title: Does cerebellar injury in premature infants contribute to the high prevalence of long-term cognitive, learning, and behavioral disability in survivors?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although cerebellar hemorrhagic injury is increasingly diagnosed in infants who survive premature birth, its long-term neurodevelopmental impact is poorly defined. We sought to delineate the potential role of cerebellar hemorrhagic injury in the long-term disabilities of survivors of prematurity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared neurodevelopmental outcome in 3 groups of premature infants (N = 86; 35 isolated cerebellar hemorrhagic injury, 35 age-matched controls, 16 cerebellar hemorrhagic injury plus supratentorial parenchymal injury). Subjects underwent formal neurologic examinations and a battery of standardized developmental, functional, and behavioral evaluations (mean age: 32.1 +/- 11.1 months). Autism-screening questionnaires were completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurologic abnormalities were present in 66% of the isolated cerebellar hemorrhagic injury cases compared with 5% of the infants in the control group. Infants with isolated cerebellar hemorrhagic injury versus controls had significantly lower mean scores on all tested measures, including severe motor disabilities (48% vs 0%), expressive language (42% vs 0%), delayed receptive language (37% vs 0%), and cognitive deficits (40% vs 0%). Isolated cerebellar hemorrhagic injury was significantly associated with severe functional limitations in day-to-day activities. Significant differences were noted between cases of cerebellar hemorrhagic injury versus controls on autism screeners (37% vs 0%) and internalizing behavioral problems (34% vs 9%). Global developmental, functional, and social-behavioral deficits were more common and profound in preterm infants with injury to the vermis. Preterm infants with cerebellar hemorrhagic injury and supratentorial parenchymal injury were not at overall greater risk for neurodevelopmental disabilities, although neuromotor impairment was more severe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebellar hemorrhagic injury in preterm infants is associated with a high prevalence of long-term pervasive neurodevelopment disabilities and may play an important and underrecognized role in the cognitive, learning, and behavioral dysfunction known to affect survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Limperopoulos
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bassan
authors.forename: Kimberlee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gauvreau
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Nancy R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Carol B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Janet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Soul
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ringer
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: Adré J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: duPlessis
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution