title: Facial fracture repair in the traumatic brain injury patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the surgical complications of patients who had facial fractures repairs in the setting of a traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of all individuals admitted with the diagnosis of TBI based on an evaluation by the neurotrauma service who also underwent facial fracture repair was performed. More than 600 charts were reviewed and 99 patients met study criteria. Univariate and mulitvariate logistic regression model analysis were performed comparing the complication rate in the immediate postoperative period to the patients' age, gender, mechanism of injury, zone of facial injury, preoperative Glasgow Coma score, presence of multisystem injury, mechanism of TBI and treatment, length of time from injury to surgical repair and length of surgical procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 99 individuals studied, there was an 11% complication rate (8 minor, 3 major) in the immediate postoperative period. After univariate analysis, the length of time from injury to surgical repair, zone 1 facial injury and low Glasgow Coma score were all factors associated with increased complications. Multivariate logistic regression model analysis revealed that the odds of a patient sustaining a postoperative complication was 1.298 as the hour of procedure increased by 1 hour (95% CI, 1.065-1.582) and was 1.152 as the days of repair increased by 1 day (95% CI, 1.030-1.288).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall complication rate of facial fracture repair in the TBI patient was 11%. A prolonged surgical procedure and delay in surgical repair were associated with higher complication rates as identified by multivariate logistical regression analysis.
authors: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Southern California Kaiser-Permanente Medical Group, Orange County, CA 92807, USA. terryshibuya@yahoo.com
authors: Terry Y
authors: TY
authors: Shibuya
authors: Amir M
authors: AM
authors: Karam
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Doerr
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Stachler
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Zormeier
authors: Robert H
authors: RH
authors: Mathog
authors: Christine L
authors: CL
authors: McLaren
authors: Kuo-Tung
authors: KT
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D020207:Coma, Post-Head Injury / Q000209:etiology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019370:Observation; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors