title: Is digital rectal examination still necessary in the early detection of prostate cancer?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  PSA measurement is important in prostate cancer detection. However, applying cut-off values of >4 ng/ml as indication for biopsy misses 20-30% of tumours.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the number of patients with prostate cancer and normal age-related PSA, referred for TRUS biopsy due to abnormal DRE alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed patients referred for biopsy over 12 months. Indication for biopsy included abnormal PSA, abnormal DRE, or both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four-hundred and sixty-five (465) TRUS biopsies were performed, 209 were positive. Of the 183 (183/209) positive on whom complete data were available, 4 (2.2%) had a normal age-related PSA but an abnormal DRE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metastatic prostate cancer remains incurable. Therefore detection of organ-confined and potentially curable disease, is crucial. Though PSA has led to earlier detection, this study emphasises the importance of clinical examination, illustrating a normal PSA cannot eliminate the possibility of cancer. DRE and PSA should be interpreted as being collaborative, not competitive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland. Mark.Quinlan@ucd.ie
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Quinlan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teahan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mulvin
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Quinlan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography