title: Does lower-pole caliceal anatomy predict stone clearance after shock wave lithotripsy for primary lower-pole nephrolithiasis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to have an idea about the success rates after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) in patients with lower-pole stones, we reviewed the caliceal anatomy of the patients treated in our clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-eight patients having at least a 3-month follow-up period, with a single stone located in the lower pole, were included. Lower infundibulopelvic angle (LIP-A), infundibular width, and infundibular length were measured from standard intravenous urograms taken before initial ESWL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and thirty patients (65%) were male, and 68 patients (35%) were female. We found no impact of age, sex, and affected side on the results of ESWL. The overall stone-free rate was 61.1% after 3 months of follow-up. The stone-free rates were 47.8 and 81.4% in patients with an acute (< 70 degrees) and an obtuse (> or = 70 degrees) LIP-A, respectively (p = 0.007). Taking the infundibular width into consideration, the stone-free rates were 85.4 and 43.2% for favorable and unfavorable angles and widths (p = 0.003). However, infundibular length and stone sizes were not found to have important effects on a stone-free status (p = 0.546 and p = 0.283).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that LIP-A (> or = 70 degrees) has the greatest impact on the clearance of residual fragments produced by SWL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Ankara Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. halittalas@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Halit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Talas
authors.forename: Ozcan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kilic
authors.forename: Semih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tangal
authors.forename: Mut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007670:Kidney Calices / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome