title: Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation : a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recently published overwhelming number of publications on the surgical treatment of AF, using a wide variety of techniques, blurred any precise appreciation of the nowadays surgical treatment of AF. As a consequence, the "state of the art" of the surgical technique of AF is ill-defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this review the efficacy of the alternative sources of energy (radiofrequency-microwave and cryoablation; (group I) and the classical "cut and sew" Cox-Maze III (group II), which claims a 97-99% sinus rhythm (SR) success rate, were evaluated in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF).
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized search in the PubMed and Medline database was conducted. Only original, English written, clinical manuscripts on the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation citing the clinical outcome, including the postoperative sinus rhythm, were included. The following data were registered: the absolute numbers and percentages of treated patients, gender (male versus female) distribution, the type of arrhythmia (permanent or paroxysmal AF), type of surgery (mitral or non-mitral valve or a lone AF surgical procedure), postoperative morbidity (bleeding, the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump, cerebral vascular accident), postoperative pacemaker implantations, 30-day mortality, survival and sinus rhythm conversion. The mean values for age (years), left atrial diameter (mm), preoperative duration of AF (years) and left ventricular ejection fraction (%) were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight studies were included comprising 3832 patients: 2279 in group I and 1553 in group II. The mean duration of AF, left atrial diameter and LVEF were 5.4 versus 5.5 years (p=0.90), 55.5 versus 57.8 mm (p=0.23) and 57 versus 58% (p=0.63). The postoperative SR rates for group I and II were 78.3 versus 84.9% (p=0.03). However, the "cut and sew" Cox-Maze III was conducted in younger patients (55.0 versus 61.2 years; p=0.005), more often to treat paroxysmal (22.9 versus 8.0%) and lone AF (19.3 versus 1.6%). Alternative sources of energy were predominantly used to treat permanent AF (92.0%), almost always as a concomitant surgical procedure (98.4%) and increasingly in combination with non-mitral valve surgery (18.5%). After correction for these variations, the postoperative SR conversion rates for group I and II did not differ significantly anymore.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We could not identify any significant difference in the postoperative SR conversion rates between the classical 'cut and sew' and the alternative sources of energy, which were used to treat atrial fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgeons, Cardiac Center The Hague-Delft, Leyweg 275, 2545 CH the Hague, The Netherlands. k.khargi@hagaziekenhuis.nl
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khargi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keyhan-Falsafi
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hutten
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramanna
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deneke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000401:mortality*; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome