title: Investigation of the radiation risk due to environmental contamination by 241Am from lightning rods disposed at uncontrolled garbage dumps.
abstract: Radioactive lightning rods were manufactured in Brazil until 1989, when the licenses for using radioactive sources in these products were lifted by the national nuclear authority. Since then, these rods have been replaced by the Franklin type and collected as radioactive waste. However, only 20% of the estimated total number of installed rods has been delivered to the Brazilian Nuclear Commission. This situation causes concern, since there is the possibility of the rods to be disposed as domestic waste. In Brazil, 64% of the municipal solid waste is disposed at garbage dumps without sufficient control. In addition, (241)Am, the radionuclide most commonly employed, is classified as a high-toxicity element, when incorporated. In the present study, (241)Am migration experiments were performed by means of a lysimeter system, in order to evaluate the risk of contamination caused by radioactive lightning rods disposed as common solid waste. (241)Am sources removed from lightning rods were placed inside lysimeters filled with organic waste that was collected at the restaurant of the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares. The generated leachate was periodically analyzed, and characteristics such as pH, redox potential, solid content and the concentration of the radioactive material were determined. The equivalent dose for members of the public was calculated considering ingestion of contaminated drinking water as the major path of exposure. Estimated doses were about 20-times below the effective dose limit of 1 mSv year(-1) for members of the public as recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. This suggests the radiation risk caused by lightning rods disposed at uncontrolled garbage dumps to be low. It should be noted, however, that the number of investigated lightning rods was quite small. The results of this study might therefore not be entirely representative and should be interpreted with care. They provide, however, a very first basis for characterizing the transfer of (241)Am from lightning rods to the human food chain.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares--IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil. jtmarumo@ipen.br
authors.forename: Júlio T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Marumo
authors.forename: Vera L K
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Isiki
authors.forename: Hissae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Rafael V P
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Maria H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bellini
authors.forename: Luis F C P
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: de Lima
mesh_terms: D000576:Americium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005507:Food Contamination, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D005735:Garbage; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011850:Radioactive Waste / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D014878:Water Pollution, Radioactive / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis