title: alpha-Latrotoxin affects mitochondrial potential and synaptic vesicle proton gradient of nerve terminals.
abstract: Ca(2+)-independent [(3)H]GABA release induced by alpha-latrotoxin was found to consist of two sequential processes: a fast initial release realized via exocytosis and more delayed outflow through the plasma membrane GABA transporters [Linetska, M.V., Storchak, L.G., Tarasenko, A.S., Himmelreich, N.H., 2004. Involvement of membrane GABA transporters in alpha-latrotoxin-stimulated [(3)H]GABA release. Neurochem. Int. 44, 303-312]. To characterize the toxin-stimulated events attributable to the transporter-mediated [(3)H]GABA release from rat brain synaptosomes we studied the effect of alpha-latrotoxin on membrane potentials and generation of the synaptic vesicles proton gradient, using fluorescent dyes: potential-sensitive rhodamine 6G and pH-sensitive acridine orange. We revealed that alpha-latrotoxin induced a progressive dose-dependent depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and an irreversible run-down of the synaptic vesicle proton gradient. Both processes were insensitive to the presence of cadmium, a potent blocker of toxin-formed transmembrane pores, indicating that alpha-latrotoxin-induced disturbance of the plasma membrane permeability was not responsible to these effects. A gradual dissipation of the synaptic vesicle proton gradient closely coupled with lowering the vesicular GABA transporter activity results in a leakage of the neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles to cytoplasm. As a consequence, there is an essential increase in GABA concentration in a soluble cytosolic pool that appears to be critical parameter for altering the mode of the plasma membrane GABA transporter operation from inward to outward. Thus, our data allow clarifying what cell processes underlain a recruitment of the plasma membrane transporter-mediated pathway in alpha-LTX-stimulated secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str. 9, Kiev 01601, Ukraine.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Tarasenko
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Storchak
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Himmelreich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011522:Protons; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013111:Spider Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013574:Synaptosomes; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D011522:Protons; D013111:Spider Venoms; D002104:Cadmium; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C020763:alpha-latrotoxin