title: Hormonally active women tolerate shock-trauma better than do men: a prospective study of over 4000 trauma patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that comparably injured women, especially those in the hormonally active age groups, would manifest a better preserved hemodynamic response and tissue perfusion after major trauma than do men.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The notion that premenopausal women are more resistant than men to shock and trauma has been shown in numerous preclinical models. However, human studies on the effects of gender on outcome after shock-trauma are less clear, and none has examined the effect of gender on the immediate postinjury response to major trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective series of all patients at a Level I trauma center from January 2000 to December 2005. Study patients were all patients arriving to the trauma area of the emergency department and having a serum lactate drawn within 30 minutes of arrival. Demographic data, injury severity indices, blood utilization, and lactate levels were recorded. Lactate was used as a marker of the hemodynamic response to injury, because it has been shown to be an excellent and accurate indicator of inadequate tissue perfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : A total of 5192 patients were eligible for the study of which 4106 fulfilled the study requirements and were enrolled. Initial serum lactate levels were significantly lower in premenopausal (age 14-44) and perimenopausal (age 45-54) women than in men of the same age groups (P < 0.001), even though the Injury Severity Score of the women was significantly higher than that of the men (24 vs. 18; P < 0.1). When patients were stratified into major injury groups as well as groups receiving blood transfusions, the premenopausal women were also found to have lower initial serum lactate levels and receive less blood, while having a greater magnitude of injury as reflected in their Injury Severity Score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data firmly establishes a proof of principle that hormonally active human women have a better physiologic response to similar degrees of shock and trauma than do their male counterparts. These gender-based differences should be taken into account in designing studies evaluating the response to shock-trauma.
authors: Department of Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA. edeitch@umdnj.edu
authors: Edwin A
authors: EA
authors: Deitch
authors: David H
authors: DH
authors: Livingston
authors: Robert F
authors: RF
authors: Lavery
authors: Sean F
authors: SF
authors: Monaghan
authors: Advaith
authors: A
authors: Bongu
authors: George W
authors: GW
authors: Machiedo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000097:blood*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012769:Shock / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates
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