title: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid sedation in neonates and children undergoing MR imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insufficient sedation in pediatric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results in prolonged examination time. To describe the efficacy and side effects of sedation with Phenobarbital short-time infusion followed by continuous gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) infusion in neonates and children for MRI examinations in a retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  With Institutional Review Board approval 94 children (Group I: 1-4 weeks; Group II: >1 to 6 months; Group III: >6 months) were sedated with phenobarbital 10 mg/kg (maximum 200 mg) intravenously 30 min prior to examination. Than intravenous sedation was maintained with GHB 10 mg/kg/h after a priming dose of 30 mg/kg in 20 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1 all neonates (n=8) were well sedated without side effect. One of 21 infants in group 2 showed restlessness and the MRI failed. Two of 65 patients of group 3 were not sufficiently sedated and one of them vomited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-invasive diagnostic procedures in neonates and children may be managed by phenobarbital and GHB sedation with side effects or failure of 3%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. johannes.Poeschl@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pöschl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kölker
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bast
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brüssau
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruef
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Linderkamp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bettendorf
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D012978:Sodium Oxybate; D010634:Phenobarbital