Uncontrolled manifold analysis of segmental angle variability during walking: preadolescents with and without Down syndrome.
The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) approach allows us to address issues concerning the nature of variability. In this study we applied the UCM analysis to gait and to a population known for exhibiting high levels of performance variability, Down syndrome (DS). We wanted to determine if preadolescents (ages between 8 and 10) with DS partition goal-equivalent variability (UCM( ||)) and non-goal equivalent variability differently than peers with typical development (TD) and whether treadmill practice would result in utilizing greater amounts of functional, task-specific variability to accomplish the task goal. We also wanted to determine how variance is structured with respect to two important performance variables: center of mass (COM) and head trajectory at one specific event (i.e., heel contact) for both groups during gait. Preadolescents with and without DS walked on a treadmill below, at, and above their preferred overground speed. We tested both groups before and after four visits of treadmill practice. We found that children with DS partition more UCM( ||) variance than children with TD across all speeds and both pre and post practice. The results also suggest that more segmental configuration variance was structured such that less motion of COM than head position was exhibited at heel contact. Overall, we believe children with DS are employing a different control strategy to compensate for their inherent limitations by exploiting that variability that corresponds to successfully performing the task.
Black
David P
DP
Division of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA. blackdp1@gmail.com
Smith
Beth A
BA
Wu
Jianhua
J
Ulrich
Beverly D
BD
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
Phys Ther. 2007 Jun;87(6):766-77
17442836
Child Dev. 1993 Aug;64(4):1058-98
8404257
Orthop Clin North Am. 1981 Jan;12 (1):57-71
6451852
J Mot Behav. 1982 Sep;14(3):194-212
15153410
J Mot Behav. 2006 May;38(3):229-37
16709562
J Mot Behav. 1996 Mar;28(1):15-27
12529220
J Biomech Eng. 2005 Apr;127(2):311-7
15971709
J Mot Behav. 2006 Sep;38(5):367-72
16968682
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1999 Jun;25(3):837-51
10385989
Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1991;56(1):1-98; discussion 99-104
1922136
Biol Cybern. 1985;51(5):347-56
3978150
Exp Brain Res. 1999 Jun;126(3):289-306
10382616
J Mot Behav. 1985 Jun;17(2):131-47
15140688
Exp Brain Res. 1990;82(1):97-106
2257917
Hum Mov Sci. 2004 Sep;23(2):133-56
15474174
J Mot Behav. 2002 Jun;34(2):99-125
12057885
J Mot Behav. 1990 Mar;22(1):6-18
15111278
Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2002 Jan;30(1):26-31
11800496
J Biomech. 2000 Nov;33(11):1433-40
10940402
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1974 Oct;15(4):293-301
4282089
Exp Brain Res. 2005 Jul;164(1):1-17
15841397
Exp Brain Res. 2001 Nov;141(2):153-65
11713627
Exp Brain Res. 2000 Dec;135(3):382-404
11146817
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993 Jun;34(7):2382-7
8505220
Am J Ment Defic. 1985 Jan;89(4):433-6
3156498
Phys Ther. 1999 Dec;79(12):1153-62
10630284
Hum Mov Sci. 2003 Apr;22(2):153-71
12667747
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1981 Jul;22(3):233-45
6455441
J Biomech. 2000 Jun;33(6):783-6
10808002
Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2000;6(2):84-95
10899801
Motor Control. 2004 Jul;8(3):241-54
15322306
Exp Brain Res. 2002 Mar;143(1):11-23
11907686
Exp Brain Res. 2003 Nov;153(1):45-58
12928761
Exp Brain Res. 1993;93(3):499-515
8519339