title: Modified saponification and HPLC methods for analyzing carotenoids from the retina of quail: implications for its use as a nonprimate model species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate carotenoid content in the retina of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), for comparison with carotenoids in human retina, and to assess the effects of different saponification procedures on the recovery of quail retinal carotenoids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracted retinal carotenoids were saponified with methods adapted from recent studies, then identified and quantified with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To assess the effects of saponification conditions on carotenoid recovery from quail retina, we varied base concentration and the total time of saponification across a wide range and again used HPLC to compare carotenoid concentrations among conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Astaxanthin and galloxanthin were the dominant carotenoids recovered in the quail retina, along with smaller amounts of five other carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, 3'-epilutein, epsilon-carotene, and an unidentified carotenoid). Astaxanthin was sensitive to saponification conditions; recovery was poor with strong bases (0.2 and 0.5 M KOH) and best with weak bases (0.01 and 0.2 M KOH). In contrast, xanthophyll carotenoids (galloxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, 3'-epilutein, and the unknown) were best recovered with strong base after 6 hours of saponification at room temperature. The recovery of epsilon-carotene was not affected by saponification conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Separate chemical hydrolysis procedures--using a strong base to recover xanthophylls and a weak base to recover astaxanthin--should be used for maximizing recovery of quail retinal carotenoids. Because the dominant carotenoids in quail retina are absent in human retina, and because of their different packaging (e.g., esterified in oil droplets) and light-absorbance properties compared with xanthophylls in the human eye, use of the quail as a model organism for studying human retinal carotenoids should be approached with caution.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA. matthew.toomey@asu.edu
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Toomey
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: McGraw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003370:Coturnix; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014975:Lutein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D012160:Retina / Q000737:chemistry*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000032:analysis; D065146:Zeaxanthins
chemical_list: C474265:(3R,3'S,6'R)-lutein; D006878:Hydroxides; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D002338:Carotenoids; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; C005948:astaxanthine; C029943:potassium hydroxide; D014975:Lutein