Preventing stroke among children with sickle cell anemia: an analysis of strategies that involve transcranial Doppler testing and chronic transfusion.
BACKGROUND
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography can identify children with sickle cell anemia who are at elevated risk of stroke and may benefit from chronic transfusions. Uncertainty about the risk/benefit trade-offs of chronic transfusion has led some clinicians to decide not to offer transcranial Doppler ultrasonography screening.


OBJECTIVE
Our goals were to (1) compare the projected benefits and risks of 6 primary stroke-prevention strategies, (2) estimate the optimal frequency of screening, and (3) identify key assumptions that influence the risk/benefit relationship.


METHODS
We designed a decision model to compare 6 primary stroke-prevention strategies: (1) annual transcranial Doppler ultrasonography screening until age 16 with children at high risk of stroke receiving monthly transfusion for life; (2) annual transcranial Doppler ultrasonography until age 16 with transfusions until age 18; (3) biannual transcranial Doppler ultrasonography until age 16 with transfusions until age 18; (4) annual transcranial Doppler ultrasonography until age 10 with transfusion until age 18; (5) 1-time screening at age 2 with transfusion until age 18; and (6) no intervention. Assumptions were derived from the published literature.


RESULTS
For a hypothetical cohort of 2-year-old children, the optimal strategy was transcranial Doppler ultrasonography screening annually until age 10 with children at high risk receiving monthly transfusions until age 18. The optimal strategy would prevent 32% of strokes predicted to occur without intervention. The optimal strategy led to benefits similar to more intensive screening and transfusion strategies but resulted in fewer adverse events. All the intervention strategies resulted in net losses in life expectancy, because the projected mortality averted by stroke prevention was outweighed by the projected increase in mortality from transfusion. Results were sensitive to adherence rates to iron-chelation therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
The optimal stroke-prevention strategy was projected to be annual transcranial Doppler ultrasonography screening until age 10 with transfusion for children at high risk until age 18. Better adherence to chelation therapy would improve life expectancy in all intervention strategies.
Mazumdar
Maitreyi
M
Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. maitreyi.mazumdar@childrens.harvard.edu
Heeney
Matthew M
MM
Sox
Colin M
CM
Lieu
Tracy A
TA
D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004453:Echoencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D006801:Humans; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
D007502:Iron Chelating Agents