title: Development of the bipolar inventory of symptoms scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most rating scales for bipolar disorders (BDs) do not encompass the spectrum of symptomatology now established as characterizing the illness. We report the rationale, format, reliability and initial validity studies of the Bipolar Inventory of Symptoms Scale (BISS), a 44-item scale designed to encompass the spectrum of behavioral disturbances in BDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured video interviews of 20 patients representing four bipolar syndromal subtypes were rated by nine raters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generally, high inter-rater reliability and internal consistency were established for the depression and mania subscales and the BISS total score. The BISS discriminated across subtypes of bipolar patients with depressed, manic/hypomanic, mixed manic or recovered status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BISS has adequate reliability, concurrent validity and is capable of discriminating between bipolar subtypes. It also provides a comprehensive scale to assess discrete behavioral components of BD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. bowdenc@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Prihoda
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014741:Video Recording