title: Visual function in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: past, present, and future.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies on visual function in craniosynostosis have mainly focused on ocular movements and ophthalmologic findings. More recently, some studies also included the assessment of more functional and electrophysiological aspects of vision, such as acuity and visual evoked potentials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all the relevant publications on visual findings in infants and children with both syndromic and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis and reported our own recent experience on the presurgical assessment of visual function in infants with single suture nonsyndromic craniosynostosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most studies report abnormal ophthalmologic findings, mainly strabismus and refractive deficits. Only few recent studies, including ours, have reported the impairment of more functional aspects of vision, such as visual acuity and visual evoked potentials in relation to the various forms of craniosynostoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest a few guidelines for further studies, which may help to better elucidate the mechanisms underlying possible visual impairment in the various types of craniosynostosis.
authors: Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Baranello
authors: Gessica
authors: G
authors: Vasco
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Ricci
authors: Eugenio
authors: E
authors: Mercuri
mesh_terms: D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity
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