title: A controversial tumor marker: is SM22 a proper biomarker for gastric cancer cells?
abstract: SM22, a dominant protein in smooth muscle cells (SMCs), has been widely reported to be abnormally expressed in many solid tumors. However, the expression patterns of SM22 are not consistent in all tumors, not even in the same ones. Whether SM22 should be considered a tumor biomarker is still debated in different laboratories. Herein, we have carried out a systematical investigation to validate SM22 expression in the primary tissues of gastric cancer (GC). Of eight cases, seven samples were found in the elevated expression of SM22 proteins through proteomic analysis. The observation was further verified by the approaches of Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR. Surprisingly, the results achieved from tissue microarray in 126 GC cases appeared contrary to the proteomic conclusion, in which the highly expressed SM22 was mainly found in smooth muscle layers, blood vessels, and myofibroblasts. This suggested that the increased abundance of SM22 in the cancerous regions was not caused by the presence of the GC cells. Furthermore, the expression of SM22 was measured in different GC cell lines and SMCs with Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR. The results revealed that SM22 expression in SMCs was dramatically higher than that of the GC cells, which indicates that SM22 is unlikely to be a proper biomarker for GC. Instead, it can be considered a potential indicator for the abnormal developments of smooth muscles, blood vessels, or myofibroblasts triggered by tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Airport Industrial Zone B-6, Shunyi, Beijing 101318, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yumei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Fuli
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Maomao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ningzhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xianghong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Siqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Youyong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C051615:transgelin