title: Periprocedural embolic events related to carotid artery stenting detected by diffusion-weighted MRI: comparison between proximal and distal embolus protection devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare the efficacy of proximal versus distal embolus protection devices (EPD) during carotid artery angioplasty/stenting (CAS) based on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients (31 men; mean age 68 years, range 48-85) underwent protected CAS and had DW-MRI before and after the intervention. The cohort was analyzed according to the type of EPD used: a proximal EPD was deployed in 25 (56.8%) patients (17 men; mean age 66 years, range 48-85) and a distal filter in 19 (14 men; mean age 70 years, range 58-79). Fifteen (60.0%) patients with proximal protection were symptomatic of the target lesion; in the distal protection group, 10 (52.6%) were symptomatic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New lesions were seen on the postinterventional DW-MRI in 28.0% (7/25) of the proximal EPD group versus 32.6% (6/19) of those with a distal filter (p = NS). The majority were clinically silent. The new lesions in the vascular territory of the stented carotid artery in the group as a whole and per patient were fewer in the proximal EPD group (p = NS). No significant differences were noted in the T(2) appearance of the new lesions or the number of new lesions observed away from the vascular territory of the stented artery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proximal embolus protection devices show a nonsignificant trend toward fewer embolic events, which warrants large-scale studies. Furthermore, proximal protection devices can be useful to control and treat acute in-stent thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland. marwan.el-koussy@insel.ch
authors.forename: Marwan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Koussy
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schroth
authors.forename: Dai-Do
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gralla
authors.forename: Krassen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nedeltchev
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: von Bredow
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Remonda
authors.forename: Caspar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brekenfeld
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D004617:Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome