title: p53 aerosol formulation with low toxicity and high efficiency for early lung cancer treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an optimal nonviral aerosol formulation for locoregional treatment of early lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The formulation was made of polylysine/protamine combination (AND) as the carrier and p53 gene (p53sm) as therapeutic agent. To estimate the aerosol deposition, the aerodynamic size of the AND-p53sm was measured with extrusion-precipitation method. To accurately determine the dose, the aerosol efficiency in mice was measured with a fluorescent dye. The transfection efficiency and DNA protection function of the aerosolized formulation in cultured cells and mouse lungs were detected with reporter gene assays and/or reverse transcription-PCR. The preclinical safety and efficacy of AND-p53sm were studied in healthy mice and mice bearing orthotopic human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenograft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After aerosolization, AND is 3- to 17-fold more effective than commonly used PEI or cationic lipid formulations in transfecting the NSCLC cells (relative light units, 1,494 versus 534 and 86; P < 0.003). Aerodynamic size of AND-p53sm ranged 0.2 to 3 mum is the optimal aerosol droplets for deposition in the entire human respiratory tract. Significant gene expression was detected in the lungs of mice given aerosolized AND-p53sm and AND-luciferase. Aerosolized AND-p53sm significantly prolonged the life of mice bearing orthotopic human NSCLC xenografts, and it was more effective than an optimal i.v. cisplatin chemotherapy (increased life span, 93% versus 25%; P = 0.014). Inhalation of AND produced low and reversible pulmonary toxicity and no systemic toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This optimal formulation is suitable for delivering biological materials to human lung with aerosol administration. This therapeutic strategy is an option for patients with early lung cancer and bronchoalveolar carcinoma.
authors: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. yiyuzou@yahoo.com
authors: Yiyu
authors: Y
authors: Zou
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Tornos
authors: Xuan
authors: X
authors: Qiu
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Lia
authors: Roman
authors: R
authors: Perez-Soler
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000628:therapy*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005260:Female; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D016158:Genes, p53; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010957:Plasmids; D011107:Polylysine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011479:Protamines / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D011479:Protamines; D011107:Polylysine