title: Effects of preparatory information and distraction on children's cold-pressor pain outcomes: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: This experimental study investigated whether preparatory sensory information was more effective in managing children's pain when coupled with a distraction technique. Seventy-eight children aged 7-12 years were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 experimental conditions. They were given either a detailed sensory description of an imminent painful event (cold-pressor arm immersion in 10 degrees C water) or control instructions lacking sensory information. During the cold-pressor task, half the sample received an imagery-based distraction intervention. Pain measures included immersion tolerance, self-reported pain intensity, and facial pain responses. Self-reported coping style was assessed using the Pain Coping Questionnaire [Reid, G. J., Gilbert, C. A., & McGrath, P. J. (1998). The pain coping questionnaire: Preliminary validation. Pain, 76, 83-96]. The effects of information provision interacted with distraction for pain intensity but not pain tolerance. Children given sensory preparation reported less intense pain when this was coupled with distraction than when it was not. Children with a distraction-based coping style showed greater tolerance when assigned to a condition congruent with their coping style. These findings suggest ways to better prepare children for painful medical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Pain Medicine Unit, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia. Tiina.Jaaniste@sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaaniste
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Carl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: von Baeyer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*