Impact of norepinephrine and fluid on cerebral oxygenation in experimental hemorrhagic shock.
Few data exist regarding resuscitation of hypovolemic shock in infants, and alternative strategies such as vasopressor therapy merit further evaluation. However, the effects of norepinephrine on cerebral perfusion and oxygenation during hemorrhagic shock in the pediatric population are still unclear. Eight anesthetized piglets were subjected to hypotension by blood withdrawal of 25 mL/kg. Norepinephrine was titrated to achieve baseline mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and cerebral oxygenation was determined by brain tissue Po2 (Ptio2) and near-infrared spectroscopy-derived tissue oxygen index (TOI). Then, norepinephrine was stopped, MAP was allowed to decrease again below 30 mm Hg, and shed blood was retransfused. During hemorrhage, TOI dropped from 69+/-3 to 59+/-3%, and Ptio2 from 29+/-6 to 13+/-1 mm Hg (mean+/-SEM; p<0.001). Following norepinephrine, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) could be restored immediately, whereas TOI and Ptio2 did not increase significantly. In contrast, following retransfusion, TOI and Ptio2 increased to 68+/-3% and 27+/-7 mm Hg reaching baseline values, respectively. In conclusion, while norepinephrine increased CPP immediately, cerebral oxygenation as reflected by TOI and Ptio2 could not be improved by norepinephrine, but only by retransfusion.
Meybohm
Patrick
P
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pediatric Anesthesia Research Unit, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany. meybohm@anaesthesie.uni-kiel.de
Renner
Jochen
J
Boening
Andreas
A
Cavus
Erol
E
Gräsner
Jan-Thorsten
JT
Grünewald
Matthias
M
Scholz
Jens
J
Bein
Berthold
B
D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D012151:Resuscitation; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013552:Swine; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D010100:Oxygen; D009638:Norepinephrine