title: Should routine echocardiography be performed in all patients with stroke?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiogenic embolism accounts for 15% to 30% of ischemic strokes. Echocardiography is frequently being used as a screening test for sources of cardiac embolism in patients with stroke. However, the value of routine use of echocardiography for this task remains controversial. We evaluated the diagnostic yield of echocardiography in unselected patients with acute ischemic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with ischemic stroke or a transient ischemic attack were included in the study. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in all patients, complemented by transesophageal echocardiography in selected patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 807 echocardiographic examinations (743 transthoracic and 64 transesophageal) were performed in 775 consecutive patients. A potential cardiac source of embolism (CSE) was found in 144 (18%) of the patients. The most frequent potential causes of cardiac embolism included atrial fibrillation (7%) and patent foramen ovale (6%). Results were more likely to have impact on therapeutic decisions in younger patients. Numbers needed to test for detection of CSE increased 10-fold from 6 in patients younger than 50 years to 62 in patients aged 70 years and older.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echocardiography may provide important information on the cause of ischemic stroke. However, echocardiographic screening for a CSE is not warranted in all patients. In patients with younger than 50 years with stroke, echocardiography has a higher diagnostic yield and should routinely be performed. In older patients routine echocardiography results in a high rate of unspecific findings, and should be applied selectively, targeted at specific clinical questions.
authors: Cardiovascular Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. thomas.wolber@usz.ch <thomas.wolber@usz.ch>
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Wolber
authors: Micha
authors: M
authors: Maeder
authors: Ramin
authors: R
authors: Atefy
authors: Ina
authors: I
authors: Bluzaite
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Blank
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Rickli
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Ammann
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D004452:Echocardiography; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity