title: Local application of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhances nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-specific mucosal IgA responses in the middle ear.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal vaccination with P6 protein of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) may be effective for the induction of NTHi-specific protective immunity in the middle ear and middle ear application of CpG ODN may possibly be a new treatment strategy for otitis media (OM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Owing to the increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in recent years, treatment for OM often fails. In the interest of developing an alternative treatment that does not require antibiotics, the efficacy of middle ear application of CpG ODN was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were immunized intranasally with P6 and CpG ODN, and CpG ODN was then inoculated into the middle ear. P6-specific antibody titers were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the numbers of P6-specific antibody-producing cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P6-specific IgA in ear wash and serum IgG titers were elevated after nasal immunization. The number of specific IgA-producing cells was markedly increased in the middle ear mucosa. Interestingly, middle ear application of CpG ODN enhanced IgA levels in the middle ear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic / Q000276:immunology*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004432:Ear, Middle; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000276:immunology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; C069990:P6 outer membrane protein, Haemophilus