title: Therapeutic administration of thoracic epidural anesthesia reduces cardiopulmonary deterioration in ovine pulmonary embolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was hypothesized that sympathetic blockade restricted to the thoracic levels and achieved by thoracic epidural anesthesia might be capable of reducing hemodynamic deterioration after pulmonary artery embolism and that this might represent a potential method of treatment in patients with pulmonary embolism. Cardiopulmonary function after pulmonary embolism was therefore studied in sheep, either without a sympathetic blockade (the control group) or with sympathetic blockade.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized laboratory investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve adult, chronically instrumented Blackhead ewes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulmonary embolization was achieved by injecting autologous blood clots (0.75 mL/kg) intravenously into an external jugular vein. The treatment group (n = 6) received 6 mL of 0.175% bupivacaine and the control group (n = 6) received 6 mL of 0.9% NaCl 90 mins after the embolization procedure. The injections were made via an epidural catheter (at the level of T3). Results were considered to be statistically significant (with analysis of variance) at p < .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After epidural administration of bupivacaine in the thoracic epidural anesthesia group, the mean pulmonary artery pressure and heart rate were significantly reduced and the stroke volume index was significantly higher in comparison with the control group, in which the animals received epidural injections of saline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracic epidural anesthesia administered after the occurrence of pulmonary artery embolism thus significantly reduces hemodynamic deterioration in awake, spontaneously breathing sheep and may represent an additional option in the treatment of pulmonary embolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany. jahn@anit.uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Uli R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Jahn
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waurick
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Aken
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hinder
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Hans G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Bone
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D012756:Sheep