title: The impact of missing data and how it is handled on the rate of false-positive results in drug development.
abstract: In drug development, a common choice for the primary analysis is to assess mean changes via analysis of (co)variance with missing data imputed by carrying the last or baseline observations forward (LOCF, BOCF). These approaches assume that data are missing completely at random (MCAR). Multiple imputation (MI) and likelihood-based repeated measures (MMRM) are less restrictive as they assume data are missing at random (MAR). Nevertheless, LOCF and BOCF remain popular, perhaps because it is thought that the bias in these methods lead to protection against falsely concluding that a drug is more effective than the control. We conducted a simulation study that compared the rate of false positive results or regulatory risk error (RRE) from BOCF, LOCF, MI, and MMRM in 32 scenarios that were generated from a 2(5) full factorial arrangement with data missing due to a missing not at random (MNAR) mechanism. Both BOCF and LOCF inflated RRE were compared to MI and MMRM. In 12 of the 32 scenarios, BOCF yielded inflated RRE compared with eight scenarios for LOCF, three scenarios for MI and four scenarios for MMRM. In no situation did BOCF or LOCF provide adequate control of RRE when MI and MMRM did not. Both MI and MMRM are better choices than either BOCF or LOCF for the primary analysis.
authors.affiliation: KCI USA (Kinetic Concepts, Inc), Health Outcomes Research, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA. sunni.barnes@kci1.com
authors.forename: Sunni A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Craig H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Mallinckrodt
authors.forename: Stacy R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lindborg
authors.forename: M Kallin
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*