title: Effects of nickel chloride and oxygen depletion on behaviour and vitality of zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton, 1822) (Pisces, Cypriniformes) embryos and larvae.
abstract: We examined acute (2 h exposure of 5-day-old larvae) and subchronic (exposure from fertilization up to an age of 11 days) effects of NiCl(2).6H2O on embryos and larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio), both alone and in combination with oxygen depletion. The following endpoints were recorded: acute exposure: locomotory activity and survival; subchronic exposure: hatching rate, deformations, locomotory activity (at 5, 8 and 11 days) and mortality. In acute exposures nickel chloride (7.5-15 mg Ni/L) caused decreasing locomotory activity. Oxygen depletion (<or=2.45+/-0.16 mg O2/L) also resulted in significantly reduced locomotory activity. In the subchronic test, exposure to >or=10 mg Ni/L resulted in delayed hatching at an age of 96 h, in decreased locomotory activity at an age of 5 days, and increased mortality at an age of 11 days (LC20=9.5 mg Ni/L). The observed LOEC for locomotory activity (7.5 mg Ni/L) is in the range of environmentally relevant concentrations. Since locomotory activity was already affected by acute exposure, this parameter is recommended to supplement commonly recorded endpoints of toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany. cornelia.kienle@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kienle
authors.forename: H-R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Filser
authors.forename: Almut
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D007814:Larva; D008124:Locomotion; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C022838:nickel chloride; D009532:Nickel; D010100:Oxygen