title: Relationship between biofeedback and oxidative stress in patients with chronic migraine.
abstract: Chronic migraine (1.5.1) is burdened with headache-related disability. During noxious stimulation, changes of cerebral blood flow enhance the release of oxygen free radicals that react with nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the role of biofeedback in limiting migraine disability by influencing oxidative stress. Peroxides, NO and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analysed in 20 female subjects with chronic migraine and in 20 female healthy controls before and after biofeedback sessions. NO(x) levels (23.7 +/- 4.2 vs. 34.9 +/- 4.6 microm; P < 0.05) and SOD activity (6.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 8.0 +/- 0.7 U/ml; P < 0.05) were lower in migraine sufferers before treatment than in healthy controls, whereas peroxide levels (145.8 +/- 40.3 vs. 78.0 +/- 20.0 microm; P < 0.05) were higher in migraine sufferers before treatment than in healthy controls. In migraine sufferers NO(x) levels (23.7 +/- 4.2 vs. 31.3 +/- 7.1 microm; P < 0.05) and SOD activity (6.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 7.9 +/- 0.9 U/ml; P < 0.05) were lower before than after treatment, whereas peroxide levels (145.8 +/- 40.3 vs. 82.4 +/- 21.1 microm; P < 0.05) were higher before than after treatment. SOD serum activity correlated positively with NO(x) serum levels and negatively with peroxide serum levels in healthy controls and in chronic migraine sufferers before and after biofeedback. The mean Migraine Disability Assessment Score before biofeedback sessions was higher than after treatment (36.9 +/- 13.9 vs. 18.8 +/- 10.4; P < 0.001). The effectiveness of biofeedback in limiting chronic migraine may be related to muscular relaxation associated with decreased oxidative stress accompanied by psychological well-being.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Applied Physiology, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67010 L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ciancarelli
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tozzi-Ciancarelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spacca
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Massimo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carolei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010545:Peroxides / Q000097:blood; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010545:Peroxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase