title: Anaesthesiological considerations in small-incision and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in symptomatic cholecystolithiasis: implications for pulmonary function. A randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper abdominal surgery, including laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), is associated with post-operative pulmonary dysfunction. LC has, by consensus, become the treatment of choice for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Small-incision cholecystectomy (SIC), a procedure that does not require a pneumoperitoneum, threatens to be lost to clinical practice, even though there is evidence of equality. We hypothesized that the SIC technique should be equal, and might even be superior, to LC when considering post-operative pulmonary function because of the short incision length.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-centre randomized clinical trial was performed including patients scheduled for elective cholecystectomy. Pulmonary flow-volume curves were measured pre-operatively, post-operatively and at follow-up. Blood gas analyses were measured pre-operatively, in the recovery phase and on post-operative day 1. Anaesthesia, analgesics and peri-operative care were standardized by protocol. Post-operatively, patients and caregivers were blind to the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and fifty-seven patients were analysed. There was one pulmonary complication (pneumonia) in the LC group. In both groups, similar reductions of approximately 20% in pulmonary function parameters occurred, with complete recovery to pre-operative values. Patients in the SIC group consumed more analgesia when compared with the LC group, without any impact on blood gas analysis. Patients converted to a conventional open technique showed significant differences in six of the eight parameters in pulmonary function tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When evaluated with strict methodology and standardization of care, no clinically relevant differences were found between SIC and LC with regard to pulmonary function. Our results suggest that the popularity of the laparoscopic technique cannot be attributed to pulmonary preservation.
authors: Department of Surgery, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands. erickeus@hotmail.com
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Keus
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Ahmed Ali
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: Noordergraaf
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Roukema
authors: H G
authors: HG
authors: Gooszen
authors: C J H M
authors: CJ
authors: van Laarhoven
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000758:Anesthesia; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D041761:Cholecystolithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics