title: Cyclosporine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): drug-lipid physicochemical interactions and characterization of drug incorporation.
abstract: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were produced loaded with cyclosporine A in order to develop an improved oral formulation. In this study, the particles were characterized with regard to the structure of the lipid particle matrix, being a determining factor for mode of drug incorporation and drug release. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements were employed for the analysis of the polymorphic modifications and mode of drug incorporation. Particles were produced using Imwitor 900 as lipid matrix (the suspension consisted of 10% particles, 8% Imwitor 900, 2% cyclosporine A), 2.5% Tagat S, 0.5% sodium cholate and 87% water. DSC and WAXS were used to analyse bulk lipid, bulk drug, drug incorporated in the bulk and unloaded and drug-loaded SLN dispersions. The processing of the bulk lipid into nanoparticles was accompanied by a polymorphic transformation from the beta to the alpha-modification. After production, the drug-free SLN dispersions converted back to beta-modification, while the drug-loaded SLN stayed primarily in alpha-modification. After incorporation of cyclosporine A into SLN, the peptide lost its crystalline character. Based on WAXS data, it could be concluded that cyclosporine is molecularly dispersed in between the fatty acid chains of the liquid-crystalline alpha-modification fraction of the loaded SLN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and Biotechnology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Runge
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ravelli
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Thünemann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mehnert
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Souto
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014965:X-Rays