Site-specific biology and pathology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
The gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are composed of cells with a neuroendocrine phenotype. Well-differentiated tumors, well-differentiated carcinomas, poorly differentiated carcinomas, functioning tumors (with a hormonal syndrome), and nonfunctioning tumors are identified. To predict their clinical behavior, these neuroendocrine tumors are classified on the basis of their clinicopathological features, including size, local invasion, angioinvasion, proliferative activity, histological differentiation, and metastases, into neoplasms with benign, uncertain, low-grade malignant and high-grade malignant behavior. In addition, a tumor/nodes/metastases classification and a grading system are presented. In the light of these criteria, the various GEP-NET entities are reviewed.
Klöppel
Günter
G
Department of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany. guenterkloeppel@path.uni-kiel.de
Rindi
Guido
G
Anlauf
Martin
M
Perren
Aurel
A
Komminoth
Paul
P
D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*