title: Comparison of maximum intensity projection and digitally reconstructed radiographic projection for carotid artery stenosis measurement.
abstract: Digital subtraction angiography is being supplanted by three-dimensional imaging techniques in many clinical applications, leading to extensive use of maximum intensity projection (MIP) images to depict volumetric vascular data. The MIP algorithm produces intensity profiles that are different than conventional angiograms, and can also increase the vessel-to-tissue contrast-to-noise ratio. We evaluated the effect of the MIP algorithm in a clinical application where quantitative vessel measurement is important: internal carotid artery stenosis grading. Three-dimensional computed rotational angiography (CRA) was performed on 26 consecutive symptomatic patients to verify an internal carotid artery stenosis originally found using duplex ultrasound. These volumes of data were visualized using two different postprocessing projection techniques: MIP and digitally reconstructed radiographic (DRR) projection. A DRR is a radiographic image simulating a conventional digitally subtracted angiogram, but it is derived computationally from the same CRA dataset as the MIP. By visualizing a single volume with two different projection techniques, the postprocessing effect of the MIP algorithm is isolated. Vessel measurements were made, according to the NASCET guidelines, and percentage stenosis grades were calculated. The paired t-test was used to determine if the measurement difference between the two techniques was statistically significant. The CRA technique provided an isotropic voxel spacing of 0.38 mm. The MIPs and DRRs had a mean signal-difference-to-noise-ratio of 30:1 and 26:1, respectively. Vessel measurements from MIPs were, on average, 0.17 mm larger than those from DRRs (P < 0.0001). The NASCET-type stenosis grades tended to be underestimated on average by 2.4% with the MIP algorithm, although this was not statistically significant (P=0.09). The mean interobserver variability (standard deviation) of both the MIP and DRR images was 0.35 mm. It was concluded that the MIP algorithm slightly increased the apparent dimensions of the arteries, when applied to these intra-arterial CRA images. This subpixel increase was smaller than both the voxel size and interobserver variability, and was therefore not clinically relevant.
authors.affiliation: Robarts Research Institute, Imaging Research Laboratories, 100 Perth Drive, PO Box 5015, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada. derek.hyde@sunnybrook.ca
authors.forename: Derek E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: Damiaan F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Habets
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gulka
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalapos
authors.forename: Don H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pelz
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Holdsworth
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity