title: Stress-induced remodeling of lymphoid innervation.
abstract: Lymphoid organs have long been known to harbor neural fibers from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, but recent studies suggest a surprising degree of plasticity in the density of innervation. This review summarizes data showing that behavioral stress can increase the density of catecholaminergic neural fibers within lymphoid organs of adult primates. Stress-induced neural densification is associated with increased expression of neurotrophic factors, and functional consequences include alterations in lymph node cytokine expression and increased replication of a lymphotropic virus. The finding that behavioral stress can tonically alter lymph node neural structure suggests that behavioral factors could exert long-term regulatory influences on the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of immune responses.
authors: Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA School of Medicine, USA.
authors: Erica K
authors: EK
authors: Sloan
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Capitanio
authors: Steve W
authors: SW
authors: Cole
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000503:physiopathology; D007700:Kinetics; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000294:innervation*; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D009420:Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 23;96(24):14013-8
references: 10570190
references: Brain Behav Immun. 2008 Feb;22(2):185-94
references: 17870298
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Oct 23;98(22):12695-700
references: 11675501
references: Nat Neurosci. 2001 Dec;4(12):1194-8
references: 11685224
references: J Neurosci. 2002 Jun 1;22(11):4530-9
references: 12040060
references: Brain Behav Immun. 2002 Aug;16(4):290-332
references: 12096881
references: Brain Behav Immun. 2003 Apr;17(2):94-109
references: 12676572
references: Gerontology. 2003 May-Jun;49(3):185-90
references: 12679610
references: J Neurobiol. 2003 Oct;57(1):38-53
references: 12973827
references: J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 3;278(40):38731-9
references: 12871977
references: J Immunol. 2003 Oct 15;171(8):4073-80
references: 14530328
references: J Neuroimmunol. 2003 Nov;144(1-2):91-9
references: 14597102
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Dec 15;54(12):1444-56
references: 14675810
references: Cell. 2004 Jul 23;118(2):243-55
references: 15260993
references: J Exp Biol. 1987 Sep;132:133-50
references: 3323396
references: Immunol Today. 1988 Jul-Aug;9(7-8):222-9
references: 2855581
references: EMBO J. 1990 Nov;9(11):3545-50
references: 2170117
references: J Neuroimmunol. 1994 Jan;49(1-2):77-87
references: 8294564
references: Brain Behav Immun. 1994 Mar;8(1):14-23
references: 8003768
references: Immunol Today. 1994 Nov;15(11):511-7
references: 7802920
references: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995;35:417-48
references: 7598501
references: J Neurosci. 1995 Sep;15(9):5892-9
references: 7666174
references: Psychosom Med. 1996 May-Jun;58(3):219-31
references: 8771621
references: Ann Epidemiol. 1996 Sep;6(5):442-51
references: 8915476
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997 Feb;72(2):320-35
references: 9107003
references: JAMA. 1997 Jun 25;277(24):1940-4
references: 9200634
references: J Clin Invest. 1997 Sep 15;100(6):1513-9
references: 9294119
references: Brain Behav Immun. 1997 Dec;11(4):307-20
references: 9512817
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Apr 14;95(8):4714-9
references: 9539804
references: J Immunol. 1998 Jul 15;161(2):610-6
references: 9670934
references: J Immunol. 1999 Feb 1;162(3):1392-400
references: 9973394
references: J Immunol. 1999 May 1;162(9):5299-308
references: 10228005
references: J Immunol. 1963 Jan;90:17-20
references: 13957640
references: Brain Behav Immun. 2005 May;19(3):252-62
references: 15797314
references: J Virol. 2006 May;80(9):4326-35
references: 16611891
references: Int J Mol Med. 2006 Jul;18(1):49-58
references: 16786155
references: Brain Behav Immun. 2006 Nov;20(6):552-63
references: 16504464
references: Toxicol Pathol. 2006;34(5):409-24
references: 17067937
references: J Neurosci. 2007 Aug 15;27(33):8857-65
references: 17699667
references: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2000 Nov 10;83(1-2):81-93
references: 11072098