title: Do life- or school-satisfaction and self-esteem indicators explain the oral hygiene habits of schoolchildren?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to ascertain how frequently toothbrushing and flossing are practiced among schoolchildren in Kuwait and whether life- and school-satisfaction and self-esteem indicators are associated with oral hygiene habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 2312 schoolchildren between 11 and 13 years old filled out a structured questionnaire anonymously in school classrooms during 2002 and 2003. For this study, nationally representative samples of children were drawn from all six governorates of Kuwait. Only government schools were included. The questionnaire of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study was used in this study after it was modified to suit Kuwait. A chi-squared test and logistic regression model were used for analyzing the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over half of the pupils reported brushing their teeth more than once a day; girls reported brushing more frequently than boys did. One-fifth of the pupils did not brush their teeth even on a daily basis. The life- and school-satisfaction and self-esteem indicators were associated with more-than-once-a-day toothbrushing frequency. The strongest predictors for recommended brushing were: feeling very happy (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.38-2.77), feeling that other pupils always accept him/her (1.5; 1.16-2.02), never/sometimes feeling lonely and feeling that it is very easy to make friends (1.4; 1.06-1.94). The summary variables of life-satisfaction, school-satisfaction and self-esteem seemed to be strongly associated with brushing. Dental floss was never used by 45% of the children, weekly by 18% and daily by 17%; 20% did not even know what dental floss was.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among intermediate schoolchildren in Kuwait, oral hygiene practices were far behind the international recommendations. Special emphasis should be placed on children who have personal problems with their life, school and self-esteem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Preventive Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait. siskohonkala@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honkala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Honkala
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Sahli
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006240:Happiness; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D012928:Social Desirability; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014099:Toothbrushing