title: Anticancer effects of licofelone (ML-3000) in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Licofelone, a potent antiinflammatory agent has been reported to interfere with the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) signaling pathways with few side-effects. However, the underlying mechanism of licofelone against human cancer is not understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human and mouse prostate cancer cells were exposed to licofelone in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cell growth/cell viability, apoptosis, and expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX at the gene and protein levels were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the first time, it was demonstrated that licofelone inhibited prostate cancer cell growth and significantly down-regulated COX-2 and 5-LOX expression. A weak inhibitory effect on COX-1 protein was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Licofelone inhibited COX-2 and 5-LOX simultaneously and prevented overall cancer cell growth by enhancing apoptosis in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Validating the dual role of licofelone in animal models of prostate cancer is critical for promoting its use as a potential chemopreventive or therapeutic agent.
authors: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA. nnarayan@env.med.nyu.edu
authors: Narayanan K
authors: NK
authors: Narayanan
authors: Dominic
authors: D
authors: Nargi
authors: Mukundan
authors: M
authors: Attur
authors: Steven B
authors: SB
authors: Abramson
authors: Bhagavathi A
authors: BA
authors: Narayanan
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C088092:licofelone