title: Timing, positioning, and sequential staging in esthetic implant therapy: a four-dimensional perspective.
abstract: Many articles address the predictability of immediate implant placement into extraction sockets; however, there are only a few reports that mention the indications and limitations of this technique. The aim of this article is to re-examine specific indications for immediate implant placement and to clarify the timing or "fourth dimension" relative to extraction and implant placement. The expanded concept of four-dimensional implant treatment planning involves the new axis of time, which must be considered along with the traditional spatial or three-dimensional management of implant positioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Funato
authors.forename: Maurice A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salama
mesh_terms: D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005881:Gingiva / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D050793:Orthodontic Extrusion; D013997:Time Factors; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000379:methods; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000601:surgery