Herbicide risk assessment during the Wheat Self-sufficiency Project in Iran.
BACKGROUND
The present study describes the quantitative changes in herbicide use during the specific observation periods in the Wheat Self-sufficiency Project in Iran from 1994 to 2004 and the associated changes in herbicide risk, area and yield in this context. A risk index, the environmental impact quotient (EIQ), was used to estimate the environmental impacts (EIs) of herbicides applied to wheat agroecosystems.


RESULTS
The results suggest that, during this period, the overall risk posed by the herbicides applied to wheat agroecosystems increased substantially, as evidenced by a 71% increase in herbicide usage (weight of pesticide applied) and a 62.2% increase in EI rating, in spite of an 8.2% decrease in overall EIQ rating and an 89.2% decrease in mean application rate. Furthermore, a 0.57% increase in the area and a 23.6% and 22.7% increase in irrigated and rainfed yields, respectively, were observed. The results also indicate that the EIQ(FUR) of two herbicides, dichlorprop-P/mecoprop-P/MCPA and difenzoquat, is much higher than that of other herbicides, and they could be qualified as high-risk herbicides.


CONCLUSIONS
As a whole, an increase in herbicide usage (weight of pesticide applied) was an important factor on herbicide environmental impact boost. However, this increase has not led to a similar increase in wheat yield, which could be attributed in part to the negative impact of high herbicide consumption in wheat fields and subsequent threat to the long-term sustainability of these agroecosystems.
Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. deihim59@yahoo.com
Reza
R
Deihimfard
Eskandar
E
Zand
Abdolmajid Mahdavi
AM
Damghani
Saeid
S
Soufizadeh
D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018533:Biomass; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006540:Herbicides; D007492:Iran; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development*
D006540:Herbicides