title: Contemporary trends in low risk prostate cancer: risk assessment and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We updated national risk trends in prostate cancer with a focus on low risk tumors, reexamined trends in primary treatment for low risk tumors and substratified patients at low risk based on pretreatment clinical data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were abstracted from the CaPSURE registry. A total of 10,385 men were diagnosed between 1990 and 2006 with localized disease. Low risk was defined as prostate specific antigen 10 ng/ml or less, Gleason score 6 or less and clinical T stage 2a or less. Temporal trends were assessed for patient distribution among risk groups and in the low risk group for individual risk factors, Kattan nomogram prediction, Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score and primary treatment. The ability of the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score to substratify low risk prostatectomy cases was evaluated with survival analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of low risk tumors in CaPSURE almost doubled from 27.5% in 1990 to 1994, to 46.4% in 2000 to 2001 but it has been relatively constant since then. A growing proportion of low risk tumors are cT1c and virtually all are Gleason score 6. Prostate specific antigen and the percent of positive biopsies decreased throughout the study period, as did the mean Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score. The use of active surveillance increased from a nadir of 6.2% in 2000 to 2001, to 10.2% in 2004 to 2006. The use of prostatectomy also increased, whereas the use of androgen deprivation and radiation decreased. The likelihood of recurrence increased significantly with increasing Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients at low risk can be further substratified to identify those at very low risk based on clinical variables. The use of surveillance is increasing but overtreatment remains a concern in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Program in Urologic Oncology, Urologic Outcomes Research Group, University of California-San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cooperberg
authors.forename: Jeannette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Broering
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kantoff
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis