title: ECVAM's approach to intellectual property rights in the validation of alternative methods.
abstract: In this article, we discuss how intellectual property rights affect the validation of alternative methods at ECVAM. We point out recent cases and summarise relevant EU and OECD documents. Finally, we discuss guidelines for dealing with intellectual property rights during the validation of alternative methods at ECVAM.
authors.affiliation: ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy. jens.linge@jrc.it
authors.forename: Jens P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Linge
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartung
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D018973:Intellectual Property; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results