title: High-density lipoprotein as a therapeutic target: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a cardiovascular risk factor that is gaining substantial interest as a therapeutic target.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the current and emerging strategies that modify high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic search of English-language literature (1965-May 2007) in MEDLINE and the Cochrane database, using the key words HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I and the subheadings reverse cholesterol transport, CVD [cardiovascular disease] prevention and control, drug therapy, and therapy; review of presentations made at major cardiovascular meetings from 2003-2007; and review of ongoing trials from ClinicalTrials.gov and current guidelines from major cardiovascular societies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study selection was prioritized to identify randomized controlled trials over meta-analyses over mechanistic studies; identified studies also included proof-of-concept studies and key phase 1 through 3 trials of novel agents. Study eligibility was assessed by 2 authors; disagreements were resolved by consensus with the third.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 754 studies identified, 31 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Currently available therapeutic and lifestyle strategies, when optimized, increase HDL-C levels by 20% to 30%. While basic and small pilot studies have shown promise, proof that increasing HDL-C levels confers a reduction in major cardiovascular outcomes independent of changes in levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides has been more elusive. Some novel therapeutic agents in human studies appear to effectively increase HDL-C levels, whereas other novel strategies that target HDL metabolism or function may have minimal effect on HDL-C levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present there is modest evidence to support aggressively increasing HDL-C levels in addition to what is achieved by lifestyle modification alone. Ongoing clinical trials that target specific pathways in HDL metabolism may help expand cardiovascular treatment options.
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA. shishem@gmail.com
authors: Inder M
authors: IM
authors: Singh
authors: Mehdi H
authors: MH
authors: Shishehbor
authors: Benjamin J
authors: BJ
authors: Ansell
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D001692:Biological Transport; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL