title: Predicting outcome in hyper-acute stroke: validation of a prognostic model in the Third International Stroke Trial (IST3).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Models are used to adjust for case mix and to stratify treatment allocation in clinical trials and can, if accurate enough, be used to aid decision-making in individual patients. We aimed to validate, in patients assessed within 6 hours of onset, a previously described six simple variable (SSV) model that was developed in stroke patients who were assessed sub-acutely. The explanatory variables in the model are age, living alone, independent pre-stroke, Glasgow Coma Scale verbal score, ability to lift arms and ability to walk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The six variables were collected at randomisation in the Third International Stroke Trial (IST3) trial of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in ischaemic stroke. We assessed survival to 30 days and functional status at 6 months using the Oxford Handicap Scale. We constructed receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves to establish the model's discriminatory performance and tested its calibration by charting predicted versus actual outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  537 patients (mean age, 74 years) were included, of whom 422 (79%) survived 30 days and 179 (33%) were alive and independent at 6 months. The SSV model had an area under the ROC curve of 0.73 for 30-day survival and 0.82 for independent survival at 6 months. Calibration was satisfactory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the external validity of the SSV model in an ischaemic stroke population assessed within 6 hours of symptom onset. The SSV model comprising easily collected variables can therefore be used to stratify patients in hyper-acute stroke trials, but probably is not accurate enough for decision-making in individual patients.
authors.forename: Steff C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Peter A G
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sandercock
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects*; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016019:Survival Analysis; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator