title: Co-expression of IGFs and GH receptors (GHRs) in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.): sequence analysis of the GHR-flanking region.
abstract: The tissue-specific expression of IGFs and GH receptors (GHRs) was analyzed in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) as an attempt to understand the functional partitioning of duplicated GHRs on the regulation offish growth by season and aging. Gene transcripts were measured in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue by means of quantitative real-time PCR assays. In juvenile fish, concurrent increases in circulating levels of GH and IGF-I and hepatic mRNA levels of IGF-I and GHR-I were evidenced with the summer growth spurt. Conversely, muscle and adipose tissue expression of GHR-I and IGF-II were significantly upregulated by over wintering. The aging decrease of growth rates was accompanied by a reduced activity of the liver GH/IGF axis, and parallel increases in muscle IGF expression would be dictated at the local tissue level by the enhanced expression of GHR-I. Extra-hepatic expression of IGFs and GHR-II did not correlate seasonally in juvenile fish, and nonsignificant effects of aging were found on the summer expression of GHR-II in any analyzed tissue. One transcription start site was identified by RLM-RACE in GHR-I and GHR-II. Sequence analyses indicated that both genes have TATA-less promoters containing consensus initiator sequences and downstream promoter elements surrounding the transcription start site. Conserved CCAAT-boxes and GC-rich regions were retrieved in the GHR-I promoter, whereas stress- and redox-sequence elements (cAMP-responsive element-binding protein, activator proteins; AP-1, and AP-4) were characteristic features of GHR-II. All this supports the functional partitioning of fish GHRs regardless of fish species differences.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (CSIC), Fish Nutrition and Growth Endocrinology, Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saera-Vila
authors.forename: Josep Alvar
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Calduch-Giner
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Sánchez
mesh_terms: D024506:5' Flanking Region; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015870:Gene Expression; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000378:metabolism*; D012621:Seasons; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site
chemical_list: D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin; D013002:Somatomedins