title: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal damage is Toll-like receptor 4 dependent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enterobacteria and cytokines both play roles in the pathophysiology of NSAID-induced enteropathy. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 recognises lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulting in activation of an inflammatory cascade via the accessory protein MyD88.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate role of TLR4 in inflammatory responses in indomethacin-induced enteropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indomethacin was administered p.o. to non-fasting rats and mice to induce small intestinal damage. The extent of such damage was evaluated by measuring the injured area stained dark blue with Evans blue. Rats were given antibiotics (ampicillin, aztreonam or vancomycin) p.o., or intraperitoneal LPS (a TLR4 ligand) or neutralising antibodies against neutrophils, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, or monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1. Furthermore, the intestinal ulcerogenicity of indomethacin was examined in TLR4-mutant, TLR4(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indomethacin induced small intestinal damage with an increase in expression of TNF-alpha and MCP-1 in both rats and mice. Antibodies against neutrophils, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 inhibited the damage by 83%, 67% and 63%, respectively, in rats. Ampicillin and aztreonam also inhibited this damage, and decreased the number of Gram-negative bacteria in the small intestinal contents of the rat. However, vancomycin, which exhibited no activity against Gram-negative bacteria, had no preventive effect against this damage. Administration of LPS 1 h after indomethacin aggravated the damage, whereas LPS pretreatment inhibited it with reduction of expression of TLR4 and cytokines. In TLR4-mutant mice, the damage and cytokine expression were markedly inhibited. TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice were also resistant to the damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indomethacin may injure the small intestine through a TLR4/MyD88-dependent pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan. watanabet@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kobata
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiba
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oshitani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asahara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nomoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arakawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051379:Mice; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007213:Indomethacin