title: Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted.
  
  
  METHODS
  For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Livesey
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brawner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taintor
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D002061:Bursa, Synovial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002062:Bursitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006736:Horses; D007267:Injections / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media