title: Antigen sparing and cross-reactive immunity with an adjuvanted rH5N1 prototype pandemic influenza vaccine: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antigen sparing is regarded as crucial for pandemic vaccine development because worldwide influenza vaccine production capacity is limited. Adjuvantation is an important antigen-sparing strategy. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant H5N1 split-virion vaccine formulated with a proprietary adjuvant system and investigated whether it can induce cross-reactive immunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two doses of an inactivated split A/Vietnam/1194/2004 NIBRG-14 (recombinant H5N1 engineered by reverse genetics) vaccine were administered 21 days apart to eight groups of 50 volunteers aged 18-60 years. We studied four antigen doses (3.8 microg, 7.5 microg, 15 microg, and 30 microg haemagglutinin) given with or without adjuvant. Blood samples were collected to analyse humoral immune response. Adverse events were recorded up through study day 51. Safety analyses were of the whole vaccinated cohort and immunogenicity analyses per protocol. This trial is registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00309634.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All eight vaccine formulations had a good safety profile. No serious adverse events were reported. The adjuvanted vaccines induced more injection-site symptoms and general symptoms than did the non-adjuvanted vaccines, but most were mild to moderate in intensity and transient in nature. The adjuvanted formulations were significantly more immunogenic than the non-adjuvanted formulations at all antigen doses. At the lowest antigenic dose (3.8 microg), immune responses for the adjuvanted vaccine against the recombinant homologous vaccine strain (A/Vietnam/1194/2004 NIBRG-14, clade 1) met or exceeded all US Food and Drug Administration and European Union licensure criteria. Furthermore, 37 of 48 (77%) participants receiving 3.8 microg of the adjuvanted vaccine seroconverted for neutralising antibodies against a strain derived by reverse genetics from a drifted H5N1 isolate (A/Indonesia/5/2005, clade 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjuvantation conferred significant antigen sparing that could increase the production capacity of pandemic influenza vaccine. Moreover, the cross-clade neutralising antibody responses recorded imply that such a vaccine could be deployed for immunisation before a pandemic.
authors: Centre for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Leroux-Roels
authors: Astrid
authors: A
authors: Borkowski
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Vanwolleghem
authors: Mamadou
authors: M
authors: Dramé
authors: Frédéric
authors: F
authors: Clement
authors: Eliane
authors: E
authors: Hons
authors: Jeanne-Marie
authors: JM
authors: Devaster
authors: Geert
authors: G
authors: Leroux-Roels
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic