Guidelines for management of high-risk African Americans with multiple cardiovascular risk factors: recommendations of an expert consensus panel.
African Americans have higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than do Caucasians, which contributes significantly to their reduced life expectancy. Most African American adults have at least one major risk factor for CVD. Nonetheless, African Americans are often underdiagnosed and undertreated, despite presenting to the healthcare system late in their course, often after a CVD event. Patients with multiple risk factors have a CVD risk far greater than the sum of their individual risks. Metabolic syndrome tends to be clustered to a greater degree in African American women. Aggressive management of African Americans is necessary. In this report, we provide guidelines for the management of high-risk African Americans. For each individual risk factor, we address existing data and guidelines in the general population, existing data in African Americans, and proposed guidelines for African Americans based on evidence or extrapolation. In particular, for elevated cholesterol and blood pressure, evidence is emerging that lower is better, so aggressive management strategies are necessary. For dyslipidemia, statins alone will generally reach the goal, but for hypertension, multiple drugs are usually necessary. We conclude that further research in African Americans is necessary to complete the totality of evidence.
Williams
Richard Allen
RA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Flack
John M
JM
Gavin
James R
JR
Schneider
Wendy R
WR
Hennekens
Charles H
CH
D001741:Black or African American; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D032921:Consensus; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States