title: The intensity of the fetal inflammatory response in intraamniotic inflammation with and without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraamniotic inflammation is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcome, regardless of the presence or absence of a positive amniotic fluid (AF) culture. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the intensity of a fetal inflammatory response (FIR) differs between cases of intraamniotic inflammation with microbiologically proven infection and cases with negative AF cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The FIR was examined in 89 cases of women with preterm premature rupture of membranes who delivered singleton preterm newborn infants within 48 hours of amniocentesis. AF was cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for genital mycoplasmas. AF white blood cell (WBC) count and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) determinations were performed to assess the presence of intraamniotic inflammation. Intraamniotic inflammation was defined as an elevated AF MMP-8 concentration (>23 ng/mL). The intensity of the FIR was determined by the umbilical cord plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP). Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the presence or absence of intraamniotic inflammation and AF culture results: group 1, without intraamniotic inflammation and with a negative AF culture (n = 28); group 2, with intraamniotic inflammation and with a negative AF culture (n = 26); group 3, with a positive AF culture (n = 35).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonates who were born to mothers with intraamniotic inflammation and negative AF cultures had a significantly higher median umbilical cord plasma CRP concentration than did those without intraamniotic inflammation and a negative AF culture (P < .005) but a significantly lower median cord plasma CRP concentration than did those with proven AF infection (P < .05). Patients with intraamniotic inflammation and a negative AF culture had significantly higher median AF MMP-8 concentrations and WBC count than did those without intraamniotic inflammation and a negative AF culture (P < .001). However, there was no significant difference in the median AF MMP-8 and WBC count between patients with intraamniotic inflammation and a negative AF culture and those with proven AF infection (MMP-8, P > .1, and WBC, P = .09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraamniotic inflammation without documented AF infection is a risk factor for a systemic FIR. However, the magnitude of the FIR in those cases was lower than in those with documented AF infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Si Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Chan-Wook
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Joong Shin
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Bo Hyun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*