Cardiovascular risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in COPD. There is a high prevalence of traditional risk factors in this patient group including smoking, sedentary behaviour and low socio-economic class. However, large studies have shown that airflow limitation is an independent risk factor for CVD. Therefore there may be a 'COPD effect' that contributes to CVD in this condition, adding to the body of evidence that COPD has important systemic consequences, as well as being a lung disease. In this article, we review the evidence for CVD in COPD. Next, we examine systemic factors present in COPD, and link these to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, including inflammation, oxidative stress and hypoxia. Finally, we review those studies that have investigated therapeutic interventions in COPD that may modify cardiovascular risk.
Maclay
John D
JD
Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
McAllister
David A
DA
Macnee
William
W
D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D002097:C-Reactive Protein