title: Risk factors influencing conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy is required in certain cases for the safe completion of the operation. Some factors contribute more to the need for conversion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 13-year period, the laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedure was attempted in 1263 patients whose mean age was 54 years and 28% being male. The conversion was necessary in 98 cases whose mean age was 60 years, with 42% being male. All data were studied retrospectively. Six factors were examined statistically for a possible correlation with the conversion rate, as well as the trend of it over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main reason for conversion was the unclear anatomy owing to previous inflammation, followed by bleeding and choledocholithiasis suspicion, gallbladder carcinoma, bile duct injury, or spilled gallstones. The overall conversion rate was 7.75%. It was significantly increased in males (11.6%) and the elderly (12.4 %), gallbladder inflammation (29%), and morbid obesity (50%). Conversion rate did not change significantly in the first half period (8.1%) of the study, the second half-period (7.6%), in patients with diabetes mellitus (6.7%), or hematological disorders (6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for the conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy increases significantly in males, the elderly, obese patients, and when inflammation is present. This observation remains unchanged over time. Diabetes mellitus and hematologic disorders do not predispose in a higher risk for conversion.
authors: Second Propedeutical Department of Surgery, Medical School, Aristotle University, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. pavlidth@med.auth.gr
authors: Theodoros E
authors: TE
authors: Pavlidis
authors: Georgios N
authors: GN
authors: Marakis
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Ballas
authors: Nikolaos
authors: N
authors: Symeonidis
authors: Kyriakos
authors: K
authors: Psarras
authors: Savvas
authors: S
authors: Rafailidis
authors: Dimitrios
authors: D
authors: Karvounaris
authors: Athanasios K
authors: AK
authors: Sakantamis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors