title: Evidence for management of small cell lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review addressed the following key questions on managing small cell lung cancer (SCLC): the sequence, timing, and dosing characteristics of primary thoracic radiotherapy (TRTx) for limited-stage disease; primary TRTx for extensive-stage disease; effect of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI); positron emission tomography (PET) for staging; treatment of mixed histology tumors; surgery; and second-line and subsequent-line treatment for relapsed/progressive disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review methods were defined prospectively in a written protocol. We primarily sought randomized controlled trials that compared the interventions of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Robust evidence was lacking for all questions except PCI, for which a patient-level metaanalysis showed that PCI improves survival of SCLC patients who achieved complete response after primary therapy from 15.3 to 20.7% (p = 0.01). The case for concurrent over sequential radiation delivery rests largely on a single multicenter trial. Support for early concurrent therapy comes from one multicenter trial, but two other multicenter trials found no advantage. Metaanalysis did not find significant reductions in 2-year and 3-year mortality rates for early TRTx. Favorable results from a single-center trial on TRTx for extensive stage disease need replication in a multicenter setting. Relevant comparative studies were nonexistent for management of mixed histology disease and surgery for early limited SCLC. PET may be more sensitive in detecting extracranial disease than conventional staging modalities, but studies were of poor quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCI improves survival among those with a complete remission to primary therapy. A research agenda is needed to optimize the effectiveness of TRTx and its components.
authors.affiliation: Technology Evaluation Center, Blue Cross Blue Shield Association, 1310 G St, NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA. david.samson@bcbsa.com
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seidenfeld
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Turrisi
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonnell
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aronson
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000628:therapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents