title: The Kitty Genovese murder and the social psychology of helping: the parable of the 38 witnesses.
abstract: This article argues that an iconic event in the history of helping research -- the story of the 38 witnesses who remained inactive during the murder of Kitty Genovese -- is not supported by the available evidence. Using archive material, the authors show that there is no evidence for the presence of 38 witnesses, or that witnesses observed the murder, or that witnesses remained inactive. Drawing a distinction between the robust bystander research tradition and the story of the 38 witnesses, the authors explore the consequences of the story for the discipline of psychology. They argue that the story itself plays a key role in psychology textbooks. They also suggest that the story marks a new way of conceptualizing the dangers of immersion in social groups. Finally, they suggest that the story itself has become a modern parable, the telling of which has served to limit the scope of inquiry into emergency helping.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of the West of England, Bristol, England, UK. rachel.manning@uwe.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D006126:Group Processes; D006379:Helping Behavior; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006708:Homicide / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D033262:Narration; D009519:New York City; D011593:Psychology, Social / Q000266:history*; D011902:Rape; D012938:Social Perception