title: Early effects of lipopolysaccharide on cytokine release, hemodynamic and renal function in newborn piglets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gram-negative sepsis in newborns is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines released upon exposure to gram-negative sepsis are well known to be involved in the pathophysiology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this report we investigate cytokine release, hemodynamic, and renal function induced by LPS in a newborn animal model with the intention to further examine early changes in gram-negative sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five 7- to 10-day-old domestic piglets were anesthetized and catheters placed in the jugular veins, left ventricle, and femoral artery. Urine output was monitored via suprapubic cystostomy. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and arterial blood gases were continuously monitored. Thirty minutes after line placement and obtaining baseline values, 0.06 mug/kg LPS were administered intravenously. One, 2, and 3 h later samples were taken to monitor tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, endothelin, and nitric oxide (NO)/nitrate via ELISA. In addition, blood flow was assessed by the microsphere method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data show an initial surge of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta at 1 h after exposure to LPS. NO/nitrate, endothelin, and hemodynamic as well as metabolic changes became apparent mostly 3 h after exposure, by which time TNF-alpha and IL-1beta fell back to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our sepsis model suggests a brief initial TNF-alpha and IL-1beta surge following LPS challenge; however, their effects become apparent by the time the levels are already subsiding. The emergence of vasoactive substances, NO and endothelin, precedes the first substantial clinical symptoms.
authors: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. ejohn@uic.edu
authors: Eunice
authors: E
authors: John
authors: Priya
authors: P
authors: Pais
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Furtado
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Chin
authors: Jayant
authors: J
authors: Radhakrishnan
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Fornell
authors: Adisorn
authors: A
authors: Lumpaopong
authors: Ulf H
authors: UH
authors: Beier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016232:Endothelins / Q000097:blood; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D016232:Endothelins; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide