title: Guarding the blood-brain barrier: a role for estrogen in the etiology of neurodegenerative disease.
abstract: Although the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the incidence of the neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease is controversial, experimental studies indicate that estrogen replacement to young adult animals is neuroprotective and that perimenopausal estrogen replacement is associated with a decreased incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Estrogen affects a wide variety of cellular processes that can protect neuronal health. This article considers the disruption of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease and forwards the hypothesis that estrogen may preserve neural health by maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
authors: Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA. f-sohrabji@tamu.edu
authors: Farida
authors: F
authors: Sohrabji
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Oct;101(4):1252-61
references: 16794020
references: Prog Brain Res. 1993;98:51-60
references: 8248537
references: Life Sci. 1990;47(24):2261-7
references: 2266790
references: Med Sci Monit. 2000 Mar-Apr;6(2):314-8
references: 11208329
references: Exp Gerontol. 2000 Dec;35(9-10):1309-16
references: 11113609
references: Endocrinology. 2005 Jun;146(6):2774-81
references: 15731362
references: Exp Cell Res. 1992 Apr;199(2):330-40
references: 1347502
references: Behav Neurosci. 2002 Oct;116(5):902-11
references: 12369809
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Jun;1052:75-90
references: 16024752
references: Neurobiol Aging. 1988 Jan-Feb;9(1):41-2
references: 3380250
references: Trends Neurosci. 2005 Apr;28(4):202-8
references: 15808355
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999 Jul;54(7):M357-64
references: 10462168
references: Acta Neuropathol. 2004 Feb;107(2):83-90
references: 14655019
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004 May;5(5):347-60
references: 15100718
references: Brain Res. 2003 Aug 22;982(1):19-30
references: 12915236
references: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2000 Dec 28;85(1-2):77-84
references: 11146109
references: Am J Physiol. 1997 Jun;272(6 Pt 1):E1016-22
references: 9227446
references: BMC Neurosci. 2005 Sep 12;6:58
references: 16156894
references: Neuroimmunomodulation. 2002-2003;10(6):319-27
references: 12907838
references: J Neurosci. 2003 Jun 1;23(11):4479-90
references: 12805288
references: Acta Neuropathol. 1988;75(3):226-32
references: 3348080
references: Horm Metab Res. 1998 Aug;30(8):500-3
references: 9761379
references: Brain Res Bull. 1995;36(3):315-20
references: 7697386
references: Neurosci Lett. 1984 Jul 13;48(1):81-5
references: 6472737
references: Neurology. 1997 Jan;48(1):132-8
references: 9008508
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Nov-Dec;26(10):1365-74
references: 16243607
references: Neurology. 1997 Jun;48(6):1517-21
references: 9191758
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000 Jun;908:244-54
references: 10911963
references: Horm Metab Res. 2004 May;36(5):272-6
references: 15156404
references: Lancet. 1996 Aug 17;348(9025):429-32
references: 8709781
references: J Neurosci. 2001 Mar 15;21(6):1809-18
references: 11245665
references: Horm Metab Res. 2005 Apr;37(4):209-13
references: 15952079
references: J Immunol. 2005 May 15;174(10):6391-8
references: 15879140
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Oct;20(10):2255-60
references: 11031212
references: JAMA. 2004 Jun 23;291(24):2947-58
references: 15213206
references: J Neurosurg. 2005 Jul;103(1):97-103
references: 16121980
references: Microcirculation. 2003 Dec;10(6):463-70
references: 14745459
references: Neurology. 2006 Sep 12;67(5):843-7
references: 16966548
references: Neurosci Lett. 1990 Oct 16;118(2):181-4
references: 2274267
references: Acta Neuropathol. 1990;79(6):672-9
references: 2360411
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001 Nov;91(5):2391-9; discussion 2389-90
references: 11641386
references: Endocrinology. 2004 Dec;145(12):5471-5
references: 15471968
references: J Nucl Med. 1990 Feb;31(2):192-201
references: 2313358
references: J Neurobiol. 2000 Nov 5;45(2):61-74
references: 11018768
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9614-9
references: 12878732
references: FASEB J. 2005 Aug;19(10):1368-70
references: 15928195
references: Steroids. 2002 May;67(6):413-9
references: 11960616
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;893:113-25
references: 10672233
references: J Endocrinol. 2001 May;169(2):241-7
references: 11312141
references: J Neurochem. 2002 Jan;80(1):191-6
references: 11796757
references: Brain Res Bull. 2001 Apr;54(6):661-8
references: 11403993
references: J Neurosurg. 1997 Nov;87(5):724-30
references: 9347981
references: Neurosci Lett. 2000 Jun 2;286(2):107-10
references: 10825648
references: JAMA. 2004 Nov 10;292(18):2237-42
references: 15536110
references: Circulation. 2001 Jan 23;103(3):423-8
references: 11157695
references: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998 Nov;18(11):1253-8
references: 9809515
references: J Neurosci Res. 2000 Dec 1;62(5):750-3
references: 11104514
references: Circulation. 1996 Aug 15;94(4):727-33
references: 8772695
references: Exp Gerontol. 1998 Aug;33(5):371-8
references: 9762518
references: Brain Res. 2001 May 18;901(1-2):230-6
references: 11368971
references: JAMA. 2002 Nov 6;288(17):2123-9
references: 12413371
references: J Alzheimers Dis. 2003 Aug;5(4):275-86
references: 14624023
references: Circulation. 1997 Mar 18;95(6):1505-14
references: 9118519
references: Neuron. 1991 Nov;7(5):695-702
references: 1742020
references: Mol Chem Neuropathol. 1998 Jan;33(1):15-26
references: 9493173
references: Horm Metab Res. 2002 Sep;34(9):530-4
references: 12384831
references: Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2002 Jun;22(3):289-301
references: 12469871
references: Brain Res. 1998 Mar 23;787(2):259-68
references: 9518642
references: J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 19;279(47):49523-32
references: 15347683
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2000 May-Jun;21(3):383-421
references: 10858586
references: Neurology. 1999 Dec 10;53(9):1992-7
references: 10599770
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2001 Mar-Apr;22(2):309-19
references: 11182481
references: Exp Mol Pathol. 1980 Feb;32(1):91-101
references: 7351237
references: Circ Res. 2000 Nov 24;87(11):E44-52
references: 11090554
references: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2002 Oct;89(1):85-93
references: 12413054
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Jun;1052:43-56
references: 16024750
references: Arch Neurol. 2000 Jun;57(6):846-51
references: 10867782
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Apr 15;100(8):4807-12
references: 12682286
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2007 Jul;28(7):977-86
references: 16782234
references: J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 8;275(49):38540-6
references: 10988297
references: Nat Med. 2006 Sep;12(9):1005-15
references: 16960575
references: Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jul 10;402(1-2):30-4
references: 16632200
references: Drug Metab Dispos. 1997 Jan;25(1):33-9
references: 9010627
references: Pharmacol Res. 2001 May;43(5):469-72
references: 11394939
references: J Gerontol. 1989 Jul;44(4):B77-82
references: 2661641
references: Clin Exp Neurol. 1983;19:50-3
references: 6568928
references: Am J Med. 1997 Sep 22;103(3A):11S-18S
references: 9344402
references: Endocrinology. 2001 Jan;142(1):43-8
references: 11145565
references: Endocrinology. 1986 Aug;119(2):874-8
references: 3732148
references: Neuroscience. 1993 Dec;57(3):861-71
references: 7508580
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Nov 30;205(1):659-65
references: 7528015
references: Brain Res. 1988 May 31;450(1-2):81-5
references: 3401723
references: Exp Neurol. 2005 Aug;194(2):506-22
references: 15893308
references: Neurosci Lett. 1996 Nov 8;218(3):165-8
references: 8945754
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1379-86
references: 11238535
references: Endocrinology. 2007 Jan;148(1):218-31
references: 17038551
references: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Apr;284(4):H1295-306
references: 12531733
references: J Neuroimmunol. 2000 Nov 1;111(1-2):77-85
references: 11063824
references: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2005 Feb;25(2):247-56
references: 15678126
references: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 May;109(5-6):813-36
references: 12111471
references: Neurosci Res. 1998 Apr;30(4):303-12
references: 9678634
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2003 Sep;24(5):733-43
references: 12885581
references: J Cell Physiol. 2003 Aug;196(2):362-9
references: 12811830
references: JAMA. 2004 Jun 23;291(24):2959-68
references: 15213207
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Nov 21;92(24):11110-4
references: 7479947
references: Vascul Pharmacol. 2002 Jun;38(6):323-37
references: 12529927
references: Can J Neurol Sci. 1986 Nov;13(4 Suppl):456-61
references: 3791062
references: Circulation. 2001 Feb 6;103(5):724-9
references: 11156885
references: Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2003 Feb;23(1):15-39
references: 12645876
references: Arch Neurol. 2007 Jan;64(1):93-6
references: 17210814
references: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2006 Nov;113(11):1697-707
references: 16932992
references: Endocrinology. 1995 May;136(5):2320-4
references: 7720680
references: J Neurocytol. 2000 May-Jun;29(5-6):419-23
references: 11424958
references: Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(3):458-63
references: 15617848
references: J Clin Invest. 1997 May 15;99(10):2429-37
references: 9153286