title: Gram-positive bloodstream infections in liver transplant recipients: incidence, risk factors, and impact on survival.
abstract: The objective of the study was to assess the incidence, risk factors, and survival of gram-positive bloodstream infections (GP-BSI(s)) among liver transplant recipients during the first year after transplantation. Between October 2000 and September 2006, 42 episodes of GP-BSI(s) occurred in 205 patients with an overall incidence of 0.20 episodes/patient. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were detected in 45.2% of cases, Enterococcus species in 42.9% (E faecalis, eight; E faecium, seven; E avium, two; E gallinarum, one) and Staphylococcus aureus in 11.9%. Retransplantation was the only independent risk factor for GP-BSI (odds ratio [OR], 0.253; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.089 to 0.715; P = .009). Thirty-day mortality rate was 28.5% and S aureus infections were related to a poorer outcome. It is noteworthy that all the isolates of S aureus were methicillin-resistant. Ampicillin was inactive against all the strains of E faecium and 50% of E avium isolates, but active against all E faecalis and E gallinarum strains. All the isolates were glycopeptide-susceptible. No significant differences in mortality rate were observed in relation to sex, etiologies of end-stage liver disease, cytomegalovirus infection/reinfection, type of donor, rejection, or retransplantation. GP-BSI, the only independent risk factor for death (OR, 0.262; 95% CI, 0.106 to 0.643; P = .003), reduced the survival rate by 26% in the first year posttransplant. In conclusion, GP-BSI(s) impact significantly on morbidity and mortality posttransplant, particularly among retransplantations. Control measures are required to reduce the incidence of GP-BSI(s) in liver transplant recipients. These findings must be considered when empirical antimicrobial therapy is indicated while awaiting blood-culture results.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Infectious Diseases Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bedini
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Codeluppi
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Cocchi
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Guaraldi
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Di Benedetto
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Venturelli
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Masetti
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Prati
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Mussini
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Borghi
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Girardis
authors: G E
authors: GE
authors: Gerunda
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Rumpianesi
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Esposito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis