title: The effect of phone design on upper extremity discomfort and muscle fatigue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare a small cellular clamshell phone with a traditional office phone in the development of discomfort and muscle fatigue over time during phone use.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Phone use involves low-level static exertions that may be influenced by phone design. Phone design and its interactions with anthropometry may change shoulder and hand postures assumed during use, which in turn may modify the length-strength relationship and moment arms of the muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adults participated in a study that simulated phone use using a small clamshell and a traditional office phone. Discomfort information and electromyographic (EMG) muscle activity were monitored on four upper extremity muscles. Discomfort and fatigue data (EMG median frequency shifts) were analyzed to assess differences between phones as well as differing effects attributable to anthropometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median frequency shifts supported discomfort claims and indicated muscle fatigue in the deltoid and thenar muscles. Biomechanical measures demonstrated that participants with short limb lengths developed more severe signs of thenar fatigue. Participants with longer arms developed greater discomfort in the neck, shoulder, and back. The deltoid confirmed this occurrence, showing signs of muscle fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phone design and anthropometry influenced the development of discomfort and fatigue during phone use. Phone design dictated grip style, resulting in differing discomfort and fatigue levels. Anthropometry influenced the severity of the discomfort and fatigue present in the shoulder and hand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of small clamshell phones may contribute to a lack of rest and recovery from typical workday exposures. It should be explored from an ergonomic perspective.
authors: Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors: Anne-Marie
authors: AM
authors: Chany
authors: William S
authors: WS
authors: Marras
authors: Deborah L
authors: DL
authors: Burr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013689:Telephone; D014481:United States