title: Contrast echocardiography in Boxer dogs with and without aortic stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether contrast echocardiography could enhance the subcostal Doppler signal for aortic flow measurements and achieve myocardial opacification, in Boxer dogs with and without AS.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In evaluating dogs for aortic stenosis (AS) subcostal Doppler echocardiography was used for measurement of the aortic flow velocity, a measurement that can sometimes be difficult to perform in Boxer dogs. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS: Cardiac auscultation, phonocardiographic and echocardiographic examinations, including a contrast study with Optison, were performed on 29 Boxer dogs selected based on previous examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial subcostal Doppler signal was weak in 66% of the dogs and a marked improvement was seen in all dogs after contrast injection. The peak aortic flow velocity increased 5% from 2.58+/-1.42 m/s before contrast to 2.71+/-1.54 m/s after contrast (p=0.003). This corresponds to a 2.8 mmHg increase in the pressure gradient from 26.6 mmHg before to 29.4 mmHg after contrast. A dose of 0.05-0.1 mL of Optison administered intravenously resulted in approximately 4 min of Doppler signal enhancement. With the present technique contrast echocardiography did not achieve myocardial opacification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single use of the contrast agent Optison can be recommended for enhancement of the subcostal Doppler signal in dogs, in which plain Doppler signals are difficult to obtain. Albeit statistically significant, the mild increase in peak aortic flow velocity after contrast was not considered biologically or clinically significant.
authors: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. katja.hoglund@afys.slu.se <katja.hoglund@afys.slu.se>
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Höglund
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Bussadori
authors: Oriol
authors: O
authors: Domenech
authors: Jens
authors: J
authors: Häggström
authors: Danitza
authors: D
authors: Pradelli
authors: Clarence
authors: C
authors: Kvart
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins; D000818:Animals; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology / Q000662:veterinary; D001947:Breeding; D003287:Contrast Media; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; C099458:FS 069; D005466:Fluorocarbons