title: Magnetic resonance imaging of the levator veli palatini muscle in speakers with repaired cleft palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain detailed anatomic and physiologic information on the levator veli palatini muscle from MRI in individuals with repaired cleft palate and to compare the results with those from normal subjects reported by Ettema et al. (2002).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four men (ages 22 to 43 years) with repaired cleft lip and palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four quantitative measurements of the levator veli palatini muscle from rest position and dynamic speech magnetic resonance images were obtained: the distance between the origins of the muscle, angle of origin of the muscle, muscle length, and muscle thickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The length and thickness of the levator veli palatini muscle varied among the subjects and were different from measurements obtained from normal subjects in a previous study. The distance between origin points, length, and thickness of the levator veli palatini muscle were smaller than those of the normal subjects. There were systematic changes of the levator veli palatini muscle, depending upon vowel and consonant types. Levator veli palatini muscle angle of origin and length became progressively smaller from rest, nasal consonants, low vowels, high vowels, and fricative consonants. These changes are consistent with those of the normal subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study contributes to a better understanding of cleft palate anatomy in comparison with normal anatomy of the levator veli palatini muscle. The use of MRI shows promise as an important tool in the diagnosis and eventual aid to treatment decisions for individuals born with cleft palate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA. sha@utk.edu
authors.forename: Seunghee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kuehn
authors.forename: Mimis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alperin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010156:Palatal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013062:Speech Articulation Tests; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology