title: Blood genomic profiles of exposures to Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphocytes provide invaluable whistle blowers of changes due to infections. We use the information registered by these cells using their mRNAs as they encounter the pathogen to develop patterns of expression that correspond to that specific pathogen. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease characterized by fever and one or more of the following: severe headache, back pain, myalgias, prostration, chills, nausea, vomiting, weakness and other flu-like symptoms. Screening for host mRNA obtained from blood samples after exposure to VEEV may provide the means for early detection of surrogate markers of the impending illness and provide appropriate strategies for treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have been carrying out gene expression analysis of PBMC exposed to VEEV to extract signatures and diagnostic markers of early exposure to be used in non invasive blood analysis methods. In this study, we used high throughput gene expression analysis to identify markers of early and late exposures to VEEV in vivo in Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). We carried out cDNA microarrays and real time PCR on blood samples obtained from the NHP model resulting in a panel of host genes that are altered in response to VEEV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening for host mRNA obtained from blood samples after exposure to VEEV may provide the means for early detection of surrogate markers of the impending illness and provide appropriate strategies for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. rasha.hammamieh@na.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Rasha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hammamieh
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barmada
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peel
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koterski
authors.forename: Marti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004685:Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011944:Receptors, Androgen