title: The Medtronic Minimed Gold continuous glucose monitoring system: an effective means to discover hypo- and hyperglycemia in children under 7 years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The glycemic patterns of children less than 7 years with type 1 diabetes have not been well studied using continuous glucose monitoring. Our goal was to assess the incidence of hypoglycemia as well as postprandial glycemic patterns in this age group utilizing continuous glucose monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen children used the Medtronic MiniMed (Northridge, CA) CGMS System Gold on three to seven occasions over approximately 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen children (nine girls and 10 boys; mean age 4.8 +/- 1.4 years, range 1.6-6.8 years) used the CGMS 102 times, providing 434 days of data; 79% of days were optimal based on CGMS Solutions software version 3.0. Mild hypoglycemia (glucose <or=70 mg/dL) was noted during 28% of 323 nights. When compared to paired meter blood glucose values, the false-positive rate was 16% for mild and 55% for severe sensor hypoglycemia. The mean peak glucose during the 3 h following breakfast (247 +/- 64 mg/dL) was higher than following lunch (199 +/- 67 mg/dL) or dinner (194 +/- 63 mg/dL). The rate of glucose rise to peak was >or=2 mg/dL/min following 50% of breakfasts. Children with hemoglobin A1c levels >or=8% had higher postprandial glucose concentrations. There was no significant advantage of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy over multiple daily injection therapy in decreasing postprandial hyperglycemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CGMS tracings from young children with diabetes demonstrate frequent mild nocturnal hypoglycemia and significant postprandial hyperglycemia, with a rapid rise in glucose following the meal. The most rapid rate of rise and the most severe postprandial hyperglycemia occurred after breakfast.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. laura.gandrud@childrensmn.org
authors: Laura M
authors: LM
authors: Gandrud
authors: Dongyuan
authors: D
authors: Xing
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Kollman
authors: Jen M
authors: JM
authors: Block
authors: Betsy
authors: B
authors: Kunselman
authors: Darrell M
authors: DM
authors: Wilson
authors: Bruce A
authors: BA
authors: Buckingham
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007223:Infant; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin