title: Inhibition of primordial germ cell proliferation by the medaka male determining gene Dmrt I bY.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dmrt I is a highly conserved gene involved in the determination and early differentiation phase of the primordial gonad in vertebrates. In the fish medaka dmrt I bY, a functional duplicate of the autosomal dmrt I a gene on the Y-chromosome, has been shown to be the master regulator of male gonadal development, comparable to Sry in mammals. In males mRNA and protein expression was observed before morphological sex differentiation in the somatic cells surrounding primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the gonadal anlage and later on exclusively in Sertoli cells. This suggested a role for dmrt I bY during male gonad and germ cell development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We provide functional evidence that expression of dmrt I bY leads to negative regulation of PGC proliferation. Flow cytometric measurements revealed a G2 arrest of dmrt I bY expressing cells. Interestingly, also non-transfected cells displayed a significantly lower fraction of proliferating cells, pointing to a possible non-cell autonomous action of dmrt I bY. Injection of antisense morpholinos led to an increase of PGCs in genetically male embryos due to loss of proliferation inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In medaka, dmrt I bY mediates a mitotic arrest of PGCs in males prior to testes differentiation at the sex determination stage. This occurs possibly via a cross-talk of Sertoli cells and PGCs.
authors.affiliation: University of Wurzburg, Physiological Chemistry I, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. amaury.herpin@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Amaury
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herpin
authors.forename: Detlev
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kraiss
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hornung
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schartl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006066:Gonads / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009990:Oryzias / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C110547:DMRT1 protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA