title: Measurement of fetal urine production by three-dimensional ultrasonography in normal pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Measurement of fetal urine production may provide a means of evaluating amniotic fluid volume, which is difficult to measure directly, and predicting fetal hypoxia. Although there have been some reports on fetal urine production, most of these have used two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography to measure bladder volume. Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography is, however, known to be superior to 2D ultrasonography in some organ volume measurements. Thus, we undertook this study to measure bladder volumes using 3D ultrasonography and to establish a nomogram of fetal urine production rate (UPR) according to gestational age (GA).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-four women with a normal singleton pregnancy at 24 to 40 weeks' gestation were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The women had no medical or obstetric complications affecting amniotic fluid volume. Fetal bladder volume was measured using 3D ultrasound imaging and Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) with a rotational angle of 30 degrees and manual surface tracing technique. Bladder volume was measured two or three times within a 5-10-min interval and fetal UPR was calculated from serial measurements. When measurements were performed more than twice, we used the mean rate of calculated UPRs. UPR was then plotted against GA to establish the nomogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fetal UPR increased with GA from a median value of 7.3 mL/h at 24 weeks' gestation to 71.4 mL/h at term, and could be calculated from GA using the formula: Ln(UPR) = - 6.29582 + (0.43924 x GA) + (0.000432 x GA2), r2 = 0.63, P = 0.0046. Growth percentiles of UPR according to age are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal UPR can be easily measured by 3D ultrasound assessment of bladder volume. This modality may be a promising alternative to conventional methods of amniotic fluid volume measurement such as amniotic fluid index and single deepest pocket, and might be an alternative option for predicting fetal hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Syn
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D014556:Urine