title: Occupational hazards in orthodontics: a review of risks and associated pathology.
abstract: The purpose of this article was to review the occupational hazards related to the practice of orthodontics. A systematic approach was used to include all risks involved in an orthodontic practice. The classification of hazards was based on major sources of risks by system or tissue and by orthodontic office area (dental chair, laboratory, sterilization area, x-ray developing area). Potentially hazardous factors relate to the general practice setting; to specific materials and tools that expose the operator to vision and hearing risks; to chemical substances with known allergenic, toxic, or irritating actions; to increased microbial counts and silica particles of the aerosols produced during debonding; to ergonomic considerations that might have an impact on the provider's muscoleskeletal system; and to psychological stress with proven undesirable sequelae. The identification and elimination of these risk factors should be incorporated into a standard practice management program as an integral part of orthodontic education. Professional organizations can also assist in informing practitioners of potential hazards and methods to deal with them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandis
authors.forename: Brandi D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Pandis
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pandis
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
mesh_terms: D003748:Dental Equipment / Q000009:adverse effects; D006804:Ergonomics; D005131:Eye Injuries; D006801:Humans; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional; D020315:Latex Hypersensitivity; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects; D009784:Occupational Diseases; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009970:Orthodontics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D017132:Workplace