title: Loss of TR4 orphan nuclear receptor reduces phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-mediated gluconeogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), the key gene in gluconeogenesis, is critical for glucose homeostasis in response to quick nutritional depletion and/or hormonal alteration.
  Here, we identified the testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) as a key PEPCK regulator modulating PEPCK gene via a transcriptional mechanism. TR4 transactivates the 490-bp PEPCK promoter-containing luciferase reporter gene activity by direct binding to the TR4 responsive element (TR4RE) located at -451 to -439 in the promoter region. Binding to TR4RE was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Eliminating TR4 via knockout and RNA interference (RNAi) in hepatocytes significantly reduced the PEPCK gene expression and glucose production in response to glucose depletion. In contrast, ectopic expression of TR4 increased PEPCK gene expression and hepatic glucose production in human and mouse hepatoma cells. Mice lacking TR4 also display reduction of PEPCK expression with impaired gluconeogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, both in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate the identification of a new pathway, TR4 --> PEPCK --> gluconeogenesis --> blood glucose, which may allow us to modulate metabolic programs via the control of a new key player, TR4, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Ning-Chun
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wen-Jye
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Eungseok
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Loretta L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Hung-Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: I-Chen
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Janet D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: Lu-Min
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi-Fen
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chawnshang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP) / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D034622:RNA Interference; D051381:Rats; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection