title: Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggest that high plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may reduce the risk of prostate cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine the associations between plasma concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol and prostate cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 137,001 men in 8 European countries participated. After a mean of 6 y, 966 incident cases of prostate cancer with plasma were available. A total of 1064 control subjects were selected and were matched for study center, age, and date of recruitment. The relative risk of prostate cancer was estimated by conditional logistic regression, which was adjusted for smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, marital status, physical activity, and education level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, none of the micronutrients examined were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. For lycopene and the sum of carotenoids, there was evidence of heterogeneity between the associations with risks of localized and advanced disease. These carotenoids were not associated with the risk of localized disease but were inversely associated with the risk of advanced disease. The risk of advanced disease for men in the highest fifth of plasma concentrations compared with men in the lowest fifth was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.88) for lycopene and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.78) for the sum of carotenoids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed no associations between plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols and overall prostate cancer risk. The inverse associations of lycopene and the sum of carotenoids with the risk of advanced disease may involve a protective effect, an association of dietary choice with delayed detection of prostate cancer, reverse causality, or other factors.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. tim.key@ceu.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Key
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Appleby
authors.forename: Naomi E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Roddam
authors.forename: Mazda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jenab
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Egevad
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Nina F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linseisen
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pischon
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Psaltopoulou
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trichopoulos
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berrino
authors.forename: Lambertus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: J Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Quirós
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Nerea
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Larrañaga
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Chirlaque
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ardanaz
authors.forename: Pär
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stattin
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slimani
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*