title: Oxygenation and hematocrit dependence of transverse relaxation rates of blood at 3T.
abstract: Knowledge of the transverse relaxation rates R2 and R2* of blood is relevant for quantitative assessment of functional MRI (fMRI) results, including calibration of blood oxygenation and measurement of tissue oxygen extraction fractions (OEFs). In a temperature controlled circulation system, these rates were measured for blood in vitro at 3T under conditions akin to the physiological state. Single spin echo (SE) and gradient echo (GRE) sequences were used to determine R2 and R2*, respectively. Both rates varied quadratically with deoxygenation, and changes in R2* were found to be due predominantly to changes in R2. These data were used to estimate intravascular blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contributions during visual activation. Due to the large R2* in venous blood, intravascular SE BOLD signal changes were larger than GRE effects at echo times above 30 ms. When including extravascular effects to estimate the total BOLD effect, GRE BOLD dominated due to the large tissue volume fraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of MRI Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Chekesha S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Clingman
authors.forename: M Johanna
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Närväinen
authors.forename: Risto A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kauppinen
authors.forename: Peter C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: van Zijl
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D002138:Calibration; D002417:Cattle; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003287:Contrast Media; D006400:Hematocrit; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010100:Oxygen