title: XSUMO-1 is required for normal mesoderm induction and axis elongation during early Xenopus development.
abstract: The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a member of the ubiquitin-like protein family, and SUMO conjugation (SUMOylation) resembles ubiquitination. Despite many SUMOylation target proteins being reported, the role of this system in vertebrate development remains unclear. We inhibited the function of Xenopus SUMO-1 (XSUMO-1) using a morpholino antisense oligo against XSUMO-1 (XSUMO-1-MO) to clarify the role of SUMOylation. XSUMO-1-MO inhibited normal axis formation in embryos and elongation of activin-treated animal caps. The expression of several mesoderm markers was reduced by XSUMO-1-MO. We measured activin-like activity by using a reporter construct containing a multimer of activin-responsive elements from the Goosecoid promoter, [DE(6x)Luc]. This assay showed that XSUMO-1-MO directly inhibited activin/nodal signaling. Furthermore, XSUMO-1-MO inhibited ectopic axis formation induced by XSmad2, and XSmad2/4 mRNA could not rescue the axis elongation defect induced by XSUMO-1-MO. These results suggested that XSUMO-1 is required for normal axis elongation, at least partly mediating activin/nodal signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yukita
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Michiue
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Danno
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asashima
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D004627:Embryonic Induction; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D055457:Nodal Protein; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism