title: Study of human outdoor walking with a low-cost GPS and simple spreadsheet analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a low-cost, commercially available global positioning system (GPS) can be used to study outdoor walking of healthy subjects, allowing the detection of walking and resting (nonwalking) periods and the accurate estimation of speed and distance of each walking periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  The same EGNOS-enabled GPS receiver was used for all experiments. In experiment 1, various signal-processing methodologies were tested for the detection of both walking and resting bouts from a prescribed walking protocol (PWP) that was performed 21 times by six healthy subjects on an outdoor athletic track. In experiment 2, the accuracies of these processing methodologies were then tested through a blinded analysis of different PWP for 10 other healthy subjects in a designated public park. In experiment 3, speed and distance calculated by the GPS receiver during series of 100-400 m on an outdoor athletic track were compared with actual speed and distance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Raw data were inaccurate, but the combination of a low-pass filter, an adapted high-pass filter, and artifact processing enabled one to detect walking and resting bouts with an accuracy of 89.8% (95% CI, 84.4-93.4). A manual post-processing methodology, used to complete previous automatic processing results, provided the highest concordance with the PWP, reaching an accuracy of 97.1% (95% CI, 93.5-98.8). There was an excellent relationship both between actual and processed distances (R2=1.000) and between actual and processed speeds (R2=0.947).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-cost, commercially available GPS may be accurate in studying outdoor walking, provided that simple data processing is applied. Future validation in diseased subjects could allow for the study of free-living walking capacity, such as maximal walking distance in vascular patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Faucheur
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jaquinandi
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bouyé
authors.forename: Jean Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Saumet
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Noury-Desvaux
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004215:Distance Perception; D040362:Geographic Information Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*