The healthy men study: an evaluation of exposure to disinfection by-products in tap water and sperm quality.
BACKGROUND
Chlorination of drinking water generates disinfection by-products (DBPs), which have been shown to disrupt spermatogenesis in rodents at high doses, suggesting that DBPs could pose a reproductive risk to men. In this study we assessed DBP exposure and testicular toxicity, as evidenced by altered semen quality.


METHODS
We conducted a cohort study to evaluate semen quality in men with well-characterized exposures to DBPs. Participants were 228 presumed fertile men with different DBP profiles. They completed a telephone interview about demographics, health history, water consumption, and other exposures and provided a semen sample. Semen outcomes included sperm concentration and morphology, as well as DNA integrity and chromatin maturity. Exposures to DBPs were evaluated by incorporating data on water consumption and bathing and showering with concentrations measured in tap water. We used multivariable linear regression to assess the relationship between exposure to DBPs and adverse sperm outcomes.


RESULTS
The mean (median) sperm concentration and sperm count were 114.2 (90.5) million/mL and 362 (265) million, respectively. The mean (median) of the four trihalomethane species (THM4) exposure was 45.7 (65.3) microg/L, and the mean (median) of the nine haloacetic acid species (HAA9) exposure was 30.7 (44.2) microg/L. These sperm parameters were not associated with exposure to these classes of DBPs. For other sperm outcomes, we found no consistent pattern of increased abnormal semen quality with elevated exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) or haloacetic acids (HAAs). The use of alternate methods for assessing exposure to DBPs and site-specific analyses did not change these results.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study do not support an association between exposure to levels of DBPs near or below regulatory limits and adverse sperm outcomes in humans.
Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. luben.tom@epa.gov
Thomas J
TJ
Luben
Andrew F
AF
Olshan
Amy H
AH
Herring
Susan
S
Jeffay
Lillian
L
Strader
Rebecca M
RM
Buus
Ronna L
RL
Chan
David A
DA
Savitz
Philip C
PC
Singer
Howard S
HS
Weinberg
Sally D
SD
Perreault
D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D000328:Adult; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry; D004203:Disinfection; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013076:Sperm Count; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
D000085:Acetates; D004202:Disinfectants; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine