title: Pharmacologic therapy of chronic heart failure.
abstract: Over the past 2 decades, investigators have learned more about the pathophysiologic changes that occur in systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Ironically, in some cases, the biologic pathways that have protected the heart during acute dysfunction are the same pathways that cause progressive deleterious effects with chronic activation. In particular, it is the activation of the neurohormonal system that has a significant impact on disease progression. As a result, the neurohormonal system has provided a key target for pharmacologic therapy in patients with heart failure secondary to systolic dysfunction. These targets include the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as well as the sympathetic nervous system. Neurohormonal manipulation, however, is often ineffective in the pharmacologic therapy of patients with endstage heart failure, therefore other treatment strategies - including the use of inotropic agents to improve pump function and diuretics to control fluid balance are needed.
authors: Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Eman
authors: E
authors: Hamad
authors: Paul J
authors: PJ
authors: Mather
authors: Siva
authors: S
authors: Srinivasan
authors: Sharon
authors: S
authors: Rubin
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Whellan
authors: Arthur M
authors: AM
authors: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004077:Digoxin