title: Noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Correctly staging lung cancer is important because the treatment options and the prognosis differ significantly by stage. Several noninvasive imaging studies including chest CT scanning and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning are available. Understanding the test characteristics of these noninvasive staging studies is critical to decision making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Test characteristics for the noninvasive staging studies were updated from the first iteration of the lung cancer guidelines using systematic searches of the MEDLINE, HealthStar, and Cochrane Library databases up to May 2006, including selected metaanalyses, practice guidelines, and reviews. Study designs and results are summarized in evidence tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pooled sensitivity and specificity of CT scanning for identifying mediastinal lymph node metastasis were 51% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47 to 54%) and 85% (95% CI, 84 to 88%), respectively, confirming that CT scanning has limited ability either to rule in or exclude mediastinal metastasis. For PET scanning, the pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity for identifying mediastinal metastasis were 74% (95% CI, 69 to 79%) and 85% (95% CI, 82 to 88%), respectively. These findings demonstrate that PET scanning is more accurate than CT scanning. If the clinical evaluation in search of metastatic disease is negative, the likelihood of finding metastasis is low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT scanning of the chest is useful in providing anatomic detail, but the accuracy of chest CT scanning in differentiating benign from malignant lymph nodes in the mediastinum is poor. PET scanning has much better sensitivity and specificity than chest CT scanning for staging lung cancer in the mediastinum, and distant metastatic disease can be detected by PET scanning. With either test, abnormal findings must be confirmed by tissue biopsy to ensure accurate staging.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 171 Ashley Ave, Room 812-CSB, Charleston, SC 29425-2220, USA. silvestri@musc.edu
authors.forename: Gerard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Mitchell L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.forename: Lynn T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Tanoue
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCrory
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toloza
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Detterbeck
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed