title: Pain in the aftermath of trauma is a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying risk factors for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is important for understanding and ultimately preventing the disorder. This study assessed pain shortly after traumatic injury (i.e. peritraumatic pain) as a risk factor for PTSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n=115) were patients admitted to a Level 1 Surgical Trauma Center. Admission to this service reflected a severe physical injury requiring specialized, emergent trauma care. Participants completed a pain questionnaire within 48 h of traumatic injury and a PTSD diagnostic module 4 and 8 months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peritraumatic pain was associated with an increased risk of PTSD, even after controlling for a number of other significant risk factors other than acute stress disorder symptoms. An increase of 0.5 s.d. from the mean in a 0-10 pain rating scale 24-48 h after injury was associated with an increased odds of PTSD at 4 months by more than fivefold, and at 8 months by almost sevenfold. A single item regarding amount of pain at the time of hospital admission correctly classified 65% of participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If these findings are replicated in other samples, high levels of peritraumatic pain could be used to identify individuals at elevated risk for PTSD following traumatic injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103, USA. snorman@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dimsdale
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hoyt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*