Immunosuppression minimization in pediatric transplantation.
The greatest benefit of immunosuppression minimization for children may lie in improving patient morbidity, by the elimination of the inherent side effects of steroid and calcineurin inhibitors (CNI). The newer generation of powerful induction and maintenance immunosuppressants offers an option for selected immunosuppression minimization strategies, some of which have been shown to also reduce graft morbidity. Steroid minimization and avoidance in single-center uncontrolled trials have shown early promise and the availability of data from an ongoing randomized, prospective, controlled trial of steroid avoidance in children will provide necessary data to support a practice change for steroid elimination in children. Calcineurin inhibitor minimization and addition of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or sirolimus have shown variable improvements in renal function, though suboptimal efficacy and safety with the currently proposed regimes have limited their application. Randomized, prospective studies of steroid and calcineurin inhibitor minimization and/or avoidance are warranted to clearly confirm the short and long-term safety and efficacy of alternative immunosuppression combinations. Linked pharmacokinetic and mechanistic studies within these trials will allow for optimizing drug dosing and monitoring. This article reviews published experience to date with steroid and calcineurin minimization in pediatric renal transplantation and discusses the risks and benefits of these approaches.
Sarwal
M
M
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. msarwal@stanford.edu
Pascual
J
J
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D002648:Child; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014181:Transplantation Immunology
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents