title: Low urine pH: a novel feature of the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The metabolic syndrome is associated with alterations in renal function. An overly acidic urine has been described as a renal manifestation of the metabolic syndrome in patients with kidney stone disease. This study examined the association between the metabolic syndrome and urine pH in individuals without a history of nephrolithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 148 adults who were free of kidney stones were evaluated in this outpatient cross-sectional study. Height, weight, BP, fasting blood, and 24-h urine chemistries were obtained. Urine pH was measured by pH electrode. The following features of the metabolic syndrome were evaluated: BP; body mass index; and serum triglyceride, glucose, and HDL cholesterol concentrations. The degree of insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with the metabolic syndrome had a significantly lower 24-h urine pH compared with participants without the metabolic syndrome. Mean 24-h urine pH, adjusted for age, gender, creatinine clearance, and 24-h urine sulfate, decreased from 6.15, 6.10, 5.99, 5.85, to 5.69 with increasing number of metabolic syndrome abnormalities. An association was observed between 24-h urine pH and each metabolic feature. After adjustment for age, gender, creatinine clearance, urine sulfate, and body mass index, a significant inverse relationship was noted between 24-h urine pH and the degree of insulin resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An unduly acidic urine is a feature of the metabolic syndrome and is associated with the degree of insulin resistance.
authors: The Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, Dallas, Texas, USA. naim.maalouf@utsouthwestern.edu
authors: Naim M
authors: NM
authors: Maalouf
authors: Mary Ann
authors: MA
authors: Cameron
authors: Orson W
authors: OW
authors: Moe
authors: Beverley
authors: B
authors: Adams-Huet
authors: Khashayar
authors: K
authors: Sakhaee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*