Elevated vasoinhibins may contribute to endothelial cell dysfunction and low birth weight in preeclampsia.
Vasoconstriction and defective placental angiogenesis are key factors in the etiology of preeclampsia. Prolactin levels are elevated in maternal blood throughout pregnancy and the human decidua produces prolactin that is transported to the amniotic fluid. Prolactin is cleaved to yield vasoinhibins, a family of peptides that inhibit angiogenesis and nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation. Here, we conducted a case-control study to measure vasoinhibins in serum, urine, and amniotic fluid obtained from women with severe preeclampsia. We show that all three biological fluids contained significantly higher levels of vasoinhibins in preeclamptic women than in normal pregnant women. Amniotic fluid from preeclamptic women, but not from normal women, inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial cell proliferation and nitric oxide synthase activity in cultured endothelial cells, and these actions were reversed by antibodies able to neutralize the effects of vasoinhibins. Furthermore, amniotic fluid does not appear to contain neutral prolactin-cleaving proteases, suggesting that vasoinhibins in amniotic fluid are derived from prolactin cleaved within the placenta. Also, cathepsin-D in placental trophoblasts cleaved prolactin to vasoinhibins, and its activity was higher in placental trophoblasts from preeclamptic women than from normal women. Importantly, birth weight of infants in preeclampsia inversely correlated with the extent to which the corresponding AF inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and with its concentration of prolactin+vasoinhibins. These data demonstrate that vasoinhibins are increased in the circulation, urine, and amniotic fluid of preeclamptic women and suggest that these peptides contribute to the endothelial cell dysfunction and compromised birth weight that characterize this disease.
Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México.
Carmen
C
González
Adalberto
A
Parra
Jorge
J
Ramírez-Peredo
Celina
C
García
José Carlos
JC
Rivera
Yazmín
Y
Macotela
Jorge
J
Aranda
Maria
M
Lemini
José
J
Arias
Francisco
F
Ibargüengoitia
Gonzalo Martínez
GM
de la Escalera
Carmen
C
Clapp
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
D010455:Peptides; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D011388:Prolactin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase