title: Nondrug treatments for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: what's the evidence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this Cochrane Review was to establish the evidence base for treatment of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred eight references were identified using a search strategy designed with the support of the Cochrane Review Epilepsy Group library. The search employed Medline and PsychInfo, and included hand searches of relevant journals (Seizure, Epilepsia, Epilepsy &Behavior, Epilepsy Research).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three studies were found that met the inclusion criteria; two used hypnosis and one used paradoxical therapy. None included detailed reports of improved seizure frequency or quality of life, although reduction in seizure frequency was mentioned. All three studies concluded that the intervention used was beneficial in the treatment of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The limited number of studies and poor methodology preclude these results from being generalizable. There is a need for well-designed clinical trials to identify the most suitable treatments for this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Lower Lane, Fazakerley, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Jayne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goodfellow
authors.forename: Nynke M G
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bodde
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aldenkamp
authors.forename: Gus A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome