title: Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy: indications and technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy, although uncommonly performed, may be considered in patients who have renal anomalies, are poorly compliant, and have a large single renal-pelvic calculus. We present our experience with this procedure in five patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients underwent laparoscopic pyelolithotomy because of a horseshoe kidney, one for a pelvic kidney, and one for a large renal-pelvic calculus. All stones were solitary with a mean size of 2280 mm2 (range 540-8200 mm2). All were approached transperitoneally with passage of a flexible cystoscope through a laparoscopic port to aid in stone extraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cases were completed laparoscopically. The length of surgery was 74, 92, 134, 158, and 159 minutes. There were no minor or major complications, and the estimated blood loss was <50 mL in all cases. All patients were discharged on postoperative day 1 with the drains removed. Four patients were stented for 4 to 6 weeks. The remaining patient was not stented because of poor compliance. The stents were removed with office cystoscopy. All patients were stone free on follow-up imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy can be done safely, effectively, and efficiently with proper patient selection and adherence to standard laparoscopic surgical principles.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9665, USA.
authors.forename: Brandan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Bradley F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*