Perspectives on injuries in snowboarders.
OBJECTIVE
Adopting effective injury prevention practices continues to be problematic within snowboarding and the participation of older individuals is associated with an appreciable injury burden. The Haddon Matrix provides an important framework for developing injury prevention interventions. Since prevention behaviour must 'fit' within individual aspirations, our study investigated the meanings and behaviours associated with snowboarding and injury prevention and then applied the findings to the established Haddon Matrix approach.


METHODS
Nine, older adult recreational participants living in south-west England each contributed two interviews. These progressively focused on experiences and reflections. Verbatim transcripts were analysed and interpreted using the hermeneutic phenomenological themes of time, space, body and human relations. A further wave of analysis reinterpreted the findings in relation to the Haddon Matrix.


RESULTS
Snowboarding was conducted within a holiday when participants were seeking happiness by positively re-evaluating their lives. In a frame of connection-and-disconnection, beginners (time) were concerned with being-on the slopes (body and space), while more experienced (body and time) participants blended this with being-in the mountains (space). Snowboarding is a bumps-and-bruises activity and this guided the limited prevention practices. Importantly, all prevention practices were time-limited, due to a concern for learning-by-doing within a holiday. At home, more experienced boarders paid careful attention to fitness, whereas in the resorts they actively selected the soft, off-piste areas and wore protective clothing to cushion their inevitable falls. Group experiences were associated with heightened injury risks. Being seen and judged by others helped to determine the quality of the snowboarding experience. Treatment was avoided for all but the most severe injuries.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings confirm the exploratory value of mixing van Manen's four-dimensional approach with Haddon's well-established injury prevention framework. The diverse subjective meanings associated with snowboarding limit the potential for prevention approaches and suggest that resort-based 'injury control' may be more appropriate for addressing the spectrum of prevention in older snowboarders.
McKenna
Jim
J
Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK. j.mckenna@leedsmet.ac.uk
Hammond
Claire
C
D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006240:Happiness; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors; D038161:Snow Sports / Q000293:injuries* / Q000523:psychology