title: Depression or apathy and functional recovery after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While depression and apathy are common after stroke, past studies have done little to examine the influence of these two symptoms on functional outcome respectively. This study was designed to examine the effect of depression or apathy on functional recovery after stroke in 237 Japanese stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the psychological status using self-rating scales [the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) for depression and the Apathy Scale (AS) for apathy] and an observer-rating scale [the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI)]. We assessed physical disability using the Functional Independence Measurement (FIM). Post-hoc test and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the independent effects of post-stroke depression and apathy on functional outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression was observed in 75 (31.6%) using SDS and 88 (40.2%) using NPI, and apathy in 95 (40.1%) using AS and 42 (19.2%) using NPI, respectively. Post-hoc test and multiple regression analysis indicated that the cognitive variable (Mini-Mental State Examination: MMSE score) and AS score, but not SDS score, correlated negatively with improvement in FIM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apathy might be more frequently associated with functional abilities and likely interact with the recovery process as compared with depression after stroke.
authors: Department of Rehabilitation, Nishi-Hiroshima Rehabilitation Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan. wel@welnet.jp
authors: Seiji
authors: S
authors: Hama
authors: Hidehisa
authors: H
authors: Yamashita
authors: Masaya
authors: M
authors: Shigenobu
authors: Atsuko
authors: A
authors: Watanabe
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Hiramoto
authors: Kaoru
authors: K
authors: Kurisu
authors: Shigeto
authors: S
authors: Yamawaki
authors: Tamotsu
authors: T
authors: Kitaoka
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000209:etiology*; D000368:Aged; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*