title: Urogenital disorders associated with gut failure and intestinal transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intestinal transplantation has been increasingly performed in patients with short bowel syndrome and irreversible gut failure with successful outcomes. In parallel a common association was observed between gut failure and different urological disorders. To our knowledge this study is the first to address such an important clinical observation with special reference to the underlying disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 175 consecutive adult intestinal recipients were reviewed. Data were compiled and described according to the documented urogenital disorder, cause of intestinal failure and treatment modality, including transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients 43 experienced a total of 53 urogenital disorders for an overall incidence of 25%, including 24 (56%) who had the disorder before referral and 19 (44%) in whom the morbidity developed as a result of transplantation. Interestingly hypercoagulability, pseudo-obstruction, Crohn's disease and Gardner's syndrome were the underlying urogenital and intestinal disorder pathologies in 6.3% of the study patients. Treatment for prior urogenital disorders, including malignancy, precipitated intestinal failure in 3.4% of the referred patients. Reciprocally surgical treatment for the primary intestinal disease and management of gut failure by total parenteral nutrition, followed by transplantation, resulted in different urogenital complications in 17.7% of the total population with an 8.6% incidence of chronic renal failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gut failure and intestinal transplantation are commonly associated with different urogenital disorders. Accordingly a designated urological service should be considered part of the multidisciplinary team required for treating this unique population.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Ardavan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akhavan
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Jackman
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Kareem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abu-Elmagd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000637:transplantation*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology