title: Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma: novel aspects in clinical presentation and genetics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma is a rare tumor occurring mainly in infants and young children. Both radiological and histopathological appearances may resemble malignancy, although its clinical course is mainly benign.
  
  
  METHODS
  Altogether, 5 cases of DIG have been operated on in our hospital since the first diagnosis of DIG in Finland in 1993. We evaluated their presenting symptoms, radiological and surgical findings, histologic characteristics, and follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were male. Three were less than 18 months old, and 2 were 35 and 79 months old. The most common presenting symptoms were epileptic seizures (4 cases). In 4 cases, there was a histopathologically verified single cystic tumor. In 1 case, DIG was operatively diagnosed in 2 separate locations. This patient, moreover, had 2 other lesions suspected of being DIG, including a mass originating from the ophthalmic nerve. None of the patients received adjuvant therapies. All our patients are alive after 7 to 120 months of follow-up. There were no recurrences in any of the patients after tumor resection. For the first time, we describe EGFR and MYCN amplifications in tumors which are, respectively, of their mixed glial and neuronal origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical presentation of DIG may be more often associated with epileptic seizures than previously thought. The radiological appearance of DIG may vary from cystic to solid and from contrast-enhancing to nonenhancing. Even multiple locations of DIG have been encountered. Increasing evidence supports surgery as the treatment of choice for DIG, although oncogene amplifications have been described.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, FIN-33521 Tampere, Finland. kimmo.lonnrot@pshp.fi
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lönnrot
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terho
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kähärä
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haapasalo
authors.forename: Pauli
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Helén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018303:Ganglioglioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009857:Oncogenes / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins