title: Clinical pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Risk factors for development and duration after treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the incidence, duration, and risk factors for and outcome of cystoid macular edema (CME) after cataract surgery and investigate the effects of treatment regimens on visual outcome and duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based comprehensive ophthalmology practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 1659 consecutive cataract surgeries performed by residents between 2001 and 2006. Cases were classified according to the presence of CME. Subset analysis excluded patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The CME groups were analyzed according to type of treatment to compare duration of CME and final best corrected visual acuity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of postoperative CME was 2.35% (39/1659), and history of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) was predictive of postoperative CME (odds ratio [OR], 47.12; P<.001). When patients with DM were excluded, the incidence of CME was 2.14% (29/1357) and history of RVO (OR, 31.75; P<.001), epiretinal membrane (ERM) (OR, 4.93; P<.03), and preoperative prostaglandin use (OR, 12.45; P<.04) were predictive of postoperative CME. Patients with DM and/or intraoperative complications did not have an increased risk for CME when treated with prophylactic postoperative nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 3 months. Groups treated with NSAIDs plus a steroid had significantly shorter resolution times than the untreated group (P = .004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of RVO, ERM, and preoperative prostaglandin use were associated with an increased risk for pseudophakic CME. Treatment with NSAIDs plus steroids was associated with faster resolution of CME than no treatment. Treating high-risk patients with NSAIDs after cataract surgery decreases the incidence of postoperative CME to that of patients who are not at high risk.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. bahenderson@eyeboston.com
authors.forename: Bonnie A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Jae Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Christine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ament
authors.forename: Zandra K
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Ferrufino-Ponce
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grabowska
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cremers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011465:Prostaglandins, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019591:Pseudophakia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D012170:Retinal Vein Occlusion / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011465:Prostaglandins, Synthetic