title: Percutaneous transcatheter ventricular septal defect closure in adults with Amplatzer septal occluders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The interest in transcatheter ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure is continuously growing. Therefore, we report our experience in perimembranous (Pm) and postinfarction (Pi) VSD closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients, older than 16 years, were selected from a data base, in which Pm and Pi VSDs were registered. The patients' files were reviewed until the most recent follow-up date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine (7 male, 37.4 +/- 12.8 y) and 8 (6 male, 76.3 +/- 6.2 y) patients underwent a Pm (group A) and Pi VSD (group B) closure, respectively. One female patient was treated for a posttraumatic VSD (26 y). In group A, 7 patients were closed with the Amplatzer perimembranous VSD occluder, one with the muscular VSD occluder, and one patient with the atrial septal defect occluder. All patients in group B were treated with the muscular VSD occluder. In the post-traumatic VSD an Amplatzer patent foramen ovale occluder was used. Device implantation was feasible in all, except in two patients with extremely large VSDs (one Pm and one PiVSD). Total transcatheter closure or small residual leakage was achieved in 7/8 patients in group A, but one patient needed surgical VSD repair because of massive haemolysis, another patient died 9 months later. A small or moderate shunt was present immediately after the procedure in all patients of group B. No device-related complications were reported, but all, except one patient, died within 2 weeks after the procedure because of an extremely high co-morbidity (logistic Euroscore 70 +/- 25%). Total closure was achieved in the post-traumatic VSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter closure of Pm and Pi VSD with Amplatzer septal occluders in adults is feasible and safe, but the post-procedural prognosis totally depends on the aetiology of the VSD and its co-morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marinakis
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vydt
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dens
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gewillig
authors.forename: Kristien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Deyk
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Budts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome