title: Insulin-like growth factor-I, regulating aromatase expression through steroidogenic factor 1, supports estrogen-dependent tumor Leydig cell proliferation.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of estrogens in Leydig cell tumor proliferation. We used R2C rat Leydig tumor cells and testicular samples from Fischer rats with a developed Leydig tumor. Both experimental models express high levels of aromatase and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). Treatment with exogenous 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) induced proliferation of R2C cells and up-regulation of cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and cyclin E, the expression of which was blocked by addition of antiestrogens. These observations led us to hypothesize an E(2)/ERalpha-dependent mechanism for Leydig cell tumor proliferation. In determining the molecular mechanism responsible for aromatase overexpression, we found that total and phosphorylated levels of transcription factors cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) were higher in tumor samples. Moreover, we found that tumor Leydig cells produce high levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which increased aromatase mRNA, protein, and activity as a consequence of increased total and phosphorylated SF-1 levels. Specific inhibitors of IGF-I receptor, protein kinase C, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase determined a reduction in SF-1 expression and in IGF-I-dependent SF-1 recruitment to the aromatase PII promoter. The same inhibitors also inhibited aromatase expression and activity and, consequently, R2C cell proliferation. We can conclude that one of the molecular mechanisms determining Leydig cell tumorigenesis is an excessive estrogen production that stimulates a short autocrine loop determining cell proliferation. In addition, cell-produced IGF-I amplifies estrogen signaling through an SF-1-dependent up-regulation of aromatase expression. The identification of this molecular mechanism will be helpful in defining new therapeutic approaches for Leydig cell tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sirianni
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chimento
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malivindi
authors.forename: Ignazio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mazzitelli
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andò
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pezzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001141:Aromatase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019898:Autocrine Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology*; D007984:Leydig Cell Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000502:physiology*; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*