title: Comparison of direct machine parameter optimization versus fluence optimization with sequential sequencing in IMRT of hypopharyngeal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the effects of direct machine parameter optimization in the treatment planning of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for hypopharyngeal cancer as compared to subsequent leaf sequencing in Oncentra Masterplan v1.5.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 10 hypopharyngeal cancer patients IMRT plans were generated in Oncentra Masterplan v1.5 (Nucletron BV, Veenendal, the Netherlands) for a Siemens Primus linear accelerator. For optimization the dose volume objectives (DVO) for the planning target volume (PTV) were set to 53 Gy minimum dose and 59 Gy maximum dose, in order to reach a dose of 56 Gy to the average of the PTV. For the parotids a median dose of 22 Gy was allowed and for the spinal cord a maximum dose of 35 Gy. The maximum DVO to the external contour of the patient was set to 59 Gy. The treatment plans were optimized with the direct machine parameter optimization ("Direct Step & Shoot", DSS, Raysearch Laboratories, Sweden) newly implemented in Masterplan v1.5 and the fluence modulation technique ("Intensity Modulation", IM) which was available in previous versions of Masterplan already. The two techniques were compared with regard to compliance to the DVO, plan quality, and number of monitor units (MU) required per fraction dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plans optimized with the DSS technique met the DVO for the PTV significantly better than the plans optimized with IM (p = 0.007 for the min DVO and p < 0.0005 for the max DVO). No significant difference could be observed for compliance to the DVO for the organs at risk (OAR) (p > 0.05). Plan quality, target coverage and dose homogeneity inside the PTV were superior for the plans optimized with DSS for similar dose to the spinal cord and lower dose to the normal tissue. The mean dose to the parotids was lower for the plans optimized with IM. Treatment plan efficiency was higher for the DSS plans with (901 +/- 160) MU compared to (1151 +/- 157) MU for IM (p-value < 0.05). Renormalization of the IM plans to the mean of the dose to 95% of the PTV (D95) of the DSS plans, resulted in similar target coverage and dose to the parotids for both strategies, at the cost of a significantly higher dose to the normal tissue and maximum dose to the target. The relative volume of the PTV receiving 107% or more of the prescription dose V107 increased to 35.5% +/- 20.0% for the IM plan as compared to a mean of 0.9% +/- 0.9% for the DSS plan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct machine parameter optimization is a major improvement compared to the fluence modulation with subsequent leaf sequencing in Oncentra Masterplan v1.5. The resulting dose distribution complies better with the DVO and better plan quality is achieved for identical specification of DVO. An additional asset is the reduced number of MU as compared to IM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. barbara.dobler@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dobler
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bogner
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Koelbl
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects