title: Translational machinery of the chaetognath Spadella cephaloptera: a transcriptomic approach to the analysis of cytosolic ribosomal protein genes and their expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chaetognaths, or arrow worms, are small marine, bilaterally symmetrical metazoans. The objective of this study was to analyse ribosomal protein (RP) coding sequences from a published collection of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a chaetognath (Spadella cephaloptera) and to use them in phylogenetic studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This analysis has allowed us to determine the complete primary structures of 23 out of 32 RPs from the small ribosomal subunit (SSU) and 32 out of 47 RPs from the large ribosomal subunit (LSU). Ten proteins are partially determined and 14 proteins are missing. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated RPs from six animals (chaetognath, echinoderm, mammalian, insect, mollusc and sponge) and one fungal taxa do not resolve the chaetognath phylogenetic position, although each mega-sequence comprises approximately 5,000 amino acid residues. This is probably due to the extremely biased base composition and to the high evolutionary rates in chaetognaths. However, the analysis of chaetognath RP genes revealed three unique features in the animal Kingdom. First, whereas generally in animals one RP appeared to have a single type of mRNA, two or more genes are generally transcribed for one RP type in chaetognath. Second, cDNAs with complete 5'-ends encoding a given protein sequence can be divided in two sub-groups according to a short region in their 5'-ends: two novel and highly conserved elements have been identified (5'-TAATTGAGTAGTTT-3' and 5'-TATTAAGTACTAC-3') which could correspond to different transcription factor binding sites on paralog RP genes. And, third, the overall number of deduced paralogous RPs is very high compared to those published for other animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that in chaetognaths the deleterious effects of the presence of paralogous RPs, such as apoptosis or cancer are avoided, and also that in each protein family, some of the members could have tissue-specific and extra-ribosomal functions. These results are congruent with the hypotheses of an allopolyploid origin of this phylum and of a ribosome heterogeneity.
authors.affiliation: E,R, Biodiversity and environnement, case 5, Pl, V, Hugo, Université de Provence, 13331, Marseille cedex 3, France. Roxane.Barthelemy@univ-provence.fr
authors.forename: Roxane M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Barthélémy
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chenuil
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blanquart
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faure
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins