title: Advances in the application of scanning electrochemical microscopy to bioanalytical systems.
abstract: Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful surface characterisation technique that allows for the electrochemical profiling of surfaces with sub micrometer resolution. While SECM has been most widely used to electrochemically study and profile non-biological surfaces and processes, the technique has in recent years, been increasingly used for the study of biological systems - and this is the focus of this review. An overview of SECM and how the technique may be applied to the study of biological systems will first be given. SECM and its application to the study of cells, enzymes and DNA will each be considered in detail. The review will conclude with a discussion of future directions and scope for further developments and applications.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Barton Road, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lonsdale
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Séamus P J
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Higson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D004247:DNA