title: Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere delivery of adenovirus for vaccination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of encapsulation of recombinant adenovirus type 5 encoding Beta-galactosidase (Ad5-Betagal) in poly (D,Llactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres on viral delivery to professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) in vitro, viral dissemination in vivo, and induction of protective immune responses in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  PLGA microspheres containing Ad5-alphagal were prepared by a double emulsion solvent evaporation method. Encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release profile, in vitro cellular uptake and in vivo biodistribution of Ad5-alphagal loaded PLGA microspheres were determined using 125I-labeled Ad5-alphagal (125I-Ad5-alphagal). To evaluate the potential of PLGA microsphere delivery of Ad-alphagal for induction of antigen specific immune responses in vivo, Balb/c mice were immunized with the subcutaneous injection of the formulations then splenocytes of the immunized mice were assayed for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against a variety of target cells in a 51Cr-release assay. Anti-alphagal antibody responses were assessed in the sera of the immunized mice by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of encapsulated Ad5-alphagal immunization on protection against a tumor challenge was tested in a murine artificial metastatic lung tumor model with alphagalexpressing tumor cells, CT26.CL25.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PLGA microspheres encapsulated Ad5-alphagal with 24.8 +/- 1.4 % encapsulation efficiency and 11.4 +/- 3.6 % of the encapsulated virus retained the functional activity. In vitro release study showed slow release (15% in 11 days) of the virus from the microspheres. PLGA microsphere delivery of Ad5-alphagal resulted in enhanced uptake of the virus by APCs with an increase in the transgene expression in vitro. Administration of the virus in the encapsulated form resulted in substantially decreased viral dissemination to remote organs and tissues as compared to the free virus. Encapsulated virus were capable of eliciting antigen specific CTL as well as antibody responses against alphagal and induced protective immune responses against lethal tumor challenge at a significantly lower infectious viral dose as compared to the free virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PLGA microsphere with Ad5-alphagal enhances the delivery of virus to APCs with reduced viral dissemination in other organs and induces protective antigen specific immune responses against viral encoded transgene.
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Daqing
authors: D
authors: Wang
authors: Ommoleila
authors: O
authors: Molavi
authors: M E Christine
authors: ME
authors: Lutsiak
authors: Praveen
authors: P
authors: Elamanchili
authors: Glen S
authors: GS
authors: Kwon
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Samuel
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008863:Microspheres; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D019076:Transgenes; D014611:Vaccination; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011108:Polymers; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D001616:beta-Galactosidase