title: Determinants of depressive symptoms in hospitalised men and women with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive symptoms are prominent and related to an increased risk on cardiovascular disease outcomes and all cause mortality in HF patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To intervene effectively, factors related to depressive symptoms in men and women should be identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depressive symptoms of 921 hospitalised HF patients (61% male; age 71+/-11; LVEF 33%+/-14, NYHA II-IV) were assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 40% of the patients had depressive symptoms (CES-D >or=16), which were more common in women than in men (47% versus 36%, p<0.001). Multivariable analysis in men revealed that depressive symptoms were related to age (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71-0.98, p=0.03, per 10 years), physical health (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.71-0.83, p<0.001, per 10 units) and HF symptoms. In women depressive symptoms were also related to NYHA II-III versus IV (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.37-0.95, p<0.03) and COPD (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.20-4.53, p<0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms are more common in women than in men. In both men and women depressive symptoms are related to age and physical health. For clinical factors: In men only HF symptoms, but in women also NYHA and COPD were related to depressive symptoms.
authors: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. g.a.t.lesman-leegte@thorax.umcg.nl
authors: Ivonne
authors: I
authors: Lesman-Leegte
authors: Tiny
authors: T
authors: Jaarsma
authors: Robbert
authors: R
authors: Sanderman
authors: Hans L
authors: HL
authors: Hillege
authors: Dirk J
authors: DJ
authors: van Veldhuisen
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*