title: Hepatic infarction after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma with an internally cooled electrode.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the attributes of hepatic infarction after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with an internally cooled electrode.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively reviewed follow-up computed tomographic (CT) scans (follow-up period, 1-60.1 months; mean, 15.4 months) in 872 consecutive patients (male:female ratio, 672:200; mean age, 59.5 years) who had undergone 1,120 sessions of RFA for 1,335 HCCs with an internally cooled electrode. Diagnosis of hepatic infarction was made on the basis of CT findings. The authors evaluated the frequency of hepatic infarction, clinical features, initial and follow-up CT findings, accompanied complications, and prognosis. Potential risk factors were evaluated with multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of hepatic infarction was 1.8% (20 of 1,120 sessions). Common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain (16 of 20 patients) and fever (11 of 20 patients). All infarctions were found at the first follow-up CT examination. Gas collections were noted in 65% of patients. All lesions showed progressive shrinkage. Accompanied complications were biloma (n = 2), abscess (n = 2), and portal vein thrombosis (n = 1). One patient with a lobar infarction died from hepatic failure. Older age (P = .048) and larger tumor size (P = .026) were statistically significant risk factors by multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RFA complicated by hepatic infarction is uncommon. Although hepatic infarction can be managed conservatively in most cases, possible extensive involvement should be considered seriously because it may cause mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 IIwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Sun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyunchul
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rhim
authors.forename: Hyo K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Dongil
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Won Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004566:Electrodes / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods; D007238:Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome