Tc-99m ECD neuro-SPECT and diffusion weighted MRI in the detection of the anatomical extent of subacute stroke: a cautionary note regarding reperfusion hyperemia.
We present a case of subacute middle cerebral artery infarct, which demonstrates restricted diffusion on MRI and reperfusion hyperemia in the posterior half of the lesion on angiography. Tc-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) SPECT obtained shortly after the MRI failed to demonstrate perfusion defects in the regions demonstrating reperfusion hyperemia on angiography, underestimating the true size of the infarct. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis is, however, present. SPECT studies obtained over the following weeks demonstrated gradual enlargement of the lesion to approximate the MRI signal changes over a 19-day period. The case presented demonstrates retention of ECD in the infarcted brain. Several studies have demonstrated that Tc-99m ECD uptake is dependent on preserved brain tissue function because tracer retention requires enzymatic esterase activity, rather than the passive, nonenergy dependent trapping of Tc-99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime. Hence, infarcted areas undergoing reperfusion hyperemia are unlikely to demonstrate ECD uptake. This report illustrates that MRI diffusion weighted imaging may be more accurate in demonstrating the full extent of reperfused infarcts earlier than Tc-99m ECD SPECT. SPECT in this case failed to demonstrate reduced uptake in reperfused regions of the infarct. Also, crossed cerebellar diaschisis may serve as an early marker of extensive neuronal dysfunction.
Krishnananthan
Ruben
R
Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7115, USA.
Minoshima
Satoshi
S
Lewis
David
D
D000328:Adult; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000379:methods*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*
D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C059659:technetium Tc 99m bicisate; D003545:Cysteine