title: Crystal Multiplication without Nucleation.
abstract: Disk-shaped ice crystals grow out from the surface of polycrystalline ice in undercooled water. The rupture of the neck of the attached disk is a means of multiplying the number of viable crystals in the surrounding undercooled water. This is a source of frazil ice in streams and a source of new crystals in metal castings which are grain-refined by stirring.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Williamson