title: Cognitive dysfunction and depression may decrease activities in daily life more strongly than pain in community-dwelling elderly adults living with persistent pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic pain, dementia, and depression may reduce activities of daily life in elderly people. We evaluated the correlation between pain intensity and daily activities, cognitive state, and depression, as well as their interrelationships in home-dwelling elderly people with chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one elderly home-dwelling people who suffered from long-lasting pain, and who participated in a rehabilitation program, were enrolled. Severity of pain at rest and after pain-provoked motion was assessed on a visual analog scale (VAS, 0 to 100) and a 5-point verbal rating scale (VRS). Cognitive status was assessed with the mini-mental state examination (MMSE, 0 to 30), depression on the geriatric depression scale (GDS, 0 to 15), and functional ability in daily life was assessed with the Barthel Index (0 to 100).
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAS and VRS scores correlated positively with each other. Rating pain at rest on the VRS (mean 1.0, median 1) correlated with severity of depression (GDS mean 5.4) (r = 0.3997, P < 0.01), while scores on the VAS did not. Pain ratings at rest did not correlate with the Barthel Index (mean 87.7), but the latter correlated positively with motion-evoked VRS pain scores (mean 2.8, median 3) (r = 0.42829, P < 0.01). The MMSE (mean 25.3) did not correlate with any pain parameter, but it correlated positively with the Barthel Index (r = 0.3660, P < 0.05). The Barthel Index correlated negatively with the GDS (r = -0.39969, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In home-dwelling elderly people, chronic pain states do not seem to reduce daily activities as much as cognitive dysfunction and depression. The seemingly controversial finding of a positive correlation between daily activities and pain in motion, and lack of correlation with pain at rest, may be explained by a relatively low intensity of pain in our study people.
authors: Korso Health Center, Department of Social and Health Care, Vantaa, Finland.
authors: Timo
authors: T
authors: Kauppila
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Pesonen
authors: Pekka
authors: P
authors: Tarkkila
authors: Per H
authors: PH
authors: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D012111:Residence Characteristics