title: Chemical treatment of anti-D results in improved efficacy for the inhibition of Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated whether treatment of immunoglobulins anti-D or intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) with chemicals previously shown to inhibit phagocytosis could result in an enhancement of Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR) blockade in vitro. If successful, this approach may provide the possibility of targeting these chemicals to monocyte-macrophages for increased efficacy of immunoglobulin-based therapies in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  For proof-of-concept, the chemical thimerosal, a prototype FcgammaR inhibitor, was combined with RhIG or IVIG. Residual chemical was removed by extensive dialysis. With a monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) and a concentration of immunoglobulin alone that results in 50 percent inhibition of MMA phagocytosis of antibody-coated red blood cells, the effect of thimerosal treatment on the ability of the immunoglobulin to show a significant enhancement of efficacy was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is shown that combining thimerosal with anti-D, either slide and rapid tube or commercially available (WinRho SDF, Cangene), results in a highly significant increase in efficacy over anti-D alone to inhibit phagocytosis in vitro. This effect was not due to residual unbound compound or to cellular toxicity of the chemically treated immunoglobulins. Treatment of IVIG with thimerosal had no significant effect on its ability to inhibit in vitro phagocytosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that it is possible to modify an immunoglobulin by chemical treatment such that the treated immunoglobulin demonstrates significantly enhanced ability to inhibit FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis. It is also demonstrated that IVIG and anti-D appear to respond differently after chemical treatment. Further examination of this strategy is warranted and has the potential to reduce the dose, cost, and possibly, adverse effects of immunoglobulin-based therapies.
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Alison H
authors: AH
authors: Foo
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Ramkumar
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Helke
authors: Donald R
authors: DR
authors: Branch
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000276:immunology; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D018029:Rho(D) Immune Globulin; D013849:Thimerosal / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007518:Isoantibodies; C061961:RHO(D) antibody; D017452:Receptors, IgG; D018029:Rho(D) Immune Globulin; D013849:Thimerosal