title: CHRNA4 and tobacco dependence: from gene regulation to treatment outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the probable importance of the alpha4 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the gene that codes for this subunit (CHRNA4) represents an excellent starting point for a genetic investigation of smoking behavior.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To achieve a better understanding of the role of this gene in the cause and treatment of tobacco dependence, we adopted a transdisciplinary pharmacogenetic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study at the behavioral and clinical levels of analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smokers (n = 316) between the ages of 18 and 50 years were recruited from the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bioinformatics analyses, cell culture experiments, and analyses of CHRNA4 expression and nicotine binding in postmortem human brain tissue advanced 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs6122429 and rs2236196).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both single-nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with subjective responses to smoking in the laboratory among 316 smokers. Likewise, among 353 participants in a clinical trial, rs2236196 was associated with smoking cessation outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of analyses ranging from basic biological approaches to clinical outcome data provide consistent evidence that 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CHRNA4 are functional at a biological level and are associated with nicotine dependence phenotypes. This interdisciplinary approach to the genetics of nicotine dependence provides a model for testing how functional genetic variation is translated from changes in messenger RNA and protein to individual differences in behavior and treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Kent.Hutchison@colorado.edu
authors.forename: Kent E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Francesca M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Filbey
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jepson
authors.forename: Caryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: Neal L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Benowitz
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stitzel
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGeary
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Haughey
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic