title: Inhibition of RIP and c-FLIP enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has recently emerged as a cancer therapeutic agent because it is capable of preferentially inducing apoptosis in human cancer over normal cells. The majority of human pancreatic cancers, unfortunately, are resistant to TRAIL treatment. Here, we show that the inhibition of caspase-8 cleavage is the most upstream event in TRAIL resistance in pancreatic cancers. TRAIL treatment led to the cleavage of caspase-8 and downstream caspase-9, caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation factor 45 (DFF45) in TRAIL-sensitive pancreatic cancer cell lines (BXPC-3, PACA-2). This caspase-8-initiated caspase cascade, however, was inhibited in TRAIL-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, ASPC-1, CAPAN-1, CAPAN-2). The long and short forms of cellular Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP(L), c-FLIP(S)) were highly expressed in the TRAIL-resistant as compared to the sensitive cells; knockdown of c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) by a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) rendered the resistant cells sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the cleavage of caspase-8 and activation of the mitochondrial pathway. Receptor-interacting protein (RIP) has been reported in TRAIL-induced activation of NF-kappaB and we show here that knockdown of RIP sensitized the resistant cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results indicate the role of c-FLIP and RIP in caspase-8 inhibition and thus TRAIL resistance. Treatment of the resistant cells with camptothecin, celecoxib and cisplatin resulted in the downregulation of c-FLIP and caused a synergistic apoptotic effect with TRAIL. These studies therefore suggest that combination treatment with chemotherapy can overcome TRAIL resistance and enhance TRAIL therapeutic efficacy in treating pancreatic cancers.
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Peng
authors: P
authors: Wang
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Bellail
authors: Wen
authors: W
authors: Jiang
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Hugh
authors: Norman M
authors: NM
authors: Kneteman
authors: Chunhai
authors: C
authors: Hao
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D053422:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C506249:RIPK1 protein, human; D053422:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D053181:Caspase 8