title: Universal grammar in the frontotemporal dementia spectrum: evidence of a selective disorder in the corticobasal degeneration syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While sentence comprehension has been reported to be defective in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), it is still unclear if this disorder reflects the presence of syntactic impairment, or may be attributed to other factors, such as executive or working memory dysfunction. In order to assess the status of syntactic knowledge in a group of patients belonging to the FTD spectrum, we investigated their ability to detect violations of Universal Grammar principles in a sentence judgement task.
  
  
  METHODS
  The group included four semantic dementia patients (SD), nine frontal variant of FTD patients (FvFTD), 15 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients, and 11 corticobasal degeneration syndrome (CBDS) patients. Their performance was compared to a group of 10 patients with mild probable Alzheimer disease (AD) and to 10 healthy volunteers. The patients underwent a standard aphasia test and a sentence comprehension test. The experimental study included five kinds of violations: semantic coherence (SC), verb-subject agreement (VSAgr), pronominalization involving clitic movement (ClM), interrogatives (WhS) and contrastive focus constructions (CFC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FTD patients performed within normal range in the aphasia test, and in the sentence comprehension test. Within the FTD subgroups, only patients with CBDS were significantly impaired in detecting three of the five kinds of violations. AD patients were also impaired in the detection of WhS and SC anomalies and in sentence comprehension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings indicate that, within the FTD spectrum, an impairment of syntactic knowledge can be found only in CBDS patients, even in the absence of clinical evidence of aphasia.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS, S. Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cotelli
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borroni
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manenti
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ginex
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calabria
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alberici
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.forename: Orazio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.forename: Stefano F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Cappa
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Padovani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001037:Aphasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D012016:Reference Values; D012660:Semantics; D013577:Syndrome; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*