title: Anti-tumor effects of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles of diallyl trisulfide on orthotopic transplantation tumor model of hepatocellular carcinoma in BALB/c nude mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranked the second among the causes of cancer mortality in China since the 1990s. Up to now, medication still plays an important role in the treatment of HCC. The therapies based on the allicin as a potential chemopreventive analog although is in its infancy at the present time, may have a significant role in the future management of HCC. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is a natural compound derived from garlic. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of hepatic targeted polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles of diallyl trisulfide (DATS-PBCA-NP) on orthotopic transplanted HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  DATS-PBCA-NP were detected by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The orthotopic transplantation HCC models were established by implanting HCC HepG2 xenograft bits under the envelope of the mice liver. Successful models (n = 29) were divided into 4 groups: normal saline (NS), empty nanoparticles (EN), DATS and DATS-PBCA-NP were intravenously administered to the mice respectively for 2 weeks. In vivo antitumor efficacy was evaluated by the measurement of tumor volume. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and protein levels of apoptosis and cell proliferation proteins by immunoblotting in tumor tissues were performed to elucidate the possible mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DATS-PBCA-NP possessed smooth and round appearance, dispersed well, and released in vitro in accord with double phase kinetics model. DATS-PBCA-NP changed the tissue/organ distribution of DATS in vivo. The successful rate of tumor implantation was 100%. Intravenous administration of DATS-PBCA-NP significantly retarded the growth of orthotopically transplanted hepatoma in BALB/c nude mice (compared with the other three groups, all P < 0.05) without causing weight loss (P > 0.05). TUNEL staining showed that the tumors from DATS-PBCA-NP treated mice exhibited a markedly higher apoptotic index compared with control tumors. Western blot analysis of tumor tissue revealed that the down-regulated expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Bcl-2 proteins in DATS-PBCA-NP group, and there were no significant differences in the expression of Fas, FasL and Bax proteins among the four groups (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DATS-PBCA-NP has good prolonged release effect in vivo and hepatic-targeted activity, and significant anti-tumor effect on the orthotopic transplantation HCC model in mice in association with the suppression of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis of tumor cells. These advantages are probably due to their liver targeting characteristics and consequently bring a higher anti-tumor activity.
authors: Health Examination Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China. sdmalei@126.com
authors: Zhi-mian
authors: ZM
authors: Zhang
authors: Xiao-yun
authors: XY
authors: Yang
authors: Shu-hai
authors: SH
authors: Deng
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Xu
authors: Hai-qing
authors: HQ
authors: Gao
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D013440:Sulfides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013440:Sulfides; C042577:diallyl trisulfide; D004659:Enbucrilate