title: [Magnetic resonance imaging of medial meniscus tears with displaced fragment in the meniscal recesses].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Displaced meniscus tears generally result from bucket handle tears with subsequent migration of the meniscal fragment into the intercondylar notch. More rarely, the fragment may move into the meniscal recesses. In this situation, the displaced fragment may be difficult to individualize arthroscopically, so preoperative imaging is crucial. Several studies have demonstrated the reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of meniscus injury with fragment displacement in the intercondylar notch. There have been few studies devoted to fragment displacement into the collateral capsuloligamentary structures. The purpose of this study was to describe MRI findings of medial meniscus tears with displaced fragment in the meniscal recesses.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted over a 22-month period (May 2003 - February 2005). During this period, we selected 39 patients whose knee MRI displayed a meniscal fragment within the medial collateral recesses. These 39 patients accounted for 15% of knees with MRI-diagnosed meniscal tears (n=272) and 2% of the knee MRI examinations performed during the study period (n=2239). One the MRI series, we studied fragment migration and morphological anomalies of the injured meniscus. For 16 knees, MRI findings could be compared with arthroscopy findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 25 knees (65%), the meniscal fragment had migrated downward along the medial tibial plateau and generally (64%) medially to the collateral tibial ligament. For 14 knees (35%) the meniscal fragment had migrated upward, along the medial femoral condyle in 93%, anteriorly to the medial collateral tibial ligament. For 95%, the MRI demonstrated rupture along the free border of the posterior segment and/or the mid segment of the medial meniscus or a decreased height of the posterior segment of the medial meniscus. For 14 of 16 cases, arthroscopy confirmed the meniscal tear and the localization of the displaced fragment. For two knees, arthroscopy confirmed the presence of the meniscal tear but could not identify the displaced meniscal fragment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meniscal tears with fragment displacement into the meniscal recesses has been associated with displacement of a horizontal fissuration which flap tears described arthroscopically by DJ Dandy. Other authors consider these tear flaps as oblique fissurations. In our study, it was sometimes difficult to determine the exact site and orientation of the initial meniscal tear so it is quite likely that meniscal tears with a displaced fragment in the meniscal recesses could correspond to complex predominantly horizontal or oblique meniscal fissurations. The common feature is the presence of an unstable meniscal flap susceptible to migrate. Our findings are in agreement with the literature. Regarding the two cases where the MRI findings could not be confirmed arthroscopically, the MRI visualized a characteristic image of a meniscal fragment displaced downwardly, lying between the medial tibial plateau and the collateral tibial ligament. Arthroscopy visualized the meniscal tear but failed to visualize the displaced fragment. This might be because mobile meniscal fragments return into the joint interspace when the meniscus is manipulated arthroscopically. Small meniscal fragments might also be inaccessible arthroscopically.
authors.affiliation: CEPIM, Service d'Imagerie, Clinique des Lilas, 41 avenue du Maréchal Juin, 93260 Les Lilas. plehir@mac.com
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Le Hir
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charousset
authors.forename: L-D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Duranthon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimberg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schmider
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Elis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chassaing
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laude
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries