title: [Image-guided minimal-invasive cochlear implantation--experiments on cadavers].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The accuracy of navigation systems can be improved significantly by using high-resolution flat panel-based Volume Computed Tomography (fpVCT) so that new surgical therapeutic concepts become feasible. A navigation-guided minimally-invasive cochleostomy places highest requirements on the accuracy of intraoperative navigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A flat-panel Volume Computed Tomograph (fpVCT) was used to scan four human temporal bones. The isometric voxel size was 200 microm. The preoperative planning was used to define an optimized drilling channel from the mastoid surface to the round window niche and the scala tympani providing a safety margin to critical anatomical structures such as facial nerve, chorda tympani, sigmoid sinus and posterior wall of auditory canal. The canal was drilled hand-operated with a navigated drill following the previously planned trajectory. Afterwards the drilled canal was imaged by fpVCT. Conventional dissection including mastoidectomy and posterior tympanotomy assured correct localization of the cochleostomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Path planning took an average of 54 minutes (range 35-85 minutes). Installation took an average of 16 minutes (range 14-19 minutes). The drilling procedure itself took an average of 7.75 min (range 5-12 minutes.) The RMSE-values varied between 0.1 and 0.2 mm (Table 1). All four specimens showed a cochleostomy located at the scala tympani anterior inferior to the round window. The chorda tympani was damaged in one specimen--this was preoperatively planned as a narrow facial recess was encountered. The time needed for planning and system-installation could be reduced continuously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This feasibility study demonstrates that using current image-guided surgery technology in combination with fpVCT allows drilling of a minimally invasive channel to the cochlea with loco typico cochleostomy. The necessary accuracy of intraoperative navigation can be achieved by use of fpVCT (technical accuracy between 0.1 and 0.2 mm). Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a navigation-guided minimally-invasive cochleostomy loco typico. While we are enthused by this preliminary work, we recognize the barriers which exist in translation to clinical application. These include surgical issues (e.g. control of unexpected bleeding) and electrode issues (e.g. development of insertion tools).
authors: HNO-Klinik der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover, Hannover. Majdani.Omid@MH-Hannover.de
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Majdani
authors: S H
authors: SH
authors: Bartling
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Leinung
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Stöver
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lenarz
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Dullin
authors: Th
authors: T
authors: Lenarz
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010579:Petrous Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*