title: Clusterization of nanoparticles during their interaction with living cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clusters of nanoparticles may significantly improve the sensitivity of diagnostics and the safety and efficacy of therapeutic nanotechnologies in medicine. We report methods for the formation of nanoparticle clusters and for monitoring their accumulation in cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The accumulation of gold nanoparticles in tumor cells was studied using flow cytometry, optical scattering and fluorescent, atomic force, photothermal and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of cells at 37 degrees C for 30 min or more with 10-30-nm nanoparticles resulted in the formation of clusters of nanoparticles as large as 20 nanoparticles or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific targeting using a monoclonal antibody as a vector increases the concentration of nanoparticles on the surface of target cells compared with nonspecific nanoparticle accumulation. In turn, an increased concentration of nanoparticles on the target surface yields larger nanoparticle clusters inside the cells due to endocytosis. Photothermal and scattering microscopy were found to be the most sensitive methods for imaging nanoparticle clusters in living cells.
authors: Laser Cytotechnology Lab, AV Luikov Heat and Mass Transfer Institute, 15 P Brovka Street, Minsk 220072, Belarus. ld@hmti.ac.by
authors: Dmitri O
authors: DO
authors: Lapotko
authors: Ekaterina Y
authors: EY
authors: Lukianova-Hleb
authors: Alexander A
authors: AA
authors: Oraevsky
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006046:Gold