title: 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulation of adipocyte reactive oxygen species production.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously shown 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25-(OH)2D3] to inhibit mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression in adipocytes and that in vivo suppression of calcitriol levels with calcium-rich diets increases UCP2 expression. Because UCP2 plays a significant role in the clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we studied the effect of calcitriol on ROS production and ROS-induced adipocyte proliferation.
  
  
  METHODS
  ROS production in human and murine adipocytes was stimulated by high glucose (30 mM) or H2O2 (100 nM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both approaches resulted in increased ROS production by 27% to 100% (p < 0.05) and increased cell proliferation by 15% to 39% (p < 0.03). These effects were augmented by the addition of mitochondrial uncoupling inhibitor guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP; 100 microM) or 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 (10 nM) and attenuated by UCP2 overexpression, suggesting that inhibition of mitochondrial uncoupling suppresses clearance of ROS and increases adipocyte proliferation. The addition of alpha +/- tocopherol (1 microM) inhibited cell proliferation in adipocytes treated with either H2O2 or high glucose, indicating that ROS plays a major role in the regulation of cell proliferation in adipocytes. Moreover, stimulation of ROS with high glucose and H2O2 resulted in a 2- to 5-fold increase in adipocyte intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i; p < 0.001), and calcium channel antagonism (nifedipine, 10 microM) suppressed ROS induced calcium influx and cell proliferation, indicating that [Ca2+]i may also regulate ROS production and exert a mitogenic effect in adipocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support a role of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3, UCP2, and [Ca2+]i in the regulation of adipocyte ROS production.
authors: Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, #229, Knoxville, TN 37996-1900, USA.
authors: Xiaocun
authors: X
authors: Sun
authors: Michael B
authors: MB
authors: Zemel
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2
chemical_list: D019925:Cyclin A; D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C000604389:UCP2 protein, human; C000604390:Ucp2 protein, mouse; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2; D012313:RNA; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D002117:Calcitriol; D005947:Glucose; D002118:Calcium