A single bout of exercise with high mechanical loading induces the expression of Cyr61/CCN1 and CTGF/CCN2 in human skeletal muscle.
High mechanical loading was hypothesized to induce the expression of angiogenic and/or lymphangiogenic extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in skeletal muscle. Eight men performed a strenuous exercise protocol, which consisted of 100 unilateral maximal drop jumps followed by submaximal jumping until exhaustion. Muscle biopsies were taken 30 min and 48 h postexercise from the vastus lateralis muscle and analyzed for the following parameters: mRNA and protein expression of ECM-associated CCN proteins [cysteine-rich angiogenic protein 61 (Cyr61)/CCN1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)/CCN2], and mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. The mRNA expression of Cyr61 and CTGF increased 30 min after the exercise (14- and 2.5-fold, respectively; P < 0.001). Cyr61 remained elevated 48 h postexercise (threefold; P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, or hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha did not change significantly at either 30 min or 48 h postexercise; however, the variation between subjects increased markedly in VEGF-A and VEGF-B mRNA. Cyr61 protein levels were higher at both 30 min and 48 h after the exercise compared with the control (P < 0.05). Cyr61 and CTGF proteins were localized to muscle fibers and the surrounding ECM by immunohistochemistry. Fast fibers stained more intensively than slow fibers. In conclusion, mechanical loading induces rapid expression of CCN proteins in human skeletal muscle. This may be one of the early mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle remodeling after exercise, since Cyr61 and CTGF regulate the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis and ECM remodeling.
Kivelä
Riikka
R
LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Rautpohjankatu 8a, FIN-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland. riikka.kivela@likes.fi
Kyröläinen
Heikki
H
Selänne
Harri
H
Komi
Paavo V
PV
Kainulainen
Heikki
H
Vihko
Veikko
V
D000328:Adult; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001706:Biopsy; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D055515:Cysteine-Rich Protein 61; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D042561:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
C545487:APP protein, human; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; C501848:CCN1 protein, human; C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D055515:Cysteine-Rich Protein 61; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; C467485:VEGFB protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042561:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor