title: Worsening of psychosis in schizophrenia is longitudinally associated with tardive dyskinesia in the European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to examine if worsening of psychosis predicts the emergence of tardive dyskinesia (TD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Global measures of TD and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) overall symptom severity score were rated in 4 assessments in 12 months. In a risk set free of TD at baseline, associations between TD onset and change in CGI scores were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 8,620 patients yielded 23,565 follow-up observations, 8.8% of which represented a worsening in CGI overall symptom severity relative to the previous observation, yielding an incidence of TD of 5.2%, compared with 2.7% in observations without worsening of psychopathology (rate ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.7). Incidence of TD was longitudinally associated with a worsening of the CGI overall symptom severity in the months preceding TD onset (adjusted hazard ratio over 6 levels of CGI score, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Worsening in overall psychopathology in schizophrenia is longitudinally associated with the emergence of TD as measured by CGI overall symptom severity.
authors: Psychiatric Center Altrecht, Den Dolder, The Netherlands. d.tenback@altrecht.nl
authors: Diederik E
authors: DE
authors: Tenback
authors: Peter N
authors: PN
authors: van Harten
authors: Cees J
authors: CJ
authors: Slooff
authors: Jim
authors: J
authors: van Os
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents