title: Unexpected high PCB and total DDT levels in the breeding population of red kite (Milvus milvus) from Doñana National Park, south-western Spain.
abstract: This study provides information on the current status of contamination by organochlorines (DDTs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs) in the declining red kite (Milvus milvus L.) population breeding in the Doñana National Park (DNP), south-western Spain. Analyses were performed in addled eggs collected between 1999 and 2001. DDE concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 33.5 microg/g ww, representing more than 86% of the total DDTs. Of the samples studied, 50% showed DDE levels above those associated with reproductive impairment in other raptor species. Concentrations of ortho PCBs (average 36.8 microg/g ww+/-37.7) in 50% of the eggs were much higher than levels reported to cause reduced hatching success, embryo mortality, and deformities in birds (>20 microg/g ww). It is remarkable that average ortho PCB and DDE concentrations showed an increase of one order of magnitude compared to previous data for the species during the 80s. Total PCDD/Fs showed levels in the low pg/g range (7.2-42 pg/g ww), having PCDDs and PCDFs similar contributions in most samples. Total mean TEQs were 238 pg/g (ww), being the range 7.02-667 pg/g (ww). Spatial variation within DNP was observed for PCBs, DDTs, as well as for TEQs. Since some eggs exceeded the NOEL (67%) and LOEL (33%) reported for other raptor species, we would expect the red kite to experience detrimental effects to dioxin-like toxicity. Our results suggest that organochlorine contaminants should be regarded as an element of concern in the population under study, in addition to other conservation problems already reported. Further investigations should be undertaken to identify potential sources of these chemicals in DNP, and to find out if organochlorine contamination is present in other predator species in the area, as well as their potential health effects on individuals and/or populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gómara
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baos
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hiraldo
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abad
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiménez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis; D004531:Eggs; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D046093:Falconiformes; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D003634:DDT; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls