title: Antibacterial activity of chitosan-based matrices on oral pathogens.
abstract: Chitosan is a well sought-after polysaccharide in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability to non-toxic substances, and ease of fabrication into various configurations. However, alterations in the anti-bacterial properties of chitosan in various forms is not completely understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-bacterial properties of chitosan matrices in different configurations against two pathogens-Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans and Gram-negative Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Two-dimensional (2-D) membranes and three-dimensional (3-D) porous scaffolds were synthesized by air drying and controlled-rate freeze drying. Matrices were suspended in bacterial broths with or without lysozyme (enzyme that degrades chitosan). Influences of pore size, blending with Polycaprolactone (PCL, a synthetic polymer), and neutralization process on bacterial proliferation were studied. Transient changes in optical density of the broth, adhesion characteristics, viability, and contact-dependent bacterial activity were assessed. 3-D porous scaffolds were more effective in reducing the proliferation of S. mutans in suspension than 2-D membranes. However, no significant differences were observed on the proliferation of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Presence of lysozyme significantly increased the antibacterial activity of chitosan against A. actinomycetemcomitans. Pore size did not affect the proliferation kinetics of either species, with or without lysozyme. NaOH neutralization of chitosan increased bacterial adhesion whereas ethanol neutralization inhibited adhesion without lowering proliferation. Mat culture tests indicated that chitosan does not allow proliferation on its surface and it loses antibacterial activity upon blending with PCL. Results suggest that the chemical and structural characteristics of chitosan-based matrices can be manipulated to influence the interaction of different bacterial species.
authors: School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 423 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
authors: Aparna R
authors: AR
authors: Sarasam
authors: Phoebe
authors: P
authors: Brown
authors: Sharukh S
authors: SS
authors: Khajotia
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: Dmytryk
authors: Sundararajan V
authors: SV
authors: Madihally
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants / Q000382:microbiology; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000187:drug effects; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000494:pharmacology; D016062:Porosity; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D012996:Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012996:Solutions; D000431:Ethanol; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D048271:Chitosan; D009113:Muramidase
references: Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001 Dec;18(6):553-7
references: 11738343
references: Biomaterials. 2005 Sep;26(27):5500-8
references: 15860206
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Dec 17;51(26):7659-63
references: 14664525
references: Nature. 2004 Apr 1;428(6982):487-92
references: 15057821
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2003 Sep;21(9):1025-32
references: 12949568
references: Dent Today. 2003 Dec;22(12):73-6; quiz 77
references: 15011546
references: J Periodontol. 2003 Sep;74(9):1255-68
references: 14584858
references: Biomacromolecules. 2006 Apr;7(4):1131-8
references: 16602730
references: J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2005 Jan 15;72(1):86-93
references: 15389496
references: Biomaterials. 2005 May;26(14):2013-20
references: 15576175
references: J Clin Periodontol. 2000 Dec;27(12 ):897-903
references: 11140556
references: Caries Res. 1994;28(6):421-8
references: 7850845
references: J Dent Res. 1997 Feb;76(2):665-72
references: 9062560
references: Front Biosci. 2004 May 01;9:1267-77
references: 14977543
references: Int J Food Microbiol. 2001 Dec 30;71(2-3):235-44
references: 11789941
references: Biomacromolecules. 2003 Nov-Dec;4(6):1457-65
references: 14606868
references: Periodontol 2000. 2003;33:36-53
references: 12950840
references: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2003 Jan;55(1):47-56
references: 12551703
references: J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2002 Aug;37(7):1379-90
references: 15328699
references: Biomaterials. 1997 Apr;18(7):567-75
references: 9105597
references: J Clin Periodontol. 2003 May;30(5):443-53
references: 12716338
references: J Periodontol. 2001 Jan;72 (1):35-42
references: 11210071
references: J Dent. 2000 Mar;28(3):199-206
references: 10709342
references: Biomaterials. 2002 Jan;23(1):181-91
references: 11762837
references: J Dent Res. 1999 Mar;78(3):759-68
references: 10096451
references: Carbohydr Res. 2004 Nov 15;339(16):2693-700
references: 15519328
references: Nat Med. 1996 Jul;2(7):824-6
references: 8673932
references: Int J Pharm. 2002 Mar 20;235(1-2):121-7
references: 11879747
references: Biomaterials. 2005 Dec;26(36):7616-27
references: 16005510
references: Ann Periodontol. 2003 Dec;8(1):227-65
references: 14971256
references: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006 Nov;79(2):418-30
references: 16906526
references: Biotechnology (N Y). 1994 Jul;12(7):689-93
references: 7764913
references: Bioresour Technol. 2003 Jul;88(3):179-84
references: 12618038
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2006 Jan 5;93(1):64-75
references: 16142800
references: Biomaterials. 1989 Nov;10(9):598-603
references: 2611308
references: Biomaterials. 1999 Jun;20(12):1133-42
references: 10382829