title: Selective sigma-2 ligands preferentially bind to pancreatic adenocarcinomas: applications in diagnostic imaging and therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resistance to modern adjuvant treatment is in part due to the failure of programmed cell death. Therefore the molecules that execute the apoptotic program are potential targets for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics. The sigma-2 receptor has been found to be over-expressed in some types of malignant tumors, and, recently, small molecule ligands to the sigma-2 receptor were found to induce cancer cell apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sigma-2 receptor was expressed at high levels in both human and murine pancreas cancer cell lines, with minimal or limited expression in normal tissues, including: brain, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and spleen. Micro-PET imaging was used to demonstrate that the sigma-2 receptor was preferentially expressed in tumor as opposed to normal tissues in pancreas tumor allograft-bearing mice. Two structurally distinct sigma-2 receptor ligands, SV119 and WC26, were found to induce apoptosis to mice and human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Sigma-2 receptor ligands induced apoptosis in a dose dependent fashion in all pancreatic cell lines tested. At the highest dose tested (10 muM), all sigma-2 receptor ligands induced 10-20% apoptosis in all pancreatic cancer cell lines tested (p < 0.05). In pancreas tumor allograft-bearing mice, a single bolus dose of WC26 caused approximately 50% apoptosis in the tumor compared to no appreciable apoptosis in tumor-bearing, vehicle-injected control animals (p < 0.0001). WC26 significantly slowed tumor growth after a 5 day treatment compared to vehicle-injected control animals (p < 0.0001) and blood chemistry panels suggested that there is minimal peripheral toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate a novel therapeutic strategy that induces a significant increase in pancreas cancer cell death. This strategy highlights a new potential target for the treatment of pancreas cancer, which has little in the way of effective treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA. kashiwagih@wudosis.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McDunn
authors.forename: Peter O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Goedegebuure
authors.forename: Jinbin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trinkaus
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hotchkiss
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Mach
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002219:Carbamates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D017480:Receptors, sigma / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014316:Tritium
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D002219:Carbamates; D008024:Ligands; D017480:Receptors, sigma; C579249:SV119; C106107:sigma-2 receptor; D014316:Tritium; D053148:Caspase 3