title: Prevalence of prostate cancer at different levels of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and different free: total PSA ratios in a consecutive series of men referred for prostate biopsies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this retrospective study we report on the detection rate of prostate cancer (PCa) at different levels of prostate-specific antigen in serum (s-PSA) and at different PSA ratios (free:total PSA) during a 2-year period in patients without previously known PCa.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the years 2001 and 2002, 361 consecutive patients were examined with ultrasound-guided core needle biopsies at our department. The patients were biopsied due to an increased s-PSA level, a low PSA ratio or findings at digital rectal examination (DRE). Patients with previously known cancer (T1a/b or cancer already detected with fine-needle aspiration cytology) were excluded. We used the BioPince biopsy needle, which has a stroke length of 32 mm. In 91% of the patients, eight biopsies were taken from the apex, mid-medial, mid-lateral and base positions bilaterally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 361 patients, 188 (52%) had PCa. Most cancers were T1c or T2 tumors (51% and 34%, respectively). Among patients with an s-PSA level of < 4 ng/ml, 8/35 (23%) had PCa. Five of 13 patients with a normal DRE (T1c) and an s-PSA level of < 4 ng/ml had PCa. In total, in the PSA ratio intervals 0.05-0.1 and 0.11-0.17, cancer was found in 71% and 51% of cases, respectively. In contrast, only 35% of patients had positive biopsies when the PSA ratio was normal (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall cancer detection rate was high and a large proportion of patients with an s-PSA level of < 4 ng/ml had PCa. The risk of having PCa increased considerably with a low PSA ratio.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rydén
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Egevad
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hellström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015995:Prevalence; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen