title: Dietary fat intake and relationship to serum lipid levels in HIV-infected patients with metabolic abnormalities in the HAART era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate dietary intake and its relationship to lipid parameters in HIV-infected patients with metabolic abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively determined dietary intake (4-day food records or 24-h recall) in 356 HIV-infected patients and 162 community-derived HIV-negative controls evaluated for metabolic studies between 1998-2005. Differences in dietary intake between HIV-infected patients and non-HIV-infected controls, in relation to the established 2005 USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Recommended Dietary Guidelines, were determined. The relationship between dietary fat intake and serum lipid levels among HIV-infected individuals was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assessment of dietary intake in this group of HIV-infected patients demonstrated increased intake of total dietary fat (P < 0.05), saturated fat (P = 0.006), and cholesterol (P = 0.006) as well as a greater percentage of calories from saturated fat (P = 0.002) and from trans fat (P = 0.02), despite similar caloric intake to the control individuals. A significantly higher percentage of HIV-infected patients were above the 2005 USDA Recommended Dietary Guidelines for saturated fat (> 10%/day) (76.0% HIV vs. 60.9% controls, P = 0.003), and cholesterol (> 300 mg/day) (49.7% HIV vs. 37.9% controls, P = 0.04). Saturated fat intake was strongly associated with triglyceride level [triglyceride level increased 8.7 mg/dl (parameter estimate) per gram of increased saturated fat intake, P = 0.005] whereas total fat was inversely associated with triglyceride level [triglyceride level decreased 3.0 mg/dl (parameter estimate) per gram of increased total fat intake, P = 0.02] among HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased intake of saturated fat is seen and contributes to hypertriglyceridemia among HIV-infected patients who have developed metabolic abnormalities. Increased saturated fat intake should be targeted for dietary modification in this population.
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Tisha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Joy
authors.forename: Hester M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hadigan
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fitch
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liebau
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Stine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Ellen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grinspoon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D001823:Body Composition; D001824:Body Constitution; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000209:etiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000209:etiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D008055:Lipids