title: The effects of odor on cortisol and testosterone in healthy adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to verify the influence of odor on the endocrine system (Cortisol, Testosterone).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three odors (Musk, Rose and Floral) and air were given to 16 healthy volunteers (8 males, 8 females), and cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) levels were measured before and after stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each odor decreased levels of C, indicating that odor can attenuate stress. In males, T decreased with Musk, but increased with Floral. In females, T significantly increased with Musk, but decreased with Rose and Floral.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that influences on hormone levels depend on the type of odor, and sex differences exist in response to odors.
authors: Department of Education, Nara University of Education, Takabatake, Nara 630-8528, Japan. fukuih@nara-edu.ac.jp
authors: Hajime
authors: H
authors: Fukui
authors: Ryoichi
authors: R
authors: Komaki
authors: Miho
authors: M
authors: Okui
authors: Kumiko
authors: K
authors: Toyoshima
authors: Kiyoto
authors: K
authors: Kuda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone