title: A functional polymorphism of the Galphaq (GNAQ) gene is associated with accelerated mortality in African-American heart failure.
abstract: Galphaq, encoded by the human GNAQ gene, is an effector subunit of the Gq heterotrimeric G-protein and the convergence point for signaling of multiple Gq-coupled neurohormonal receptors. To identify naturally occurring mutations that could modify GNAQ transcription, we examined genomic DNA isolated from 355 normal subjects for genetic variants in transcription factor binding motifs. Of seven variants identified, the most common was a GC to TT dinucleotide substitution at -694/-695 (allele frequency of 0.467 in Caucasians and 0.329 in African Americans) within a GC-rich domain containing consensus binding sites for Sp-1, c-rel and EGR-1. In promoter-reporter analyses, the TT substitution increased promoter activity in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes and human HEK fibroblasts by approximately 30% at baseline and after stimulation with phorbol ester. Two other relatively common polymorphisms, -173G/A and -168G/A, did not affect promoter activity. Since altered expression/activity of Galphaq is implicated in heart disease, we re-sequenced the GNAQ promoter in 1052 prospectively followed heart failure patients. The TT variant was not increased in heart failure, but was associated with decreased survival time among African Americans, with an adjusted RR of death/cardiac transplant of 1.95 (95% CI = 1.21-3.13) for heterozygotes and 2.4 (95% CI = 1.36-4.26) for homozygotes. Gel mobility shift assays showed that this GC/TT substitution eliminated Sp-1 binding without affecting c-rel or EGR-1 binding to this promoter fragment. Thus, the GNAQ -694/-695 promoter polymorphism alters transcription factor binding, increases promoter activity and adversely affects outcome in human heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiopulmonary Genomics Program, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Liggett
authors.forename: Reagan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Rohan R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.forename: Scot J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Matkovich
authors.forename: Bonnie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Benner
authors.forename: Harvey S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Faisal M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.forename: Anita S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Galvez
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Case
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Odley
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: Sharon L R
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kardia
authors.forename: Gerald W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dorn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005260:Female; D020862:GC Rich Sequence; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D051381:Rats; D015996:Survival Rate; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C497325:EGR1 protein, human; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs