title: Morphologic characterization of organized extracellular matrix deposition by ascorbic acid-stimulated human corneal fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the structure and morphology of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesized by untransformed, cultured human corneal fibroblasts in long-term cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human corneal stromal keratocytes were expanded in transwell culture in the presence of fetal bovine serum and a stable derivative of vitamin C. The cells were allowed to synthesize a fibrillar ECM for up to 5 weeks. Constructs were assessed by light (phase-contrast and differential interference-contrast) and transmission (standard and quick freeze/deep etch) microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electron micrographs revealed stratified constructs with multiple parallel layers of cells and an extracellular matrix comprising parallel arrays of small, polydisperse fibrils (27-51 nm) that often alternate in direction. Differential interference contrast images demonstrated oriented ECM fibril arrays parallel to the plane of the construct, whereas quick-freeze, deep-etch micrographs showed the details of the matrix interaction with fibroblasts through arrays of membrane surface structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human keratocytes, cultured in a stable vitamin C derivative, are capable of assembling extracellular matrix, which comprises parallel arrays of ECM fibrils. The resultant constructs, which are highly cellular, are morphologically similar to the developing mammalian stroma, where organized matrix is derived. The appearance of arrays of structures on the cell membranes suggests a role in the local organization of synthesized ECM. This model could provide critical insight into the fundamental processes that govern the genesis of organized connective tissues such as the cornea and may provide a scaffolding suitable for tissue engineering a biomimetic stroma.
authors.affiliation: Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Audrey E K
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hutcheon
authors.forename: Suzanna A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Melotti
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Zieske
authors.forename: Vickery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trinkaus-Randall
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ruberti
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002452:Cell Count; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024062:Collagen Type V / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D024142:Collagen Type VI / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000166:cytology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008857:Microscopy, Interference; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D024062:Collagen Type V; D024142:Collagen Type VI; D014815:Vitamins; D001205:Ascorbic Acid