title: The effect of different skin-ankle brace application pressures on quiet single-limb balance and electromyographic activation onset of lower limb muscles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have been carried out in order to investigate the effect of ankle bracing on ankle joint function and performance. However, no study so far has examined the role of skin-brace interface pressure in neuromuscular control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different skin-ankle brace interface pressures on quiet single limb balance and the electromyographic (EMG) activation sequence of four lower limb muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty three male physical education students who volunteered to take part in the study were measured under three ankle brace conditions: i) without brace, ii) with brace and 30 kPa application pressure and iii) with brace and 60 kPa application pressure. Single limb balance (anteroposterior and mediolateral parameter) was assessed on the dominant lower limb, with open and closed eyes, on a force platform, simultaneously with the EMG recording of four lower lower limb muscles' (gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, rectus femoris and biceps femoris) activation onset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that overall balance (total stability parameter) was not significantly affected in any of the three ankle brace conditions. However, the anteroposterior centre of pressure excursion and centre of pressure excursion velocity were significantly increased with the application of ankle brace, both with 30 and 60 kPa application pressures. Furthermore, it was found that single limb balance was significantly worse with closed eyes compared to open eyes. EMG measurements showed that the sequence of lower limb activation onset was not affected in any of the three ankle brace application conditions. The results of this study showed that the application of an ankle brace with two different skin-brace interface pressures had no effect on overall single limb balance and the sequence of lower limb muscle activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that peripheral joint receptors are either not adequately stimulated by the brace application and therefore are not able to alter the balance control strategy of the CNS, or that they play a less important role in the control of single limb balance. Further research is needed in this area with more dynamic and functional measurements, before the safe use of ankle bracing can be widely recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens, Greece. epapas@in.gr
authors.forename: Emmanuel S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nikolopoulos
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badekas
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vagenas
authors.forename: Stamatios A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.forename: Spyros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Athanasopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001915:Braces / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000502:physiology; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology