title: Hypoxia has a greater effect than exercise on the redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in swine.
abstract: Strenuous exercise combined with hypoxia is implicated in the development of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), which is believed to result from rupture of pulmonary capillaries secondary to high vascular pressures. The relative importance of hypoxia and exercise in altering the distribution of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) is unknown. Six chronically catheterized specific pathogen-free Yorkshire hybrid pigs (25.5 +/- 0.7 kg, means +/- SD) underwent incremental treadmill exercise tests in normoxia (Fi(O(2)) = 0.21) and hypoxia (Fi(O(2)) = 0.125, balanced order), consisting of 5 min at 30, 60, and 90% of the previously determined Vo(2max). At steady state (~4 min), metabolic and cardiac output data were collected and fluorescent microspheres were injected over approximately 30 s. Later the fluorescent intensity of each color in each 2-cm(3) lung piece was determined and regional perfusion was calculated from the weight-normalized fluorescence. Both hypoxia and exercise shifted PBF away from the ventral cranial lung regions toward the dorsal caudal regions of the lung, but hypoxia caused a greater dorsal caudal shift in PBF at rest than did near-maximal exercise in normoxia. The variance in PBF due to hypoxia, exercise, and vascular structure was 16 +/- 4.2, 4.0 +/- 4.4, and 59.4 +/- 11.4%, respectively, and the interaction between hypoxia and exercise represented 12 +/- 6.5%. This observation implies that there is already a maximal shift with in PBF with hypoxia in the dorsal-caudal regions in pigs that cannot be exceeded with the addition of exercise. However, exercise greatly increases the pulmonary arterial pressures and therefore the risk of capillary rupture in high flow regions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. shopkins@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleinsasser
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loeckinger
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Falor
authors.forename: Blazej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Neradilek
authors.forename: Nayak L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Polissar
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hlastala
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006439:Hemodynamics; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes