title: Socioeconomic status and perinatal outcomes in a setting with universal access to essential health care services.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The health care system in Canada provides essential health services to all women irrespective of socioeconomic status. Our objective was to determine whether perinatal and infant outcomes varied by family income and other socioeconomic factors in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all 92,914 women who delivered in Nova Scotia between 1988 and 1995 following a singleton pregnancy. Family income was obtained for 76,440 of these women through a confidential link to income tax records and was divided into 5 groups. Outcomes studied included pregnancy complications, preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age live birth, perinatal death, serious neonatal morbidity, postneonatal death and infant death. Logistic regression models were used to adjust for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women in the highest family income group, those in the lowest income group had significantly higher rates of gestational diabetes (crude rate ratio [RR] 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-1.73), preterm birth (crude RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.06-1.35), small-for-gestational-age live birth (crude RR 1.81, 95% CI 1.66-1.97) and postneonatal death (crude RR 5.54, 95% CI 2.21-13.9). The opposite was true for rates of perinatal death (crude RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-0.96), and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the composite of perinatal death or serious neonatal morbidity (crude RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.82-1.24). Adjustment for behavioural and lifestyle factors accentuated or attenuated socioeconomic differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower family income is associated with increased rates of gestational diabetes, small-for-gestational-age live birth and postneonatal death despite health care services being widely available at no out-of-pocket expense.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS. ksjoseph@dal.ca
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Liston
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dodds
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dahlgren
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D016015:Logistic Models; D009674:Nova Scotia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012923:Social Class