title: Neuroprotective effect of cobalt chloride on hypobaric hypoxia-induced oxidative stress.
abstract: Hypobaric hypoxia, characteristic of high altitude is known to increase the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and decrease effectiveness of antioxidant enzymes. RONS are involved and may even play a causative role in high altitude related ailments. Brain is highly susceptible to hypoxic stress and is involved in physiological responses that follow. Exposure of rats to hypobaric hypoxia (7619 m) resulted in increased oxidation of lipids and proteins due to increased RONS and decreased reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio. Further, there was a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels. Increase in heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was also noticed along with metallothionein (MT) II and III. Administration of cobalt appreciably attenuated the RONS generation, oxidation of lipids and proteins and maintained GSH/GSSH ratio similar to that of control cells via induction of HO-1 and MT offering efficient neuroprotection. It can be concluded that cobalt reduces hypoxia oxidative stress by maintaining higher cellular HO-1 and MT levels via hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) signaling mechanisms. These findings provide a basis for possible use of cobalt for prevention of hypoxia-induced oxidative stress.
authors: Defense Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India.
authors: Kalpana
authors: K
authors: Shrivastava
authors: Dhananjay
authors: D
authors: Shukla
authors: Anju
authors: A
authors: Bansal
authors: Mustoori
authors: M
authors: Sairam
authors: P K
authors: PK
authors: Banerjee
authors: Govindaswamy
authors: G
authors: Ilavazhagan
mesh_terms: D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003035:Cobalt / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000378:metabolism; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D004798:Enzymes; C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; C491055:Mt2A protein, rat; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D003035:Cobalt; D008668:Metallothionein; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); C491523:Hmox1 protein, rat; C018021:cobaltous chloride; D005978:Glutathione