title: Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila by silver in tap water.
abstract: This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of silver as a secondary disinfectant to replace or reduce the level of chlorine utilized in water distribution systems. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila are opportunistic pathogens present in drinking water and have been associated with waterborne disease. After 8 hours of exposure to 100 microg/L of silver, there was a >6-log10 reduction in P. aeruginosa in tap water at room temperature at pH7 and a 5.55-log10 reduction in the presence of 3 mg/L humic acid. Similar reductions were observed at pH9. At 4 degrees C, reductions greater than 4-log10 were observed after 24 hours. For A. hydrophila, a >6-log10 reduction occurred at both pH7 and pH9 within nine hours. The World Health Organization has determined that this amount of silver could be used for water disinfection without health risks. Furthermore, silver shows promise as a secondary disinfectant, even in the presence of organic matter in concentrations that would reduce the effectiveness of free chlorine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Silvestry-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bright
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Uhlmann
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Slack
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gerba
mesh_terms: D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006812:Humic Substances; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D006812:Humic Substances; D014873:Water Pollutants; D012834:Silver