title: Alcohol expectancy responses from first year medical students: are they prone to alcoholism?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modern life style and affluence lead to changes in people's outlook on various habits, including alcohol intake. Some of them will fall prey to the addictive nature of the drink.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Present study was done to evaluate the responses to comprehensive alcohol expectancy questionnaire (comprehensive effects of alcohol--CEOA) in order to test the tendency towards alcohol intake among the First Year Medical (MBBS) students of our college--that is, to assess the positive or negative reinforcement they would expect if they consumed alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was done by giving a set of questionnaires to be answered by the students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires of CEOA had 38 responses, in which both negative and positive feelings were represented. All questions were again grouped into four groups of positive and three groups of negative responses. Each question was rated to what degree they agreed, by 4-point Likert-type scale (1 = disagree, 2 = slightly disagree, 3 = slightly agree, 4 = agree). The positive and negative responses were analyzed to group them into agreeing or disagreeing type.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of responses by Student 't' test and 2-way ANOVA was done to analyze the results. 'P' RESULTS: Results showed that negative expectancies outweighed positives significantly (2.8017 +/- 0.58554 vs. 2.3055 +/- 0.67604, t = 7.526; P< 0.001.). Females rated the negatives more firmly (P< 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference with respect to different religious beliefs, places of origin or incomes of the respondents. An experience of alcohol had a significant effect on the responses where they had stronger positive expectancy, which is an important point revealed in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we have observed a general acceptance that alcohol could provide positive reinforcement, especially among those who have had a prior experience of intake of alcohol. Thus, this study throws light on whether there is likelihood of youngsters falling into addiction in the later part of their life; hence it can act as a useful predictor for parents, health professionals, social counselors and the society as a whole so that they can take preventive measures against alcohol addiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Kastubra Medical College, Centre for Basic Sciences, Bejai, Mangalore, India. grajb@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ganaraja
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kotian
authors.forename: Ramesh M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramaswamy
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013337:Students, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult