title: The neurobiology and genetics of impulse control disorders: relationships to drug addictions.
abstract: Impulse control disorders (ICDs), including pathological gambling, trichotillomania, kleptomania and others, have been conceptualized to lie along an impulsive-compulsive spectrum. Recent data have suggested that these disorders may be considered addictions. Here, we review the genetic and neuropathological bases of the impulse control disorders and consider the disorders within these non-mutually exclusive frameworks.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors: Judson A
authors: JA
authors: Brewer
authors: Marc N
authors: MN
authors: Potenza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003657:Decision Making; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D004723:Endorphins / Q000502:physiology; D005828:Genetics, Population; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D012201:Reward; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004723:Endorphins; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D004298:Dopamine
references: Biol Psychiatry. 1990 Aug 15;28(4):325-38
references: 2397249
references: Brain Res. 1987 Oct 6;422(2):403-6
references: 2823980
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Apr;45(4):369-73
references: 2451490
references: Nat Neurosci. 2006 Aug;9(8):1050-6
references: 16829955
references: Pharmacol Rev. 2005 Mar;57(1):1-26
references: 15734726
references: Chronobiol Int. 1993 Jun;10(3):205-13
references: 8319319
references: Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jan-Mar;16(1):27-34
references: 15147110
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003 Oct;170(1):62-72
references: 12845411
references: Psychosom Med. 1971 Mar-Apr;33(2):145-57
references: 5549659
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 4;95(16):9608-13
references: 9689128
references: Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006 Mar;11(1):91-8
references: 16503828
references: Science. 2002 Jul 19;297(5580):400-3
references: 12130784
references: Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):386-9
references: 12869766
references: Nat Neurosci. 2004 Aug;7(8):887-93
references: 15235607
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2001 May;110(2):297-308
references: 11358024
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Sep 15;58(6):451-6
references: 16023085
references: J Neurophysiol. 1997 Mar;77(3):1313-24
references: 9084599
references: CNS Spectr. 2006 Dec;11(12):924-30
references: 17146406
references: Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Jul;17(4):201-5
references: 12131605
references: Behav Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;7(4):395-399
references: 11224433
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;65(7):982-6
references: 15291688
references: Brain Res. 1993 Apr 16;608(2):216-22
references: 8495356
references: Nat Neurosci. 2001 Jan;4(1):95-102
references: 11135651
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Jun 29;877:412-38
references: 10415662
references: Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Jun 1;41(11):1071-86
references: 9146818
references: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Nov;29(10):1272-80
references: 15288706
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Apr;985:233-50
references: 12724162
references: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31(3):426-40
references: 17210179
references: Addiction. 2006 Apr;101(4):534-47
references: 16548933
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991 Apr;48(4):383
references: 2009039
references: Prog Brain Res. 2000;126:263-85
references: 11105652
references: J Neurosci. 2004 May 19;24(20):4718-22
references: 15152031
references: CNS Spectr. 2006 Dec;11(12):931-9
references: 17146407
references: J Neurophysiol. 1991 Sep;66(3):986-98
references: 1684383
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 May 1;47(9):813-7
references: 10812040
references: Biol Psychiatry. 1994 Mar 15;35(6):426-7
references: 8018791
references: Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Jul 1;42(1):39-45
references: 9193740
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;63(6):501-7
references: 12088161
references: Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1104-7
references: 12934011
references: Addiction. 1998 Sep;93(9):1375-84
references: 9926543
references: Pharmacogenetics. 1995 Jun;5(3):121-41
references: 7550364
references: J Neurosci. 2002 Oct 15;22(20):9134-41
references: 12388621
references: Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(10):1675-89
references: 11992656
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 Dec 29;836:81-105
references: 9616795
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Dec;183(2):171-80
references: 16163517
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Oct;146(4):348-61
references: 10550486
references: Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2000 Dec;12(4):205-11
references: 11140921
references: Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2007 Mar-Apr;15(2):80-5
references: 17454177
references: Psychol Rep. 1978 Dec;43(3 Pt 2):1247-55
references: 746091
references: J Neurosci. 2003 May 15;23(10):4308-14
references: 12764119
references: Pharmacol Rev. 2002 Mar;54(1):1-42
references: 11870259
references: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;29(6):1062-73
references: 15951088
references: Nat Neurosci. 2005 Nov;8(11):1450-7
references: 16251987
references: Behav Genet. 2007 Jan;37(1):119-45
references: 17063402
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 Jul;27(1):35-46
references: 12062905
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Sep 15;62(6):652-7
references: 17445781
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1993 Jul;45(3):629-37
references: 8392732
references: Pharmacol Rev. 2001 Jun;53(2):209-43
references: 11356984
references: Brain Res. 2000 Dec 15;886(1-2):113-164
references: 11119693
references: Br J Psychiatry. 1989 Mar;154:354-9
references: 2597837
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Dec;164(4):385-91
references: 12457268
references: CNS Spectr. 2006 Dec;11(12):956-64
references: 17146409
references: Synapse. 1993 Jun;14(2):169-77
references: 8101394
references: J Gambl Stud. 2003 Spring;19(1):23-51
references: 12635539
references: J Neurophysiol. 1991 Sep;66(3):999-1009
references: 1684384
references: Nat Neurosci. 2005 Nov;8(11):1481-9
references: 16251991
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Jan;29(1):195-207
references: 14571257
references: Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Mar;14(1):9-15
references: 12046642
references: Addiction. 1999 Oct;94(10):1445-8
references: 10790897
references: Brain Res. 1992 Oct 2;592(1-2):29-36
references: 1450917
references: CNS Spectr. 2007 Jun;12(6):453-66
references: 17545956
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Jul;57(7):666-73
references: 10891037
references: Drugs Today (Barc). 2003 Sep;39(9):695-700
references: 14586484
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;160(4):636-45
references: 12668349
references: Am J Med Genet. 1996 Sep 20;67(5):473-7
references: 8886164
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;161(3):569-72
references: 14992987
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996 Nov;128(2):161-70
references: 8956377
references: Addict Biol. 2006 Sep;11(3-4):397-403
references: 16961767
references: J Neurosci. 2005 Sep 21;25(38):8665-70
references: 16177034
references: Synapse. 2002 Nov;46(2):79-82
references: 12211085
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;55(7):593-602
references: 9672049
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Jun;7(6):464-76
references: 16715055
references: Arch Neurol. 2005 Sep;62(9):1377-81
references: 16009751
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000 Apr;149(3):313-8
references: 10823413
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;162(8):1423-31
references: 16055763
references: J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2004 Apr;30(2):104-17
references: 15078120
references: Biol Psychiatry. 1989 Apr 1;25(7):913-28
references: 2541803
references: Neuropsychobiology. 2005;52(4):206-11
references: 16244502
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56 Suppl 4:3-6; discussion 53-5
references: 7713863
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 1;56(7):527-30
references: 15450790
references: Am J Psychiatry. 1992 Mar;149(3):318-27
references: 1536268
references: Science. 2007 Mar 2;315(5816):1267-70
references: 17332411
references: J Neurosci. 2006 Mar 8;26(10):2788-97
references: 16525058
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Aug;46(8):679-81
references: 2751401
references: J Subst Abuse Treat. 1989;6(2):95-106
references: 2746717
references: Appl Human Sci. 1999 Mar;18(2):37-42
references: 10388157
references: Am J Addict. 2000 Spring;9(2):163-71
references: 10934578
references: J Neurosci. 1986 Mar;6(3):613-9
references: 3958786
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56 Suppl 4:7-12; discussion 13
references: 7713866
references: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1988;12(5):653-71
references: 2851859
references: Arch Neurol. 2006 Jul;63(7):969-73
references: 16831966
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Oct;159(10):1642-52
references: 12359667
references: Hum Brain Mapp. 2007 Dec;28(12):1276-86
references: 17274020
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;162(8):1483-93
references: 16055769
references: J Neurosci. 2003 Apr 15;23(8):3531-7
references: 12716962
references: Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Nov;61(5):1144-52
references: 9345090
references: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Nov 15;136(2):349-57
references: 12429396
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Feb 1;59(3):224-9
references: 16154545
references: Cognition. 1994 Apr-Jun;50(1-3):7-15
references: 8039375
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007 Feb 23;87(1):1-9
references: 16930857
references: Psychol Rep. 1999 Feb;84(1):107-13
references: 10203933
references: CNS Spectr. 2006 Nov;11(11):824-7
references: 17075554
references: Schizophr Bull. 2007 Jan;33(1):21-32
references: 17088422
references: Psychiatry Res. 2001 Nov 30;104(3):205-12
references: 11728609
references: Addiction. 2006 Sep;101 Suppl 1:142-51
references: 16930171
references: J Neurosci. 1992 Feb;12(2):483-8
references: 1346804
references: Cereb Cortex. 2000 Mar;10(3):334-42
references: 10731228
references: Behav Brain Res. 1998 Jul;94(1):1-10
references: 9708834
references: Nat Neurosci. 2005 Nov;8(11):1458-63
references: 16251988
references: J Clin Psychol. 1995 Nov;51(6):768-74
references: 8778124
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Oct;146(4):400-12
references: 10550490
references: Mov Disord. 2004 Apr;19(4):433-7
references: 15077241
references: Neurology. 2006 Jun 13;66(11):1750-2
references: 16769956
references: Annu Rev Psychol. 2006;57:87-115
references: 16318590
references: Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33
references: 15955613
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Feb 15;51(4):334-41
references: 11958785
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2001 Aug;110(3):482-7
references: 11502091
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;60(8):828-36
references: 12912766
references: Pharmacogenetics. 1999 Jun;9(3):397-400
references: 10471073
references: Nat Neurosci. 2005 Feb;8(2):147-8
references: 15643429
references: Brain Res. 1992 Apr 17;577(2):194-9
references: 1606494
references: Psychol Med. 1997 Mar;27(2):473-5
references: 9089839
references: Behav Genet. 2007 Mar;37(2):294-301
references: 17216342
references: Br J Addict. 1987 Apr;82(4):381-92
references: 3555574
references: J Neurosci. 2000 Mar 15;20(6):2369-82
references: 10704511
references: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2006 Jul;6(4):302-6
references: 16822350
references: Am J Med Genet. 1999 Apr 16;88(2):123-5
references: 10206229
references: Epilepsy Behav. 2002 Apr;3(2):190-194
references: 12609422
references: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Jun;20(3):362-6
references: 10831025
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Apr;289(1):412-6
references: 10087032
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;160(6):1041-52
references: 12777258
references: Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):980-2
references: 11691967
references: Neuropsychol Rev. 2007 Mar;17(1):39-59
references: 17318414
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;67(12):1968-73
references: 17194276
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Jun 1;49(11):914-21
references: 11377409
references: Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Oct;151(10):1485-91
references: 7522411
references: Genes Brain Behav. 2003 Apr;2(2):114-21
references: 12884968
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;163(2):180-1
references: 16449466
references: Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Jul;18(4):243-9
references: 12817159
references: J Neurophysiol. 1994 Aug;72(2):1024-7
references: 7983508
references: Neuropharmacology. 2004;47 Suppl 1:3-13
references: 15464121
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;160(10):1892-4
references: 14514509
references: Neuropsychologia. 2000;38(8):1180-7
references: 10838152
references: Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006 Jul;21(4):203-9
references: 16687991
references: Int Rev Neurobiol. 2004;62:159-93
references: 15530572
references: Am J Addict. 2006 Jan-Feb;15(1):105-10
references: 16449100
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996 May;125(1):92-6
references: 8724454
references: Psychol Bull. 2000 Mar;126(2):247-59
references: 10748642
references: Biol Psychiatry. 1995 Dec 1;38(11):751-5
references: 8580229
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;158(11):1783-93
references: 11691682
references: Neuroscience. 2007 Feb 23;144(4):1153-9
references: 17197102
references: Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2006;43(2):93-101
references: 16910371
references: Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7(9):927-8
references: 12399942
references: Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006 Jun;29(2):539-51, x
references: 16650722
references: Trends Mol Med. 2006 Dec;12(12):559-66
references: 17070107
references: Neurology. 2003 Aug 12;61(3):422-3
references: 12913220
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1988;96(1):93-100
references: 2906446
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Jul;46(7):587-99
references: 2735812
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Nov;160(11):1990-4
references: 14594746
references: J Gambl Stud. 2001 Winter;17(4):297-320
references: 11842526
references: Neuromolecular Med. 2004;5(1):85-108
references: 15001815
references: CNS Spectr. 1999 Dec;4(12):25-33
references: 18311105
references: J Neurophysiol. 1997 Mar;77(3):1325-37
references: 9084600
references: Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2001 Jul;6(3):205-16
references: 11447572
references: Arch Neurol. 2006 Feb;63(2):299-300; author reply 300
references: 16476828
references: J Neurosci. 2004 Apr 7;24(14):3554-62
references: 15071103
references: Nature. 2006 Jun 15;441(7095):876-9
references: 16778890
references: Pharmacogenetics. 1996 Jun;6(3):223-34
references: 8807661
references: CNS Spectr. 2006 Dec;11(12):944-55
references: 17146408
references: Am J Med Genet. 1999 Aug 20;88(4):358-68
references: 10402503
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Jun;1021:33-50
references: 15251872
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 Apr;20(4):322-39
references: 10088133
references: Neuron. 2007 Apr 5;54(1):51-8
references: 17408577
references: J Neurosci. 2003 Nov 5;23(31):9981-6
references: 14602811
references: Pharmacogenetics. 1997 Oct;7(5):345-8
references: 9352568
references: Science. 1996 Nov 29;274(5292):1527-31
references: 8929413
references: J Neurosci. 1999 Jul 1;19(13):5473-81
references: 10377356
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;163(2):303-12
references: 16449486
references: Life Sci. 1983 Dec 26;33(26):2609-14
references: 6198573
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Nov 1;48(9):948-53
references: 11074233
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;162(8):1403-13
references: 16055761