title: Real-time monitoring of cardiac metabolism using biosensors shows myocardial protection during ischemia-reperfusion injury with glucose-insulin-potassium administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic infusion of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) is thought to confer myocardial protection during ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our laboratory has experience with real-time monitoring of glucose and pH levels using needle-mounted biosensors. We tested the hypothesis that GIK enhances myocardial metabolism as displayed by real-time myocardial metabolic monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 kg male swine were randomized to receive GIK (n = 7) or lactated Ringer's (n = 7) solution intravenously at 1.5 mL/kg/hour. Ischemia was induced in the left anterior distribution (LAD) by 20 minutes LAD occlusion, followed by 20 minutes reperfusion. Hearts were instrumented anteriorly and posteriorly with continuously recording myocardial pH and glucose biosensors. Biopsies from the LAD distribution were taken at baseline, maximum ischemia, and after reperfusion to assess cardiac adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GIK animals had less myocardial pH decrease than controls during both ischemia (pH decrease -0.03 vs -0.37, P = .04) and reperfusion (pH decrease -0.10 vs -0.44, P = .05). Neither ATP (74% vs 73% decrease from baseline) nor glucose (27% vs 33% decrease from baseline) varied significantly between groups during ischemia. GIK animals had faster normalization of ATP (100% vs 79% increase from ischemia) and glucose (69% vs 28% increase from ischemia) during reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time myocardial metabolic monitoring shows that cardiac pH is improved by GIK during ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, ATP and glucose levels were not significantly enhanced. GIK animals trended toward earlier recovery during reperfusion. Mediators of this metabolic enhancement need to be explored.
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill, USA. daniel_eiferman@rsh.net
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Eiferman
authors: R Anthony
authors: RA
authors: Perez-Tamayo
authors: Kohei
authors: K
authors: Abe
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Okum
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Higgins
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003971:Diastole / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013599:Systole / Q000187:drug effects; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C030396:glucose-insulin-potassium cardioplegic solution; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005947:Glucose; D011188:Potassium