title: Epinephrine in local anesthetic cancels increase in tongue mucosal blood flow after stellate ganglion block in rabbit.
abstract: The goal of this study was to compare oral mucosal blood flow and duration of anesthetic action after stellate ganglion block (SGB) using lidocaine, with or without epinephrine, and discuss the effect of epinephrine on SGB. Duration of anesthetic action was defined as elapsed time from finish of injection to recovery of common carotid blood flow (CCBF) to within+/-5% of respective control value. Male Japan White rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane and mechanically ventilated. Common carotid blood flow and tongue mucosal tissue blood flow (TMBF) were measured with an ultrasound flowmeter and laser Doppler flowmeter, respectively. End-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (ETCO(2)) and hemodynamic variables were continuously monitored, including heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). For SGB, the tip of the needle was placed on the left transverse process of the cervical vertebra, 1-2 mm caudal to the cricoid cartilage. Either 0.1 ml of 1% lidocaine (Group L) or 1% lidocaine containing 10 mug/ml epinephrine (Group LE) was injected for SGB. There were no differences in values at immediately before SGB and at the time when maximal change in CCBF was observed after SGB for ETCO(2), HR, SBP, DBP or MAP in either group. CCBF showed a significant increase in Group L after SGB. In contrast, CCBF only showed a slight increase in Group LE. TMBF showed a significant increase in Group L after SGB, but not in Group LE. No differences in time required for maximal effect were observed between the two groups. In contrast, duration of anesthetic action in Group LE was significantly longer than that in Group L. Addition of epinephrine to local anesthetic solutions is not suitable for SGB, as it may not facilitate an increase in tissue blood flow, which is the primary objective of SGB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan. terakawayui@tdc.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terakawa
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Handa
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichinohe
authors.forename: Yuzuru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D011817:Rabbits; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine