title: Assimilable nitrogen utilisation and production of volatile and non-volatile compounds in chemically defined medium by Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeasts.
abstract: Surveys conducted worldwide have shown that a significant proportion of grape musts are suboptimal for yeast nutrients, especially assimilable nitrogen. Nitrogen deficiencies are linked to slow and stuck fermentations and sulphidic off-flavour formation. Nitrogen supplementation of grape musts has become common practice; however, almost no information is available on the effects of nitrogen supplementation on wine flavour. In this study, the effect of ammonium supplementation of a synthetic medium over a wide range of nitrogen values on the production of volatile and non-volatile compounds by two high-nitrogen-demand wine fermentation strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was determined. To facilitate this investigation, a simplified chemically defined medium that resembles the nutrient composition of grape juice was used. Analysis of variance revealed that ammonium supplementation had significant effects on the concentration of residual sugar, L-malic acid, acetic acid and glycerol but not the ethanol concentration. While choice of yeast strain significantly affected half of the aroma compounds measured, nitrogen concentrations affected 23 compounds, including medium-chain alcohols and fatty acids and their esters. Principal component analysis showed that branched-chain fatty acids and their esters were associated with low nitrogen concentrations, whereas medium-chain fatty esters and acetic acid were associated with high nitrogen concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vilanova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ugliano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Henschke
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004952:Esters; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014835:Volatilization; D014920:Wine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008293:Malates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D000431:Ethanol; C030298:malic acid; D009584:Nitrogen; D005990:Glycerol; D019342:Acetic Acid