title: Improving estimation of indoor exposure to inhalable particles for children in the first year of life.
abstract: There is growing scientific evidence linking early childhood exposure to environmental agents with asthma and other illnesses that may not appear until later in life. Unfortunately the direct measurement of personal exposures of children in the first year of life is not possible by existing methodologies. This study developed and evaluated a new methodology to better assess exposure of children to inhalable particles in the first year of life while involved in floor play in the home. We constructed the Pre-Toddler Inhalable Particulate Environmental Robotic (PIPER) sampler. Two series of measurements of inhalable particles were carried out. One collected filter samples of airborne inhalable particles and a second used a real-time total particle mass concentration monitor. Samples were collected for seven residential locations. Duplicate samples were collected with PIPER 20 cm above the floor and from an identical stationary monitor positioned at a height of 110 cm. The mean observed airborne inhalable particle concentrations measured by PIPER was 98.6 microg/ m3, whereas simultaneously collected stationary samples mean concentration was 49.8 microg/m3. The average observed ratio of PIPER samples to stationary samples was 2.4. A paired t test comparison of the two sampling methods indicated a statistically significant higher level of inhalable particle concentration measured by PIPER in comparison with the fixed sampler (P < 0.0001). Peak concentrations as measured by a real-time monitor were in excess of 3600 microg/m3. The results suggest that children playing on the floor are exposed to a higher concentration of total inhalable particles than previous methodologies estimate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. shalat@eohsi.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Stuart L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shalat
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lioy
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmeelck
authors.forename: Gediminas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mainelis
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D001239:Inhalation; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D012371:Robotics