title: Primary ciliary dyskinesia in the paediatric population: range and severity of radiological findings in a cohort of patients receiving tertiary care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical range and severity of radiological findings in a cohort of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) receiving tertiary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case notes and clinical test results of 89 children attending the paediatric respiratory disease clinic at our institution were retrospectively analysed. Demographic details including age at diagnosis and common presenting signs and symptoms were studied. Results of chest radiographs, microscopy, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) for quantification of lung damage were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a cohort of 89 children with PCD, a presentation chest radiograph was available in 62% of patients (n=55), with all but one demonstrating changes of bronchial wall thickening. HRCT of the lungs, available in 26 patients, were scored using the system described by Brody et al. analysing five specific features of lung disease, including bronchiectasis, mucus plugging, peribronchial thickening, parenchymal changes of consolidation, and ground-glass density, and focal air-trapping in each lobe. Peribronchial thickening was observed using HRCT in 25 patients, while 20 patients had bronchiectasis. Severity scores were highest for the middle and the lingular lobes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The radiographic findings of the largest reported cohort of patients with PCD are presented, with associated clinical findings. Dextrocardia remains the commonest finding on chest radiography. HRCT demonstrates peribronchial thickening and bronchiectasis, which is most marked in the lower zones. Radiological scoring techniques developed for assessment of cystic fibrosis can also be applied for the assessment of disease severity in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: S P G
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Padley
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Goldstraw
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biggart
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bush
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007619:Kartagener Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*