title: A nomogram to predict radiation pneumonitis, derived from a combined analysis of RTOG 9311 and institutional data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the Washington University (WU) patient dataset, analysis of which suggested that superior-to-inferior tumor position, maximum dose, and D35 (minimum dose to the hottest 35% of the lung volume) were valuable to predict radiation pneumonitis (RP), against the patient database from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trial 9311.
  
  
  METHODS
  The entire dataset consisted of 324 patients receiving definitive conformal radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (WU = 219, RTOG 9311 = 129). Clinical, dosimetric, and tumor location parameters were modeled to predict RP in the individual datasets and in a combined dataset. Association quality with RP was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation (r) for univariate analysis and multivariate analysis; comparison between subgroups was tested using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The WU model to predict RP performed poorly for the RTOG 9311 data. The most predictive model in the RTOG 9311 dataset was a single-parameter model, D15 (r = 0.28). Combining the datasets, the best derived model was a two-parameter model consisting of mean lung dose and superior-to-inferior gross tumor volume position (r = 0.303). An equation and nomogram to predict the probability of RP was derived using the combined patient population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistical models derived from a large pool of candidate models resulted in well-tuned models for each subset (WU or RTOG 9311), which did not perform well when applied to the other dataset. However, when the data were combined, a model was generated that performed well on each data subset. The final model incorporates two effects: greater risk due to inferior lung irradiation, and greater risk for increasing normal lung mean dose. This formula and nomogram may aid clinicians during radiation treatment planning for lung cancer.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. jbradley@wustl.edu
authors: Jeffrey D
authors: JD
authors: Bradley
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Hope
authors: Issam
authors: I
authors: El Naqa
authors: Aditya
authors: A
authors: Apte
authors: Patricia E
authors: PE
authors: Lindsay
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Bosch
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Matthews
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Sause
authors: Mary V
authors: MV
authors: Graham
authors: Joseph O
authors: JO
authors: Deasy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000528:radiation effects; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049451:Nomograms; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D017564:Radiation Pneumonitis / Q000209:etiology*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
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