title: Experimental study of teaching critical thinking in civic education in Taiwanese junior high school.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To effectively respond to the need for greater CT (critical thinking) in the classroom, this study examines the effects of cultivating CT skills within civic education to maximize its potential. Despite realizing the importance of CT in education, schools do not tend to apply it. Furthermore, since students frequently do not raise questions or otherwise think critically, CT modules are incorporated into civic learning to encourage students to question facts, interpret and analyse evidence, make reasoned inferences regarding events, and independently develop informed opinions. These skills are fundamental to cultivating an informed and humane citizenry.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This investigation examines how teaching critical thinking in civic education affects the CT skills and disposition of junior high school students.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were two classes of eighth grade students in southern Taiwan, and were distributed into experimental and control groups. Each group comprised 34 students, with the experimental group containing 16 boys and 18 girls and the control group containing 18 boys and 16 girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The teaching experiment in this study was initiated and performed using equivalent pre-test and post-test group design. During the 10-week experiment, the experimental group was taught using CT instruction in civic education, while the control group was not taught with any CT programme. The data analysis included: quantitative statistics of the two main sets of instruments for measuring the CT ability and disposition of experimental treatment, qualitative analysis of learning sheets, and surveys of student perceptions of instruction in CT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistical analysis showed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on the scales of CT skill and disposition, but did not perform well on certain subscales (e.g. recognition of assumptions and deductions, truth-seeking, analyticity, and inquisitiveness). Notably however, when triangulating with qualitative analysis of learner transcripts and surveys, learners attempted to perform various dimensions of CT skill and disposition to various degrees. Student surveys indicated that the CT programme fostered their active listening and respect for different ideas, and moreover they learned to tolerate divergent views and examine their ideas for possible bias. The programme boosted student learning interest and sense of accomplishment, and nurtured their teamwork/communicative skills. Furthermore, a few students experienced improvements in their speaking skills and courage as their confidence and ability to express themselves improved. Finally, limitations of this investigation and implications for further research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan. shyang@mail.nsysu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Shu Ching
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tung-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001290:Attitude; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D054521:Cultural Competency; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003479:Curriculum; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011340:Problem Solving; D012941:Social Responsibility; D013624:Taiwan; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D013850:Thinking