title: Athymic nude mice are insensitive to low-level toluene-induced up-regulation of memory-related gene expressions in the hippocampus.
abstract: The function of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamatergic receptors is known to be antagonized by toluene, a well-characterized neurotoxic chemical known to impair memory functions. Recently, peripheral T cells have been clearly shown to play an important role in cognitive and behavioral functions. In the present study, we investigated the role of peripheral T cells in the hippocampal mRNA expression of memory-related genes induced by low levels of toluene exposure in mice. BALB/c wild-type (WT) and nude mice were exposed to 9ppm of toluene or filtered air (0ppm toluene; control groups) in a nose-only exposure chamber for 30min on 3 consecutive days followed by weekly sessions for 4 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the hippocampi were collected and the inducibility of memory-related genes was examined using a real-time quantitative PCR method. NMDA NR2A, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV), cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1), and BDNF were significantly up-regulated in the hippocampi of WT mice exposed to 9ppm of toluene, compared to the expressions observed in WT mice exposed to filtered air, but similar results were not observed in nude mice. To investigate the possible involvement of peripheral T cells in the toluene-induced up-regulation of memory-related genes in WT mice, we examined the mRNA expression of Thy-1 (a pan T cell-specific marker) and quantified the number of cells that were immunoreactive to a T cell antigen receptor, CD3 (CD3-ir). Both the expression of Thy-1 mRNA and the number of CD3-ir cells were significantly higher in the hippocampi of the WT mice exposed to 9ppm of toluene, compared with that in WT mice exposed to filtered air; similar results were not observed in nude mice. We also examined the expression of chemokine genes like CCL2 and CCL3. The expression of CCL3 mRNA was significantly up-regulated only in the toluene-exposed WT mice. Although other differences unrelated to immune function may exist between WT and nude mice from the same background, the findings of the present study strongly suggest that the recruitment of peripheral T cells in the hippocampi of BALB/c WT mice exposed to low levels of toluene may be involved in the toluene-induced up-regulation of memory-related genes at the mRNA level.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Tin-Tin
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Win-Shwe
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsukahara
authors.forename: Sohel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kakeyama
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Sumio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujimaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002452:Cell Count; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude / Q000502:physiology*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D014050:Toluene / Q000633:toxicity*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex; D018076:DNA, Complementary; C120997:NR2A NMDA receptor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D014050:Toluene