Tumor resistance to CD8+ T cell-based therapeutic vaccination.
CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in antitumor immunity. Induction of tumor-specific CTLs is one major strategy for tumor immunotherapy. However, therapeutic vaccinations used to treat firmly established tumors are generally ineffective. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to CTL-based therapeutic vaccination is very important in the tumor immunology field. There are two main mechanisms by which tumors develop resistance to CTL-based therapeutic vaccinations. One is that tumors induce peripheral tolerance of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells. The other is that tumor cells themselves develop immune evasion mechanisms to prevent recognition and killing by CTLs. This review focuses on recently reported cellular and molecular mechanisms of CD8(+) T cell tolerance and immune evasion in tumors and discusses about the possibilities to improve tumor immunotherapy.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave., Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
Yujun
Y
Huang
Shivanee
S
Shah
Liang
L
Qiao
D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D017211:Treatment Failure; D019139:Tumor Escape
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines