title: Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations during pregnancy and insulin resistance in the offspring: the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Raised maternal plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations predict small size at birth, which is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. We studied the association between maternal vitamin B12, folate and tHcy status during pregnancy, and offspring adiposity and insulin resistance at 6 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study we studied 700 consecutive eligible pregnant women in six villages. We measured maternal nutritional intake and circulating concentrations of folate, vitamin B12, tHcy and methylmalonic acid (MMA) at 18 and 28 weeks of gestation. These were correlated with offspring anthropometry, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan) and insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-R]) at 6 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-thirds of mothers had low vitamin B12 (<150 pmol/l), 90% had high MMA (>0.26 micromol/l) and 30% had raised tHcy concentrations (>10 micromol/l); only one had a low erythrocyte folate concentration. Although short and thin (BMI), the 6-year-old children were relatively adipose compared with the UK standards (skinfold thicknesses). Higher maternal erythrocyte folate concentrations at 28 weeks predicted higher offspring adiposity and higher HOMA-R (both p < 0.01). Low maternal vitamin B12 (18 weeks; p = 0.03) predicted higher HOMA-R in the children. The offspring of mothers with a combination of high folate and low vitamin B12 concentrations were the most insulin resistant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low maternal vitamin B12 and high folate status may contribute to the epidemic of adiposity and type 2 diabetes in India.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India. diabetes@vsnl.com
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yajnik
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Refsum
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Coyaji
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Joglekar
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Lubree
authors.forename: V U
authors.initials: VU
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rege
authors.forename: C H D
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fall
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12