title: Evidence of variation by race in the timing of surgery for correction of pediatric ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used a national pediatric database to investigate the association of patient race with timing of surgery for ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Kids' Inpatient Database is a national database containing 5.5 million pediatric hospitalizations (patients younger than 21 years) during the years 2000 to 2003. We used International Classification of Disease-9 codes to identify patients undergoing pyeloplasty, and investigated patient and hospital factors associated with timing of surgery using multivariable linear and mixed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,989 patients underwent pyeloplasty. Mean patient age was 72.3 months (median 36). Of the patients 69.3% were male and 66.0% were white. White patients were significantly older than nonwhite patients (82.3 vs 52.8 months, p <0.0001). The proportion of patients undergoing surgery during the first 12 months of life also varied by race (31.3% among white vs 46.9% among nonwhite patients, p <0.0001). Other factors associated with younger age included male gender (p = 0.0002), hospital volume and teaching status (p <0.0001), and Medicaid insurance (p <0.0001). Socioeconomic status at the zip code level was not associated with timing of surgery. Using a multivariable mixed model to adjust for all variables, including random effects of individual hospitals, nonwhite race was still associated with earlier surgery (p = <0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms that nonwhite patients undergo pyeloplasty an average of more than 2.5 years earlier than white patients (even after adjusting for insurance status and other factors). Future research should elucidate the clinical factors that influence surgical decision making in ureteropelvic junction obstruction, including socioeconomic and cultural factors among families and providers, as well as possible biological differences between racial groups in the natural history of ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
authors: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
authors: Caleb P
authors: CP
authors: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006276:Health Facility Size / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000601:surgery*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data