title: Treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
abstract: This article opens with a brief history of pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. It then discusses the definition and treatment of treatment-resistant schizophrenia, with particular attention to clinical, biological and neuroimaging correlates, as well as the best treatment options, including the use of clozapine in patients who meet the definition of treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. helkis@usp.br <helkis@usp.br>
authors.forename: Helio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elkis
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D019338:Polypharmacy; D011859:Radiography; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine