title: One-trial learning and biphasic time course of performance in the goldfish.
abstract: Goldfish (N = 408) spontaneously swam against flowing water into a calm-water well. After a single trial punished by brief electric shock, the fish avoided the well, as indexed by increased latencies of reentry. Avoidance declined during the first minute after shock, then rose to a peak 1 hour later. The biphasic time course is compatible with the two-store theory of memory formation.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Riege
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cherkin