title: Formation of diacetyl and acetoin by Lactococcus lactis via aspartate catabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify whether diacetyl can be produced by Lactococcus lactis via amino acid catabolism, and to investigate the impact of the pH on the conversion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resting cells of L. lactis were incubated in reaction media at different pH values, containing L-aspartic acid or L-alanine as a substrate. After incubation, the amino acid and metabolites were analysed by HPLC and GC/MS. At pH 5 about 75% of aspartic acid and only 40% of alanine was degraded to pyruvate via a transamination step that requires the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate in the medium, but diacetyl was only produced from aspartic acid. Three per cent of pyruvate was transformed to acetolactate of which 50% was converted into diacetyl. At pH 5 x 5 and above the pyruvate conversion into acetolactate was less efficient than at pH 5, and acetolactate was mainly decarboxylated to acetoin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acetoin and diacetyl can be formed as a result of aspartate or alanine catabolism by L. lactis in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate in the medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lactic acid bacteria exhibiting both glutamate dehydrogenase activity and high aspartate aminotransferase activity are expected to be good diacetyl producers during cheese ripening at pH close to 5.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Biochimie Bactérienne, UR477, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Le Bars
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yvon
mesh_terms: D000093:Acetoin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000409:Alanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D003931:Diacetyl / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008660:Metabolism; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D007773:Lactates; D001224:Aspartic Acid; C006359:alpha-acetolactate; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D000093:Acetoin; D003931:Diacetyl; D000409:Alanine