Success rates of nuclear short tandem repeat typing from different skeletal elements.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate trends in DNA typing success rates of different skeletal elements from mass graves originating from conflicts that occurred in the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo) during the 1990s, and to establish correlation between skeletal sample age and success of high throughput short tandem repeat (STR) typing in the large data set of the International Commission on Missing Persons.


METHODS
DNA extraction and short tandem repeat (STR) typing have been attempted on over 25000 skeletal samples. The skeletal samples originated from different geographical locations where the conflicts occurred and from different time periods from 1992 to 1999. DNA preservation in these samples was highly variable, but was often significantly degraded and of limited quantity. For the purpose of this study, processed samples were categorized according to skeletal sample type, sample age since death, and success rates tabulated.


RESULTS
Well-defined general trends in success rates of DNA analyses were observed with respect to the type of bone tested and sample age. The highest success rates were observed with samples from dense cortical bone of weight-bearing leg bones (femur 86.9%), whereas long bones of the arms showed significantly lower success (humerus 46.2%, radius 24.5%, ulna 22.8%). Intact teeth also exhibited high success rates (teeth 82.7%). DNA isolation from other skeletal elements differed considerably in success, making bone sample selection an important factor influencing success.


CONCLUSIONS
The success of DNA typing is related to the type of skeletal sample. By carefully evaluating skeletal material available for forensic DNA testing with regard to sample age and type of skeletal element available, it is possible to increase the success and efficiency of forensic DNA testing.
Milos
Ana
A
International Commission on Missing Persons, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Selmanović
Arijana
A
Smajlović
Lejla
L
Huel
René L M
RL
Katzmarzyk
Cheryl
C
Rizvić
Adi
A
Parsons
Thomas J
TJ
D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D017522:Bosnia and Herzegovina; D004247:DNA / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D005553:Forensic Dentistry / Q000379:methods; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D014070:Tooth / Q000737:chemistry*; D014857:Warfare
D004247:DNA
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