title: Candida and dysbacteriosis: a cytologic, population-based study of 100,605 asymptomatic women concerning cervical carcinogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to investigate whether the presence of vaginal Candida or dysbacteriosis predisposes women to an increased susceptibility for (pre)neoplasia over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, longitudinal, cohort study was performed and was conducted in a population of 100,605 women, each of whom had 2 smears taken over a period of 12 years as part of the Dutch Cervical Screening Program. From these women, a cohort of 1439 women with Candida and a cohort of 5302 women with dysbacteriosis were selected as 2 separate study groups. The control cohort consisted of women who had completely normal cervical smears (n = 87,903 women). These groups were followed retrospectively over time. The odds ratios (OR) for squamous abnormalities in the follow-up smear for the women in these 3 cohorts were established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dysbacteriotic cohort was significantly more likely to have low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL+) in their follow-up smear (OR, 1.85; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.28-2.67 and OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.31-3.05, respectively) compared with women in the control group. In contrast, the Candida cohort had no significantly increased or decreased risk of developing SIL. The equivocal diagnosis 'atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance' was rendered significantly more often in the follow-up smear of both study cohorts (Candida cohort: OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.03-1.95; dysbacteriotic cohort: OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.22-1.71).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study indicated that the presence of Candida vaginalis was not associated with an increased risk for SIL over time. In contrast, women with dysbacteriosis had a significantly increased risk of developing (pre)neoplastic changes. These findings should be taken into account in further research concerning predisposing factors for cervical carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands. mengberts@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marian K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Engberts
authors.forename: Banut S M
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Verbruggen
authors.forename: Mathilde E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Haaften
authors.forename: A Peter M
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Heintz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D002175:Candida / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000382:microbiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology