title: Three-dimensional nonlinear optical endoscopy.
abstract: The development of miniaturized nonlinear optical microscopy or endoscopy is essential to complement the current imaging modalities for diagnosis and monitoring of cancers. We report on a nonlinear optical endoscope based on a double-clad photonic crystal fiber and a two-dimensional (2-D) microelectromechanical system mirror, enabling the three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear optical imaging through in vitro gastrointestinal tract tissue and human breast cancer tissue with a penetration depth of approximately 100 mum and axial resolution of 10 mum. The 3-D high-resolution and high-sensitive imaging ability of the nonlinear optical endoscope facilitates the visualization of 3-D morphologic and cell nuclei arrangement within tissue, and therefore will be important for histopathologic interpretation without the need of tissue excision.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cranfield
authors.forename: Huikai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D020776:Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007909:Lenses; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D041622:Tomography, Optical / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods