Pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathic pain: immune cells and molecules.
Damage to the peripheral nervous system often leads to chronic neuropathic pain characterized by spontaneous pain and an exaggerated response to painful and/or innocuous stimuli. This pain condition is extremely debilitating and usually difficult to treat. Although inflammatory and neuropathic pain syndromes are often considered distinct entities, emerging evidence belies this strict dichotomy. Inflammation is a well-characterized phenomenon, which involves a cascade of different immune cell types, such as mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. In addition, these cells release numerous compounds that contribute to pain. Recent evidence suggests that immune cells play a role in neuropathic pain in the periphery. In this review we identify the different immune cell types that contribute to neuropathic pain in the periphery and release factors that are crucial in this particular condition.
Thacker
Michael A
MA
Neurorestoration group, Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Kings College London, UK.
Clark
Anna K
AK
Marchand
Fabien
F
McMahon
Stephen B
SB
D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism
D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor