title: Expression of MCP-4 by TLR ligand-stimulated nasal polyp fibroblasts.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that nasal polyp fibroblasts contribute to innate immunity and eosinophilic inflammation such as nasal polyposis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It is generally accepted that type 2 T helper (Th2) cytokines and some chemoattractants play an essential role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Nasal polyposis is characterized by chronic eosinophilic inflammation. The mechanisms that cause the predominance of eosinophilic infiltration in nasal polyposis have yet to be clarified. There is growing evidence that fibroblasts could be a major source of Th2 chemokines. Because the nasal and paranasal mucosae are the first respiratory tissues that environmental agents encounter, those tissues are exposed to injurious agents, including microorganisms and their breakdown products. We investigated whether nasal polyp fibroblasts produce a C-C chemokine, MCP-4, when stimulated with the breakdown products of microorganisms and a Th2 cytokine (interleukin (IL)-4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fibroblast lines were established from nasal polyp tissues. The expression of MCP-4 mRNA was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. The amount of MCP-4 in the supernatants was measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLR2, 3, 4 and 5 ligands, but not TLR7/8 or 9 ligands, induced small amounts of MCP-4. TLR2, 3, 4 and 5 ligands synergized with IL-4 to induce the production of MCP-4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan. nonaka@nms.ac.jp
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukumoto
authors.forename: Nozomu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogihara
authors.forename: Ruby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pawankar
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakanushi
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagi
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C099677:CCL13 protein, human; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D015847:Interleukin-4