title: The isoflurane-sparing and clinical effects of a constant rate infusion of remifentanil in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the isoflurane-sparing and clinical effects of two constant rate infusions of remifentanil in healthy dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II client-owned dogs (age, 7 months-9 years; body mass 11-59 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three groups and received either: intramuscular (IM) meperidine 2 mg kg(-1) every 2 hours throughout surgery (control group (C); n = 13); remifentanil infused intravenously (IV) at 0.1 microg kg(-1) minute(-1) (low remifentanil group (L); n = 14) or remifentanil infused at 0.25 microg kg(-1) minute(-1) IV (high remifentanil group (H); n = 14). Anaesthesia was induced with thiopental administered to effect and maintained using isoflurane in 100% oxygen. During controlled ventilation when the end-tidal CO(2) was maintained between 4.65 and 5.98 kPa [35-45 mmHg], the end-tidal isoflurane concentration (e'iso%), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured every 5 minutes. Bradycardia (HR < 40 minute(-1) lasting >5 minutes) was corrected with 0.01 mg kg(-1) IV glycopyrrolate. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with a post-hoc Mann-Whitney U-test and Bonferroni correction. Statistical significance was accepted at < or = 0.05. Data are expressed as mean +/- standard deviation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The e'iso% was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by remifentanil. In C, e'iso% was 1.28 +/-0.13 and was significantly different from L (0.78 +/- 0.17, p < 0.001) and H (0.65 +/- 0.16, p < 0.001). HR was significantly different between groups (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in MAP between groups. Glycopyrrolate was required in two, three and six dogs in the C, L and H groups respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remifentanil infusion reduced the isoflurane concentration required for surgical anaesthesia during orthopaedic surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remifentanil infusions may be a useful additive to isoflurane anaesthesia in healthy dogs.
authors.affiliation: Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK. sandra_allweiler@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allweiler
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Brodbelt
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borer
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Hatim I K
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Alibhai
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D007530:Isoflurane; D000077208:Remifentanil