Effects of fast food branding on young children's taste preferences.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of cumulative, real-world marketing and brand exposures on young children by testing the influence of branding from a heavily marketed source on taste preferences.


METHODS
Experimental study. Children tasted 5 pairs of identical foods and beverages in packaging from McDonald's and matched but unbranded packaging and were asked to indicate if they tasted the same or if one tasted better.


METHODS
Preschools for low-income children.


METHODS
Sixty-three children (mean +/- SD age, 4.6 +/- 0.5 years; range, 3.5-5.4 years).


METHODS
Branding of fast foods.


METHODS
A summary total taste preference score (ranging from -1 for the unbranded samples to 0 for no preference and +1 for McDonald's branded samples) was used to test the null hypothesis that children would express no preference.


RESULTS
The mean +/- SD total taste preference score across all food comparisons was 0.37 +/- 0.45 (median, 0.20; interquartile range, 0.00-0.80) and significantly greater than zero (P<.001), indicating that children preferred the tastes of foods and drinks if they thought they were from McDonald's. Moderator analysis found significantly greater effects of branding among children with more television sets in their homes and children who ate food from McDonald's more often.


CONCLUSIONS
Branding of foods and beverages influences young children's taste perceptions. The findings are consistent with recommendations to regulate marketing to young children and also suggest that branding may be a useful strategy for improving young children's eating behaviors.
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5705, USA. tom.robinson@stanford.edu
Thomas N
TN
Robinson
Dina L G
DL
Borzekowski
Donna M
DM
Matheson
Helena C
HC
Kraemer
D001628:Beverages / Q000145:classification*; D002140:California; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002755:Choice Behavior; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing; D009765:Obesity; D010465:Perception; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013649:Taste; D013690:Television