title: Congenital vascular rings: a rare cause of respiratory distress in infants and children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital vascular rings may often cause unexplained respiratory symptoms in infants and young children. Their diagnosis and treatment are often delayed. Few studies of vascular rings have been reported in China. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and surgical management of infants and children with congenital vascular rings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical histories, physical examinations, investigations, image studies and surgical interventions were retrospectively evaluated in 7 children (age range: 2 months-4 years, mean 7 months) with congenital vascular rings. Chest radiography was performed in all patients. Echocardiography and computed tomography (CT) with 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructions were performed in 6 patients. Esophagography, cardiac catheterization and angiography, and bronchoscopy were performed in 1, 1 and 4 children, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of the 7 patients had respiratory symptoms, including recurrent cough, stridor and wheeze. Age at onset of symptoms ranged from 1 month to 11 months. Chest X-ray showed nothing important on the vascular rings, besides bronchitis and pneumonia. Contrast-enhanced CT diagnosed vascular rings in 6 patients. Four patients had double aortic arches, two had balanced arches and two were right arch dominant. One patient had a right aortic arch with left ligament and 1 patient had a pulmonary artery sling. Echocardiography failed to diagnose vascular rings in 2 patients. The esophagogram of 1 patient showed esophageal compression. Bronchoscopy of 4 patients showed compression of the distal trachea. Five of the 7 patients underwent surgical division of the vascular rings. Surgical observation confirmed the CT findings in each patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients, especially infants or young children, with recurrent respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough, stridor and wheeze, should be examined for the possible presence of congenital vascular rings. Contrast-enhanced CT can clearly show the anatomy of vascular rings. As a noninvasive technique, echocardiography is helpful for diagnosis. Early surgical management in symptomatic patients is effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Gui-qin
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Zhong-zhi
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiao-feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Zhong-dong
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: DU
authors.forename: Lan-zhong
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Fang-yun
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hai-yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000002:abnormalities*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed