title: Experimental verification of beam quality in high-contrast imaging with orthogonal bremsstrahlung photon beams.
abstract: Since taken with megavoltage, forward-directed bremsstrahlung beams, the image quality of current portal images is inferior to that of diagnostic quality images produced by kilovoltage beams. In this paper, the beam quality of orthogonal bremsstrahlung beams defined as the 90 degrees component of the bremsstrahlung distribution produced from megavoltage electron pencil beams striking various targets is presented, and the suitability of their use for improved radiotherapy imaging is evaluated. A 10 MeV electron beam emerging through the research port of a Varian Clinac-18 linac was made to strike targets of carbon, aluminum, and copper. PDD and attenuation measurements of both the forward and orthogonal beams were carried out, and the results were also used to estimate the effective and mean energy of the beams. The mean energy of a spectrum produced by a carbon target dropped by 83% from 1296 keV in the forward direction to 217 keV in the orthogonal direction, while for an aluminum target it dropped by 77% to 412 keV, and for a copper target by 65% to 793 keV. An in-depth Monte Carlo study of photon yield and electron contamination was also performed. Photon yield and effective energy are lower for orthogonal beams than for forward beams, and the differences are more pronounced for targets of lower atomic number. Using their relatively low effective energy, orthogonal bremsstrahlung beams produced by megavoltage electrons striking low atomic number targets yield images with a higher contrast in comparison with forward bremsstrahlung beams.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Unit, McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada. asarfehnia@medphys.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Arman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarfehnia
authors.forename: Keyvan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jabbari
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seuntjens
authors.forename: Ervin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Podgorsak
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted