title: Protein isoprenylation regulates secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 1 from rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts: effects of statins and farnesyl and geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether protein prenylation (farnesyl/geranylgeranylation) regulates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts (RASFs), and whether MMP-1 secretion can be regulated by statins or prenyltransferase inhibitors via effects mediated by ERK, JNK, and NF-kappaB.
  
  
  METHODS
  RASFs obtained from patients during elective knee replacement surgery were assessed by immunoblotting and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for secretion of MMP-1 and MMP-13 in the presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), statins, the farnesyl transferase (FT) inhibitor FTI-276 and geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor GGTI-298, and prenyl substrates (farnesyl pyrophosphate [FPP] and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate [GGPP]). Activities of JNK and ERK were determined by phosphoimmunoblotting, and NF-kappaB activation was determined by nuclear translocation of the p65 component.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FTI-276, but not statins, inhibited RASF secretion of MMP-1, but not MMP-13, following induction with TNFalpha (P = 0.0007) or IL-1beta (P = 0.006). Loading RASFs with FPP to promote farnesylation enhanced MMP-1 secretion. FTI-276 inhibited activation of JNK (P < 0.05) and NF-kappaB (P = 0.02), but not ERK. In contrast, GGTI-298 enhanced, while GGPP inhibited, MMP-1 secretion. FTI-276 and GGTI-298 together had no effect on MMP-1 secretion. Stimulation of RASFs with TNFalpha or IL-1beta led to increased expression and activity of FT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein farnesylation is required for expression and secretion of MMP-1 from RASFs, via effects on JNK and NF-kappaB. The ability of cytokines to stimulate the expression and activity of FT suggests that FT may be increased in the rheumatoid joint. In contrast, geranylgeranylation down-regulates MMP-1 expression. Statins simultaneously inhibit farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, and in consequence do not inhibit MMP-1 secretion. The ability of FTI-276 to inhibit MMP-1 secretion suggests a potential therapeutic strategy in RA.
authors.affiliation: New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, and New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Aryeh M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abeles
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marjanovic
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Mukundan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Attur
authors.forename: Edwin S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Hayf E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Al-Mussawir
authors.forename: Hayfez
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Mussawir
authors.forename: Mandar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dave
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stuchin
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pillinger
mesh_terms: D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008715:Methionine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017368:Protein Prenylation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000201:enzymology*; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; C404062:FTI 276; C102521:GGTI 298; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008715:Methionine; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C083291:geranylgeranyltransferase type-I; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1