title: Low bone mineral density, coronary heart disease, and stroke mortality in men and women: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to determine the long-term association of bone mineral density and cardiovascular disease mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data used are from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized civilians. A cohort of white, black, and Mexican-American persons ages 50 years and older at baseline (1988-1994) was followed through 2000 for coronary heart disease (CHD; n = 4690) and stroke mortality (n = 5272) using the NHANES III Linked Mortality File.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Death certificates were used to identify 369 CHD and 166 stroke deaths. Results were evaluated to determine the relative risk of CHD or stroke per one standard deviation lower bone mineral density after adjusting for multiple risk factors. In Cox proportional hazards models, risk of CHD death and risk of stroke death were not associated with low bone mineral density among men. For women, no significant associations were found for stroke (relative risk, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-2.07, p = 0.20) or CHD (relative risk, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.88, 1.80; p = 0.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low bone mineral density was not associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Among women with low bone mineral density, risk of CHD and stroke were elevated, but no significant associations were found.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA. mmussolino@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mussolino
authors.forename: Haroutune K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Armenian
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology