD values and in MP distribution. The association of different distribution patterns and their relevance as possible prognostic factors for diseases leading to oxidative retinal damage requires further studies.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Inselspital, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ute E K
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Wolf-Schnurrbusch
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Röösli
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weyermann
authors.forename: Mirjam R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Heldner
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Höhne
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000378:metabolism*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D012168:Retinal Pigments