title: Comparison of posteroanterior spinal stiffness measures to clinical and demographic findings at baseline in patients enrolled in a clinical study of spinal manipulation for low back pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A system for measuring posterior-to-anterior spinal stiffness (PAS) was developed for use in clinical trials of manipulation for low back pain (LBP). The current report is an analysis of the baseline PAS data, with particular emphasis on relationships between PAS and clinical and demographic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Posterior-to-anterior spinal stiffness measurements were recorded over the spinous processes of the lumbar spines from patients who had LBP. The system uses electronic sensors to record displacement and force, whereas a human operator provides the force of indentation. Clinical and outcome measures were compared with spinal stiffness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recruited 192 patients (89 female and 103 male; average age, 40.0 years; SD, 9.4 years). The average Roland-Morris score was 9.7 (SD, 3.2) on a 24-point scale. The Visual Analog Scale pain scores were 55.7 (SD, 20.9) on a 100-mm scale. Stiffness values ranged from 4.16 to 39.68 N/mm (mean, 10.80 N/mm; SD, 3.72 N/mm). Females' lumbar spines were, on the average, 2 N/mm more compliant than males (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PAS system of computer-monitored equipment with human operation performed well in this clinical study of LBP. Spinal stiffness was found to be different between males and females, and age and body mass index were related to PAS. We found no significant relationship between the severity or chronicity of the LBP complaint and spinal stiffness. There was little agreement between the stiff or tender segments identified by the clinicians using palpation and the segment that measured most stiff using the PAS device.
authors.affiliation: Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, Iowa 52803, USA. edward.owens@palmer.edu
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: DeVocht
authors.forename: M Ram
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gudavalli
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Wilder
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Meeker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010173:Palpation; D012737:Sex Factors