title: Dissolved organic nitrogen as a precursor for chloroform, dichloroacetonitrile, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and trichloronitromethane.
abstract: Nitrogen-containing disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) are potentially toxic. This study assessed the formation of three N-DBPs (dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloronitromethane (TCNM), and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)) and one regulated DBP (chloroform) upon adding free chlorine and monochloramine into solutions containing different fractions (hydrophobic, transphilic, hydrophilic, and colloidal) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolates (n=17). We hypothesized that N-DBP formation would increase for organic matter enriched in organic nitrogen. Formation potential tests were conducted with free chlorine or preformed monochloramine. Chloramination formed, on average, 10 times lower chloroform concentrations, but 5 times higher DCAN concentrations, as compared with free chlorine addition. The formation of the two halogenated N-DBPs (DCAN and TCNM) increased as the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) ratio decreased upon adding free chlorine, but the N-DBP formation was relatively constant upon adding monochloramine. NDMA, a nonhalogenated N-DBP, formed on average 0.26 nmol per mg of DOC (4.5 nmol per mg of DON) upon adding monochloramine; no NDMA formation occurred upon adding free chlorine. NDMA formation increased as the DOC/DON ratio decreased (i.e., increasing nitrogen content of DOM). NDMA formation also increased as the amino sugar to aromatic ratio of DOM increased. The results support the hypothesis that DON promotes the formation of N-DBPs.
authors.affiliation: HDR Engineering, Inc., 3200 East Camelback Road, Suite 350, Phoenix, Arizona 85018, USA. wontae.lee@hdrinc.com
authors.forename: Wontae
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Westerhoff
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Croué
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D002725:Chloroform / Q000737:chemistry*; D003102:Colloids / Q000528:radiation effects; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility / Q000528:radiation effects; D012996:Solutions; D013696:Temperature; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays