title: Treatment of frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocele in Cambodia: a low-cost procedure for developing countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Frontoethmoidal meningoencephaloceles (MECs) are a relatively common abnormality in southeast Asia, with disastrous consequences for the sufferer. In Cambodia, a lack of skilled neuro- and craniofacial surgeons, and the cost of surgery limit the possibilities for appropriate treatment of patients with these lesions. The authors developed a low-cost humanitarian program with the goals of treating frontoethmoidal MECs, ensuring careful postoperative follow-up, and teaching Khmer surgeons how to treat these malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This program was facilitated by two nongovernmental organizations: Rose Charities Cambodia provided the facilities, patients, and local staff, and "Médecins du Monde" provided visiting surgeons and anesthesiologists. All operations were free of charge for all patients. A strict follow-up program was organized to evaluate the surgical results, the social impact of the surgery, and the satisfaction levels of the children and their parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five children and seven young adults with MECs were treated using a rather simple surgical technique. Of the three types of MECs encountered, the most frequent was the nasoethmoidal type (43 cases). The most common postoperative issue was a temporary CSF leak (in 16 patients). Cosmetic results were considered excellent or good in 40 patients, average in nine, and poor in one; two patients were lost to follow-up. The overall cost of each operation was estimated to be $380 (US dollars), far less than a standard MEC operation would cost in a more developed country. At the end of this humanitarian program, Khmer surgeons were able to treat standard cases of frontoethmoidal MECs without the help of foreigners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients in developing nations who have limited access to standard neurosurgical care can be treated for frontoethmoidal MECs with few complications and a satisfactory cost-to-benefit ratio.
authors.affiliation: Federation of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France. franck.roux@club-internet.fr
authors.forename: Franck-Emmanuel
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Roux
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lauwers
authors.forename: Ngiep
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oucheng
authors.forename: Bonvath
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Say
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Joly
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gollogly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000533:Altruism; D002160:Cambodia; D002608:Charities / Q000191:economics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000191:economics*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008588:Meningocele / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics*; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D035141:Voluntary Programs / Q000191:economics