title: Learning headway estimation in driving.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main purpose of the present study was to examine to what extent the ability to attain a required headway of 1 or 2 s can be improved through practical driving instruction under real traffic conditions and whether the learning is sustained after a period during which there has been no controlled training.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The failure of drivers to estimate headways correctly has been demonstrated in previous studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two methods of training were used: time based (in seconds) and distance based (in a combination of meters and car lengths). For each method, learning curves were examined for 18 participants at speeds of 50, 80, and 100 km/hr.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that drivers were weak in estimating headway prior to training using both methods. The learning process was rapid for both methods and similar for all speeds; thus, after one trial with feedback, there was already a significant improvement. The learning was retained over time, for at least the 1 month examined in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the time and distance training of headway improved drivers' ability to attain required headways, with the learning being maintained over a retention interval. The learning process was based on perceptual cues from the driving scene and feedback from the experimenter, regardless of the formal training method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implications of these results are that all drivers should be trained in headway estimation using an objective distance measuring device, which can be installed on driver instruction vehicles.
authors: Department of Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel. meiravta@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
authors: Meirav
authors: M
authors: Taieb-Maimon
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D004215:Distance Perception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time