title: Immunization of primates with a Newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccine via the respiratory tract induces a high titer of serum neutralizing antibodies against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.
abstract: The ongoing outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in birds, the incidence of transmission to humans with a resulting high mortality rate, and the possibility of a human pandemic warrant the development of effective human vaccines against HPAIV. We developed an experimental live-attenuated vaccine for direct inoculation of the respiratory tract based on recombinant avian Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of H5N1 HPAIV (NDV-HA). Expression of the HPAIV HA gene slightly reduced NDV virulence, as evidenced by the increased mean embryo death time and reduced replication in chickens. NDV-HA was administered to African green monkeys in two doses of 2 x 10(7) infectious units each with a 28-day interval to evaluate the systemic and local antibody responses specific to H5N1 HPAIV. The virus was shed only at low titers from the monkeys, indicative of safety. Two doses of NDV-HA induced a high titer of H5N1 HPAIV-neutralizing serum antibodies in all of the immunized monkeys. Moreover, a substantial mucosal immunoglobulin A response was induced in the respiratory tract after one and two doses. The titers of neutralizing antibodies achieved in this study suggest that the vaccine would be likely to prevent mortality and reduce morbidity caused by the H5N1 HPAIV. In addition, induction of a local immune response in the respiratory tract is an important advantage that is likely to reduce or prevent transmission of the virus during an outbreak or a pandemic. This vaccine is a candidate for clinical evaluation in humans.
authors: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Joshua M
authors: JM
authors: DiNapoli
authors: Lijuan
authors: L
authors: Yang
authors: Amorsolo
authors: A
authors: Suguitan
authors: Subbiah
authors: S
authors: Elankumaran
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Dorward
authors: Brian R
authors: BR
authors: Murphy
authors: Siba K
authors: SK
authors: Samal
authors: Peter L
authors: PL
authors: Collins
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Bukreyev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002645:Chickens; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000737:chemistry; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000517:prevention & control; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000235:genetics*; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000821:virology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014765:Viral Vaccines
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