title: Drug resistance in plasma and breast milk after single-dose nevirapine in subtype C HIV type 1: population and clonal sequence analysis.
abstract: Single-dose nevirapine (SD NVP) reduces intrapartum HIV-1 transmission, but nonnucleoside reverse transcription (NNRTI) resistance mutations can emerge. Population sequencing among 32 subtype C HIV-1-infected, SD NVP-exposed Zimbawean women demonstrated NNRTI resistance in 25/32 (78%) women: 23/30 (77%) at 2 weeks, 11/31 (35%) at 8 weeks, and 5/27 (19%) at 24 weeks. A total of 447 unique TA clones (median = 28 per time point), from four women with resistance at 8 weeks but wild-type virus by population sequence at 24 weeks, identified NNRTI mutations in a median of 76% (range: 55-96%) of individual clones at 2 weeks, 48% (range: 33-80%) at 8 weeks, and 5% (range: 0-15%) by 24 weeks. NNRTI mutations in breast milk clones at 2 and weeks from one woman varied significantly from plasma. Population sequencing underestimates the diversity of NNRTI resistance mutations within minority populations following SD NVP in subtype C HIV-1 viral RNA in plasma and breast milk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. skassaye@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Seble
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kassaye
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kantor
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zijenah
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mateta
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Katzenstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019829:Nevirapine