title: CXCR5 may be involved in the attraction of human metastatic neuroblastoma cells to the bone marrow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Up-regulation of some chemokine receptors on tumor cells is associated with increased metastatic potential. In this respect, limited information is available on chemokine receptor in human neuroblastoma (NB).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Purpose of the study was to identify chemokines/chemokine receptors involved in bone marrow (BM) localization of metastatic NB cells in view of the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. CD45- metastatic NB cells were isolated from the BM of six patients by immunomagnetic bead manipulation. Some experiments were carried out using a panel of human neuroblastoma cell lines (GI-ME-N, GI-LI-N, LAN-5, HTLA-230, SH-SY-5Y and IMR-32). Immunophenotypic analyses were performed by flow cytometry. Cell migration assays were carried out using transwell systems. Calcium ion mobilization, chemokine receptor internalization and cell proliferation were investigated by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all BM samples, CXCR5 was expressed by the majority of primary neuroblasts and mediated their chemotaxis in response to CXCL13. Primary metastatic NB cells from all BM samples expressed CXCR6, but were not attracted by soluble CXCL16. Studies performed with two CXCR6+ NB cell lines showed that the mechanism whereby neuroblasts did not migrate to CXCL16 was likely related to defective calcium ion mobilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CXCR5 is the first chemokine receptor so far identified able to attract in vitro primary metastatic NB cells. CXCR6 may be involved in retention of metastatic neuroblasts in the BM through interaction with CXCL16 expressing stromal cells in the absence of signal transduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Laboratory Medicine, G. Gaslini Institute, Largo G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Airoldi
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cocco
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.forename: Ignazia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Prigione
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pistoia
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D000075743:Chemokine CXCL16; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007223:Infant; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D054380:Receptors, CXCR5 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000075744:Receptors, CXCR6; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000378:metabolism; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism