title: Profile of cognitive impairment in chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and pattern of cognitive dysfunction in outpatients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) and to identify the corresponding demographic and clinical correlates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinic in a community hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two outpatients with CHF, 53 controls diagnosed with cardiovascular disease uncomplicated by CHF (cardiac controls), and 42 healthy controls were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuropsychological assessment included tests of mental speed, executive function, memory, language, and visuospatial function. Composite z-scores for five cognitive domains and mean z-score for overall cognitive performance were computed. The cutoff score to indicate cognitive impairment was defined as the overall healthy participants' cognitive z-score minus 2 standard deviations. Independent demographic and clinical predictors of cognitive impairment were identified using linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with CHF showed a pattern of general cognitive impairment, including impairment of executive function, memory, language, mental speed, and attention. Twenty-five percent (P=.04) of patients with CHF were classified as cognitively impaired, compared with 15% of the cardiac controls and 4% of the healthy controls. Independent predictors of cognitive impairment in patients with CHF were estimated intelligence, New York Heart Association class, and presence of the apolipoprotein (Apo)E epsilon4 allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive dysfunction is relatively common in patients with CHF, with deficits being most prominent in the domains of executive function, memory, language, and mental speed. Disease severity and ApoE genotype are likely to be important determinants for cognitive impairment in patients with chronic CHF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sint Lucas-Andreas Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Raymond L C
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Vogels
authors.forename: Joukje M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oosterman
authors.forename: Barbera
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Harten
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: Wiesje M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: van der Flier
authors.forename: Jutta M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schroeder-Tanka
authors.forename: Henry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006764:Hospitals, Community; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D009426:Netherlands; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D012016:Reference Values; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000453:epidemiology