title: Chondroitin sulfate modulation of matrix and inflammatory gene expression in IL-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes--study in hypoxic alginate bead cultures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of avian chondroitin sulfate (CS) on interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced expression of genes related to catabolic, anabolic and inflammatory aspects in chondrocytes cultured in hypoxic alginate beads.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articular chondrocytes from bovine metacarpal joint were isolated and cultured in alginate beads, using low oxygen atmosphere (5% O2). After 1-week exposure to CS (1, 10 and 100microg/ml), they were treated by recIL-1beta (10ng/ml) for 24 or 48h, in the presence of CS. RNA was extracted and used to determine, by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the steady-state levels of mRNAs encoding several genes related to anabolic, catabolic and inflammatory aspects. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis was also assayed by 35S-sulfate incorporation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CS decreased IL-1beta-induced expression of matrix metalloproteases-1, -3 and -13 and aggrecanases-1 and -2. It slightly enhanced the aggrecan core protein mRNA and the GAG synthesis. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA levels were found to be reduced by CS treatment. However, no CS-induced decrease of NO was observed in IL-1beta-treated chondrocytes, whereas prostaglandin E2 production was diminished in correlation with the COX-2 mRNA amounts. Furthermore, CS was capable of counteracting IL-1beta-depressed expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CS can repress expression of genes encoding proteolytic enzymes involved in cartilage degradation. It also inhibits IL-1beta-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory genes iNOS and COX-2 and restores TGF-beta receptors I and II (TGF-betaRI and RII) mRNA levels. These data suggest that CS may exert both chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory limited effects on articular cartilage that could have long-term beneficial action on the osteoarthritic process.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Connective Tissue Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 14032 Caen Cedex, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Legendre
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baugé
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Saurel
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pujol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D000077278:RNA, Mitochondrial; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D000077278:RNA, Mitochondrial; D012313:RNA; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates