title: Chrononutrition applied to formula milks to consolidate infants' sleep/wake cycle.
abstract: Some 30% of pre-weaning infants present problems of sleep during the night, especially those who are bottle-fed. The solution is for them to be breast-fed for as long as possible, or, if this is not possible, for the formula milk to reproduce breast-milk's natural circadian variations in the concentrations of tryptophan and those nucleotides which have a beneficial effect in consolidating the circadian sleep-wake cycle.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study in pre-weaning infants the effect on nocturnal sleep of the administration of formula milk dissociated into its day/night components.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was carried out on 30 pre-weaning infants of 4-20 weeks in age who preferentially showed sleep problems. The day dissociated formula, administered from 06:00-18:00, had lower levels of tryptophan and carbohydrates, and higher levels of proteins together with cytosine-5P, guanosine-5P, and inosine-5P. The night dissociated formula, administered from 18:00-06:00, had lower levels of proteins and medium-chain triglycerides, higher levels of tryptophan and carbohydrates, together with adenosine-5P and uridine-5P. In a random, double-blind, design, three one-week diets were administered: Diet A (Control): normal initiation milk; Diet B: 06:00-18:00 normal initiation milk, 18:00-06:00 dissociated night formula; and Diet C: day/night formulas with the schedule given above. The sleep patterns were analyzed by means of actimeters (Actiwatch). Statistical analysis consisted of an ANOVA with a Scheffe F-test, taking a value of p<0.05 to be statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children receiving the week of Diet C (with the day/night formulas in synchrony with the environment) showed increased hours of actual sleep (7.68 +/- 0.54 h vs. 6.77 +/- 0.12 h for the Diet A control) and improved sleep latency (0.44 +/- 0.04 h vs. 0.60 +/- 0.08 h for the Diet A control). The same children receiving the Diet B in another different week showed an improvement in sleep efficiency (76.43 +/- 3.4% vs. the Diet A control 69.86 +/- 0.94%) and sleep latency (0.45 +/- 0.04 h vs. the Diet A control 0.60 +/- 0.08h) The parents also reported, in response to follow-up questions, an improvement in the sleep of their infants during the Diet C week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Day/night infant formula milks designed according to the principles of chrononutrition help to consolidate the sleep/wake rhythm in bottle-fed infants.
authors: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Cubero
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Narciso
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: Terrón
authors: Ruben
authors: R
authors: Rial
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Esteban
authors: Montserrat
authors: M
authors: Rivero
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Parvez
authors: Ana B
authors: AB
authors: Rodríguez
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Barriga
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding; D019454:Chronotherapy; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D014364:Tryptophan