title: Clinical risk conditions for acute lung injury in the intensive care unit and hospital ward: a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the development of acute lung injury outside the intensive care unit. We set out to document the following: the association between predefined clinical conditions and the development of acute lung injury by using the American-European consensus definition; the frequency of lung injury development outside the intensive care unit; and the temporal relationship between antecedent clinical risk conditions, intensive care admission, and diagnosis of lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a 4-month prospective observational study in three Spanish teaching hospitals, enrolling consecutive patients who developed clinical conditions previously linked to lung injury, both inside and outside the intensive care unit. Patients were followed prospectively for outcomes, including the diagnosis of acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total 815 patients were identified with at least one clinical insult; the most common were sepsis, pneumonia, and pancreatitis. Pulmonary risk conditions were observed in 30% of cases. Fifty-three patients (6.5%) developed acute lung injury; 33 of these (4.0%) met criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lung injury occurred most commonly in the setting of sepsis (46/53; 86.7%), but shock (21/59; 36%) and pneumonia (20/211; 9.5%) portended the highest proportional risk; this risk was higher in patients with increasing numbers of clinical risk conditions (2.2%, 14%, and 21% (P < 0.001) in patients with one, two, and three conditions, respectively). Median days (interquartile range) from risk condition to diagnosis of lung injury was shorter with pulmonary (0 (0 to 2)) versus extrapulmonary (3 (1 to 5)) (P = 0.029) risk conditions. Admission to the intensive care unit was provided to 9/20 (45%) patients with acute lung injury and to 29/33 (88%) of those with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lung injury patients had higher mortality than others (acute lung injury 25.0%; acute respiratory distress syndrome 45.5%; others 10.3%; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The time course from clinical insult to diagnosis of lung injury was rapid, but may be longer for extrapulmonary cases. Some patients with lung injury receive care and die outside the intensive care unit; this observation needs further study.
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, F2-150, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada. n.ferguson@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Niall D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frutos-Vivar
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gordo
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Honrubia
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Peñuelas
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Algora
authors.forename: Gema
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bustos
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology