title: Validation of peptide epitope microarray experiments and extraction of quality data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Within the last decade, the development of antigen microarray slides has enabled the simultaneous measurement of serum reactivity to hundreds of peptides in a single biological sample. Despite this considerable scientific progress, many issues remain regarding the quality, analysis and interpretation of the data these slides produce. There is currently no accepted approach to guide data analysis, and researchers use a wide variety of statistical methods and software tools. We designed and implemented a laboratory experiment to assess the reliability and range of measurement of peptide microarray data, and present graphical and statistical procedures for pre-processing so that quality data can be extracted for addressing biological hypotheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synthetic peptides spanning the proteins Ag85A, Ag85B, CFP10, MPT51/MPB51, TB10.4 and ESAT-6 were chosen as a paradigm to screen for serum reactivity to Mycobacteria tuberculosis (MTB). We explored various quantitative and graphical methods for presenting the responses from a slide. We replicated assays of samples from five TB-positive individuals to examine reproducibility, and used linear mixed models to investigate the various sources of variability, and to assess the range of measurement. We use our methods to extract data from the five TB-positive individuals and five healthy controls, and analyse the "normalized" responses using the freely available SAM package.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratio of foreground to background signal (on a log scale) provides an appropriate response index. A two-dimensional graphical display clearly illustrates the responses from the control and peptide features on a slide. Mixed model analysis of the replicated slides found a high reproducibility of the assay between operators, days and experiments. The range of measurement was also satisfactory. Our analysis of the normalized responses from the five TB-positive patients and five healthy controls suggested that 10 of the 363 peptides assessed had significantly higher responses in the TB-positive group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carefully designed laboratory experiments and rigorous statistical analysis can enable the removal of technical artefacts to produce quality peptide array data for addressing biological hypotheses. These instruments, which enable valid comparisons across slides and/or batches of slides, will escort future comparative analyses targeting high content serum reactivity profiling against a broad array of B-cell epitopes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nahtman
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jernberg
authors.forename: Shahnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahdavifar
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zerweck
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schutkowski
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeurer
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reilly
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D018985:Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D010455:Peptides / Q000276:immunology; D040081:Protein Array Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D018985:Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte; D010455:Peptides; C072681:Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens