title: Therapeutic drug monitoring of the HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir in clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is being applied for a number of antiretroviral agents. Little is known about the use of TDM for atazanavir.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective cohort analysis on the use of TDM of atazanavir at three clinical sites in The Netherlands. Patients were divided into three groups: (i) all patients with evaluable data of plasma atazanavir concentrations and its relationship with hyperbilirubinaemia; (ii) patients who started atazanavir without documented evidence of protease inhibitor (PI) mutations; (iii) patients who started atazanavir with documented evidence of PI mutations. The genotypic inhibitory quotient (GIQ) was calculated by dividing the mean atazanavir plasma trough concentration by the number of PI mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 108 patients were included; 70 (65.8%) were using atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100 mg once daily). No significant relationship was observed between atazanavir plasma trough concentration and antiviral response in patients starting atazanavir without PI mutations (group 2; n = 82). In contrast, a significant relationship was observed between atazanavir GIQ and treatment response in patients starting atazanavir while having PI mutations (group 3; n = 26). The cut-off value for GIQ most predictive of virological failure was 0.23 mg/L/mutation: patients (n = 8) with a GIQ equal to or below this value had 50% virological failure whereas patients (n = 18) with a GIQ above 0.23 mg/L/mutation had only 11% virological failure (chi(2): P = 0.030). Atazanavir plasma trough concentrations were significantly related with the occurrence of increased total bilirubin concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TDM of atazanavir might be beneficial for patients with documented PI resistance or patients with hyperbilirubinaemia.
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: R M M
authors: RM
authors: Cleijsen
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: van de Ende
authors: F P
authors: FP
authors: Kroon
authors: F Verduyn
authors: FV
authors: Lunel
authors: P P
authors: PP
authors: Koopmans
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Gras
authors: F
authors: F
authors: de Wolf
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Burger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009426:Netherlands; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011725:Pyridines; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D001663:Bilirubin