title: Physiological effects of night vision goggle counterweights on neck musculature of military helicopter pilots.
abstract: Increased helmet-mounted mass and specific neck postures have been found to be a cause of increased muscular activity and stress. However, pilots who use night vision goggles (NVG) frequently use counterweight (CW) equipment such as a lead mass that is attached to the back of the flight helmet to provide balance to counter the weight of the NVG equipment mounted to the front of the flight helmet. It is proposed that this alleviates this stress. However, no study has yet investigated the physiological effects of CW during an extended period of time during which the pilots performed normal operational tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one Canadian Forces pilots were monitored on consecutive days during a day and a NVG mission in a CH-146 flight simulator. Near infrared spectroscopy probes were attached bilaterally to the trapezius muscles and hemodynamics, i.e., total oxygenation index, total hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin, were monitored for the duration of the mission. Pilots either wore CW (n = 25) or did not wear counterweights (nCW, n = 6) as per their usual operational practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levene's statistical tests were conducted to test for homogeneity and only total oxygenation index returned a significant result (p < or = 0.05). For the near infrared spectroscopy variables, significant differences were found to exist between CW and nCW pilots for total hemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and oxyhemoglobin during NVG flights. The CW pilots displayed less metabolic and hemodynamic stress during simulated missions as compared to the nCW pilots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study would suggest that the use of CW equipment during NVG missions in military helicopter pilots does minimize the metabolic and hemodynamic responses of the trapezius muscles.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Center for Kinesiology Health and Sport, Room 173, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: J Patrick
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Neary
authors.forename: Wayne J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Major Dan W
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Veillette
authors.forename: Canadian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forcest
authors.forename: Neil P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Croll
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D002170:Canada; D005135:Eye Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D055254:Night Vision