Memory consistency for traumatic events in Dutch soldiers deployed to Iraq.
Retrospective accounts of traumatic events are consistently associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This has often been interpreted as causal impact of such events on psychological functioning, but recent studies suggest that the causal direction is (partly) reversed: high levels of PTSD symptoms may be associated with amplified recollections of precipitating traumatic events. The aim of this prospective study was to index the consistency with which Dutch Army soldiers reported traumatic stressors and nontraumatic stressors on their deployment to Iraq, and to examine to what extent PTSD symptoms and pre-existing reporting biases, such as that arising from neuroticism, affect memory inconsistency. Retrospective accounts of stressors were highly variable over time. Individuals with higher levels of PTSD symptoms and neuroticism, lower levels of extraversion, and fewer prior missions, were more prone to increased reporting over time.
Engelhard
Iris M
IM
Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. i.m.engelhard@uu.nl
van den Hout
Marcel A
MA
McNally
Richard J
RJ
D000328:Adult; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D009426:Netherlands; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D013995:Time