title: Combination of radiofrequency ablation with antiangiogenic therapy for tumor ablation efficacy: study in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively determine whether modulation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumor microvasculature by using the antiangiogenic drug sorafenib could increase the extent of radiofrequency (RF)-induced coagulation in an RCC animal tumor model.
  
  
  METHODS
  All investigations received animal care and utilization committee approval. RCC (human 786-0) was implanted subcutaneously into 27 nude mice. Sixteen mice were randomly assigned into one of three groups when tumors reached 12 mm in diameter: Six mice received 80 mg of sorafenib, a Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor, per kilogram of body weight; five mice received 20 mg/kg sorafenib; and five mice received a control carrier vehicle alone. Antiangiogenic therapy was administered until a mean 1-mm reduction in tumor diameter was noted in one group. These 16 mice received a standard dose of RF ablation. Ablation size was visualized by using 2% triphenyltetrazolium chloride. An additional 11 tumors in mice treated with sorafenib alone were stained with CD31 to determine microvascular density (MVD). Resultant size of ablation was compared among groups; statistical significance was determined with analysis of variance. Differences in MVD were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 9-day administration of sorafenib, mean tumor size in the control group reached 15.2 mm +/- 0.8 (standard deviation). Tumors in mice receiving 20 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg sorafenib measured 12.2 mm +/- 0.6 and 11.1 mm +/- 0.5, respectively (P < .05). RF-induced coagulation diameter was 8.5 mm +/- 0.4 and 11.1 mm +/- 0.3 in the 20 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg sorafenib groups, respectively, but was only 6.7 mm +/- 0.7 for animals that underwent RF ablation alone (P < .01). Likewise, significant decreases in MVD were noted in the sorafenib-treated animals (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of RCC in nude mice with the antiangiogenic agent sorafenib resulted in markedly decreased MVD and significantly larger zones of RF-induced coagulation necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Tumor Therapy, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 1 Deaconess Rd, WCC 308B, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakimé
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hines-Peralta
authors.forename: Himaja
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peddi
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Vikas P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Sukhatme
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Signoretti
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.forename: S Nahum
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011446:Prospective Studies; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077157:Sorafenib; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib