ADHD symptoms and associated psychopathology in a community sample of adolescents from the European north of Russia.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the prevalence of ADHD symptoms and their relationship to psychopathology in adolescents from the European North of Russia.


METHODS
The prevalence of ADHD symptoms is assessed by teacher reports in 536 adolescents. Internalizing and externalizing problems are assessed by teacher ratings and student self-reports.


RESULTS
Prevalence of individual ADHD symptoms ranges between 3.3% and 35%. Only 8.9% of boys and 3.6% of girls have positive ratings on six items in either inattention or hyperactivity subtype. These adolescents fare significantly worse regarding externalizing but not internalizing problems. Compared to girls with ADHD, boys with ADHD report higher levels of violent and nonviolent delinquency and are described by teachers as having more conduct problems. Possible ADHD status is associated with depressive symptoms in boys but not in girls.


CONCLUSIONS
The estimates of ADHD prevalence rates obtained in this study are similar to those of other countries, suggesting the need for identification and treatment of the disorder. Evaluation of associated disruptive behavior disorders and depression, particularly in boys, is warranted.
Ruchkin
Vladislav
V
Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-7900, USA. vladislav.ruchkin@yale.edu
Lorberg
Boris
B
Koposov
Roman
R
Schwab-Stone
Mary
M
Sukhodolsky
Denis G
DG
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015588:Observer Variation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data