title: Fetal alcohol exposure, iron-deficiency anemia, and infant growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goals were to determine whether prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with an increased incidence of iron-deficiency anemia in infancy and to compare effects of fetal alcohol exposure and iron-deficiency anemia on infant growth. We also tested whether effects of fetal alcohol exposure on growth are mediated or moderated by iron-deficiency anemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 96 infants born to mothers from the Coloured (mixed ancestry) community in Cape Town, South Africa, were recruited prenatally; 42 mothers drank heavily during pregnancy, and 54 abstained or drank small amounts of alcohol. Growth was assessed at birth and 6.5 and 12 months, and iron-deficiency anemia was assessed at 6.5 or 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants whose mothers binge drank during pregnancy (> or = 4 drinks per occasion) were 3.6 times more likely to be diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia at 12 months than were infants whose mothers did not binge drink. Prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with reduced weight at birth, 6.5 months, and 12 months and with shorter length at 6.5 and 12 months. Iron-deficiency anemia was related to reduced 12-month weight and head circumference and to slower growth velocity between 6 and 12 months. The effects of prenatal alcohol on weight were not mediated by iron-deficiency anemia; however, they were seen primarily in infants with iron-deficiency anemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of maternal binge drinking with an increased incidence of iron-deficiency anemia may reflect disruption of accumulation of fetal iron stores or postnatal deficiencies in iron uptake, absorption, or intake. Moreover, iron deficiency seems to exacerbate the prenatal alcohol effects on growth.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: R Colin
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Sandra W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Molteno
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D002508:Cephalometry; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology