title: Variability of UL18, UL40, UL111a and US3 immunomodulatory genes among human cytomegalovirus clinical isolates from renal transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Variability of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genes counteracting immune responses is poorly investigated in non-cultured clinical strains.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In HCMV-infected renal graft recipients, we aimed to (i) investigate the variability of four HCMV immunomodulatory genes, without any culture-related viral selection, (ii) provide evolutionary sequence data, and (iii) study co-existing HCMV variants and their evolution.
  
  
  METHODS
  UL18, UL40, UL111a and US3 were sequenced in 31 blood samples from 17 patients (8 with sequential samples). Cloning of UL40 PCR products was performed in one donor-positive/recipient-positive (D+/R+) patient's samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each patient harboured a unique strain (combination of four genes), however single identical genes were demonstrated among various patients, suggesting recombination events. Sequencing showed in D+/R- recipients, either complete gene stability (four patients) or significant variability (one patient); in three D+/R+ patients, multiple gene variations, possibly linked to super- or co-infections. Cloning evidenced different variants at each time point with an increasing variability over time, illustrating possibly viral reactivations and the subsequent evolution of the variants mixture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A noticeable HCMV natural polymorphism was shown, with different evolutive patterns. Moreover, we described the co-evolution of variants mixtures in one patient. Consequences on HCMV infection and graft function deserve further studying.
authors.affiliation: Université Bordeaux 2, Laboratoire de Virologie EA2968 and IFR66, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33 076, Bordeaux Cédex, France. isabelle.garrigue@chu-bordeaux.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garrigue
authors.forename: Muriel Faure-Della
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Corte
authors.forename: Noël
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magnin
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Couzi
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capdepont
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rio
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Merville
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dechanet-Merville
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fleury
authors.forename: Marie-Edith
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lafon
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics