title: Akt inhibitor shows anticancer and radiosensitizing effects in malignant glioma cells by inducing autophagy.
abstract: Autophagy, or programmed cell death type II, is one of the responses of cancer cells to various therapies, including ionizing radiation. Recently, we have shown that radiation induces autophagy, but not apoptosis, in various malignant glioma cell lines. Autophagy is mainly regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The Akt/mTOR pathway also mediates oncogenesis and radioresistance. Thus, we hypothesized that inhibiting this pathway has both an anticancer and radiosensitizing effect by activating autophagy. The purpose of our study was therefore to determine whether and by which mechanisms an Akt inhibitor, 1L-6-hydroxymethyl-chiro-inositol 2(R)-2-O-methyl-3-O-octadecylcarbonate, had anticancer and radiosensitizing effects on malignant glioma U87-MG and radioresistant U87-MG cells with a consistitutively active form of epidermal growth factor receptor (U87-MGDeltaEGFR). Treatment with the Akt inhibitor successfully inhibited Akt activity and reduced cell viability in both cell lines. In terms of the mechanism, the Akt inhibitor decreased phosphorylated p70S6 kinase, a downstream target of Akt, and induced autophagy, but not apoptosis. Furthermore, the Akt inhibitor radiosensitized both U87-MG and U87-MGDeltaEGFR cells by enhancing autophagy. Specific inhibition of Akt using the dominant-negative Akt plasmid also resulted in enhanced radiation-induced autophagy. In conclusion, an Akt inhibitor showed anticancer and radiosensitizing effect on U87-MG and U87-MGDeltaEGFR cells by inducing autophagy. Thus, Akt inhibitors may represent a promising new therapy as a single treatment or used in combination with radiation for malignant gliomas, including radioresistant ones that express DeltaEGFR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Keishi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iwado
authors.forename: Gordon B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sawaya
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D007294:Inositol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases