title: Cardiac history, prior depression and personality predict course of depressive symptoms after myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many studies have focused on post-myocardial infarction (MI) depression, there is limited information about the evolution and determinants of depressive symptoms in the first year post-MI. Therefore we examined (1) the course of depressive symptoms during the first year post-MI and (2) the predictors of these symptom trajectories.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess depressive symptoms, 287 patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory during hospitalization for MI, and 2, and 12 months post-MI. Personality was assessed with the Type-D scale during hospitalization. We used latent class analysis to examine the evolution of depressive symptoms over a 1-year period and multinomial logit regression analyses to examine predictors of these symptom trajectories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The course of depressive symptoms was stable during the first year post-MI. Four groups were identified and classified as non-depressed [40%, intercept (IC) 2.52], mildly depressed (42%, IC 6.91), moderately depressed (14%, IC 13.73) or severely depressed (4%, IC 24.54). In multivariate analysis, cardiac history (log OR(severe) 2.93, p=0.02; log OR(moderate) 1.81, p=0.02; log OR(mild) 1.46, p=0.01), history of depression (log OR(severe) 4.40, p<0.001; log OR(moderate) 1.97, p=0.03) and Type-D personality (log OR(severe) 4.22, p<0.001; log OR(moderate) = 4.17, p<0.001; log OR(mild) 1.66, p=0.02) were the most prominent risk factors for persistence of depressive symptoms during the first year post-MI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms of depression tend to persist during the first year post-MI. Cardiac history, prior depression and Type-D personality were identified as independent risk factors for persistence of depressive symptoms. The results of this study strongly argue for routine psychological screening during hospitalization for acute MI in order to identify patients who are at risk for chronicity of depressive symptoms and its deleterious effects on prognosis.
authors.affiliation: CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, The Netherlands. e.j.martens@uvt.nl
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: O R F
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denollet
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies