title: [Prevalence of resistance to antiretroviral drugs in Spain].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of resistance to antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the effectiveness of these drugs in HIV-infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study in 86 vertically HIV-infected children, divided into four groups according to prior treatment: group 1: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), group 2: NRTI and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), group 3: NRTI and protease inhibitor (PI), group 4: NRTI, NNRTI and PI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1 (11 children), the median treatment duration was 35 months (26 to 108). Nucleoside-associated mutations (NAMs) were found in 10 of these patients and the Q151M multiresistance mutation was found in two. The three children in group 2 were treated for 9, 32 and 42 months with NRTI and NNRTI. One child showed three NAMs and another showed Q151M. Two children had the K103N mutation. Group 3 (36 children) received treatment with NRTI and PI for 48.0 +/- 27.6 and 23.0 +/- 14.6 months, respectively. NAMs were observed in 94 % of the patients in this group, and one child showed the Q151M mutation. In group 4 (36 children) total treatment duration was 70.0 +/- 36.1 months (13.0 +/- 12.1 months with NNRTI, and 39.0 +/- 14.3 months with PI). NAMs were observed in all patients in this group, and Q151M was found in three children. K103N and Y181C were detected in 24 (67%) and 10 (28%) of the children respectively, while 32 (90%) showed primary mutations to PI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of resistance mutations to NRTI and early appearance of resistance to NNRTI were observed in treated children.
authors: Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España. bealarru@yahoo.es
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Larrú Martínez
authors: María I
authors: MI
authors: de José
authors: J María
authors: JM
authors: Bellón
authors: María D
authors: MD
authors: Gurbindo
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: León
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Ciria
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Ramos
authors: María J
authors: MJ
authors: Mellado
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Pocheville
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Jiménez
authors: María  A
authors: M
authors: Muñoz-Fernández
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission; D000367:Age Factors; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D009154:Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013030:Spain; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors