title: The expression of SOCS is altered in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cytokines play a key pathogenic role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several cytokines signal through the JAK-STAT pathway, which is negatively regulated by the suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins. Since SOCS protein levels can profoundly modulate cellular responses to cytokines, we have investigated their expression in chronic RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The levels of SOCS1-3 and CIS1 mRNA in peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) mononuclear cells (MCs), purified T cells and monocytes from RA patients and healthy volunteers were studied using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). SOCS mRNA and protein expression in synovial tissues were examined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of SOCS1 and SOCS3 were significantly increased in PBMCs from RA patients when compared with healthy volunteers. These differences were mainly due to up-regulation of SOCS1 in PB T cells and of SOCS3 in PB monocytes. In addition, SOCS2 was up-regulated in PB T cells. Interestingly, SF T cells expressed lower and SF macrophages higher levels of SOCS molecules than their PB counterparts. Similarly, while a significant portion of macrophages in synovial tissues expressed SOCS1 and SOCS3 proteins, the majority of T cells remained SOCS negative. Finally, SOCS1 was up-regulated in the synovial membranes from patients with RA when compared with osteoarthritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SOCS expression levels are profoundly altered in RA, and the profile of SOCS expression is dependent on both the cell type as well as the cellular compartment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Technology, Biokatu 8, 33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. pia.isomaki@uta.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Isomäki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alanärä
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Isohanni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lagerstedt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korpela
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Visakorpi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Silvennoinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C108944:SOCS1 protein, human; C106643:SOCS2 protein, human; C106644:SOCS3 protein, human; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins