title: Intrapulmonary pharmacodynamics of high-dose levofloxacin in subjects with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the plasma and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenously administered levofloxacin in subjects with stable chronic lung disease. Three doses of 1000 mg levofloxacin were administered once daily to 16 adult subjects divided into four groups of 4 subjects each. Standardised bronchoscopy and timed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed at 4 h, 8 h, 12 h and 24 h following administration of the last dose. Blood was obtained for drug assay prior to drug administration, at the end of the last infusion (maximum concentration (Cmax)) and at the time of BAL. Levofloxacin was measured using a high-performance liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC/MS/MS) technique. Plasma, epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar cell (AC) pharmacokinetics were derived using non-compartmental methods. Cmax/MIC(90) and area under the concentration-time curve for 0-24 h after the last dose (AUC(0-24 h)/MIC(90) ratios were calculated for respiratory pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentrations for 90% of the organisms (MIC(90)) of 0.03-2 microg/mL. The Cmax (mean+/-standard deviation), AUC(0-24h) and half-life were, respectively, 9.2+/-2.7 microg/mL, 130 microg h/mL and 8.7 h for plasma, 22.8+/-12.9 microg/mL, 260 microg h/mL and 7.0 h for ELF and 76.3+/-28.7 microg/mL, 1492 microg h/mL and 49.5 h for ACs. Levofloxacin concentrations were quantitatively greater in ACs than in ELF or plasma at all time points, however only the differences between AC concentration and ELF or plasma concentrations in the 4-h and 8-h time groups were statistically significant. Cmax/MIC(90) and AUC/MIC(90) ratios in ELF were, respectively, 11.4 and 130 for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 22.8 and 260 for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 91.2 and 1040 for Chlamydia pneumoniae and 760 and 8667 for Haemophilus influenzae. In ACs the ratios were 38.2 and 746 for M. pneumoniae, 76.3 and 1492 for S. pneumoniae, 305 and 5968 for C. pneumoniae and 2543 and 49 733 for H. influenzae. In conclusion, Cmax/MIC(90) and AUC/MIC(90) ratios provide a pharmacokinetic rationale for once-daily administration of a 1000 mg dose of levofloxacin and are favourable for the treatment of respiratory infection in patients with chronic lung disease.
authors: Infectious Diseases Research Group, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, 901F Health Sciences East, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0919, USA. john.conte@ucsf.edu
authors: John E
authors: JE
authors: Conte
authors: Jeffrey A
authors: JA
authors: Golden
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: McIver
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Little
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Zurlinden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009177:Mycoplasma pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin