title: Sense of coherence and symptoms of post-traumatic stress after emergency caesarean section.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study of women who had undergone an emergency caesarean section (EmCS), the aim was to examine the associations between, on the one hand, the new mother's sense of coherence (SOC) and obstetric and demographic variables a few days postpartum, and on the other hand, post-traumatic stress symptoms 3 months' postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, 122 Swedish- or English-speaking new mothers completed 2 self-assessment questionnaires, at 2 days and 3 months after an EmCS. To measure SOC, we used the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-13), and to measure reactions to traumatic events, the Impact of Event Scale (IES-15).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent risk factors associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms were: imminent fetal asphyxia as an indication for the operation, and low SOC in the woman. The group of women with low SOC were those with an intense fear of childbirth during pregnancy, immigrants, and socially underprivileged women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms of post-traumatic stress following EmCS are associated both with the new mother's personal coping style and with the circumstances of the event. We recommend that women who belong to groups who more often report a low SOC or who had imminent asphyxia as an indication for the operation should be offered support and follow-up.
authors: Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. vibeke.tham@ki.se
authors: Vibeke
authors: V
authors: Tham
authors: Kyllike
authors: K
authors: Christensson
authors: Elsa Lena
authors: EL
authors: Ryding
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000523:psychology*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008423:Maternal Age; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010298:Parity; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors