Salinity-dependent switching of osmolyte strategies in a moderately halophilic bacterium: glutamate induces proline biosynthesis in Halobacillus halophilus.
The moderately halophilic bacterium Halobacillus halophilus copes with the salinity in its environment by the production of compatible solutes. At intermediate salinities of around 1 M NaCl, cells produce glutamate and glutamine in a chloride-dependent manner (S. H. Saum, J. F. Sydow, P. Palm, F. Pfeiffer, D. Oesterhelt, and V. Müller, J. Bacteriol. 188:6808-6815, 2006). Here, we report that H. halophilus switches its osmolyte strategy and produces proline as the dominant solute at higher salinities (2 to 3 M NaCl). The proline biosynthesis genes proH, proJ, and proA were identified. They form a transcriptional unit and encode the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, the glutamate-5-kinase, and the glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, respectively, catalyzing proline biosynthesis from glutamate. Expression of the genes was clearly salinity dependent and reached a maximum at 2.5 M NaCl, indicating that the pro operon is involved in salinity-induced proline biosynthesis. To address the role of anions in the process of pro gene activation and proline biosynthesis, we used a cell suspension system. Chloride salts lead to the highest accumulation of proline. Interestingly, chloride could be substituted to a large extent by glutamate salts. This unexpected finding was further analyzed on the transcriptional level. The cellular mRNA levels of all three pro genes were increased up to 90-fold in the presence of glutamate. A titration revealed that a minimal concentration of 0.2 M glutamate already stimulated pro gene expression. These data demonstrate that the solute glutamate is involved in the switch of osmolyte strategy from glutamate to proline as the dominant compatible solute during the transition from moderate to high salinity.
Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Stephan H
SH
Saum
Volker
V
Müller
D000838:Anions / Q000378:metabolism; D001406:Bacillaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D050698:Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009876:Operon / Q000235:genetics; D017851:Phosphotransferases (Carboxyl Group Acceptor) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011392:Proline / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011762:Pyrroline Carboxylate Reductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
D000838:Anions; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011392:Proline; D050698:Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase; D011762:Pyrroline Carboxylate Reductases; D017851:Phosphotransferases (Carboxyl Group Acceptor); C020650:glutamate 5-kinase