title: A cautionary note on data sources for evidence-based clinical decisions: warfarin and stroke prevention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke risk in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation can be reduced by warfarin or aspirin; the choice of therapy requires the assessment of risks and benefits. The authors compared methods of risk assessment and their implications for risk communication and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stroke risk was compared in 193 patients with atrial fibrillation using the Framingham equation; an atrial fibrillation-specific Framingham equation; the Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age, Diabetes and Stroke (CHADS(2)) score; the Stroke Prevention and Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) scheme; and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) guidelines. Treatment guidance from SIGN, a simple prediction rule, and a decision analytical approach was compared. In the latter, patients were classified as risk too low to benefit from warfarin if the risk of cerebral bleeding on warfarin approximated to, or exceeded, thromboembolic stroke risk reduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Framingham equations gave lower stroke risks overall than SIGN or SPAF. CHADS(2) was intermediate. Using SIGN, warfarin would be given to all 103 patients without a history of stroke/transient ischemic attack and for whom warfarin was not contraindicated but only to 73 patients using the simple prediction rule and 48 patients using the decision analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community-based cohorts give lower stroke risk estimates than CHADS(2); both give lower estimates than schemes from control groups from randomized controlled trials. Using community-derived risks would lead to fewer patients being treated with warfarin than guidance derived from randomized controlled trial controls, which may lead to many low-risk patients being treated with high-risk therapy. This raises the debate about appropriate sources of data for risk assessment to support risk communication and effective clinical decisions.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Research Group, School of Population and Health Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. richard.thomson@newcastle.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eccles
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chinn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003657:Decision Making; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014859:Warfarin
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin