title: Operational effectiveness of single-dose nevirapine in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the operational effectiveness of the South African programme for preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in reducing rates of early transmission of infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were mother-infant pairs who participated in the South African PMTCT programme between October 2002 and November 2004. This was a prospective cohort study. Three sites in different provinces were selected to represent differences in socioeconomic status and HIV prevalence. Data on antenatal care and labour ward care were obtained from maternal interviews and from reviews of medical records. A total of 665 mother-infant pairs in which the mother was HIV-positive were recruited and 588 (88.4%) were followed up at 3 or 4 weeks postpartum to determine the HIV status and vital status of the infant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rural participants were significantly poorer and their health care was significantly worse. Women of higher socioeconomic status and those who received better counselling were more likely to be treated with nevirapine. Rates of early HIV transmission ranged from 8.6% to 13.7%. Maternal viral load was the only statistically significant risk factor for transmission. After adjusting for maternal viral load and prevalence of low birth weight, the odds of transmission were 1.8 times higher at the rural site. Controlling for having had > or = 4 antenatal visits and any delivery complication reduced the odds of transmission to 1.5 higher at the rural site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of early transmission of HIV in an operational setting using single-dose nevirapine administered both to mother and child are similar to those obtained in clinical trials. Scaling up access to antiretroviral regimens for women will further reduce transmission to infants.
authors.affiliation: Centre for AIDS Development, Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Private Bag X07, Dalbridge 4014, South Africa. mark@cadre.org.za
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: Mickey
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Juana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willumsen
authors.forename: Ameena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goga
authors.forename: Pravi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moodley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D019829:Nevirapine