title: Citrate exudation from white lupin induced by phosphorus deficiency differs from that induced by aluminum.
abstract: Both phosphorus (P) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity induce root exudation of carboxylates, but the relationship between these two effects is not fully understood. Here, carboxylate exudation induced by Al in Lupinus albus (white lupin) was characterized and compared with that induced by P deficiency. Aluminum treatments were applied to whole root systems or selected root zones of plants with limited (1 microM) or sufficient (50 microM) P supply. Aluminum stimulated citrate efflux after 1-2 h; this response was not mimicked by a similar trivalent cation, La(3+). P deficiency triggered citrate release from mature cluster roots, whereas Al stimulated citrate exudation from the 5- to 10-mm subapical root zones of lateral roots and from mature and senescent cluster roots. Al-induced citrate exudation was inhibited by P limitation at the seedling stage, but was stimulated at later growth stages. Citrate exudation was sensitive to anion-channel blockers. Al treatments did not affect primary root elongation, but inhibited the elongation of lateral roots. The data demonstrate differential patterns of citrate exudation in L. albus, depending on root zone, developmental stage, P nutritional status and Al stress. These findings are discussed in terms of possible functions and underlying mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100094, China.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100094, China.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100094, China.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Nutrition (330), University of Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000378:metabolism*; D000838:Anions / Q000378:metabolism*; D000873:Anthracenes; D018533:Biomass; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002951:Citrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D031297:Lupinus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D000873:Anthracenes; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D002951:Citrates; D010758:Phosphorus; C010030:9-anthroic acid; D000535:Aluminum