Widening socioeconomic disparities in US childhood mortality, 1969 2000.
OBJECTIVE
We examined the extent to which area socioeconomic inequalities in overall and cause-specific mortality among US children aged 1-14 years changed between 1969 and 2000.


METHODS
We linked a census-based deprivation index to US county mortality data from 1969 to 2000. We used Poisson and log-linear regression and inequality indices to analyze temporal disparities.


RESULTS
Despite marked declines in child mortality, socioeconomic gradients (relative mortality risks) in overall child mortality increased substantially during the study period. During 1969-1971, children in the most deprived socioeconomic quintile had 52%, 13%, 69%, and 76% higher risks of all-cause, birth defect, unintentional injury, and homicide mortality, respectively, than did children in the least deprived socioeconomic quintile. The corresponding relative risks increased to 86%, 44%, 177%, 159%, respectively from 1998-2000.


CONCLUSIONS
Dramatic reductions in mortality among children in all socioeconomic quintiles represent a major public health success. However, children in higher socioeconomic quintiles experienced much larger declines in overall, injury, and natural-cause mortality than did those in more deprived socioeconomic quintiles, which contributed to the widening socioeconomic gap in mortality. Widening disparities in child mortality may reflect increasing polarization among deprivation quintiles in material and social conditions.
Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD 20857, USA. gsingh@hrsa.gov.
Gopal K
GK
Singh
Michael D
MD
Kogan
D000059:Accidents / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D019352:Censuses; D002648:Child; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006708:Homicide / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015406:Single Parent / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality