title: Single-dose intrathecal analgesia to control labour pain: is it a useful alternative to epidural analgesia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the safety and efficacy of single-dose spinal analgesia (intrathecal narcotics [ITN]) during labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE was searched and the references of 2 systematic reviews and a meta-analysis were reviewed to find articles on obstetric analgesia and pain measurement. The 33 articles selected included 14 studies, 1 meta-analysis, and 2 systematic reviews, all providing level I evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature supports use of ITN as a safe and effective alternative to epidural anesthesia. The recent decrease in rates of episiotomies and use of forceps during deliveries means patients require less dense perineal anesthesia. The advantage of single-dose ITN is that fewer physicians and nurses are needed to administer it even though its safety and effectiveness are comparable with other analgesics. Use of ITN is associated with a shorter first stage of labour and more rapid cervical dilation. A combination of 2.5 mg of bupivacaine, 25 microg of fentanyl, and 250 microg of morphine intrathecally usually provides a 4-hour window of acceptable analgesia for patients without complications not anticipating protracted labour. The evolution in dosing of ITN warrants a re-examination of its usefulness in modern obstetric practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians practising modern obstetrics in rural and small urban centres might find single-dose ITN a useful alternative to parenteral or epidural analgesia for appropriately selected patients.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sioux Lookout. rminty@gosiouxlookout.com
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Minty
authors.forename: Len
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Alana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minty
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hammett
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl