Relationships among production systems, preschool nutritional status, and pesticide-related toxicity in seven ecuadorian communities: a multi-case study approach.
BACKGROUND
Among small Andean potato farmers, greater pesticide use and better linkage to markets are promoted as ways to improve farm outputs and incomes. The health of household members is assumed to improve with higher incomes, although evidence to support such an assumption remains scarce.


OBJECTIVE
Using a multidisciplinary approach, we sought to characterize agricultural systems producing potatoes and to assess relationships between these characteristics and farm household health indicators.


METHODS
We included seven communities linked to a regional agricultural potato production platform (socioorganizational "space" for potato commercialization) in Chimborazo, Ecuador. The unit of analysis was the community, each of which was classified according to its level of intensity of potato production as more intensive, intermediate, or less intensive. Data on crop management, household food intake, child anthropometry, and impacts of pesticide use on adult health were collected by survey.


RESULTS
The net income from potato production was similar in communities with more intensive and intermediate production systems and lower in those with less intensive systems. However, deficits in protein intake were more common among children in communities with more intensive systems (63%) than among those in communities with intermediate (53%) and less intensive (37%) systems. Deficits in thiamin and riboflavin intake were more prevalent in communities with more and less intensive systems than in those with intermediate systems. In contrast, the prevalence of moderate chronic malnutrition, as measured by height-for-age, was greater among children in communities with less intensive systems (27%) than among those in communities with intermediate (5%) and more intensive (7%) systems. Across all intensities, frequent use of highly hazardous pesticides was associated with adverse health effects.


CONCLUSIONS
Agricultural development programs need to work more cross-sectorally to realize the potential health benefits associated with intensification of production.
Orozco
Fadya
F
International Potato Center, Quito, Ecuador. f.orozco@cgiar.org
Cole
Donald C
DC
Muñoz
Verónica
V
Altamirano
Ana
A
Wanigaratne
Susitha
S
Espinosa
Patricio
P
Muñoz
Fabian
F
D000886:Anthropometry; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004484:Ecuador; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects; D012257:Riboflavin Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology; D012423:Rural Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011198:Solanum tuberosum; D013832:Thiamine Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology
D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010575:Pesticides