title: The X-ray Surface Forces Apparatus: Structure of a Thin Smectic Liquid Crystal Film Under Confinement.
abstract: An x-ray surface forces apparatus for simultaneously measuring forces and structures of confined complex fluids under static and flow conditions is described. This apparatus, combined with an intense synchrotron x-ray source, allows investigation of molecular orientations within a thin liquid crystal film confined between two shearing mica surfaces 3900 angstroms apart. The layer-forming smectic liquid crystal 8CB (4-cyano-4'-octylbiphenyl) adopted a series of distinct planar layer orientations, including the bulk flow-forbidden b orientation.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Idziak
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Safinya
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kraiser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruths
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Warriner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Israelachvili