Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and acute lung injury.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARs regulate several metabolic pathways by binding to sequence-specific PPAR response elements in the promoter region of target genes, including lipid biosynthesis and glucose metabolism. Recently, PPARs and their respective ligands have been implicated as regulators of cellular inflammatory and immune responses. These molecules are thought to exert anti-inflammatory effects by negatively regulating the expression of proinflammatory genes. Several studies have demonstrated that PPAR ligands possess anti-inflammatory properties and that these properties may prove helpful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the lung. This review will outline the anti-inflammatory effects of PPARs and PPAR ligands and discuss their potential therapeutic effects in animal models of inflammatory lung disease.
Paola
Rosanna Di
RD
Department of Clinical, Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy.
Cuzzocrea
Salvatore
S
Respir Res. 2005;6:91
16091136
Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jan 1;483(1):79-93
14709329
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Mar;149(3 Pt 1):818-24
7509706
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Nov;160(5 Pt 1):1441-2
10556102
Thorax. 2003 Sep;58(9):778-83
12947137
Eur J Clin Invest. 2005 Feb;35(2):82-92; discussion 80
15667578
J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 5;274(45):32048-54
10542237
J Leukoc Biol. 2002 Mar;71(3):388-400
11867676
Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004 Jun;134 Suppl 1:30-6
15166481
Pediatr Pulmonol. 1990;8(2):104-8
2162024
Shock. 2004 Dec;22(6):555-61
15545828
J Immunol. 2003 Mar 1;170(5):2663-9
12594295
Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005 May-Jun;23(3):323-30
15971419
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2000;40:491-518
10836145
Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2005;2(3):226-31
16222042
Crit Care Med. 2004 Feb;32(2):457-66
14758164
J Hypertens. 1996 Nov;14(11):1349-55
8934364
Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2006 Aug;18(8):466-9
16887056
Biochimie. 2005 Jan;87(1):9-13
15733730
Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Nov 28;481(2-3):261-9
14642794
Mol Endocrinol. 2004 Jun;18(6):1321-32
15087471
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jul;25(7):1364-9
15920037
Physiol Res. 2006;55(3):291-9
16083301
Mol Pharmacol. 2002 May;61(5):997-1007
11961117
N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1334-49
10793167
J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 6;277(36):33153-63
12077117
Shock. 2005 Dec;24(6):547-55
16317386
Eur Respir J. 2005 Feb;25(2):225-34
15684285
J Immunol. 2004 May 1;172(9):5790-8
15100326
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005 Jun;288(6):L1146-53
15734787
Exp Neurol. 2005 Jul;194(1):267-78
15899263
J Clin Invest. 1993 Apr;91(4):1459-68
8097206
Cell Signal. 2006 Jan;18(1):9-20
16109478
Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2001 Jan;3(1):83-92
11123853
J Biol Chem. 1999 May 28;274(22):15901-7
10336495
Immunology. 2006 Aug;118(4):559-70
16764691
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Oct 29;239(3):857-61
9367859
Nature. 1965 Nov 27;208(5013):856-8
5870099
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jul 31;162(2):694-700
2787988
Diabetes Metab. 2005 Feb;31(1):23-7
15803109
Inflamm Res. 2000 Oct;49(10):497-505
11089900
Nature. 1998 Jan 1;391(6662):79-82
9422508
J Leukoc Biol. 2006 May;79(5):999-1010
16501055
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998 Dec;85(6):2005-11
9843519
FASEB J. 2002 Dec;16(14):1861-8
12468449
Respirology. 2000 Dec;5(4):325-31
11192542
Lancet. 1999 Jul 10;354(9173):141-8
10408502
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003 May;28(5):582-91
12707014
Clin Chest Med. 1990 Dec;11(4):593-619
2268992
J Immunol. 1998 Jul 15;161(2):978-84
9670978
J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 24;275(47):36703-7
10980195
Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Dec;142(6 Pt 1):1250-7
2252240
Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 Apr;119(4):547-54
443627