Influence of adapting speed on speed and contrast coding in the primary visual cortex of the cat.
Adaptation is a ubiquitous property of the visual system. Adaptation often improves the ability to discriminate between stimuli and increases the operating range of the system, but is also associated with a reduced ability to veridically code stimulus attributes. Adaptation to luminance levels, contrast, orientation, direction and spatial frequency has been studied extensively, but knowledge about adaptation to image speed is less well understood. Here we examined how the speed tuning of neurons in cat primary visual cortex was altered after adaptation to speeds that were slow, optimal, or fast relative to each neuron's speed response function. We found that the preferred speed (defined as the speed eliciting the peak firing rate) of the neurons following adaptation was dependent on the speed at which they were adapted. At the population level cells showed decreases in preferred speed following adaptation to speeds at or above the non-adapted speed, but the preferred speed did not change following adaptation to speeds lower than the non-adapted peak. Almost all cells showed response gain control (reductions in absolute firing capacity) following speed adaptation. We also investigated the speed dependence of contrast adaptation and found that most cells showed contrast gain control (rightward shifts of their contrast response functions) and response gain control following adaptation at any speed. We conclude that contrast adaptation may produce the response gain control associated with speed adaptation, but shifts in preferred speed require an additional level of processing beyond contrast adaptation. A simple model is presented that is able to capture most of the findings.
Hietanen
M A
MA
Visual Sciences, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
Crowder
N A
NA
Price
N S C
NS
Ibbotson
M R
MR
D000200:Action Potentials; D000221:Adaptation, Ocular; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D013997:Time Factors; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*
Vision Res. 1999 Oct;39(26):4324-32
10789426
J Neurophysiol. 1989 Feb;61(2):233-44
2918352
J Neurosci. 2000 Jun 1;20(11):4267-85
10818163
J Neurophysiol. 1989 Feb;61(2):245-56
2918353
Neuroscience. 1990;36(1):175-9
2215917
Vis Neurosci. 1989;2(6):593-607
2487086
Vis Neurosci. 1989;2(6):609-20
2487087
Vision Res. 1991;31(7-8):1079-86
1909826
J Neurophysiol. 1992 Jan;67(1):216-26
1313080
Vis Neurosci. 1992 Jul;9(1):47-64
1633127
Vis Neurosci. 1992 Jul;9(1):65-78
1633128
J Neurophysiol. 1995 Sep;74(3):1271-86
7500150
Trends Neurosci. 1996 Apr;19(4):150-4
8658599
Vis Neurosci. 1996 Jul-Aug;13(4):605-13
8870219
Curr Biol. 1996 Oct 1;6(10):1340-2
8939568
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1965 Mar 16;162:20-46
14296430
J Neurosci. 2005 Jan 19;25(3):711-22
15659609
J Neurophysiol. 2005 Jun;93(6):3699-702
15659524
J Neurophysiol. 2006 Jan;95(1):271-83
16192327
J Neurophysiol. 2006 Jan;95(1):255-70
16192331
J Neurophysiol. 2006 Feb;95(2):660-73
16177174
J Neurosci. 2006 Mar 15;26(11):2941-50
16540571
J Neurosci. 2006 Aug 30;26(35):8988-98
16943555
J Neurophysiol. 2007 Feb;97(2):1078-87
17122311
J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2007 Jun;24(6):1529-37
17491620
J Neurophysiol. 2007 Sep;98(3):1155-66
17537901
J Neurosci. 2000 Jun 1;20(11):4286-99
10818164
Prog Neurobiol. 2002 Dec;68(6):409-37
12576294
Neuron. 2004 Apr 8;42(1):155-62
15066272
J Neurophysiol. 1973 May;36(3):551-67
4698323
Science. 1973 Dec 7;182(4116):1036-8
4748674
J Physiol. 1978 Oct;283:101-20
722570
Nature. 1979 Apr 26;278(5707):850-2
440411
J Neurophysiol. 1980 Oct;44(4):804-26
7431052
Vision Res. 1981;21(3):337-45
7269311
J Neurophysiol. 1982 Jul;48(1):217-37
7119846
J Physiol. 1984 Dec;357:241-65
6512691
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(9):3040-4
2581262
J Neurophysiol. 1985 Sep;54(3):651-67
4045542
J Neurophysiol. 1988 Feb;59(2):424-49
3351569
Biol Cybern. 1988;59(4-5):229-36
3196767