title: Levels of evidence in the urological literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The concept of levels of evidence is one of the guiding principles of evidence based clinical practice. It is based on the understanding that certain study designs are more likely to be affected by bias than others. We provide an assessment of the type and levels of evidence found in the urological literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three reviewers rated a random sample of 600 articles published in 4 major urology journals, including 300 each in 2000 and 2005. The level of evidence rating system was adapted from the Center of Evidence Based Medicine. Sample size was estimated to detect a relative increase in the proportion of studies that provided a high level of evidence (I and II combined) from 0.2 to 0.3 with 80% power.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 600 studies reviewed 60.3% addressed questions of therapy or prevention, 11.5% addressed etiology/harm, 11.3% addressed prognosis and 9.2% addressed diagnosis. The levels of evidence provided by these studies from I to IV were 5.3%, 10.3%, 9.8% and 74.5%, respectively. A high level of evidence was provided by 16.0% of studies in 2000 and by 15.3% in 2005 (p = 0.911).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that a majority of studies in the urological literature provide low levels of evidence that may not be well suited to guide clinical decision making. We propose that editors of leading urology journals should promote awareness for this guiding principle of evidence based clinical practice by providing a level of evidence designation with each published study.
authors: College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0247, USA.
authors: Kristy M
authors: KM
authors: Borawski
authors: Regina D
authors: RD
authors: Norris
authors: Susan F
authors: SF
authors: Fesperman
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Vieweg
authors: Glenn M
authors: GM
authors: Preminger
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Dahm
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D035081:Editorial Policies; D005060:Europe; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011643:Publishing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D014572:Urology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*