Characterisation of enamel white spot lesions using X-ray micro-tomography.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to characterise the mineral density (MD) of natural enamel white spot lesions (WSLs) using X-ray micro-tomography calibrated with different density hydroxyapatite phantoms.


METHODS
Seven natural WSLs from four extracted non-carious premolar teeth were scanned at a voxel size of 7.6 microm using a desktop X-ray micro-tomography system. Five hydroxyapatite phantoms (sintered pellets of hydroxyapatite powder) with densities ranging from 1.52 to 3.14 g/cm(3) were used as calibration standards for each scan. Three-dimensional image reconstruction enabled MD gradients throughout the lesion to be quantified using an MD calibration equation derived from hydroxyapatite phantoms. Background noise generated during the measurement of MD was reduced using a Gaussian filter.


RESULTS
Gaussian filter reduced the signal-to-noise ratio (standard deviation) significantly while the basic MD information (average value) remained intact. The mineral gradients through the WSLs examined were compared and are discussed in terms of existing literature. The MD of sound enamel, apparent intact surface layer of WSL, and lowest level of WSL was found to be 2.65-2.89 g/cm(3), 2.23-2.58 g/cm(3) and 1.48-2.03 g/cm(3), respectively. Our MD results are comparable with other studies.


CONCLUSIONS
X-ray micro-tomography is a sensitive in vitro technique capable of characterising and quantifying MD of small non-cavitated WSLs. This method has a promising potential for future carious and quantitative remineralisation studies.
Huang
Tiffany T Y
TT
Biomaterials Science Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Jones
Allan S
AS
He
Li Hong
LH
Darendeliler
M Ali
MA
Swain
Michael V
MV
D001641:Bicuspid; D002138:Calibration; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008903:Minerals; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D014056:Tomography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods*
D008903:Minerals; D017886:Durapatite