Coffee consumption and the incidence of antihypertensive drug treatment in Finnish men and women.
BACKGROUND
Only 2 prospective studies have previously investigated the association between coffee consumption and incident hypertension, and the findings are equivocal.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to determine the relation between coffee consumption and the incidence of antihypertensive drug treatment.


METHODS
We prospectively followed 24 710 Finnish subjects aged 25-64 y without a history of antihypertensive drug treatment, coronary heart disease, or stroke at baseline. Daily coffee consumption was assessed by questionnaires.


RESULTS
During a mean follow-up period of 13.2 y, 2505 participants started antihypertensive drug treatment. The multivariate-adjusted (age, sex, study year, education, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, body mass index, high total cholesterol, history of diabetes, and alcohol, tea, fruit, vegetable, sausage, and bread consumption) hazard ratios for antihypertensive drug treatment associated with the amount of coffee consumed daily (0-1, 2-3, 4-5, 6-7, or >or=8 cups) were 1.00, 1.29 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.54), 1.26 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.49), 1.24 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.48), and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.37) (P for trend = 0.024), respectively. This trend became marginally significant after additional adjustment for baseline systolic blood pressure (P for trend = 0.077).


CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that coffee drinking seems to increase the risk of antihypertensive drug treatment, and this risk was higher in subjects with low-to-moderate coffee intakes; however, there was no significantly increased trend in drinkers of approximately 1 cup (100 mL)/d or >or=8 cups/d.
Hu
Gang
G
Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. hu.gang@ktl.fi
Jousilahti
Pekka
P
Nissinen
Aulikki
A
Bidel
Siamak
S
Antikainen
Riitta
R
Tuomilehto
Jaakko
J
D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003069:Coffee / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D003069:Coffee