title: Sarcoidosis: clinical, hormonal, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) manifestations of hypothalamic-pituitary disease in 9 patients and review of the literature.
abstract: Hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) sarcoidosis has 2 main endocrine manifestations: diabetes insipidus and hyperprolactinemia. We conducted the current study to investigate pituitary dysfunction and perform imaging of the HP area in patients both immediately following diagnosis and after treatment. The study included 6 men and 3 women, with a mean age of 30 years at the onset of sarcoidosis. All patients had both hormonal and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) HP disorders. All patients had anterior pituitary dysfunction, 7 of them with associated diabetes insipidus. Nine patients had gonadotropin deficiency and 3 had hyperprolactinemia. MRI revealed infundibulum involvement in 5 patients, pituitary stalk thickness abnormality in 5, and involvement of the pituitary gland in 2, associated with other parenchymal brain or spinal cord lesions in 6 patients. All patients had multiple localizations of sarcoidosis, and 5 had histologically confirmed sinonasal localizations. Mean follow-up of the HP disorder was 7.5 years. All patients received prednisone. There was no correlation between the number of hormonal dysfunctions and the area of the HP axis involved as assessed by MRI. Although corticoid treatment was associated with a reduction of radiologic lesions, only 2 patients had partial recovery of hormonal deficiency. In conclusion, hormonal deficiencies associated with HP sarcoidosis frequently include hypogonadism (all patients) and to a lesser degree diabetes insipidus (7 of 9 patients). MRI abnormalities improved or disappeared in 7 cases under corticosteroid treatment, but most endocrine defects were irreversible despite regression of the granulomatous process. Most cases presented with multivisceral localizations and an abnormally high proportion of sinonasal localizations.
authors.affiliation: From Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology (HB, VC, RJ, GR, AK, RC), Service of Radiology (J-LD), Department of Pneumology (DV), Avicenne Hospital, University of Paris, Bobigny; and Department of Pneumology (AT), Saint-Louis Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bihan
authors.forename: Viliana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Christozova
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dumas
authors.forename: Rachet
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jomaa
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valeyre
authors.forename: Abdellatif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tazi
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reach
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krivitzky
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010900:Pituitary Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D010908:Pituitary Hormones, Anterior / Q000172:deficiency*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011859:Radiography; D012107:Research Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000172:deficiency; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D010908:Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011241:Prednisone