Brevetoxins, like ciguatoxins, are potent ichthyotoxic neurotoxins that accumulate in fish.
Brevetoxins and ciguatoxins are closely related potent marine neurotoxins. Although ciguatoxins accumulate in fish to levels that are dangerous for human consumption, live fish have not been considered as potential sources of brevetoxin exposure in humans. Here we show that, analogous to ciguatoxins, brevetoxins can accumulate in live fish by dietary transfer. We experimentally identify two pathways leading to brevetoxin-contaminated omnivorous and planktivorous fish. Fish fed with toxic shellfish and Karenia brevis cultures remained healthy and accumulated high brevetoxin levels in their tissues (up to 2675 ng g(-1) in viscera and 1540 ng g(-1) in muscle). Repeated collections of fish from St. Joseph Bay in the Florida panhandle reveal that accumulation of brevetoxins in healthy fish occurs in the wild. We observed that levels of brevetoxins in the muscle of fish at all trophic levels rise significantly, but not to dangerous levels, during a K. brevis bloom. Concentrations were highest in fish liver and stomach contents, and increased during and immediately following the bloom. The persistence of brevetoxins in the fish food web was followed for 1 year after the K. brevis bloom.
Naar
Jerome P
JP
Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, NC 28409, USA. naarj@uncw.edu
Flewelling
Leanne J
LJ
Lenzi
Allison
A
Abbott
Jay P
JP
Granholm
April
A
Jacocks
Henry M
HM
Gannon
Damon
D
Henry
Michael
M
Pierce
Richard
R
Baden
Daniel G
DG
Wolny
Jennifer
J
Landsberg
Jan H
JH
D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005068:Eutrophication; D020387:Food Chain; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D049891:Mercenaria / Q000737:chemistry; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D035964:Oxocins / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D012758:Shellfish; D023701:Smegmamorpha / Q000502:physiology*; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
D008387:Marine Toxins; D009498:Neurotoxins; D035964:Oxocins; C053342:brevetoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins