title: Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in active conflict areas of eastern Burma: a summary of cross-sectional data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Burma records the highest number of malaria deaths in southeast Asia and may represent a reservoir of infection for its neighbors, but the burden of disease and magnitude of transmission among border populations of Burma remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasitemia was detected using a HRP-II antigen based rapid test (Paracheck-Pf(R)). Pf prevalence was estimated from screenings conducted in 49 villages participating in a malaria control program, and four retrospective mortality cluster surveys encompassing a sampling frame of more than 220,000. Crude odds ratios were calculated to evaluate Pf prevalence by age, sex, and dry vs. rainy season.
  
  
  RESULTS
  9,796 rapid tests were performed among 28,410 villagers in malaria program areas through four years (2003: 8.4%, 95% CI: 8.3 - 8.6; 2004: 7.1%, 95% CI: 6.9 - 7.3; 2005:10.5%, 95% CI: 9.3 - 11.8 and 2006: 9.3%, 95% CI: 8.2 - 10.6). Children under 5 (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.93 - 2.06) and those 5 to 14 years (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 2.18 - 2.29) were more likely to be positive than adults. Prevalence was slightly higher among females (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.06) and in the rainy season (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.16 - 1.88). Among 5,538 rapid tests conducted in four cluster surveys, 10.2% were positive (range 6.3%, 95% CI: 3.9 - 8.8; to 12.4%, 95% CI: 9.4 - 15.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of plasmodium falciparum in conflict areas of eastern Burma is higher than rates reported among populations in neighboring Thailand, particularly among children. This population serves as a large reservoir of infection that contributes to a high disease burden within Burma and likely constitutes a source of infection for neighboring regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 305 East 161st Street, Bronx, NY 10451, USA. arichar2@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Adam K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Luke C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Mullany
authors.forename: Catherine I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Whichard
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Banek
authors.forename: Mahn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahn
authors.forename: Eh Kalu
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Shwe Oo
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lee