title: Inhaled dry powder insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhaled dry powder insulin (IDPI) is the first inhaled insulin approved for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews available information on IDPI, focusing on its clinical pharmacokinetics, comparative efficacy, tolerability, adverse events, dosage and administration, and cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (1966-July 2006) and Web of Science (1995-July 2006) were searched for original research and review articles published in English. The search terms used were inhaled insulin, inhaled human insulin, rDNA origin inhalation powder, inbaled dry powder insulin, and IDPI. All published comparative efficacy studies were included in the review, as well as selected information from the package insert for IDPI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IDPI is an inhaled dry powder form of regular human insulin (RHI) that is used as a premeal insulin to improve glycemic control by reducing postprandial glucose excursions. The literature search identified 5 efficacy trials comparing reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) in a total of 582 patients with type 1 DM who received either premeal IDPI plus neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) or Ultralente insulin or injectable RHI plus NPH or Ultralente insulin. The search identified 5 comparative efficacy studies of IDPI monotherapy or the addition of IDPI to the current regimen in a total of 1413 patients with type 2 DM that was uncontrolled with diet and exercise, metformin, a sulfonylurea, metformin and a sulfonylurea, or a secretagogue plus an insulin sensitizer. The use of IDPI as a mealtime insulin in these studies was associated with absolute changes in HbA(1c) ranging from -0.6% to +0.1% in patients with type 1 DM and from -1.4% to -2.9% in patients with type 2 DM. HbA(1c) values <7% were achieved in 16.9% to 28.2% of patients with type 1 DM and 16.7% to 44.0% of patients with type 2 DM. The most common nonrespiratory adverse event noted during clinical trials of IDPI was hypoglycemia (type 1 DM: 8.6-9.3 episodes/subject-month; type 2 DM: 0.3-1.4 episodes/subject-month), and the most common adverse event involving the pulmonary system was cough (21.9%-29.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IDPI is the first available inhaled insulin. It provides an additional option for the achievement of HbA(1c) goals with a premeal insulin.
authors: Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA; Elder Services, Spokane, Washington, USA. Electronic address: ssetter@smhca.org.
authors: Stephen M
authors: SM
authors: Setter
authors: Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA; Drug Information Center, Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.
authors: Terri L
authors: TL
authors: Levien
authors: Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA; Integrated Health Professionals, Spokane Valley, Washington, USA.
authors: Jason L
authors: JL
authors: Iltz
authors: School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors: Peggy Soule
authors: PS
authors: Odegard
authors: Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA; Elder Services, Spokane, Washington, USA.
authors: Joshua J
authors: JJ
authors: Neumiller
authors: Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA; Drug Information Center, Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.
authors: Danial E
authors: DE
authors: Baker
authors: Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
authors: R Keith
authors: RK
authors: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D000075202:Contraindications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011208:Powders
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D011208:Powders