Temperature-induced changes in structural and physicochemical properties of vernix caseosa.
The skin of the third trimester fetus and early newborn exhibits a complex, multifunctional, highly hydrated but viscous skin-surface biofilm called vernix caseosa (VC). During birth, VC undergoes a substantial change from an aqueous and warm surrounding into a gaseous and colder environment postnatally. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural and physicochemical changes in VC, which accompany physiologically relevant variations in environment parameters, such as temperature and humidity. A remarkable difference was observed in water release and uptake properties: dehydration and rehydration processes take place two to four times faster at 37 degrees C than at room temperature (RT). The dehydration was irreversible; rehydration was only possible to a final weight of 55% (37 degrees C) and 46% (RT) of the pre-desiccation weight. Differential scanning calorimetry showed two different overlapping phase transitions within physiological temperature range. Investigation of the lipid organization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray diffraction revealed a more disordered state of lipids at 37 degrees C than at RT, which might explain the faster dehydration and rehydration process at 37 degrees C as well as the changes in thermotropic rheological behavior. In conclusion, we demonstrated that VC properties adjust to the fundamental change from the intrauterine to the post-natal environment.
Rissmann
Robert
R
Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Groenink
Hendrik W W
HW
Gooris
Gert S
GS
Oudshoorn
Marion H M
MH
Hennink
Wim E
WE
Ponec
Maria
M
Bouwstra
Joke A
JA
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003890:Desiccation; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012212:Rheology; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature; D014708:Vernix Caseosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
D014867:Water