Constraining specificity in the N-domain of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1; gelatinase-selective inhibitors.
The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are endogenous inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Since unregulated MMP activities are linked to arthritis, cancer, and atherosclerosis, TIMP variants that are selective inhibitors of disease-related MMPs have potential therapeutic value. The structures of TIMP/MMP complexes reveal that most interactions with the MMP involve the N-terminal pentapeptide of TIMP and the C-D beta-strand connector which occupy the primed and unprimed regions of the active site. The loop between beta-strands A and B forms a secondary interaction site for some MMPs, ranging from multiple contacts in the TIMP-2/membrane type-1 (MT1)-MMP complex to none in the TIMP-1/MMP-1 complex. TIMP-1 and its inhibitory domain, N-TIMP-1, are weak inhibitors of MT1-MMP; inhibition is not improved by grafting the longer AB loop from TIMP-2 into N-TIMP-1, but this change impairs binding to MMP-3 and MMP-7. Mutational studies with N-TIMP-1 suggest that its weak inhibition of MT1-MMP, as compared to other N-TIMPs, arises from multiple (>3) sequence differences in the interaction site. Substitutions for Thr2 of N-TIMP-1 strongly influence MMP selectivity; Arg and Gly, that generally reduce MMP affinity, have less effect on binding to MMP-9. When the Arg mutation is added to the N-TIMP-1(AB2) mutant, it produces a gelatinase-specific inhibitor with Ki values of 2.8 and 0.4 nM for MMP-2 and -9, respectively. Interestingly, the Gly mutant has a Ki of 2.1 nM for MMP-9 and >40 muM for MMP-2, indicating that engineered TIMPs can discriminate between MMPs in the same subfamily.
Hamze
Asmaa B
AB
College of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA.
Wei
Shuo
S
Bahudhanapati
Harinath
H
Kota
Smitha
S
Acharya
K Ravi
KR
Brew
Keith
K
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D015202:Protein Engineering; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism
D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D001120:Arginine; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D005998:Glycine