title: Physical properties, durability, and energy-dissipation function of dual-density orthotic materials used in insoles for diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with neuropathic conditions may develop plantar bony deformities through neuropathic collapse, frequently placing the skin and soft tissues at risk. Orthoses have been used to accommodate and distribute plantar pressures over a large surface area, thereby minimizing peak loading pressures in small regions and reducing the risk of ulceration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A previously described bony prominence model (Brodsky et al.) was used to test the pressure-absorbing and force-transmission properties of various orthotic material combinations used in our outpatient clinic. Six materials were tested in five combinations of materials for their compressive properties: [MS]: medium plastazote (M) + soft plastazote (S); [MN]: medium plastazote (M) + nickelplast (N); [NP] nickelplast (N) + Poron (P); [MO] medium plastazote (M) + Spenco (O); and [MC] medium plastazote (M) + P-cell (C). Materials were tested for 100,000 cycles using a materials-testing system (MTS) apparatus (MTS Systems Corporation, Cary, NC) and software. Stress-strain curves comparing the measured peak pressure to the elastic deformation, or the percentage of compression a material experiences with respect to its original thickness, were plotted for each orthotic combination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For MS, MN, MO, and to a lesser extent, MC, a trend was noted for decreased elastic deformation with increased testing. Additionally, the peak pressures before and after testing for each 10,000 testing cycle for each of the orthotic combinations were plotted. For both MN and NP, no demonstrable difference was noted in the peak pressures in the pretesting and post-testing for the 100,000 cycles. The MO showed a trend for increased peak pressures after each testing cycle. Both the MC and MS peak pressures markedly increased with respect to pretesting value. Also, the MN, MO, and MS all showed an overall trend for increased load cell values with increasing cycles at fast loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data showed that some orthotic combinations are more effective than others at reducing peak pressures during compression testing using our bony prominence model. Further studies are needed to test the orthotic combinations for shear and combined shear and compression modes.
authors: Baylor University Medical Center, Orthopaedics, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
authors: James W
authors: JW
authors: Brodsky
authors: Fabian E
authors: FE
authors: Pollo
authors: Domingo
authors: D
authors: Cheleuitte
authors: Brian S
authors: BS
authors: Baum
mesh_terms: D019245:Compressive Strength; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D009989:Orthotic Devices / Q000592:standards*; D011312:Pressure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical