title: Effects of rhubarb extract on radiation induced lung toxicity via decreasing transforming growth factor-beta-1 and interleukin-6 in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiation induced lung toxicity (RILT) is the main adverse effect in the radiation therapy of lung cancer. However, the optimal management of RILT has not been defined. In this paper, we investigated the effects of rhubarb extract on RILT, pulmonary function (PF), transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eighty consecutive patients were randomly enrolled into two groups: trial group and control group. The trial group received three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) plus rhubarb (at a dose of 20 mg kg(-1) once a day) for 6 weeks. The control group received 3D-CRT plus a placebo containing starch for 6 weeks. Plasma TGF-beta1 and serum IL-6 were measured in all patients before, every 2 weeks during, and at 6 weeks after the completion of the treatment. RILT and PF were evaluated at 6 weeks and 6 months after the end of the treatment, respectively. The differences of TGF-beta1, IL-6, RILT, and PF between the two groups were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of RILT in the trial group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 6 weeks and 6 months after treatment (32.4% versus 56.7% at week 6, and 27.0% versus 52.8% at month 6, both P<0.05). The plasma TGF-beta1 levels in the trial group were significantly lower than that in the control group during and after the treatment (P<0.05 or 0.01, respectively). The serum IL-6 levels in the trial group were significantly lower than that in the control group during the treatment (all P<0.01). The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at 1s (FEV1) at 6 weeks and the diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) at 6 months in the trial group were significantly improved compared to the control group (P<0.05 or 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rhubarb extract significantly attenuated RILT and improved PF, probably by decreasing the level of TGF-beta1 and IL-6. These results may be of value for the prophylaxis of RILT, but the exact mechanisms underlying these prophylactic effects remain to be further explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Medical school, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China.
authors.forename: Hui Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yun Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yu Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Li Kuan
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects; D012250:Rheum; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015850:Interleukin-6; D028321:Plant Preparations; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta