title: A new grading system evaluating bleeding scale in filament perforation subarachnoid hemorrhage rat model.
abstract: The endovascular perforation rodent model for experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) studies is criticized for lack of control over bleeding. Presently, there is no practical grading system to categorize the severity of SAH depending on the amount of blood. We outline a simple and objective novel SAH grading system by examining the subarachnoid blood clots in the basal cisterns, and evaluate for correlation with neurological status and cerebral vasospasm. Effects of simvastatin, known to reduce vasospasm, were examined using this grading system. Seventy-seven adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups: sham-operated (n=24), SAH (n=32), and SAH+simvastatin (n=25). High-resolution brain pictures were used to grade the severity of SAH and categorize animals into mild, moderate and severe groups. The SAH grades were compared with neurological scores and internal carotid artery parameters such as diameter, perimeter and wall thickness at 24h. Two investigators verified the grading system independently. The SAH grade showed linear correlation functionally with neurological status (r=0.42, p<0.01) and morphometrically with the degree of vasospasm (|r|>0.7, p<0.01), and also between two independent investigators (r=0.937, p<0.001). Simvastatin improved neurological score in moderate and severe (p<0.05) but not mild SAH groups (p=0.28). This grading system has the potential to be adopted for SAH experimental rodent models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ayer
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D019821:Simvastatin