A hierarchical network of transcription factors governs androgen receptor-dependent prostate cancer growth.
Androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays a key role in prostate cancer. Little is known about the nature of AR cis-regulatory sites in the human genome. We have mapped the AR binding regions on two chromosomes in human prostate cancer cells by combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with tiled oligonucleotide microarrays. We find that the majority of AR binding regions contain noncanonical AR-responsive elements (AREs). Importantly, we identify a noncanonical ARE as a cis-regulatory target of AR action in TMPRSS2, a gene fused to ETS transcription factors in the majority of prostate cancers. In addition, through the presence of enriched DNA-binding motifs, we find other transcription factors including GATA2 and Oct1 that cooperate in mediating the androgen response. These collaborating factors, together with AR, form a regulatory hierarchy that governs androgen-dependent gene expression and prostate cancer growth and offer potential new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Qianben
Q
Wang
Wei
W
Li
X Shirley
XS
Liu
Jason S
JS
Carroll
Olli A
OA
Jänne
Erika Krasnickas
EK
Keeton
Arul M
AM
Chinnaiyan
Kenneth J
KJ
Pienta
Myles
M
Brown
D001665:Binding Sites; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006657:Histones; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D020218:Response Elements; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
C410798:AR protein, human; D006657:Histones; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D014157:Transcription Factors