title: Urine versus brushed samples in human papillomavirus screening: study in both genders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether urine is a good medium for screening and whether there is a correlation between the amount of extracted DNA and human papillomavirus (HPV)-positivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, 30 first-voided urine (FVU) specimens and 20 urethroglandular swabs using cervex-brushes from male partners of HPV-positive patients, and 31 FVU specimens and 100 liquid-based cervix cytology leftovers sampled with cervix-brushes from HPV-positive women were examined for the presence of beta-globin. Oncogenic HPV were detected using type-specific PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  beta-globin was found in all the brushed samples, whereas it was found in only 68.9% of the FVU specimens. HPV-PCR was positive in 60.0% of the male brushes, in 29% of the female brushes and in 0% of the male FVU specimens. DNA concentration was, respectively, 0.9998 ng/microL, 37.0598 ng/microL and 0.0207 ng/microL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine is not a good tool for HPV detection, probably because the low DNA concentration reflects a low amount of collected cells. beta-globin is measurable in FVU by real time quantitative PCR, but the DNA concentration is lower compared to brush sampling for both genders. beta-globin-positivity of urethral and cervical swabs is 100%, showing a higher mean concentration of DNA, leading to a higher detection rate of HPV. This is the first article linking DNA-concentration to the presence of HPV.
authors: Department of Urology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. K.D'Hauwers@uro.umcn.nl
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: D'Hauwers
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Depuydt
authors: John-Paul
authors: JP
authors: Bogers
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Stalpaert
authors: Annie
authors: A
authors: Vereecken
authors: Jean-Jacques
authors: JJ
authors: Wyndaele
authors: Wiebren
authors: W
authors: Tjalma
mesh_terms: D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005914:Globins / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014556:Urine / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D005914:Globins