title: Fibrinogen, lipoprotein (a), albumin and bilirubin (F-L-A-B) levels and cardiovascular risk calculated using the Framingham equation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the correlation between cardiovascular risk calculated using the Framingham equation and the circulating levels of 4 'emerging'predictors of vascular events: fibrinogen (Fib), lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), albumin (Alb) and bilirubin (Bil) (F-L-A-B).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective survey was carried out using patients referred to a specialist university-based clinic. A total of 376 patients with primary dyslipidaemia (209 men), without overt vascular disease, had their cardiovascular risk estimated using the Framingham equation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the men, smokers (n=45) were significantly younger (p =0.014) than non-smokers (n=164). Smokers when compared with non-smokers had significantly higher median Fib levels (3.84 (1.15-5.87) vs. 3.08 (1.44-5.47) g/l; p<0.0001) and lower median Bil levels (8 (3-17) vs. 10 (1-28) micromol/l; p=0.016). When non-smoker men without clinically evident vascular disease were considered, there was a significant positive Fib and negative Alb correlation with calculated risk, whether the family history was considered or not. Moreover in smokers, the only significant correlation was a negative one between Bil and cardiovascular disease risk. Lp(a) correlated with risk for stroke in women non-smokers whether the family history was considered or not, while Alb correlated with risk for stroke in women non-smokers without family history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fib, Lp(a), Alb and Bil (F-L-A-B) may be predictors of vascular events in high-risk populations. Prospective studies should evaluate whether the F-L-A-B markers are useful in the assessment of cardiovascular risk load. Such an advantage would make treatment more cost effective by improving patient targeting. The F-L-A-B markers could eventually become targets for new drugs.
authors: Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Vascular Disease Prevention Clinic), Royal Free Hospital and Royal Free University College Medical School, London NW3 2QG, UK.
authors: Emmanuel S
authors: ES
authors: Ganotakis
authors: George E
authors: GE
authors: Vrentzos
authors: Irene F
authors: IF
authors: Gazi
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Papadakis
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Jagroop
authors: Kosmas I
authors: KI
authors: Paraskevas
authors: Devaki R
authors: DR
authors: Nair
authors: Dimitri P
authors: DP
authors: Mikhailidis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018376:Cardiovascular Abnormalities / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D012709:Serum Albumin; D005340:Fibrinogen; D001663:Bilirubin