title: Phase I trial of neoadjuvant preoperative chemotherapy with S-1 and irinotecan plus radiation in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose (RD) of irinotecan combined with preoperative chemoradiotherapy with S-1 in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We gave preoperative radiotherapy (total dose, 45 Gy) to 23 patients with locally advanced (T3/T4) rectal cancer. Concurrently, S-1 was given orally at a fixed dose of 80 mg/m2/day on Days 1-5, 8-12, 22-26, and 29-33, and irinotecan was given as a 90-min continuous i.v. infusion on Days 1, 8, 22, and 29. The dose of irinotecan was initially 40 mg/m2/day and gradually increased to determine the MTD and RD of this regimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 4 patients who received 90 mg/m2 irinotecan, 2 had Grade 4 neutropenia and 1 had Grade 3 diarrhea. Because dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) occurred in 3 of the 4 patients, 90 mg/m2 irinotecan was designated as the MTD. Consequently, 80 mg/m2 irinotecan was given to 7 additional patients, with no DLT, and this was considered the RD. Of the patients who received irinotecan at the RD or lower doses, 6 (31.6%) had a complete pathologic response (Grade 3) and 9 (47.4%) underwent sphincter-preserving surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With our new regimen, the MTD of irinotecan was 90 mg/m2, and the RD of irinotecan for Phase II studies was 80 mg/m2. Although our results are preliminary, this new neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was considered safe and active, meriting further investigation in Phase II studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yukihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kokuba
authors.forename: Wasaburo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Kazushige
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okayasu
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077146:Irinotecan; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010094:Oxonic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005641:Tegafur / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; C079198:S 1 (combination); D005641:Tegafur; D010094:Oxonic Acid; D000077146:Irinotecan; D002166:Camptothecin