title: Mid-luteal endometrial intracrinology following controlled ovarian hyperstimulation involving use of a gonadotrophin releasing hormone antagonist.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are concerns of reduced pregnancy rates with the use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists (GnRH antagonists) in IVF/ICSI cycles. Sex steroids and their metabolizing enzymes in the endometrium may play a vital role in embryo implantation. This study has evaluated the levels and localization of sex-steroid receptors and metabolizing enzymes, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3betaHSD) and selected 17beta-HSD (17betaHSD), in mid-luteal endometrium of women treated with GnRH antagonist (Cetrorelix) and recombinant FSH (rFSH; Gonal-F) with luteal phase progesterone supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mid-luteal phase endometrial biopsies were obtained from oocyte donors undergoing ovarian stimulation and from control women with regular periods. Immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) were used to compare protein and mRNA expression of progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta), androgen receptor (AR), 3betaHSD1, 3betaHSD2, 17betaHSD2 and 17betaHSD5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cetrorelix-rFSH treatment caused a mid-luteal suppression of PR protein expression in the endometrial stroma, surface epithelium and glands, although expression in the glands of control samples was variable. In contrast, the treatment caused an increase in PR staining in perivascular cells. No other significant differences in protein expression were observed between the two groups. mRNA levels of AR, ERalpha, 3betaHSD1 and 17betaHSD2 were significantly reduced in the treatment group. PR mRNA levels were also reduced by GnRH antagonist-rFSH treatment, but the difference was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in the expression of sex-steroid receptors and metabolizing enzymes may lead to alterations in the activity and intracellular availability of estrogens, progestogens and androgens in endometrium of women treated with Cetrorelix and rFSH. Their impact on embryo implantation merits further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Centre for Reproductive Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Susheel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vani
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Alistair R W
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J Ian
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: K Joo
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Thong
authors.forename: Hilary O D
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Critchley
mesh_terms: D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000328:Adult; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D016471:Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011374:Progesterone; D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; C044256:3 (or 17)-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; C062876:cetrorelix