title: Levator co-activation is a significant confounder of pelvic organ descent on Valsalva maneuver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A Valsalva maneuver is used clinically and on imaging in order to determine female pelvic organ prolapse. We have examined the potential confounding effect of levator co-activation at the time of a Valsalva maneuver and the impact of repetition with biofeedback instruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty nulliparous women at 36-38 weeks' gestation received 3D/4D translabial ultrasound investigation in the dorsal resting position after bladder emptying. Valsalva maneuvers were recorded initially and after repeated attempts with visual biofeedback both during the maneuver and after, with the operator demonstrating findings on the ultrasound monitor, in order to abolish levator co-activation. Offline analysis was subsequently undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences between first and optimal Valsalva maneuver were found for bladder neck position, bladder neck descent, hiatal sagittal diameter and hiatal area on Valsalva. In a minority of women (22/50) we observed a reduction in the sagittal hiatal diameter on first Valsalva maneuver, indicating levator co-activation. A reduction in sagittal diameter was seen in only 11/50 after instruction. Levator co-activation was associated with significantly lower bladder neck descent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Valsalva maneuver is frequently accompanied by a pelvic floor muscle contraction. Levator co-activation may be a substantial confounder, reducing pelvic organ descent. Without repetition and digital, auditory or visual biofeedback, women may not perform a correct Valsalva maneuver. Biofeedback markedly reduces the likelihood of levator co-activation but does not abolish it completely.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Sciences Lund, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden. ann-kristin.orno@med.lu.se
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Ornö
authors: H P
authors: HP
authors: Dietz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver