title: Retrophosphorylation of Mkk1 and Mkk2 MAPKKs by the Slt2 MAPK in the yeast cell integrity pathway.
abstract: In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a variety of stresses and aggressions to the cell wall stimulate the activation of the cell wall integrity MAPK pathway, which triggers the expression of a series of genes important for the maintenance of cell wall homeostasis. This MAPK module lies downstream of the Rho1 small GTPase and protein kinase C Pkc1 and consists of MAPKKK Bck1, MAPKKs Mkk1 and Mkk2, and the Slt2 MAPK. In agreement with previous reports suggesting that Mkk1 and Mkk2 were functionally redundant, we show here that both Mkk1 and Mkk2 alone or even chimerical proteins constructed by interchanging their catalytic and regulatory domains are able to efficiently maintain signal transduction through the pathway. Both Mkk1 and Mkk2 are phosphorylated in vivo concomitant to activation of the cell integrity pathway. Interestingly, hyperphosphorylation of the MEKs required not only the upstream components of the pathway, but also a catalytically competent Slt2 MAPK downstream. Active Slt2 purified from yeast extracts was able to phosphorylate Mkk1 and Mkk2 in vitro. We have mapped Ser(50) as a direct phosphorylation target for Slt2 in Mkk2. However, substitution of all (Ser/Thr)-Pro canonical MAPK target sites with alanine did not totally abrogate Slt2-dependent Mkk2 phosphorylation. Mutation or deletion of a conserved MAPK-docking site at the N-terminal extension of Mkk2 precluded its interaction with Slt2 and negatively affected retrophosphorylation. Our data show that the cell wall integrity MAPKKs are targets for their downstream MAPK, suggesting the existence of complex feedback regulatory mechanisms at this level.
authors: Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Jiménez-Sánchez
authors: Víctor J
authors: VJ
authors: Cid
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Molina
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C072724:SLT2 protein, S cerevisiae; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2