Identification and quantification of diethylene glycol in pharmaceuticals implicated in poisoning epidemics: an historical laboratory perspective.
Over the last several decades, mass poisonings of diethylene glycol (DEG), usually ingested as an unintended component of pharmaceutical preparations, have occurred. In order to promptly halt the rise in deaths due to ingestion of these pharmaceuticals, laboratory analysis has often been employed to identify and quantify the etiologic agent after the medications have been tentatively implicated. Over the past 15 years, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has been involved in identifying DEG in implicated pharmaceutical products during three poisoning epidemics that occurred in Nigeria (1990), Haiti (1995), and, most recently, in Panama (2006). In each case, the timeliness of the identification was paramount in reducing the mortality involved in these mass poisonings. Using state-of-the-art analytical technology, we were able to provide initial identification of DEG within 24 h of receiving samples for each epidemic, allowing a timely public health response. However, over the past 15 years, the analytical instrumentation available and the laboratory responses undertaken have changed. In addition, the type of information and the degree of confirmation of results requested during each epidemic varied based upon the number of individuals involved and the political tenor involved with the outbreak. We describe our historical approach to identifying and quantifying DEG during each of these outbreaks. Furthermore, the reoccurrence of outbreaks has prompted us to establish standard technology to use in potential future outbreaks to allow an even more timely response. This methodology includes the development of biomarkers of DEG exposure, which would be extremely useful in instances where pharmaceuticals are not clearly implicated.
Barr
Dana B
DB
National Center of Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. dbarr@cdc.gov
Barr
John R
JR
Weerasekera
Gayanga
G
Wamsley
Jacob
J
Kalb
Suzanne R
SR
Sjödin
Andreas
A
Schier
Joshua G
JG
Rentz
E Danielle
ED
Lewis
Lauren
L
Rubin
Carol
C
Needham
Larry L
LL
Jones
Robert L
RL
Sampson
Eric J
EJ
D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005026:Ethylene Glycols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000266:history / Q000506:poisoning; D006205:Haiti / Q000453:epidemiology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010176:Panama / Q000453:epidemiology; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000378:metabolism; D012997:Solvents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000266:history / Q000506:poisoning; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012997:Solvents; C013484:diethylene glycol