title: Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers' effortful control to children's adjustment and social competence.
abstract: The authors examined the relations of maternal supportive parenting to effortful control and internalizing problems (i.e., separation distress, inhibition to novelty), externalizing problems, and social competence when toddlers were 18 months old (n = 256) and a year later (n = 230). Mothers completed the Coping With Toddlers' Negative Emotions Scale, and their sensitivity and warmth were observed. Toddlers' effortful control was measured with a delay task and adults' reports (Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire). Toddlers' social functioning was assessed with the Infant/Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment. Within each age, children's regulation significantly mediated the relation between supportive parenting and low levels of externalizing problems and separation distress, and high social competence. When using stronger tests of mediation, controlling for stability over time, the authors found only partial evidence for mediation. The findings suggest these relations may be set at an early age.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3701, USA. tspinrad@asu.edu
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spinrad
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaertner
authors.forename: Tierney
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.forename: Karissa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Greving
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hofer
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012919:Social Behavior; D012944:Social Support; D012951:Socialization