title: Clinical documentation for patient care: models, concepts, and liability considerations for pharmacists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A guide to the appropriate documentation of the critical aspects of the patient medical record to ensure reimbursement and the reduction of medical liability is presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several documentation styles can be adopted to record pharmacist interventions, including unstructured notes, semistructured notes, and systematic notes. Documentation should be clear, concise, legible, nonjudgmental, patient focused, and standardized, and it should ensure patient confidentiality. Systematic documentation styles include SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, plan), TITRS (title, introduction, text, recommendation, signature), and FARM (findings, assessment, recommendations or resolutions, management). SOAP is the primary form for which payers traditionally reimburse. Systematic documentation should be used to demonstrate how pharmacist interventions improved patient care and should not just be used for reimbursement. Pharmacists have the opportunity to build a collaborative relationship with other professionals and with patients. Documentation can provide evidence of this symbiotic relationship where the pharmacist assists in providing a caring and compassionate environment for the patient's benefit. Professional liability, as it relates to clinical documentation, can be an issue. Documentation provides the necessary information to successfully manage the process of discovery and the review of the conduct of all parties involved in a liability issue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Documentation in a universal format allows for communication among health care practitioners. Written documentation is one key to a successful, open-communication partnership among providers. In addition, accurate, appropriate, and concise documentation is an essential component of ensuring that the patient care provided is evident, not only for patient safety and continuity but also for cases where reimbursement and quality of care are being challenged contractually or legally.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Pharmacotherapy Services, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Seena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zierler-Brown
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Robert Wayne
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Blackburn
mesh_terms: D004282:Documentation / Q000379:methods*; D005252:Fees, Pharmaceutical; D006801:Humans; D016365:Liability, Legal; D008499:Medical Records; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D005791:Patient Care / Q000592:standards; D010595:Pharmacists