title: Acute ischemic stroke lesion measurement on diffusion-weighted imaging--important considerations in designing acute stroke trials with magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In acute ischemic stroke, magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is increasingly used to select patients for inclusion or as a surrogate outcome marker in clinical trials, or in routine practice. Little is known of what factors might affect DWI lesion size measurement. We examined morphologic factors that might affect DWI lesion measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  On DWI obtained less than 24 hours after stroke, we categorized lesions according to DWI appearance (solitary or multifocal; well-defined or ill-defined edges), lesion size (</>5 cm(3)), and time to imaging (<6, 6-12, and 12-24 hours). Two observers (senior neuroradiologist; less-experienced imaging neuroscientist) measured all lesions. In 4 representative cases we assessed DWI lesion volume using two apparent diffusion coefficient thresholds (0.55 and 0.65 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 63 patients (33% imaged < 6 hours after stroke), the neuroradiologist measured larger lesion volumes than the imaging neuroscientist (median 4.29 v 3.50 cm(3), respectively, P < .01). Differences between observers were greatest in patients scanned within 6 hours of stroke, in multifocal ill-defined or large lesions (all P < .01). Both apparent diffusion coefficient thresholds underestimated lesion extent and included remote normal tissue, particularly in multifocal ill-defined large lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DWI lesion characteristics influence lesion volume measurement. Large, multifocal, ill-defined DWI lesions obtained in less than 6 hours have the greatest variability. Trials using DWI should account for this in their study design.
authors: Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors: Carly S
authors: CS
authors: Rivers
authors: Joanna M
authors: JM
authors: Wardlaw
authors: Paul A
authors: PA
authors: Armitage
authors: Mark E
authors: ME
authors: Bastin
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Hand
authors: Martin S
authors: MS
authors: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015982:Bias; D015415:Biomarkers; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009485:Neuroradiography; D009488:Neurosciences; D015588:Observer Variation; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers