title: Intra-laboratory evaluation of Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment (MARA) for potential application in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD).
abstract: The Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment (MARA) is an innovative system based on an array of 11 different microbial species freeze-dried in a 96-well micro-titre plate format. Developed for testing the toxicity of chemicals, mixtures and environmental samples, the assay employs species of a taxonomically diverse range. In addition to ten prokaryotic species, a eukaryote (yeast) is included in the range. The MARA's innate scope of a multi-dimensional test allows determination of toxicity based on a unique assay fingerprint or index, numerically expressed as the mean Microbial Toxic Concentration (MTC). The most significant potential of the test is in the additional inference that can be conveyed to the toxicity evaluation because of the presence of each of the constituent species. In view of the fact that conventional aquatic bioassays, like fish or cladoceran tests, are expensive and impractical, the MARA could provide a cost-effective solution for routine ecotoxicological testing. The performance of the MARA was evaluated to ascertain its capability and potential scope. Sensitivity to toxicants and different environmental samples was assessed. Evaluation included comparison with other tests: namely Microtox, invertebrate (Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus) microbiotests, and respiration-inhibition and nitrification-inhibition tests. The most sensitive invertebrate test was found to be the T. platyurus microbiotest for three of the four metals tested. The LC(50) values for this test for Cd(ii), Cr(vi) and As(iii) were 0.2, 0.018 and 0.3 mg l(-1), respectively; and the corresponding most sensitive MARA species MTC values were 4.4, 2.8 and 17 mg l(-1), respectively.
authors.affiliation: NCIMB Ltd, Craibstone Estate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK AB21 9YA. k.wadhia@ncimb.com
authors.forename: Kirit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wadhia
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dando
authors.forename: K Clive
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D005062:European Union; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants