title: Intra- and inter-specific variability in total and methylmercury bioaccumulation by eight marine fish species from the Azores.
abstract: We relate fish biological and ecological characteristics to total and organic mercury concentrations to determine whether accumulation is influenced by trophic level, Hg concentration in the diet, and vertical distribution. Levels of total mercury and methylmercury were determined in the muscle tissue of eight species of fish: Pagellus acarne, Trachurus picturatus, Phycis phycis, P. blennoides, Polyprion americanus, Conger conger, Lepidopus caudatus and Mora moro, caught in the Azores. All such fishes are commercially valuable and were selected to include species from a wide range of vertical distributions from epipelagic (<200 m) to mesopelagic (>300 m) environments. Methylmercury was the major form accumulated in all species, comprising an average of 88.1% of total mercury. Concentrations of mercury (total and methylmercury) increased with age, length and weight. Based on data from other studies, mercury concentrations in fish diet were estimated. Mercury levels in food ranged from 0.08 to 0.32 ppm, dry weight. Hg concentrations in the food and in muscle tissue from different species were positively correlated. Total Hg levels in the muscles were approximately nine times those estimated in food. Total mercury concentrations in muscle were positively correlated with both trophic level and median depth. Such enhanced mercury bioaccumulation in relation to depth appears to be determined primarily by concentrations in food and ultimately by water chemistry, which controls mercury speciation and uptake at the base of the food chain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal. mcarvalho@notes.horta.uac.pt
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Gui M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: Mário R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.forename: Ricardo S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Luís R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Monteiro
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D001394:Azores; D049628:Body Size; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D020387:Food Chain; D005506:Food Contamination; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry; D011174:Portugal; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008628:Mercury