title: Effect of dietary protein content on ileal amino acid digestibility, growth performance, and formation of microbial metabolites in ileal and cecal digesta of early-weaned pigs.
abstract: Diarrhea incidence in weaned pigs may be associated with the concentration of intestinal microbial metabolites (ammonia, amines, and VFA) that are influenced by dietary CP content. Three experiments were conducted to determine effects of a low-protein, AA-supplemented diet on ileal AA digestibility, growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and concentration of microbial metabolites in ileal and cecal digesta of pigs weaned at 14 d of age. In Exp. 1, 8 pigs fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum were assigned in a crossover design to 2 diets containing 24 or 20% CP using wheat, corn, full-fat soybeans, whey powder, fish meal, and blood plasma as the main ingredients. Supplemental AA were added to the diets to meet the AA standards according to the 1998 NRC recommendations. Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker. Diets were fed at 2.5 times the ME requirement for maintenance. The reduction of dietary CP decreased (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of most AA, except Lys, Met, Thr, Val, and Pro. Dietary CP content did not affect the pH of ileal digesta or ileal concentrations of ammonia N, cadaverine, putrescine, or VFA. In Exp. 2, 8 pigs fitted with a simple T-cannula in the cecum were assigned to 2 diets, similar to Exp. 1. Dietary CP content did not affect the pH of cecal digesta. The reduction in CP content decreased (P < 0.05) cecal ammonia N, acetic acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, total VFA, and putrescine concentrations by 28 to 39%. In Exp. 3, 32 pigs were assigned to 2 diets, similar to Exp. 1, according to a randomized complete block design. Pigs had free access to feed and water. Dietary CP content did not affect growth performance or fecal consistency scores during the 3-wk study, and diarrhea was not observed. The results of these experiments indicate that lowering the dietary CP content combined with supplementation of AA markedly reduced the production of potentially harmful microbial metabolites in cecal digesta of early-weaned pigs without affecting growth performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Htoo
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Araiza
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rademacher
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cervantes
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002432:Cecum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004063:Digestion; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007082:Ileum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D014886:Weaning