title: Defective T-cell activation caused by impairment of the TNF receptor 2 costimulatory pathway in common variable immunodeficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with common variable immunodeficiency have defective T-cell activation after stimulation via T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 or by recall antigens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the current study, we investigated whether TNF-receptor 2 (RII) costimulation, which is important for sufficient TCR/CD28 stimulation, was significantly impaired in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied T-cell activation events such as CD69 induction, calcium flux through store operated calcium channels, protein kinase C-theta translocation, and costimulation via TNF-RII compared with costimulation via CD28.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By measuring TNF receptor-associated factor 1 expression, which is induced by TCR alone and can be upregulated by either CD28 or TNF-RII costimulation, we show that costimulation via CD28 is intact, whereas costimulation via TNF-RII in these patients is impaired. The ras-activation pathway as tested by CD69 induction, calcium flux through store operated calcium channels, and protein kinase C-theta translocation were comparable in CVID and control T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data indicate that the primary TCR signal as well as the signal derived from CD28 are normal but that TNF-RII-supported TCR costimulation is defective, most likely leading to impairment of an important amplification loop, such as TNF-RII augmented nuclear factor-kappaB activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of defective TNF-RII cosignaling in patients with CVID may help to define the activation pathway affected, thus potentially leading to a characterization of the molecular defect and molecular diagnosis in at least some of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Aspalter
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Eibl
authors.forename: Hermann M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D017074:Common Variable Immunodeficiency / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism