title: Degradation of carbazole by microbial cells immobilized in magnetic gellan gum gel beads.
abstract: Polycyclic aromatic heterocycles, such as carbazole, are environmental contaminants suspected of posing human health risks. In this study, we investigated the degradation of carbazole by immobilized Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5 cells. Four kinds of polymers were evaluated as immobilization supports for Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5. After comparison with agar, alginate, and kappa-carrageenan, gellan gum was selected as the optimal immobilization support. Furthermore, Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were prepared by a coprecipitation method, and the average particle size was about 20 nm with 49.65-electromagnetic-unit (emu) g(-1) saturation magnetization. When the mixture of gellan gel and the Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles served as an immobilization support, the magnetically immobilized cells were prepared by an ionotropic method. The biodegradation experiments were carried out by employing free cells, nonmagnetically immobilized cells, and magnetically immobilized cells in aqueous phase. The results showed that the magnetically immobilized cells presented higher carbazole biodegradation activity than nonmagnetically immobilized cells and free cells. The highest biodegradation activity was obtained when the concentration of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles was 9 mg ml(-1) and the saturation magnetization of magnetically immobilized cells was 11.08 emu g(-1). Additionally, the recycling experiments demonstrated that the degradation activity of magnetically immobilized cells increased gradually during the eight recycles. These results support developing efficient biocatalysts using magnetically immobilized cells and provide a promising technique for improving biocatalysts used in the biodegradation of not only carbazole, but also other hazardous organic compounds.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhonghui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Changyong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Zhixin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D018914:Cells, Immobilized; D003470:Culture Media; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005782:Gels; D008280:Magnetics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D020578:Sphingomonas / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure