title: Changes in exposure of adult non-smokers to secondhand smoke after implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland: national cross sectional survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure change in adult non-smokers' exposure to secondhand smoke in public and private places after smoke-free legislation was implemented in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeat cross sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scottish adults, aged 18 to 74 years, recruited and interviewed in their homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comprehensive smoke-free legislation that prohibits smoking in virtually all enclosed public places and workplaces, including bars, restaurants, and cafes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salivary cotinine, self reported exposure to smoke in public and private places, and self reported smoking restriction in homes and in cars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, geometric mean cotinine concentrations in adult non-smokers fell by 39% (95% confidence interval 29% to 47%), from 0.43 ng/ml at baseline to 0.26 ng/ml after legislation (P<0.001). In non-smokers from non-smoking households, geometric mean cotinine concentrations fell by 49% (40% to 56%), from 0.35 ng/ml to 0.18 ng/ml (P<0.001). The 16% fall in cotinine concentrations in non-smokers from smoking households was not statistically significant. Reduction in exposure to secondhand smoke was associated with a reduction after legislation in reported exposure to secondhand smoke in public places (pubs, other workplaces, and public transport) but not in homes and cars. We found no evidence of displacement of smoking from public places into the home.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of Scotland's smoke-free legislation has been accompanied within one year by a large reduction in exposure to secondhand smoke, which has been greatest in non-smokers living in non-smoking households. Non-smokers living in smoking households continue to have high levels of exposure to secondhand smoke.
authors.affiliation: NHS Health Scotland, Edinburgh EH12 5EZ. Sally.Haw@health.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Sally J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Haw
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gruer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011633:Public Facilities; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012606:Scotland; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*