title: Determinants of perceived barriers to condom use among HIV-infected middle-aged and older African-American men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper is a report of a study to describe which determinants best predict perceived barriers to condom use during sexual encounters among human immunodeficiency virus human immunodeficiency virus-infected African-American men, middle-aged and older, living in the United States of America.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  While the global epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome infection is a well-documented phenomenon with national and international implications, prevalence statistics indicate that middle-aged and older African-American (non-Hispanic) men have not benefited from the prevention efforts implemented during the past two decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional design using a survey and convenience sampling was adopted between September 2003 and July 2004 to recruit n = 130 middle-aged human immunodeficiency virus-infected African-American men from infectious disease clinics from the Mid-Atlantic region in the United States of America. The survey covered demographics, perceived health beliefs, spiritual well-being and symptoms related to human immunodeficiency virus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stepwise multiple regression showed having fewer human immunodeficiency virus-related symptoms associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (P = 0.004) and being single (P = 0.05) were perceived as barriers to condom use during sexual encounters (R(2) = 0.029, P = 0.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tailored interventions are needed for African-American men, middle-aged and older, infected with human immunodeficiency virus nationally and worldwide that are designed to decrease perceived barriers in order to increase condom use.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Disparities Research, Center for Gerontologic Nursing Science, Graduate Program in Public Health Studies, and Institute on Aging, Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Pennsylvania, USA. colemanc@nursing.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Christopher Lance
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology