title: The "little ice age": northern hemisphere average observations and model calculations.
abstract: Numerical energy balance climate model calculations of the average surface temperature of the Northern Hemisphere for the past 400 years are compared with a new reconstruction of the past climate. Forcing with volcanic dust produces the best simulation, whereas expressing the solar constant as a function of the envelope of the sunspot number gives very poor results.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robock