title: Heterogeneity of atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in human coronary artery disease: a three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe the intraplaque variability of coronary atherosclerosis in humans.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Atherosclerosis is a heterogeneous process. The degree and patterns of intraplaque heterogeneity are not well described. This study uses 3D intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to examine variability in individual atherosclerotic plaques in human coronary arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  IVUS images of 170 coronary plaques in 98 patients were evaluated. Each plaque was divided into proximal, middle, and distal sections. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed for each section using a dedicated 3D IVUS protocol. Intralesion heterogeneity was assessed between sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heterogeneity in composition was observed in most plaques (89%). The pattern of remodeling was heterogeneous in 23% of lesions. External elastic membrane (EEM) areas demonstrated an average percent deviation of 28.9% +/- 15.5%. Positive remodeling was associated with longer lesions (>> median length of 12.7 mm) (P = 0.031). Soft and calcific sections had a smaller mean EEM area (P = 0.034). Calcific lesions had a smaller mean lumen area (P = 0.027) and a greater percent plaque burden (PPB) (P = 0.001). Neither the location within the vessel or within the plaque was associated with plaque morphology. Greater qualitative heterogeneity was found in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity in composition and morphological features within individual atherosclerotic plaques in human coronary arteries. Intraplaque heterogeneity represents a challenge for imaging protocols correlating plaque features with cardiovascular events and for the development of future therapeutic options.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging Core Laboratories, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Florida 32209, USA.
authors.forename: Lyndon C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Box
authors.forename: Dominick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Angiolillo
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Lesleigh A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Box
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Luiz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zenni
authors.forename: Theodore A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*