Racial/ethnic differences in the risk of intracranial hemorrhage among patients with atrial fibrillation.
OBJECTIVE
This study was designed to study racial/ethnic differences in the risk for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and the effect of warfarin on ICH risk among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).


BACKGROUND
Nonwhites are at greater risk for ICH than whites in the general population. Whether this applies to patients with AF and whether warfarin therapy is associated with comparable risk of ICH in nonwhites are unknown.


METHODS
We retrospectively identified a multiethnic stroke-free cohort hospitalized with nonrheumatic AF. Warfarin use and anticoagulation intensity were assessed by searching pharmacy and laboratory records. Crude ICH event rates were calculated by Poisson regression. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to assess the independent effect of race/ethnicity on ICH after adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, and warfarin exposure.


RESULTS
Between 1995 and 2000, we identified 18,867 qualifying AF hospitalizations (78.5% white, 8% black, 9.5% Hispanic, and 3.9% Asian) and 173 qualifying ICH events over 3.3 years follow-up. Achieved anticoagulation intensity was lower among blacks but not different between the other groups. Warfarin was associated with increased ICH risk in all races, but the magnitude of risk was greater among nonwhites. There were no gender differences. The hazard ratio for ICH with whites as referent was 4.06 for Asians (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.47 to 6.65), 2.06 for Hispanics (95% CI 1.31 to 3.24), and 2.04 (95% CI 1.25 to 3.35) for blacks.


CONCLUSIONS
Nonwhites with AF were at greater risk for warfarin-related ICH. Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians were at successively greater ICH risk than whites.
Shen
Albert Yuh-Jer
AY
Department of Cardiology and the Center for Medical Education, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA. albert.y-j.shen@kp.org
Yao
Janis F
JF
Brar
Somjot S
SS
Jorgensen
Michael B
MB
Chen
Wansu
W
D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000208:ethnology*; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology; D019934:International Normalized Ratio / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology; D014859:Warfarin / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American
D014859:Warfarin