title: Effects of an adapted intravenous amiodarone treatment protocol in horses with atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Good results have been obtained with a human amiodarone (AD) i.v. protocol in horses with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) and a pharmacokinetic study is required for a specific i.v. amiodarone treatment protocol for horses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the efficacy of this pharmacokinetic based i.v. AD protocol in horses with chronic AF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six horses with chronic AF were treated with an adapted AD infusion protocol. The protocol consisted of 2 phases with a loading dose followed by a maintenance infusion. In the first phase, horses received an infusion of 6.52 mg AD/kg bwt/h for 1 h followed by 1.1 mg/kg bwt/h for 47 h. In the second phase, horses received a second loading dose of 3.74 mg AD/kg bwt/h for 1 h followed by 1.31 mg/kg bwt/h for 47 h. Clinical signs were monitored, a surface ECG and an intra-atrial electrogram were recorded. AD treatment was discontinued when conversion or any side effects were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of the 6 horses cardioverted successfully without side effects. The other 3 horses did not convert and showed adverse effects, including diarrhoea. In the latter, there were no important circulatory problems, but the diarrhoea continued for 10-14 days. The third horse had to be subjected to euthanasia because a concomitant Salmonella infection worsened the clinical signs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The applied treatment protocol based upon pharmacokinetic data achieved clinically relevant concentrations of AD and desethylamiodarone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous AD has the potential to be an alternative pharmacological treatment for AF in horses, although AD may lead to adverse drug effects, particularly with cumulative dosing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tavernier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Croubels
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Backer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deprez
mesh_terms: D000638:Amiodarone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006736:Horses; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000638:Amiodarone