title: Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve is a common procedure, performed to reestablish shoulder motion in patients with brachial plexus palsy. We propose dissecting both nerves via a distal oblique supraclavicular incision, which can be prolonged up to the scapular notch. The results of the transfer to the suprascapular nerve are compared with those of the combined repair of the suprascapular and axillary nerves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty men between the ages of 18 and 37 years with brachial plexus trauma had reparative surgery within 3 to 10 months of their injuries. In partial injuries with a normal triceps, a triceps motor branch transfer to the axillary nerve was performed. The suprascapular and accessory nerves were dissected via an oblique incision, extending from the point at which the plexus crosses the clavicle to the anterior border of the trapezius muscle. In 10 patients with fractures or dislocations of the clavicle, the trapezius muscle was partially elevated to expose the suprascapular nerve at the suprascapular notch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases, transfer of the accessory to the suprascapular nerve was performed without the need for nerve grafts. A double lesion of the suprascapular nerve was identified in 1 patient with clavicular dislocation. In those with total palsy, the average improvement in range of abduction was 45 degrees , but none of the patients with total palsy recovered any active external rotation. Patients with upper-type injury recovered an average of 105 degrees of abduction and external rotation. If only patients with C5-C6 injuries were considered, the range of abduction and external rotation increased to 122 degrees and 118 degrees , respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the accessory nerve for transfer to the suprascapular nerve ensured adequate return of shoulder function, especially when combined with a triceps motor branch transfer to the axillary nerve. The supraclavicular exposure proposed here for the suprascapular and accessory nerves is advantageous and can be extended easily to explore the suprascapular nerve at the scapular notch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Governador Celso Ramos Hospital, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. bertelli@matrix.com.br
authors.forename: Jayme Augusto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bertelli
authors.forename: Marcos Flávio
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ghizoni
mesh_terms: D000055:Accessory Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome