title: Long-term changes in management following n-of-1 trials of stimulants in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to evaluate the long-term impact of n-of-1 trials-within-patient randomised, double-blind, cross-over comparisons of stimulant versus placebo or stimulant-on ADHD management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telephone surveys at 3, 6 and 12 months. Main outcome measures included (1) changes in treatment before and after the n-of-1 trial, (2) congruence of management at follow-up with trial result, (3) reasons for any non-congruence, and (4) persistence of the joint patient-doctor decision over 12 months. Patients were children with clinically diagnosed ADHD, aged 5-16 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 76 patients were followed up; 12 months' data were available for 67 (88%). Management changed from baseline for 46, 48 and 51% at 3, 6 and 12 months respectively. Most responders, 21/37 (57%), remained on the same stimulant at 12 months, compared to 9/24 (37%) non-responders. Of the remaining non-responders, 15/24 (62%) either switched (2/24, 8%) or ceased stimulants (13/24, 54%). The rate of congruence with the test result was 45/65 (69%) at 3 months, 44/67 (66%) at 6 months and 40/67 (60%) at 12 months. Persistence with the post-trial decision over 12 months was high (79-85%) whether the decision was to continue or to cease stimulants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not conclusive because there was no control group, our results suggest that n-of-1 trials may improve rational treatment of ADHD.
authors: School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia. uqjnikle@uq.edu.au
authors: C Jane
authors: CJ
authors: Nikles
authors: Geoffrey K
authors: GK
authors: Mitchell
authors: Chris B
authors: CB
authors: Del Mar
authors: Norma
authors: N
authors: McNairn
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Clavarino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate; D003913:Dextroamphetamine
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