Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers.
OBJECTIVE
This study compared the prevalence and risk factors of current probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) across different occupations involved in rescue/recovery work at the World Trade Center site.


METHODS
Rescue and recovery workers enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry who reported working at the World Trade Center site (N=28,962) were included in the analysis. Interviews conducted 2-3 years after the disaster included assessments of demographic characteristics, within-disaster and work experiences related to the World Trade Center, and current probable PTSD.


RESULTS
The overall prevalence of PTSD among rescue/recovery workers was 12.4%, ranging from 6.2% for police to 21.2% for unaffiliated volunteers. After adjustments, the greatest risk of developing PTSD was seen among construction/engineering workers, sanitation workers, and unaffiliated volunteers. Earlier start date and longer duration of time worked at the World Trade Center site were significant risk factors for current probable PTSD for all occupations except police, and the association between duration of time worked and current probable PTSD was strongest for those who started earlier. The prevalence of PTSD was significantly higher among those who performed tasks not common for their occupation.


CONCLUSIONS
Workers and volunteers in occupations least likely to have had prior disaster training or experience were at greatest risk of PTSD. Disaster preparedness training and shift rotations to enable shorter duration of service at the site may reduce PTSD among workers and volunteers in future disasters.
Perrin
Megan A
MA
Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Bldg. 35, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA. mperrin@nki.rfmh.org
DiGrande
Laura
L
Wheeler
Katherine
K
Thorpe
Lorna
L
Farfel
Mark
M
Brackbill
Robert
R
D015331:Cohort Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010555:Personality Inventory; D016495:Police / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018635:Rescue Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D014838:Volunteers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data