title: Rational development of antigen-specific therapies for type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Administration of autoantigens, especially via the mucosal route, can induce tolerance under certain circumstances. In autoimmune diabetes, mucosal vaccination with autoantigens was frequently effective in restoring tolerance in mice but has not yet succeeded in humans. Furthermore, in some instances, autoimmunity can be precipitated upon autoantigen administration. We will here briefly discuss the underlying reasons and delineate which efforts should be made in the future to rationally translate antigen-specific immunotherapy, for example, by establishing better assays to reduce the risk for possible adverse events in humans.
authors: La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors: Georgia
authors: G
authors: Fousteri
authors: Damien
authors: D
authors: Bresson
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: von Herrath
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000737:chemistry*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000737:chemistry; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D015551:Autoimmunity; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D012306:Risk; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D001324:Autoantigens; D007328:Insulin