title: Methylation and intratumoural heterogeneity of 14-3-3 sigma in oral cancer.
abstract: 14-3-3 sigma has been a major G2/M checkpoint control gene and has demonstrated that its inactivation in various cancers occurs mostly by epigenetic hypermethylation, not by genetic change. This study investigated the methylation status and expression of the 14-3-3 sigma gene in 46 oral squamous cell carcinomas by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Exons of the p53 gene were examined for mutations by sequencing analysis and CyclinD1 by immunohistochemistry. Methylation of the 14-3-3 sigma gene was detected in 13% (6/46) of the oral tumours, but not in corresponding adjacent non-malignant and normal gingival tissues. Intratumoural heterogeneity was found in the tumour tissues including three 14-3-3 sigma-methylated samples. Methylation of 14-3-3 sigma was detected in 3 SCC with p53 mutations and 3 with wild-type p53. Our major findings are: (a) methylation of 14-3-3 gene promoter is a rare event in oral cancer; (b) it is not always associated with 14-3-3 protein levels and there is no clear relationship between its methylation and p53 mutation; (c) loss of 14-3-3 sigma expression is associated with reduced CyclinD1 gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Maxillofacial Diagnostic Science, Division of Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan. bhawal2002@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Ujjal Kumar
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Bhawal
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsukinoki
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasahira
authors.forename: Fuyuki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muto
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuniyasu
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D056741:Cyclin D; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005092:Exonucleases / Q000235:genetics*; D005095:Exoribonucleases; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005881:Gingiva / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism