title: On the assessment of preferences for health and duration: maximal endurable time and better than dead preferences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies revealed difficulties with the valuation and analysis of health states deemed worse than dead. These problems may be linked to maximal endurable time (MET) preferences, the phenomenon that for severe states better than dead (BTD), shorter durations are often preferred to longer durations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the association between the duration of health states and their valuation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample of 123 Dutch respondents (age range, 18-45 years) valued 5 EQ-5D health states. With a straightforward method using BTD preferences, respondents indicated whether a state of a certain duration is better, equal to, or worse than dead. To validate these BTD preferences, MET preferences (whether a longer duration of a health state is better, equal, or worse than a shorter duration) were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BTD and MET preferences were strongly related (P < 0.001). For severe health states, although still judged as better than dead, BTD preferences curved downwards with increasing duration. Such curved BTD patterns occurred in 28% of the respondents, especially for more severe states (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BTD preferences revealed that the value of moderate and severe states declines with increasing duration, suggesting that health and duration interact. For states worse than dead versus states better than dead, traditional valuation techniques have the drawback that different preference questions are used. Using BTD preferences, however, a single simple preference question can assess states better than dead, as well as states worse than dead.
authors: Department of Medical Technology Assessment, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. p.stalmeier@mta.umcn.nl
authors: Peep F M
authors: PF
authors: Stalmeier
authors: Leida M
authors: LM
authors: Lamers
authors: Jan J V
authors: JJ
authors: Busschbach
authors: Paul F M
authors: PF
authors: Krabbe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001293:Attitude to Death; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation; D026712:Value of Life