title: Increased prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in common bile duct stone patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Earlier, we have shown an increased prevalence of previously diagnosed hypothyroidism in common bile duct (CBD) stone patients and a delayed emptying of the biliary tract in hypothyroidism, explained partly by the missing prorelaxing effect of T(4) on the sphincter of Oddi contractility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the prevalence of previously undiagnosed subclinical hypothyroidism in CBD stone patients was compared with nongallstone controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were clinically euthyreotic and without a history of thyroid function abnormalities. CBD stones were diagnosed at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (group 1; n = 303) or ruled out by previous medical history, liver function tests, and ultrasonography (control group II; n = 142).
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum free FT(4) and TSH (S-TSH) were analyzed; S-TSH above the normal range (>6.0 mU/liter) was considered as subclinical and S-TSH 5.0-6.0 mU/liter as borderline-subclinical hypothyroidism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5.3 and 5.0% (total 10.2%; 31 of 303) of the CBD stone patients were diagnosed to have subclinical and borderline-subclinical hypothyroidism, compared with 1.4% (P = 0.05) and 1.4% (total 2.8%, four of 142; P = 0.026) in the control group, respectively. In women older than 60 yr, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 11.4% in CBD stone and 1.8% in control patients (P = 0.032) and subclinical plus borderline-subclinical hypothyroidism 23.8% in CBD stone and 1.8% in control patients (P = 0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subclinical hypothyroidism is more common in the CBD stone patients, compared with nongallstone controls, supporting our hypothesis that hypothyroidism might play a role in the forming of CBD stones. At minimum, women older than 60 yr with CBD stones should be screened for borderline or overt subclinical hypothyroidism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere FIN-33520, Finland. johanna.laukkarinen@fimnet.fi
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laukkarinen
authors.forename: Gediminas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiudelis
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lempinen
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Räty
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pelli
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sand
authors.forename: Esko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kemppainen
authors.forename: Caj
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haglund
authors.forename: Isto
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nordback
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013972:Thyrotropin