Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of chronic low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide therapy in mice.
Prolonged, frequently administered low-dose metronomic chemotherapy (LDM) is being explored (pre)clinically as a promising antiangiogenic antitumor strategy. Although appealing because of a favorable side effect profile and mostly oral dosing, LDM involves new challenges different from conventional maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy. These include possible altered pharmacokinetic characteristics due to long-term drug exposure potentially resulting in acquired resistance and increased risk of unfavorable drug interactions. We therefore compared the antitumor and antivascular effects of LDM cyclophosphamide (CPA) given to mice that had been pretreated with either LDM CPA or normal saline, obtained blood 4-hydroxy-CPA (activated CPA) concentrations using either gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in mice treated with LDM CPA, and measured hepatic and intratumoral activity of enzymes involved in the biotransformation of CPA and many other drugs [i.e., cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and aldehyde dehydrogenase]. Exposure of mice to LDM CPA for >or=8 weeks did not compromise subsequent activity of LDM CPA therapy, and biologically active 4-hydroxy-CPA levels were maintained during long-term LDM CPA administration. Whereas the effects on CYP3A4 were complex, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was not affected. In summary, our findings suggest that acquired resistance to LDM CPA is unlikely accounted for by altered CPA biotransformation. In the absence of reliable pharmacodynamic surrogate markers, pharmacokinetic parameters might become helpful to individualize/optimize LDM CPA therapy. LDM CPA-associated changes of CYP3A4 activity point to a potential risk of unfavorable drug interactions when compounds that are metabolized by CYP3A4 are coadministered with LDM CPA.
Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, S-217, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5.
Urban
U
Emmenegger
Yuval
Y
Shaked
Shan
S
Man
Guido
G
Bocci
Ivan
I
Spasojevic
Giulio
G
Francia
Andrew
A
Kouri
Robert
R
Coke
William
W
Cruz-Munoz
Susan M
SM
Ludeman
O Michael
OM
Colvin
Robert S
RS
Kerbel
D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001711:Biotransformation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007797:Laminin / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; C059485:matrigel; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D003094:Collagen; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase