title: What is new in the era of focal dystonia treatment? Botulinum injections and more.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The treatment options for the management of dystonias continue to evolve and improve. Clinical outcomes, however, are not predictably consistent using a single treatment regimen in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Botulinum toxin is still considered the best treatment option for the treatment of focal dystonias: blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and apraxia of eyelid opening. New findings indicate that physicians may be a little more aggressive with the dosage when the disease progresses. A new formulation of botulinum toxin has been produced that includes no proteins and may address the immunoresistance that can occur with prolonged use. Additional systemic medications may be helpful as adjuncts only in selected cases. Improved surgical techniques are now more successful and cause fewer complications. Therefore, many refractory cases are now offered a surgical approach alone or in combination with botulinum toxin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There have been recent therapeutic developments in the treatment of ocular dystonias.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. altugcetinkaya@yahoo.com
authors: Altug
authors: A
authors: Cetinkaya
authors: Paul A
authors: PA
authors: Brannan
mesh_terms: D001072:Apraxias / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A