title: Herpes simplex virus in febrile neutropenic children undergoing chemotherapy for cancer: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral herpes simplex virus (HSV) as detected by polymerase chain reaction, in pediatric oncology patients with febrile neutropenia. Our secondary objectives were to describe the association between oral HSV and prolonged fever, neutropenia, mucositis, and response to initial antimicrobial therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study, we obtained a mouth swab and blood specimen from oncology patients with febrile neutropenia, and tested them for HSV by polymerase chain reaction. Prolonged fever was defined as the presence of fever 48 hours after initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 75 oral and blood specimens obtained, only 7 oral swabs (9%) and 2 blood samples (3%) were positive for HSV. Oral HSV was not associated with prolonged fever or neutropenia. However, oral HSV was associated with longer median duration of mucositis (8 days; interquartile range, 0-12 days) compared with negative episodes (0 days; interquartile range, 0-2.5 days); P = 0.005. Oral HSV also was associated with inferior successful response to initial antimicrobial therapy (1 of 7, 14.3%) compared with negative episodes (51 of 67, 76.1%); P = 0.002.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of HSV infection in pediatric oncology patients with febrile neutropenia was low and was not associated with prolonged fever. However, oral HSV was associated with prolonged mucositis and poorer response to initial therapy. It is unknown whether early intervention with acyclovir can alter these associations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Raveena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramphal
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Biljana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dzolganovski
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Constantin
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tellier
authors.forename: Upton
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weitzman
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matlow
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petric
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000821:virology; D052016:Mucositis / Q000821:virology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000209:etiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral