title: Innovation according to C. Walton Lillehei.
abstract: C. Walton Lillehei (1918-1999) represents the most distinguished American surgeon of his time and perhaps the greatest surgeon in history. As his mentor, Owen H. Wangenesteen (1898-1981), so accurately declared, Walt Lillehei was "one of the surgical immortals." Indeed, similar words were echoed by the famous cardiac surgeon, Denton A. Cooley (b. 1920), who said, "Hardly any other cardiac surgeon has introduced a greater number of innovative techniques and concepts." Born in Minneapolis, Lillehei attended the University of Minnesota, where he completed his college, medical, physiology, and surgical studies. Because of his extraordinary contributions to make open heart surgery feasible and safe, he is considered the father of open heart surgery. Many other contributions followed the initial innovations, particularly the use of the bubble oxygenator, the total intracardiac repair of tetralogy malformation, the use of myocardial electrodes for treating complete heart block, and the development of three cardiac valve prostheses, among other discoveries. The noted Minnesota surgeon was an innovator for his entire professional career. He believed in innovation and practiced innovation in any way possible. "Determination, persistence, and stubbornness" were, according to Lillehei, "the most important components of research and successful discovery."
authors: Luis H
authors: LH
authors: Toledo-Pereyra
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D014481:United States