title: Alterations in spinal, but not cerebral, cerebrospinal fluid Na+ concentrations affect the isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies demonstrated that MAC (the minimum alveolar concentration of an inhaled anesthetic that produces immobility in 50% of subjects exposed to noxious stimulation) for halothane directly correlates with the central nervous system concentration of Na+. However, those studies globally altered Na+ concentrations, and thus did not distinguish effects on the spinal cord from cerebral effects. This is an important distinction because the cord appears to be the primary site for mediation of the immobility produced by inhaled anesthetics. Accordingly, in the present study, we examined the effect of altering intrathecal versus intracerebroventricular concentrations of Na+ on MAC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In rats prepared with chronic indwelling catheters or stylets, we infused solutions deficient in Na+ and with an excess of Na+ into the lumbar subarachnoid and intracerebroventricular spaces and measured MAC for isoflurane before, during, and after infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAC of isoflurane correlated directly with concentrations of Na+ infused intrathecally but did not correlate with concentrations infused intracerebroventricularly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are consistent with a mediation or modulation of MAC by Na+ channels. These might include voltage-gated or ligand-gated channels or other Na-sensitive targets (e.g., pumps, transporters, exchangers).
authors: Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0464, USA.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Laster
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Edmond I
authors: EI
authors: Eger
authors: Dimitry
authors: D
authors: Shnayderman
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Sonner
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012964:Sodium / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D015222:Sodium Channels; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012964:Sodium; D007530:Isoflurane