Role for the phosphoprotein P subunit of the paramyxovirus polymerase in limiting induction of host cell antiviral responses.
Six amino acid substitutions in the shared N-terminal region of the P subunit of the viral polymerase and the accessory V protein convert the noncytopathic paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5), which is a poor inducer of host cell responses, into a P/V mutant (P/V-CPI-) that induces high levels of apoptosis, interferon-beta (IFN-beta), and proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we addressed the question of whether these new mutant phenotypes are due to the presence of an altered P protein or of an altered V protein or of both proteins. By the use of the P/V-CPI- mutant as a backbone, new mutant viruses were engineered to express the wild-type (WT) V protein (+V-wt) or WT P protein (+P-wt) from an additional gene inserted between the HN and L genes. In human epithelial cell lines, the +V-wt virus showed reduced activation of apoptosis and lower secretion of IFN-beta and proinflammatory cytokines compared to the parental P/V-CPI- virus. The presence of a V protein lacking the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (corresponding to the SV5 I protein) did not reduce these host cell responses to P/V-CPI- infection. Unexpectedly, the +P-wt virus, which expressed a WT P subunit of the viral polymerase, also induced much lower levels of host cell responses than the parental P/V-CPI- mutant. For both +V-wt and +P-wt viruses, reduced levels of IFN-beta synthesis correlated with reduced IRF-3 dimerization and nuclear localization of IRF-3 and NF-kappaB, suggesting that the WT P and V proteins acted at an early stage in antiviral pathways. Host cell responses induced by the various P/V mutants directly correlated with levels of viral mRNA accumulation but not with steady-state levels of genomic RNA. Our results support the hypothesis that WT P and V proteins limit induction of antiviral responses by controlling the production of key viral inducers. A model is presented for the mechanism by which both the P subunit of the viral polymerase and the V accessory protein contribute to the ability of a paramyxovirus to limit activation of antiviral responses.
Dillon
Patrick J
PJ
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1064, USA.
Parks
Griffith D
GD
D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D017209:Apoptosis; D002460:Cell Line; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D045402:Parainfluenza Virus 5 / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology*; D018098:Paramyxovirinae; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D021122:Protein Subunits; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
D010750:Phosphoproteins; D021122:Protein Subunits; D012367:RNA, Viral; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases