title: Effect of human papillomavirus 16/18 L1 viruslike particle vaccine among young women with preexisting infection: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Viruslike particle human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines were designed to prevent HPV infection and development of cervical precancers and cancer. Women with oncogenic HPV infections might consider vaccination as therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether vaccination against HPV types 16 and 18 increases the rate of viral clearance in women already infected with HPV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase 3, masked, community-based randomized trial conducted in 2 provinces of Costa Rica.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2189 women aged 18 to 25 years who were recruited between June 2004 and December 2005. Participants were positive for HPV DNA at enrollment, had at least 6 months of follow-up, and had follow-up HPV DNA results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to receive 3 doses of a bivalent HPV-16/18 L1 protein viruslike particle AS04 candidate vaccine (n = 1088) or a control hepatitis A vaccine (n = 1101) over 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence of HPV DNA was determined in cervical specimins by a molecular hybridization assay using chemiluminescence with HPV RNA probes and by polymerase chain reaction using SPF10 primers and a line probe assay detection system before vaccination and by polymerase chain reaction after vaccination. We compared rates of type-specific viral clearance using generalized estimating equations methods at the 6-month visit (after 2 doses) and 12-month visit (after 3 doses) in the 2 study groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no evidence of increased viral clearance at 6 or 12 months in the group who received HPV vaccine compared with the control group. Clearance rates for HPV-16/18 infections at 6 months were 33.4% (82/248) in the HPV vaccine group and 31.6% (95/298) in the control group (vaccine efficacy for viral clearance, 2.5%; 95% confidence interval, -9.8% to 13.5%). Human papillomavirus 16/18 clearance rates at 12 months were 48.8% (86/177) in the HPV vaccine group and 49.8% (110/220) in the control group (vaccine efficacy for viral clearance, -2.0%; 95% confidence interval, -24.3% to 16.3%). There was no evidence of a therapeutic effect for other oncogenic or nononcogenic HPV categories, among women receiving all vaccine doses, among women with single infections, or among women stratified by the following entry variables: HPV-16/18 serology, cytologic results, HPV DNA viral load, time since sexual debut, Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection, hormonal contraceptive use, or smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women positive for HPV DNA, HPV-16/18 vaccination does not accelerate clearance of the virus and should not be used to treat prevalent infections.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00128661.
authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Hildesha@exchange.nih.gov
authors: Allan
authors: A
authors: Hildesheim
authors: Rolando
authors: R
authors: Herrero
authors: Sholom
authors: S
authors: Wacholder
authors: Ana C
authors: AC
authors: Rodriguez
authors: Diane
authors: D
authors: Solomon
authors: M Concepcion
authors: MC
authors: Bratti
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: Schiller
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Gonzalez
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Dubin
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Porras
authors: Silvia E
authors: SE
authors: Jimenez
authors: Douglas R
authors: DR
authors: Lowy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines