title: Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 loss contributes to tumor phenotype of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Incidence and mortality rates for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been rising for decades. Unfortunately, the molecular events that support RCC carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. In an effort to gain a better understanding of signaling events in clear cell RCC (cRCC), we investigated the antitumor activity of secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1), a negative regulator of Wnt signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic profiling of cRCC tumors and patient-matched normal tissues was done and confirmed using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Methylation-specific PCR was done on patient samples to evaluate the mechanism responsible for sFRP1 loss. sFRP1 expression was restored in cRCC cells and the effects on tumor phenotype were characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genomic profiling, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry indicated that loss of sFRP1 occurred in cRCC and papillary RCC patient tissues. Twelve Wnt-regulated genes were up-regulated in cRCC tissues, including c-myc and cyclin D1, potentiators of cell proliferation and survival. Methylation of the sFRP1 gene was one mechanism identified for attenuation of sFRP1 mRNA. Stable reexpression of sFRP1 in cRCC cells resulted in decreased expression of Wnt target genes, decreased growth in cell culture, inhibition of anchorage-independent growth, and decreased tumor growth in athymic nude mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that stable restoration of sFRP1 expression in cRCC cells attenuates the cRCC tumor phenotype. Our data support a role for sFRP1 as a tumor suppressor in cRCC and that perhaps loss of sFRP1 is an early, aberrant molecular event in renal cell carcinogenesis.
authors: Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
authors: Michelle L
authors: ML
authors: Gumz
authors: Hongzhi
authors: H
authors: Zou
authors: Pamela A
authors: PA
authors: Kreinest
authors: April C
authors: AC
authors: Childs
authors: Leandra S
authors: LS
authors: Belmonte
authors: Shauna N
authors: SN
authors: LeGrand
authors: Kevin J
authors: KJ
authors: Wu
authors: Bruce A
authors: BA
authors: Luxon
authors: Mala
authors: M
authors: Sinha
authors: Alexander S
authors: AS
authors: Parker
authors: L-Z
authors: LZ
authors: Sun
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Ahlquist
authors: Christopher G
authors: CG
authors: Wood
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Copland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000737:chemistry / Q000517:prevention & control*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D000099274:Frizzled-Related Proteins
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D000099274:Frizzled-Related Proteins