title: Maternal state of mind regarding attachment predicts persistence of postnatal depression in the preschool years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This prospective study aimed to determine predictors of persistent postnatal depression between child age one and four years, in a sample of mothers already identified as having a high incidence of postnatal depression at four months after birth and a relatively high prevalence of symptoms of depression at child age one year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data (self-report questionnaires and interview) were initially collected from 127 mothers of first-born infants recruited from a parent-craft hospital at four months postpartum. Women again completed questionnaires and interviews one year after the birth. Persistence of depression between one and four years was assessed by symptom checklists and diagnostic interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two mothers (72%) of the original sample participated at four years. Eleven women who had first onset of depression after one year were excluded from analyses. Thirty-eight percent of the remaining sample (56% of those diagnosed with depression at 4 months) reported ongoing depression between one and four years. Severity of depressive symptoms at four months and maternal state of mind regarding attachment (assessed at 1 year) were significant predictors of persistent depression. Women with an insecure state of mind regarding attachment at one year were seven times more likely to report ongoing depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings confirm that postnatal depression is ongoing for many women and that vulnerability to persistent depression needs to be viewed in the context of inter-generational family problems. Severity of symptoms at four months postpartum can be used to identify those mothers most at risk of persistent depression.
authors: Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. cmcmahon@psy.mq.edu.au
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: McMahon
authors: Tania
authors: T
authors: Trapolini
authors: Bryanne
authors: B
authors: Barnett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D016015:Logistic Models; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009769:Object Attachment; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors