title: Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium: comparison of isolates from pigs, poultry and cases of human gastroenteritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) profiles of 195 epidemiologically unrelated Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated in 1997-2004 from pigs were analysed and the results compared to establish the discriminatory ability of each method. In order to investigate the epidemiology of S. Typhimurium from different populations, the VNTR profiles from pigs were compared with those obtained from 190 S. Typhimurium strains isolated from poultry and 186 strains isolated from human cases of gastroenteritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 195 strains of S. Typhimurium were tested by PFGE and VNTR. For PFGE, the restriction enzyme XbaI was used, and for VNTR, the number of repeats at five loci (STTR 9, 5, 6, 10pl and 3) were counted and assigned an allele number based on an established VNTR scheme. The results obtained showed improved discrimination of VNTR when compared with PFGE with 34 PFGE profiles identified compared with 96 different VNTR profiles for the pig isolates and 56 different VNTR types within the most common PFGE type. Within the three different populations, VNTR showed distinct subpopulations of VNTR type related not only to source, but also demonstrated common VNTR types within samples obtained from humans, poultry and pigs, especially in strains of phage type DT104.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VNTR has taken the discrimination to a further level than that obtained through PFGE, and demonstrated an overlap in the genetic diversity of isolates tested across the three different populations, confirming previous suggestions that animals have an involvement in the dissemination of S. Typhimurium through the food chain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salmonella Typhimurium remains an important concern as a food-borne zoonotic agent. The VNTR strategy described provides an accurate method of tracing strain dissemination, and adds a further level of discrimination to the PFGE type, providing potential benefits to epidemiological studies and the possibility of deciphering source attribution of cases.
authors: Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Health Protection Agency, London, UK.
authors: E L
authors: EL
authors: Best
authors: B-A
authors: BA
authors: Lindstedt
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cook
authors: F A
authors: FA
authors: Clifton Hadley
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Threlfall
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Liebana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000382:microbiology*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011200:Poultry / Q000382:microbiology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics*; D013552:Swine; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics*