title: A disposable immunosensor for detection of 17beta-estradiol in non-extracted bovine serum.
abstract: This paper reports the assembly of a disposable immunosensor based on the direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for simple and fast measurement of 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2) in bovine serum, using screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) and a Palm-Sens portable electrochemical detector. The immunosensor strip was assembled immobilising, by passive adsorption, anti-rabbit IgG onto the surface of the working SPE electrode. After the interaction between anti-rabbit IgG and rabbit anti-17beta-E2 polyclonal antibodies (PAb), the competition was performed using 17beta-estradiol-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (17beta-E2-AP) synthesised in our laboratory. The enzymatic substrate used for signal generation was 1-naphthylphosphate and its conversion to an electroactive product (1-naphthol) was measured using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). To develop a prototype for field measurements, the entire competitive protocol has been optimised directly in a blank non-extracted bovine serum. According to the new EU criteria established by the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC for qualitative and quantitative screening methods, the detection capability (CCbeta), was determined. The CCbeta value resulted below the action limit (40 pg mL(-1)) fixed for 17beta-E2) Spiked and real samples were analysed using the electrochemical immunostrips obtaining precision values (relative standard deviation, R.S.D.%) ranging from 8.6 to 17.0% and a recovery (R%) from 88.2 to 120.0%. Results obtained on real samples were confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled on-line with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) source and a heated nebulizer (HN) interface; this is the method currently used to confirm illegal hormone administration for regulatory purposes. The disposable immunosensor appears suitable as a screening tool for field analysis of bovine serum estradiol.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma, Italy. Giulia.volpe@uniroma2.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fares
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: delli Quadri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Draisci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marchiafava
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moscone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palleschi