title: Understanding the mechanism of learning enhancement: NMDA and GABA receptor expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The administration of neurotrophic peptides NAPVSIPQ (NAP) + SALLRSIPA (SAL) to aged mice resulted in significant learning enhancement. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are fundamental for learning because they are the major modulators of the long-term potentiation, the electrophysiologic mechanism for learning. Also, these receptors have been shown to be involved in NAP + SAL prevention of learning deficit in a mouse model for fetal alcohol syndrome, when administered prenatally during development. Our objective was to test whether NMDA and GABA receptors contribute to the learning enhancement that is induced by the peptides after adult administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aged (14.5 months) male mice were treated for 10 consecutive days with placebo or D-NAP + D-SAL (20 microg, by gavage). At the end of the treatment, brains were harvested. Calibrator-normalized relative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed with primers for GABA-(A)beta3, GABA-(A)alpha5, and the NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B, with GAPDH standardization. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance, with a probability value that was considered significant at <.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five control brains and 6 brains from animals that were treated with NAP + SAL were collected. There was no difference in GABA-(A)beta3, GABA-(A)alpha5, NR2A, and NR2B subunits after adult administration of NAP + SAL, as compared with the controls (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postnatal treatment with NAP + SAL induced learning enhancement in aged mice with a mechanism that does not involve alteration in NMDA and GABA receptor expression. Thus, the mechanism of learning enhancement might be different for a developing fetus than an adult or in the absence of a perturbing agent.
authors.affiliation: Unit on Perinatal and Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. tosol@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toso
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bissell
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abebe
authors.forename: Catherine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Spong
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023421:Models, Animal; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000096:biosynthesis