title: Statistical significance versus clinical importance: trials on exercise therapy for chronic low back pain as example.
abstract: METHODS
  Critical appraisal of the literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess if results of back pain trials are statistically significant and clinically important.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There seems to be a discrepancy between conclusions reported by authors and actual results of randomized controlled trials. Little attention has been paid to the problem of over-reporting of conclusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 43 trials of the Cochrane review on exercise therapy for low back pain were included. Descriptive analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen trials reported positive conclusions in favor of exercise. Only six of the 43 studies showed both clinically important and statistically significant differences in favor of the exercise groups on function, and 4 on pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that many conclusions of studies of exercise therapy for chronic low back pain have been based on statistical significance of results rather than on clinical importance and, consequently, may have been too positive. Authors of trials should report not only statistical significance of results but also clinical importance.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. mw.van_tulder.emgo@med.vu.nl
authors.forename: Maurits
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Tulder
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malmivaara
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koes
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000523:psychology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome