title: Combined photoplethysmographic monitoring of respiration rate and pulse: a comparison between different measurement sites in spontaneously breathing subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The non-invasive photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal reflects blood flow and volume in a tissue. The PPG signal shows variation synchronous with heartbeat (PPGc), as used in pulse oximetry, and variations synchronous with breathing (PPGr). PPGr has been used for non-invasive monitoring of respiration with promising results. Our aim was to investigate PPG signals recorded from different skin sites in order to find suitable locations for parallel monitoring of variations synchronous with heartbeat and breathing.
  
  
  METHODS
  PPG sensors were applied to the forearm, finger, forehead, wrist and shoulder on 48 awake healthy volunteers. From these sites, seven PPG signals were simultaneously recorded during normal spontaneous breathing over 10 min. Capnometry served as respiration and electrocardiogram (ECG) as pulse reference signals. PPG signals were compared with respect to power spectral content and squared coherence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forearm PPG measurement showed significantly higher power within the respiratory region of the power spectrum [median (quartile range) 42 (26)%], but significantly lower power within the cardiac region [9 (10)%] compared with the other skin sites. PPG finger measurement showed the opposite; in transmission mode, the power within the respiratory region was significantly lower [4 (10)%] and within the cardiac region significantly higher [45 (25)%] than the other sites. PPGc coherence values were generally high [>0.96 (0.08)], and PPGr coherence values lower [0.83 (0.35)-0.94 (0.17)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined PPG respiration and pulse monitoring is possible, but there are significant differences between the respiratory and cardiac components of the PPG signal at different sites.
authors: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden. lena.nilsson@lio.se
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Nilsson
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Goscinski
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kalman
authors: L-G
authors: LG
authors: Lindberg
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019296:Capnography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017156:Photoplethysmography / Q000379:methods*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*