title: [Combined analgesics for postoperative pain therapy. Review of effectivity and side-effects].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The supplementation of an opioid by a non-opioid analgesic is a widely accepted technique for the treatment of postoperative pain. However, it is still unclear whether a combination of different non-opioids has an advantage in terms of an improved analgesia and/or a reduction of the opioid-related adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic analysis of the literature was performed searching for randomized, controlled trials studying the effects of a combination of two non-opioid analgesics in order to reduce postoperative opioid requirements and/or postoperative pain. Significant reduction of the postoperative opioid requirement and/or postoperative pain were defined as main rating criteria. To facilitate comparisons between the trials, the relative (proportional) reduction of postoperative opioid administration and the relative reduction of postoperative pain were calculated on defined pain scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25 trials were identified, mainly studies comparing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with paracetamol. Only 3 trials found a statistically improved analgesic efficacy and 15 studies did not show any relevant improvement or the combination group was only significantly superior to one of the groups receiving monotherapy. A further seven studies could not be evaluated due to methodological issues. There was no evidence for a significant reduction of opioid-induced adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of non-opioid analgesics, in particular NSAIDs with paracetamol, cannot be recommended at present due to the lack of data showing improved effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen-Marburg, Standort Marburg, Marburg.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kranke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinfeldt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wulf
authors.forename: L H J
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Eberhart
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D004338:Drug Combinations