Lectin-based food poisoning: a new mechanism of protein toxicity.
BACKGROUND
Ingestion of the lectins present in certain improperly cooked vegetables can result in acute GI tract distress, but the mechanism of toxicity is unknown. In vivo, gut epithelial cells are constantly exposed to mechanical and other stresses and consequently individual cells frequently experience plasma membrane disruptions. Repair of these cell surface disruptions allows the wounded cell to survive: failure results in necrotic cell death. Plasma membrane repair is mediated, in part, by an exocytotic event that adds a patch of internal membrane to the defect site. Lectins are known to inhibit exocytosis. We therefore tested the novel hypothesis that lectin toxicity is due to an inhibitory effect on plasma membrane repair.


RESULTS
Repair of plasma membrane disruptions and exocytosis of mucus was assessed after treatment of cultured cell models and excised segments of the GI tract with lectins. Plasma membrane disruptions were produced by focal irradiation of individual cells, using a microscope-based laser, or by mechanical abrasion of multiple cells, using a syringe needle. Repair was then assessed by monitoring the cytosolic penetration of dyes incapable of crossing the intact plasma membrane. We found that cell surface-bound lectins potently inhibited plasma membrane repair, and the exocytosis of mucus that normally accompanies the repair response.


CONCLUSIONS
Lectins potently inhibit plasma membrane repair, and hence are toxic to wounded cells. This represents a novel form of protein-based toxicity, one that, we propose, is the basis of plant lectin food poisoning.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America.
Katsuya
K
Miyake
Toru
T
Tanaka
Paul L
PL
McNeil
D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism; D037121:Plant Lectins / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats
D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D037121:Plant Lectins