title: Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing.
abstract: Tandem solar cells, in which two solar cells with different absorption characteristics are linked to use a wider range of the solar spectrum, were fabricated with each layer processed from solution with the use of bulk heterojunction materials comprising semiconducting polymers and fullerene derivatives. A transparent titanium oxide (TiO(x)) layer separates and connects the front cell and the back cell. The TiO(x) layer serves as an electron transport and collecting layer for the first cell and as a stable foundation that enables the fabrication of the second cell to complete the tandem cell architecture. We use an inverted structure with the low band-gap polymer-fullerene composite as the charge-separating layer in the front cell and the high band-gap polymer composite as that in the back cell. Power-conversion efficiencies of more than 6% were achieved at illuminations of 200 milliwatts per square centimeter.
authors.affiliation: Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5090, USA.
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kwanghee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nelson E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Thuc-Quyen
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dante
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Heeger