Quantitative regional oxygen transfer imaging of the human lung.
OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate that the use of nonquantitative methods in oxygen-enhanced (OE) lung imaging can be problematic and to present a new approach for quantitative OE lung imaging, which fulfills the requirements for easy application in clinical practice.


METHODS
A total of 10 healthy volunteers and three non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were examined using a 1.5T scanner. OE imaging was performed using a snapshot fast low-angle shot (FLASH) T(1)-mapping technique (TE = 1.4 msec, TR = 3.5 msec) as well as a series of T(1)-weighted inversion recovery (IR) half- Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) (TE(effective) = 43 msec, TE(inter) = 4.2 msec, and inversion time [TI] = 1200 msec) images. Semiquantitative relative signal enhancement ratios (RER) of T(1)-weighted images before and after inhalation of oxygen-enriched gas were compared to the quantitative change in T(1). A hybrid method is proposed that combines the advantages of T(1)-weighted imaging with the quantification provided by T(1)-mapping. To this end, the IR-HASTE images were transformed into quantitative parameter maps. To prevent mismatching and incorrect parameter maps, retrospective image selection was performed using a postprocessing navigator technique.


RESULTS
The RER was dependent on the intrinsic values of T(1) in the lung. Quantitative parameters, such as the decrease of T(1) after switching the breathing gas, were more suited to oxygen transfer quantification than to relative signal enhancement. The mean T(1) value during inhalation of room air (T(1,room)) for the volunteers was 1260 msec. This value decreased by about 10% after switching the breathing gas to carbogen. For the patients, the mean T(1,room) value was 1182 msec, which decreased by about 7% when breathing carbogen. The parameter maps generated using the proposed hybrid method deviated, on average, only about 1% from the T(1)-maps.


CONCLUSIONS
For the purpose of intersubject comparison, OE lung imaging should be performed quantitatively. The proposed hybrid technique produced reliable quantitative results in a short amount of time and, therefore, is suited for clinical use.
Arnold
Johannes F T
JF
Department of Physics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. jsarnold@physik.uni-wuerzburg.de
Kotas
Markus
M
Fidler
Florian
F
Pracht
Eberhard D
ED
Flentje
Michael
M
Jakob
Peter M
PM
D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005740:Gases; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration
D005740:Gases; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C011700:carbogen; D010100:Oxygen