Presence of a marked nonneuronal cholinergic system in human colon: study of normal colon and colon in ulcerative colitis.
BACKGROUND
The body has not only a neuronal but also a nonneuronal cholinergic system. Both systems are likely to be very important, particularly in inflammatory conditions. The patterns and importance of the nonneuronal cholinergic system in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are largely unknown.


METHODS
The colons of UC and non-UC patients were examined for expression patterns of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), and the muscarinic receptor of the M(2) subtype.


RESULTS
ChAT and VAChT immunoreactions and mRNA reactions for ChAT were detected in epithelial and endocrine cells, in cells in the lamina propria, and in blood vessel walls. Furthermore, a marked M(2) immunoreaction was noted for epithelium, blood vessel walls, and smooth musculature. ChAT and VAChT immunoreactions were significantly higher in endocrine and epithelial cells, respectively, in non-UC mucosa than in UC mucosa. On the other hand, there was a tendency toward higher M(2) levels in epithelium of UC patients.


CONCLUSIONS
There is a pronounced nonneuronal cholinergic system in the colon, which has previously been ignored when discussing cholinergic influences in UC. Furthermore, it is evident that certain changes in the nonneuronal cholinergic system occur in response to inflammation/derangement in UC. Cholinergic effects in the colon can be considered to be related not only to nerve-related effects but also to effects of acetylcholine from nonneuronal local cells. Thus, the recently discussed phenomenon of a "cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway" in the intestine may have a pronounced nonneuronal component.
Jönsson
Maria
M
Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. maria.jonsson@anatomy.umu.se
Norrgård
Orjan
O
Forsgren
Sture
S
D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000032:analysis*; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2 / Q000032:analysis*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D050494:Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins / Q000032:analysis*
C487078:CHRM2 protein, human; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2; D050494:Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase