title: Decreased expression of retinoid receptors in melanoma: entailment in tumorigenesis and prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinoids inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation in melanoma cells. Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR) mediate the various modulatory effects of retinoids in cells. We have studied the in situ expression of each RAR and RXR protein (alpha, beta, gamma) in a large series of melanocytic lesions and correlated the expression with clinicopathologic features and prognosis of the patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue microarray blocks of 226 melanocytic lesions were semiquantitatively evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of RAR and RXR protein (alpha, beta, gamma).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decrease of RARbeta protein (P < 0.0001), nuclear expression of RARgamma (P < 0.0001), and RXRalpha (P < 0.0001) was found in primary and metastatic melanomas as compared with nevi. Loss of nuclear immunoreactivity for RARgamma (P = 0.048) and RXRalpha (P = 0.001) was observed in the lesions showing vertical growth pattern. In addition, in patients with concomitant loss of cytoplasmic staining for RARalpha and RXRalpha, the probability of overall survival (log-rank test, P = 0.002) and disease-specific survival (log-rank test, P = 0.014) was significantly lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aberrant expression of retinoid receptors seems to be a frequent event in melanoma and suggests an impairment of the retinoid pathway in this cancer. Our data indicate the loss of retinoid receptor expression with melanoma progression and suggest a possible prognostic significance of the analysis of retinoid receptors in melanoma.
authors: Department of Head and Neck/Thoracic Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors: Nitin
authors: N
authors: Chakravarti
authors: Reuben
authors: R
authors: Lotan
authors: Abdul H
authors: AH
authors: Diwan
authors: Carla L
authors: CL
authors: Warneke
authors: Marcella M
authors: MM
authors: Johnson
authors: Victor G
authors: VG
authors: Prieto
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D009506:Nevus / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha / Q000032:analysis*; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha