title: Fluorescent viability stains overestimate chondrocyte viability in osteoarticular allografts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allografts from many tissue banks are carefully processed and stored with the goal of preserving chondrocyte viability. However, the importance of living chondrocytes for graft stability is unclear, in part because actual viabilities of individual allografts at the time of placement are seldom known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Cell yields from allograft and fresh cartilage differ significantly if chondrocyte viability in allografts is lower than indicated by fluorescence staining with conventional viability probes. In addition, transmission electron microscopy will show significant differences in the percentage of morphologically abnormal chondrocytes in allograft and fresh cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorescence viability staining, chondrocyte yield, and chondrocyte characteristics were studied in 8 commercial osteochondral allografts (7 hemicondyles, 1 talus) and 4 freshly harvested cartilage samples from an adult distal femur (age, 46 years), from an adult talus (age, 51 years), and from an adult tibial plateau (age, 29 years) and from a juvenile distal tibia (age, 9 years). Selected fresh and allograft specimens were repeatedly frozen and thawed to deliberately kill chondrocytes by membrane disruption. The findings were analyzed to determine if allograft and fresh cartilage were significantly different with respect to each of the 3 different outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although fluorescent staining indicated that approximately 75% of chondrocytes were viable (calcein AM-labeled) in allograft cartilage, counterstaining with 4,'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole showed that fewer than 30% contained identifiable nuclei. In contrast, 100% of cells labeled as viable contained nuclei in fresh cartilage. Killing chondrocytes by freeze-thawing before staining did not diminish calcein AM staining in allograft cartilage but caused a significant reduction in fresh cartilage. The average yield of chondrocytes from allograft cartilage was less than 200,000/100 mg tissue, significantly lower than in fresh cartilage, which averaged more than 1.5 million/100 mg tissue. The yield from freeze-thawed controls was less than 24,000/100 mg. Cell numbers increased after 7 days of culture in all cases except for chondrocytes from freeze-thawed cartilage, an indication that the isolated cells were viable. Morphologic analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed significant increases in the numbers of chondrocytes with pyknotic or absent nuclei or with disintegrated plasma membranes in allograft versus fresh cartilage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional fluorescence probes are unreliable for analyzing chondrocyte viability in osteoarticular allografts. Alternative methods for assessment of viability, such as cell culture and ultrastructural imaging, may provide more accurate assessment of viability in allografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional staining methods that overestimate chondrocyte viability in osteoarticular allografts may mislead investigators attempting to assess the effects of chondrocyte viability on graft stability following implantation. A more reliable means to measure chondrocyte viability will be required to accurately assess these effects.
authors: University of Iowa Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive 01018JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Lightfoot
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Martin
authors: Annunziato
authors: A
authors: Amendola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002470:Cell Survival; D002648:Child; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014021:Tissue Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes