title: A comparative study of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in type 2 diabetic patients in two Caribbean islands using the new International Diabetes Federation definition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tobago and Trinidad are two Caribbean islands with distinct genetic background and lifestyles; while Tobago is serene and a tourist centre, Trinidad is characterized by a hustling and bustling lifestyle. The study was aimed at determining and comparing the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its critical components in type 2 diabetic patients using the new International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and thirteen (166 Tobago, 247 Trinidad) type 2 diabetic patients visiting 10 lifestyle disease clinics were studied. Blood pressure, anthropometric parameters (height, weight, body mass index and waist circumference) and overnight fasting blood samples were taken. Plasma glucose and serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, insulin, and adiponectin were determined. Insulin resistance (IR) was determined using the HOMA method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients in Tobago were significantly older than patients in Trinidad (p < 0.001) but the duration of diabetes (9.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 11.1 +/- 0.7 yr), medications, generalized (31.7 vs. 38.8%) and central (78.5 vs. 83.7%) obesity were similar (p > 0.05). In comparison with patients in Tobago, diabetic patients in Trinidad, irrespective of gender, had significantly higher prevalence of IDF critical components such as raised BP, raised triglycerides and reduced HDL-cholesterol (all, p < 0.001). Thus, while more patients in Trinidad were diagnosed with MetS based on three or four components, more patients in Tobago were diagnosed based on two components (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were high prevalence rates of the components of the MetS in both the islands of Tobago and Trinidad. Quantitatively, the aggregation of the components is higher in patients in Trinidad, which constitute greater risk for adverse cardiovascular outcome. Controlling central obesity should be the target in preventing MetS in the two islands.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad. cezenwaka@fms.uwi.tt
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ezenwaka
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nwagbara
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seales
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Okali
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hussaini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Avci
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eckel
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003710:Demography; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D008019:Life Style; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014300:Trinidad and Tobago / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin