title: Homovanillic acid (HVA) plasma levels inversely correlate with attention deficit-hyperactivity and childhood neglect measures in addicted patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) seems to be a risk condition for substance use disorders, possibly in relationship to common neurobiological changes, underlying both addictive and externalising behaviour susceptibility. Although this vulnerability has been primarily attributed to gene variants, previous studies suggest that also adverse childhood experiences may influence neurotransmission, affecting in particular brain dopamine (DA) system and possibly concurring to the development of behavioural disorders. Therefore, we decided to investigate ADHD symptoms and plasma concentrations of the DA metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) in abstinent addicted patients, in comparison with healthy control subjects, evaluating whether ADHD scores were related with HVA levels, as expression of DA turnover, and whether HVA values, in turn, were associated with childhood emotional neglect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two abstinent drug dependent patients, and 44 normal controls, matched for age and sex, completed the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), measuring ADHD symptoms, and the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA-Q). Blood samples were collected to determine HVA plasma levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addicted individuals showed significantly higher ADHD scores and lower HVA levels respect to control subjects. ADHD scores at WURS in addicted patients negatively correlated with plasma HVA values. In turn, plasma HVA levels were inversely associated with childhood neglect measures, reaching statistical significance with "mother-antipathy" and "mother neglect" scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest the possibility that childhood experience of neglect and poor mother-child attachment may have an effect on central dopamine function as an adult, in turn contributing to both ADHD and substance abuse neurobiological vulnerability.
authors: Servizio Tossicodipendenze, AUSL Parma, Parma, Italy. gilberto.gerra@unodc.org
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Gerra
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Leonardi
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Cortese
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Zaimovic
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Dell'agnello
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Manfredini
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Somaini
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Petracca
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Caretti
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Saracino
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Raggi
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Donnini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006719:Homovanillic Acid
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