title: Effect of macronutrient composition on postprandial peptide YY levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peptide YY (PYY) is released from the distal small intestine and colon after meals and reduces appetite by increasing satiety. The amount of PYY released is proportional to calories ingested. Fat ingestion has also been reported to stimulate PYY release.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine whether macronutrient composition influences postprandial serum PYY levels by comparing 1 wk of a weight-maintenance low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet with a low-fat, high-carbohydrate (LFHC) diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized crossover study, 18 obese subjects (14 females, 4 males, mean body mass index 35.6 +/- 2.9 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned initially to 1 wk of a weight-maintenance LCHF or LFHC diet, after which a test meal of identical composition was given and serum PYY levels were assessed for 2.5 h postprandially. After a 1-wk washout period, subjects were crossed over and retested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 1 wk, mean postprandial area under the curve PYY after the LCHF test meal was 1.5-fold greater than after the LFHC test meal (P < 0.001). The LCHF diet led to 55% higher levels of postprandial serum PYY levels, compared with the LFHC diet (P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that a LCHF diet stimulates PYY secretion more than a LFHC diet in obese individuals.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0111, USA. pessah@mcvh-vcu.edu
authors.forename: Paulina A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Essah
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Sakita N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sistrun
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nestler
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D019894:Peptide YY