title: Design and methods of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) prospective cohort study.
abstract: An estimated 650,000 Americans will have ESRD by 2010. Young adults with kidney failure often develop progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) in childhood and adolescence. The Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) prospective cohort study of 540 children aged 1 to 16 yr and have estimated GFR between 30 and 75 ml/min per 1.73 m2 was established to identify novel risk factors for CKD progression; the impact of kidney function decline on growth, cognition, and behavior; and the evolution of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Annually, a physical examination documenting height, weight, Tanner stage, and standardized BP is conducted, and cognitive function, quality of life, nutritional, and behavioral questionnaires are completed by the parent or the child. Samples of serum, plasma, urine, hair, and fingernail clippings are stored in biosamples and genetics repositories. GFR is measured annually for 2 yr, then every other year using iohexol, HPLC creatinine, and cystatin C. Using age, gender, and serial measurements of Tanner stage, height, and creatinine, compared with iohexol GFR, a formula to estimate GFR that will improve on traditional pediatric GFR estimating equations when applied longitudinally is expected to be developed. Every other year, echocardiography and ambulatory BP monitoring will assess risk for cardiovascular disease. The primary outcome is the rate of decline of GFR. The CKiD study will be the largest North American multicenter study of pediatric CKD.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore MD, USA. sfurth@jhmi.edu
authors: Susan L
authors: SL
authors: Furth
authors: Stephen R
authors: SR
authors: Cole
authors: Marva
authors: M
authors: Moxey-Mims
authors: Frederick
authors: F
authors: Kaskel
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Mak
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Schwartz
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Wong
authors: Alvaro
authors: A
authors: Muñoz
authors: Bradley A
authors: BA
authors: Warady
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Oct;14(10):2618-22
references: 14514740
references: J Pediatr. 2003 Dec;143(6):720-4
references: 14657815
references: MMWR Surveill Summ. 2004 May 21;53(2):1-96
references: 15152182
references: Pediatrics. 2004 Aug;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555-76
references: 15286277
references: Nephron. 1976;16(1):31-41
references: 1244564
references: Pediatrics. 1976 Aug;58(2):259-63
references: 951142
references: J Pediatr. 1983 Apr;102(4):589-92
references: 6339707
references: Pediatrics. 1984 Aug;74(2):273-8
references: 6379590
references: Int J Pediatr Nephrol. 1985 Oct-Dec;6(4):275-80
references: 3912343
references: Int J Pediatr Nephrol. 1986 Jan-Mar;7(1):45-50
references: 3957561
references: Psychosom Med. 1987 Sep-Oct;49(5):482-92
references: 3671637
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1988 Jan;29(1):79-90
references: 3350886
references: Stat Med. 1988 Jan-Feb;7(1-2):317-24
references: 3353610
references: Stat Med. 1988 Jan-Feb;7(1-2):95-107
references: 3353615
references: Kidney Int. 1991 Jan;39(1):155-63
references: 2002629
references: Biometrics. 1992 Sep;48(3):733-42
references: 1420837
references: Kidney Int. 1993 Nov;44(5):1109-15
references: 8264143
references: Pediatr Nephrol. 1994 Jun;8(3):326-9
references: 7917859
references: Biometrics. 1995 Mar;51(1):249-58
references: 7766780
references: Stat Med. 1996 Nov 15-30;15(21-22):2459-73
references: 8931213
references: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Dec;154(6 Pt 2):S234-9
references: 8970394
references: Kidney Int. 1997 Jan;51(1):2-15
references: 8995712
references: Lancet. 1997 Apr 19;349(9059):1117-23
references: 9113009
references: Kidney Int. 1997 Jun;51(6):1908-19
references: 9186882
references: Prev Med. 1997 Nov-Dec;26(6):808-16
references: 9388792
references: AIDS. 1997;11 Suppl A:S69-76
references: 9451969
references: Am J Med. 1998 Sep;105(3):214-21
references: 9753024
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998 Sep;53(5):M337-43
references: 9754138
references: JAMA. 1998 Nov 4;280(17):1497-503
references: 9809730
references: Am J Kidney Dis. 1998 Nov;32(5 Suppl 3):S142-56
references: 9820472
references: Ann Intern Med. 1999 Mar 16;130(6):461-70
references: 10075613
references: Am J Kidney Dis. 1999 Aug;34(2):xliii-xlvi
references: 10465726
references: Kidney Int. 2006 Jun;69(11):2070-7
references: 16612328
references: J Clin Epidemiol. 1999 Dec;52(12):1165-72
references: 10580779
references: Pediatr Nephrol. 2000 Sep;14(10-11):953-9
references: 10975305
references: Biometrics. 2000 Sep;56(3):779-88
references: 10985216
references: Kidney Int. 2001 Jan;59(1):260-9
references: 11135079
references: Pediatrics. 2001 Jun;107(6):1381-6
references: 11389261
references: Med Care. 2001 Aug;39(8):800-12
references: 11468499
references: Am J Kidney Dis. 2002 Feb;39(2 Suppl 1):S1-266
references: 11904577
references: Clin Lab. 2002;48(3-4):131-41
references: 11934215
references: JAMA. 2002 Nov 20;288(19):2421-31
references: 12435255
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Jul;14(7 Suppl 2):S148-53
references: 12819321
references: Kidney Int Suppl. 2003 Feb;(83):S8-12
references: 12864867