title: Cytokine profiles of cord and adult blood leukocytes: differences in expression are due to differences in expression and activation of transcription factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stem cell transplantation as therapy for hematological disorders is often hampered by severe graft-versus-host-disease. This may be reduced by umbilical cord blood transplantation, an effect that has been attributed to qualitative differences between neonatal and adult T cells. We compared levels of secreted proteins and cytokine mRNA induced in cord blood leukocytes (CBL) and adult blood leukocytes (ABL) by various stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels were similar in CBL and ABL, there was less induction of the Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma in CBL. Production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and the hematopoietic cytokine IL-3 was much lower in CBL versus ABL after T-cell receptor-mediated stimulation, whereas production of GM-CSF was comparable in the 2 cell types. The lower levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines were maintained in CBL during a 4-day time-course study, while after 12 hours IL-3 and GM-CSF reached in CBL levels similar to those in ABL. For all cytokines except IFN gamma, the IC50 values for inhibition by cyclosporin A were similar in ABL and CBL. In contrast, there was less expression and activation of transcription factors in CBL. Activation of NF-kappaB by TPA/ionomycin was detected in ABL but not CBL. Furthermore, there was less expression of the Th subset-specific transcription factors T-bet and c-maf in CBL versus ABL, whereas GATA-3 expression was similar. Expression of T-bet and c-maf correlated with expression of the Th1 and Th2 cytokines, respectively. Time course experiments revealed that T-bet expression was stimulated in both cell types, whereas c-maf and GATA-3 were induced only in ABL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diminished capability of CBL to synthesize cytokines is probably due to decreased activation of NF-kappaB, whereas differences in Th subsets are due to differences in regulation of Th lineage-specific transcriptions factors. We propose that the reduced incidence and severity of GvHD after allogeneic transplantation of umbilical CB cells is due to lesser activation of specific transcription factors and a subsequent reduction in production of certain cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Charité - CCM, CC14 Haematology/Oncology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. NitscheA@rki.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nitsche
authors.forename: Meixia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clauss
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siegert
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brune
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007700:Kinetics; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016572:Cyclosporine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate