title: Evidence-based policy on road safety: the effect of the demerit points system on seat belt use and health outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of a demerit points system, introduced in Italy in July 2003, on the prevalence of seat belt use (intermediate outcome) and the number of road traffic deaths and injuries (health outcomes).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre- and post-intervention regional observational study for seat belt investigation (April 2003, October 2004); national time-series analysis of road traffic deaths and injuries between 1999 and 2004 for health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veneto region, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  19,551 drivers, 19,057 front passengers and 8,123 rear passengers estimated to be aged over 11 years were included in the investigation into seat belt use. 38,154 fatalities and 1,938,550 injured subjects were examined for the time-series analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demerit points system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proportions of drivers and front and rear passengers observed to be using seat belts before and after the intervention; estimates of lives and injuries saved through the implementation of a penalty points system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The demerit points system was followed by an increase in observed seat belt use of 51.8% (95% confidence interval 48.7% to 54.9%) among drivers, of 42.3% (95% confidence interval 39.2% to 45.5%) among front passengers and of 120.7% (95% confidence interval 99.4% to 144.3%) among rear passengers. It is estimated that 1,545 (95% confidence interval 1387 to 1703; p<0.0001) deaths and 91,772 (95% confidence interval 67,762 to 115,783; p<0.0001) injuries were prevented in the 18 months after the introduction of the legislation, i.e. an 18% reduction (1545/8570) in fatalities and a 19% reduction (91,772/473,048) in injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The demerit points system is effective both in encouraging drivers and passengers to adhere to the law and in terms of health outcomes, substantially contributing to road safety.
authors.affiliation: medical epidemiologist, Viale della Vittoria 83, Vittorio Veneto, Italy. francesco.zambon@unipd.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zambon
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fedeli
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Visentin
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marchesan
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Avossa
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brocco
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spolaore
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D035846:Law Enforcement / Q000379:methods*; D012449:Safety; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*