Dodder weevils in simultaneous association with parasitic plants and their hosts.
The weevil Smicronyx quadrifer (broad sense) is restricted in host preference to the parasitic dodders (Cuscuta species) durin its adult life, but its larvae consistently move from dodder stems into living stems of certain hosts of dodders, where they feed, grow to maturity, and undergo metamorphosis. Such associations, involving three interacting organisms, are very unusual among phytogragous insects.
Anderson
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