title: Hypnotizability, absorption and negative cognitions as predictors of dental anxiety: two pilot studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors conducted two pilot studies that investigated the roles of hypnotizability, absorption (defined as the ability to maintain focused attention on a task or stimulus) and state versus trait anxiety as predictors of dental anxiety. One of the studies also examined the effectiveness of hypnosis in managing dental anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in study 1 completed measures of hypnotizability and anxiety, viewed a video of a dental procedure either under hypnosis or not, and completed dental anxiety questionnaires. Participants in study 2 were told either that the video showed major dental work or a routine polishing. All subjects watched the video and then completed measures assessing their perceptions of the video and their anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors found a positive relationship between hypnotizability and scores on the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) (F(1,290) = 3.45, P = .06), as well as an interaction between hypnotizability and hypnosis (F(1,290) = 6.55, P = .01). An analysis of covariance found a relationship between trait and dental anxiety (F(1,290) = 11.50; P = .001). A two-way analysis of variance found a main effect for hypnosis (F(1,290) = 3.20, P = .07). The authors found an effect for group on the DAS (F(1,228) = 3.67, P = .057), such that subjects in the negative-cognition group scored higher on the DAS. The authors found an interaction between absorption and cognition in perceptions of pain experienced by the patient in the video (F(1,228) = 3.70, P = .05) and in ratings of one's own pain level if in the same situation (F(1,228) = 4.38, P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypnotizability or absorption, pre-existing anxiety and cognitions about dental procedures predict dental anxiety, and hypnosis may be helpful for some, but not all, patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Characteristics such as hypnotizability, trait anxiety and negative cognitions predict which people develop dental anxiety and who will be more responsive to hypnosis. The authors provide suggestions for dentists treating anxious patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA. diclemej@ipfw.edu
authors.forename: Jeannie D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: DiClementi
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deffenbaugh
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008297:Male; D008347:Manifest Anxiety Scale; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014741:Video Recording