title: PAMPA--critical factors for better predictions of absorption.
abstract: PAMPA, log P(OCT), and Caco-2 are useful tools in drug discovery for the prediction of oral absorption, brain penetration and for the development of structure-permeability relationships. Each approach has its advantages and limitations. Selection criteria for methods are based on many different factors: predictability, throughput, cost and personal preferences (people factor). The PAMPA concerns raised by Galinis-Luciani et al. (Galinis-Luciani et al., 2007, J Pharm Sci, this issue) are answered by experienced PAMPA practitioners, inventors and developers from diverse research organizations. Guidelines on how to use PAMPA are discussed. PAMPA and PAMPA-BBB have much better predictivity for oral absorption and brain penetration than log P(OCT) for real-world drug discovery compounds. PAMPA and Caco-2 have similar predictivity for passive oral absorption. However, it is not advisable to use PAMPA to predict absorption involving transporter-mediated processes, such as active uptake or efflux. Measurement of PAMPA is much more rapid and cost effective than Caco-2 and log P(OCT). PAMPA assay conditions are critical in order to generate high quality and relevant data, including permeation time, assay pH, stirring, use of cosolvents and selection of detection techniques. The success of using PAMPA in drug discovery depends on careful data interpretation, use of optimal assay conditions, implementation and integration strategies, and education of users.
authors.affiliation: pION INC, 5 Constitution Way, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, USA. aavdeef@pion-inc.com
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avdeef
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bendels
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faller
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kansy
authors.forename: Kiyohiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.forename: Yukinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship