Experimental transmission of pospiviroid populations to weed species characteristic of potato and hop fields.
Weed plants characteristic for potato and hop fields have not been considered in the past as potential hosts that could transmit and lead to spreading of potato spindle tuber (PSTVd) and hop stunt (HSVd) viroids, respectively. To gain insight into this problem, we biolistically inoculated these weed plants with viroid populations either as RNA or as cDNA. New potential viroid host species, collected in central Europe, were discovered. From 12 weed species characteristic for potato fields, high viroid levels, detectable by molecular hybridization, were maintained after both RNA and DNA transfers in Chamomilla reculita and Anthemis arvensis. Low viroid levels, detectable by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) only, were maintained after plant inoculations with cDNA in Veronica argensis and Amaranthus retroflexus. In these two species PSTVd concentrations were 10(5) and 10(3) times, respectively, lower than in tomato as estimated by real-time PCR. From 14 weeds characteristic for hop fields, high HSVd levels were detected in Galinsoga ciliata after both RNA and DNA transfers. HSVd was found, however, not to be transmissible by seeds of this weed species. Traces of HSVd were detectable by RT-PCR in HSVd-cDNA-inoculated Amaranthus retroflexus. Characteristic monomeric (+)-circular and linear viroid RNAs were present in extracts from weed species propagating viroids to high levels, indicating regular replication, processing, and circularization of viroid RNA in these weed species. Sequence analyses of PSTVd progenies propagated in C. reculita and A. arvensis showed a wide spectrum of variants related to various strains, from mild to lethal variants; the sequence variants isolated from A. retroflexus and V. argensis exhibited similarity or identity to the superlethal AS1 viroid variant. All HSVd clones from G. ciliata corresponded to a HSVdg variant, which is strongly pathogenic for European hops.
Matousek
J
J
Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Orctová
L
L
Ptácek
J
J
Patzak
J
J
Dedic
P
P
Steger
G
G
Riesner
D
D
D001483:Base Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D027582:Humulus / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010802:Phylogeny; D010942:Plant Viruses / Q000378:metabolism*; D010944:Plants / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000821:virology*; D014772:Viroids / Q000378:metabolism*; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods
D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012367:RNA, Viral
Arch Virol. 2004 Feb;149(2):397-406
14745603
Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Jul 1;31(13):3429-31
12824340
Virology. 2004 May 20;323(1):9-23
15165815
Trends Plant Sci. 2004 Jul;9(7):339-48
15231279
Nature. 1978 May 18;273(5659):203-8
643081
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(14):4582-6
3860809
J Mol Evol. 1985;22(2):160-74
3934395
Sci Am. 1993 Jul;269(1):42-9
8337597
Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1994 Nov;375(11):765-77
7695839
Virus Genes. 1995;11(2-3):119-31
8828140
EMBO J. 1997 Feb 3;16(3):599-610
9034342
Mol Biol Evol. 1997 Jul;14(7):685-95
9254330
Arch Virol. 1998;143(3):623-9
9572562
Nucleic Acids Res. 1999 Nov 1;27(21):4208-17
10518612
J Virol Methods. 2004 Dec 15;122(2):153-64
15542139
EMBO J. 1985 Sep;4(9):2181-90
15938051
Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2005;43:117-39
16078879
Mol Biol Evol. 2006 Feb;23(2):254-67
16221896
BMC Microbiol. 2006;6:24
16519798
Biol Chem. 2007 Jan;388(1):1-13
17214544
J Virol. 2007 Mar;81(6):2980-94
17202210
Gene. 1999 Oct 18;239(1):173-83
10571047
Virus Genes. 2001 Jan;22(1):53-9
11210940
Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 Jun 1;29(11):2395-400
11376158
Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2277-80
11423650
Trends Genet. 2001 Aug;17(8):449-59
11485817
Virology. 2001 Sep 1;287(2):349-58
11531412
Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2001 Nov;14(11):1332-4
11763132
J Virol. 2002 Dec;76(24):13094-6
12438638
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 2;101(9):3275-80
14978267