title: Endogenous TGF-beta activation by reactive oxygen species is key to Foxp3 induction in TCR-stimulated and HIV-1-infected human CD4+CD25- T cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) play an important role in regulating immune responses, and in influencing human immune diseases such as HIV infection. It has been shown that human CD4+CD25+ Tregs can be induced in vitro by TCR stimulation of CD4+CD25- T cells. However, the mechanism remains elusive, and intriguingly, similar treatment of murine CD4+CD25- cells did not induce CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs unless exogenous TGF-beta was added during stimulation. Thus, we investigated the possible role of TGF-beta in the induction of human Tregs by TCR engagement. We also explored the effects of TGF-beta on HIV-1 infection mediated induction of human Tregs since recent evidence has suggested that HIV-1 infection may also impact the generation of Tregs in infected patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show here that endogenous TGF-beta is key to TCR induction of Foxp3 in human CD4+CD25- T cells. These events involve, first, the production of TGF-beta by TCR and CD28 stimulation and the activation of latent TGF-beta by reactive oxygen species generated from the activated T cells. Biologically active TGF-beta then engages in the induction of Foxp3. Neutralization of active TGF-beta with anti-TGF-beta antibody or elimination of ROS with MnTBAP abrogated Foxp3 expression. HIV-1 infection enhanced Foxp3 expression in activated CD4+CD25- T cells; which was also abrogated by blockade of endogenous TGF-beta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several conclusions can be drawn from this work: (1) TCR and CD28-induced Foxp3 expression is a late event following TCR stimulation; (2) TGF-beta serves as a link in Foxp3 induction in human CD4+CD25- T cells following TCR stimulation, which induces not only latent, but also active TGF-beta; (3) the activation of TGF-beta requires reactive oxygen species; (4) HIV infection results in an increase in Foxp3 expression in TCR-activated CD25- T cells, which is also associated with TGF-beta. Taken together, our findings reinforce a definitive role of TGF-beta not only in the generation of Tregs with respect to normal immune responses, but also is critical in immune diseases such as HIV-1 infection.
authors: Mucosal Immunology Unit, OIIB, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA. samarnath@mail.nih.gov
authors: Shoba
authors: S
authors: Amarnath
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Dong
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Yuntao
authors: Y
authors: Wu
authors: Wanjun
authors: W
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D002460:Cell Line; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019672:Genes, T-Cell Receptor / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
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