title: Proinflammatory impact of Staphylococcus epidermidis on the nasal epithelium quantified by IL-8 and GRO-alpha responses in primary human nasal epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) still remains controversial. Whereas Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins have been detected in CRS, the impact of Staphylococcus epidermidis, a major commensal inhabitant of the nose, has not been studied. Among others, serine and cysteine proteases have been identified as factors of virulence in S. epidermidis.
  
  
  METHODS
  S. epidermidis was examined in tissue biopsies of 30 CRS patients (16 with nasal polyposis) using standard procedures. Primary human nasal epithelial cells from inferior nasal turbinates (HNECs), from nasal polyps (NPECs) and A549 airway epithelial cells were stimulated with S. epidermidis supernatants DSM20044 or ATCC35984 and the IL-8 and GRO-alpha response was quantified by ELISA. Protease-triggered chemokine responses and involvement of NF-kappaB were investigated by addition of protease or NF-kappaB inhibitors. Activation of NF-kappaB was demonstrated by quantitative DNA binding assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S. epidermidis was the most frequently isolated bacteria in the majority of CRS patients. HNECs and NPECs revealed no different IL-6 and IL-8 synthesis following stimulation with DSM20044 or ATCC35984. Stimulation of HNECs and A549 cells with S. epidermidis supernatants resulted in increased IL-8 and GRO-alpha expression which could be suppressed by the serine protease inhibitor AEBSF and the NF-kappaB inhibitor BAY 11 but not by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64. Results obtained for A549 cells were similar to HNECs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. epidermidis was present in the majority of CRS specimens. Proinflammatory impact of S. epidermidis supernatants on nasal epithelial cells was demonstrated by serine protease-triggered and NF-kappaB-dependent chemokine responses.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. sachsef@mednet.uni-muenster.de
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Sachse
authors: C
authors: C
authors: von Eiff
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Becker
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Steinhoff
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Rudack
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000276:immunology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000276:immunology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C434003:3-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2-propenenitrile; C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009570:Nitriles; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D013450:Sulfones; C002010:4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride