title: Industrial innovation policy: lessons from american history.
abstract: The historical interrelations of government support of R & D and technical change in seven major American industries point to three types of policy that have been successful in the past: (i) government R & D support for technologies in which the government has a strong and direct procurement interest; (ii) decentralized systems of government-supported research in the "generic" area between the basic and the applied; and (iii) a decentralized system of clientele-oriented support for applied R & D. A fourth type of policy, under which the government attempts to "pick winners" in commercial applied R & D, has been a clear-cut failure.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Langlois