title: Alterations in ocular surface and corneal thickness in relation to metabolic control in patients with chronic renal failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ocular surface changes and ocular symptoms may be encountered in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing haemodialysis. The ocular surface changes and its relationship with metabolic control in CRF patients were aimed to be emphasized in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight CRF patients (75 eyes) undergoing haemodialysis were enrolled. Patients underwent a complete ocular examination together with Schirmer, tear break-up time tests, pachymetric measurements and conjunctival impression cytologies. Blood calcium, phosphate levels and total body volume changes after haemodialysis were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common findings were conjunctival calcification with red eye (81.3%) and dry eye (62.7%, according to tear break-up time test) in 75 eyes of 38 patients. Impression cytologies were graded as 0 in 57.3% of eyes and 2-3 in 40% of eyes showing positive correlation with the extent of conjunctival calcification (R = 0.486, P = 0.0001). Serum calcium and phosphate levels were also positively correlated with the degree of conjunctival calcification (R = 0.684, P = 0.0001 and R = 0.428, P = 0.0001, respectively) as well as with the grades of impression cytology (R = 0.587, P = 0.0001 and R = 0.385, P = 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, the mean corneal thickness decreased significantly (9.31 +/- 26.9 mum) following haemodialysis (Paired t-test, P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dry eye and irritational symptoms are major ocular symptoms in CRF patients. Serum calcium and phosphate levels seem to have a prognostic importance for the ocular findings and symptoms in patients with CRF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. drzeynep2000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aktaş
authors.forename: Sengül
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozdek
authors.forename: Umut
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Asli Dinç
authors.forename: Nalan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akyürek
authors.forename: Veli
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Atalay
authors.forename: Galip
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Güz
authors.forename: Berati
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hasanreisoglu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged