title: 1,1-Bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-biphenyl)methane inhibits basal-like breast cancer growth in athymic nude mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  1,1-Bis (3'-indolyl)-1-(p-biphenyl) methane (CDIM9) has been identified as a new peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist that exhibits both receptor dependent and independent antitumor activities. CDIM9 has not previously been studied with respect to its effects against basal-like breast cancer. Our goal in the present study was to investigate the anti-basal-like breast tumor activity of CDIM9 in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of CDIM9 on cell protein and DNA syntheses were determined in basal-like breast cancer MDA-MB231 and BT549 cells in vitro. Maximum tolerated dose and dose-limited toxicity were determined in BalB/c mice, and antitumor growth activities were assessed in MDA-MB231 basal-like breast tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDIM9 exhibited selective cell cytotoxicity and anti-proliferation effects on basal-like breast cancer lines. In MDA-MB231 cell, CDIM9 induced caveolin-1 and p27 expression, which was significantly downregulated by co-treatment with the PPAR-gamma antagonist GW9662. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 and activating transcription factor-3 were upregulated by CDIM9 through a PPAR-gamma independent pathway. CDIM9 (40 mg/kg daily, intraperitoneally, for 35 days) inhibited the growth of subcutaneous MDA-MB231 tumor xenografts by 87%, and produced a corresponding decrease in proliferation index. Nearly half of the treated mice (46%) had complete durable remissions, confirmed by histology. The growth of an established tumor was inhibited by CDIM9 treatment (64 mg/kg daily, intraperitoneally, for 10 days), with a mean tumor growth inhibition of 67% as compared with controls. CDIM9 induced increases in tumor caveolin-1 and p27 in vivo, which may contribute to its antitumor activity in basal-like breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDIM9 showed potent antiproliferative effects on basal-like breast cancer cell in tissue culture and dramatic growth inhibition in animal models at safe doses. These findings justify further development of this drug for treatment of basal-like breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Scott & White Cancer Research Institute, South Airport Road, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.
authors.forename: Yunpeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vanderlaag
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ireland
authors.forename: Janelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grage
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Safe
authors.forename: Arthur E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Frankel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D015996:Survival Rate; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C505817:1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(4-biphenyl)methane; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051242:Caveolin 1; C493957:Cdkn1a protein, mouse; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D007211:Indoles; D047495:PPAR gamma; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases