title: The three official language versions of the Declaration of Helsinki: what's lost in translation?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Declaration of Helsinki, the World Medical Association's (WMA's) statement of ethical guidelines regarding medical research, is published in the three official languages of the WMA: English, French and Spanish.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed comparison of the three official language versions was carried out to determine ways in which they differed and ways in which the wording of the three versions might illuminate the interpretation of the document.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were many minor linguistic differences between the three versions. However, in paragraphs 1, 6, 29, 30 and in the note of clarification to paragraph 29, there were differences that could be considered potentially significant in their ethical relevance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the global status of the Declaration of Helsinki and the fact that it is translated from its official versions into many other languages for application to the ethical conduct of research, the differences identified are of concern. It would be best if such differences could be eliminated but, at the very least, a commentary to explain any differences that are unavoidable on the basis of language or culture should accompany the Declaration of Helsinki. This evidence further strengthens the case for international surveillance of medical research ethics as has been proposed by the WMA.
authors.affiliation: Archie Duncan Fellow in Medical Ethics, Medical Teaching Organisation, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK. rcarlson@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Nadja H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: van Ginneken
authors.forename: Luisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pettigrew
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D004992:Ethics, Medical; D032984:Ethics, Research; D006381:Helsinki Declaration; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D007802:Language; D014177:Translations