title: Relaxation effects of lavender aromatherapy improve coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy men evaluated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been reported that mental stress is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and impairs coronary circulation. Lavender aromatherapy, one of the most popular complementary treatments, is recognized as a beneficial mental relaxation therapy. However, no study has examined the effect of this therapy on coronary circulation. We aimed to assess the effect of lavender aromatherapy on coronary circulation by measuring coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) with noninvasive transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 30 young healthy men (mean age 34+/-4.7 years, range 24-40 years). Coronary flow velocities in the left anterior descending coronary artery were recorded by TTDE at rest and during hyperemia induced with an intravenous infusion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). CFVR was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to basal mean diastolic flow velocity. CFVR was assessed at baseline and immediately after lavender aromatherapy (four drops of essential oil diluted with 20 ml of hot water and inhaled for 30 min). Simultaneously, serum cortisol was measured as a marker of stress hormones. To exclude the relaxation effects of rest, the same measurements were repeated in the same volunteers without aromatherapy as a control study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFVR measurements were obtained in all volunteers (100%). Blood pressure and heart rate responses to ATP infusion were not affected by lavender aromatherapy. Serum cortisol significantly decreased after lavender aromatherapy (8.4+/-3.6 to 6.3+/-3.3, p<0.05), but remained unchanged in controls (9.1+/-3.5 to 8.1+/-3.9, p=ns). In addition, CFVR significantly increased after lavender aromatherapy (3.8+/-0.87 to 4.7+/-0.90, p<0.001), but not in controls (3.9+/-0.8 to 3.9+/-0.8, p=ns).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lavender aromatherapy reduced serum cortisol and improved CFVR in healthy men. These findings suggest that lavender aromatherapy has relaxation effects and may have beneficial acute effects on coronary circulation.
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors: Yumi
authors: Y
authors: Shiina
authors: Nobusada
authors: N
authors: Funabashi
authors: Kwangho
authors: K
authors: Lee
authors: Tomohiko
authors: T
authors: Toyoda
authors: Tai
authors: T
authors: Sekine
authors: Sachiko
authors: S
authors: Honjo
authors: Rei
authors: R
authors: Hasegawa
authors: Takayuki
authors: T
authors: Kawata
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Wakatsuki
authors: Shinichiro
authors: S
authors: Hayashi
authors: Shio
authors: S
authors: Murakami
authors: Kazuo
authors: K
authors: Koike
authors: Masao
authors: M
authors: Daimon
authors: Issei
authors: I
authors: Komuro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019341:Aromatherapy / Q000379:methods; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D027523:Lavandula; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone