title: Redefining clinically significant castration levels in patients with prostate cancer receiving continuous androgen deprivation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the testosterone castration level with clinical relevance in patients with prostate cancer on continuous androgen deprivation therapy. Secondary objectives were to analyze the role of associated bicalutamide in breakthrough increases of serum testosterone in these patients and the possible benefit of maximal androgen blockade.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum testosterone was determined 3 times (in 6 months) in 73 patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer treated with medical castration, 28 (38.4%) of whom also received bicalutamide (maximal androgen blockade). During a mean followup of 51 months (range 12 to 240) 41 (67.1%) events of androgen independent progression were identified, and correlated with breakthrough testosterone increases of 50 ng/dl (classic level) and 20 ng/dl (surgical castration level).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Testosterone was less than 20 ng/dl in all determinations in 32 patients (43.6%). Breakthrough increases between 20 and 50 ng/dl were observed in 23 patients (31.5%), and increases greater than 50 ng/dl were observed in the remaining 18 (24.7%). The lowest testosterone level with a significant impact on survival free of androgen independent progression was 32 ng/dl. Mean survival free of androgen independent progression in patients with breakthrough increases greater than 32 ng/dl was 88 months (95% CI 55-121) while it was 137 months (95% CI 104-170) in those without breakthrough increases (p <0.03). Patients on maximal androgen blockade had an incidence of testosterone increase similar to those receiving monotherapy. However, maximal androgen blockade provided a significantly longer survival free of androgen independent progression in those with breakthrough increases greater than 50 ng/dl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the current report the lowest testosterone castration level with clinical relevance in medically castrated patients with prostate cancer was 32 ng/dl. Breakthrough increases greater than this threshold predicted a lower survival free of androgen independent progression. Maximal androgen blockade might benefit medically castrated cases of prostate cancer with breakthrough increases of more than 50 ng/dl.
authors: Department of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital and Autonoma University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Morote
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Orsola
authors: Jacques
authors: J
authors: Planas
authors: Enrique
authors: E
authors: Trilla
authors: Carles X
authors: CX
authors: Raventós
authors: Lluís
authors: L
authors: Cecchini
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Catalán
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000813:Anilides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009570:Nitriles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D014105:Tosyl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000813:Anilides; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009570:Nitriles; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; D013739:Testosterone; C053541:bicalutamide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen