title: A combination of Chinese herbs, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus and Angelica sinensis, enhanced nitric oxide production in obstructed rat kidney.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The persistent renal hemodynamic maladjustment caused by imbalances between vasoactivators predisposes the kidney to tubulointerstitial injury and ultimate interstitial fibrosis. The decoction (A&A) of a combination of roots of two Chinese herbs, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus and Angelica sinensis, has shown antifibrotic effects in rats with chronic kidney diseases and improvement of renal blood flow in rats with acute ischemic renal injury. In the present study, we investigated the effects and possible mechanisms of A&A on vasoactivators in the process of renal interstitial fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and UAA (UUO plus A&A administration) groups. After oral administration of A&A (14 g/kg/d) for 3, 7 and 10 days, morphological changes were evaluated by HE, Masson and Sirius red staining technique. The levels of Ang-II, ET-1, and the activities of different nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) in renal homogenate were measured by radioimmunoassay. The nitrite concentration as nitric oxide (NO) production was measured using the Griess reagent. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining were performed to determine the expressions of eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS in the kidney. The ability of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by spectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological analysis showed severe interstitial mononuclear cells infiltration, tubular atrophy, renal fibrosis and collagen expression in kidneys of UUO group, which reduced by A&A administration (p<0.05, UAA vs. UUO group). The levels of Ang-II and ET-I were increased in obstructed kidneys, but not significantly changed after A&A administration. NO production did not change in obstructed kidney at day 3 but increased in day 7 and day 10. Administering A&A progressively increased NO production by 2.2, 1.2, and 1.2 fold at days 3, 7 and 10, respectively. The activities of constitutive NOS and iNOS were comparable between UUO group and sham group. In contrast, the activity of constitutive NOS was much higher in UAA than that of UUO rats, which increased 78%, 68% and 78% at days 3, 7 and 10 respectively, although the protein expression of eNOS, nNOS and iNOS in renal tissue had no change in UAA rats. The activities of scavenging ROS in UUO group were not significantly different from the sham group at days 3 and 7, but increased at day 10 (24.1+/-15.0 vs. 10.1+/-0.8 U/min/mg protein, p<0.05). After A&A administration, the activities of scavenging ROS were significantly increased at days 3 and 7 (51.5+/-17.9 vs. 11.7+/-7.4 U/min/mg protein, p<0.05; and 16.1+/-5.6 vs. 7.7+/-1.4 U/min/mg protein, p<0.05) respectively, comparing with the UUO group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anti-fibrosis effects of A&A might be associated with enhancing NO production via eNOS activation and scavenging ROS, and in turn might improve ischemic microvasculature and attenuate interstitial fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034 PR. China.
authors.forename: Liqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Jiawei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Shao-Qing
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D029971:Angelica sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D027885:Astragalus propinquus / Q000737:chemistry*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D019332:Endothelin-1; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000804:Angiotensin II; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase