title: Microscopic characterization of collagen modifications induced by low-temperature diode-laser welding of corneal tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser welding of corneal tissue that employs diode lasers (810 nm) at low power densities (12-20 W/cm(2)) in association with Indocyanine Green staining of the wound is a technique proposed as an alternative to conventional suturing procedures. The aim of this study is to evaluate, by means of light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses, the structural modifications induced in laser-welded corneal stroma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were carried out in 20 freshly enucleated pig eyes. A 3.5 mm in length full-thickness cut was produced in the cornea, and was then closed by laser welding. Birefringence modifications in samples stained with picrosirius red dye were analyzed by polarized LM to assess heat damage. TEM analysis was performed on ultra-thin slices, contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, in order to assess organization and size of type I collagen fibrils after laser welding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LM evidenced bridges of collagen bundles between the wound edges, with a loss of regular lamellar organization at the welded site. Polarized LM indicated that birefringence properties were mostly preserved after laser treatment. TEM examinations revealed the presence of quasi-ordered groups of fibrils across the wound edges preserving their interfibrillar spacing. These fibrils appeared morphologically comparable to those in the control tissue, indicating that type I collagen was not denatured during the diode laser corneal welding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preservation of substantially intact, undenatured collagen fibrils in laser-welded corneal wounds supported the thermodynamic studies that we carried out recently, which indicated temperatures below 66 degrees C at the weld site under laser irradiation. This observation enabled us to hypothesize that the mechanism, proposed in the literature, of unwinding of collagen triple helixes followed by fibrils "interdigitation" is not likely to occur in the welding process that we set up for the corneal suturing.
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Matteini
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Menabuoni
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003094:Collagen / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D013552:Swine; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen