title: 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and abscisic acid during the germination of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.): a comparative study of fruits and seeds.
abstract: The control of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) germination by plant hormones was studied by comparing fruits and seeds. Treatment of sugar beet fruits and seeds with gibberellins, brassinosteroids, auxins, cytokinins, and jasmonates or corresponding hormone biosynthesis inhibitors did not appreciably affect radicle emergence of fruits or seeds. By contrast, treatment with ethylene or the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) promoted radicle emergence of fruits and seeds. Abscisic acid (ABA) acted as an antagonist of ethylene and inhibited radicle emergence of seeds, but not appreciably of fruits. High endogenous contents of ACC and of ABA were evident in seeds and pericarps of dry mature fruits, but declined early during imbibition. ABA-treatment of seeds and fruits induced seed ACC accumulation while ACC-treatment did not affect the seed ABA content. Transcripts of ACC oxidase (ACO, ethylene-forming enzyme) and ABA 8'-hydroxylase (CYP707A, ABA-degrading enzyme) accumulate in fruits and seeds upon imbibition. ABA and ACC and the pericarp did not affect the seed CYP707A transcript levels. By contrast, seed ACO transcript accumulation was promoted by ABA and by pericarp removal, but not by ACC. Quantification of the endogenous ABA and ACC contents, ABA and ACC leaching, and ethylene evolution, demonstrate that an embryo-mediated active ABA extrusion system is involved in keeping the endogenous seed ABA content low by 'active ABA leaching', while the pericarp restricts ACC leaching during imbibition. Sugar beet radicle emergence appears to be controlled by the pericarp, by ABA and ACC leaching, and by an ABA-ethylene antagonism that affects ACC biosynthesis and ACO gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meinhard
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dobrev
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linkies
authors.forename: Bedrich
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pesek
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Machácková
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leubner-Metzger
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000494:pharmacology; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D003583:Cytokinins; D005030:Ethylenes; D005875:Gibberellins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D054883:Oxylipins; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C023863:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; C011006:jasmonic acid; D000040:Abscisic Acid; C036216:ethylene; C007842:gibberellic acid; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; C059460:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase