Business or pleasure? Utilitarian versus hedonic considerations in emotion regulation.
It is widely accepted that emotions have utilitarian as well as hedonic consequences. Nevertheless, it is typically assumed that individuals regulate emotions to obtain hedonic, rather than utilitarian, benefits. In this study, the authors tested whether individuals represent the utility of pleasant and unpleasant emotions and whether they would be motivated to experience unpleasant emotions if they believed they could be useful. First, findings revealed that participants explicitly viewed approach emotions (e.g., excitement) as useful for obtaining rewards, but viewed avoidance emotions (e.g., worry) as useful for avoiding threats. Second, this pattern was replicated in implicit representations of emotional utility, which were dissociated from explicit ones. Third, implicit, but not explicit, representations of emotional utility predicted motives for emotion regulation. When anticipating a threatening task, participants who viewed emotions such as worry and fear as useful for avoiding threats preferred to engage in activities that were likely to increase worry and fear (vs. excitement) before the task. These findings demonstrate that utilitarian considerations play an important, if underappreciated, role in emotion regulation.
Tamir
Maya
M
Department of Psychology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chesnut Hill, MA 02467, USA. tamirm@bc.edu
Chiu
Chi-Yue
CY
Gross
James J
JJ
D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D003132:Commerce; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012927:Social Control, Informal