title: Depressive symptoms predict mucosal wound healing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is mounting evidence that psychosocial stress can delay wound healing, but this literature almost exclusively pertains to dermal wound healing. Many surgical procedures involve damage to mucosal tissues and the time course and the role of repair processes, such as inflammation, in the healing of these tissues are markedly different from those in dermal healing. Feelings of depression and social isolation are common among surgical patients, and the present study therefore investigated if these factors predict the rate of mucosal wound healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undergraduate students were invited to participate in the study if they reported high or low levels of loneliness or depressive symptoms, corresponding to the upper or lower quintile of their peer group. The UCLA loneliness scale and the Beck Depression Inventory [short form] were used for this screening. A sample of 193 healthy young adults (age range 18-31 years) received a 3.5-mm circular wound on the oral hard palate, under local anesthesia. Healing was monitored by daily videographs of the wound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median healing rate was 7 days. High dysphoric participants were, however, more likely to heal slower than this median healing rate (odds ratio 3.57 (1.58-8.07); p < .001). This association remained robust after correction for a broad range of demographic and behavioral variables, including gender, age, ethnicity, and health behaviors. High dysphoric individuals also exhibited significantly larger average wound sizes from day 2 post wounding onward. Loneliness and diurnal cortisol secretion (measured over 5 days) were unrelated to healing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms predict the rate of mucosal wound healing in healthy young adults. We discuss potential pathways that warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Jos A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Engeland
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cacioppo
authors.forename: Phillip T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Marucha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000293:injuries; D011379:Prognosis; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014945:Wound Healing