title: A review of the causes, prevention, and welfare of nonambulatory cattle.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medicine Extension, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Stull
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs / Q000592:standards*; D000827:Animal Welfare / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003243:Consciousness; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*