title: Measuring contrast sensitivity in normal subjects with OPTEC 6500: influence of age and glare.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to develop age-related curves for contrast sensitivity (CS) in normal subjects under day and night conditions with and without glare.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one healthy eyes from 61 subjects were measured with the OPTEC(R) 6500 P under day and night conditions (luminance levels: 85 cd/m(2) and 3.0 cd/m(2) with and without glare; spatial frequencies: 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles/degree). A reliability analysis with five repeated measurements of six persons on 4 days was performed to examine the repeatability. The influence of age on contrast sensitivity, forward and backward scatter was examined by means of linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast sensitivity was significantly reduced under night conditions with glare, whereas glare had less influence under daylight illumination. Mean reliability coefficients are 0.87 (day), 0.77 (day with glare), 0.69 (night) and 0.81 (night with glare), which suggests sufficient retest reliability of the device. Regression analyses showed a highly significant influence of age, but the variance of the measurement values is not explained by age alone. The coefficients of determination for the regression of area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) on age are 0.33 (photopic), 0.34 (photopic with glare), 0.29 (mesopic) and 0.36 (mesopic with glare, p < 0.0001 in all cases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant relationship between age, CS and scatter was confirmed in our study. The results provide baseline values for the examination of patients with different diseases in which contrast sensitivity is impaired (such as glaucoma, cataracts and amblyopia) and might be useful in studies of roadworthiness or in investigation of the impact of intraocular lenses.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Bettina
authors: B
authors: Hohberger
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Laemmer
authors: Werner
authors: W
authors: Adler
authors: Anselm G M
authors: AG
authors: Juenemann
authors: Folkert K
authors: FK
authors: Horn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D019466:Glare; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014787:Vision Tests
references: J Am Optom Assoc. 1993 Mar;64(3):182-6
references: 8454835
references: J Cataract Refract Surg. 1995 Jan;21(1):82-92
references: 7722912
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Jun;47(6):2739-45
references: 16723494
references: Ophthalmologe. 1998 Jan;95(1):44-50
references: 9531801
references: Ophthalmologica. 1987;195(2):69-72
references: 3670800
references: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;241(12):968-74
references: 13680248
references: Ophthalmologe. 2005 May;102(5):507-13
references: 15490187
references: Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2004 Mar-Apr;26(2):271-7
references: 15019960
references: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1995 Nov;15(6):545-51
references: 8594525
references: J Affect Disord. 2006 Oct;95(1-3):19-28
references: 16793144
references: J Refract Surg. 2004 Sep-Oct;20(5):S523-7
references: 15523969
references: Vision Res. 1999 Nov;39(23):3975-82
references: 10748929
references: Ophthalmic Res. 2003 Jan-Feb;35(1):19-25
references: 12566859
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 May;42(6):1390-5
references: 11328756
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jan;90(1):87-90
references: 16361674
references: J Opt Soc Am A. 1993 Jul;10(7):1656-62
references: 8350155
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993 Jan;34(1):108-19
references: 8425818
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Nov;45(11):3986-90
references: 15505046
references: Percept Psychophys. 1985 Apr;37(4):286-98
references: 4034345
references: Optom Vis Sci. 1990 Apr;67(4):248-51
references: 2342786
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Mar;89(3):345-51
references: 15722317
references: Doc Ophthalmol. 2001 Sep;103(2):105-17
references: 11720254
references: Ger J Ophthalmol. 1995 Mar;4(2):97-102
references: 7795517
references: Accid Anal Prev. 1993 Jun;25(3):267-75
references: 8323661
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jan;88(1):11-6
references: 14693761
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Nov;44(11):4665-9
references: 14578383
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Jan;40(1):203-13
references: 9888445
references: Optom Vis Sci. 2006 May;83(5):290-8
references: 16699441
references: Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006 Feb;17(1):19-26
references: 16436920
references: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1987;7(4):415-9
references: 3454919
references: Vision Res. 1990;30(5):699-707
references: 2378063
references: Ophthalmologica. 1988;197(1):14-8
references: 3054682
references: Ophthalmologe. 2005 Jan;102(1):27-32
references: 15150665
references: Optom Vis Sci. 1996 Jan;73(1):49-53
references: 8867682
references: Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2003 May-Jun;47(3):299-303
references: 12782168
references: J Refract Surg. 2001 Sep-Oct;17(5):S596-601
references: 11583239
references: Vision Res. 1988;28(11):1235-46
references: 3253994
references: Ophthalmologe. 1998 Aug;95(8):555-8
references: 9782732
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Mar;33(3):618-25
references: 1544787
references: Ophthalmology. 1988 Jan;95(1):139-43
references: 3344122
references: J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001 Feb;27(2):261-6
references: 11226793
references: Optom Vis Sci. 2005 Nov;82(11):970-5
references: 16317373
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Jul;186(4):594-600
references: 16586087
references: Doc Ophthalmol. 1986 Jan 15;61(3-4):327-33
references: 3948666