Evaluating environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a group of Turkish primary school students and developing intervention methods for prevention.
BACKGROUND
In countries like Turkey where smoking is highly prevalent, children's exposure to tobacco smoke is an important public health problem. The goals of this study were to determine the self-reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure status of primary school students in grades 3 to 5, to verify self-reported exposure levels with data provided from a biomarker of exposure, and to develop methods for preventing school children from passive smoking.


METHODS
The study was conducted on 347 primary school students by using a standard questionnaire and urinary cotinine tests. Children with verified ETS exposure were randomly assigned to 2 intervention groups. Two phone interviews were conducted with the parents of the first group regarding their children's passive smoking status and its possible consequences. On the other hand, a brief note concerning urinary cotinine test result was sent to parents of the second group. Nine months after the initial urinary cotinine tests, measurements were repeated in both groups.


RESULTS
According to questionnaire data, 59.9% of the study group (208 of 347) were exposed to ETS. Urinary cotinine measurements of children were highly consistent with the self-reported exposure levels (P < 0.001). Two different intervention methods were applied to parents of the exposed children. Control tests suggested a remarkable reduction in the proportion of those children demonstrating a recent exposure to ETS in both groups. Proportions of children with urinary cotinine concentrations 10 ng/ml or lower were 79.5% in Group I and 74.2% in Group II (P > 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Self-reported ETS exposure was found to be pretty accurate in the 9-11 age group when checked with urinary cotinine tests. Only informing parents that their children' ETS exposure were confirmed by a laboratory test seems to be very promising in preventing children from ETS.
Ekerbicer
Hasan C
HC
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. h_ekerbicer@yahoo.com
Celik
Mustafa
M
Guler
Ekrem
E
Davutoglu
Mehmet
M
Kilinc
Metin
M
D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D054626:Consumer Health Information; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D004522:Educational Status; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D016730:Program Development; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine
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