title: Evaluation of oxidation and fatigue damage of retrieved crossfire polyethylene acetabular cups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crossfire cross-linked polyethylene is produced differently from other cross-linked polyethylene materials; a below-melt-temperature annealing process is used with the goal of avoiding compromised mechanical properties. The present study was performed to evaluate retrieved Crossfire acetabular cups to determine whether they had oxidized and to what extent oxidation might have influenced their clinical performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven acetabular cups were received at retrieval and a twelfth acetabular cup was received two years post-retrieval over a period of four years. None were retrieved because of polyethylene wear or fatigue. The cups had been in vivo from 0.1 to 5.3 years. Each was examined visually, clinical fatigue damage was rated, and oxidation was measured with use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cups exhibited oxidation that varied with its location on the cup: the oxidation value was generally low on the articular surface but more than an order of magnitude higher value on the rim. Maximum rim oxidation correlated significantly with the time in vivo (Spearman rho = 0.734, p = 0.010). Oxidation was identified visually by a white band in thin sections on the rim of seven of the cups and on the articular surface of one of these seven cups. Six of the seven cups also exhibited clinical fatigue damage. Eight of the twelve cups exhibited evidence of impingement or dislocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acetabular cups made of Crossfire polyethylene oxidized to a measurable degree. The oxidation-related reduction of polyethylene mechanical properties was sufficient to allow the fatigue damage seen in these retrieved cups.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. barbara.h.currier@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Barbara H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mayor
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lyford
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Van Citters
mesh_terms: D000077:Acetabulum; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D010087:Oxides; D020959:Polyethylene