title: Prioritization strategies for pandemic influenza vaccine in 27 countries of the European Union and the Global Health Security Action Group: a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there is rapid progress in vaccine research regarding influenza pandemic vaccines it is expected that pandemic influenza vaccine production can only start once the pandemic virus has been recognized. Therefore, pandemic vaccine capacity will be limited at least during the first phase of an influenza pandemic, requiring vaccine prioritization strategies. WHO recommends developing preliminary priorities for pandemic vaccine use. The goal of this review is to provide a thorough overview of pandemic vaccine prioritization concepts in the 27 European Union (EU) member states and the four non-EU countries of the Global Health Security Action Group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September and December 2006 data was collected for each country through two data sources: (i) the national influenza pandemic plan; (ii) contacting key persons involved in pandemic planning by email and/or phone and/or fax.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six (84%) countries had established at least one vaccine priority group. Most common reported vaccine priority groups were health care workers (HCW) (100%), essential service providers (ESP) (92%) and high risk individuals (HRI) (92%). Ranking of at least one vaccine priority group was done by 17 (65%) of 26 countries. Fifteen (88%) of these 17 countries including a ranking strategy, decided that HCW with close contact to influenza patients should be vaccinated first; in most countries followed and/or ranked equally by ESP and subsequently HRI. Rationales for prioritization were provided by 22 (85%) of 26 countries that established vaccine priority groups. There was large variation in the phrasing and level of detailed specification of rationales. Seven (32%) of 22 countries providing rationales clearly associated each vaccine priority group with the specific rationale. Ten (32% of the 31 countries studied) countries have consulted and involved ethical experts to guide decisions related to vaccine prioritization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the majority of the countries the establishment of vaccine priority groups, ranking and underlying rationales are in line with WHO recommendations. In most public plans the criteria by which prioritized groups are identified are not easily recognizable. Clarity however, may be necessary to assure public acceptability of the prioritization. Ethical experts, results of modelling exercises could play an increasing role in the future decision making process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestrasse 10, 13352 Berlin, Germany. StraetemansM@rki.de
authors.forename: Masja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Straetemans
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Buchholz
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krause
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005060:Europe; D005062:European Union; D014943:Global Health; D006292:Health Priorities / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000592:standards*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018579:Patient Selection; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014944:World Health Organization