title: Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by tunicamycin disables germ layer formation in Xenopus laevis embryos.
abstract: Maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is essential for correct protein targeting and secretion. ER stress caused by accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins leads to disruption of cellular functions. We have investigated the effect of ER stress on Xenopus embryogenesis. ER stress induced by tunicamycin (TM) treatment of embryos resulted in defects affecting germ layer formation. We observed up-regulation of ER stress response genes, enhanced cytoplasmic splicing of xXBP1 RNA, and increased rate of apoptosis. In animal cap assays, TM treatment inhibited mesoderm formation induced by overexpression of activin/nodal RNA but did not affect mesoderm formation induced by functional activin protein, suggesting that dysfunction of ER caused a failure in activin/nodal processing and/or secretion. The observation that activin protein renders mesoderm formation under ER stress strengthens the role of activin/nodal for mesoderm induction. The results underline the functional significance of ER homeostasis in germ layer formation during Xenopus embryogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Knöchel
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005855:Germ Layers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D055456:Nodal Signaling Ligands; D012326:RNA Splicing; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014415:Tunicamycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D055456:Nodal Signaling Ligands; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C422405:activin A; C418882:nodal5 protein, Xenopus; D028341:Activins; D014415:Tunicamycin