title: Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated up-regulation of I kappa B alpha in anti-inflammatory effect of gemfibrozil in microglia.
abstract: The present study underlines the importance of PI3K in mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of gemfibrozil, a prescribed lipid-lowering drug for humans, in mouse microglia. Gemfibrozil inhibited LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and proinflammatory cytokines in mouse BV-2 microglial cells and primary microglia. By overexpressing wild-type and dominant-negative constructs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) in microglial cells and isolating primary microglia from PPAR-alpha-/- mice, we have demonstrated that gemfibrozil inhibits the activation of microglia independent of PPAR-alpha. Interestingly, gemfibrozil induced the activation of p85alpha-associated PI3K (p110beta but not p110alpha) and inhibition of that PI3K by either chemical inhibitors or dominant-negative mutants abrogated the inhibitory effect of gemfibrozil. Conversely, overexpression of the constitutively active mutant of p110 enhanced the inhibitory effect of gemfibrozil on LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory molecules. Similarly, gemfibrozil also inhibited fibrillar amyloid beta (Abeta)-, prion peptide (PrP)-, dsRNA (poly IC)-, HIV-1 Tat-, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-, but not IFN-gamma-, induced microglial expression of iNOS. Inhibition of PI3K also abolished the inhibitory effect of gemfibrozil on Abeta-, PrP-, poly IC-, Tat-, and MPP+-induced microglial expression of iNOS. Involvement of NF-kappaB activation in LPS-, Abeta-, PrP-, poly IC-, Tat-, and MPP+-, but not IFN-gamma-, induced microglial expression of iNOS and stimulation of IkappaBalpha expression and inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by gemfibrozil via the PI3K pathway suggests that gemfibrozil inhibits the activation of NF-kappaB and the expression of proinflammatory molecules in microglia via PI3K-mediated up-regulation of IkappaBalpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Malabendu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jana
authors.forename: Arundhati
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jana
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Kalipada
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pahan
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000502:physiology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011328:Prions / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D000077191:Wortmannin