title: Reversible precipitation of bovine serum albumin by metal ions and synthesis, structure and reactivity of new tetrathiometallate chelating agents.
abstract: Independent research is an important component of any undergraduate chemistry program. This article reports the findings of two of many undergraduate research projects directed by Ed Stiefel in the hopes that the results will be inspiring and useful to the scientific community. The neurological disorders associated with insufficient copper in Menkes disease and an excess of copper in Wilson's disease are well established; however, recent evidence suggests that copper may also be involved in other disorders, such as Alzheimer's, angiogenesis, and prion diseases. The exact role of copper, however, is uncertain. This study examines the role of copper and zinc in the formation of protein deposits and the chelation and removal of the metal ions to reverse the process. The bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein forms a precipitate after the addition of approximately 6 copper(II) atoms or 8 zinc(II) atoms. Other metal ions, such as Ca(II), Al(III), Ni(II), and Co(II), did not precipitate the BSA even when the metal ion to BSA ratios were in excess of 1000. The copper and zinc protein precipitates returned to solution after addition of the chelating agents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or tetrathiometallates [(MS(4)(2-)), where M=Mo, W]. Two new choline and acetylcholine tetrathiomolybdate and tetrathiotungstate chelating agents have been synthesized and characterized. The infrared (IR) and X-ray crystal structures of the complexes revealed that the (MS(4)(2-)) cores had approximate T(d) symmetry in the choline (Ch) salts and C(2v) symmetry in the acetylcholine (AcCh) salts. The AcCh salts hydrolyzed more slowly than the ammonium or Ch salts and the tetrathiotungstate salts hydrolyzed approximately two orders of magnitude more slowly than the tetrathiomolybdate salts. The slower hydrolysis of tetrathiotungstate may make it more useful as an inorganic reagent and therapeutic agent.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Edward I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Stiefel
authors.forename: Catherine Coyle
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000737:chemistry; D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D002794:Choline / Q000737:chemistry; D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000737:chemistry; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry