title: Diaphragm pacing stimulation system for tetraplegia in individuals injured during childhood or adolescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with cervical spinal cord injury and chronic respiratory insufficiency face the risks and stigma associated with mechanical ventilators. The Diaphragm Pacing Stimulation (DPS) System for electrical activation of the diaphragm is a minimally invasive alternative to mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of patients in a prospective Food and Drug Administration trial of the DPS System in individuals who were injured at age 18 years or younger. The procedure involved laparoscopic mapping to locate the diaphragm motor points with electrode implantation. Two weeks after surgery, stimulus/output characteristics of each electrode were determined to obtain an adequate tidal volume for ventilation. A home-based weaning protocol from the ventilator was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 28 patients implanted with the DPS System, 10 had sustained cervical SCI as children or adolescents. Average age at injury was 13 years (range 1.5 to 17 y). Age at implantation ranged from 18 to 34 years. Length of time from injury to implantation averaged 9.7 years (0.8 to 19 y). All patients tolerated the implantation procedure. Four patients utilize DPS continuously (24/7), 4 patients pace daytime only, and 2 patients are still actively conditioning their diaphragms. Two patients required surgical correction of scoliosis prior to implantation. All patients prefer breathing with the DPS and would recommend it to others; 4 patients specifically identified that attending college or church without a ventilator eases their integration into society.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the laparoscopic DPS system can be safely implanted in tetraplegics injured as children and used in a home-based environment to wean them off of mechanical ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Case Medical Center of University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-5047, USA. Raymond.onders@uhhospitals.org
authors.forename: Raymond P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Onders
authors.forename: Mary Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Elmo
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ignagni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies