title: Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised non-HIV-infected patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly Pneumocystis carinii), for immunocompromised non-HIV-infected patients by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched for randomized controlled trials that compared prophylaxis using antibiotics effective against P jirovecii, given orally or intravenously, vs placebo, no intervention, or antibiotics with no activity against P jirovecii. In addition, we included trials that compared different PCP prophylactic regimens or administration schedules. The search included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and conference proceedings. No language, year, or publication restrictions were applied. Two reviewers (H.G. and M.P.) independently searched, selected trials, extracted data, and performed methodological quality assessment. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve randomized trials were identified, including 1245 patients (50% children) who had undergone autologous bone marrow or solid organ transplant or who had hematologic cancer. When trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was administered, a 91% reduction was observed in the occurrence of PCP (RR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.02-0.32); the number needed to treat was 15 (95% CI, 13-20) patients, with no heterogeneity. Pneumocystis pneumonia-related mortality was significantly reduced (RR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.03-0.94), whereas all-cause mortality did not differ significantly (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.18-3.46). Adverse events that required discontinuation occurred in 3.1% of adults and none of the children, and all were reversible. No differences between once-daily and thrice-weekly administration schedules were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Balanced against severe adverse events, PCP prophylaxis is warranted when the risk for PCP is higher than 3.5% for adults. Adverse events are less frequent in children, for whom prophylaxis might be warranted at lower PCP incidence rates.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infectious Diseases, Rabin Medical Centre, Beilison Hospital, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel.
authors.forename: Hefziba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Mical
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Liat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leibovici
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*