title: Apple procyanidins induce tumor cell apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway activation of caspase-3.
abstract: Various epidemiologic and experimental in vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that polyphenols derived from fruits, vegetables and beverages might decrease the risk of developing lifestyle diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Apples are a major dietary source of polyphenols. Here we investigated the antitumor activity of apple polyphenols (APs) and procyanidins, namely condensed tannins, both in vitro and in vivo studies. APs and procyanidins inhibited the growth of transplanted B16 mouse melanoma cells and BALB-MC.E12 mouse mammary tumor cells, and increased the survival rate of the host mice-transplanted B16 cells. Among the APs, the apple procyanidins specifically, rather than other polyphenols such as chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin, phloridzin and procyanidin B2, had a major effect on cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro. The apple procyanidins increased mitochondrial membrane permeability and cytochrome c release from mitochondria and activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 within the tumor cells. In addition, we separated eight procyanidin fractions according to the degree of polymerization using normal-phase chromatography, and detected strong anti-tumor activity in the procyanidin pentamer and higher degree fractions. Our results indicate that the oral administration of apple procyanidins inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells by inducing apoptosis through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathologic analysis, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1, Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan. tomisato@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tomisato
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nozaka
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shoji
authors.forename: Tomomasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohtake
authors.forename: Tatsusuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*