title: Stem cell therapy for the treatment of heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congestive heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from myocardial dysfunction that impairs the cardiovascular system's function. Medical and surgical therapy both still result in a large number of patients with very few options and persistent ventricular dysfunction. The major process to reverse ventricular remodeling would be the enhancement of regeneration of cardiac myocytes, as well as the stimulation of neovascularization within the affected area of the myocardium. This can be achieved by introducing progenitor cells that are capable of differentiating into cardiac myocytes, or that promote neovascularization and restore the normal characteristics of myocardium environment. A number of issues remain as to the type of cells, delivery, timing, and mechanisms involved, however.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There have been a number of clinical trials in patients with heart failure that have been based on animal data related to stem cell therapy. Most have utilized whole bone marrow cells or myoblasts. The majority of the studies demonstrate an improvement in ventricular function, reduction in scarring, and improvement in symptoms. Some trials have shown no improvement at all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review examines the bench-to-bedside developments of stem cell therapy related to congestive heart failure.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15213, USA. patelan@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Amit N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Genovese
mesh_terms: D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D024510:Muscle Development; D032386:Myoblasts, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*