title: Angle-corrected imaging transcranial doppler sonography versus imaging and nonimaging transcranial doppler sonography in children with sickle cell disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonimaging transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) and imaging TCD (TCDI) are used for determination of the risk of stroke in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). The purpose was to compare angle-corrected, uncorrected TCDI, and TCD blood flow velocities in children with SCD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 37 children (mean age, 7.8 +/- 3.0 years) without intracranial arterial narrowing determined with MR angiography, were studied with use of TCD and TCDI at the same session. Depth of insonation and TCDI mean velocities with and without correction for the angle of insonation in the terminal internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle (MCA), anterior (ACA), and posterior (PCA) cerebral arteries were compared with TCD velocities with use of a paired t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two arteries were not found on TCDI compared with 15 not found on TCD. Average angle of insonation in the MCA, ACA, ICA, and PCA was 31 degrees , 44 degrees , 25 degrees , and 29 degrees , respectively. TCDI and TCD mean depth of insonation for all arteries did not differ significantly; however, individual differences varied substantially. TCDI velocities were significantly lower than TCD velocities, respectively, for the right and left sides (mean +/- SD): MCA, 106 +/- 22 cm/s and 111 +/- 33 cm/s versus 130 +/- 19 cm/s and 134 +/- 26 cm/s; ICA, 90 +/- 14 cm/s and 98 +/- 27 cm/s versus 117 +/- 18 cm/s and 119 +/- 23 cm/s; ACA, 74 +/- 24 cm/s and 88 +/- 25 cm/s versus 105 +/- 23 cm/s and 105 +/- 31 cm/s; and PCA, 84 +/- 27 cm/s and 82 +/- 21 cm/s versus 95 +/- 23 cm/s and 94 +/- 20 cm/s. TCD and angle-corrected TCDI velocities were not statistically different except for higher angle-corrected TCDI values in the left ACA and right PCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCD velocities are significantly higher than TCDI velocities but are not different from the angle-corrected TCDI velocities. TCDI identifies the major intracranial arteries more effectively than TCD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. jaroslaw.krejza@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krejza
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rudzinski
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pawlak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ichord
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwiatkowski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gor
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Melhem
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*