Autonomy and children's reactions to being controlled: evidence that both compliance and defiance may be positive markers in early development.
This study examined reactions of 1-year-olds and young 2-year-olds to being controlled by mothers. Mothers' supportive behavior predicted children's willing compliance. However, contrary to research with older children, defiance was also associated with variables linked to maternal competence, specifically, mothers' supportive behavior, autonomy-granting controls, and low depressive symptoms. At this age high-defiant children initiated positive interaction with mothers more than did low-defiant children. With age, children displayed more willing compliance and more active resistance (defiance, low passivity). However, developmental increases in active resistance were absent when mothers were high in depressive symptoms. Findings are consistent with the proposal that in early development active resistance to parents often reflects children's motivation to control events, not poor parenting or strained parent-child relationships.
Dix
Theodore
T
Department of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin 78712, USA. teddix@mail.utexas.edu
Stewart
Amanda D
AD
Gershoff
Elizabeth T
ET
Day
William H
WH
D001242:Assertiveness; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007207:Individuation; D007223:Infant; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development; D012307:Risk Factors; D012951:Socialization; D013694:Temperament