title: Intraosseous drug administration in children and adults during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review and assess the available literature on the use of intraosseous (IO) drug administration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, addressing the benefits and risks of using this method of drug delivery in children and adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE (1950-July 2007) database was searched for pertinent abstracts, using the key term intraosseous infusions. Additional references were obtained from the bibliographies of the articles reviewed. Manufacturer Web sites were used to obtain information about IO insertion devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  All available English-language clinical trials, retrospective studies, and review articles describing IO drug administration were reviewed. Studies conducted in animal models to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of IO drug administration were also included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IO access uses the highly vascularized bone marrow to deliver fluids and medications during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This route, developed in the 1940s, has been revived in the past decade as a means of achieving rapid vascular access when intravenous access cannot be obtained. The primary advantage of IO access is the high success rate (approximately 80%). Most trained providers can place an IO line within 1-2 minutes. A number of small-scale studies and retrospective reviews have established the usefulness of this route for the delivery of many commonly used resuscitation drugs. In addition, animal models have demonstrated rapid drug delivery to the systemic circulation. While all resuscitation drugs can be given by the IO route, administration of ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, phenytoin, tobramycin, and vancomycin may result in lower peak serum concentrations. The most common adverse effect seen with IO use, extravasation, has been reported in 12% of patients. Compartment syndrome, osteomyelitis, and tibial fracture are rare, but have also been reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IO administration is a safe and effective method for delivering drugs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It should be considered whenever intravenous access cannot be rapidly obtained.
authors: Department of Pharmacy Servicess, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. mlb3u@virginia.edu
authors: Marcia L
authors: ML
authors: Buck
authors: Barbara S
authors: BS
authors: Wiggins
authors: Jefferson M
authors: JM
authors: Sesler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*