title: User participation in mental health nurse decision-making: a co-operative enquiry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper is a report of a study to encourage participants to work together to identify strategies for increasing user participation in clinical decisions and to evaluate the value of co-operative inquiry as a vehicle for supporting learning in practice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Service user participation in the clinical practice decisions of mental health nurses is considered essential for good practice. Methods need to be found which enable opportunities for shared learning, facilitate practice development and empower service users.
  
  
  METHODS
  A co-operative inquiry design engaged all participants (n = 17) as co-researchers and involved repeated cycles of action and reflection, using multiple data collection methods. The research was conducted over a two year period in 2004-2005, with mental health nursing students collaborating with service users.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors inhibiting participation included stigmatizing and paternalistic approaches, where clinical judgments were made solely on the basis of diagnosis. Enhancing factors were a respectful culture which recognized users ''expertise' and communicated belief in individual potential. Inquiry benefits included insight into service users' perspectives, enhanced confidence in decision-making, appreciation of power issues in helping relationships and deconstruction of decision-making within a safe learning environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Learning from novel approaches which enable nursing students to develop their reflective and reflexive ability is essential to avoid practice which disempowers and potentially harms service users' recovery. Co-operative inquiry is a valuable vehicle for developing professional practice in higher education and practice environments.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. s.r.tee@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tee
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lathlean
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coldham
authors.forename: Bella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: East
authors.forename: Tammy-Jo
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008605:Mental Health Services; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010358:Patient Participation; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000193:education*