title: Diagnosis and epidemiological studies of human metapneumovirus using real-time PCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is prevalent in children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals, but available epidemiological data is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To develop and validate a real-time PCR method for hMPV diagnosis. (2) To determine the percentage of hMPV in respiratory specimens from the community and its association with outbreaks in our geographic area. (3) To provide epidemiological data in terms of age distribution, seasonality and co-infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A real-time PCR assay was designed for detection of hMPV lineages A and B. Prospective testing for hMPV over a 22-month period was then undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The real-time PCR was sensitive and specific for detection of both lineages of hMPV. hMPV was detected in 9.5% (n=8239) of the specimens and 25% of the outbreaks (n=100) tested. The hMPV-positive patients ranged in age from 18 days to 99 years with a median age of 24 months. The number of positive samples peaked during the winter months of December, January and February. A high rate of co-infections was noted in the samples tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hMPV is common in the community and is associated with outbreaks. Including hMPV in routine testing improves etiological diagnosis of acute respiratory infections.
authors.affiliation: Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), Calgary site, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. K.Pabbaraju@provlab.ab.ca
authors.forename: Kanti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pabbaraju
authors.forename: Sallene
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: Bonita E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Julie D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015342:DNA Probes; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D029121:Metapneumovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D012621:Seasons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes