title: Gender and ethnic differences in cancer pain experience: a multiethnic survey in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inconsistent findings on ethnic differences in cancer pain experience suggest the need for further studies on this topic for adequate cancer pain management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine ethnic differences in cancer pain experience of four ethnic groups in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A feminist perspective was used as the theoretical basis. This was a survey of a multiethnic sample of 480 cancer patients asking questions on sociodemographic characteristics and health or illness status, 3 unidimensional cancer pain scales, 2 multidimensional cancer pain scales, the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including ANOVA and hierarchical multiple regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated certain ethnic differences in types of pain and symptoms that patients experienced. Also, the results demonstrated significant ethnic differences in cancer pain and functional status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest further in-depth qualitative exploration on cultural values and beliefs related to cancer pain in each ethnic group and national studies with a larger number of ethnic minorities on this topic.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, USA. eim@mail.nur.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Eun-Ok
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: Wonshik
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guevara
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hyun-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Hsiu-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Maresha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Kyung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suk Kim
authors.forename: Young
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hee Kim
authors.forename: Hyunjeong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American