title: Imaging of weak-source distributions in LSO-based small-animal PET scanners.
abstract: Lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO)- or lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO)-based PET scanners have intrinsic radioactivity in the scintillator crystals due to the presence of (176)Lu, which decays by beta-emission followed by one or more prompt gamma-ray emissions. This leads to intrinsic true counts that can influence the image when scanning low levels of activity. An evaluation of the effects of this intrinsic activity for low levels of activity and different energy windows is performed on an LSO-based small-animal PET scanner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intrinsic count rate and sensitivity were measured for a range of lower-level discriminators (LLDs) ranging from 100 to 750 keV. The noise equivalent count rate (NECR) as a function of LLD for activity levels from 100 Bq to 100 kBq was estimated using a combination of measurement and previously published data for this scanner. Phantom imaging was performed using three (68)Ge sources of strength 55, 220, and 940 Bq and LLD levels of 250, 350, and 400 keV. The images were assessed using a contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) analysis and by comparing the observed ratio of source activities to the true ratio value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intrinsic true count rate is reduced from 940 counts per second (cps) for a 250- to 750-keV energy window to <2 cps for a 400- to 750-keV window. There is a corresponding 2-fold drop in sensitivity for detected true events for external positron sources for these 2 energy windows. The NECR versus LLD curves showed a highly peaked shape, with the optimum LLD being approximately 425 keV. The phantom image results were dominated by the intrinsic true counts when an energy window of 250-750 keV was used. The intrinsic true counts were almost completely removed by raising the LLD to 400 keV. The CNR for each of the sources was higher for the narrow energy window and the 55 Bq could be easily visualized in images acquired with LLD levels of 350 and 400 keV but not when the 250-keV LLD was used. Images acquired with an LLD of 400 keV and reconstructed with 2-dimensional filtered backprojection were the most quantitatively accurate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to visualize sources of <1 kBq in LSO-based animal PET systems by raising the LLD to 400 keV to exclude the majority of the counts due to the intrinsic activity present in the LSO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. agoertzen2@hsc.mb.ca
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Goertzen
authors.forename: Joon Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Suk
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008187:Lutetium / Q000528:radiation effects*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000662:veterinary*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017640:Silicates / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D017640:Silicates; C477682:lutetium orthosilicate; D008187:Lutetium