title: Microbial cultures in open globe injuries in southern India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk factors leading to positive intraocular culture in patients with open globe injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective interventional study involving 110 eyes of 110 patients of more than 15 years of age, presenting with open globe injury, was undertaken. Emergency repair of the injured globe was done. Prolapsed intraocular tissue or aqueous humour was sent for microbial work up before repair. In endophthalmitis cases intravitreal antibiotics were given according to the antimicrobial sensitivity. Chi-square and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six patients showed microbial contamination. Bacteria were cultured in 42 patients and fungi in 14 patients. Nineteen patients developed endophthalmitis, of which 18 patients showed microbial growth initially. In univariate analysis, initial visual acuity (<6/360, P = 0.002), presence of uveal tissue prolapse (P < 0.001), vitreous prolapse (P < 0.001) and length of laceration (>8 mm, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with positive microbial culture, however, in the multivariate stepwise logistic regression delay in surgical intervention (>72 h, P < 0.001), uveal tissue prolapse (P = 0.004) and corneosclearal laceration (>8 mm, P = 0.013) were associated with increased risk of positive microbial culture. Six patients had intraocular foreign body but were culture negative. Age, gender, site of injury and presence of cataract did not significantly affect the culture positivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microbial contamination is a risk factor for the development for endophthalmitis. Despite the high frequency of microbial contamination, it develops only in few cases. Systemic antibiotics, virulence of the organism and host factors play a role in the manifestation of endophthalmitis. Prophylaxis with intraocular antibiotics should be strongly considered in cases with poor vision at presentation, larger corneoscleral laceration, delayed surgical intervention and uveal tissue or vitreous prolapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India. arvind_ophthal@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Renuka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Subashini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaliaperumal
authors.forename: Sajita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Setia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin