title: Ethnic differences in coronary artery calcium in a healthy cohort aged 60 to 69 years.
abstract: Measurement of coronary artery calcium (CAC) has been proposed as a screening tool, but CAC levels may differ according to race and gender. Racial/ethnic and gender distributions of CAC were examined in a randomly selected cohort of 60- to 69-year-old healthy subjects. Demographic, race/ethnicity (R/E), and clinical characteristics and assessment of CAC were collected. There were 723 white/European, 105 African-American, 73 Hispanic, and 67 East Asian subjects (597 men, 369 women) included in this analysis. Men had a significantly higher prevalence of any CAC (score>10) than women (76% vs 41%; p<0.0001). For men, the unadjusted odds of having any CAC was 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 3.8) for whites compared with African-Americans. For women, CAC scores were not significantly different across ethnic groups. After adjustment for coronary risk factors, African-American and East Asian R/E remained associated with a lower prevalence of CAC in men (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] 0.33 and 0.47, respectively), as well as older age (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.3), known hyperlipidemia (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.7), and history of hypertension (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.3). In women, Asian R/E (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.7), history of smoking (adjusted OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 6.1), and known hyperlipidemia (adjusted OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.1) were associated with a higher prevalence of CAC independent of other risk factors. In conclusion, our data indicate that the presence of CAC varied significantly across selected race/ethnic groups independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Stanford, California, USA. jfair@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fair
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiazand
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varady
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahbouba
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Geoffrey D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Go
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hlatky
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fortmann
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000737:chemistry*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012016:Reference Values; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data