title: Presentation and stage-specific outcomes of lifelong never-smokers with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco smoking leads to lung cancer. Approximately 10% of patients with lung cancer are life long never-smokers. There are only limited data available on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of lung cancer in never-smokers from the Western hemisphere.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic and survival information was collected on 254 never-smokers with a confirmed pathologic diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by reviewing their medical records and the Social Security database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population consisted of 182 (71.6%) women and 72 (28.3%) men. The median age was 70 years (range: 31-91 years). Adenocarcinoma was the most common histology accounting for 60.8% of all patients, followed by NSCLC not otherwise specified (14.4%), bronchoalveolar carcinoma (13.6%), squamous cell carcinoma (8.8%), and large-cell type (2.4%). Majority of patients presented with stage III or IV disease (62.5%). We compared survival between never-smokers and smokers with NSCLC matched for gender, histology, tumor stage, and years of diagnosis. No significant difference in 5-year survival was seen between never-smokers (27.2%) and smokers with NSCLC (31.3%; p = 0.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two thirds of patients with lung cancer who report no history of tobacco smoking are women. In the matched case-control analysis, we report no significant survival difference between lung cancer in never-smokers and those with history of tobacco smoking and lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Janakiraman
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Vamsidhar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Velcheti
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ramaswamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Govindan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends