title: Parental history and risk of type 2 diabetes in overweight Latino adolescents: a longitudinal analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article was to examine metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents as a function of maternal versus paternal family history of type 2 diabetes and to examine whether differences in these risk factors emerge during adolescent growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 247 overweight Latino children (baseline age = 11.1 +/- 1.7 years) with a parental history of type 2 diabetes were followed annually for 5 years (2.2 +/- 1.2 observations/child) with measures of insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response to glucose, and disposition index. Longitudinal linear mixed-effects modeling was used to evaluate the influence of maternal versus paternal family history of type 2 diabetes on changes in diabetes risk factors over age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin sensitivity and the disposition index decreased over age (beta = -0.052 and beta = -0.033, P < 0 0.01). Acute insulin response to glucose and fasting and 2-h glucose increased (beta = 0.019, beta = 0.002, and beta = 0.003, P < 0.01). Declines in insulin sensitivity were significantly greater in participants whose maternal grandmothers had a history of type 2 diabetes (beta = -0.03, P = 0.03). Declines in the disposition index (beta = -0.02, P = 0.04) and increases in fasting glucose were significantly influenced by a maternal history of type 2 diabetes (beta = 0.60, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal but not paternal family history for diabetes may have a significant impact on insulin dynamics, becoming more pronounced during growth in overweight Latino adolescents. Further research is clearly warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Louise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Christianne J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Weigensberg
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koebnick
authors.forename: Christian K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Jaimie N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Toledo-Corral
authors.forename: Gabriel Q
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Shaibi
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Goran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D009035:Mothers; D009679:Nuclear Family; D050177:Overweight / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial