title: High anterior cervical approach to the upper cervical spine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical exposure of the upper cervical spine is challenging, and optima approaches are subjects of debate. The high anterior cervical approach to the upper cervical spine is a favorable method that provides direct and wide exposure for fusion and anterior decompression of the upper cervical spine. The authors present their experiences with 15 patients in whom fusion and instrumentation on the upper cervical spine were performed via the prevascular extraoral retropharyngeal approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 15 patients who were surgically treated using the high anterior cervical retropharyngeal approach was reviewed. These cases involved a C2 hangman's fracture with significant angulation and translation (11 patients), C2 EDH (1 patient), C2 chordoma (1 patient), C3-4 metastasis (1 patient), and C2-3-4 OPLL (1 patient).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients underwent C2-3 fusion followed by instrumentation. C2-5 fusion with instrumentation was performed in 2 patients. One patient experienced occipitocervical fusion after anterior removal of a C2 chordoma. A solid fusion was achieved in 13 patients. However, 1 patient needed additional posterior fusion because of fusion failure, and the other died due to ischemic heart disease. There was 1 patient who developed permanent dysphagia related to the hypoglossal nerve and 2 who had transient dysphagia. No complications occurred related to the marginal branch of the facial nerve or submandibular gland.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high anterior cervical approach is a useful surgical technique for an upper cervical lesion without severe morbidity, which allows direct anterior access to C2 and C3 while allowing extension to the lower cervical spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Joo-Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Sun-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jaechan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jeong-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Sung-Kyoo
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002817:Chordoma / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D046748:Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017887:Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome