title: Uterine cervical inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and -8, as predictors of miscarriage in recurrent cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory changes frequently occur in cases of second trimester miscarriage or pre-term delivery, but little attention has been paid to this association with recurrent miscarriage. As interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 are inflammatory cytokines reported to be associated with bacterial vaginosis, intrauterine infections, and pre-term delivery, we here investigated whether they might have predictive value for spontaneous abortion in recurrent cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical mucus and sera were collected at 4-5 weeks' gestation from a total of 59 patients with a history of two or more unexplained consecutive first trimester miscarriages, and examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients then were followed up without medication and their pregnancy outcomes were compared with the test results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of a total of 59 patients, 13 (22%) miscarried subsequently. Both IL-6 and IL-8 in cervical mucus were significantly higher in patients who miscarried subsequently than in those who had a live birth. In addition, there was no correlation between cervical mucus and serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 take at the same time, and there was no relation with serum IL-6 and IL-8 levels between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical IL-6 and IL-8 might have predictive value for cases of recurrent miscarriage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan. yahttori@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Tamao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nozawa
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugiura-Ogasawara
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D002582:Cervix Mucus / Q000737:chemistry*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D050498:Live Birth; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000378:metabolism; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8