title: A comparison of fatigue failure responses of old versus middle-aged lumbar motion segments in simulated flexed lifting.
abstract: METHODS
  Survival analysis techniques were used to compare the fatigue failure responses of elderly motion segments to a middle-aged sample.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare fatigue life of a middle-aged sample of lumbosacral motion segments to a previously tested elderly cohort. An additional objective was to evaluate the influence of bone mineral content on cycles to failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A previous investigation evaluated fatigue failure responses of 36 elderly lumbosacral motion segments (average age, 81 +/- 8 years) subjected to spinal loads estimated when lifting a 9-kg load in 3 torso flexion angles (0 degrees, 22.5 degrees, and 45 degrees). Results demonstrated rapid fatigue failure with increased torso flexion; however, a key limitation of this study was the old age of the specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each lumbosacral spine was dissected into 3 motion segments (L1-L2, L3-L4, and L5-S1). Motion segments within each spine were randomly assigned to a spinal loading condition corresponding to lifting 9 kg in 3 torso flexion angles (0 degrees, 22.5 degrees, or 45 degrees). Motion segments were statically loaded and allowed to creep for 15 minutes, then cyclically loaded at 0.33 Hz. Fatigue life was taken as the number of cycles to failure (10 mm displacement after creep loading).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the older sample of spines, the middle-aged sample exhibited increased fatigue life (cycles to failure) in all the torso flexion conditions. Increased fatigue life of the middle-aged specimens was associated with the increased bone mineral content (BMC) in younger motion segments (mean +/- SD, 30.7 +/- 11.1 g per motion segment vs. 27.8 +/- 9.4 g). Increasing bone mineral content had a protective influence with each additional gram increasing survival times by approximately 12%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Younger motion segments survive considerably longer when exposed to similar spine loading conditions that simulate repetitive lifting in neutral and flexed torso postures, primarily associated with the increased bone mineral content possessed by younger motion segments. Cycles to failure of young specimens at 22.5 degrees flexion were similar to that of older specimens at 0 degrees flexion, and survivorship of young specimens at 45 degrees flexion was similar to the older cohort at 22.5 degrees.
authors.affiliation: NIOSH Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0070, USA. sgallagher@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Marras
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Litsky
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burr
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landoll
authors.forename: Velimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Matkovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D015519:Bone Density; D002102:Cadaver; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D017770:Lifting; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012447:Sacrum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing