Characterization of the intracellular deproteinized relaxed circular DNA of hepatitis B virus: an intermediate of covalently closed circular DNA formation.
Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is formed by conversion of capsid-associated relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) via unknown mechanisms and exists in the nucleus of the infected hepatocyte as a minichromosome that serves as the transcription template for viral RNAs. To study the molecular pathway of cccDNA formation and its regulation by viral and cellular factors, we have established a cell line that supports the replication of an envelope protein-deficient HBV genome in a tetracycline-inducible manner. Following induction of HBV replication, the cells accumulate higher levels of cccDNA as well as larger amounts of deproteinized rcDNA (DP-rcDNA) than cells that replicate wild-type HBV genomes. These results indicate that HBV envelope proteins negatively regulate cccDNA formation, and conversion of DP-rcDNA into cccDNA is a rate-limiting step of cccDNA formation in HepG2 cells. Detailed analyses reveal the following: (i) DP-rcDNA exists in both cytoplasm and nucleus; (ii) while nuclear DP-rcDNA is sensitive to DNase I digestion, a small fraction of cytoplasmic DP-rcDNA is DNase I resistant; (iii) both DNase I-sensitive and -resistant cytoplasmic DP-rcDNAs cosediment with capsids and can be immunoprecipitated with HBV core antibody; and (iv) a primer extension assay maps the 5' end of the minus strand of DP-rcDNA at the authentic end of virion rcDNA. Hence, our results favor a hypothesis that the removal of viral polymerase protein covalently linked to the 5' end of the minus-strand DNA occurs inside the capsid in the cytoplasm and most possibly via a reaction that cleaves the phosphodiester bond between the tyrosine of the polymerase and the 5' phosphoryl group of minus-strand DNA.
Guo
Haitao
H
Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
Jiang
Dong
D
Zhou
Tianlun
T
Cuconati
Andrea
A
Block
Timothy M
TM
Guo
Ju-Tao
JT
D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication; D004270:DNA, Circular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D014162:Transfection; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication