Archaeal and bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids in hot springs of yellowstone national park.
Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) are core membrane lipids originally thought to be produced mainly by (hyper)thermophilic archaea. Environmental screening of low-temperature environments showed, however, the abundant presence of structurally diverse GDGTs from both bacterial and archaeal sources. In this study, we examined the occurrences and distribution of GDGTs in hot spring environments in Yellowstone National Park with high temperatures (47 to 83 degrees C) and mostly neutral to alkaline pHs. GDGTs with 0 to 4 cyclopentane moieties were dominant in all samples and are likely derived from both (hyper)thermophilic Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. GDGTs with 4 to 8 cyclopentane moieties, likely derived from the crenarchaeotal order Sulfolobales and the euryarchaeotal order Thermoplasmatales, are usually present in much lower abundance, consistent with the relatively high pH values of the hot springs. The relative abundances of cyclopentane-containing GDGTs did not correlate with in situ temperature and pH, suggesting that other environmental and possibly genetic factors play a role as well. Crenarchaeol, a biomarker thought to be specific for nonthermophilic group I Crenarchaeota, was also found in most hot springs, though in relatively low concentrations, i.e., <5% of total GDGTs. Its abundance did not correlate with temperature, as has been reported previously. Instead, the cooccurrence of relatively abundant nonisoprenoid GDGTs thought to be derived from soil bacteria suggests a predominantly allochthonous source for crenarchaeol in these hot spring environments. Finally, the distribution of bacterial branched GDGTs suggests that they may be derived from the geothermally heated soils surrounding the hot springs.
Schouten
Stefan
S
Department of Marine Biogeochemistry & Toxicology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands. schouten@nioz.nl
van der Meer
Marcel T J
MT
Hopmans
Ellen C
EC
Rijpstra
W Irene C
WI
Reysenbach
Anna-Louise
AL
Ward
David M
DM
Sinninghe Damsté
Jaap S
JS
D001105:Archaea / Q000737:chemistry*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry*; D005995:Glyceryl Ethers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D045482:Hot Springs / Q000382:microbiology*; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014481:United States
D005995:Glyceryl Ethers; D008563:Membrane Lipids
Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1998 Jan;48 Pt 1:31-8
9542073
Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999 Apr;49 Pt 2:351-9
10319455
Prog Lipid Res. 1988;27(3):153-75
3151021
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jul 27;101(30):11111-6
15258285
Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999 Jul;49 Pt 3:1157-63
10425774
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2003 Jul;53(Pt 4):1149-54
12892143
J Bacteriol. 1995 Dec;177(24):7050-9
8522509
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2004;18(6):617-28
15052572
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Sep;59(9):2918-26
7692819
J Biol Chem. 1984 Dec 25;259(24):15234-41
6549008
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Oct 6;1214(3):234-42
7918605
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Oct;68(10):5123-35
12324363
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2000;14(7):585-9
10775092
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Dec 19;97(26):14421-6
11121044
Lipids. 1998 Mar;33(3):319-26
9560807
Nature. 2006 Jul 27;442(7101):444-7
16871216
Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1996 Apr;46(2):377-82
8934897
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Mar;69(3):1680-6
12620859
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997 Aug;63(8):3090-5
16535669
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Dec;62(4):1353-70
9841675
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Sep;70(9):5229-37
15345404
Arch Microbiol. 1996 Nov;166(5):308-14
8929276
Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):92-5
11441180
Extremophiles. 1998 Aug;2(3):163-70
9783161
Arch Mikrobiol. 1972;84(1):54-68
4559703
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000 Mar;50 Pt 2:489-500
10758851
J Lipid Res. 2002 Oct;43(10):1641-51
12364548
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Mar;41(3):775-82
16345736
J Biol Chem. 1986 Dec 25;261(36):17062-6
3782154
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Oct;44(4):844-51
16346109
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Mar 1;196(1):67-70
11257550
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jun;72(6):4419-22
16751559
Microbiol Rev. 1986 Mar;50(1):70-80
3083222
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Aug 3;1193(2):247-54
8054346
Biol Bull. 1999 Jun;196(3):367-71; discussion 371-2
11536913
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Nov;69(11):2019-34
16306681
Arch Microbiol. 2004 Nov;182(5):404-13
15492905
Extremophiles. 2004 Oct;8(5):411-9
15258835
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Sep 22;1440(2-3):275-88
10521711
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978 Jun;35(6):1019-26
98110
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Oct 1;239(1):51-6
15451100
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Jun;49(6):1379-84
2409920
Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1998 Oct;48 Pt 4:1181-5
9828419
Environ Microbiol. 2006 Apr;8(4):648-57
16584476
Lipids. 2001 Jan;36(1):103-5
11214723
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 20;93(17):9188-93
8799176
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2005 Nov;55(Pt 6):2507-14
16280518
J Bacteriol. 1980 Jul;143(1):432-40
7400098
Nature. 2006 Aug 17;442(7104):806-9
16915287
Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1623-5
16973877
Extremophiles. 1997 Feb;1(1):14-21
9680332
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Feb 23;1390(3):339-45
9487155