title: Emerging risk factors for cerebrovascular disease.
abstract: Nontraditional risk factors for cerebrovascular disease are rapidly emerging. The categories are expanding, and include those related to infection, inflammation, sleep disorders, hemostasis, nutrition, endocrine, and one's individual genotype. Many of the promising factors lack large randomized prospective population studies confirming direct cause and effect. However there have been strong evidence supporting increased stroke risk factor for infection, obstructive sleep disorders, the metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance in particular. Unique drug targets have already been identified in some of these emerging risk factors. The complexity of the pathophysiology of this disease remains a challenge. For example despite repeated evidence of estrogen-related neuroprotection, large population-based studies in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen replacement did not demonstrate the expected neuroprotection. This suggests that aggressive research both at the basic science and transitional level needs to evolve, to ensure targeted successful stroke therapy. The advent of nanotechnology including the development of targeted therapeutic nanospheres, and of revolutionary molecular technology resulting in the synthesis of specific peptide mimetics, bodes well for the future development of cerebrovascular drug treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology-UVa Stroke Center, University of Virginia Health Systems-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. njs2j@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Nina J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Solenski
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications*; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000150:complications*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications*