title: Vascular surgery training and certification: an international perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular surgery (VS) practice has expanded to incorporate interventional procedures, and this has stimulated changes in training. The purpose of this study was to review current VS training and certification in different countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was completed by vascular surgeons involved with national certification in 34 countries. Results are expressed as the mean +/- SD, with comparisons by chi(2) and t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VS is currently an independent specialty in 15 surveyed countries, is a subspecialty of general surgery in 10 countries, and is not recognized as a specialty in nine countries. There has been a clear time trend toward independent certification. In countries with independent VS certification, the length of VS training is 3.7 +/- 0.9 years plus 2.3 +/- 0.7 years of associated core general surgery (GS), for a total training length of 5.9 +/- 1.0 years. In countries with VS subspecialty certification, the length of VS training is 2.4 +/- 0.5 years after 5.0 +/- 1.1 years of GS, for a total training length of 7.4 +/- 1.2 years (each P < .01 vs independent certification). The minimum required volume of major open VS operations during training is 151 +/- 78 in countries with independent VS certification vs 113 +/- 53 in countries with subspecialty certification. Endovascular requirements for training are established in 71% of countries with independent certification vs 37% of countries with subspecialty certification (P < .03). Countries with independent VS certification produce 5.4 +/- 2.8 VS trainees per year per million population 65 years of age or older, vs 3.0 +/- 1.8 in countries with subspecialty certification (P < .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considerable variation exists in VS training in different countries. There is an international movement toward independent VS certification, with longer VS specific training but shorter overall residency duration. Counties with independent VS certification produce more trainees per year to serve their elderly population.
authors.affiliation: Section of Vascular Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA. j.cronenwett@hitchcock.org
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cronenwett
authors.forename: Christos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Liapis
mesh_terms: D002568:Certification; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D013043:Specialties, Surgical; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*