title: Long-term outcome of radiation-based conservation therapy for invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the long-term results and examine factors associated with bladder preservation, risk of relapse, and survival in patients treated with radical radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1986 and 1997, 340 patients with T1-T4 bladder cancer were treated at Princess Margaret Hospital and received radiotherapy alone, radiotherapy and concurrent cisplatin chemotherapy, or neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Patients having complete response were followed with regular cystoscopy. Cystectomy was undertaken in suitable patients with persistent or locally recurrent disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of patients was 71 years, 13% had evidence of regional lymph node involvement, and 27% were medically unfit for radical cystectomy. A total of 247 patients received radiotherapy alone, 36 radiotherapy and concurrent cisplatin chemotherapy, and 57 neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Complete response was obtained in 63.5% of patients overall, and median follow-up was 7.9 years. The 10-year overall survival, cause-specific survival, and local relapse-free rates were 19%, 35%, and 32%, respectively. In 131 patients with muscle-invasive disease confined to the bladder wall (T2N0M0), 10-year cause-specific survival (P = 0.02) and local relapse-free rates (P = 0.03) were 68% and 60% when carcinoma in situ was absent, and 47% and 28%, respectively, when present. In multivariable analysis, younger age, lower T category, and absence of carcinoma in situ were associated with a statistically significant improvement in survival and local control (P <or= 0.01). The majority of survivors beyond 5 years had an intact bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiotherapy based treatment is an alternative to radical cystectomy for long-term local control with bladder preservation and can be applied in select patients. Optimization of radiotherapy delivery in combination with newer systemic and molecular targeted therapies may allow for future improvements and adoption of an organ preservation strategy for a larger number of patients with bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. peter.chung@rmp.uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Peter W M
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bristow
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Milosevic
authors.forename: Qi-long
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Michael A S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jewett
authors.forename: Padraig R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Warde
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Catton
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Ian F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Tannock
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gospodarowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015653:Cystectomy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000503:physiopathology; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*