title: Differential effects of TGF-beta isoforms on murine fetal dural cells and calvarial osteoblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proteins within the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta family play a central role in both normal and pathologic calvarial morphogenesis. Previous work has suggested differential functions of the TGF-beta isoforms in these processes. Little is known, however, about effects of TGF-betas on the underlying dura. Furthermore, studies on the effects of TGF-beta isoforms on osteoblasts have been conflicting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TGF-beta isoforms, specifically TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3, on fetal calvarial osteoblast and dural cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of fetal calvarial osteoblasts and dural cells were established from embryonic day-18 CD-1 mice. Cells were treated for 48 hours with TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta3. Northern blot analysis, cell counts, and apoptosis assays were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In dural cells, TGF-beta1 stimulated the expression of early osteodifferentiation genes and resulted in a slight decrease in cell number and no effect on apoptosis. Similar results were observed in osteoblasts. TGF-beta3 had little or no effect on the genes studied in both cell types but resulted in increased apoptosis and concomitant decreases in cell number in both cell types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that dural cells respond to TGF-beta and that this response is isoform-specific. TGF-beta1 stimulates osteodifferentiation of previously uncommitted cells in the dura. It also stimulates early events in bone matrix deposition and has little effect on late markers of bone differentiation in osteoblasts and dural cells. Both isoforms result in decreases in cell number. TGF-beta3 results in greater decreases in cell number and isoform-specific stimulation of apoptosis in both dural cells and calvarial osteoblasts.
authors: Philadelphia, Pa. From the Department of Surgery and Division of Plastic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
authors: David S
authors: DS
authors: Cabiling
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Kim
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Yan
authors: Shushan
authors: S
authors: Jacob
authors: Hyun-Duck
authors: HD
authors: Nah
authors: Richard E
authors: RE
authors: Kirschner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012886:Skull / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
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