title: An optimized automated assay for determination of metabolic stability using hepatocytes: assay validation, variance component analysis, and in vivo relevance.
abstract: Screening of new chemical entities for metabolic stability using hepatocytes is routinely used in drug discovery. To enhance compound throughput, an optimized automated microassay for determination of intrinsic clearance was developed. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, Hanks' balanced salt solution, and Leibovitz L-15 medium (L-15) were tested for their ability to maintain cell viability during incubation in 96-well plates. L-15 was found to keep pH within 0.1 units and maintain high viability during several hours of incubation. Moreover, two different thawing protocols for cryopreserved hepatocytes were compared. Protocol 2 resulted in a nearly 100% increase in post-thaw yield, whereas no difference was observed in cell viability. The microassay was validated using human cryopreserved hepatocytes and 19 reference compounds covering the most important phase I and II liver metabolizing enzymes ranging from low to medium and high clearance compounds. The day-to-day variation was determined, revealing an overall good precision of the assay. In vitro-in vivo correlations, for both fresh rat and cryopreserved human hepatocytes, were calculated. For 86% (human) and 77% (rat) of the compounds, calculated hepatic clearance was within twofold observed clearance in vivo. Using the validation data, variance component analysis was applied to determine within and between-experiment variability, enabling estimation of variation and detection limit for any combination of repeated experiments and replicate samples. Based on the precision desired, this provides a tool to select the most optimal and cost-effective assay approach for different compounds considering the actual phase in the drug discovery program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden. Lykke.Jacobson@astrazeneca.com
authors.forename: Lykke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmgren
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eirefelt
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fröjd
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blomgren
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D015925:Cryopreservation; D015195:Drug Design; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate