title: 24-Hour rhythm in gene expression of nitric oxide synthase and heme-peroxidase in anterior pituitary of ethanol-fed rats.
abstract: Chronic exposure of rats to ethanol results in significant changes in pituitary hormone secretion. However, identification of the site(s) and mechanism of action of ethanol to induce these effects remains elusive. Free radical damage at the adenohypophyseal level may play a role in the decline in serum gonadotropin levels in ethanol-fed rats. Since 24-h changes in redox state occurred, we analyzed the 24-h changes in pituitary gene expression of the prooxidant enzymes nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 1 and 2, and of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme, and in plasma NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) (NO(x)) levels, in ethanol and control rats. Male rats, 35-day-old, received a liquid diet for 4 weeks. The ethanol-fed group received a similar diet to controls except for that maltose was isocalorically replaced by ethanol. Animals were killed at six time intervals during a 24-h cycle. Anterior pituitary mRNA levels encoding NOS1, NOS2 and HO-1 were measured by real-time PCR analysis. Plasma NO(x) concentration was determined by the Griess reaction. Ethanol feeding of prepubertal rats changed significantly the 24-h pattern of expression of NOS1, NOS2 and HO-1 in the adenohypophysis and augmented NOS2 and HO-1 mRNA levels. Peak values for the three enzymes in ethanol-fed rats occurred at the beginning of the scotophase (i.e., at 21:00 h). Ethanol feeding augmented mean values plasma NO(x) levels with a maximum at 13:00 h while in controls a biphasic pattern was observed, with peaks at 09:00 h and 17:00-21:00 h. One of the mechanisms by which ethanol augments oxidative damage in the adenohypophysis may include overproduction of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
authors.forename: Vanesa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Ortega
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cardinali
authors.forename: Ariel H B
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Poliandri
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.forename: Carlos F Reyes
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Toso
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Esquifino
mesh_terms: D020268:Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006065:Gonadotropins, Pituitary / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D010900:Pituitary Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics