title: Training physicians for combat casualty care on the modern battlefield.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trauma training among nonsurgical physicians in the military is highly variable in amount and quality. However, all deployed military physicians, regardless of specialty, are expected to provide combat casualty care. The goal was to assess the effectiveness of an intense modular trauma refresher course for nonsurgical physicians deploying to a combat zone.
  
  
  METHODS
  All graduating nonsurgical residents participated in this 2.5-day course, consisting of 4 modules: (1) didactic session; (2) simulation with interactive human surgical simulators; (3) case presentations and triage scenarios from Iraq/Afghanistan with associated skill stations; and (4) live tissue surgical procedure laboratory. Competency tests, surveys, and after action comments were reviewed and compared before and after course completion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between May 2005 and April 2007, 60 physicians participated in the course. By specialties, there were 32 internists, 16 pediatricians, 7 general practitioners, 4 obstetricians/gynecologists, and 1 "other" nonsurgical physician represented. Precourse and postcourse tests were administered to 31 of 60 participants. The mean test scores improved from 76% to 96% upon completion of the course (p < 0.01). Additionally, self-perceived confidence levels in handling battlefield casualties from questionnaires based on Likert scale responses (1 = not confident, 5 = confident) improved from an average of 2.3 before the course to 3.9 upon completion of the course (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All military physicians must be prepared to manage combat casualties. This hybrid training model may be an effective method to prepare nonsurgeons to deal with battle injuries. This course significantly improved the knowledge and confidence among primary care physicians.
authors: Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431, USA.
authors: Vance Y
authors: VY
authors: Sohn
authors: Lloyd A
authors: LA
authors: Runser
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Puntel
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Sebesta
authors: Alec C
authors: AC
authors: Beekley
authors: Jennifer L
authors: JL
authors: Theis
authors: Nancy L
authors: NL
authors: Merrill
authors: Bernard J
authors: BJ
authors: Roth
authors: Robert M
authors: RM
authors: Rush
mesh_terms: D007396:Internship and Residency; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000193:education*; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D014194:Traumatology / Q000193:education; D014481:United States; D014857:Warfare