Comparisons of body size, composition, and whole body bone mass between North American and South African children.
We compared whole body BMC of 811 black, white, and mixed ancestral origin children from Detroit, MI; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Cape Town, South Africa. Our findings support the role of genetic and environmental influences in the determination of bone mass in prepubertal children.


BACKGROUND
Higher bone mass and lower fracture rates have been shown in black compared with white children and adults in North America.


METHODS
We compared whole body BMC (WBBMC), whole body fat mass (WBFM), and whole body fat free soft tissue (WBFFST) data between three ethnic groups of children from Detroit, MI (n = 181 white, USW; n = 230 black, USB), Johannesburg, South Africa (n = 73 white, SAW; n = 263 black, SAB), and Cape Town, South Africa (n = 64 mixed ancestral origin, SAM).


RESULTS
SAB and SAW groups were slightly older than USW and USB groups (9.5 +/- 0.3 versus 9.3 +/- 0.1 yr); however, USB and USW boys were significantly taller, were heavier, and had a higher BMI than SAM and SAB boys. USB girls were significantly taller than SAB girls and heavier than SAB and SAM girls. In South Africa and the United States, black children had a significantly higher WBBMC than white children, after adjusting for selected best predictors. After adjusting for age, weight, and height, WBBMC was significantly higher in the SAB and SAW boys than in USW and USB and in the SAM group compared with the USW and USB groups. WBFFST and WBFM made significant contributions to a best linear model for log(WBBMC), together with age, height, and ethnicity. The best model accounted for 79% of the WBBMC variance. When included separately in the model, the model containing WBFFST accounted for 76%, and the model containing WBFM accounted for 70%, of the variance in WBBMC.


CONCLUSIONS
WBBMC is lower in children of European ancestry compared with African ancestry, irrespective of geographical location; however, South African children have significantly higher WBBMC compared with USB and USW groups, thereby acknowledging the possible contribution of environmental factors. Reasons for the significantly higher WBBMC in the children of mixed ancestral origin compared with the other groups need to be studied further.
Micklesfield
Lisa K
LK
UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa. lisam@sports.uct.ac.za
Norris
Shane A
SA
Nelson
Dorothy A
DA
Lambert
Estelle V
EV
van der Merwe
Lize
L
Pettifor
John M
JM
D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D001823:Body Composition / Q000235:genetics; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D009929:Organ Size; D012737:Sex Factors; D013019:South Africa; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D001741:Black or African American