Haplotype analysis of vernalization loci in European barley germplasm reveals novel VRN-H1 alleles and a predominant winter VRN-H1/VRN-H2 multi-locus haplotype.
In barley, variation in the requirement for vernalization (an extended period of low temperature before flowering can occur) is determined by the VRN-H1, -H2 and -H3 loci. In European cultivated germplasm, most variation in vernalization requirement is accounted for by alleles at VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 only, but the range of allelic variation is largely unexplored. Here we characterise VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 haplotypes in 429 varieties representing a large portion of the acreage sown to barley in Western Europe over the last 60 years. Analysis of genotype, intron I sequencing data and growth habit tests identified three novel VRN-H1 alleles and determined the most frequent VRN-H1 intron I rearrangements. Combined analysis of VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 alleles resulted in the classification of seventeen VRN-H1/VRN-H2 multi-locus haplotypes, three of which account for 79% of varieties. The molecular markers employed here represent powerful diagnostic tools for prediction of growth habit and assessment of varietal purity. These markers will also allow development of germplasm to test the behaviour of individual alleles with the aim of understanding the relationship between allelic variation and adaptation to specific agri-environments.
Cockram
James
J
National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntington Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK.
Chiapparino
Elena
E
Taylor
Scott A
SA
Stamati
Konstantina
K
Donini
Paolo
P
Laurie
David A
DA
O'sullivan
Donal M
DM
D000483:Alleles; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005060:Europe; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006239:Haplotypes; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D012621:Seasons
D005819:Genetic Markers
Theor Appl Genet. 2006 May;112(7):1277-85
16489429
Plant Physiol. 2003 Aug;132(4):1849-60
12913142
J Exp Bot. 2007;58(6):1231-44
17420173
Mol Genet Genomics. 2007 Mar;277(3):249-61
17151889
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Dec 19;103(51):19581-6
17158798
Genome. 1995 Jun;38(3):575-85
18470191
Plant Mol Biol. 2000 Apr;42(6):899-913
10890536
Genome. 2005 Oct;48(5):905-12
16391696
Plant Physiol. 2006 Apr;140(4):1397-405
16500994
Plant Mol Biol. 2006 Mar;60(4):469-80
16525885
Genes Dev. 2004 Dec 1;18(23):2873-8
15545622
Mol Genet Genomics. 2005 Mar;273(1):54-65
15690172
Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Sep;35(1-2):167-77
9291970
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 13;100(10):6263-8
12730378
Theor Appl Genet. 2005 May;110(8):1458-66
15834697
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Oct 28;100(22):13099-104
14557548
Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1640-4
15016992
Plant Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;59(3):449-67
16235110