title: Dounreay hot particles: the story so far.
abstract: The first Dounreay hot particle (hereafter 'Particle') to be formally identified was recovered from the Dounreay foreshore in 1983. A further single Particle was recovered from Sandside beach the following year. Particles have been detected and removed from the Dounreay foreshore regularly since 1984 and from the offshore sediments since 1997. Since 1997, an extensive research and development programme has been undertaken to identify the source of Particles, their movement and lifetimes in the marine environment, and their potential effects on human and environmental health. It is now known that Particles were released to the North Atlantic Ocean in the mid to late 1960s and early 1970s. There is no evidence of an on-going source of Particles from the Dounreay site today. The source of Particles recovered from the Dounreay foreshore and from local beaches is the cache currently residing in marine sediments adjacent to Dounreay. Monitoring and sediment modelling studies indicate that the Dounreay Particles are transported approximately parallel to the coast in a north-easterly direction. Studies to define contact frequencies and risks to human health suggest that the health risks associated with Particles are very low There is, however, a significant perception of risk. UKAEA will define a long-term Particle management programme via the development of a best practical environmental option (BPEO) facilitated through consultation with all stakeholders.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Projects Department, UKAEA, Dounreay, UK.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D006801:Humans; D011210:Power Plants; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011850:Radioactive Waste / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006113:United Kingdom; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011850:Radioactive Waste; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive