title: Electrophoresis-assisted single-cell electroporation for efficient intracellular delivery.
abstract: Single-cell electroporation, in which a focused electric field is applied to permeabilize an individual target cell using relatively low applied voltages, has demonstrated improved cell viability and transfection rates over conventional bulk electroporation set-ups. Here, we introduce a new strategy, in conjunction with single-cell electroporation, to enhance exogenous transport efficiency: electrophoresis delivery of compounds subsequent to electroporation. Electrophoresis is used to assist loading of otherwise impermeable exogenous anionic fluorescent molecules Calcein (Invitrogen, MW = 622) and Oregon Green Dextran (OGD, Invitrogen, MW = 70,000). For the larger dextran molecules, we demonstrate a protocol of first pre-concentrating at the cell-microfluidic channel interface. Then, the electric field is used to drive these molecules into the cell post-electroporation using 50-200 mV. We demonstrate delivery rate enhancements of more than an order of magnitude using electrophoresis compared to diffusion alone subsequent to electroporation.
authors.affiliation: Fluxion Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ionescu-Zanetti
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blatz
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khine
mesh_terms: D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004586:Electrophoresis; D018274:Electroporation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*