title: 4G4G genotype of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter polymorphism associates with disseminated intravascular coagulation in children with systemic meningococcemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Meningococcal disease may present as sepsis, meningitis or a combination of both. Impaired fibrinolysis and massive elevation of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a characteristic feature of meningococcal sepsis. We and others have reported an association between mortality and the functional 4G/5G promoter polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene in children with meningococcal sepsis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Multicenter study to investigate the association of the 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in children with meningococcal disease in a Central European population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples and clinical information of 326 previously healthy children with meningococcal infection were collected from 95 pediatric hospitals in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Austria from 2000 to 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DIC, defined as platelet counts below 100 G L(-1), increased D-dimer levels and prolonged prothrombin time, was significantly associated with the 4G4G genotype [31 of 63 (49%) vs. 55 of 175 (31%), P = 0.014], resulting in a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1-2.1) to develop DIC. Carriers of the 4G4G genotype showed significantly lower platelet counts (183 G L(-1) vs. 227 G L(-1), P = 0.009) on admission. Fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels were not associated with the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism, nor were white blood cell counts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show a correlation between the 4G4G genotype of the PAI-1 gene and development of DIC in meningococcal infection.
authors: Department of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Binder
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Endler
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Müller
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Mannhalter
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Zenz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein