title: Evaluation of sources of uncertainties in microtensile bond strength of dental adhesive system for different specimen geometries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this research is to use finite element analysis (FEA) to quantify the effect of the sample shape and the imperfections induced during the manufacturing process of samples on the bond strength and modes of failure of dental adhesive systems through microtensile test. Using the FEA prediction for individual parameters effect, estimation of expected variation and spread of the microtensile bond strength results for different sample geometries is made.
  
  
  METHODS
  The estimated stress distributions for three different sample shapes, hourglass, stick and dumbbell predicted by FEA are used to predict the strength for different fracture modes. Parameters such as the adhesive thickness, uneven interface of the adhesive and composite and dentin, misalignment of axis of loading, the existence of flaws such as induced cracks during shaping the samples or bubbles created during application of the adhesive are considered. Microtensile experiments are performed simultaneously to measure bond strength and modes of failure. These are compared with the FEA results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative bonding strength and its standard deviation for the specimens with different geometries measured through the microtensile tests confirm the findings of the FEA. The hourglass shape samples show lower tensile bond strength and standard deviation compared to the stick and dumbbell shape samples. ANOVA analysis confirms no significant difference between dumbbell and stick geometry results, and major differences of these two geometries compared to hourglass shape measured values. Induced flaws in the adhesive and misalignment of the angle of application of load have significant effect on the microtensile bond strength. Using adhesive with higher modulus the differences between the bond strength of the three sample geometries increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result of the research clarifies the importance of the sample geometry chosen in measuring the bond strength. It quantifies the effect of the imperfections on the bond strength for each of the sample geometries through a systematic and all embracing study. The results explain the reasons of the large spread of the microtensile test results reported by various researchers working in different labs and the need for standardization of the test method and sample shape used in evaluation of the dentin-adhesive bonding system.
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK. E.Ghassemieh@sheffield.ac.uk
authors: Elaheh
authors: E
authors: Ghassemieh
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D003804:Dentin; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D004548:Elasticity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008963:Molar; D019279:Resin Cements; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013718:Tensile Strength; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C451600:OptiBond Solo Plus; D019279:Resin Cements; C065770:Herculite XR