title: Eosinophils, but not neutrophils, exhibit an efficient DNA repair machinery and high nucleolar activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditionally eosinophils have been considered terminally differentiated cells that play a role in host protection against parasites. However, there is some evidence showing that eosinophils are, in fact, multifunctional leukocytes involved in inflammatory responses, as well as in tissue homeostasis. We characterized the transcriptome profile of human eosinophils, and, for the purpose of comparison, the transcriptome profile of neutrophils, monocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells. Moreover, we studied the activation of selected cellular processes for which a significant differential expression was demonstrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We profiled gene expression using Affymetrix GeneChips. DNA repair capacity was tested using the comet assay. Nucleoli and their activity were characterized by transmission electron microscopy analysis, silver staining of nucleolus regions (AgNOR) and RNA staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression profiling showed that eosinophils appear hierarchically closer to monocytes than to neutrophils. Gene ontology mapping of differentially expressed genes revealed that eosinophils express categories very similar to those expressed by monocytes, related to DNA repair and nucleolar functions. Moreover, our data show that eosinophils and monocytes maintain the ability to repair both double and single strand DNA breaks, whereas neutrophils lack this capacity. Furthermore, eosinophils exhibit nucleolar activity, which is lacking in neutrophils, but resembles that in monocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of large, active nucleoli in eosinophils, coupled to marked activity of DNA repair systems, suggests that eosinophils are not terminally differentiated cells. Indeed, their transcriptome profile and functional properties are more similar to those of non-terminally differentiated cells such as monocytes, rather than to neutrophils.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salati
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zini
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tenedini
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Quaglino
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manfredini
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrari
mesh_terms: D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D002466:Cell Nucleolus / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D015415:Biomarkers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017452:Receptors, IgG; D004247:DNA