title: The template of the primary lymphatic landing sites of the prostate should be revisited: results of a multimodality mapping study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To map the primary prostatic lymphatic landing sites using a multimodality technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients with organ-confined prostate cancer (cT1-cT2; cN0) underwent single-photon emission computed tomography fused with data from computed tomography (SPECT/CT) (n=33) or magnetic resonance imaging (SPECT/MRI) (n=1) 1h after ultrasound-guided intraprostatic injection of technecium (Tc-99m) nanocolloid. The presence of lymph nodes (LNs) containing Tc-99m was confirmed intraoperatively with a gamma probe. A backup extended pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND) was performed to preclude missed primary lymphatic landing sites. The SPECT/CT/MRI data sets were used to generate a three-dimensional projection of each LN site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 317 LNs (median, 10 per patient; range, 3-19) were detected by SPECT/CT/MRI, 314 of which were confirmed by gamma probe. With an "extended" PLND, two thirds of all primary prostatic lymphatic landing sites are resected compared with only one third with a "limited" PLND.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The multimodality technique presented here enables precise mapping of the primary prostatic lymphatic landing sites. PLND for prostate cancer should include not only the external and obturator regions as well as the portions medial and lateral to the internal iliac vessels, but also the common iliac LNs at least up to the ureteric crossing, thus removing approximately 75% of all nodes potentially harbouring metastasis.
authors: Department of Urology, University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Agostino
authors: A
authors: Mattei
authors: Frank G
authors: FG
authors: Fuechsel
authors: Nivedita
authors: N
authors: Bhatta Dhar
authors: Sebastian H
authors: SH
authors: Warncke
authors: George N
authors: GN
authors: Thalmann
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Krause
authors: Urs E
authors: UE
authors: Studer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010388:Pelvis; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; C083602:technetium Tc 99m nanocolloid