title: Very early phonological and language skills: estimating individual risk of reading disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Analyses from the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Dyslexia project show that the key childhood predictors (phonological awareness, short-term memory, rapid naming, expressive vocabulary, pseudoword repetition, and letter naming) of dyslexia differentiate the group with reading disability (n = 46) and the group without reading problems (n = 152) at the end of the 2nd grade. These measures were employed at the ages of 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 years and information regarding the familial risk of dyslexia was used to find the most sensitive indices of an individual child's risk for reading disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-specific and across-age logistic regression models were constructed to produce the risk indices. The predictive ability of the risk indices was explored using the ROC (receiver operating curve) plot. Information from the logistic models was further utilised in illustrating the risk with probability curve presentations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The logistic regression models with familial risk,letter knowledge, phonological awareness and RAN provided a prediction probability above .80 (area under ROC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The models including familial risk status and the three above-mentioned measures offer a rough screening procedure for estimating an individual child's risk for reading disability at the age of 3.5 years. Probability curves are presented as a method of illustrating the risk.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. anne.puolakanaho@psyka.jyu.fi
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Puolakanaho
authors: Timo
authors: T
authors: Ahonen
authors: Mikko
authors: M
authors: Aro
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Eklund
authors: Paavo H T
authors: PH
authors: Leppänen
authors: Anna-Maija
authors: AM
authors: Poikkeus
authors: Asko
authors: A
authors: Tolvanen
authors: Minna
authors: M
authors: Torppa
authors: Heikki
authors: H
authors: Lyytinen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007807:Language Tests; D010700:Phonetics; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014825:Vocabulary