Influences on children's oral health: a conceptual model.
Despite marked improvements over the past century, oral health in America is a significant problem: caries is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Much oral health research examines influences primarily in the oral cavity or focuses on a limited number of individual-level factors. The purpose of this article was to present a more encompassing conceptual model of the influences on children's oral health.



The conceptual model presented here was derived from the population health and social epidemiology fields, which have moved toward multilevel, holistic approaches to analyze the complex and interactive causes of children's health problems. It is based on a comprehensive review of major population and oral health literatures.



A multilevel conceptual model is described, with the individual, family, and community levels of influence on oral health outcomes. This model incorporates the 5 key domains of determinants of health as identified in the population health literature: genetic and biological factors, the social environment, the physical environment, health behaviors, and dental and medical care. The model recognizes the presence of a complex interplay of causal factors. Last, the model incorporates the aspect of time, recognizing the evolution of oral health diseases (eg, caries) and influences on the child-host over time.



This conceptual model represents a starting point for thinking about children's oral health. The model incorporates many of the important breakthroughs by social epidemiologists over the past 25 years by including a broad range of genetic, social, and environmental risk factors; multiple pathways by which they operate; a time dimension; the notion of differential susceptibility and resilience; and a multilevel approach. The study of children's oral health from a global perspective remains largely in its infancy and is poised for additional development. This work can help inform how best to approach and improve children's oral health.
Fisher-Owens
Susan A
SA
University of California, Department of Pediatrics, 400 Parnassus Ave, Room AC01, Box 0374, San Francisco, CA 94143-0374, USA. fisherowens@peds.ucsf.edu
Gansky
Stuart A
SA
Platt
Larry J
LJ
Weintraub
Jane A
JA
Soobader
Mah-J
MJ
Bramlett
Matthew D
MD
Newacheck
Paul W
PW
D000886:Anthropometry; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D019140:Dental Care for Children; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005190:Family; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007347:Insurance, Dental; D008954:Models, Biological; D009909:Oral Health; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors