title: A critical examination of the evidence relating high fructose corn syrup and weight gain.
abstract: The use of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has increased over the past several decades in the United States while overweight and obesity rates have risen dramatically. Some scientists hypothesize that HFCS consumption has uniquely contributed to the increasing mean body mass index (BMI) of the U.S. population. The Center for Food, Nutrition, and Agriculture Policy convened an expert panel to discuss the published scientific literature examining the relationship between consumption of HFCS or "soft drinks" (proxy for HFCS) and weight gain. The authors conducted original analysis to address certain gaps in the literature. Evidence from ecological studies linking HFCS consumption with rising BMI rates is unreliable. Evidence from epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials is inconclusive. Studies analyzing the differences between HFCS and sucrose consumption and their contributions to weight gain do not exist. HFCS and sucrose have similar monosaccharide compositions and sweetness values. The fructose:glucose (F:G) ratio in the U.S. food supply has not appreciably changed since the introduction of HFCS in the 1960s. It is unclear why HFCS would affect satiety or absorption and metabolism of fructose any differently than would sucrose. Based on the currently available evidence, the expert panel concluded that HFCS does not appear to contribute to overweight and obesity any differently than do other energy sources. Research recommendations were made to improve our understanding of the association of HFCS and weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food, Nutrition, and Agriculture Policy, University of Maryland - College Park, 1122 Patapsco Building, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Forshee
authors.forename: Maureen L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Storey
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Walter H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Glinsmann
authors.forename: Gayle L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lineback
authors.forename: Sanford A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D005632:Fructose