title: Atrium-selective sodium channel block as a strategy for suppression of atrial fibrillation: differences in sodium channel inactivation between atria and ventricles and the role of ranolazine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of selective atrial antiarrhythmic agents is a current strategy for suppression of atrial fibrillation (AF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole-cell patch clamp techniques were used to evaluate inactivation of peak sodium channel current (I(Na)) in myocytes isolated from canine atria and ventricles. The electrophysiological effects of therapeutic concentrations of ranolazine (1 to 10 micromol/L) and lidocaine (2.1 to 21 micromol/L) were evaluated in canine isolated coronary-perfused atrial and ventricular preparations. Half-inactivation voltage of I(Na) was approximately 15 mV more negative in atrial versus ventricular cells under control conditions; this difference increased after exposure to ranolazine. Ranolazine produced a marked use-dependent depression of sodium channel parameters, including the maximum rate of rise of the action potential upstroke, conduction velocity, and diastolic threshold of excitation, and induced postrepolarization refractoriness in atria but not in ventricles. Lidocaine also preferentially suppressed these parameters in atria versus ventricles, but to a much lesser extent than ranolazine. Ranolazine produced a prolongation of action potential duration (APD90) in atria, no effect on APD90 in ventricular myocardium, and an abbreviation of APD90 in Purkinje fibers. Lidocaine abbreviated both atrial and ventricular APD90. Ranolazine was more effective than lidocaine in terminating persistent AF and in preventing the induction of AF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates important differences in the inactivation characteristics of atrial versus ventricular sodium channels and a striking atrial selectivity for the action of ranolazine to produce use-dependent block of sodium channels, leading to suppression of AF. Our results point to atrium-selective sodium channel block as a novel strategy for the management of AF.
authors.affiliation: Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY 13501, USA. sasha@mmrl.edu
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burashnikov
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Di Diego
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zygmunt
authors.forename: Luiz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belardinelli
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antzelevitch
mesh_terms: D000083:Acetanilides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects; D009928:Organ Specificity; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011690:Purkinje Fibers / Q000187:drug effects; D000069458:Ranolazine; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*