title: The CIMT-monitoring panel: a two-step approach to harmonize the enumeration of antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes by structural and functional assays.
abstract: The interpretation of the results obtained from immunomonitoring of clinical trials is a difficult task due to the variety of methods and protocols available to detect vaccine-specific T-cell responses. This heterogeneity as well as the lack of standards has led to significant scepticism towards published results. In February 2005, a working group was therefore founded under the aegis of the Association for Immunotherapy of Cancer ("CIMT") in order to compare techniques and protocols applied for the enumeration of antigen-specific T-cell responses. Here we present the results from two consecutive phases of an international inter-laboratory testing project referred to as the "CIMT monitoring panel". A total of 13 centers from six European countries participated in the study in which pre-tested PBMC samples, synthetic peptides and PE-conjugated HLA-tetramers were prepared centrally and distributed to participants. All were asked to determine the number of antigen-specific T-cells in each sample using tetramer staining and one functional assay. The results of the first testing round revealed that the total number of cells analyzed was the most important determinant for the sensitive detection of antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cells by tetramer staining. Analysis by ELISPOT was influenced by a combination of cell number and a resting phase after thawing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, the experiments were repeated in a second phase but now the participants were asked to change their protocols according to the new guidelines distilled from the results of the first phase. The recommendations improved the number of antigen-specific T-cell responses that were detected and decreased the variability between the laboratories. We conclude that a two-step approach in inter-laboratory testing allows the identification of distinct variables that influence the sensitivity of different T-cell assays and to formally show that a defined correction to the protocols successfully increases the sensitivity and reduces the inter-center variability. Such "two-step" inter-laboratory projects could define rational bases for accepted international guidelines and thereby lead to the harmonization of the techniques used for immune monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. cebritten@web.de
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Britten
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gouttefangeas
authors.forename: M J P
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Welters
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pawelec
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ottensmeier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mander
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paschen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müller-Berghaus
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackensen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Køllgaard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: thor Straten
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Giannopoulos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Veelken
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertinetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Konur
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stevanović
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wölfel
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: van der Burg
mesh_terms: D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology*; D005060:Europe; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015234:HLA-A Antigens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D011367:Professional Staff Committees; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D015234:HLA-A Antigens; D010455:Peptides