title: Risk factors for recurrence and unfavorable prognosis in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer and a tumor diameter of 20 mm or less.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for disease recurrence and unfavorable prognosis after surgical resection for stage I non-small cell lung cancer in patients with tumor diameters of < or =20 mm.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-three patients who had pathologic stage I non-small cell lung cancer with tumor diameters < or =20 mm and who had undergone a lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection were retrospectively reviewed. The relationships between clinicopathologic factors and clinical outcomes, including recurrence and survival, were then examined. The clinicopathologic factors examined in this study were age, sex, smoking status, preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen level, pathologic tumor size, histologic subtype, histologic grade, and visceral pleural invasion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the clinicopathologic factors that were examined, the histologic grade of the carcinoma status was significantly related to a high risk of recurrence when analyzed using univariate (p = 0.01) and multivariate analyses (p = 0.049). Regarding survival, patients with poorly differentiated carcinomas showed a significantly unfavorable overall survival (p < 0.001), disease-specific survival (p = 0.003), and disease-free survival (p = 0.002) compared with patients with well-/moderately differentiated carcinomas according to univariate analyses. A Cox proportional hazards model indicated that a poorly differentiated carcinoma status was the only independent factor for an unfavorable overall survival (p = 0.02), disease-specific survival (p = 0.046), and disease-free survival (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor differentiation of tumor was the only risk factor for recurrence and an unfavorable prognosis for stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients with tumor diameters of < or =20 mm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer and Thoracic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Naruyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toyooka
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soh
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ichimura
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yanai
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suehisa
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ichihara
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.forename: Motoi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aoe
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Date
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000097:blood; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010997:Pleural Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015996:Survival Rate