title: Establishing a baseline phase behavior in magnetic resonance imaging to determine normal vs. abnormal iron content in the brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a baseline of phase differences between tissues in a number of regions of the human brain as a means of detecting iron abnormalities using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A fully flow-compensated, three-dimensional (3D), high-resolution, gradient-echo (GRE) susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) sequence was used to collect magnitude and phase data at 1.5 T. The phase images were high-pass-filtered and processed region by region with hand-drawn areas. The regions evaluated included the motor cortex (MC), putamen (PUT), globus pallidus (GP), caudate nucleus (CN), substantia nigra (SN), and red nucleus (RN). A total of 75 subjects, ranging in age from 55 to 89 years, were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phase was found to have a Gaussian-like distribution with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.046 radians on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Most regions of interest (ROIs) contained at least 100 pixels, giving a standard error of the mean (SEM) of 0.0046 radians or less. In the MC, phase differences were found to be roughly 0.273 radians between CSF and gray matter (GM), and 0.083 radians between CSF and white matter (WM). The difference between CSF and the GP was 0.201 radians, and between CSF and the CN (head) it was 0.213 radians. For CSF and the PUT (the lower outer part) the difference was 0.449 radians, and between CSF and the RN (third slice vascularized region) it was 0.353 radians. Finally, the phase difference between CSF and SN was 0.345 radians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Gaussian-like distributions in phase make it possible to predict deviations from normal phase behavior for tissues in the brain. Using phase as an iron marker may be useful for studying absorption of iron in diseases such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), Alzheimer's, and multiple sclerosis (MS), and other iron-related diseases. The phases quoted here will serve as a baseline for future studies that look for changes in iron content.
authors.affiliation: MRI Institute for Biomedical Research, Detroit, Michigan, USA. nmrimaging@aol.com
authors.forename: E Mark
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Haacke
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.forename: Asadullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Elena S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Manova
authors.forename: Bharani
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthy
authors.forename: Lakshman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gollapalli
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ciulla
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Floyd
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Wolff
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kirsch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016011:Normal Distribution; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D007501:Iron