title: Trends in medication prescribing for pediatric sleep difficulties in US outpatient settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined trends in physician-prescribing of medications for children with sleep difficulties in outpatient settings in the US. Additionally, we explored the incidence of physician prescribing patterns of medications with high abuse potential for children with sleep difficulties.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients aged < or =17 years with sleep difficulties from 1993-2004 using data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). Office visits were considered related to sleep difficulties if relevant ICD-9 codes were recorded and if sleep difficulties were reported as the reason for the visits. Medications were retrieved using the NAMCS drug codes, and all analyses were weighted to determine national estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 1993 to 2004, approximately 18.6 million visits occurred for sleep related difficulty in children. The highest percentage of visits were by school-aged children (6 to 12 years). Pediatricians saw 35% of patients, psychiatrists saw 24%, and general/family practice physicians saw 13% of the patients. Eighty-one percent of visits among children with sleep difficulties resulted in a prescription for a medication. Many of these medications prescribed lack FDA approved labeling to assure their effectiveness and safety in this population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study suggest that physicians frequently prescribed medications for sleep difficulties in children in US outpatient settings. Of particular concern is prescribing of many unapproved medications for this population.
authors: Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
authors: Sasko D
authors: SD
authors: Stojanovski
authors: Rafia S
authors: RS
authors: Rasu
authors: Rajesh
authors: R
authors: Balkrishnan
authors: Milap C
authors: MC
authors: Nahata
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017277:Drug Approval; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines
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