title: Expression and prognostic significance of a panel of tissue hypoxia markers in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression pattern of hypoxia-induced proteins identified as being involved in malignant progression of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and to determine their relationship to tumor pO(2) and prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed immunohistochemical staining of hypoxia-induced proteins (carbonic anhydrase IX [CA IX], BNIP3L, connective tissue growth factor, osteopontin, ephrin A1, hypoxia inducible gene-2, dihydrofolate reductase, galectin-1, IkappaB kinase beta, and lysyl oxidase) on tumor tissue arrays of 101 HNSCC patients with pretreatment pO(2) measurements. Analysis of variance and Fisher's exact tests were used to evaluate the relationship between marker expression, tumor pO(2), and CA IX staining. Cox proportional hazard model and log-rank tests were used to determine the relationship between markers and prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Osteopontin expression correlated with tumor pO(2) (Eppendorf measurements) (p = 0.04). However, there was a strong correlation between lysyl oxidase, ephrin A1, and galectin-1 and CA IX staining. These markers also predicted for cancer-specific survival and overall survival on univariate analysis. A hypoxia score of 0-5 was assigned to each patient, on the basis of the presence of strong staining for these markers, whereby a higher score signifies increased marker expression. On multivariate analysis, increasing hypoxia score was an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival (p = 0.015) and was borderline significant for overall survival (p = 0.057) when adjusted for other independent predictors of outcomes (hemoglobin and age).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified a panel of hypoxia-related tissue markers that correlates with treatment outcomes in HNSCC. Validation of these markers will be needed to determine their utility in identifying patients for hypoxia-targeted therapy.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5847, USA. qle@stanford.edu
authors: Quynh-Thu
authors: QT
authors: Le
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Kong
authors: Phillip W
authors: PW
authors: Lavori
authors: Ken
authors: K
authors: O'byrne
authors: Janine T
authors: JT
authors: Erler
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Huang
authors: Yijun
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Hongbin
authors: H
authors: Cao
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Tibshirani
authors: Nic
authors: N
authors: Denko
authors: Amato J
authors: AJ
authors: Giaccia
authors: Albert C
authors: AC
authors: Koong
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D036382:Ephrin-A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011379:Prognosis; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; C116838:BNIP3L protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D036382:Ephrin-A1; D037483:Galectin 1; C405620:HILPDA protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D053495:Osteopontin; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D010100:Oxygen