title: Effect of breastfeeding during venepuncture in neonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that infants feel pain, and painful experiences may lead to subsequent increased pain sensitivity. Owing to concerns regarding the potential adverse effects of pharmacological interventions in newborns, effective alternatives for pain control are being sought.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) was used to determine the analgesic effect of breastfeeding during venepuncture.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was of cross-over design where each neonate served as his/her own control. Median pain scores during venepuncture when neonates were being breastfed (BF) were compared with those when neonates were not being breastfed (NBF). The site of venepuncture and number of previous venepunctures were noted. Pain was assessed using NIPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 38 term neonates (25 male, 13 female) were recruited. Mean (SD) age and weight were 8.42 (8.74) days and 2.89 (0.67) kg, respectively. The median pain score (interquartile range) of the neonates when breastfed was 1.50 (1-2), and 4.00 (2-6) when not breastfed (p=0.0001). The Kruskal-Wallis H-test did not show statistically significant differences between the BF and NBF groups when the number of previous punctures (p=0.57, p=0.27) and site of venepuncture (p=0.71, p=0.77) were considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using NIPS, it has been demonstrated that breastfeeding is analgesic in neonates during venepuncture and previous venepuncture/s and site of venepuncture do not seem to affect pain scores. Breastfeeding should be the first-choice analgesic during painful procedures in neonates.
authors: Department of Anaesthesia, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria. drosinaike@yahoo.co.uk
authors: B B
authors: BB
authors: Osinaike
authors: A O
authors: AO
authors: Oyedeji
authors: O T
authors: OT
authors: Adeoye
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Dairo
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Aderinto
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies