title: Personality and serotonin transporter genotype interact with social context to affect immunity and viral set-point in simian immunodeficiency virus disease.
abstract: From the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, stress has been a suspected contributor to the wide variation seen in disease progression, and some evidence supports this idea. Not all individuals respond to a stressor in the same way, however, and little is known about the biological mechanisms by which variations in individuals' responses to their environment affect disease-relevant immunologic processes. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus/rhesus macaque model of AIDS, we explored how personality (Sociability) and genotype (serotonin transporter promoter) independently interact with social context (Stable or Unstable social conditions) to influence behavioral expression, plasma cortisol concentrations, SIV-specific IgG, and expression of genes associated with Type I interferon early in infection. SIV viral RNA set-point was strongly and negatively correlated with survival as expected. Set-point was also associated with expression of interferon-stimulated genes, with CXCR3 expression, and with SIV-specific IgG titers. Poorer immune responses, in turn, were associated with display of sustained aggression and submission. Personality and genotype acted independently as well as in interaction with social condition to affect behavioral responses. Together, the data support an "interactionist" perspective [Eysenck, H.J., 1991. Personality, stress and disease: an interactionist perspective. Psychol. Inquiry 2, 221-232] on disease. Given that an important goal of HIV treatment is to maintain viral set-point as low as possible, our data suggest that supplementing anti-retroviral therapy with behavioral or pharmacologic modulation of other aspects of an organism's functioning might prolong survival, particularly among individuals living under conditions of threat or uncertainty.
authors: California National Primate Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jpcapitanio@ucdavis.edu
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Capitanio
authors: Kristina
authors: K
authors: Abel
authors: Sally P
authors: SP
authors: Mendoza
authors: Shelley A
authors: SA
authors: Blozis
authors: Michael B
authors: MB
authors: McChesney
authors: Steve W
authors: SW
authors: Cole
authors: William A
authors: WA
authors: Mason
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005838:Genotype; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007109:Immunity / Q000502:physiology*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000235:genetics; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3 / Q000235:genetics; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012919:Social Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007370:Interferon Type I; D012367:RNA, Viral; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D006854:Hydrocortisone
references: Primates. 2002 Jul;43(3):169-77
references: 12145398
references: Psychosom Med. 1998 May-Jun;60(3):235-44
references: 9625208
references: Clin Immunol. 2003 Sep;108(3):167-74
references: 14499239
references: J Med Primatol. 2003 Aug;32(4-5):247-64
references: 14498985
references: Am J Primatol. 2003 Oct;61(2):73-83
references: 14582129
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Nov 15;54(10):953-9
references: 14625137
references: Genes Brain Behav. 2003 Dec;2(6):336-40
references: 14653305
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Dec 15;54(12):1444-56
references: 14675810
references: J Virol. 2004 Jan;78(2):841-54
references: 14694116
references: Mol Immunol. 2005 Feb;42(2):251-8
references: 15488612
references: Am Psychol. 1984 Nov;39(11):1309-14
references: 6507995
references: J Gen Virol. 1987 Dec;68 ( Pt 12):3183-9
references: 2826656
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Aug;86(16):6353-7
references: 2548210
references: J Interferon Res. 1994 Oct;14(5):259-63
references: 7532202
references: Brain Behav Immun. 1994 Dec;8(4):293-312
references: 7696716
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Jul;52(7):583-93
references: 7598635
references: J Immunol. 1998 Jul 15;161(2):610-6
references: 9670934
references: Semin Immunol. 1998 Oct;10(5):383-90
references: 9799713
references: Brain Behav Immun. 1998 Dec;12(4):249-71
references: 10080856
references: Am J Primatol. 1999;47(4):299-320
references: 10206208
references: J Virol. 1999 Jun;73(6):4829-39
references: 10233944
references: Brain Behav Immun. 1999 Jun;13(2):138-54
references: 10373278
references: Am J Primatol. 2005 Mar;65(3):289-94
references: 15772988
references: Nature. 2005 Apr 28;434(7037):1093-7
references: 15793563
references: Nature. 2005 Apr 28;434(7037):1148-52
references: 15793562
references: Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord. 2005 Jun;5(2):95-111
references: 15975016
references: Scand J Immunol. 2006 Feb;63(2):106-15
references: 16476009
references: J Virol. 2006 May;80(9):4326-35
references: 16611891
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Jul;7(7):583-90
references: 16791147
references: Psychosom Med. 1999 Nov-Dec;61(6):842-9
references: 10593637
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Aug;157(8):1221-8
references: 10910783
references: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2001 Feb 10;17(3):243-51
references: 11177407
references: Blood. 2001 Aug 15;98(4):906-12
references: 11493432
references: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2001;55:255-81
references: 11544356
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Oct 23;98(22):12695-700
references: 11675501
references: Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7(1):118-22
references: 11803458
references: J Virol. 2002 Aug;76(16):8433-45
references: 12134046
references: AIDS Educ Prev. 1995;7(5 Suppl):36-47
references: 8664097
references: Science. 1996 May 24;272(5265):1167-70
references: 8638160
references: J Neurochem. 1996 Jun;66(6):2621-4
references: 8632190
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Jul;81(7):2601-6
references: 8675584
references: J Virol. 1997 Jan;71(1):284-90
references: 8985348
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997 Feb;72(2):320-35
references: 9107003
references: AIDS. 1998 Jan 1;12(1):1-10
references: 9456249
references: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1997;104(11-12):1259-66
references: 9503271
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Apr 14;95(8):4714-9
references: 9539804
references: Psychol Med. 2002 Aug;32(6):1059-73
references: 12214787