title: Only an early nitric oxide burst and the following wave of secondary nitric oxide generation enhanced effective defence responses of pelargonium to a necrotrophic pathogen.
abstract: Participation of nitric oxide (NO) in cross-talk between ivy pelargonium (Pelargonium peltatum) leaves and Botrytis cinerea was investigated using electrochemical and biochemical approaches. In response to the necrotroph, leaves initiated a near-immediate NO burst, but the specificity of its generation was dependent on the genetic makeup of the host plant. In the resistant cultivar, a strong NO burst was followed by a wave of secondary NO generation, shown by bio-imaging with DAF-2DA. The epicentre of NO synthesis was located in targeted cells, which exhibited a TUNEL-positive reaction. Soon after the challenge, an elevated concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was correlated with a reversible inhibition of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and suppression of ethylene synthesis. The induced NO generation initially expanded and then gradually disappeared on successive days, provoking noncell-death-associated resistance with an enhanced pool of antioxidants, which finally favoured the maintenance of homeostasis of surrounding cells. By contrast, in the susceptible pelargonium, a weak NO burst was recorded and further NO generation increased only as the disease progressed, which was accompanied by very intensive H(2)O(2) and ethylene synthesis. The pathogen colonizing susceptible cells also acquired the ability to produce considerable amounts of NO and enhanced nitrosative and oxidative stress in host tissues.
authors: Department of Plant Physiology, August Cieszkowski Agricultural University, Wołyñska 35, 60-637 Poznañ, Poland.
authors: Jolanta
authors: J
authors: Floryszak-Wieczorek
authors: Department of Plant Physiology, August Cieszkowski Agricultural University, Wołyñska 35, 60-637 Poznañ, Poland.
authors: Magdalena
authors: M
authors: Arasimowicz
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznañ University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznañ, Poland.
authors: Grzegorz
authors: G
authors: Milczarek
authors: August Cieszkowski Agricultural University, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznañ, Poland.
authors: Henryk
authors: H
authors: Jelen
authors: Department of Animal Anatomy, August Cieszkowski Agricultural University, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznañ, Poland.
authors: Hanna
authors: H
authors: Jackowiak
mesh_terms: D020171:Botrytis / Q000502:physiology*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D031316:Pelargonium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005030:Ethylenes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C036216:ethylene; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
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