title: Immunological and structural properties of a pectic polymer from Glinus oppositifolius.
abstract: The aim of this paper was to further elucidate the structure and the immunomodulating properties of the pectic polymer GOA2, previously isolated from Glinus oppositifolius. Enzymatic treatment of GOA2 by endo-alpha-d-(1 --> 4)-polygalacturonase led to the isolation of three pectic subunits, GOA2-I, GOA2-II, and GOA2-III, in addition to oligogalacturonides. GOA2-I was shown to consist of 1,2-linked Rhap and 1,4-linked GalpA in an approximately 1:1 ratio, and NMR-analysis showed that the monomers were linked together in a strictly alternating manner. The galactose units in GOA2-I were found as terminal-, 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,4-, 1,3,4-, and 1,3,6-linked residues, while the arabinofuranosyl existed mainly as terminal- and 1,5-linked units. A rhamnogalacturonan-I type structure was suggested being the predominant part of GOA2-I. According to linkage analysis GOA2-II and GOA2-III contained glycosidic linkages characteristic for rhamnogalacturonan-II type structures. GOA2 was shown by sedimentation velocity in the analytical ultracentrifuge, to have a broad degree of polydispersity with a mode s(20,w) value of approximately 1.9 S, results reinforced by atomic force microscopy measurements. The polydispersity, as manifested by the proportion of material with s(20,w) > 3 S, decreased significantly with enzyme treatment. The abilities of GOA2, GOA2-I, GOA2-II, and GOA2-III to induce the proliferation of B cells, and to exhibit complement fixing activities were tested. In both test systems, GOA2-I showed significantly greater effects compared to its native pectin GOA2. GOA2-I was in addition shown to exhibit a more potent intestinal immune stimulating activity compared to GOA2. The ability of GOA2 to induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines was examined. Marked upregulations in mRNA for IL-1beta from rat macrophages and IFN-gamma from NK cells were found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. k.t.inngjerdingen@farmasi.uio.no
authors.forename: Kari T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Inngjerdingen
authors.forename: Trushar R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Xinyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kenne
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Gordon A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Drissa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Terje E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inngjerdingen
authors.forename: Berit S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005690:Galactose / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D035704:Molluginaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D010368:Pectins / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D009005:Monosaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011108:Polymers; C042491:rhamnogalacturonan I; C042492:rhamnogalacturonan II; D010368:Pectins; C003181:polygalacturonic acid; D005690:Galactose