title: The effect of ligation on the load deflection characteristics of nickel titanium orthodontic wire.
abstract: This study examined the effect of ligation on the load-deflection characteristics of nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wire. A modified three-point bending system was used for bending the NiTi round wire, which was inserted and ligated in the slots of three brackets, one of which was bonded to each of the three bender rods. Three different ligation methods, stainless steel ligature (SSL), slot lid (SL), and elastomeric ligature (EL), were employed, as well as a control with neither bracket nor ligation (NBL). The tests were repeated five times under each condition. Comparisons were made of load-deflection curve, load at maximum deflection of 2,000 microm, and load at a deflection of 1,500 microm during unloading. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett's test were conducted to determine method difference (alpha = 0.05). The interaction between deflection and ligation was tested, using repeated-measures ANOVA (alpha = 0.05). The load values of the ligation groups were two to three times greater than the NBL group at a deflection of 1,500 microm during unloading: 4.37 N for EL, 3.90 N for SSL, 3.02 N for SL, and 1.49 N for NBL (P < 0.01). For the EL, a plateau region disappeared in the unloading curve. SL showed the smallest load. The ligation of the bracket wire may make NiTi wire exhibit a significantly heavier load than that traditionally expected. NiTi wire exhibited the majority of its true superelasticity with SL, whereas EL may act as a restraint on its superelasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontic, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan. kasuya-shugo@tsurumi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shugo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasuya
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagasaka
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanyuda
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishimura
authors.forename: Ayao
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirashita
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004548:Elasticity; D020724:Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D018583:Pliability; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D020724:Elastomers; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium