Maintenance in the chicken genome of the retroviral-like cENS gene family specifically expressed in early embryos.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are important developmental cells that appear very early during development and subsequently give rise to all the cell lineages of the future adult organism. In these cells a limited subset of transcription factors is expressed that are well conserved among species and essential for the fate of the stem cell. The transcriptome analysis of ES cells from chicken has revealed a gene family, cENS, that is specifically expressed in ES cells and in early embryos and is repressed during the differentiation process. This family is characterized by displaying retroviral structures and shares no homology with other species' genes. These characteristics are probably not restricted to the chicken genome and raise the question of whether similar genes are present and have been maintained in other species. We have examined the different copies of this gene in the sequenced chicken genome to investigate its dynamics and its evolution. We have distinguished two groups of cENS-related copies. The first group, resulting from recent transposition events, contains the transcribed ENS-1 and ENS-3 plus copies subjected to negative selection pressures. The second group contains degenerate copies that were integrated into the genome earlier. Comparison with copies previously isolated from three Galliformes showed that they are also subjected to selection pressures. We also detected numerous solo-LTRs containing the ENS-1 promoter that may control the expression of host genes. Taken together, these findings suggest a function sustained by a neogene of retroviral origin during the early stages of chicken development.
Lerat
Emmanuelle
E
Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France. lerat@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr
Birot
Anne-Marie
AM
Samarut
Jacques
J
Mey
Anne
A
D000818:Animals; D030161:Avian Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics*; D005326:Fetal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D046094:Galliformes / Q000235:genetics; D018628:Gene Dosage; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D016678:Genome; D042822:Genomic Instability; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics*
D030161:Avian Proteins; C432147:ENS-1 protein, chicken; D005326:Fetal Proteins; D018626:Retroelements