title: Sodium bicarbonate, N-acetylcysteine, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. A comparison of 3 regimens for protecting contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary procedures. A single-center prospective controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several protective therapies have been developed to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). We aimed to investigate the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate by comparing 2 other regimens, including combination of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) plus sodium chloride and sodium chloride alone, to prevent CIN in patients undergoing cardiovascular procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively enrolled 264 patients who were scheduled for cardiovascular procedures and had a baseline creatinine level >1.2 mg/dL. The patients were assigned 1 of 3 prophylactic regimens: infusion of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium chloride plus oral NAC (600 mg bid). Contrast-induced nephropathy was defined as an increase in serum creatinine level >25% or 0.5 mg/dL after 48 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences among groups regarding baseline demographic properties and nephropathy risk factors. The change in creatinine clearance was significantly better in the sodium bicarbonate group than other 2 groups (P = .007). The incidence of CIN was significantly lower in the sodium bicarbonate group (4.5%) compared with sodium chloride alone (13.6%, P = .036) and tended to be lower than in the combination group (12.5%, P = .059). After adjusting the Mehran nephropathy risk score, the risk of CIN significantly reduced with sodium bicarbonate compared with sodium chloride alone (adjusted risk ratio 0.29, P = .043).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydration with sodium bicarbonate provides better protection against CIN than the sodium chloride infusion does alone. Combination therapy of NAC plus sodium chloride did not offer additional benefit over hydration with sodium chloride alone.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
authors: Emin E
authors: EE
authors: Ozcan
authors: Sema
authors: S
authors: Guneri
authors: Bahri
authors: B
authors: Akdeniz
authors: Ilke Z
authors: IZ
authors: Akyildiz
authors: Omer
authors: O
authors: Senaslan
authors: Nezihi
authors: N
authors: Baris
authors: Ozgur
authors: O
authors: Aslan
authors: Ozer
authors: O
authors: Badak
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D000111:Acetylcysteine