title: HIV risk behavior among patients with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders: associations with mania and drug abuse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bipolar and substance use disorders frequently co-occur, and both are associated with impulsivity, impaired judgment, and risk-taking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to: (1) describe the rates of HIV sexual and drug risk behaviors among patients with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders, (2) test whether acute mania, psychiatric severity, and drug severity independently predict HIV risk, and (3) examine the relationship between specific substance dependencies and sexual risk behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N=101) were assessed for psychiatric diagnoses, substance abuse, and HIV risk behavior using structured clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority (75%) were sexually active in the past 6 months and reported high rates of sexual risk behaviors, including unprotected intercourse (69%), multiple partners (39%), sex with prostitutes (24%, men only), and sex trading (10%). In a multivariate linear regression model, recent manic episode, lower psychiatric severity, and greater drug severity were independent predictors of total HIV risk. Cocaine dependence was associated with increased risk of sex trading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results underscore the importance of HIV prevention for this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA. cmeade@mclean.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Christina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Meade
authors.forename: Fiona S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Graff
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Roger D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data