title: Impurity-driven cone formation during laser sputtering of graphite.
abstract: Sputtering of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) by 248-nanometer laser radiation was studied. Neutral carbon atoms and small clusters were ejected with significantly higher translational energies than were expected from a simple model of thermal vaporization in the absence of a potential barrier. The HOPG also developed a remarkable surface morphology that consists of regular cones and domes. Cone formation appears to be initiated by trace metal impurities that serve as heat shunts in this highly anisotropic material.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Krajnovich
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Savoy