title: Retroperitoneoscopic renal biopsy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present our experience in a series of 17 consecutive pediatric patients submitted to retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal biopsy (LRB) was performed in 5 boys and 12 girls. Mean age was 8.1 years and age range from 2 to 12. Two or three trocars were used to expose the inferior pole of the kidney, remove enough cortical parenchymal specimen and fulgurate the biopsy site. Assessment included surgical time, estimated blood loss, hospitalization period, analgesia requirements, complications and number of glomeruli present in the specimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LRB was successfully performed in all 15 patients (88%). In two cases, LRB was not possible to be performed. One patient was converted to a transperitoneal laparoscopy due to tear in the peritoneum. The other patient had had previous abdominal surgery and, during retroperitoneal balloon dilation, the peritoneum was opened and the open biopsy was performed. A third patient had postoperatively a perirenal hematoma, which was solved spontaneously. Complication rate was 17.6% (3/17 cases). Mean operative time was 65 minutes, while mean estimated blood loss was 52 mL, mean hospital stay was 2.2 days and mean analgesic requirement was 100 mg of tramadol. The mean number of glomeruli present in the specimen was 60.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal biopsy in children is a simple, safe. Bleeding is still the most common complication. However, direct vision usually allows a safe control of this drawback. In our institution, laparoscopic approach is the chosen procedure in pediatric patients older than one - year - old.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, General Hospital, UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. marcio@fmb.unesp.br
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jesus
authors.forename: Hamilto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Paulo R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: Oscar E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Fugita
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space