title: Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the psychometric properties of the PHQ2 and PHQ9 as screening instruments for depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 17 validation studies conducted in primary care; medical outpatients; and specialist medical services (cardiology, gynecology, stroke, dermatology, head injury, and otolaryngology). Electronic databases from 1994 to February 2007 (MEDLINE, PsycLIT, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane registers) plus study reference lists have been used for this study. Translations included US English, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, German and Arabic). Summary sensitivity, specificity, likelihood and diagnostic odds ratios (OR) against a gold standard (DSM-IV) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) were calculated for each study. We used random effects bivariate meta-analysis at recommended cut points to produce summary receiver-operator characteristic (sROC) curves. We explored heterogeneity with metaregression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen studies (5,026 participants) validated the PHQ9 against MDD: sensitivity = 0.80 (95% CI 0.71-0.87); specificity = 0.92 (95% CI 0.88-0.95); positive likelihood ratio = 10.12 (95% CI 6.52-15.67); negative likelihood ratio = 0.22 (0.15 to 0.32). There was substantial heterogeneity (Diagnostic Odds Ratio heterogeneity I2 = 82%), which was not explained by study setting (primary care versus general hospital); method of scoring (cutoff > or = 10 versus "diagnostic algorithm"); or study quality (blinded versus unblinded). The diagnostic validity of the PHQ2 was only validated in 3 studies and showed wide variability in sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PHQ9 is acceptable, and as good as longer clinician-administered instruments in a range of settings, countries, and populations. More research is needed to validate the PHQ2 to see if its diagnostic properties approach those of the PHQ9.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK. sg519@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gilbody
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brealey
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hewitt
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011594:Psychometrics; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires