title: Effect of leg exercises on popliteal venous blood flow during prolonged immobility of seated subjects: implications for prevention of travel-related deep vein thrombosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous stasis is an important contributing factor in the development of travel-related deep vein thrombosis. This study examined factors affecting popliteal venous blood flow in order to determine the most effective exercise regimen to prevent venous stasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one healthy subjects were randomly assigned to various activities over a 9-week period. Subjects remained seated throughout the investigation and 3660 duplex ultrasound examinations were performed by a single examiner using a SonoSite 180 Plus handheld ultrasound. Baseline popliteal vein blood flow velocity, cross-sectional area and volume flow in subjects sitting motionless were assessed in the first 3 weeks.The remaining 6 weeks involved subjects performing airline-recommended activities, foot exercises, foot exercises against moderate resistance and foot exercises against increased resistance in order to determine the most beneficial method for enhancing popliteal venous flow. Sitting with feet not touching the floor and the effect of sleeping were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the subjects was 22 years (range: 18-25.5 years), height 171 cm (162.5-180.5 cm) and body mass index 25.3 kg m(-2) (23.2-26.3 kg m(-2)). Blood volume flow in the popliteal vein was reduced by almost 40% with immobility of seated subjects and by almost 2-fold when sitting motionless with feet not touching the floor. Foot exercises against increased resistance positively enhanced volume flow (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leg exercise regimens enhanced popliteal venous flow during prolonged immobility of seated subjects, reinforcing the importance of regular leg movement to prevent venous stasis during prolonged sitting, such as in long-distance travel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hitos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garth
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fletcher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001775:Blood Circulation; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D011152:Popliteal Vein / Q000502:physiology*; D014195:Travel; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*