title: Nanoscale protein pores modified with PAMAM dendrimers.
abstract: We describe nanoscale protein pores modified with a single hyperbranched dendrimer molecule inside the channel lumen. Sulfhydryl-reactive polyamido amine (PAMAM) dendrimers of generations 2, 3 and 5 were synthesized, chemically characterized, and reacted with engineered cysteine residues in the transmembrane pore alpha-hemolysin. Successful coupling was monitored using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The results indicate that G2 and G3 but not G5 dendrimers permeated through the 2.9 nm cis entrance to couple inside the pore. The defined molecular weight cutoff for the passage of hyperbranched PAMAM polymers is in contrast to the less restricted accessibility of flexible linear poly(ethylene glycol) polymers of comparable hydrodynamic volume. Their higher compactness makes sulfhydryl-reactive PAMAM dendrimers promising research reagents to probe the structure of porous membrane proteins with wide internal diameters. The conductance properties of PAMAM-modified proteins pores were characterized with single-channel current recordings. A G3 dendrimer molecule in the channel lumen reduced the ionic current by 45%, indicating that the hyperbranched and positively charged polymer blocked the passage of ions through the pore. In line with expectations, a smaller and less dense G2 dendrimer led to a less pronounced current reduction of 25%. Comparisons to recordings of PEG-modified pores revealed striking dissimilarities, suggesting that differences in the structural dynamics of flexible linear polymers vs compact dendrimers can be observed at the single-molecule level. Current recordings also revealed that dendrimers functioned as ion-selectivity filters and molecular sieves for the controlled passage of molecules. The alteration of pore properties with charged and hyperbranched dendrimers is a new approach and might be extended to inorganic nanopores with applications in sensing and separation technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kinns
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Astier
authors.forename: Rethi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madathil
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Howorka
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D050091:Dendrimers; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D011073:Polyamines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D050091:Dendrimers; D004220:Disulfides; D007477:Ions; C104700:PAMAM Starburst; D011073:Polyamines; D011506:Proteins; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D013455:Sulfur