title: The HIF-1 response to simulated ischemia in mouse skeletal muscle cells neither enhances glycolysis nor prevents myotube cell death.
abstract: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) plays an important role in regulating gene expression in response to ischemia. Although activation of HIF-1 in muscle tissue was found during ischemia in vivo, the meaning and mechanisms in isolated cells are still incompletely understood. We studied activation of HIF-1 in skeletal muscle cells cultured in either their undifferentiated myoblast state or differentiated into myotubes. HIF-1 was activated in myoblasts and myotubes by hypoxia and simulated ischemia. Induction of adrenomedullin mRNA and, to a lesser extent, VEGF mRNA correlated well with the induction of HIF-1alpha protein in both cell types. Enzymes of glycolysis-like lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase showed upregulation of their mRNA only under hypoxic conditions but not during simulated ischemia. Phosphofructokinase mRNA showed no significant upregulation at all. Although HIF-1 was activated in myotubes during simulated ischemia, myotubes died preceded by a loss of ATP. Myoblasts survived simulated ischemia with no decrease in ATP or ATP turnover. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1 hydroxylases by dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) increased HIF-1alpha accumulation and significantly upregulated the expression of adrenomedullin, VEGF, lactate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase in myoblasts and myotubes. However, DMOG provided no protection from cell death. Our data indicate that HIF-1, although activated in myotubes during simulated ischemia, cannot protect against the loss of ATP and cell viability. In contrast, myoblasts survive ischemia and thus may play an important role during regeneration and HIF-1-induced revascularization.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dehne
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kerkweg
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fandrey
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D032448:Myoblasts, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D025221:Phosphofructokinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011770:Pyruvate Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases; D025221:Phosphofructokinases; D011770:Pyruvate Kinase