title: Mechanisms of action in integrated cognitive-behavioral treatment versus twelve-step facilitation for substance-dependent adults with comorbid major depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a population of veterans with co-occurring substance use disorders and concomitant major depressive disorder, the current study compared mechanisms of change and therapeutic effects relevant to both disorders between integrated, dual disorder-specific cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) and twelve-step facilitation (TSF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterans (N = 148) were given standard pharmacotherapy for depression and were randomly assigned to receive 24 weeks of either TSF or ICBT. Process measures were selected to quantify (1) changes in self-efficacy in ICBT, (2) changes in ability to terminate negative affect in ICBT, (3) twelve-step affiliation (TSA) in TSF, and (4) changes in social support in both conditions. Measures of depression and substance use were administered to all participants before treatment, during treatment, and at the end of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-efficacy increased among both TSF and ICBT participants during treatment, whereas self-reported ability to regulate negative affect did not change. Consistent with predictions, TSF participants increased community TSA during treatment, whereas those receiving ICBT reduced TSA. Changes in self-efficacy and TSA were associated with improvement in substance use outcomes at the end of treatment. Hypothesized changes in social support were not supported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both ICBT and TSF produce improvements in self-efficacy, and these changes are related to substance use outcomes for depressed substance abusers. In TSF, intervention-specific changes in TSA occur during the course of treatment and are related to substance use outcomes.
authors: Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, California 92161-2002,USA.
authors: Suzette
authors: S
authors: Glasner-Edwards
authors: Susan R
authors: SR
authors: Tate
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: McQuaid
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Cummins
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Granholm
authors: Sandra A
authors: SA
authors: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D012944:Social Support; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*