title: Pubertal impairment in Nhlh2 null mice is associated with hypothalamic and pituitary deficiencies.
abstract: Pubertal development is impaired in mice lacking the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Nhlh2. The mechanisms underlying changes in reproduction in Nhlh2-deficient mice (Nhlh2(-/-)) are unclear. Here we show that hypothalamic GnRH-1 content is reduced in adult Nhlh2(-/-) mice as is the number of GnRH-1 neurons localized to mid- and caudal hypothalamic regions. This reduction was detected postnatally after normal migration of GnRH-1 neurons within nasal regions had occurred. Phenotype rescue experiments showed that female Nhlh2(-/-) mice were responsive to estrogen treatment. In contrast, puberty could not be primed in female Nhlh2(-/-) mice with a GnRH-1 regimen. The adenohypophysis of Nhlh2(-/-) mice was hypoplastic although it contained a full complement of the five anterior pituitary cell types. GnRH-1 receptors (GnRHRs) were reduced in Nhlh2(-/-) pituitary gonadotropes as compared with wild type. In vitro assays indicated that Nhlh2 expression is regulated in parallel with GnRHR expression. However, direct transcriptional activity of Nhlh2 on the GnRHR promoter was not found. These results indicate that Nhlh2 plays a role in the development and functional maintenance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at least at two levels: 1) in the hypothalamus by regulating the number and distribution of GnRH-1 neurons and, 2) in the developing and mature adenohypophysis.
authors: Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, USA.
authors: Tiziana
authors: T
authors: Cogliati
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Delgado-Romero
authors: Errol R
authors: ER
authors: Norwitz
authors: Jasenka
authors: J
authors: Guduric-Fuchs
authors: Ursula B
authors: UB
authors: Kaiser
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Wray
authors: Ilan R
authors: IR
authors: Kirsch
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002465:Cell Movement; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D010900:Pituitary Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012741:Sexual Maturation
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; C484104:Nhlh2 protein, mouse