title: Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease among Navajo adults.
abstract: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is 3-5 times more common among Navajo adults than in the general US population. The authors conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for IPD among Navajo adults. Navajos aged > or =18 years with IPD were identified through prospective, population-based active laboratory surveillance (December 1999-February 2002). Controls matched to cases on age, gender, and neighborhood were selected. Risk factors were identified through structured interviews and medical record reviews. The authors conducted a matched analysis based on 118 cases and 353 controls. Risk factors included in the final multivariable analysis were chronic renal failure (odds ratio (OR) = 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9, 7.7), congestive heart failure (OR = 5.6, 95% CI: 2.2, 14.5), self-reported alcohol use or alcoholism (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.5, 5.4), body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) <5th (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.0, 10.6) or >95th (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.0, 8.0) percentile, and unemployment (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.2, 5.5). The population attributable fractions were 10% for chronic renal failure, 18% for congestive heart failure, 30% for self-reported alcohol use or alcoholism, 6% for body mass index, and 20% for unemployment. Several modifiable risk factors for IPD in Navajos were identified. The high prevalence of renal failure, alcoholism, and unemployment among Navajo adults compared with the general US population may explain some of their increased risk of IPD.
authors: Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jwatt@jhsph.edu
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: Watt
authors: Katherine L
authors: KL
authors: O'Brien
authors: Andrea L
authors: AL
authors: Benin
authors: Sandra I
authors: SI
authors: McCoy
authors: Connie M
authors: CM
authors: Donaldson
authors: Raymond
authors: R
authors: Reid
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Schuchat
authors: Elizabeth R
authors: ER
authors: Zell
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Hochman
authors: Mathuram
authors: M
authors: Santosham
authors: Cynthia G
authors: CG
authors: Whitney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology