title: Coordination of the upper-limb segments in physiological tremor with various external loads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigates coordination of the upper-limb segments with various external loads by frequency-domain analysis of physiological tremor during the maintenance of limb posture. Physiological tremor is an involuntary oscillation in every segment of a healthy human.
  
  
  METHODS
  A subject raised his right upper limb forward while extending his hand and fingers. Physiological tremor was measured by acceleration sensors attached to four segments: the index finger, hand, forearm, and upper arm. A balloon filled with helium gas was attached to the forearm as a minus-load condition. A weight band was attached as a plus-load condition. The measured signals were evaluated by frequency-domain analysis: power spectrum and coherence spectrum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amplitude of upper-limb tremor measured from the four segments decreased with the minus-load and increased with the plus-load. However, the degree of the variation depended on the segment. The amplitude of upper-limb tremor measured from the forearm and the hand decreased remarkably with the minus-load, while the amplitude from the upper arm increased with the plus-load. Although adjacent segments were well coordinated, coordination between the segments varied depending on the external load. The minus-load at the forearm led to a lack of coordination between the upper arm and the forearm. To compensate for this, the movements of the forearm and the hand became coordinated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental protocol of this study allowed implementing a method to estimate the physiological modification of the neuromuscular system under a hypo-gravitational environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Systems Creation, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan. takanokura@is.kanagawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takanokura
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makabe
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mito
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology