title: Reversal of portal hypertension and hyperdynamic splanchnic circulation by combined vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor blockade in rats.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) pathways are crucial to angiogenesis, a process that contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of portal hypertension. This study determined the effects of inhibition of VEGF and/or PDGF signaling on hyperdynamic splanchnic circulation and portosystemic collateralization in rats with completely established portal hypertension, thus mimicking the situation in patients. Portal vein-ligated rats were treated with rapamycin (VEGF signaling inhibitor), Gleevec (PDGF signaling inhibitor), or both simultaneously when portal hypertension was already fully developed. Hemodynamic studies were performed by transit-time flowmetry. The extent of portosystemic collaterals was measured by radioactive microspheres. The expression of angiogenesis mediators was determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Combined inhibition of VEGF and PDGF signaling significantly reduced splanchnic neovascularization (i.e., CD31 and VEGFR-2 expression) and pericyte coverage of neovessels (that is, alpha-smooth muscle actin and PDGFR-beta expression) and translated into hemodynamic effects as marked as a 40% decrease in portal pressure, a 30% decrease in superior mesenteric artery blood flow, and a 63% increase in superior mesenteric artery resistance, yielding a significant reversal of the hemodynamic changes provoked by portal hypertension in rats. Portosystemic collateralization was reduced as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide new insights into how angiogenesis regulates portal hypertension by demonstrating that the maintenance of increased portal pressure, hyperkinetic circulation, splanchnic neovascularization, and portosystemic collateralization is regulated by VEGF and PDGF in portal hypertensive rats. Importantly, these findings also suggest that an extended antiangiogenic strategy (that is, targeting VEGF/endothelium and PDGF/pericytes) may be a novel approach to the treatment of portal hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, Ciberehd, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. mercefernandez@ub.edu
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mejias
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garcia-Pras
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Garcia-Pagan
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bosch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior / Q000503:physiopathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000503:physiopathology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011743:Pyrimidines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D020123:Sirolimus