title: Analysis of frankincense in archaeological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: Four archaeological samples, unearthed from Qana in Yemen were analysed by analytical technique, currently applied in the field of petroleum geochemistry, and by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Sample no 1286 comes from a burned warehouse and samples no 964, 963 and 962 from the central sanctuary. These specimens were probably exposed to a heating source. In each case olibanum resin was identified according to the presence of their chemical markers corresponding to alpha- , beta-boswellic and lupeolic acids (3alpha-hydroxy-olean-12-en-24-oic, 3alpha-hydroxy-urs-12-en-24-oic and 3alpha-hydroxy-lup-20(29)en-24-oic acids) and their respective O-acetyled derivatives (3alpha- O-acetyl-olean-12-en-24-oic, 3alpha-O-acetyl-urs-12-en-24-oic and 3-O-acetyl-lup-20(29)-en-24-oic acids). Concerning the thermal degradation state of samples, the GC-MS results are in agreement with the geochemical ones. Sample no 1286 and 964 correspond to ageing incense which has not undergone any heating action and are consequently relatively well preserved. Lastly, samples no 963 and 962 are thermally degraded resins and their gross composition data permits to conclude that sample no 963 is only partially burnt while sample no 962 has been much more degraded.
authors.affiliation: Université d'Avignon et des pays de Vaucluse Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, 33 rue Louis Pasteur F-84000 Avignon. carole.mathe@univ-avignon.fr
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mathe
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Connan
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Archier
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mouton
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vieillescazes
mesh_terms: D001106:Archaeology; D029743:Boswellia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*