title: Comparative protection against liver inflammation and fibrosis by a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and a nonredox-type 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor.
abstract: In this study, we examined the relative contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), two major proinflammatory pathways up-regulated in liver disease, to the progression of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Separate administration of 4-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide (SC-236), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, and CJ-13,610, a 5-LO inhibitor, to carbon tetrachloride-treated mice significantly reduced fibrosis as revealed by the analysis of Sirius Red-stained liver sections without affecting necroinflammation. Conversely, combined administration of SC-236 and 4-[3-[4-(2-methylimidazol-1-yl)-phenylthio]]phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (CJ-13,610) reduced both necroinflammation and fibrosis. These findings were confirmed in 5-LO-deficient mice receiving SC-236, which also showed reduced hepatic monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression. Interestingly, SC-236 and CJ-13,610 significantly increased the number of nonparenchymal liver cells with apoptotic nuclei (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive). Additional pharmacological profiling of SC-236 and CJ-13,610 was performed in macrophages, the primary hepatic inflammatory cell type. In these cells, SC-236 inhibited prostaglandin (PG) E2 formation in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas CJ-13,610 blocked leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. Of note, the simultaneous addition of SC-236 and CJ-13,610 resulted in a higher inhibitory profile on PGE2 biosynthesis than the dual COX/5-LO inhibitor licofelone. These drugs differentially regulated interleukin-6 mRNA expression in macrophages. Taken together, these findings indicate that both COX-2 and 5-LO pathways are contributing factors to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and that these two pathways of the arachidonic acid cascade represent potential targets for therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horrillo
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Planagumà
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Périz
authors.forename: Natàlia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferré
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Titos
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miquel
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Parra
authors.forename: Jaime L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Masferrer
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clària
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000235:genetics; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008106:Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013440:Sulfides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007093:Imidazoles; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013440:Sulfides; D013449:Sulfonamides; C119130:4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C496810:CJ 13610