title: Efficacy of 1% ropivacaine gel for topical anesthesia of human oral mucosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of 1% ropivacaine for topical anesthesia in dentistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty healthy volunteers randomly (blind crossover) received the following treatments: 20 mg of 1% ropivacaine gel (ropivacaine-20), 60 mg of 1% ropivacaine gel (ropivacaine-60), 20 mg of the eutectic mixture of local anesthetics 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine (EMLA cream, AstraZeneca; EMLA-20), 60 mg of EMLA (EMLA-60), 20 mg of 20% benzocaine gel (Benzotop, DFL; benzocaine-20), and 60 mg of 20% benzocaine gel (benzocaine-60), applied on the maxillary buccal fold of the right canine at different sessions. Pain was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) and 11-point box scale (BS-11) after the insertion of 30-gauge needles. Soft tissue anesthesia was measured by pinprick test. Data were analyzed by Friedman and Pearson correlation tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the topical anesthetics evaluated showed similar performance in relation to the pain perceived after needle insertion (P >.05), and there were no significant differences among groups considering VAS or BS-11 (P = .177 and P = .179, respectively). The duration of soft tissue anesthesia was not statistically significantly different for ropivacaine-20, EMLA-20, benzocaine-20, ropivacaine-60, EMLA-60, and benzocaine-60, but EMLA-60 showed significantly longer duration than the other agents (P <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All topical anesthetics were similar in reducing pain to needle insertion. EMLA-60 promoted longer duration of soft tissue anesthesia.
authors: Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dentistry School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Franz-Montan
authors: André Luis Rotolo
authors: AL
authors: Silva
authors: Karina
authors: K
authors: Cogo
authors: Cristiane
authors: C
authors: Bergamaschi
authors: Maria Cristina
authors: MC
authors: Volpato
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Ranali
authors: Eneida
authors: E
authors: de Paula
authors: Francisco Carlos
authors: FC
authors: Groppo
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001566:Benzocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005782:Gels; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D011318:Prilocaine; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D001566:Benzocaine