title: Cervicovaginal HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding during genital ulcer disease episodes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate correlates of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) DNA and HIV-1 RNA among women with genital ulcer disease (GUD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from a randomized placebo-controlled trial of episodic herpes treatment in Ghana and the Central African Republic.
  
  
  METHODS
  GUD aetiology was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a lesional swab. Real-time PCR was used to quantify HIV-1 RNA, and HSV-2 DNA in cervicovaginal lavages (CVL) and HIV-1 RNA in plasma. Genital infection was defined as the presence of virus in the lesion or CVL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 441 women enrolled, 79.0% were HSV-2 seropositive, 46.6% were HIV-1 seropositive, and 50.0% had an HSV-2 ulcer. Among 180 HSV-2/HIV-1 co-infected women, cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA was detected more frequently in women with HSV-2 ulcers (67.9%) or cervicovaginal HSV-2 DNA only (72.3%) compared with women without genital HSV-2 infection (42.4%) (P = 0.004). Women with genital HSV-2 infection had higher median cervicovaginal HIV-1-RNA loads (3.14 log10 copies/mL versus 2.10 log10 copies/mL; P = 0.003), higher plasma HIV-1-RNA loads (median 5.10 versus 4.65 log10 copies/mL; P = 0.07), and lower median CD4 cell counts) (198 versus 409 cells/mm, P = 0.03). Cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA and HSV-2 DNA were significantly correlated after adjusting for plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 cell counts (P < 0.001) and a 10-fold increase in cervicovaginal HSV-2 DNA was associated with a 1.7-fold increase in plasma HIV-1 RNA (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genital HSV-2 infection is associated with increased cervicovaginal and plasma HIV-1 RNA among co-infected women with genital ulcers, independently of the level of immunodeficiency, highlighting the close interaction between these two viruses and the role of HSV-2 as a co-factor for the sexual transmission of HIV-1.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Unité INSERM Internationale U743 (Immunologie Humaine), Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LeGoff
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gresenguet
authors.forename: Khonde
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nzambi
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: David C W
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mabey
authors.forename: Jean-Elie
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Malkin
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayaud
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belec
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D014621:Vagina / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000212:Acyclovir