title: Effects of a fertilizer, an insecticide, and a pathogenic fungus on hatching and survival of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles.
abstract: We assessed the single and interactive effects of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, the insecticide carbaryl, and a widespread waterborne pathogen Saprolegnia ferax on the hatching and survival of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles in the laboratory. Carbaryl significantly reduced tadpole survival and hatching rate, but no interactive effects were found among stressors.
authors.affiliation: Miami University, Department of Zoology, 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA.
authors.forename: Holly J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Puglis
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Boone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012721:Carbaryl / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000633:toxicity*; D011892:Rana catesbeiana / Q000502:physiology*; D044762:Saprolegnia / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D007306:Insecticides; D009566:Nitrates; D012721:Carbaryl; C006568:ammonium nitrate