title: Enhanced disease resistance in Artemia by application of commercial beta-glucans sources and chitin in a gnotobiotic Artemia challenge test.
abstract: The anti-infectious potential of a selection of putative immunostimulants including six commercial beta-glucans (all extracted from baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae except for Laminarin) and chitin particles were verified in Artemia nauplii by challenging them under gnotobiotic conditions with the pathogen Vibrio campbellii. Under the described experimental conditions, no differential macroscopic nutritional effect (e.g. growth) was observed among the products. Significant increased survival was observed with beta-glucan (Sigma) and Zymosan and to a lesser extent with MacroGard in challenged nauplii. A poor correlation was found between survival values of the challenged Artemia and the product compositions (such as chitin, mannose and beta-glucan content) indicating that the quality of beta-glucans (e.g. the ratio of beta-1,3 and beta-1,6 glucan, the molecular weight, the dimensional structure, type and frequency of branches), eventually in combination with other unidentified compounds, is more important than the amount of product offered. This small-scale testing under gnotobiotic conditions using freshly hatched Artemia nauplii allows for a rapid and simultaneous screening of anti-infectious and/or putative immunostimulatory polymers, and should be combined with studies on cellular and humoral immune responses in order to gain more quantitative insight into their functional properties.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium. siyavash1385@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Siyavash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soltanian
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: François
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dhont
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arnouts
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sorgeloos
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bossier
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D018533:Biomass; D049628:Body Size; D002686:Chitin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014733:Vibrio / Q000502:physiology*; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000494:pharmacology*