title: Increased gallstone risk in humans conferred by common variant of hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter for cholesterol.
abstract: Genomewide scans of inbred strains of mice have linked the genes encoding the hepatocanalicular cholesterol transporter ABCG5/G8 to gallstone formation. Five nonsynonymous coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the orthologous human genes are associated with differences in serum cholesterol and plant sterol levels. We now tested these ABCG5/G8 SNPs for linkage and association with gallstone susceptibility in humans. Prospectively, we collected data from 178 white individuals with gallbladder stones or history of cholecystectomy in 84 families and from 70 stone-free controls, as confirmed by abdominal ultrasound. We performed nonparametric linkage (NPL) analysis of affected sib pairs (ASPs) and association tests of cases and controls. In ASPs, gallstones were strongly linked to the D19H variant of the ABCG8 gene (NPL score = 7.1; P = 4.6 x 10(-13)). The risk of gallstones in carriers of the 19H allele was significantly increased in randomly selected cases from the ASP cohort compared to the stone-free controls (OR = 3.018; P = 0.017). Consistent with the mouse model, heterozygosity for the lithogenic ABCG8 allele was associated with gallstones in humans; 21.4% of gallstone patients carried the heterozygous D19H genotype, compared with 8.6% of controls (OR = 2.954; P = 0.026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The linkage and association studies identified the cholesterol transporter ABCG5/G8 as a genetic determinant of gallstone formation, or LITH gene, in humans. The function of this transporter and the results of the genetic study taken together indicate that in gallstone-susceptible carriers of the ABCG8 19H allele, cholesterol cholelithiasis is secondary to increased hepatobiliary cholesterol secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonner Forum Biomedizin, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grünhage
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acalovschi
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tirziu
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walier
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Wienker
authors.forename: Anca
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciocan
authors.forename: Ofelia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mosteanu
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sauerbruch
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lammert
mesh_terms: D000071018:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5; D000071019:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D002889:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000235:genetics*; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: C416945:ABCG5 protein, human; C416946:ABCG8 protein, human; D000071018:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5; D000071019:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D008074:Lipoproteins; D002784:Cholesterol