title: Ecosystem experiments.
abstract: Experimental manipulations of entire ecosystems have been conducted in lakes, catchments, streams, and open terrestrial and marine environments. Experiments have addressed applied problems of ecosystem management and complex responses of communities and ecosystems to perturbations. In the course of some experiments, environmental indicators and models have been developed and tested. Surprising results with implications for ecological understanding and management are common.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wright