title: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of open-angle glaucoma the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the risk of having open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in an adult Latino population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latinos 40 years and older (n = 5894) from 6 census tracts in Los Angeles, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants from the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES), a large population-based study of self-identified adult Latinos, answered an interviewer-administered questionnaire and underwent a clinical and complete ocular examination, including visual field (VF) testing and stereo fundus photography. A participant was defined as having diabetes mellitus (DM) if she or he had a history of being treated for DM, the participant's glycosylated hemoglobin was measured at 7.0% or higher, or the participant had random blood glucose of 200 mg% or higher. Type 2 DM was defined if the participant was 30 years or older when diagnosed with DM. Open-angle glaucoma was defined as the presence of an open angle and a glaucomatous VF abnormality and/or evidence of glaucomatous optic disc damage in at least one eye. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk of having OAG in persons with T2DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of OAG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 5894 participants with complete data, 1157 (19.6%) had T2DM and 288 (4.9%) had OAG. The prevalence of OAG was 40% higher in participants with T2DM than in those without T2DM (age/gender/intraocular pressure-adjusted odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.8; P = 0.03). Trend analysis revealed that a longer duration of T2DM (stratified into 5-year increments) was associated with a higher prevalence of OAG (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of T2DM and a longer duration of T2DM were independently associated with a higher risk of having OAG in the LALES cohort. The high prevalences of T2DM and OAG and their association in this fastest growing segment of the United States population have significant implications for designing screening programs targeting Latinos.
authors: Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors: Vikas
authors: V
authors: Chopra
authors: Rohit
authors: R
authors: Varma
authors: Brian A
authors: BA
authors: Francis
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Wu
authors: Mina
authors: M
authors: Torres
authors: Stanley P
authors: SP
authors: Azen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
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