title: COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention.
abstract: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are episodes of worsening of symptoms, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. COPD exacerbations are associated with increased airway and systemic inflammation and physiological changes, especially the development of hyperinflation. They are triggered mainly by respiratory viruses and bacteria, which infect the lower airway and increase airway inflammation. Some patients are particularly susceptible to exacerbations, and show worse health status and faster disease progression than those who have infrequent exacerbations. Several pharmacological interventions are effective for the reduction of exacerbation frequency and severity in COPD such as inhaled steroids, long-acting bronchodilators, and their combinations. Non-pharmacological therapies such as pulmonary rehabilitation, self-management, and home ventilatory support are becoming increasingly important, but still need to be studied in controlled trials. The future of exacerbation prevention is in assessment of optimum combinations of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies that will result in improvement of health status, and reduction of hospital admission and mortality associated with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School; University College London, UK. j.a.wedzicha@medsch.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jadwiga A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wedzicha
authors.forename: Terence A R
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Seemungal
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015444:Exercise; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors