title: Eating fast leads to insulin resistance: findings in middle-aged Japanese men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine relationships between speed of eating and insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 2704 male (mean age and BMI: 48.2 y and 23.3 kg/m(2)) and 761 female (46.3 y and 21.8 kg/m(2)) non-diabetic Japanese civil servants, 75% clerical, and 25% manual laborers, using a two-part questionnaire on life-style factors and diet history with self-assessment of categorical speed of eating and energy intake over a 1-month period. We measured BMI, blood glucose and insulin concentrations and calculated insulin resistance using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance: (HOMA-IR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMI correlated with eating rate in both sexes, and with daily energy intake in men. Multiple regression analysis of log HOMA-IR by categorical speed of eating, adjusting for age, energy intake and lifestyle factors showed a statistically significant gradual increase in HOMA-IR with increases in relative eating rate in men (p<0.001, for trend) and in women (p<0.01). Adjusting for BMI, this positive relationship appeared only in men (p=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that eating fast is independently associated with insulin resistance in middle-aged Japanese men and women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health/Health Information Dynamics, Field of Social Life Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Rei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yatsuya
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: OuYang
authors.forename: Yo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.forename: Seiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takefuji
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mitsuhashi
authors.forename: Kaichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kral
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyoshima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors