Smoking and common mental disorders: a population-based survey in Santiago, Chile.
BACKGROUND
Smoking and common mental disorders (CMD), anxiety and depression, tend to co-exist and are important public health challenges for countries at all levels of development. We aimed to study the association between smoking and common mental disorders after adjusting for alcohol, illicit drug use and other confounders.


METHODS
Cross-sectional household survey. CMD were assessed with a detailed psychiatric interview and smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug use with self-reported questionnaires.


RESULTS
About 3,870 randomly selected adults were interviewed of whom 12.9% (95% CI 12-15) met criteria for ICD-10 CMD diagnoses. 38% (36-40) of the respondents were current smokers and 11% (10-13) ex-smokers. There was a robust association between heavier smoking and the presence and severity of CMD. However there were no major differences between non-smokers, ex-smokers and light smokers. In the fully adjusted models those individuals with ICD-10 CMD were significantly more likely to be current smokers [OR 1.6 (1.1-2.2)]. Smoking was also strongly associated with drinking heavily [OR 5.4 (4.0-7.3)] and illicit drug use [(OR 2.1 (1.1-4.1)] but there were no significant interactions.


CONCLUSIONS
Smoking is highly prevalent and associated with CMD and other addictive behaviours in Chile. These are major public health problems in need of urgent action.
Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Cotham House, Cotham Hill, Bristol, BS6 6JL, UK.
Ricardo
R
Araya
Jorge
J
Gaete
Graciela
G
Rojas
Rosemarie
R
Fritsch
Glyn
G
Lewis
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014504:Urban Health