Part I. Analysis of data gaps pertaining to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infections in low and medium human development index countries, 1984-2005.
There are only 10 contemporary, population-based studies of typhoid fever that evaluate disease incidence using blood culture for confirmation of cases. Reported incidence ranged from 13 to 976/100 000 persons per year. These studies are likely to have been done preferentially in high- incidence sites which makes generalization of data difficult. Only five of these studies reported mortality. Of these the median (range) mortality was 0% (0-1.8%). Since study conditions usually involved enhanced clinical management of patients and the studies were not designed to evaluate mortality as an outcome, their usefulness for generalizing case-fatality rates is uncertain. No contemporary population-based studies reported rates of complications. Hospital-based typhoid fever studies reported median (range) complication rates of 2.8% (0.6-4.9%) for intestinal perforation and case-fatality rates of 2.0% (0-14.8%). Rates of complications other than intestinal perforation were not reported in contemporary hospital-based studies. Hospital-based studies capture information on the most severe illnesses among persons who have access to health-care services limiting their generalizability. Only two studies have informed the current understanding of typhoid fever age distribution curves. Extrapolation from population-based studies suggests that most typhoid fever occurs among young children in Asia. To reduce gaps in the current understanding of typhoid fever incidence, complications, and case-fatality rate, large population-based studies using blood culture confirmation of cases are needed in representative sites, especially in low and medium human development index countries outside Asia.
Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. jcrump@cdc.gov
J A
JA
Crump
P K
PK
Ram
S K
SK
Gupta
M A
MA
Miller
E D
ED
Mintz
D017677:Age Distribution; D003906:Developing Countries; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control