title: Thyroid-related orbitopathy: concepts and management.
abstract: Thyroid-related orbitopathy is a disorder related to systemic thyroid dysfunction, which can cause devastating orbital disease affecting nearly all of the orbital tissues. This includes orbital and eyelid abnormalities that may be acute, subacute, or chronic. The disease is complex and difficult to treat due varying activity of the systemic thyroid disease. The resulting morbidity of the disease ranges from mildly abnormal cosmesis and ocular irritation to blindness. A systematic approach to successful management of this disease requires timely medical and surgical interventions.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Della Rocca
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000601:surgery; D019882:Blepharoplasty; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000601:surgery