title: Determination of the ED95 for intrathecal plain bupivacaine combined with fentanyl in active labor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combined spinal-epidural (CSE) analgesia is an effective technique for pain control in labor and is particularly useful in the active phase. Excessive doses of intrathecal bupivacaine may be associated with adverse effects. This study is designed to estimate the ED95 for intrathecal plain bupivacaine with fentanyl 15 microg in labor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy women in active labor (cervical dilatation > or = 5 cm and verbal numeric pain score > or = 6/10) were given CSE for labor analgesia with intrathecal plain bupivacaine and fentanyl 15 microg. The initial dose of bupivacaine was 1.75 mg. Doses were varied in a 0.25-mg testing interval according to a method of sequential allocation designed to cluster the dose around the ED95. Effectiveness was defined as a verbal numeric pain score < or = 1 within 10 min of intrathecal injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 100% response rate to the 1.75-mg dose (95% CI 84.6-100.0%) and an 85.0% response rate to 1.50 mg (95% CI 64.0-95.8%). The ED95 for intrathecal plain bupivacaine with fentanyl 15 microg in active labor was 1.66 mg (95% CI 1.50-482.5 mg). The incidence of fetal bradycardia was 7.5%. The incidence of pruritus was 55%. No patient experienced motor block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first dose-finding study specifically designed to estimate the ED95 of intrathecal bupivacaine combined with a fixed amount of fentanyl for analgesia in active labor. The combination of bupivacaine 1.75 mg with fentanyl 15 microg rapidly and reliably alleviated pain in the active phase of labor.
authors: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Whitty
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Goldszmidt
authors: R K
authors: RK
authors: Parkes
authors: J C A
authors: JC
authors: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000139:chemically induced; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D048949:Labor Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000187:drug effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D011537:Pruritus / Q000139:chemically induced; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine