title: Challenges and promises for nurse education curriculum development in Kosovo: results of an "accidental ethnography".
abstract: Kosovo's infrastructure was devastated by armed conflict through the 1990s; in 1999 a visiting inter-disciplinary team described healthcare services as being in "disarray". Several collaborative programs were initiated to enhance delivery of emergency medical (EM) services. Our inter-disciplinary team traveled to Kosovo in 2004 to evaluate EM physician education and training. A brief renewed outbreak of hostilities created a mass casualty incident. An "accidental ethnography" focused on nurse education was conducted by team members during and after the event. Results indicated low levels of professionalization of nurses as indicated by expressions of professional self-identity and self-esteem, autonomy, and submission to patriarchal attitudes. Undergraduate nurse education is restricted to a diploma program and one foreign training project, one graduate degree program exists abroad, and no national board examination exists. Nurses' social location is described as marginalized and disenfranchised, and retention of nurses is a persistent problem. Based on these observations we outline an inter-professional curriculum development program to foster professionalization of Kosovar nurses through a synthesis of participatory action research with elements of grounded theory and standard curriculum development methodologies. The collaborative, emancipatory, and empowering nature of PAR is described in the context of professionalizing nurse education programs.
authors.affiliation: Lupine Creative Consulting, Inc., 1411 Chili Avenue, Suite 200, Rochester, NY 14624, USA. jg@lupinecreative.com
authors.forename: Julius G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Goepp
authors.forename: Tiesha D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Maddow
mesh_terms: D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003479:Curriculum; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004510:Education, Nursing, Diploma Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007393:International Educational Exchange; D009042:Motivation; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology*; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology; D015402:Nursing Education Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D011209:Power, Psychological; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D011361:Professional Competence; D016730:Program Development; D012649:Self Concept; D012934:Social Isolation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015022:Yugoslavia