title: Marine natural products from the Turkish sponge Agelas oroides that inhibit the enoyl reductases from Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli.
abstract: The type II fatty acid pathway (FAS-II) is a validated target for antimicrobial drug discovery. An activity-guided isolation procedure based on Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-ACP reductase (PfFabI) enzyme inhibition assay on the n-hexane-, the CHCl(3-) and the aq MeOH extracts of the Turkish marine sponge Agelas oroides yielded six pure metabolites [24-ethyl-cholest-5alpha-7-en-3-beta-ol (1), 4,5-dibromopyrrole-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (2), 4,5-dibromopyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (3), (E)-oroidin (4), 3-amino-1-(2-aminoimidazoyl)-prop-1-ene (5), taurine (6)] and some minor, complex fatty acid mixtures (FAMA-FAMG). FAMA, consisting of a 1:2 mixture of (5Z,9Z)-5,9-tricosadienoic (7) and (5Z,9Z)-5,9-tetracosadienoic (8) acids, and FAMB composed of 8, (5Z,9Z)-5,9-pentacosadienoic (9) and (5Z,9Z)-5,9-hexacosadienoic (10) acids in approximately 3:3:2 ratio were the most active PfFabI inhibitory principles of the hexane extract (IC(50) values 0.35 microg/ml). (E)-Oroidin isolated as free base (4a) was identified as the active component of the CHCl(3) extract. Compound 4a was a more potent PfFabI inhibitor (IC(50) 0.30 microg/ml=0.77 microM) than the (E)-oroidin TFA salt (4b), the active and major component of the aq MeOH extract (IC(50) 5.0 microg/ml). Enzyme kinetic studies showed 4a to be an uncompetitive PfFabI inhibitor (K(i): 0.4+/-0.2 and 0.8+/-0.2 microM with respect to substrate and cofactor). In addition, FAMA and FAMD (mainly consisting of methyl-branched fatty acids) inhibited FabI of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtFabI, IC(50)s 9.4 and 8.2 microg/ml, respectively) and Escherichia coli (EcFabI, IC(50)s 0.5 and 0.07 microg/ml, respectively). The majority of the compounds exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial, as well as trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities without cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells. This study represents the first marine metabolites that inhibit FabI, a clinically relevant enzyme target from the FAS-II pathway of several pathogenic microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK. deniz.tasdemir@pharmacy.ac.uk
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tasdemir
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Topaloglu
authors.forename: Remo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perozzo
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Rosann
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Néstor M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Carballeira
authors.forename: Xujie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tonge
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rüedi
mesh_terms: D047230:Agelas / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008386:Marine Biology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000962:Antimalarials; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH)