title: The effect of amlodipine and the combination of amlodipine and enalapril on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the dog.
abstract: Excessive aldosterone secretion is detrimental to the heart, vessels and kidneys, contributing to hypertension and the signs and progression of heart failure. Aldosterone secretion, abnormally elevated in heart failure and hypertension, can be blunted with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Amlodipine, used to treat hypertension and heart failure, was hypothesized to activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). A study was conducted with six normal adult male beagle dogs. Each dog received amlodipine (0.57 mg/kg b.i.d.) for 6 days, followed by amlodipine (0.57 mg/kg b.i.d.) and enalapril (0.57 mg/kg b.i.d.) for 4 days. Blood pressure, heart rate, serum chemistries and urinary aldosterone excretion, as a measure of RAAS activation, were compared with baseline values. Blood pressure fell by approximately 7% with amlodipine (P = 0.05) and a further 7% with the combination of amlodipine and enalapril (P < 0.01). Blood urea nitrogen increased with the combination (P < 0.05) but only one dog became mildly azotemic. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, based on 24 h urinary aldosterone excretion and by aldosterone:creatinine ratio was increased by approximately threefold (P < 0.05) with amlodipine administration. This effect was blunted by enalapril, such that aldosterone excretion was no longer different from that observed under control conditions, although values for 24-h aldosterone excretion did not return to pretreament levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. clarke_atkins@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Rausch
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Defrancesco
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Keene
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000652:urine; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D004285:Dogs / Q000378:metabolism*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*