title: Type-D personality and ankle brachial index as predictors of impaired quality of life and depressive symptoms in peripheral arterial disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient-based outcomes, such as impaired quality of life (QOL) and depression, may adversely affect the clinical course of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Disease severity indices, including the ankle brachial index, are only partially associated with these outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether individual differences in personality would predict impaired QOL and depression above and beyond PAD severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vascular outpatient clinic of a teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed PAD (n = 150). Diagnosis and severity of PAD were based on history, physical examination, treadmill walking distance, and ankle brachial index. At their first visit, all patients completed the 14-Item Type-D Personality Scale, the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument-100, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale to assess distressed (type-D) personality, QOL, and depressive symptoms, respectively. The QOL and depression scales were repeated after 6 months' follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Impaired QOL and depressive symptoms at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indices of PAD severity (ankle brachial index and walking distance) did not predict impaired QOL or depressive symptoms at follow-up. In contrast, type-D personality predicted poor physical health (odds ratio, 3.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.60-9.67; P = .003), decreased level of independence (odds ratio, 4.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.69-10.73; P = .002), and poor overall QOL (odds ratio, 4.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.73-12.88; P<.01) after controlling for age, sex, PAD severity, and cardiovascular risk factors. Type-D personality also independently predicted increased risk of depressive symptoms (odds ratio, 8.55; 95% confidence interval, 3.01-24.25; P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type-D personality independently predicted individual differences in impaired QOL and depressive symptoms in patients with PAD above and beyond ankle brachial index. It is important to account for personality when evaluating patient-based outcomes in the context of PAD.
authors.affiliation: Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Department of Medical Psychology, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5000 LE Tilburg, the Netherlands. a.e.a.m.aquarius@uvt.nl
authors.forename: Annelies E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Aquarius
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denollet
authors.forename: Jaap F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hamming
authors.forename: Dennis P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Van Berge Henegouwen
authors.forename: Jolanda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Vries
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D010551:Personality / Q000145:classification*; D010808:Physical Examination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index