title: Evaluation of antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum in children according to exposure of Anopheles gambiae s.l or Anopheles funestus vectors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In sub-Saharan areas, malaria transmission was mainly ensured by Anopheles. gambiae s.l. and Anopheles. funestus vectors. The immune response status to Plasmodium falciparum was evaluated in children living in two villages where malaria transmission was ensured by dissimilar species of Anopheles vectors (An. funestus vs An. gambiae s.l.).
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-disciplinary study was performed in villages located in Northern Senegal. Two villages were selected: Mboula village where transmission is strictly ensured by An. gambiae s.l. and Gankette Balla village which is exposed to several Anopheles species but where An. funestus is the only infected vector found. In each village, a cohort of 150 children aged from one to nine years was followed during one year and IgG response directed to schizont extract was determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar results of specific IgG responses according to age and P. falciparum infection were observed in both villages. Specific IgG response increased progressively from one-year to 5-year old children and then stayed high in children from five to nine years old. The children with P. falciparum infection had higher specific antibody responses compared to negative infection children, suggesting a strong relationship between production of specific antibodies and malaria transmission, rather than protective immunity. In contrast, higher variation of antibody levels according to malaria transmission periods were found in Mboula compared to Gankette Balla. In Mboula, the peak of malaria transmission was followed by a considerable increase in antibody levels, whereas low and constant anti-malaria IgG response was observed throughout the year in Gankette Balla.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the development of anti-malaria antibody response was profoundly different according to areas where malaria exposure is dependent with different Anopheles species. These results are discussed according to i) the use of immunological tool for the evaluation of malaria transmission and ii) the influence of Anopheles vectors species on the regulation of antibody responses to P. falciparum.
authors.affiliation: Association Espoir Pour La Santé (EPLS) BP 226 Saint-Louis, Senegal. sarrjeanbirame@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Jean Biram
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sarr
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Remoue
authors.forename: Badara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Samb
authors.forename: Ibrahima
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dia
authors.forename: Sohibou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guindo
authors.forename: Cheikh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sow
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maiga
authors.forename: Seydou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tine
authors.forename: Cheikh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thiam
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schacht
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simondon
authors.forename: Lassana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Konate
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riveau
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D007223:Infant; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000276:immunology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission*; D012621:Seasons; D012675:Senegal; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G