title: Tobacco control policy initiatives and UK resident Bangladeshi male smokers: community-based, qualitative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reflect on recent proposed tobacco control initiatives in the socio-cultural context of the smoking behaviours of UK resident Bangladeshi men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study using focus groups and one-to-one interviews conducted in English and Sylheti. Eighty-one men, aged 18-64 years, were recruited from the Bangladeshi community of Tower Hamlets, London, during 2002. Participants were purposively selected to reflect their age, place of birth and tobacco-use status. The discussions were tape-recorded and subsequently transcribed. The transcripts were analysed using 'framework' principles. Three of the current themes for tobacco control -- smoke-free workplace environments, access to alternative sources of tobacco, and use and availability of nicotine replacement therapy -- were used to organise the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking initiation and use was confirmed as linked to gender, age, religion and tradition. Continued smoking was supported by anxieties about harassment in younger respondents, the migration experience of older respondents, and the unskilled employment opportunities available in the restaurant trade. These employment opportunities, whilst providing social support, did not support smoking regulations, in contrast to the practices observed in the general employment market. Levels of knowledge about the health risks of smoking varied by age. Three cheaper alternative tobacco types were readily accessible for use: contraband, roll-ups and traditional chewing tobacco in paan (chewing tobacco mixed with areca nut rolled in a betel leaf). Despite the latter's associations with use by women, younger respondents described the transition to chewing tobacco in paan as a smoking cessation aid instead of nicotine replacement therapy. There was confusion about the purpose, availability and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy. Respondents reported isolation and marginalisation from current tobacco control initiatives, including much NHS Stop Smoking Service provision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The socio-cultural context of the smoking behaviours of this group of Bangladeshi men was linked to a reported isolation and exclusion from current tobacco control initiatives. These initiatives should be inclusive and address the reported needs of this community. The findings have implications for service development. Addressing these findings will help to inform the implementation of relevant public health policy initiatives for tobacco control to meet the needs of this community.
authors: Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. r.e.croucher@qmul.ac.uk
authors: Ray
authors: R
authors: Croucher
authors: Shamsur Rahman
authors: SR
authors: Choudhury
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000208:ethnology; D003256:Community Participation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012067:Religion; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D012944:Social Support; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D017132:Workplace / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine