title: The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla.
abstract: The analysis of the first plant genomes provided unexpected evidence for genome duplication events in species that had previously been considered as true diploids on the basis of their genetics. These polyploidization events may have had important consequences in plant evolution, in particular for species radiation and adaptation and for the modulation of functional capacities. Here we report a high-quality draft of the genome sequence of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) obtained from a highly homozygous genotype. The draft sequence of the grapevine genome is the fourth one produced so far for flowering plants, the second for a woody species and the first for a fruit crop (cultivated for both fruit and beverage). Grapevine was selected because of its important place in the cultural heritage of humanity beginning during the Neolithic period. Several large expansions of gene families with roles in aromatic features are observed. The grapevine genome has not undergone recent genome duplication, thus enabling the discovery of ancestral traits and features of the genetic organization of flowering plants. This analysis reveals the contribution of three ancestral genomes to the grapevine haploid content. This ancestral arrangement is common to many dicotyledonous plants but is absent from the genome of rice, which is a monocotyledon. Furthermore, we explain the chronology of previously described whole-genome duplication events in the evolution of flowering plants.
authors.affiliation: Genoscope (CEA) and UMR 8030 CNRS-Genoscope-Université d'Evry, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jaillon
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Aury
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Policriti
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clepet
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casagrande
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Choisne
authors.forename: Sébastien
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authors.lastname: Aubourg
authors.forename: Nicola
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authors.lastname: Vitulo
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authors.lastname: Vezzi
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authors.lastname: Legeai
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hugueney
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dasilva
authors.forename: David
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authors.lastname: Horner
authors.forename: Erica
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authors.lastname: Mica
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jublot
authors.forename: Julie
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authors.lastname: Poulain
authors.forename: Clémence
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authors.lastname: Bruyère
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authors.lastname: Billault
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Segurens
authors.forename: Michel
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authors.lastname: Gouyvenoux
authors.forename: Edgardo
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authors.lastname: Ugarte
authors.forename: Federica
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authors.lastname: Cattonaro
authors.forename: Véronique
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authors.lastname: Anthouard
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vico
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Fabbro
authors.forename: Michaël
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authors.lastname: Alaux
authors.forename: Gabriele
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authors.lastname: Di Gaspero
authors.forename: Vincent
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authors.lastname: Dumas
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Felice
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paillard
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Juman
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moroldo
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scalabrin
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canaguier
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Le Clainche
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malacrida
authors.forename: Eléonore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Graziano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pesole
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Laucou
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chatelet
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Merdinoglu
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delledonne
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pezzotti
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lecharny
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scarpelli
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Artiguenave
authors.forename: M Enrico
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pè
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgante
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caboche
authors.forename: Anne-Françoise
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Adam-Blondon
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weissenbach
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quétier
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wincker
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D007621:Karyotyping; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics; D011123:Polyploidy; D032107:Populus / Q000235:genetics; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D027843:Vitis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D035683:MicroRNAs; D018749:RNA, Plant; D012343:RNA, Transfer