title: Novel cytotoxic agents from an unexpected source: bile acids and ovarian tumor apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unique biologic activities have been identified for the 4 different bile acids: cholic acid (CA, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The aim of this study was to examine and compare the effects of these 4 bile acids on the human ovarian cancer cell lines A2780 and A2780-CP-R(cisplatin-resistant) and to evaluate mechanisms of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antiproliferative effects were determined by the cytotoxic MTT assay. Cells undergoing apoptosis were identified by morphologic analysis of cells stained using Diff-Quick and nuclear staining with DAPI and by quantitative nucleosome ELISA assay. Cells were lysed in buffer after 24 h of exposure to three different concentrations of bile acid (50 mM, 200 mM, and 400 mM) and protein concentrations were determined. Cell extracts containing 25 mg of protein were assayed for protein kinase C (PKC) enzyme activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the bile acids stimulated proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. CA and UDCA had only minimal cytotoxic effect even at maximum concentrations. In contrast, DCA and CDCA administration resulted in statistically significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity in both platinum sensitive and platinum-resistant cell lines (p<0.05). Cells incubated with DCA and CDCA exhibited morphologic features characteristic of apoptosis. The quantitative nucleosome ELISA assay demonstrated over 10 times increased nucleosome levels after cells were treated for 24 h by DCA and CDCA at 200 mM and 400 mM as compared to CA or UDCA treatment and to untreated controls (p<0.01). All 4 bile acids reduced PKC activity at concentrations of 200 and 400 mM (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDCA and DCA have significant cytotoxic activity in ovarian cancer cells via induction of apoptosis. The mechanism of apoptosis appears to be mediated by alternative kinases distinct from PKC. CDCA and DCA may have clinical utility in the treatment of ovarian cancer pending in vivo confirmation of activity especially in cisplatin-resistant disease.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Neil S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Randall K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gibb
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Mutch
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Herzog
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D019826:Cholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D004396:Coloring Agents; D009707:Nucleosomes; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid; D011493:Protein Kinase C; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D019826:Cholic Acid