title: Trepanning or trephines: a history of bone marrow biopsy.
abstract: Trepanning of bone is the oldest known procedure carried out by man and yet it is only in the last 100 years that we have made use of the technique to diagnose and treat haematological disorders. These advances have been made possible by improvements in instruments, techniques, anaesthesia, laboratory processing and the expertise of haematologists to report the specimens. With the advent of immunological markers and molecular biology, the need for quality bone marrow specimens, if anything, has increased. It will be many years before the bone marrow aspiration/trephine procedure is relegated to the annals of history.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK. parapia@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Liakat A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Parapia
mesh_terms: D001856:Bone Marrow Examination / Q000266:history*; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D014207:Trephining / Q000266:history*