title: Effects of induced premaxillary suture fusion on the craniofacial morphology in growing rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to premaxillary rapid development and fusion with the maxilla at the fetus stage, the functions of the premaxillary suture still remain unclear. This study was designed to explore the effect of artificial induced premaxillary suture fusion on craniofacial morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control and experimental groups, with 3 week, 5 week and 8 week subgroups of five animals each. An incision was made in each rat along the premaxillary suture and cyanoacrylate was administered to immobilize the exposed premaxillary suture for experimental rats. No glue was applied to controls. Weights, dental impressions and radiographs were taken before and after surgery until sacrifice and used to determine the differences between groups using the one-way ANOVA test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After immobilizing the premaxillary suture, significant changes in the craniofacial morphology were measured at the different time points. In the experimental groups, local changes occurred at the 3rd week. A global alteration in craniofacial morphology was apparent at the 8th week in the experimental group compared to the control. At each successive time point, craniofacial morphological alterations increased in rats with fused premaxillary sutures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induced premaxillary suture fusion can inhibit the growth of the premaxilla and cause extensive craniofacial morphological changes. These findings suggest that premaxillary suture fusion may be related to craniofacial malformation or malocclusion and to the formation of the flattened craniofacial profile in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Julia N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Winger
authors.forename: Jack C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Borke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002508:Cephalometry; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000196:embryology*; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000196:embryology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D008437:Maxilla / Q000196:embryology*; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley