title: Species status of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: evolutionary and epidemiological inferences from multilocus sequence typing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various typing methods have been developed for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, but none provide the combination of discrimination, reproducibility, portability, and genetic inference that allows the analysis of all aspects of the epidemiology of this pathogen from a single data set. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been used successfully to characterize the related organisms Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica. Here, the same seven locus Neisseria scheme was used to characterize a diverse collection of N. gonorrhoeae isolates to investigate whether this method would allow differentiation among isolates, and to distinguish these three species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 149 gonococcal isolates were typed and submitted to the Neisseria MLST database. Although relatively few (27) polymorphisms were detected among the seven MLST loci, a total of 66 unique allele combinations (sequence types, STs), were observed, a number comparable to that seen among isolate collections of the more diverse meningococcus. Patterns of genetic variation were consistent with high levels of recombination generating this diversity. There was no evidence for geographical structuring among the isolates examined, with isolates collected in Liverpool, UK, showing levels of diversity similar to a global collection of isolates. There was, however, evidence that populations of N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and N. lactamica were distinct, with little support for frequent genetic recombination among these species, with the sequences from the gdh locus alone grouping the species into distinct clusters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The seven loci Neisseria MLST scheme was readily adapted to N. gonorrhoeae isolates, providing a highly discriminatory typing method. In addition, these data permitted phylogenetic and population genetic inferences to be made, including direct comparisons with N. meningitidis and N. lactamica. Examination of these data demonstrated that alleles were rarely shared among the three species. Analysis of variation at a single locus, gdh, provided a rapid means of identifying misclassified isolates and determining whether mixed cultures were present.
authors.affiliation: The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK. julia.bennett@zoo.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Julia S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jolley
authors.forename: P Frederick
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Sparling
authors.forename: Nigel J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: C Anthony
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Feavers
authors.forename: Martin C J
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Maiden
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D042806:Neisseria lactamica / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013045:Species Specificity