title: Minimizing femoral access complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: a proposed strategy of bony landmark guided femoral access, routine access site angiography and appropriate use of closure devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study we report local complication rates in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) utilizing a strategy of fluoroscopically guided puncture and preferential use of a closure device based on access site angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 201 consecutive PCIs where the initial puncture was fluoroscopically guided using the inferior border of the femoral head as the guiding bony landmark. At the end of each PCI, access site angiography determined whether the deployment of a closure device, specifically the Angioseal device, was anatomically feasible. The access site was evaluated 3 and 24 hours post PCI. All patients were contacted by phone 30 days following the index procedure and questioned about any further incidents following hospital discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deployment of the Angioseal device was feasible in 76% (153/201) of cases with a success rate over 99% (152/153). In the remaining 48 patients the access site was managed with manual compression, elastic bandage placement and prolonged bed rest. Patients who received the Angioseal device could be mobilized after 6 hours, while the group that was managed with manual compression required overnight bed rest. Local complication rates where very low for the study group as a whole (1.5%) without significant differences associated with the use of the Angioseal device. We did not observe any significant influence of the established risk factors for local complications, such as age, female sex, sheath size, elevated systolic blood pressure or use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet inhibitors, within our study population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The appropriate use of the Angioseal is feasible in three quarters of patients undergoing PCI and allows for more rapid mobilization while ensuring very low local complication rates.
authors.affiliation: Interventional Cardiology Department, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Tzinieris
authors.forename: Georgios I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: Spyridon I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Dragomanovits
authors.forename: Efthymios N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Deliargyris
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome