title: Characterization and heritability of obesity and associated risk factors in vervet monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine the prevalence and heritability of obesity and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) in a pedigreed colony of vervet monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, glycemic indices, and morphometric measures with heritability calculated from pedigree analysis. A selected population of females was additionally assessed for insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  All mature male (n=98), pregnant (n=40) and non-pregnant female (n=157) vervet monkeys were included in the study. Seven non-pregnant females were selected on the basis of high or average glycated hemoglobin (GHb) for further characterization of carbohydrate metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morphometric measurements included body weight, length, waist circumference, and calculated BMI. Plasma lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] and glycemic measures (fasting blood glucose, insulin, and GHb) were measured. A homeostasis model assessment index was further reported. Glucose tolerance testing and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were performed on 7 selected females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vervet monkeys demonstrate obesity, insulin resistance, and associated changes in plasma lipids even while consuming a low-fat (chow) diet. Furthermore, these parameters are heritable. Females are at particular risk for central obesity and an unfavorable lipid profile (higher TG, TC, and no estrogen-related increase in HDL-C). Selection of females by elevated GHb indicated impaired glucose tolerance and was associated with central obesity. This colony provides a unique opportunity to study the development of obesity-related disorders, including both genetic and environmental influences, across all life stages.
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. kkavanag@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: Lynn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fairbanks
authors.forename: Julia N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lawrence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rudel
authors.forename: Janice D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D001835:Body Weight; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin