title: Evidence-based assessment of adherence to medical treatments in pediatric psychology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adherence to medical regimens for children and adolescents with chronic conditions is generally below 50% and is considered the single, greatest cause of treatment failure. As the prevalence of chronic illnesses in pediatric populations increases and awareness of the negative consequences of poor adherence become clearer, the need for reliable and valid measures of adherence has grown.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review evaluated empirical evidence for 18 measures utilizing three assessment methods: (a) self-report or structured interviews, (b) daily diary methods, and (c) electronic monitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten measures met the "well-established" evidence-based (EBA) criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several recommendations for improving adherence assessment were made. In particular, consideration should be given to the use of innovative technologies that provide a window into the "real time" behaviors of patients and families. Providing written treatment plans, identifying barriers to good adherence, and examining racial and ethnic differences in attitudes, beliefs and behaviors affecting adherence were strongly recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd., Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA. aquittner@miami.edu
authors.forename: Alexandra L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Quittner
authors.forename: Avani C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Modi
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lemanek
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ievers-Landis
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rapoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008499:Medical Records; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012650:Self Disclosure; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017211:Treatment Failure