title: Achillea millefolium L. s.l. -- is the anti-inflammatory activity mediated by protease inhibition?
abstract: Achillea millefolium L. s.l. is traditionally used not only in the treatment of gastro-intestinal and hepato-biliary disorders, but also as an antiphlogistic drug. As various proteases, for instance human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and -9), are associated with the inflammatory process, the aim of this study was to test a crude plant extract in in vitro-protease inhibition assays for understanding the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action. Furthermore, two fractions enriched in flavonoids and dicaffeoylquinic acids (DCQAs), respectively, were also tested in order to evaluate their contribution to the antiphlogistic activity of the plant. The extract and the flavonoid fraction inhibited HNE showing IC(50) values of approximately 20 microg/ml, whereas the DCQA fraction was less active (IC(50)=72 microg/ml). The inhibitory activity on MMP-2 and -9 was observed at IC(50) values from 600 to 800 microg/ml, whereas the DCQA fraction showed stronger effects than the flavonoid fraction and the extract. In conclusion, the in vitro-antiphlogistic activity of Achillea is at least partly mediated by inhibition of HNE and MMP-2 and -9. After the recently described spasmolytic and choleretic effects the obtained results give further insights into the pharmacological activity of Achillea and confirm the traditional application as antiphlogistic drug.
authors: Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Birgit
authors: B
authors: Benedek
authors: Brigitte
authors: B
authors: Kopp
authors: Matthias F
authors: MF
authors: Melzig
mesh_terms: D031162:Achillea / Q000737:chemistry*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047310:Apigenin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005453:Fluorescence; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D047311:Luteolin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010880:Piperidines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D012431:Rutin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; C119405:GW 311616; D005960:Glucosides; D007783:Lactones; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D010880:Piperidines; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C472707:caffeoylquinic acid; D011801:Quinic Acid; C089156:hydroxyachillin; D012431:Rutin; C057792:apigetrin; D047310:Apigenin; C066408:luteolin-7-glucoside; D011794:Quercetin; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D047311:Luteolin