title: Spatial and temporal variation in size of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sexual organs and its use in pollution and climate change studies.
abstract: Sexual organs and their development are susceptible to atmospheric transported environmental xenoendocrine pollutants and climate change (food availability). We therefore investigated sexual organs from 55 male and 44 female East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) to obtain information about growth/size and sexual maturity. Then, the genitalia size was compared with those previously reported from Canadian and Svalbard polar bears. Growth models showed that East Greenland male polar bears reached sexual maturity around 7 years of age and females around 4 years of age. When comparing East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears, the size of baculum and uterus were significantly lower in the East Greenland polar bears (ANOVA: all p < 0.05). Based on previously published baculum mean values from Canadian polar bears, a similar baculum pattern was found for East Greenland vs. Canadian polar bears. It is speculated whether this could be a result of the general high variation in polar bear body size, temporal distribution patterns of anthropogenic long-range transported persistent organic pollutants or climate change (decreasing food availability). The present investigation represents conservation and background data for future spatial and temporal assessments of hunting, pollution and climate change scenarios.
authors.affiliation: Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark. csh@dmu.dk
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonne
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Erik W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Born
authors.forename: Frank F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Riget
authors.forename: Pall S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Leifsson
authors.forename: Thea Ø
authors.initials: TØ
authors.lastname: Bechshøft
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D002980:Climate; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D006116:Greenland; D008297:Male; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D013538:Svalbard; D013997:Time Factors; D001503:Ursidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development