Quinone emissions from gasoline and diesel motor vehicles.
Gas- and particle-phase emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles operated on chassis dynamometers were collected using annular denuders, quartz filters, and PUF substrates. Quinone species were measured using O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine derivatization in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nine quinones were observed, ranging from C6 to C16. New species identified in motor vehicle exhaust include methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQN), and aceanthrenequinone. Gas-phase motor vehicle emissions of quinones are also reported for the first time. Six gas-phase quinones were quantified with emission rates of 2-28 000 microg L(-1) fuel consumed. The most abundant gas-phase quinones were 1,4-benzoquinone (BON) and MNQN. The gas-phase fraction was > or = 69% of quinone mass for light-duty gasoline emissions, and > or = 84% for heavy-duty diesel emissions. Eight particle-phase quinones were observed between 2 and 1600 microg L(-1), with BQN the most abundant species followed by 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone. Current particle-phase quinone measurements agree well with the few available previous results. Further research is needed concerning the gas-particle partitioning behavior of quinones in ambient and combustion source conditions.
Jakober
Chris A
CA
Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
Riddle
Sarah G
SG
Robert
Michael A
MA
Destaillats
Hugo
H
Charles
M Judith
MJ
Green
Peter G
PG
Kleeman
Michael J
MJ
D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis*; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D011809:Quinones / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
D005742:Gasoline; D011809:Quinones; D001335:Vehicle Emissions