title: Hypothermia suppresses inflammation via ERK signaling pathway in stimulated microglial cells.
abstract: Hypothermic perfusion is a standard method for neuroprotection during cardiac surgery in children. However, the cellular responses underlying these mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study we demonstrated that the inflammatory response of stimulated microglial cells is significantly reduced after moderate hypothermia. Continuous hypothermia caused a diminished NO release. Moderate hypothermia and rewarming caused a downregulation of phosphorylated MEK, ERK and iNOS-expression, diminished cytokine release and reduced CD-11a and ICAM-1 expression. Thus, neuroprotection offered by hypothermia could be attributed to reduced cytotoxic products released from stimulated microglial cells mediated by the MEK/ERK signal transduction pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Congenital Heart Disease / Pediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. katharina.schmitt@charite.de
authors.forename: Katharina Rose Luise
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diestel
authors.forename: Seija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehnardt
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwartlander
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ullrich
authors.forename: Hashim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdul-Khaliq
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007035:Hypothermia; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; C022616:thiazolyl blue