title: Effectiveness of polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine in HIV-infected patients: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV) is recommended among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, although its effect in reducing the incidence of pneumonia or invasive pneumococcal disease is not well established. Our objective was to determine the effectiveness of 23-valent PPV in HIV-infected adults and the risk factors for pneumococcal pneumonia or invasive pneumococcal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective case-control study in 4 Spanish hospitals for the period from January 1995 through December 2005 using the HIV database from each hospital to identify case patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae disease and control subjects without a history of pneumococcal infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 184 case patients and 552 control subjects were identified. The factors associated with pneumococcal disease in bivariate analysis were active injection drug use (odds ratio [OR], 3.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2-5.55), alcoholism (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.86-4.91), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.3-5.1), cirrhosis (OR, 6.05; 95% CI, 3.2-11.4), antiretroviral therapy (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.16-0.32), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.97), viral load <5000 copies/mL (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.26-0.54), and previous PPV (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24-0.65). Risk factors for pneumococcal disease in multivariate analysis were cirrhosis (OR, 5.64; 95% CI, 2.53-12.53), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.21-6.94), and alcoholism (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.11-4.19), whereas protective factors were receipt of antiretroviral therapy (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.14-0.36) and receipt of pneumococcal vaccine (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22-0.88), even in patients with CD4 lymphocyte counts <200 cells/microL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antiretroviral therapy and PPV have a significant, independent protective effect against pneumococcal disease, regardless of CD4 lymphocyte count; thus, all patients with HIV infection should be vaccinated with PPV to prevent pneumococcal disease.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Son Dureta, Barcelona, Spain. mpenaranda@hsd.es
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peñaranda
authors.forename: Vicenç
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Falco
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Payeras
authors.forename: Queralt
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jordano
authors.forename: Adria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pareja
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Samperiz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalmau
authors.forename: Esteve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ribera
authors.forename: Melcior
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013030:Spain; D016896:Treatment Outcome