Neuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture.
Most of the known pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng on the central nervous system are due to its major components - ginsenosides. Although the antioxidant ability of ginseng root has already been established, this activity has never been evaluated for isolated ginsenosides on astrocytes. The activity of protopanaxadiols Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc and Rd, and protopanaxatriols Re and Rg(1) was evaluated in vitro on astrocytes primary culture by means of an oxidative stress model with H(2)O(2). The viability of astrocytes was determined by the MTT reduction assay and by the LDH release into the incubation medium. The effects on the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) and on the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were also investigated. Exposure of astrocytes to H(2)O(2) decreased cell viability as well as the antioxidant enzymes activity and increased ROS formation. Oxidative stress produced significant cell death that was reduced by previous treatment with the tested ginsenosides. Ginsenosides Rb(1), Rb(2), Re and Rg(1) were effective in reducing astrocytic death, while Rb(1), Rb(2), Rd, Re and Rg(1) decreased ROS formation, ginsenoside Re being the most active. Ginsenosides from P. ginseng induce neuroprotection mainly through activation of antioxidant enzymes.
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
M Victoria Naval
MV
López
M Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
MP
Cuadrado
Olga M Palomino
OM
Ruiz-Poveda
Angel M Villar
AM
Del Fresno
M Emilia Carretero
ME
Accame
D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
D036145:Ginsenosides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase