title: In vitro assessment of the efficacy of thermal therapy in human renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the temperature-time points that result in cell death in a human renal cell carcinoma cell (RCC) line in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cellular viability and clonogenic cell survival were determined for human A498 RCC cells after thermal treatment. Various temperature (45 degrees C to 70 degrees C) and time (1 to 30 minutes) combinations were used. Cell viability was assessed by vital dye uptake and clonogenic cell survival. Mathematical Arrhenius modeling was performed to construct a graphic display of A498 cell thermal sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temperature-time points at which 99% or greater cell death occurred according to the vital dye assay were 55 degrees C for 30 minutes, 60 degrees C for 10 minutes, and 65 degrees C for 8 minutes. Clonogenic survival studies confirmed that cells treated at these temperature-time points failed to grow even after 10 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These in vitro results show that short exposure to temperatures higher than 70 degrees C is lethal in the A498 RCC cell line. Lower temperatures in the 60 degrees C range require more prolonged heating to cause cell death. Knowledge of these temperatures will be useful to better plan and monitor complex radiofrequency ablations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA.
authors.forename: Lance P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: J Kyle
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Meredith R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Bumsoo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Jer-Tsong
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured