title: An open-label dose-response study of lymphocyte glutathione levels in healthy men and women receiving pressurized whey protein isolate supplements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-pressure treatment of whey protein may increase digestibility and bioavailability of cysteine. The purpose of the study was to determine whether total lymphocyte glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine [GSH]) levels (oxidized+reduced) can be augmented from three different doses of pressurized whey protein supplements in a dose-dependent manner over a 2-week period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen healthy males and 18 healthy females were randomized into three different groups, with 31 finishing the study. Each group ingested 15, 30, or 45 g/day pressurized whey protein in the morning in bar format for 14 days. Each group was blinded to the amount of whey protein they were ingesting. Ten millilitres of blood was withdrawn before and after the 2-week period to assess blood lymphocyte levels pre and post supplementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no change in body weight or reported physical activity levels pre and post supplementation. Pre-lymphocyte GSH levels were not significantly different between groups (3.7+/-0.7 micromol/l). Least-squares linear regression showed that the change in lymphocyte GSH levels from pre to post supplementation was affected by the amount of whey protein ingested daily (P=0.037). The group that ingested 45 g/day pressurized whey protein augmented GSH levels the most (by approximately 24%), and the group that ingested 15 g/day did not increase lymphocyte GSH levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that there is a significant relationship between the dosage of supplementation and the change in lymphocyte GSH levels. Furthermore, the increase in GSH was linear with the amount of whey protein ingested. Pressurized whey protein supplementation of 45 g/day for 2 weeks can increase lymphocyte GSH by 24%.
authors: Department of Anesthesia, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. gerald.zavorsky@mcgill.ca
authors: Gerald S
authors: GS
authors: Zavorsky
authors: Stan
authors: S
authors: Kubow
authors: Vijaylaxmi
authors: V
authors: Grey
authors: Veronique
authors: V
authors: Riverin
authors: Larry C
authors: LC
authors: Lands
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine