title: Sexual dimorphism in rats: effects of early maternal separation and variable chronic stress on pituitary-adrenal axis and behavior.
abstract: The pituitary-adrenal axis response is gender-dependent, showing lower activity in male rats. Furthermore, males showed low emotional behavior and females high emotionality when exposed to such chronic stress situations. The gender of an animal is a relevant factor in the development of responses to stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of early maternal separation on the pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior of adult male and female rats subjected to chronic variable stress. Male and female Wistar rats were isolated 4.5 h daily, during the three first weeks of life. At 48 days of age, the rats were exposed to variable chronic stress (five different stressors during 24 days). Non-maternally separated and maternally separated males showed lower levels of ACTH compared to females (p<0.01). In male rats exposed to variable chronic stress, the maternally separated animals showed a diminution in the levels of ACTH and Corticosterone (p<0.05) compared to non-maternally separated rats. In the Open Field test, the maternally separated and non-maternally separated-stressed males showed lower emotional reactivity compared with female rats. This was indicated by increase in ambulation (p<0.05) and decrease in defecation (p<0.05). Male rats subjected to variable chronic stress presented low emotional behavior seen in their lower defecation (p<0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation (p<0.05) and increased defecation (p<0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation (p<0.05), decrease in rearing (p<0.05) and increase in defecation (p<0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior.
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av Vélez Sársfield 299 (X5000JJC), Córdoba, Argentina. geormrenard@yahoo.com.ar
authors.forename: Georgina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Renard
authors.forename: M Angélica
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rivarola
authors.forename: Marta M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Suárez
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D003672:Defecation / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003345:Corticosterone