title: The albino chick as a model for studying ocular developmental anomalies, including refractive errors, associated with albinism.
abstract: Albinism is associated with a variety of ocular anomalies including refractive errors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ocular development of an albino chick line. The ocular development of both albino and normally pigmented chicks was monitored using retinoscopy to measure refractive errors and high frequency A-scan ultrasonography to measure axial ocular dimensions. Functional tests included an optokinetic nystagmus paradigm to assess visual acuity, and flash ERGs to assess retinal function. The underlying genetic abnormality was characterized using a gene microarray, PCR and a tyrosinase assay. The ultrastructure of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was examined using transmission electron microscopy. PCR confirmed that the genetic abnormality in this line is a deletion in exon 1 of the tyrosinase gene. Tyrosinase gene expression in isolated RPE cells was minimally detectable, and there was minimal enzyme activity in albino feather bulbs. The albino chicks had pink eyes and their eyes transilluminated, reflecting the lack of melanin in all ocular tissues. All three main components, anterior chamber, crystalline lens and vitreous chamber, showed axial expansion over time in both normal and albino animals, but the anterior chambers of albino chicks were consistently shallower than those of normal chicks, while in contrast, their vitreous chambers were longer. Albino chicks remained relatively myopic, with higher astigmatism than the normally pigmented chicks, even though both groups underwent developmental emmetropization. Albino chicks had reduced visual acuity yet the ERG a- and b-wave components had larger amplitudes and shorter than normal implicit times. Developmental emmetropization occurs in the albino chick but is impaired, likely because of functional abnormalities in the RPE and/or retina as well as optical factors. In very young chicks the underlying genetic mutation may also contribute to refractive error and eye shape abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Wildsoet Lab, 588 Minor Hall, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720-2020, USA. jodi.rymer@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jodi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rymer
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Choh
authors.forename: Shrikant
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bharadwaj
authors.forename: Varuna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Modilevsky
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jovanovich
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Huanxian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Christine F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wildsoet
mesh_terms: D016117:Albinism, Ocular / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry; D002645:Chickens; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004596:Electroretinography; D005123:Eye / Q000254:growth & development*; D015870:Gene Expression; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase