title: Effects of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand alone and in combination with fluoropyrimidine anticancer agent, S-1, on tumor growth of human oral squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in nude mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemotherapy has shown little antitumor activity against advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic methods for patients with advanced OSCC. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family that selectively induces apoptosis of cancer cells. S-1 is a new oral antineoplastic agent that can induce apoptosis in various types of cancer cells, including OSCC. Hence, combined treatment of cancer cells with TRAIL and S-1 might exert dramatic antitumor effects on OSCC cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the response of human OSCC cells to TRAIL alone and in combination with S-1 was examined using nude mouse xenograft models. S-1 (10 mg/kg/day, 5 times/week) was administered orally and TRAIL (1 mg/kg, 5 times/week) was injected into peritumoral tissue for three weeks. Apoptotic cells were detected by a TUNEL method. The protein expression of thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) were assessed using immunohistochemistry; their gene expression was determined using microdissection and RT-PCR, and their protein levels using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combined therapy of TRAIL and S-1 exerted antitumor effects on human OSCC xenografts markedly and significantly induced apoptotic cells in tumors treated with TRAIL plus S-1. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of TS and DPD were down-regulated, and that OPRT expression was up-regulated in tumors treated with TRAIL plus S-1. In the same way, microdissection and RT-PCR revealed that the expression of TS and DPD mRNA was down-regulated and that expression of OPRT mRNA was up-regulated in tumors administered the combined treatment. Moreover, ELISA indicated that the protein levels of TS and DPD were down-regulated, and that OPRT was up-regulated in tumors treated with the combined therapy. During the experimental period, no loss of body weight was observed in mice treated with the combined therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that the combination of TRAIL and S-1 is effective against OSCC and has the potential of being a new therapeutic tool for future treatment of these tumors.
authors: Department of Therapeutic Regulation for Oral Tumors, Institute of Health Bioscience, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors: Yasutaka
authors: Y
authors: Itashiki
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Harada
authors: Tarannum
authors: T
authors: Ferdous
authors: Hideo
authors: H
authors: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP) / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009962:Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D010094:Oxonic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005641:Tegafur / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C079198:S 1 (combination); D005641:Tegafur; D010094:Oxonic Acid; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D009962:Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase