title: Porcupine-mediated lipid-modification regulates the activity and distribution of Wnt proteins in the chick neural tube.
abstract: A long-term goal of developmental biology is to understand how morphogens establish gradients that promote proper tissue patterning. A number of reports describe the formation of the Wg (Wnt1) gradient in Drosophila and have shown that Porcupine, a predicted membrane-bound O-acyl transferase, is required for the correct distribution of Wg protein. The discovery that Wnts are palmitoylated on a conserved cysteine residue suggests that porcupine activity and Wnt palmitoylation are important for the generation of Wnt gradients. To establish the role of porcupine in Wnt gradient formation in vertebrates, we tested the role of porcupine/Wnt palmitoylation in human embryonic kidney 293T cells and in the chick neural tube. Our results lead us to conclude that: (1) vertebrate Wnt1 and Wnt3a possess at least one additional site for porcupine-mediated lipid-modification; (2) porcupine-mediated lipid-modification of Wnt proteins promotes their activity in 293T cells and in the chick neural tube; and (3) porcupine-mediated lipid-modification reduces the range of activity of Wnt1 and Wnt3a in the chick neural tube. These findings highlight the importance of porcupine-mediated lipid modifications in the formation of vertebrate Wnt activity gradients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Tiffany L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Stephanie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Secrest
authors.forename: Tatsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.forename: Laura W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Burrus
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051155:Wnt1 Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D060508:Wnt3 Protein; D060509:Wnt3A Protein
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010169:Palmitic Acids; C555510:WNT3A protein, human; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051155:Wnt1 Protein; D060508:Wnt3 Protein; D060509:Wnt3A Protein; D000217:Acyltransferases