title: Pulse wave velocity--a useful tool for cardiovascular surveillance in pre-dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular mortality is high among patients with chronic kidney disease. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a simple method used for arterial distensibility evaluation. Few data are available concerning PWV in pre-dialysis patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between PWV and cardiovascular disease in pre-dialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and four patients were submitted to PWV analysis, coronary artery calcium (CAC) determination with a multi-slice CT scan of the coronary arteries, echocardiogram and a carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) evaluation, with a high resolution ultrasound. The demographic characteristics and laboratory tests results were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of those studied was 54.4 +/- 11.5 years, 60% were males and the mean creatinine clearance was 40 ml/min/1.73 m(2). The mean PWV was 12.2 +/- 3.4 m/s and it was significantly higher in males, diabetics, those with creatinine clearance <60 ml/min and proteinuria > or =1 g/24 h. PWV was correlated with systolic blood pressure, age, triglycerides, total cholesterol and 24 h proteinuria. In the multiple regression analysis, PWV was significantly associated with diabetes, age, systolic blood pressure and cholesterol. Fifty-eight patients (56%) presented coronary calcification and PWV correlated with coronary calcium score (R = 0.48; P < 0.001) and calcium volume (R = 0.50; P < 0.001). Moreover, PWV was higher in patients with coronary calcification (13.4 +/- 3.6 m/s vs 10.7 +/- 2.4 m/s; P < 0.001). The mean left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was 106 +/- 31 g/m(2) and 24% of patients had left ventricular hypertrophy, while 19 (18.3%) patients had left ventricular dysfunction. PVW was correlated with LVMI (R = 0.25; P = 0.01) while no association could be seen between PWV and the ejection fraction or left ventricular dysfunction. A correlation between the IMT and PWV was observed (R = 0.27; P = 0.005). In addition, those with a thicker IMT had a higher PWV (13.2 +/- 3.4 m/s vs 11. 2 +/- 3.2 m/s; P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PWV is associated with cardiovascular disease in pre-dialysis patients and can be a useful tool to identify patients with increased cardiovascular risk.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Marcelo M
authors: MM
authors: Lemos
authors: Alessandra D B
authors: AD
authors: Jancikic
authors: Fabiana M R
authors: FM
authors: Sanches
authors: Dejaldo M
authors: DM
authors: Christofalo
authors: Sérgio A
authors: SA
authors: Ajzen
authors: Márcio H
authors: MH
authors: Miname
authors: Raul D
authors: RD
authors: Santos
authors: Fernando C
authors: FC
authors: Fachini
authors: Aluízio B
authors: AB
authors: Carvalho
authors: Sérgio A
authors: SA
authors: Draibe
authors: Maria Eugênia F
authors: ME
authors: Canziani
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011674:Pulse; D006435:Renal Dialysis