title: Simulation as an additional tool for investigating the performance of standard operating procedures in anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In medicine, the use of standard operating procedures (SOPs) is often evaluated using questionnaires (QUES). However, QUES can have limitations with regard to method, thus leading to errors. Simulation (SIM) offers another opportunity for evaluation. We hypothesized that medical errors in the evaluation of SOPs using QUES could be detected by SIM, and that SIM is better qualified to demonstrate applied medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the use of SOPs in anaesthesia, rapid sequence induction (RSI), by means of a QUES (n=42) or SIM (n=42) among 84 anaesthesiologists. Seven measures for preventing aspiration during induction of anaesthesia were examined and evaluated according to a predetermined points system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average number of times that precautionary measures to prevent aspiration were mentioned in the QUES [4.8 (0.9)] or performed during SIM [5.0 (1.1)] did not differ between the two groups. Pre-oxygenation was the most frequently described or performed measure (95% vs 93%). However, other measures, such as avoidance of positive pressure ventilation (45% vs 85%), differed significantly between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QUES and SIM are powerful instruments for evaluating the implementation of SOPs such as RSI. SIM demonstrates automated behaviours and thus more clearly represents behaviours used in clinical practice than is possible to demonstrate using QUES. Using a combination of these two instruments, method errors resulting from the individual instruments can be reduced.
authors: Department of Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany. yzausig@zari.de
authors: Y A
authors: YA
authors: Zausig
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Bayer
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Hacke
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Sinner
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Zink
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Grube
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Graf
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019091:Critical Pathways / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D016544:Patient Simulation; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires