title: Disruption of retinoic acid receptor alpha reveals the growth promoter face of retinoic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinoic acid (RA), the bioactive derivative of Vitamin A, by epigenetically controlling transcription through the RA-receptors (RARs), exerts a potent antiproliferative effect on human cells. However, a number of studies show that RA can also promote cell survival and growth. In the course of one of our studies we observed that disruption of RA-receptor alpha, RARalpha, abrogates the RA-mediated growth-inhibitory effects and unmasks the growth-promoting face of RA (Ren et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 2005, 25:10591). The objective of this study was to investigate whether RA can differentially govern cell growth, in the presence and absence of RARalpha, through differential regulation of the "rheostat" comprising ceramide (CER), the sphingolipid with growth-inhibitory activity, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), the sphingolipid with prosurvival activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that functional inhibition of endogenous RARalpha in breast cancer cells by using either RARalpha specific antagonists or a dominant negative RARalpha mutant hampers on one hand the RA-induced upregulation of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase)-mediated CER synthesis, and on the other hand the RA-induced downregulation of sphingosine kinase 1, SK1, pivotal for S1P synthesis. In association with RA inability to regulate the sphingolipid rheostat, cells not only survive, but also grow more in response to RA both in vitro and in vivo. By combining genetic, pharmacological and biochemical approaches, we mechanistically demonstrated that RA-induced growth is, at least in part, due to non-RAR-mediated activation of the SK1-S1P signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the presence of functional RARalpha, RA inhibits cell growth by concertedly, and inversely, modulating the CER and S1P synthetic pathways. In the absence of a functional RARalpha, RA-in a non-RAR-mediated fashion-promotes cell growth by activating the prosurvival S1P signaling. These two distinct, yet integrated processes apparently concur to the growth-promoter effects of RA.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Somenzi
authors.forename: Giusy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.forename: MingQiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghidoni
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sacchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*