title: Replantation of thumb avulsion injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To point out detailed technical considerations and tactical modifications within the experience of 59 replantations of thumb avulsion injuries, to clarify the indications of replantation, and to evaluate the long-term results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two thumb avulsions of 510 thumb amputations were treated at our centre between 1986 - 2002. Sixty-two of them were male and 10 were female. The average age of the patients was 27 years. Fifty-nine avulsed thumbs were replanted, and 13 were considered as "not replantable" and operated using other reconstructive procedures. Since the main goal of thumb replantation is survival with sensitivity and good function, all the injured tissues were repaired or primarily reconstructed. As a main principle, we always aimed for a one-stage reconstruction including vein grafts for the arterial injury, direct vein repair or vein transfer to establish venous outflow, tendon transfers to restore movement, and nerve transfer to restore sensation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall survival rate was 84.7 %. The average follow-up time was 65.2 months. 80 percent of the patients returned to their original work within an average of 4 months after replantation. The patients were generally satisfied with the outcome and ability to use their thumb. The average range of movement of the interphalangeal joint was 75 % of the normal side. On average, key pinch strength was 65 % of contralateral hand. Two-point discrimination was less than 10 mm in 60 % of the cases. Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing evaluation showed 2.83 in 35 patients, 3.61 in 20, and 6.68 in 4 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In replantation of avulsion amputation of the thumb, functional success depends on repair or reconstruction of all damaged tissues, if necessary, using nerve transfers and tendon transfers. If these could be done primarily as a one-stage reconstruction, the costs would be less, the patients would return to their work when the one-stage treatment and rehabilitation is finished, and would also eliminate the technical difficulties encountered in secondary reconstructions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand and Microsurgery, VKV American Hospital, 80200 Nisantasi, Istanbul, Turkey. drayangulgonen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gülgönen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bayri
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Güdemez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000673:Amputation, Traumatic / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005384:Finger Joint / Q000502:physiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012092:Replantation / Q000379:methods*; D013933:Thumb / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome