Human herpesvirus-8 infection and oral shedding in Amerindian and non-Amerindian populations in the Brazilian Amazon region.
BACKGROUND
Human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) is hyperendemic in Amerindian populations, but its modes of transmission are unknown.


METHODS
Antibodies against either HHV-8 lytic antigen or HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) were detected, by immunofluorescence assays, in 339 Amerindians and 181 non-Amerindians from the Brazilian Amazon. Serological markers of oro-fecal (hepatitis A), parenteral (hepatitis B and C), and sexual (herpes simplex virus type 2 and syphilis) transmission were measured by specific ELISAs. Salivary HHV-8 DNA was detected by use of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay and was sequenced.


RESULTS
Antibodies against either lytic antigen or LANA were detected in 79.1% of Amerindians and in 6.1% of non-Amerindians (adjusted seroprevalence ratio [SR], 12.63 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 7.1-22.4]; P<.0001). HHV-8 seroprevalence increased with age among Amerindians (P(Trend) < .001) and already had high prevalence in childhood but was not sex specific in either population. The 2 populations did not differ in seroprevalence of oro-fecal or parenteral markers, but seroprevalence of markers of sexual transmission was lower among Amerindians. HHV-8 DNA in saliva was detected in 47 (23.7%) of 198 HHV-8 seropositive Amerindians. Detection of HHV-8 DNA decreased with age (P(Trend) < .04) and was more common in men (SR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.3-3.5]; P=.003). A total of 36 (76.6%) of the 47 saliva HHV-8 DNA samples were sequenced, and all clustered as subtype E.


CONCLUSIONS
The data support the hypothesis of early acquisition and horizontal transmission, via saliva, of HHV-8 subtype E in Amerindian populations.
de Souza
Vanda A U F
VA
Laboratory of Virology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
Sumita
Laura M
LM
Nascimento
Maria-Claudia
MC
Oliveira
Juliane
J
Mascheretti
Melissa
M
Quiroga
Mariana
M
Freire
Wilton S
WS
Tateno
Adriana
A
Boulos
Marcos
M
Mayaud
Philippe
P
Pannuti
Claudio S
CS
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012424:Rural Population; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D017201:Virus Shedding
D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral
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