title: Evaluation of brainstem function in patients with spasmodic dysphonia using vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and auditory brainstem responses.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The vestibular area is closer than the auditory region to nucleus ambiguus. If a 'shared' lesion involves regions of adjacent nuclei of the brainstem in patients with spasmodic dysphonia then vestibular area involvement is more possible than that of the auditory region.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors hypothesize that lower brainstem lesions and involvement of descending pathways of the spinal tract may be the site of lesion in patients with spasmodic dysphonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with spasmodic dysphonia were tested using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No ABR abnormalities were found in right ears. Results of ABR on the left ear showed that one patient had abnormal ABR. This patient had severe sensorineural hearing loss on the left side. VEMPs displayed normal response in two patients bilaterally. First positive (p13) and second negative (n23) waves of VEMP could not be recorded in three cases unilaterally and in five patients bilaterally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. asazgar@ut.ac.ir
authors.forename: Amir Arvin
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sazgar
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akrami
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akrmi
authors.forename: Jalal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mehdizadeh
authors.forename: Azar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fezi
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology; D014724:Vestibular Function Tests; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*