title: Primary human immunodeficiency virus infection during pregnancy detected by repeat testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe characteristics of pregnant women with newly acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that was identified by repeat testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-sponsored Mother-Infant Rapid Intervention at Delivery (MIRIAD) study, which was conducted in 6 US cities, encouraged repeat HIV testing during pregnancy to identify primary infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four HIV-infected women were identified. Four primary HIV infections were recognized, with median estimated seroconversion at 22 weeks of gestation. All 4 women denied new sex partners, alcohol, and illegal drug use during pregnancy. Three of the 4 mother-infant pairs received antiretroviral medications. One infant was infected perinatally, with positive HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction at birth. Questionnaire data identified 2 additional women with HIV that was likely acquired during pregnancy (identified by rapid testing at labor and delivery), which suggests that 6 of 54 HIV-infected women (11%) in the MIRIAD study had primary infection during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeat HIV testing in pregnancy can identify opportunities for antiretroviral prophylaxis and should be used in areas of high HIV prevalence.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Nesheim
authors: Denise J
authors: DJ
authors: Jamieson
authors: Susan P
authors: SP
authors: Danner
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Maupin
authors: Mary Jo
authors: MJ
authors: O'Sullivan
authors: Mardge H
authors: MH
authors: Cohen
authors: Mayris P
authors: MP
authors: Webber
authors: Renata
authors: R
authors: Dennis
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Bulterys
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral