title: Incidence and pattern of direct blunt neurovascular injury associated with trauma to the skull base.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Skull base fractures are often associated with potentially devastating injuries to major neural arteries in the head and neck, but the incidence and pattern of this association are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April and September 2002, 1738 Level 1 trauma patients were admitted to St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix, Arizona. Among them, a skull base fracture was diagnosed in 78 patients following computed tomography (CT) scans. Seven patients had no neurovascular imaging performed and were excluded. Altogether, 71 patients who received a diagnosis of skull base fractures after CT and who also underwent a neurovascular imaging study were included (54 men and 17 women, mean age 29 years, range 1-83 years). Patients underwent CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, or digital subtraction angiography of the head and craniovertebral junction, or combinations thereof.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine neurovascular injuries were identified in six (8.5%) of the 71 patients. Fractures of the clivus were very likely to be associated with neurovascular injury (p < 0.001). A high risk of neurovascular injury showed a strong tendency to be associated with fractures of the sella turcica-sphenoid sinus complex (p = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of associated blunt neurovascular injury appears to be significant in Level 1 trauma patients in whom a diagnosis of skull base fracture has been made using CT. The incidence of neurovascular trauma is particularly high in patients with clival fractures. The authors recommend neurovascular imaging for Level 1 trauma patients with a high-risk fracture pattern of the central skull base to rule out cerebrovascular injuries.
authors: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.
authors: Iman
authors: I
authors: Feiz-Erfan
authors: Eric M
authors: EM
authors: Horn
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Theodore
authors: Joseph M
authors: JM
authors: Zabramski
authors: Jeffrey D
authors: JD
authors: Klopfenstein
authors: Gregory P
authors: GP
authors: Lekovic
authors: Felipe C
authors: FC
authors: Albuquerque
authors: Shahram
authors: S
authors: Partovi
authors: Pamela W
authors: PW
authors: Goslar
authors: Scott R
authors: SR
authors: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020214:Cerebrovascular Trauma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019291:Skull Base / Q000293:injuries*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*