title: Maintenance of myocyte volume homeostasis during stress by diazoxide is cardioprotective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously demonstrated that myocyte swelling and reduced contractility secondary to hyperkalemic cardioplegia and hyposmotic stress are attenuated by the addition of diazoxide, an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP)) opener. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of diazoxide on myocyte swelling and reduced contractility after metabolic inhibition and to attempt to summarize the potential mechanisms involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated rabbit myocytes were perfused with Tyrode's control solution for 20 minutes, followed by test solution for 20 minutes. Test solutions included (1) Tyrode's control, (2) a metabolic inhibition solution containing sodium cyanide and 2-deoxyglucose, (3) metabolic inhibition plus diazoxide, (4) metabolic inhibition plus diazoxide plus HMR1098 (a sarcolemmal K(ATP)-channel blocker), or (5) metabolic inhibition plus diazoxide plus 5-hydroxydeconoate (a mitochondrial K(ATP)-channel blocker). Myocytes were then reexposed to Tyrode's solution for 20 minutes. Volume measurements were taken every 5 minutes. Contractility was recorded using edge-detection software at baseline and at 10 and 20 minutes of reexposure to Tyrode's solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulated ischemia (metabolic inhibition) caused significant myocyte swelling and associated reduced contractility. The addition of diazoxide abolished myocyte swelling and attenuated the associated reduced contractility. Observations with diazoxide were unchanged by the addition of HMR 1098 or 5-hydroxydeconoate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diazoxide, with or without either K(ATP)-channel blocker, attenuated the significant myocyte swelling and reduced contractility secondary to metabolic inhibition. These data suggest a role for diazoxide, independent of the K(ATP) channel, in myocyte volume homeostasis. In addition, the prevention of myocyte swelling resulted in improved contractility, consistent with previous data and the hypothesis that myocyte swelling may participate in the phenomenon of myocardial stunning.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Ashraf S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Al-Dadah
authors.forename: Rochus K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Voeller
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Schuessler
authors.forename: Ralph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lawton
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; C117780:mitochondrial K(ATP) channel; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003981:Diazoxide; D002118:Calcium