title: Homoplasmy, heteroplasmy, and mitochondrial dystonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In clinical practice, mitochondrial disease is seldom considered until a variable combination of seizures, alteration in tone, muscle weakness, and developmental problems is evident. However, it is not uncommon for one symptom to occur in isolation and dominate the clinical phenotype. We report six patients from two families where dystonia was the principal clinical manifestation. A mitochondrial etiology was considered in each case because of the association of dystonia with other less prominent clinical features such as epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histochemical and biochemical analyses were undertaken in skeletal muscle biopsies from individuals in both families. Sequencing of skeletal muscle mtDNA was also performed and suspected mutations were quantified by hot last cycle PCR-RFLP or primer extension assay. Functional consequences of one of the mutations were investigated by measurement of steady state levels of mitochondrial tRNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two distinct mitochondrial pathologies were identified: a novel, homoplasmic mitochondrial tRNA(Cys) (MTTC) mutation and the primary, m.11778G>A Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) mutation. The mild nature of both mutations has permitted very high levels of mutated mtDNA to accumulate. Patients with the mutation in the MTTC gene have no wild type mtDNA detectable and although the LHON mutation is heteroplasmic in the patients we report, it is commonly observed to be homoplasmic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mitochondrial etiology identified in these patients emphasizes the pathologic potential of homoplasmic mutations and has important implications for the investigation and genetic counseling of families where dystonia is the principal clinical feature. We advocate that mitochondrial disease should be given serious consideration in patients with familial, progressive dystonia, particularly when additional neurologic features such as epilepsy are present.
authors.affiliation: Mitochondrial Research Group, School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. robert.mcfarland@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Chinnery
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Blakely
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: A A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: H A L
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Tuppen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Dorman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Turnbull
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004421:Dystonia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D040582:Inheritance Patterns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D029242:Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012343:RNA, Transfer