title: Psychological impact of screening for type 2 diabetes: controlled trial and comparative study embedded in the ADDITION (Cambridge) randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the psychological impact of primary care based stepwise screening for type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled trial and comparative study embedded in a randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 practices (10 screening, five control) in the ADDITION (Cambridge) trial in the east of England.
  
  
  METHODS
  7380 adults (aged 40-69) in the top fourth for risk of having undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (6416 invited for screening, 964 controls).
  
  
  METHODS
  Invited for screening for type 2 diabetes or not invited (controls), incorporating a comparative study of subgroups of screening attenders. Attenders completed questionnaires after a random blood glucose test and at 3-6 months and 12-15 months later. Controls were sent questionnaires at corresponding time points. Non-attenders were sent questionnaires at 3-6 months and 12-15 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  State anxiety (Spielberger state anxiety inventory), anxiety and depression (hospital anxiety and depression scale), worry about diabetes, and self rated health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found between the screening and control participants at any time-for example, difference in means (95% confidence intervals) for state anxiety after the initial blood glucose test was -0.53, -2.60 to 1.54, at 3-6 months was 1.51 (-0.17 to 3.20), and at 12-15 months was 0.57, -1.11 to 2.24. After the initial test, compared with participants who screened negative, those who screened positive reported significantly poorer general health (difference in means -0.19, -0.25 to -0.13), higher state anxiety (0.93, -0.02 to 1.88), higher depression (0.32, 0.08 to 0.56), and higher worry about diabetes (0.25, 0.09 to 0.41), although effect sizes were small. Small but significant trends were found for self rated health across the screening subgroups at 3-6 months (P=0.047) and for worry about diabetes across the screen negative groups at 3-6 months and 12-15 months (P=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening for type 2 diabetes has limited psychological impact on patients. Implementing a national screening programme based on the stepwise screening procedure used in the ADDITION (Cambridge) trial is unlikely to have significant consequences for patients' psychological health.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN99175498 [controlled-trials.com].
authors.affiliation: General Practice and Primary Care Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR. hce21@medschl.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Helen C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Eborall
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: A Toby
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Prevost
authors.forename: Ann-Louise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kinmonth
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sutton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose