title: Angular on-line tube current modulation in multidetector CT examinations of children and adults: the influence of different scanning parameters on dose reduction.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of angular on-line tube current modulation on dose reduction in pediatric and adult patients undergoing multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) examinations. Five physical anthropomorphic phantoms that simulate the average individual as neonate, 1-year-old, 5-year-old, 10-year-old, and adult were employed in the current study. Phantoms were scanned with the use of on-line tube current modulation (TCM). Percent dose reduction (%DR) factors achieved by applying TCM, were determined for standard protocols used for head and neck, shoulder, thorax, thorax and abdomen, abdomen, abdomen and pelvis, pelvis, and whole body examinations. A preliminary study on the application of TCM in MDCT examinations of adult patients was performed to validate the results obtained in anthropomorphic phantoms. Dose reduction was estimated as the percentage difference of the modulated milliamperes for each scan and the preset milliamperes prescribed by the scan protocol. The dose reduction in children was found to be much lower than the corresponding reduction achieved for adults. For helical scans the %DR factors, ranged between 1.6% and 7.4% for the neonate, 2.9% and 8.7% for the 1-year old, 2% and 6% for the 5-year-old, 5% and 10.9% for the 10-year-old, and 10.4% and 20.7% for the adult individual. For sequential scans the corresponding %DR factors ranged between 1.3% and 6.7%, 4.5% and 11%, 4.2% and 6.6%, 6.4% and 12.3%, and 8.9% and 23.3%, respectively. Broader beam collimations are associated with decreased %DR factors, when other scanning parameters are held constant. TCM did not impair image noise. In adult patients, the %DR values were found to be in good agreement with the corresponding results obtained in the anthropomorphic adult phantom. In conclusion, on-line TCM may be considered as a valuable tool for reducing dose in routine CT examinations of pediatric and adult patients. However, the dose reduction achieved with TCM in neonates and young children was found to be lower than that obtained for adults. Therefore, on-line TCM should work as an additional means to reduce dose and should not replace other conventional means of reducing dose, especially in neonates and young children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, Iraklion 71003, Crete, Greece. apapadak@edu.med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: Antonios E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Perisinakis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010388:Pelvis; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed