title: Is topical local anaesthesia necessary when performing paediatric flexible nasendoscopy? A double-blind randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of lignocain 2% and oxymetazoline 0.025% compared to oxymetazoline 0.025% alone when administered prior to fibreoptic nasendoscopy in paediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized controlled, double-blind study. A group of 56 children, undergoing nasendoscopy to determine adenoidal size, were randomized into two groups and received either lignocain 2% and oxymetazoline 0.025% or oxymetazoline 0.025% alone prior to fibreoptic nasendoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary care Paediatric Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The endoscopist recorded the ease of performance of the procedure, cooperation of patient and quality of the view achieved using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The pain and anxiety levels of the child were recorded before, during and immediately after the procedure, using a VAS. The duration of performing the procedure was recorded from insertion of the endoscope into the nostril until removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 56 children were able to undergo the endoscopy and the full anxiety and pain assessment was done. Three children were excluded because they have undergone nasendoscopies before. Of the 53 patients included, 27 children received solution A (oxymetazoline 0.025%) and 26 children received solution B (oxymetazoline 0.025% and lignocain 2%). There was no statistical difference between the two groups regarding the duration of the endoscopy, quality of view, ease of performance and cooperation of the patients. The median pain and anxiety scores were not significantly different between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study concludes that the use of a decongestant (oxymetazoline) for paediatric nasendoscopy is just as effective as the use of oxymetazoline with lignocain. Pain and anxiety is not increased in the absence of lignocain.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, University of Cape Town, South Africa. nicojonas@gmail.com
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oomen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albertyn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: C A J
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Prescott
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D010109:Oxymetazoline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010109:Oxymetazoline; D008012:Lidocaine