Induction of regional collateral sprouting following muscle denervation.
OBJECTIVE
Anecdotal clinical findings suggest that denervated muscle may regain modest functional recovery via spontaneous collateral sprouts from intact adjacent nerve fibers. The current study evaluates the conditions needed for the denervated masseter muscle to induce axonal sprouting from the facial nerve. We hypothesize that epineurial injury is required to induce collateral sprouting toward a neighboring denervated muscle.


METHODS
Twelve thy1-yellow fluorescent protein-16 (thy1-YFP-16) transgenic mice whose axons express yellow fluorescent protein were allocated into six groups, with four degrees of facial nerve injury (intact, crush, transection, removed segment) with or without masseter denervation.


METHODS
Animals underwent serial in vivo imaging analyses under the fluorescent microscope weekly for 5 or 7 weeks and were subsequently perfused for analysis. Masseter muscle acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) were stained with Alexa Fluor 594 conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin, and whole mounts were imaged with confocal microscopy.


RESULTS
In groups with intact or crushed facial nerves, no evidence of collateral sprouting was demonstrated. Mice with transected facial nerve branches or removed segments demonstrated sprouting from the proximal stump into the denervated masseter. Staining of the AChRs confirmed that new neuromuscular junctions were established between the facial nerve and the denervated masseter.


CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that epineurial injury is required to stimulate axonal sprouting into adjacent denervated muscle. Nerves with compromised epineurium may be useful in promoting neo-neurotization after muscle denervation.
Koob
Jason W
JW
Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
Moradzadeh
Arash
A
Tong
Alice
A
Hayashi
Ayato
A
Myckatyn
Terence M
TM
Tung
Thomas H
TH
Mackinnon
Susan E
SE
D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D020220:Facial Nerve Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009121:Muscle Denervation; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000378:metabolism
D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic