Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of open-angle glaucoma the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the risk of having open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in an adult Latino population.


METHODS
Population-based cross-sectional study.


METHODS
Latinos 40 years and older (n = 5894) from 6 census tracts in Los Angeles, California.


METHODS
Participants from the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES), a large population-based study of self-identified adult Latinos, answered an interviewer-administered questionnaire and underwent a clinical and complete ocular examination, including visual field (VF) testing and stereo fundus photography. A participant was defined as having diabetes mellitus (DM) if she or he had a history of being treated for DM, the participant's glycosylated hemoglobin was measured at 7.0% or higher, or the participant had random blood glucose of 200 mg% or higher. Type 2 DM was defined if the participant was 30 years or older when diagnosed with DM. Open-angle glaucoma was defined as the presence of an open angle and a glaucomatous VF abnormality and/or evidence of glaucomatous optic disc damage in at least one eye. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk of having OAG in persons with T2DM.


METHODS
Prevalence of OAG.


RESULTS
Of the 5894 participants with complete data, 1157 (19.6%) had T2DM and 288 (4.9%) had OAG. The prevalence of OAG was 40% higher in participants with T2DM than in those without T2DM (age/gender/intraocular pressure-adjusted odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.8; P = 0.03). Trend analysis revealed that a longer duration of T2DM (stratified into 5-year increments) was associated with a higher prevalence of OAG (P<0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
The presence of T2DM and a longer duration of T2DM were independently associated with a higher risk of having OAG in the LALES cohort. The high prevalences of T2DM and OAG and their association in this fastest growing segment of the United States population have significant implications for designing screening programs targeting Latinos.
Chopra
Vikas
V
Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Varma
Rohit
R
Francis
Brian A
BA
Wu
Joanne
J
Torres
Mina
M
Azen
Stanley P
SP
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014794:Visual Fields
D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Sep;44(9):3783-9
12939292
Diabet Med. 2004 Jun;21(6):609-14
15154948
Ophthalmology. 2006 Jul;113(7):1081-6
16757028
Ophthalmology. 1994 Jul;101(7):1173-7
8035979
JAMA. 1991 Jul 17;266(3):369-74
2056646
Ophthalmology. 1996 Aug;103(8):1271-5
8764798
Curr Eye Res. 2004 Jan;28(1):47-54
14704913
Am J Epidemiol. 1983 Aug;118(2):166-91
6349332
Ophthalmology. 2004 Jun;111(6):1121-31
15177962
Ophthalmology. 2006 Oct;113(10):1827-31
16884777
Arch Ophthalmol. 1994 Jun;112(6):821-9
8002842
Ophthalmology. 2004 Jul;111(7):1298-306
15234129
Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Dec;119(12):1819-26
11735794
Ophthalmology. 1997 Apr;104(4):712-8
9111268
Br J Ophthalmol. 1997 Sep;81(9):743-7
9422925
Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 May;80(5):389-93
8695555
Ophthalmology. 1992 Oct;99(10):1499-504
1454314
Ophthalmologica. 2005 Jan-Feb;219(1):1-10
15627820
Ophthalmology. 1995 Jan;102(1):48-53
7831041
Ophthalmology. 2004 Aug;111(8):1439-48
15288969