title: Potential and present limitation of endocytoscopy in the diagnosis of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma: a multicenter ex vivo pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endocytoscopy enables the in vivo observation of cellular nuclei in the GI tract. However, potential and present limitations of endocytoscopy have not been elucidated in detail.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether endocytoscopic images of cancerous and normal squamous cells in the esophagus correspond with horizontal histology of the mucosal surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ex vivo pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple academic institutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopically or surgically resected human esophagus obtained between May 2006 and July 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endocytoscopic observation was performed on small areas of cancerous lesions and corresponding normal squamous cells. Biopsy specimens were then retrieved from the areas scanned to make horizontal histologic sections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of the images obtained by endocytoscopy and histology and comparison of the mean numbers of the total nuclei per endocytoscopic image obtained in cancerous and normal areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas were acquired and evaluable pairs of an endocytoscopic image and a histological picture were obtained at 12 cancerous and 14 normal areas that showed similar morphologies between them. The mean (+/-SD) numbers of the total nuclei per image were 129+/-14.8 at the normal area and 550+/-66.5 at the cancerous area, respectively, which were significantly different between groups (P<.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only a comparison of cancerous and normal squamous cells in the esophagus at the ex vivo setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although endocytoscopic images closely correlated with conventional histology in the esophagus, appropriate preconditioning to constantly obtain sufficient image quality and universal criteria for endocytoscopic diagnosis of various diseases are essential before clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, and Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujishiro
authors.forename: Kaiyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takubo
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaise
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: Mototsugu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muto
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software