title: A novel cycloheptapeptide exerts strong anticancer activity via stimulation of multiple apoptotic pathways in caspase-3 deficient cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  VR3848 is a novel cycloheptapeptide, isolated from a Euphorbiaceae plant, which can suppress proliferation of various tumor cells at nanomolar concentration. Due to its novelty and potency, the molecular process of tumor cell growth inhibition was investigated intensively.
  
  
  METHODS
  MCF-7 cells, a caspase-3 deficient cancer cell line, were treated with VR3848. The genetic response was monitored using cDNA array analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression alterations of caspase, bcl-2 family members, death receptor, death adaptor, death ligands, stress response, cell cycle machinery, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and proto-oncogene were found which can be linked into three apoptotic pathways. The first was the death receptor-mediated pathway, which was confirmed by functional inhibition of caspase-8 and -10. The second pathway was via ER-stress apoptosis demonstrated by up-regulation of ER-stress genes and the release of caspase-12 into the cytoplasm. The third pathway involved mitochondrial membrane leakage which was elucidated by down-regulation of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 and an increased level of cytosolic apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Cell cycle arrest was observed which may have been a direct effect of VR3848 or a consequence of DNA strand breaks which in turn stimulated cell cycle arrest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VR3848 inhibited MCF-7 cancer cell growth through an activation of three related apoptotic pathways.
authors: Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors: Sukathida
authors: S
authors: Ubol
authors: Jarin
authors: J
authors: Kramyu
authors: Promsin
authors: P
authors: Masrinoul
authors: Chongkon
authors: C
authors: Kachangchaeng
authors: Prapadsorn
authors: P
authors: Pittayanurak
authors: Samaisuk
authors: S
authors: Sophasan
authors: Vichai
authors: V
authors: Reutrakul
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019665:Euphorbiaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D053148:Caspase 3