title: Molecular genetic analysis of the calcium sensing receptor gene in patients clinically suspected to have familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia: phenotypic variation and mutation spectrum in a Danish population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The autosomal dominantly inherited condition familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is characterized by elevated plasma calcium levels, relative or absolute hypocalciuria, and normal to moderately elevated plasma PTH. The condition is difficult to distinguish clinically from primary hyperparathyroidism and is caused by inactivating mutations in the calcium sensing receptor (CASR) gene.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to define the mutation spectrum of the CASR gene in a Danish FHH population and to establish genotype-phenotype relationships regarding the different mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 213 subjects clinically suspected to have FHH, and 121 subjects enrolled as part of a family-screening program were studied. Genotype-phenotype relationships were established in 66 mutation-positive index patients and family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined CASR gene mutations, and correlating levels of plasma calcium (albumin corrected), ionized calcium (pH 7.4), and PTH were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 22 different mutations in 39 FHH families. We evaluated data on circulating calcium and PTH for 11 different mutations, representing a spectrum of clinical phenotypes, ranging from calcium concentrations moderately above the upper reference limit, to calcium levels more than 20% above the upper reference limit. Furthermore, the mean plasma PTH concentration was within the normal range in eight of 11 studied mutations, but mild to moderately elevated in families with the mutations p.C582Y, p.C582F, and p.G553R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data add 19 novel mutations to the catalog of inactivating CASR mutations and illustrate a variety of biochemical phenotypes in patients with the molecular genetic diagnosis FHH.
authors: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, Tage Hansens gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. sci08phn@as.aaa.dk
authors: Peter H
authors: PH
authors: Nissen
authors: Signe E
authors: SE
authors: Christensen
authors: Lene
authors: L
authors: Heickendorff
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Brixen
authors: Leif
authors: L
authors: Mosekilde
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D003062:Codon; D019295:Computational Biology; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D016014:Linear Models; D008967:Molecular Biology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010641:Phenotype; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D004247:DNA; D002118:Calcium