title: Early metabolic defects following gestational diabetes in three ethnic groups of anti-GAD antibodies negative women with normal fasting glucose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterise early metabolic abnormalities and the impact of ethnicity following gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with a history of GDM belonging to three different ethnic groups were evaluated. Using the insulin-modified, frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) and HOMA we studied 34 European, 16 South Asian and 10 Afro-Caribbean women with normal fasting glucose following GDM and 44 European, 16 South Asian and 19 Afro-Caribbean controls to assess insulin action and secretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  European post-GDM women had lower insulin sensitivity by FSIVGTT [0.6 (0.1-5.1) vs 1.5 (0.8-2.8) x10(-4).min(-1).pmol(-1).l(-1), p=0.010, adjusted for BMI p=0.054] and by HOMA [72(22-235) vs 153(55-421)%, p=0.004, adjusted for BMI p=0.006], and reduced -cell function [lower disposition index 0.05(0.01-0.40) vs 0.11(0.05-0.25)min(-1), p=0.017] compared with controls. South Asian post-GDM women had decreased -cell function [lower HOMA (%B) (73 (37-147) vs 124 (59-262) %, p=0.048 and acute insulin response to glucose (463 (131-1639) vs 1039 (393-2748) pmol/l h, p=0.052] than controls. Afro-Caribbean post-GDM women had lower glucose disappearance rate [1.3(0.6-2.8) vs 2.6 (1.8-3.8) 10(-2)/min, p=0.003] than controls, suggesting subtle glucose intolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with a history of GDM of three different ethnic groups, even in the presence of normal fasting glucose, display a range of metabolic abnormalities, including -cell dysfunction with variable insulin resistance. These derangements may be influenced by ethnicity.
authors: Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. lkousta@otenet.gr
authors: Eleni
authors: E
authors: Kousta
authors: Natasha J
authors: NJ
authors: Lawrence
authors: Ian F
authors: IF
authors: Godsland
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Penny
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Anyaoku
authors: Barbara A
authors: BA
authors: Millauer
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Robinson
authors: Desmond G
authors: DG
authors: Johnston
authors: Mark I
authors: MI
authors: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D044466:Asian People; D044383:Black People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000276:immunology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase