title: Active surveillance; a reasonable management alternative for patients with prostate cancer: the Miami experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the outcome of patients diagnosed with 'low-risk' prostate cancer managed by active surveillance (AS).
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 157 men with localized prostate cancer were followed on AS. The inclusion criteria for AS included: Gleason score of < or = 6, a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of < or = 15 ng/mL, stage < or = T2, low-volume disease and > 12 months of follow-up. The follow-up was rigorous, with PSA tests and a digital rectal examination every 3 months for 2 years, and a repeat biopsy 6-12 months after the initial diagnosis and yearly when indicated. Continuance of AS was based on the PSA doubling time, re-biopsy score, Gleason score, tumour volume, stage progression and patient preference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 99 patients met the inclusion criteria; their mean age at diagnosis was 66 years, their mean PSA level 5.77 ng/mL and the mean follow-up 45.3 months. On initial repeat biopsy, 63% had no cancer and 34% had a Gleason sum of < or = 6. Eight patients were treated (three with hormones; five with curative intent); two had radical prostatectomy (one had pT2c pNO Gleason 7 disease); three had radiotherapy. The probability is that 85% would remain treatment-free at 5 years; no patient died from prostate cancer. The PSA doubling time and clinical stage at diagnosis were predictive of progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who are followed on AS must be selected using narrowly defined inclusion criteria and closely followed with a standard regimen of PSA testing, digital rectal examination and repeat biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA. msoloway@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Soloway
authors.forename: Cynthia T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Soloway
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Rajinikanth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ayyathurai
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kava
authors.forename: Murugesan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manoharan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D015331:Cohort Studies; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen