title: Evolutionary analysis of the APA genes in the Phaseolus genus: wild and cultivated bean species as sources of lectin-related resistance factors?
abstract: The APA (Arcelin/Phytohemagglutinin/alpha-Amylase inhibitor) gene family is composed of various members, present in Phaseolus species and coding for lectin and lectin-related seed proteins having the double role of storage and defense proteins. Here members of the APA family have been identified by immunological, functional, and molecular analyses and representative genes were sequenced in nine wild species of Phaseolus. All taxa possessed at least one member of the true lectin gene. No arcelin type sequences have been isolated from the species examined. Among the wild species studied, only P. costaricensis contained an alpha-amylase inhibitor (alpha-AI). In addition P. augusti, P. maculatus, P. microcarpus, and P. oligospermus showed the presence of the lectin-related alpha-amylase inhibitor-like (AIL) genes and alpha-AI activity. Data from Southern blot analysis indicated the presence of only one lectin gene in P. parvulus and P. filiformis, while an extensive gene duplication of the APA locus was found in the other Phaseolus species. Phylogenetic analysis carried out on the nucleotide sequences showed the existence of two main clusters and clearly indicated that lectin-related genes originated from a paralogous duplication event preceding the development of the ancestor to the Phaseolus genus. The finding of detectable alpha-AI activity in species containing AIL genes suggests that exploiting APA genes variability in the Phaseolus genus may represent a valuable tool to find new members that may have acquired insecticidal activities.
authors: Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy. lucia.lioi@igv.cnr.it
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Lioi
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Galasso
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Lanave
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Daminati
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Bollini
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Sparvoli
mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D005810:Multigene Family; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000235:genetics*; D037121:Plant Lectins / Q000235:genetics*; D011815:R Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D037121:Plant Lectins; C061510:alpha-amylase inhibitor, Phaseolus vulgaris; D000516:alpha-Amylases
references: Plant Physiol. 1972 Feb;49(2):187-9
references: 16657921
references: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005 Apr;8(2):129-34
references: 15752991
references: Plant Mol Biol. 2001 Mar;45(5):587-97
references: 11414617
references: Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Jan;41(1):21-7
references: 12453724
references: Phytochemistry. 2006 Sep;67(18):2009-16
references: 16901522
references: Plant Physiol. 1990 Jun;93(2):805-10
references: 16667540
references: Anal Biochem. 1981 Apr;112(2):195-203
references: 6266278
references: Plant Mol Biol. 1994 Nov;26(4):1103-13
references: 7811969
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(20):7885-9
references: 2682631
references: Phytochemistry. 1996 Sep;43(1):57-62
references: 8987505
references: Gut. 1995 Sep;37(3):353-60
references: 7590430
references: Phytochemistry. 2001 Sep;58(1):59-66
references: 11524114
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Feb 17;1382(2):311-23
references: 9540803
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2004 Apr;108(6):1098-102
references: 15067396
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Jan 4;1292(1):15-22
references: 8547338
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Apr 11;97(8):3820-5
references: 10759552
references: Plant Physiol. 1993 Apr;101(4):1341-8
references: 8310064
references: Bioinformatics. 2001 Aug;17(8):754-5
references: 11524383
references: J Insect Physiol. 2000 Apr;46(4):393-402
references: 12770203
references: FASEB J. 1990 Nov;4(14):3198-208
references: 2227211
references: Eur J Biochem. 2002 Jan;269(2):397-412
references: 11856298
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Mar 3;1383(1):9-36
references: 9546043
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Feb 12;1696(2):181-90
references: 14871659
references: J Protein Chem. 2002 Jan;21(1):9-17
references: 11902670
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2003 Sep;107(5):814-22
references: 12819911
references: Planta. 1978 Jan;142(3):291-8
references: 24408192
references: Plant Cell. 1991 Jan;3(1):1-9
references: 1824332
references: Comput Appl Biosci. 1996 Dec;12(6):543-8
references: 9021275
references: Eur J Biochem. 1984 May 15;141(1):97-104
references: 6723668
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2001 Aug;14(8):955-61
references: 11497467