title: Immunoglobulins to surface-associated biofilm immunogens provide a novel means of visualization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.
abstract: Antigens from the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cell wall have been shown to be immunogenic in vivo and upregulated during biofilm growth. In this study, we created purified, recombinant forms of selected antigens and biofilm-upregulated, cell wall-associated proteins. These proteins were shown to cause a robust polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) response when used to immunize rabbits. Antibodies against these recombinant proteins bound to the native forms of each protein as harvested from in vitro grown biofilms of MRSA, as determined both via Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. These IgGs could be utilized as imaging tools that localize to areas of specific protein production within a biofilm. This work illustrates that immunogenic, cell wall-associated, biofilm-upregulated proteins are promising for in vitro visualization of biofilm growth, architecture, and space-function relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland-Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Room 9414, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Jeff G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Leid
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kofonow
authors.forename: J William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Costerton
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shirtliff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011817:Rabbits; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins