GPU based real-time instrument tracking with three-dimensional ultrasound.
Real-time three-dimensional ultrasound enables new intracardiac surgical procedures, but the distorted appearance of instruments in ultrasound poses a challenge to surgeons. This paper presents a detection technique that identifies the position of the instrument within the ultrasound volume. The algorithm uses a form of the generalized Radon transform to search for long straight objects in the ultrasound image, a feature characteristic of instruments and not found in cardiac tissue. When combined with passive markers placed on the instrument shaft, the full position and orientation of the instrument is found in 3D space. This detection technique is amenable to rapid execution on the current generation of personal computer graphics processor units (GPU). Our GPU implementation detected a surgical instrument in 31 ms, sufficient for real-time tracking at the 25 volumes per second rate of the ultrasound machine. A water tank experiment found instrument orientation errors of 1.1 degrees and tip position errors of less than 1.8mm. Finally, an in vivo study demonstrated successful instrument tracking inside a beating porcine heart.
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Paul M
PM
Novotny
Jeff A
JA
Stoll
Nikolay V
NV
Vasilyev
Pedro J
PJ
del Nido
Pierre E
PE
Dupont
Todd E
TE
Zickler
Robert D
RD
Howe
D000818:Animals; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D003199:Computer Systems; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013552:Swine; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*