The generalizability of neurocognitive test/retest data derived from a nonclinical sample for detecting change among two HIV+ cohorts.
Objective methods for determining clinically relevant neurocognitive change are useful for clinicians and researchers, but the utility of such methods requires validation studies in order to assess their accuracy among target populations. We examined the generalizability of regression equations and reliable change indexes (RCI) derived from a healthy sample to two HIV-infected samples, one similar in demographic makeup to the normative group and the other dissimilar. Measures administered at baseline and follow-up included the Trail Making Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), Grooved Pegboard, and Digit Span. Frequencies of decline, improvement, or stability were determined for each measure. Among the demographically similar clinical cohort, elevated rates of decline among more immunologically impaired participants were indicated by simple regression method on measures of psychomotor speed and attention, while RCI addressing practice effects (RCI-PE) indicated improvement on most measures regardless of immunostatus. Conversely, among the demographically dissimilar cohort, simple regression indicated high rates of decline across all measures, while RCI-PE indicated elevated rates of decline on psychomotor and attention measures. Thus, the accuracy of the two methods examined for determining clinically significant change among HIV+ cohorts differs depending upon their similarity with the normative sample.
Levine
Andrew J
AJ
Department of Neurology, National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA-David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Hinkin
Charles H
CH
Miller
Eric N
EN
Becker
James T
JT
Selnes
Ola A
OA
Cohen
Bruce A
BA
D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005793:Generalization, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013045:Species Specificity; D014936:Word Association Tests
Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;153(9):1195-201
8780425
Clin Neuropsychol. 2002 Feb;16(1):57-63
11992227
Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2006 Jan;21(1):83-9
16169705
Clin Neuropsychol. 2004 Aug;18(3):373-84
15739809
Neurology. 1990 Feb;40(2):197-203
2405289
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2001 Jul;7(5):597-605
11459111
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1991 Nov;13(6):933-49
1779032
Med Clin North Am. 1963 Nov;47:1647-58
14078168
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003 Sep;9(6):879-86
14632247
Neuropsychology. 1999 Jan;13(1):121-7
10067783
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1999 May;5(4):357-69
10349298
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006 Jan;28(1):29-42
16448974
Neuropsychology. 2006 May;20(3):259-71
16719619
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998 Oct;20(5):755-62
10079050
Epilepsia. 1996 Oct;37(10):942-50
8822692
Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2001 Jan;16(1):75-91
14590193
J Genet Psychol. 1962 Mar;100:47-53
13880724
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1999 May;5(4):346-56
10349297
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004 Jan;10(1):1-14
14751002
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1995 May;1(3):231-51
9375218
Epilepsia. 2002 Dec;43(12):1551-8
12460258
Am J Epidemiol. 1987 Aug;126(2):310-8
3300281
Ann Thorac Surg. 2002 Jun;73(6):2005-11
12078822
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1996 Nov;2(6):556-64
9375160