title: Chinese herbal medicine for cancer pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate the current status of clinical research on the use of Chinese herbal medicine in treating cancer pain, with emphasis on the efficacy and safety of the applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the clinical research published between 1986 and 2006 on the effects and applications of Chinese herbal medicine in cancer pain management was conducted using databases of CBM, CMCC, Wanfang, and Weipu (available since 1989) in Chinese and PubMed and EMBASE in English. We included only reports of original publications on cancer-induced pain, resulting in a total of 115 articles. We evaluated the methodological quality of the articles following the guidelines set forth as "Levels of Evidence of Human Studies of Cancer in Complementary and Alternative Medicine" by the National Cancer Institute.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various methods of traditional Chinese medicine herbal treatment for cancer pain management have been reported. These methods include external application, oral administration, intravenous infusion, and other applications such as inhalation and clysmata. Forty-one of the 115 studies reviewed were randomized controlled clinical trials, most comparing the effects of Chinese herbal medicine to conventional analgesics and the others using placebo controls. These trials suggest that (1) Chinese medicine may be effective for cancer pain, and its effects are similar to those of Western analgesics; (2) Chinese medicine may reduce the side effects of conventional analgesics, thus enhancing cancer patients' quality of life; and (3) the various methods of application--topical, oral, and intravenous--are suitable to treat a range of pain conditions found in cancer patients. However, trials were of varying quality with respect to control group selection, dosing and side effect information, and outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies reviewed in this article suggest that Chinese herbal medicine may be useful for managing cancer pain, at least for short-term application. The products evaluated appear relatively safe, with no serious adverse effects reported. However, the quality of the published reports is variable. More research using rigorously controlled clinical trial design is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Li Xing
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mansky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal