title: Differential radiation protection of salivary glands versus tumor by Tempol with accompanying tissue assessment of Tempol by magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The nitroxide free radical, Tempol, was evaluated for potential differential radiation protection of salivary glands and tumor using fractionated radiation. Mechanistic information was explored by monitoring the presence and bioreduction of Tempol in both tissues noninvasively by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Female C3H mice were immobilized using custom-made Lucite jigs for localized irradiation (five daily fractions) either to the oral cavity or tumor-bearing leg. Tempol (275 mg/kg) was administered (i.p.) 10 min before each radiation fraction. Salivary gland damage was assessed 8 weeks after radiation by measuring pilocarpine-mediated saliva output. Tumor growth was assessed by standard radiation regrowth methods. Dynamic T1-weighted magnetic resonance scans were acquired before and after Tempol injection using a 4.7T animal MRI instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tempol treatment was found to protect salivary glands significantly against radiation damage (approximately 60% improvement); whereas no tumor protection was observed. Intracellular reduction of Tempol to the nonradioprotective hydroxylamine as assessed by MRI was 2-fold faster in tumor compared with salivary glands or muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tempol provided salivary gland radioprotection and did not protect tumor, consistent with the hypothesis that differential radioprotection by Tempol resides in faster reduction to the nonradioprotective hydroxylamine in tumor compared with normal tissues. The unique paramagnetic properties of Tempol afforded noninvasive MRI monitoring of dynamic changes of Tempol levels in tissue to support the finding. These data support further development and consideration of Tempol for human clinical trials as a selective protector against radiation-induced salivary gland damage.
authors: Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. acotrim@nidcr.nih.gov
authors: Ana P
authors: AP
authors: Cotrim
authors: Fuminori
authors: F
authors: Hyodo
authors: Ken-Ichiro
authors: K
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Anastasia L
authors: AL
authors: Sowers
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Cook
authors: Bruce J
authors: BJ
authors: Baum
authors: Murali C
authors: MC
authors: Krishna
authors: James B
authors: JB
authors: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D013113:Spin Labels; C001803:tempol