title: Effects of high-dose itraconazole treatment on lipoproteins in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies have convincingly demonstrated a positive association between LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and coronary artery disease but, in the case of HDL-C, there is an inverse association. Administration of high doses of the antifungal agent ketoconazole (800 mg/d) reduces serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-C and there is a tendency for an increase in HDL-C. Our goal was to examine whether high-dose itraconazole raises HDL-C in subjects with normal levels of cholesterol.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 male patients with onychomycosis received 2 one-week cycles of treatment with itraconazole at a dose of 400 mg once daily in an open, prospective exploratory trial. Serum levels of itraconazole and its active metabolite hydroxyitraconazole were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography at the end of each treatment cycle. Fasting levels of serum lipoproteins and triglycerides were measured twice using routine enzymatic assays at the beginning and end of each cycle. The effects of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole on HDL-C metabolism were assessed in vitro using a human Caco-2 cell line and analyzing apoA-I levels with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During itraconazole treatment total cholesterol and LDL-C decreased on average by 12% (p < 0.001) and 17% (p < 0.001), respectively, whereas HDL-C increased by 21% (p < 0.001). The ratio LDL: HDL-C, an index of atherogenic risk, decreased by 30% (p < 0.001). Incubation of Caco-2 cells in the presence of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole for 3 hours resulted in a significant increase in apoA-I concentration in the medium (913 and 412%, respectively) compared with control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to its inhibitory effect on cholesterol synthesis, high-dose itraconazole (400 mg/d) causes a significant decrease in serum LDL-C and, in contrast to ketoconazole, a significant increase in HDL-C. In vitro studies with Caco-2 cells indicate that the latter observation might be caused by an increase in apoA-I levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gerdsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plat
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dullens
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Björkhem
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Diczfalusy
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Neuvonen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bieber
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Bergmann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lütjohann
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000378:metabolism; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; C084794:hydroxyitraconazole; D017964:Itraconazole; D002784:Cholesterol