title: Effects of dietary calcium intake on body weight and prevalence of osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High calcium intakes seem to be ineffective at reducing bone loss in early postmenopausal women. However, the inverse relation between calcium intake and body weight can attenuate the negative effect of a low dietary calcium intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess the role of dietary calcium and body mass index (BMI) on osteoporosis, defined according to World Health Organization criteria as a lumbar bone density >2.5 SD below the T score.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study conducted in 1771 healthy, early postmenopausal women, who were not taking calcium supplements at the first densitometric evaluation. Weekly frequency of dairy food consumption was used to estimate the relative intake of dietary calcium. Total dairy intake was classified into 4 categories by quartile cutoffs. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to study this sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMI and prevalence of overweight showed significant inverse trends with increasing dairy intake. Calcium intake was not associated with osteoporosis when overweight was not considered. However, when overweight was considered in the analysis, women with the lowest calcium intake were more likely to have osteoporosis (odds ratio: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.89; P = 0.008) than were women with the highest calcium intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In early postmenopausal women, a low dietary calcium intake may increase the risk of osteoporosis, but its negative effect can be offset by the greater BMI found in women with a low calcium intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Gaetano Pini Institute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. varenna@gpini.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varenna
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Binelli
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casari
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zucchi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sinigaglia
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies