title: Treatment options for insomnia.
abstract: The frequency of sleep disruption and the degree to which insomnia significantly affects daytime function determine the need for evaluation and treatment. Physicians may initiate treatment of insomnia at an initial visit; for patients with a clear acute stressor such as grief, no further evaluation may be indicated. However, if insomnia is severe or long-lasting, a thorough evaluation to uncover coexisting medical, neurologic, or psychiatric illness is warranted. Treatment should begin with nonpharmacologic therapy, addressing sleep hygiene issues and exercise. There is good evidence supporting the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy. Exercise improves sleep as effectively as benzodiazepines in some studies and, given its other health benefits, is recommended for patients with insomnia. Hypnotics generally should be prescribed for short periods only, with the frequency and duration of use customized to each patient's circumstances. Routine use of over-the-counter drugs containing antihistamines should be discouraged. Alcohol has the potential for abuse and should not be used as a sleep aid. Opiates are valuable in pain-associated insomnia. Benzodiazepines are most useful for short-term treatment; however, long-term use may lead to adverse effects and withdrawal phenomena. The better safety profile of the newer-generation nonbenzodiazepines (i.e., zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopidone, and ramelteon) makes them better first-line choices for long-term treatment of chronic insomnia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73104, USA. kramakrishnan@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Kalyanakrishnan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Dewey C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Scheid
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines