title: High-dose lopinavir/ritonavir in highly treatment-experienced HIV-1 patients: efficacy, safety, and predictors of response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy and safety of high-dose lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) therapy in multiple protease inhibitor, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-experienced subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six HIV-1-infected subjects were randomized to LPV/r 400/300 mg or 667/167 mg bid in a 48-week, open-label study. Subjects also received investigator-selected nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Primary outcomes were the proportion of subjects with HIV-1 RNA levels <50 copies/mL at week 24 and time until loss of virologic response through week 48.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of 17 (35%) and 10 of 19 (53%) subjects in the 400/300 and 667/167 groups, respectively, completed 48 weeks of treatment. Median durations of follow-up in discontinued subjects and all subjects were 15 weeks and 32 weeks, respectively. Forty-four percent of subjects achieved HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL at least once; 18% (400/300 mg) and 21% (667/167 mg) of subjects achieved HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL at week 24 (intent-to-treat analysis). Corresponding results at week 48 were 18% (400/300 mg) and 26% (667/167 mg). No statistically significant differences in adverse event incidence occurred between treatment groups, except for a higher vomiting rate in the 400/300 mg dose group. Predictors of response included baseline LPV inhibitory quotient and number of active NRTIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher doses of LPV/r may provide substantial antiviral activity in multiple class-experienced subjects.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Podzamczer
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Cheri E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flexner
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katlama
authors.forename: Diane V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Havlir
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Letendre
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eron
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D012367:RNA, Viral; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir