title: Intrinsic axial vascularization of an osteoconductive bone matrix by means of an arteriovenous vascular bundle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to generate an autonomously vascularized hard-tissue construct suitable for microsurgical transfer. The effector of vascularization was an arteriovenous bundle inserted into a specially designed channel in the matrix. The authors also evaluated corrosion cast and intravital magnetic resonance angiography as methods for monitoring and quantifying the angiogenic response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty inbred male Lewis rats were divided into two groups. In both groups (n = 15), a disk of processed bovine cancellous bone matrix was placed into an isolation chamber. In group A, a ligated arteriovenous bundle was inserted into the biogenic matrix as a vascular carrier. In group B, there was no vascular carrier. At 2, 4, and 8 weeks after implantation, four constructs per group were evaluated by means of histology and histomorphometry and one by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Micro-magnetic resonance angiography was used for intravital evaluation of the vascularized matrices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vascular density was higher in group A. The capillary network in group A displayed a higher degree of maturation, with organization into vessels of different orders. Both the sprouting and intussusceptive modes of angiogenesis could be documented. Micro-magnetic resonance angiography showed a patency rate of approximately 75 percent in the bundle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors zeroed in on the issue of vascularization. The results might provide a basis for further investigations on induction of bone formation in axially prevascularized matrices. Axially vascularized bone substitutes might solve issues of availability in mass and form and provide perfusion autonomy in sites of impaired circulation.
authors.affiliation: Erlangen, Germany From the Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Surgical Pathology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen Medical Center, and Institute of Materials Science, Glass, and Ceramics, University of Erlangen.
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Polykandriotis
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arkudas
authors.forename: Justus P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Beier
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greil
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Jurgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: Alexander D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: Raymund E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Horch
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kneser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000637:transplantation / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002244:Carbon; D002417:Cattle; D016319:Corrosion Casting / Q000379:methods; D007867:Leg Bones / Q000601:surgery; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous