title: Stomal varices: a rare cause of stomal hemorrhage. A report of three cases.
abstract: Stomal varices secondary to portal hypertension are a rare but potentially fatal cause of hemorrhage. Management, determined by the site of the bleeding, centers on preventing additional bleeds and may include providing local pressure, applying silver nitrate, injection sclerotherapy, suture ligation of the bleeding point, and/or the placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and refashioning the stoma. Two patients (60- and 69-year-old women) had panproctocolectomy for inflammatory bowel disease and presented at the authors' hospital with bleeding from the ileostomy 1 and 19 years, respectively, following the creation of their stomas. A third patient (a 72-year-old man) bled from an end colostomy following an abdominoperineal resection for Duke's C rectal adenocarcinoma performed 3 years previous. All three patients had recurrent admissions for stomal bleeding and stomal varices secondary to portal hypertension and were initially treated with local measures (pressure, silver nitrate, and suture ligation). Two had undergone revision of their stomas prior to current treatment. One patient responded to local treatment but later died due to liver failure, one stopped bleeding after transjugular portosystemic shunt placement, and one died from metastatic cancer. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion of stomal varices in patients with underlying liver disease who present with recurrent stomal bleeds and provide appropriate treatment to stop active bleeding and reduce portal venous pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro, UK.
authors.forename: Muhammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kabeer
authors.forename: Lucina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Widdison
authors.forename: Giles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maskell
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mathew
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015984:Causality; D003125:Colostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D007081:Ileostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008026:Ligation; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; D016737:Proctocolectomy, Restorative / Q000009:adverse effects*; D035583:Rare Diseases; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012835:Silver Nitrate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D012835:Silver Nitrate