title: Independent control of organogenesis and shoot tip abortion are key factors to developmental plasticity in kiwifruit (Actinidia).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In kiwifruit (Actinidia), the number of nodes per shoot is highly variable and is influenced by genotype and environmental conditions. To understand this developmental plasticity, three key processes were studied: organogenesis by the shoot apical meristem during shoot growth; expansion of phytomers; and shoot tip abortion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were made of organogenesis and shoot tip abortion using light and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of temperature on shoot growth cessation was investigated using temperature indices over the budbreak period, and patterns of shoot tip abortion were quantified using stochastic modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All growing buds began organogenesis before budbreak. During shoot development, the number of phytomers initiated by the shoot apical meristem is correlated with the number of expanding phytomers and the mean internode length. Shoot tip abortion is preceded by growth cessation and is not brought about by the death of the shoot apical meristem, but occurs by tissue necrosis in the sub-apical zone. For most genotypes studied, the probability of shoot tip abortion is higher during expansion of the preformed part of the shoot. Lower temperatures during early growth result in a higher probability of shoot tip abortion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Organogenesis and shoot tip abortion are controlled independently. All buds have the potential to become long shoots. Conditions that increase early growth rate postpone shoot tip abortion.
authors.affiliation: The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Palmerston North Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand. tfoster@hortresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: Toshi M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Alla N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Seleznyova
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barnett
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D005838:Genotype; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors