title: Neuron numbers and volume of the amygdala in subjects diagnosed with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growing evidence supports a pivotal role for the amygdala in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ). However, the occurrence of morphologic changes in the amygdala is currently controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total number and numeric density of neurons, neuronal somata size, and volume of the lateral (LN), basal (BN), accessory basal (ABN), and cortical (CO) nuclei of the amygdala were measured in 12 normal control, 10 BD, and 16 SZ subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In BD subjects, reductions of total numbers (41.1%; p = .01) and numeric densities of neurons (14.5%, p = .01), as well as volume (29.0%; p = .01), were detected in LN. Density of neurons was also decreased in ABN of the same subjects (20.8%; p = .0005). These changes were not related to antipsychotics or lithium salt exposure. In SZ subjects, a decrease of total numbers of neurons was detected in LN (23.6%; p = .04). This effect was no longer significant once exposure to antipsychotics was taken into account.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings offer structural evidence for an involvement of the amygdala in BD. Consequent loss of amygdalar function may account for abnormalities in emotion processing typical of BD subjects. In contrast, changes in SZ were limited and may have been induced by pharmacologic treatment.
authors: Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA. s.berretta@mclean.harvard.edu
authors: Sabina
authors: S
authors: Berretta
authors: Harry
authors: H
authors: Pantazopoulos
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Lange
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D048429:Cell Size; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018020:Lithium Compounds