title: Conceptual importance of identifying alcoholic liver disease as a lifestyle disease.
abstract: The concept that alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is as a toxic disease does not mirror the exact nature of the disease. ALD should be defined as an alcohol-associated lifestyle disease, the predisposition to which is largely governed by gene-environment interactions, much like other chronic diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ALD need to be re-addressed from this viewpoint. Specifically, the interactions between alcohol and secondary risk factors (high-fat diet, iron, tobacco, medications, female gender) and comorbidities (viral hepatitis, diabetes) are of urgent epidemiological importance. Molecular characterization of the interfaces of these interactions is essential for revelation or acquisition of new pathogenetic, preventive, and therapeutic insights.
authors: Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-402, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9141, USA.
authors: Hidekazu
authors: H
authors: Tsukamoto
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
references: Cancer. 2004 Sep 1;101(5):1009-17
references: 15329910
references: Addiction. 2001 Feb;96 Suppl 1:S19-33
references: 11228075
references: Semin Liver Dis. 2007 Feb;27(1):44-54
references: 17295176
references: Am J Physiol. 1998 Oct;275(4 Pt 1):G605-11
references: 9756487
references: Int J Cancer. 2000 Feb 15;85(4):498-502
references: 10699921
references: Hepatology. 2002 Mar;35(3):635-8
references: 11870378
references: Lancet. 1984 Aug 4;2(8397):241-4
references: 6146805
references: Hepatogastroenterology. 1998 Nov-Dec;45(24):2328-32
references: 9951917
references: Hepatology. 2002 Nov;36(5 Suppl 1):S220-5
references: 12407597
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;21 Suppl 3:S30-3
references: 16958668
references: J Biol Chem. 2003 May 16;278(20):17646-54
references: 12637578
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;21 Suppl 3:S7-9
references: 16958678
references: J Virol. 2006 Jul;80(14):7199-207
references: 16809325
references: Hepatology. 1994 Dec;20(6):1442-9
references: 7982643
references: Gut. 1997 Dec;41(6):845-50
references: 9462221
references: Ann Intern Med. 1986 Mar;104(3):399-404
references: 3511825
references: Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Feb 15;32(4):303-8
references: 11841919
references: Am J Physiol. 1999 Dec;277(6 Pt 1):G1240-50
references: 10600822
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;21 Suppl 3:S38-42
references: 16958670
references: Hepatology. 2003 Oct;38(4):820-8
references: 14512869
references: Hepatology. 1996 May;23(5):1025-9
references: 8621128
references: J Virol. 2006 Jan;80(2):866-74
references: 16378988
references: Hepatology. 2002 Nov;36(5):1206-13
references: 12395331
references: J Virol. 2007 Feb;81(4):1727-35
references: 17135326
references: FASEB J. 2001 Jun;15(8):1335-49
references: 11387231
references: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003 Nov;27(11):1798-804
references: 14634496
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;21 Suppl 3:S56-60
references: 16958674
references: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999 Jan;23(1):134-40
references: 10029214
references: J Hepatol. 2004 Jul;41(1):25-30
references: 15246203
references: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Aug;4(8):1062-8
references: 16844421
references: Eur J Clin Nutr. 1990 Aug;44(8):595-603
references: 2209515
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;21 Suppl 3:S34-7
references: 16958669
references: Semin Liver Dis. 2004 Aug;24(3):317-25
references: 15349808
references: Hepatology. 1996 Apr;23(4):872-80
references: 8666344
references: Liver. 1989 Aug;9(4):189-97
references: 2671569
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;21 Suppl 3:S61-4
references: 16958675
references: Am J Med. 1984 Feb;76(2):211-22
references: 6421159
references: Drug Alcohol Rev. 1991;10(3):175-202
references: 16840049
references: Hepatology. 1997 Jan;25(1):108-11
references: 8985274
references: J Biol Chem. 2007 Feb 23;282(8):5582-8
references: 17172471
references: Science. 2003 May 16;300(5622):1145-8
references: 12702807
references: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001 Aug;25(8):1181-7
references: 11505049
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;21 Suppl 3:S3-6
references: 16958667
references: Hepatology. 2003 Feb;37(2):410-9
references: 12540792
references: Gastroenterology. 2004 Mar;126(3):840-8
references: 14988838
references: Am J Epidemiol. 1992 Nov 15;136(10):1248-57
references: 1476147
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 30;104(5):1661-6
references: 17234812
references: J Hepatol. 1991 May;12 (3):394-401
references: 1845298
references: Intervirology. 2006;49(1-2):51-7
references: 16166789