title: Effects of topical application of clonidine cream on pain behaviors and spinal Fos protein expression in rat models of neuropathic pain, postoperative pain, and inflammatory pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clonidine can effectively reduce pain and/or hypersensitivity. However, the antihypersensitivity effects of clonidine topically applied in cream (CC) have not been investigated. The authors evaluated effects of topical application of CC on pain behaviors and spinal Fos-like immunoreactivity in rats with hypersensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clonidine (30, 100, and 300 microg/g) was prepared in a cream base. In rat models of neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, and postoperative pain, the authors evaluated effects of CC (0.1 g), topically applied onto the plantar surface of the injured or uninjured paw, on thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia to von Frey filaments. The authors also evaluated effects of CC on lumbar spinal Fos-like immunoreactivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In neuropathic rats, CC applied onto the injured paw reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia dose dependently, whereas CC applied onto the uninjured paw had no effect. The antihypersensitivity effects of CC were antagonized by intraperitoneal yohimbine (10 mg/kg). Further, CC reduced Fos-like immunoreactivity in neuropathic rats. In contrast, CC in a single dose had no effects on hyperalgesia, allodynia, or Fos-like immunoreactivity in rats with inflammatory or postoperative pain. In rats with postoperative pain, CC repeatedly applied for 6 days reduced thermal hyperalgesia, but not mechanical allodynia, in the postoperative days, whereas it had no effects on hyperalgesia or allodynia in those with inflammatory pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical CC in concentrations examined significantly reduced hypersensitivity and lumbar spinal Fos-like immunoreactivity in rats with neuropathic pain, probably through activation of peripherally located alpha2 adrenoceptors. However, CC was only partially effective and totally ineffective in rats with postoperative pain and inflammatory pain, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sekiyama
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashida
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Toshinobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sumida
authors.forename: Shigehito
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawamura
authors.forename: Yoshitsugu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Hideko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arita
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanaoka
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D009824:Ointments; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009824:Ointments; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D003000:Clonidine