title: Prevalence of bacterial contamination of powdered infant feeds in a hospital environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study arose as part of a best-practice nutrition model regarding the introduction of ready-to-use (RTU) infant feeds in place of powdered infant feeds (PIFs) as a standard formula for infants under the age of 1 year who are unable to be breastfed. Internationally and locally there is grave concern regarding the safety and efficacy of mixing PIFs, especially in a hospital setting, and the resultant bacterial contamination causing enteric infections, especially in premature, immunocompromised and sick infants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of bacterial contamination of PIFs given to infants at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative levels of bacterial contamination were determined and were expressed as colony-forming units (CFUs) per millilitre of sample. Aliquots of milk were inoculated onto agar, and the milk samples were then incubated at 25 degrees C overnight (N = 10), 30 degrees C overnight (N = 48) and 30 degrees C for 6 hours (N = 34). Post-incubation milk samples were cultured again. Contamination was defined as any positive culture before administration (i.e. pre incubation) or > 10(2) CFU/ ml after administration (i.e. post incubation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty samples of PIFs (N = 82) were contaminated pre incubation, with 25/82 samples (30.4%) being heavily contaminated ( >or= 10(4) CFU/ml). Post incubation, 43/92 samples (46.7%) were contaminated with > 102 CFU/ml. The acidified PIFs appeared to have some bactericidal effect against some of the organisms, but not all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RTU infant feeds are sterile and are recommended for use in all hospitalised infants. The results of this study indicate that even when milk is prepared in a controlled environment there is significant bacterial contamination of PIFs post production. As RTU feeds are now readily available in South Africa every attempt should be made to use a sterile RTU system for hospitalised infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and School of Adolescent and Child Health, Cape Town, South Africa. lmarino@pgwc.gov.za
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whitelaw
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Workman
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005511:Food Handling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005521:Food Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D011208:Powders