title: Prevention of withdrawal movement associated with injection of rocuronium in children: comparison of remifentanil, alfentanil and fentanyl.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We compared the efficacy of remifentanil, alfentanil and fentanyl in reducing withdrawal movement associated with the injection of rocuronium in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 164 ASA physical status I or II pediatric patients, aged 1-14 years, were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: group C received saline; group R, remifentanil 1 microg/kg; group A, alfentanil 10 micro/kg; and group F, fentanyl 2 microg/kg. Treatments were injected over 30 s, followed by thiopental 5 mg/kg. At 90 s after the start of the study drug injection, rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg was injected over 10 s. The patient's response to the injection of rocuronium was graded on a four-point scale in a double-blinded manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of withdrawal movement was 89.5% in group C, 70.3% in group F, 36.3% in group A and 7.2% in group R. The incidence of generalized movement (grade 4) was 86.9% in group C, 58.5% in group F, 15.9% in group A and 2.4% in group R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remifentanil, alfentanil and fentanyl all reduced the incidence of withdrawal movement when administered 90 s before the injection of rocuronium compared with saline. Remifentanil was the most effective, followed by alfentanil. Fentanyl was less effective but significantly different from the saline in reducing withdrawal movement in children.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University, Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors: A Y
authors: AY
authors: Oh
authors: K S
authors: KS
authors: Seo
authors: E K
authors: EK
authors: Goo
authors: Y O
authors: YO
authors: Park
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Kim
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D015760:Alfentanil / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000732:Androstanols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077123:Rocuronium; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000732:Androstanols; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D015760:Alfentanil; D000077208:Remifentanil; D005283:Fentanyl; D000077123:Rocuronium