title: Community integration, social support and life satisfaction in relation to symptoms 3 years after mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relation between psychosocial functioning (community integration, life satisfaction and social support) and symptoms (post-concussion, post-traumatic stress and depression) in persons with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) 3 years after the trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based follow-up study of 163 patients. At follow-up, an assessment of community integration, social support, life satisfaction and symptoms was made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total score of Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) was negatively correlated to total score of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ, r = -0.270, p < 0.001) and to total score of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, r = -0.332, p < 0.001). Life satisfaction (LiSat-11) was negatively correlated to the RPQ (r = -0.459, p < 0.001), to total score of the Impact of Event Scale (IES, r = -0.365, p < 0.001) and to the BDI (r = -0.642, p < 0.001). Low levels of life satisfaction were common at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large proportion of the individuals with MTBI experienced both psychosocial difficulties, with low levels of life satisfaction in particular and symptoms (post-concussion, post-traumatic stress and depression) 3 years after trauma. Since the possibility of pre-injury factors contributing to the condition at follow-up cannot be ruled out, the study indicates that all these factors should be taken into consideration in the management of persons with MTBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Sweden. brittmarie.stalnacke@rehabmed.umu.se
authors.forename: B-M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Stålnacke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003153:Community Health Services; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*