title: Physical examination tests of the shoulder: a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compile and critique research on the diagnostic accuracy of individual orthopaedic physical examination tests in a manner that would allow clinicians to judge whether these tests are valuable to their practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-assisted literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases (1966 to October 2006) using keywords related to diagnostic accuracy of physical examination tests of the shoulder. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool was used to critique the quality of each paper. Meta-analysis through meta-regression of the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was performed on the Neer test for impingement, the Hawkins-Kennedy test for impingement, and the Speed test for superior labral pathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five studies were critiqued with only half demonstrating acceptable high quality and only two having adequate sample size. For impingement, the meta-analysis revealed that the pooled sensitivity and specificity for the Neer test was 79% and 53%, respectively, and for the Hawkins-Kennedy test was 79% and 59%, respectively. For superior labral (SLAP) tears, the summary sensitivity and specificity of the Speed test was 32% and 61%, respectively. Regarding orthopaedic special tests (OSTs) where meta-analysis was not possible either due to lack of sufficient studies or heterogeneity between studies, the list that demonstrates both high sensitivity and high specificity is short: hornblowers's sign and the external rotation lag sign for tears of the rotator cuff, biceps load II for superior labral anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions, and apprehension, relocation and anterior release for anterior instability. Even these tests have been under-studied or are from lower quality studies or both. No tests for impingement or acromioclavicular (AC) joint pathology demonstrated significant diagnostic accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on pooled data, the diagnostic accuracy of the Neer test for impingement, the Hawkins-Kennedy test for impingement and the Speed test for labral pathology is limited. There is a great need for large, prospective, well-designed studies that examine the diagnostic accuracy of the numerous physical examination tests of the shoulder. Currently, almost without exception, there is a lack of clarity with regard to whether common OSTs used in clinical examination are useful in differentially diagnosing pathologies of the shoulder.
authors.affiliation: Duke University, DUMC 3907, Durham, NC 27710, USA. eric.hegedus@duke.edu
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hegedus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamaddoni
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Moorman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000592:standards*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*