Past oral contraceptive and hormone therapy use and endogenous hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women.
OBJECTIVE
Exogenous sex hormone use is associated with many health effects. Current exogenous hormone use influences endogenous sex hormone levels, but little is known about longer term effects on endogenous hormones after cessation of use. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between past hormone use and current endogenous hormone status.


METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study of 1,983 postmenopausal women aged 55 to 81 years from the general community. The women were not currently using exogenous hormones. Past use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and hormone therapy (HT) as well as circulating endogenous sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations were evaluated.


RESULTS
Past OC users had significantly lower endogenous estradiol, estrone, androstenedione, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations compared with never users independent of age, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, and reproductive factors. Past HT users had significantly lower testosterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations. Past OC use and HT use were both independently associated with lower testosterone concentrations: -9% (95% CI: -16% to -2%) for ever OC use compared with never OC use and -7% (95% CI: -17% to -2%) for ever HT use compared with never HT use. The magnitude of 5% to 10% differences in endogenous hormone concentrations was similar or greater for past OC use compared with past HT use, although OC use occurred earlier in the past.


CONCLUSIONS
Past OC use and HT use seem to be related to long-term differences in endogenous sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations in postmenopausal women many years after cessation of use. These findings have implications for understanding the longer term effects of exogenous hormone exposures earlier in life with health and disease risk in later life.
Chan
Mei-Fen
MF
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Dowsett
Mitch
M
Folkerd
Elizabeth
E
Wareham
Nicholas
N
Luben
Robert
R
Welch
Ailsa
A
Bingham
Sheila
S
Khaw
Kay-Tee
KT
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000378:metabolism; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004970:Estrone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects*; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D013995:Time
D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D004970:Estrone; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D004958:Estradiol