title: Molecular evidence of late preconditioning after sevoflurane inhalation in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Late preconditioning by volatile anesthetics evolves in response to transcriptional changes. We hypothesized that sevoflurane inhalation would modify the transcriptome in human blood and modulate the expression of adhesion molecules in white blood cells consistent with the occurrence of a late preconditioning phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five healthy male subjects inhaled sevoflurane at an end-tidal concentration of 0.5%-1.0% for 60 min. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline, after 15 and 60 min of inhalation, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 h thereafter and immediately processed for flow cytometry and mRNA extraction and hybridization to Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays. Data were analyzed using Significance Analysis of Microarray and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. L-selectin (CD62L) and beta2-integrin (CD11b) expression was determined on granulocytes and monocytes using flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sevoflurane inhalation rapidly and markedly altered gene expression in white blood cells. Key transcripts potentially involved in late preconditioning or organ protection including paraoxonase, 12-lipoxygenase, heat shock protein 40, chemokine ligand 5, and phosphodiesterase 5A were regulated in response to sevoflurane. Sevoflurane further decreased transcripts involved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) signaling and fatty acid oxidation. Reduced L-selectin (CD62L) expression on granulocytes accompanied with increased resistance to inflammatory activation was present at 24 to 48 h after sevoflurane exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sevoflurane at subanesthetic concentrations modifies blood transcriptome and decreases the expression of the proinflammatory L-selectin (CD62L), consistent with a "second window of protection" in humans.
authors: Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Eliana
authors: E
authors: Lucchinetti
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Aguirre
authors: Jianhua
authors: J
authors: Feng
authors: Min
authors: M
authors: Zhu
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Suter
authors: Donat R
authors: DR
authors: Spahn
authors: Luc
authors: L
authors: Härter
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Zaugg
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D012107:Research Design; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D039481:CD11b Antigen; C509295:ITGAM protein, human; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D020011:Protective Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019041:L-Selectin; D000077149:Sevoflurane