title: Cobalt chloride induces apoptosis and zinc chloride suppresses cobalt-induced apoptosis by Bcl-2 expression in human submandibular gland HSG cells.
abstract: To determine the effects of cobalt chloride on human submandibular gland cells, HSG cells were exposed to various concentrations of cobalt chloride. Cobalt chloride induced cytotoxicity and cell death in HSG cells as determined by phase-contrast microscopy and WST-1 cell viability assay. By using the Hoechst 33342 staining, marked nuclear condensation and fragmentation of chromatin were observed in cobalt chloride-treated cells. Cobalt chloride induced DNA ladder formation in HSG cells in both dose- and time-dependent manner with maximal effect at a concentration of 0.5 mM and 48 h, respectively. Cobalt chloride inhibited the expression of both Bcl-2 protein and mRNA in dose- and time-dependent manner. Zinc chloride recovered the cobalt-suppressed Bcl-2 expression and protected against cobalt-induced apoptosis in HSG cells. Our results show that the pathway of the apoptosis in HSG cells is regulated by cobalt chloride and zinc chloride. Our results also indicate that cobalt-induced apoptotic steps in HSG cells are related to the production of Bcl-2 protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akita
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Kaya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogawa-Iyehara
authors.forename: Tatsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haneji
mesh_terms: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003035:Cobalt / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018987:Salivary Ducts / Q000166:cytology; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*