Exposure to particulate matter on an Indian stone-crushing site.
OBJECTIVE
A large number of labourers work in the stone-crushing industry in India. Many of these workers are also exposed to high levels of particulate matter in their homes from the use of biomass fuels. As part of our investigations to examine the health of these workers we characterised their exposure to respirable crystalline silica and a number of other particulate matter exposure metrics in both occupational and domestic settings.


METHODS
We used a combination of direct reading and gravimetric sampling of respirable dust, total inhalable dust and particulate matter <2.5 mum in diameter (PM(2.5)) at work (n = 19), within the general environment (n = 6) and inside the home (n = 7). We used x-ray diffraction to quantify the level of crystalline silica in the respirable dust samples.


RESULTS
After correcting for the length of the working week, the arithmetic mean 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) total inhalable dust exposure for this group was 143 mg/m(3), the mean 8-hour TWA respirable dust exposure was 39.7 mg/m(3) and the 8-hour TWA crystalline silica exposure was 2.29 mg/m(3). Our real-time data showed peaks in exposure under certain environmental and/or working conditions. General environmental and domestic PM(2.5) exposures were also high.


CONCLUSIONS
Particulate matter exposures experienced by this group of workers and their families are likely to produce impaired lung function within a short time-frame. There is a need to introduce simple measures to reduce particulate matter exposure from both occupational sources and the use of biomass fuels in homes on this and similar sites.
Semple
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Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK. sean.semple@abdn.ac.uk
Green
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McAlpine
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Cowie
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Seaton
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D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards; D003906:Developing Countries; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D012016:Reference Values; D012423:Rural Health / Q000592:standards; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
D004391:Dust; D012822:Silicon Dioxide