title: Blood factors of Sus scrofa following a series of three TASER electronic control device exposures.
abstract: In a previous study, 18 repeated exposures of anaesthetized swine to an electro-muscular incapacitating device (TASER International's ADVANCED TASER X26 electronic control device) resulted in acidosis and increases in blood electrolytes. In the current study, experiments were performed to investigate effects of a more typical scenario of repeated exposures of the device on muscle contraction and changes in blood factors. Ten swine were exposed for 5s, followed by a 5-s period of no exposure, three times. Selected blood factors were monitored for 3h following exposure. Transient increases in blood glucose, lactate, sodium, potassium, calcium, and pCO(2) were consistent with previous reports in the literature dealing with studies of muscle stimulation or exercise. Blood pH was decreased immediately following exposure, but subsequently returned toward a normal level. Oxygen saturation (measured by pulse oximetry) was not changed significantly. In conclusion, three repeated TASER device exposures had only transient effects on blood factors, which all returned to pre-exposure levels, with the exception of hematocrit (which remained elevated after 3h). Since the increase in this factor was less than that which may occur after short periods of exercise, it is unlikely that this would be an indicator of any serious harm.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, 8262 Hawks Road, San Antonio, TX 78235, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jauchem
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Beason
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004597:Electroshock / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006400:Hematocrit; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000097:blood; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D012119:Respiration; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D034421:Sus scrofa; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D009211:Myoglobin; D019210:Troponin I; D020107:Troponin T; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012964:Sodium; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D011188:Potassium; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium