title: Vocal cord dysfunction and feeding difficulties after pediatric cardiovascular surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of vocal cord dysfunction on feeding in children after cardiovascular surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 2255 children who had cardiovascular surgery between January 2000 to January 2006, 38 (1.7%) had postoperative vocal cord dysfunction confirmed at laryngoscopy. The following data were obtained retrospectively: type of surgery, laryngoscopic examination results, swallowing studies, upper gastrointestinal (UGI) studies, and feeding route: oral, nasogastric tube (NG), and gastrostomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgeries included aortic arch reconstruction (n = 20), patent ductus arteriosus ligation (n = 8), arterial switch (n = 3), cervical cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (n = 2), and others (n = 5). A swallowing study confirmed dysfunction in 27 of 29 patients. Gastrostomy was placed in 18/38 patients. At discharge, 18 patients were fed by gastrostomy, 13 orally, 3 by NG, and 4 by combination oral/NG. At a median follow-up of 12 months, 20 were fed orally, 1 by NG, 7 by gastrostomy, 7 by combination gastrostomy/orally, 1 was lost to follow-up, 2 died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vocal cord dysfunction after pediatric cardiovascular surgery is associated with significant feeding problems and may require prolonged gastrostomy feeding. These findings support aggressive surveillance for vocal cord dysfunction, especially in patients undergoing aortic arch surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Arkansas Children's Hospital and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. sachdevaritu@uams.edu
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.forename: Elora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: M Michele
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Michiaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: Robert D B
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Jaquiss
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005248:Feeding Methods; D005774:Gastrostomy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014139:Tracheostomy; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000209:etiology*