title: Validity, trustworthiness and rigour: reasserting realism in qualitative research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper challenges recent sceptical approaches to the possibility of validating qualitative research and underlines the benefits of adopting a realist approach to validity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In recent discussion about the methodological bases for qualitative research it has been argued that, because different methodologies take different approaches to validity, attempts to develop a common set of validation criteria are futile. On the basis of this sceptical view, a number of strategies for judging qualitative research have been proposed. These include suggestions that: it should be judged according to aesthetic or rhetorical criteria, rather than epistemological validity; responsibility for appraisal should move from researchers to readers; each methodology should be assessed individually according to its own merits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of these suggestions provide a viable alternative to validity, defined as the extent to which research reflects accurately that to which it refers. Because the form of research does not determine its content, replacement of epistemology by aesthetics is unsustainable. Because research reports mediate between writer and reader, a one-sided approach to this relationship constitutes a false dichotomy. If we accept the criterion of practitioner confidence as a means of judging methodological approaches, this involves rejection of judgement according to a methodology's own merits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If qualitative research is actually about something, and if it is required to provide beneficial information, then a realist approach to validity holds out greatest promise.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK. s.porter@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D019359:Knowledge; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010687:Philosophy, Nursing; D036301:Qualitative Research; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D035502:Trust