title: Survey of management of severe head injury in Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine: 1. the degrees of consensus and disagreement among Canadian critical care clinicians regarding the appropriateness (benefit exceeding risk) of common therapeutic manoeuvres in patients with severe closed head injury (CHI), and 2. the frequency with which clinicians employed these manoeuvres.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a systematic scenario-based survey of all neurosurgeons and critical care physicians treating patients with severe CHI in Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the scenario of acute epidural hematoma with mass effect, respondents agreed very strongly that surgery was appropriate. Clinicians reported mannitol and hypertonic saline as appropriate. Beyond these two interventions, agreement was less strong, and the use of the extraventricular drain (EVD), phenytoin, cooling, hyperventilation, nimodipine, and jugular venous oximetry (JVO) were of uncertain appropriateness. Steroids were considered inappropriate. In a scenario of diffuse axonal injury (DAI), clinicians agreed strongly that fever reduction, early enteral feeding, intensive glucose control, and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)-directed management were appropriate. The use of mannitol, hypertonic saline, EVD, JVO, narcotics and propofol were also appropriate. Neuromuscular blockade, surgery, and hyperventilation were of uncertain appropriateness. The appropriateness ratings of the interventions considered in the scenario of an intracranial contusion mirrored the DAI scenario. In general, correlations between the reported appropriateness and frequency of use of each intervention were very high. An exception noted was the use of the JVO. The correlation between CPP-guided therapy and the use of the EVD was weak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey has described current practice with regard to treatment of patients with severe CHI. Areas of variation in perceived appropriateness were identified that may benefit from further evaluation. Suggested priorities for evaluation include the use of osmotic diuretics, anticonvulsants, and intracranial manometry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care (MJJ), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jacka
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zygun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D020833:Diffuse Axonal Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009462:Neurology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment