title: Characterization of genetically modified maize in weakly contaminated seed batches and identification of the origin of the adventitious contamination.
abstract: So far, relatively few genetically modified plants (GMPs) have been planted in the European Union (EU). However, in France, seed batches weakly contaminated by unidentified GM materials have recently been detected among commercial maize seeds (14 seed batches positive out of 447 analyzed). We have developed a 3-step approach to precisely identify the genetic modifications detected in such maize seed batches. First, to isolate GMPs derived from the contaminated seed batches, 10 000 maize seeds of each batch were planted and screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on 100-plant batches, then on 10-plant subbatches, and finally, plant by plant. In a second step, specific identification of the individual GMPs was performed. Finally, to determine the origin of the contamination, each individual GMP was analyzed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The results showed that all batches were contaminated by few GM seeds, having a GM content < 0.1%. Finally, 12 individual GMPs have been isolated from 17 plant pools that were tested positive either for P35-S and/or T-Nos. MON810 and T25 transformation events approved for cultivation in the EU were detected in 7 individual GMPs. The other seed batches were contaminated by genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that are not approved in the EU, including GA21 or the stacking MON810/T25. Presumable identification of T14 was also achieved following sequencing of 1 individual GMP. The data also showed that most of the seed batches were contaminated by several transformation events. Finally, analysis of SSR markers indicated that the contaminations were essentially due to cross-pollination in the seed production process.
authors.affiliation: Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments et sur les Procédés Agro-Alimentaires, Unité EBA, 23 Avenue du Général De Gaulle, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pagny
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baraige
authors.forename: Anne-Cécile
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nignol
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fach
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D018744:DNA, Plant; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011208:Powders; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*