title: Population pharmacokinetic analysis of carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations in adult cigarette smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a population-based model to describe and predict the pharmacokinetics of carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) in adult smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from smokers of different conventional cigarettes (CC) in three open-label, randomized studies were analysed using NONMEM (version V, Level 1.1). COHb concentrations were determined at baseline for two cigarettes [Federal Trade Commission (FTC) tar 11 mg; CC1, or FTC tar 6 mg; CC2]. On day 1, subjects were randomized to continue smoking their original cigarettes, switch to a different cigarette (FTC tar 1 mg; CC3), or stop smoking. COHb concentrations were measured at baseline and on days 3 and 8 after randomization. Each cigarette was treated as a unit dose assuming a linear relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked and measured COHb percent saturation. Model building used standard methods. Model performance was evaluated using nonparametric bootstrapping and predictive checks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data were described by a two-compartment model with zero-order input and first-order elimination with endogenous COHb. Model parameters included elimination rate constant (k(10)), central volume of distribution (Vc/F), rate constants between central and peripheral compartments (k(12) and k(21)), baseline COHb concentrations (c0), and relative fraction of carbon monoxide absorbed (F1). The median (range) COHb half-lives were 1.6 h (0.680-2.76) and 30.9 h (7.13-367) (alpha and beta phases, respectively). F1 increased with increasing cigarette tar content and age, whereas k(12) increased with ideal body weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A robust model was developed to predict COHb concentrations in adult smokers and to determine optimum COHb sampling times in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Projections Research Inc., Phoenixville, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cronenberger
authors.forename: Diane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mould
authors.forename: Hans-Juergen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Roethig
authors.forename: Mohamadi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarkar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012907:Smoking; D013638:Tars / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D013638:Tars; C024746:tobacco tar; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin