title: Contribution of orexin in hypercapnic chemoreflex: evidence from genetic and pharmacological disruption and supplementation studies in mice.
abstract: We have previously shown that hypercapnic chemoreflex in prepro-orexin knockout mice (ORX-KO) is attenuated during wake but not sleep periods. In that study, however, hypercapnic stimulation had been chronically applied for 6 h because of technical difficulty in changing the composition of the inspired gas mixture without distorting the animal's vigilance states. In the present study we examined possible involvement of orexin in acute respiratory chemoreflex during wake periods. Ventilation was recorded together with electroencephalography and electromyography before and after intracerebroventricular administration of orexin or an orexin receptor antagonist, SB-334867. A hypercapnic (5 or 10% CO(2)) or hypoxic (15 or 10% O(2)) gas mixture was introduced into the recording chamber for 5 min. Respiratory parameters were analyzed only for quiet wakefulness. When mice breathed normal room air, orexin-A and orexin-B but not vehicle or SB-334867 increased minute ventilation in both ORX-KO and wild-type (WT) mice. As expected, hypercapnic chemoreflex in vehicle-treated ORX- KO mice (0.22 +/- 0.03 mlxmin(-1)xg(-1)x% CO(2)(-1)) was significantly blunted compared with that in WT mice (0.51 +/- 0.05 mlxmin(-1)xg(-1)x% CO(2)(-1)). Supplementation of orexin-A or -B (3 nmol) partially restored the hypercapnic chemoreflex in ORX-KO mice (0.28 +/- 0.03 mlxmin(-1).g(-1)x% CO(2)(-1) for orexin-A and 0.32 +/- 0.04 mlxmin(-1)xg(-1)x% CO(2)(-1) for orexin-B). In addition, injection of SB-334867 (30 nmol) in WT mice decreased the hypercapnic chemoreflex (0.39 +/- 0.04 mlxmin(-1)xg(-1)x% CO(2)(-1)). On the other hand, hypoxic chemoreflex in vehicle-treated ORX-KO and SB-334867-treated WT mice was not different from that in corresponding controls. Our findings suggest that orexin plays a crucial role in CO(2) sensitivity at least during wake periods in mice.
authors: Dept. of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Chiba Univ. Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors: Ben-Shiang
authors: BS
authors: Deng
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Nakamura
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Zhang
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Yanagisawa
authors: Yasuichiro
authors: Y
authors: Fukuda
authors: Tomoyuki
authors: T
authors: Kuwaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001583:Benzoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity; D009287:Naphthyridines; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000187:drug effects; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014508:Urea / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: C420062:1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea; D001583:Benzoxazoles; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009287:Naphthyridines; D009479:Neuropeptides; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D014508:Urea