title: Group B streptococcal infections in a northern region of Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Group B streptococcus is a leading cause of neonatal bacterial infections. Despite adoption of preventive strategies, cases of infection continue to occur and there is concern that widespread antimicrobial prophylaxis might delay rather than prevent disease onset, increasing the rates of late-onset diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and clinical features of early- and late-onset group B streptococcus disease in a northern region of Italy where a screening-based approach had been proposed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based study was prospectively conducted in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Infections that occurred during 2003-2005 in infants aged <3 months were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 112,933 live births, 56 cases of invasive disease (30 early- and 26 late-onset disease) were observed, giving an annual group B streptococcus disease incidence of 0.50 per 1000 live births. Eleven infants with early-onset disease showed no signs of illness or were mildly ill, whereas 19 had moderate-to-severe symptoms, and culture-proven meningitis was found in 2. Risk factors were detected in 12 women. Twenty-two mothers had antenatal screening; 5 were group B streptococcus colonized, but 17 were culture-negative. Prophylaxis was administered in 3 women. Three infants with late-onset diseases were mildly ill, whereas 23 had moderate-to-severe symptoms. Risk factors were found in 7 mothers. Late-onset diseases were clinically more severe than early-onset diseases; meningitis was diagnosed in 12 infants, and 4 of 26 died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of early-onset disease was low. Some early infections were still observed because of negative screening results or missed opportunity for prevention. Late-onset diseases accounted for most meningitis cases and deaths. Strict adherence to protocols and adoption of optimal culture methods would further improve prevention of early-onset disease, but the aim of future strategies should be the prevention of all invasive diseases.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Unità Operativa di Assistenza Neonatale, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71-41100 Modena, Italy. berardi.alberto@policlinico.mo.it
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berardi
authors.forename: Licia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lugli
authors.forename: Dante
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baronciani
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Creti
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciccia
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gambini
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tridapalli
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrari
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae