title: Distinct effects of amlodipine treatment on vascular elastocalcinosis and stiffness in a rat model of isolated systolic hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medial elastocalcinosis (MEC) contributes to the development of large artery stiffness and isolated systolic hypertension. Since endothelin receptor antagonists can prevent and regress elastocalcinosis, our aim was to determine whether amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker that inhibits endothelin signaling, could likewise influence MEC, or reduce pressure mainly through its vasorelaxing properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Control male Wistar rats were compared with rats receiving warfarin (20 mg/kg per day) with vitamin K1 (15 mg/kg per day) alone (WVK) or in association with amlodipine (15 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks or during the last week or last 4 weeks of an 8-week WVK treatment (two regression groups).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inactivation of matrix Gla protein by WVK for 4 or 8 weeks increased the calcium content 10-fold in the aorta, inducing a significant elevation of pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure by selective augmentation of systolic blood pressure. Amlodipine prevented aortic MEC, pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure elevation, but reversed only MEC and pulse pressure when administered for 4 weeks. One week of amlodipine administered after 7 weeks of WVK partially decreased pulse pressure without modifying aortic MEC. Amlodipine did not reduce the fibrosis associated with calcified areas in the WVK model during the regression protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical efficacy of amlodipine in improving hemodynamic variables and reducing cardiovascular events in isolated systolic hypertension could be explained by its beneficial effect on vascular calcification. Amlodipine's lack of effect on pulse wave velocity and collagen deposition, however, suggests that it may reduce pulse pressure by means other than improving arterial stiffness.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Rachida
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Essalihi
authors.forename: Maarten L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Zandvliet
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: Liz-Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouvet
authors.forename: Cyrille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lenoël
authors.forename: Fahima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nekka
authors.forename: Marc D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moreau
mesh_terms: D017311:Amlodipine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D003187:Compliance / Q000187:drug effects*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013599:Systole
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D017311:Amlodipine; D003094:Collagen; D002118:Calcium