title: [Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcers when using spironolactone: a case-control study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between the use of spironolactone and the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used the computerized 'integrated primary care information' (IPCI) database in the Netherlands. All persons, 18 years or older during the study period from January 1st 1996 through September 30th 2003 with at least one year of valid case history were included. Patients with a medical history of alcoholism or gastrointestinal cancer were excluded. For each case of gastroduodenal ulcer or upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 10 controls were sampled from the same database, matched on age (year of birth), gender and index date. The association between the use ofspironolactone, calculated from the number of general practitioners' prescriptions, and the occurrence of an upper gastrointestinal event (upper gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcers) was analysed by means of a conditional logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the source population of 306,645 patients, 523 cases with gastric or duodenal ulcers or upper gastrointestinal bleeding were identified and matched with 5,230 controls. Current use of spironolactone was associated with a 2.7-fold (adjusted odds ratio (OR); 95% CI: 1.2-6.0) increased risk of gastrointestinal events. This risk was higher in patients on high dosages and was the highest in patients using spironolactone in combination with an ulcerogenic drug (NSAIDs, platelet aggregation inhibitors, corticosteroids or vitamin K antagonist) (adjusted OR: 7.3; 95% CI: 2.9-18.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcer was increased 2.7 times when spironolactone was used.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC-Centrum, afd. Medische Informatica, Rotterdam. k.verhamme@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: K M C
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Verhamme
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mosis
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dieleman
authors.forename: B H C
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Stricker
authors.forename: M C J M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sturkenboom