title: Hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale relies on a different metal storage mechanism for cobalt than for nickel.
abstract: The nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale has been developed as a commercial crop for phytoremediation/phytomining Ni from metal-enriched soils. Here, metal co-tolerance, accumulation and localization were investigated for A. murale exposed to metal co-contaminants. A. murale was irrigated with Ni-enriched nutrient solutions containing basal or elevated concentrations of cobalt (Co) or zinc (Zn). Metal localization and elemental associations were investigated in situ with synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence (SXRF) and computed-microtomography (CMT). A. murale hyperaccumulated Ni and Co (> 1000 microg g(-1) dry weight) from mixed-metal systems. Zinc was not hyperaccumulated. Elevated Co or Zn concentrations did not alter Ni accumulation or localization. SXRF images showed uniform Ni distribution in leaves and preferential localization of Co near leaf tips/margins. CMT images revealed that leaf epidermal tissue was enriched with Ni but devoid of Co, that Co was localized in the apoplasm of leaf ground tissue and that Co was sequestered on leaf surfaces near the tips/margins. Cobalt-rich mineral precipitate(s) form on leaves of Co-treated A. murale. Specialized biochemical processes linked with Ni (hyper)tolerance in A. murale do not confer (hyper)tolerance to Co. A. murale relies on a different metal storage mechanism for Co (exocellular sequestration) than for Ni (vacuolar sequestration).
authors: Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Tappero
authors: Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Peltier
authors: Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gräfe
authors: Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Heidel
authors: Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ginder-Vogel
authors: Earth and Planetary Sciences, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
authors: K J T
authors: KJT
authors: Livi
authors: Geophysical Sciences and Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Rivers
authors: Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Marcus
authors: USDA-ARS, Environmental Management and By-products Utilization, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
authors: R L
authors: RL
authors: Chaney
authors: Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Sparks
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012987:Soil; D003035:Cobalt; D008345:Manganese; D009532:Nickel; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium
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