title: Attenuated vaccines for tropical theileriosis, babesiosis and heartwater: the continuing necessity.
abstract: Overwhelming evidence has accumulated of the effectiveness of immunization with live attenuated vaccines to control tick-borne diseases of livestock. Despite several disadvantages, vaccination with live attenuated organisms against tropical theileriosis, babesiosis and possibly heartwater constitutes one of the most cost-effective intervention strategies. Although great advances have been made through genomics and proteomics research, this has not yet translated into effective non-living vaccines. As a result, there is a continuing necessity to use available live vaccines in tick and tick-borne disease-control strategies adapted to conditions prevailing in many parts of the world.
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel. shkapv@int.gov.il
authors.forename: Varda
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shkap
authors.forename: Albertus J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zweygarth
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jongejan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D016793:Babesia bovis / Q000276:immunology; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016995:Ehrlichia ruminantium / Q000276:immunology; D006357:Heartwater Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines; D016797:Theileria parva / Q000276:immunology; D013801:Theileriasis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017282:Tick-Borne Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013987:Ticks / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated