title: Genetic risk of depression and stress-induced negative affect in daily life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A bias to develop negative affect in response to daily life stressors may be an important depression endophenotype, but remains difficult to assess.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess this mood bias endophenotype, uncontaminated by current mood, in the course of daily life.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experience sampling method was used to collect multiple appraisals of daily life event-related stress and negative affect in 279 female twin pairs. Cross-twin, cross-trait associations between dailylife mood bias and DSM-IV depression were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Probands whose co-twins were diagnosed with lifetime depression showed a stronger mood bias to stress than those with co-twins without such a diagnosis, independent of probands' current depressive symptoms and to a greater extent in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic liability to depression is in part expressed as the tendency to display negative affect in response to minor stressors in daily life. This trait may represent a true depression endophenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, Concorde Building, Maastricht, The Netherlands. m.wichers@sp.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wichers
authors.forename: Inez
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Myin-Germeys
authors.forename: Nele
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Frenk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kenis
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derom
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vlietinck
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delespaul
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Os
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*