House-level risk factors for triatomine infestation in Colombia.
BACKGROUND
Chagas disease, transmitted domestically by triatomine bugs, is the most important vector-borne disease in Latin America. The association between triatomine infestation and housing characteristics was investigated based on a standardized survey in 41 971 houses in 15 Departments in Colombia.


METHODS
Multivariate logistic regression was used to test for associations of two highly correlated infestation measures of infestation (householders reporting having seen triatomines inside the house, and sending triatomines to the survey team), with 15 household-level risk factors. Risks were measured relative to a reference category of houses with up to three inhabitants, area up to 50 m(2), unplastered adobe walls, thatch roof and no outbuildings or domestic animals.


RESULTS
The probability of seeing triatomines was highest for households with over seven inhabitants (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.11-1.39), overhead storage space (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.03-1.32), grain shed (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.02-1.52), cats (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.14-1.42) and pigs (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.03-1.30). Lowest risks were in houses with wooden walls (OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.34-0.61), fully plastered walls (OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.68-0.88), roofs made of tiles (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.33-0.78) and flagstone floors (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.42-0.76). Results for householders returning triatomines support this set of risk factors, but with wider confidence intervals.


CONCLUSIONS
Surveillance of a few easily assessed household characteristics provides an accurate, rapid assessment of house-level variation in risk. Measured effect sizes for specific structural characteristics could be used to maximize the cost-effectiveness of programmes to reduce vector infestation and interrupt Chagas disease transmission by improving house quality.
Campbell-Lendrum
D H
DH
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London, UK. campbelllendrumd@who.int
Angulo
V M
VM
Esteban
L
L
Tarazona
Z
Z
Parra
G J
GJ
Restrepo
M
M
Restrepo
B N
BN
Guhl
F
F
Pinto
N
N
Aguilera
G
G
Wilkinson
P
P
Davies
C R
CR
D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D003105:Colombia; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations; D006306:Health Surveys; D006798:Housing; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011336:Probability; D012239:Rhodnius; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors