Autophagy: highlighting a novel player in the autoimmunity scenario.
Autophagy is a physiological cellular mechanism that degrades and recycles proteins and other molecules to maintain an adequate amino acid level during nutritional starvation of the cell. Autophagy is involved in cellular homeostasis and differentiation, as well as in tissue remodeling, aging, cancer, and other diseases. Under particular environmental conditions, autophagy can also be a contributor to programmed cell death, or can act as a defense mechanism for the elimination of intracellular bacteria and viruses. According to recent experimental data, autophagy may be implicated in autoimmunity by promotion of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II presentation of cytosolic antigens and control of T lymphocyte homeostasis, and its induction by Th1 cytokines and perhaps by specific serum autoantibodies. We review herein the role of autophagy in immune function and its possible contribution to breakdown of tolerance and development of autoimmunity.
Lleo
Ana
A
Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. alleo@ucdavis.edu
Invernizzi
Pietro
P
Selmi
Carlo
C
Coppel
Ross L
RL
Alpini
Gianfranco
G
Podda
Mauro
M
Mackay
Ian R
IR
Gershwin
M Eric
ME
D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D017209:Apoptosis; D015551:Autoimmunity; D001343:Autophagy; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
D016207:Cytokines; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II
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