title: Efficacy of pyrethroid-treated nets against malaria vectors and nuisance-biting mosquitoes in Tanzania in areas with long-term insecticide-treated net use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure pyrethroid susceptibility in populations of malaria vectors and nuisance-biting mosquitoes in Tanzania and to test the biological efficacy of current insecticide formulations used for net treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anopheles gambiae Giles s.l., An. funestus Giles s.l. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say were collected during three national surveys and two insecticide-treated net (ITN) studies in Tanzania. Knockdown effect and mortality were measured in standard WHO susceptibility tests and ball-frame bio-efficacy tests. Test results from 1999 to 2004 were compared to determine trends in resistance development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. funestus s.l. were highly susceptible to permethrin (range 87-100%) and deltamethrin (consistently 100%) in WHO tests in 1999 and 2004, while Culex quinquefasciatus susceptibility to these pyrethroids was much lower (range 7-100% and 0-84% respectively). Efficacy of pyrethroid-treated nets was similarly high against An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus s.l. (range 82-100%) while efficacy against Cx. quinquefasciatus was considerably lower (range 2-100%). There was no indication of development of resistance in populations of An. gambiae s.l. or An. funestus s.l. where ITNs have been extensively used; however, susceptibility of nuisance-biting Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes declined in some areas between 1999 and 2004.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sustained pyrethroid susceptibility of malaria vectors in Tanzania is encouraging for successful malaria control with ITNs. Continued monitoring is essential to ensure early resistance detection, particularly in areas with heavy agricultural or public health use of insecticides where resistance is likely to develop. Widespread low susceptibility of nuisance-biting Culex mosquitoes to ITNs raises concern for user acceptance of nets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada. mkulkarni@healthbridge.ca
authors.forename: Manisha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malima
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mosha
authors.forename: Shandala
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Msangi
authors.forename: Ezra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mrema
authors.forename: Bilali
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kabula
authors.forename: Boniface
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Safari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinung'hi
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swilla
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kisinza
authors.forename: Manfred E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Joanna Armstrong
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schellenberg
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magesa
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drakeley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001512:Bedding and Linens; D003465:Culex; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins