title: Tolerance of benzalkonium chloride, formalin, malachite green, and potassium permanganate in goldfish and zebrafish.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine tolerance of goldfish and zebrafish to benzalkonium chloride, formalin, malachite green, and potassium permanganate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tolerance study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult goldfish (Carassius auratus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio).
  
  
  METHODS
  Groups of fish (n = 10/group) were exposed to each disinfectant at the therapeutic dosage; at 0.25, 0.5, 3, and 5 times the concentration used for the therapeutic dosage; and at the concentration used for the therapeutic dosage but for 3 or 5 times the recommended exposure time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both species, exposure to malachite green at the therapeutic dosage resulted in toxic effects, including death. Exposure to formalin at the therapeutic dosage resulted in toxic effects in goldfish, but not zebrafish, and exposure to potassium permanganate resulted in toxic effects in zebrafish, but not goldfish. On the basis of the ratio of therapeutic dosage to median lethal dosage, in goldfish, formalin was more toxic than benzalkonium chloride, which was more toxic than malachite green, which was more toxic than potassium permanganate. In zebrafish, potassium permanganate was more toxic than formalin and benzalkonium chloride, which were approximately equally toxic and more toxic than malachite green. Extending treatment time increased the toxicity of potassium permanganate in zebrafish and the toxicity of formalin and malachite green in goldfish, but did not alter the toxicity of the other disinfectants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated that there was no consistency between zebrafish and goldfish in their tolerance to disinfectants, and that therapeutic dosages reported in the literature for these disinfectants were not always safe.
authors: Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Clinics, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
authors: Luigi
authors: L
authors: Intorre
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Meucci
authors: Domenica
authors: D
authors: Di Bello
authors: Gianfranca
authors: G
authors: Monni
authors: Giulio
authors: G
authors: Soldani
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Pretti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity; D006054:Goldfish / Q000254:growth & development; D011196:Potassium Permanganate / Q000633:toxicity; D011897:Random Allocation; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000633:toxicity; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D011196:Potassium Permanganate; C005095:malachite green; D005557:Formaldehyde