Transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM): an update.
Allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT)-related immunomodulation (TRIM) encompasses the laboratory immune aberrations that occur after ABT and their established or purported clinical effects. TRIM is a real biologic phenomenon resulting in at least one established beneficial clinical effect in humans, but the existence of deleterious clinical TRIM effects has not yet been confirmed. Initially, TRIM encompassed effects attributable to ABT by immunomodulatory mechanisms (e.g., cancer recurrence, postoperative infection, or virus activation). More recently, TRIM has also included effects attributable to ABT by pro-inflammatory mechanisms (e.g., multiple-organ failure or mortality). TRIM effects may be mediated by: (1) allogeneic mononuclear cells; (2) white-blood-cell (WBC)-derived soluble mediators; and/or (3) soluble HLA peptides circulating in allogeneic plasma. This review categorizes the available randomized controlled trials based on the inference(s) that they permit about possible mediator(s) of TRIM, and examines the strength of the evidence available for relying on WBC reduction or autologous transfusion to prevent TRIM effects.
Vamvakas
Eleftherios C
EC
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Canada.
Blajchman
Morris A
MA
D001789:Blood Group Antigens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000097:blood; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance / Q000276:immunology