title: Ancient evolutionary origin of the neural crest gene regulatory network.
abstract: The vertebrate neural crest migrates from its origin, the neural plate border, to form diverse derivatives. We previously hypothesized that a neural crest gene regulatory network (NC-GRN) guides neural crest formation. Here, we investigate when during evolution this hypothetical network emerged by analyzing neural crest formation in lamprey, a basal extant vertebrate. We identify 50 NC-GRN homologs and use morpholinos to demonstrate a critical role for eight transcriptional regulators. The results reveal conservation in deployment of upstream factors, suggesting that proximal portions of the network arose early in vertebrate evolution and have been conserved for >500 million years. We found biphasic expression of neural crest specifiers and differences in deployment of some specifiers and effectors expected to confer species-specific properties. By testing the collective expression and function of neural crest genes in a single, basal vertebrate, we reveal the ground state of the NC-GRN and resolve ambiguities between model organisms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sauka-Spengler
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meulemans
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bronner-Fraser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D015723:Gene Library; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007798:Lampreys / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000196:embryology*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate