title: Cancer care quality measures: symptoms and end-of-life care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically identify quality measures and the evidence for them-to support quality assessment and improvement in the palliative care of patients with cancer in the areas of pain, dyspnea, depression, and advance care planning (ACP), and to identify important gaps in related research.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO in English 1995-2005. We also conducted an extensive Internet search of professional organizations seeking guidelines and other grey literature (i.e., not published in peer-reviewed journals) using similar terms and attempted to contact all measure developers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched using terms for each domain for patients (adults and children) with a cancer diagnosis throughout the continuum of care (e.g., diagnosis to death). Pain and depression searches were limited to cancer, but we searched broadly for dyspnea and ACP, because the evidence base for dyspnea is more limited and experts advised that ACP measures would be generalizable to cancer. Measures were included if they expressed a normative relationship to quality and included a measurable numerator and denominator. Citations and articles were each reviewed/abstracted by two of six palliative care researcher/clinicians who described populations, testing, and attributes for each measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search identified 5,187 titles, of which 4,650 were excluded at abstract review. Of 537 articles, only 25 contained measures: 21 on ACP, 4 on depression, 2 on dyspnea, and 12 on pain. Ten relevant measure sets were identified: ACOVE, QA Tools, Cancer Care Ontario, Cancer Care Nova Scotia, Dana-Farber, Georgia Cancer Coalition, University Health Consortium, NHPCO, VHA, and ASCO. We identified a total of 40 operationalized and 19 non-operationalized measures. The most measures were available for pain (12) and ACP (21), compared with only 4 for depression and 2 for dyspnea. Few of the measures were published, and few had been specifically tested in a cancer population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large number of measures are available for addressing palliative cancer care, but testing them in relevant populations is urgently needed. No measures or indicators were available to evaluate the quality of supportive pediatric cancer care. Basic research is urgently needed to address measurement in populations with impaired self-report. Funding field testing of highest quality measures should be an urgent patient and family-centered priority to meet the needs of patients with cancer.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: Sydney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dy
authors.forename: Ronda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mularski
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Shugarman
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
mesh_terms: D032722:Advance Care Planning / Q000592:standards; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D017051:Hospice Care; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards; D010166:Palliative Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States