title: Identifying health disparities across the tobacco continuum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few frameworks have addressed work-force diversity, inequities and inequalities as part of a comprehensive approach to eliminating tobacco-related health disparities. This paper summarizes the literature and describes the known disparities that exist along the tobacco disease continuum for minority racial and ethnic groups, those living in poverty, those with low education and blue-collar and service workers. The paper also discusses how work-force diversity, inequities in research practice and knowledge allocation and inequalities in access to and quality of health care are fundamental to addressing disparities in health.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the available scientific literature and existing public health reports to identify disparities across the tobacco disease continuum by minority racial/ethnic group, poverty status, education level and occupation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that differences in risk indicators along the tobacco disease continuum do not explain fully tobacco-related cancer consequences among some minority racial/ethnic groups, particularly among the aggregate groups, blacks/African Americans and American Indians/Alaska Natives. The lack of within-race/ethnic group data and its interactions with socio-economic factors across the life-span contribute to the inconsistency we observe in the disease causal paradigm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More comprehensive models are needed to understand the relationships among disparities, social context, diversity, inequalities and inequities. A systematic approach will also help researchers, practitioners, advocates and policy makers determine critical points for interventions, the types of studies and programs needed and integrative approaches needed to eliminate tobacco-related disparities.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7337, USA. faganp@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Pebbles
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Moolchan
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernander
authors.forename: Paris K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Ponder
mesh_terms: D004522:Educational Status; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology