Dihydrophylloquinone intake is associated with low bone mineral density in men and women.
BACKGROUND
Poor diet may affect bone status by displacing nutrients involved in bone health. Dihydrophylloquinone, a form of vitamin K present in foods made with partially hydrogenated fat, is a potential marker of a low-quality dietary pattern.


OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to examine the cross-sectional associations between dihydrophylloquinone intake and bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip and spine in men and women.


METHODS
Dihydrophylloquinone intake was estimated with a food-frequency questionnaire, and BMD (in g/cm(2)) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 2544 men and women (mean age: 58.5 y) who had participated in the Framingham Offspring Study. General linear models were used to examine the associations between dihydrophylloquinone intake (in tertiles: <15.5, 15.5-29.5, and >29.5 microg/d) and hip and spine BMD after adjustment for age, body mass index, energy intake, calcium intake, vitamin D intake, smoking status, physical activity score, and, for women, menopause status and estrogen use.


RESULTS
Higher dihydrophylloquinone intakes were associated with lower mean BMD at the femoral neck [lowest-to-highest tertiles (95% CI): 0.934 (0.925, 0.942), 0.927 (0.919, 0.935), and 0.917 (0.908, 0.926), P for trend = 0.02], the trochanter [lowest-to-highest tertiles (95% CI): 0.811 (0.802, 0.820), 0.805 (0.797, 0.813), and 0.795 (0.786, 0.804), P for trend = 0.02], and the spine [lowest-to-highest tertiles (95% CI): 1.250 (1.236, 1.264), 1.243 (1.242, 1.229), and 1.227 (1.213, 1.242), P for trend = 0.03] in men and women after adjustment for the covariates. Further adjustment for markers of healthy and low-quality dietary patterns did not affect the observed associations.


CONCLUSIONS
Higher dihydrophylloquinone intakes are associated with lower BMD in men and women. This association remains significant after adjustment for other markers of diet quality.
Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Lisa M
LM
Troy
Paul F
PF
Jacques
Marian T
MT
Hannan
Douglas P
DP
Kiel
Alice H
AH
Lichtenstein
Eileen T
ET
Kennedy
Sarah L
SL
Booth
D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism
C121368:dihydrophylloquinone; D010837:Vitamin K 1