title: Management of non-motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson disease.
abstract: Progress in pharmacology has markedly improved the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. The management of advanced Parkinson's symptoms, however, remains a challenge. These symptoms are divided into motor and non-motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms may appear early or late in the disease and sometimes even before the onset of the first motor symptoms confirming the diagnosis. The spectrum of non-motor symptoms encompasses autonomic dysfunctions, sleep disorders, mood disorders, impulse control disorders, cognitive dysfunction, dementia, paranoia and hallucinations. They are often less appreciated than motor symptoms but are important sources of disability for many PD patients. This review describes these non-motor symptoms and their managements.
authors.affiliation: The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute, 9940 Talbert Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA. dtruong@pmdi.org
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: Roongroj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhidayasiri
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wolters
mesh_terms: D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy