title: Neurostimulation therapies in depression: a review of new modalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In response to an increased understanding of the neurobiology of severe psychiatric disorders, new therapeutic modalities are entering clinical practice that involve the direct stimulation of the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We provide a review of published literature regarding the clinical use of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) in psychiatric disorders, with an emphasis on treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vagus nerve stimulation is approved for use in both the EU and US for TRD. TMS has been approved for TRD in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the European Union and Israel, but not yet in the United States. DBS remains in the early stages of investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While additional studies are clearly warranted, treatments that directly stimulate the brain appear to hold great therapeutic promise for severe psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. laurenm@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Marangell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jurdi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zboyan
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*