title: Plasma pharmacokinetics of midazolam in chickens, turkeys, pheasants and bobwhite quail.
abstract: In vivo plasma pharmacokinetics of midazolam hydrochloride (5 mg/kg i.v.) were determined in commercially raised broiler chickens, turkeys, ring-necked pheasants and bobwhite quail. Pharmacokinetic profiles of midazolam were similar for all four species, especially with regard to the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve. Estimates of the half-life of elimination of midazolam were 0.42, 1.45, 1.90, and 9.71 h for turkeys, chickens, bobwhite quail, and pheasant, respectively. This was similar to the major metabolite (1-hydroxymidazolam). Elimination half-lives for 1-hydroxymidazolam were 1.35, 1.86, 1.97, and 13.97 h for turkey, chicken, bobwhite quail and pheasant, respectively. Elimination half-lives for 4-hydroxymidazolam were 0.76, 1.23, 2.85, and 13.82 h for chicken, turkey, pheasant, and bobwhite quail, respectively. In addition to traditional pharmacokinetic approaches to parameter estimation, a bootstrapping technique was employed to attempt to achieve more realistic approximations of the concentrations at later time-points.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. kacortright@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Cortright
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wetzlich
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Craigmill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001717:Birds / Q000378:metabolism*; D002645:Chickens / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011784:Quail / Q000378:metabolism; D014422:Turkeys / Q000378:metabolism