title: Pressure equilibration in the penguin middle ear.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  King penguins have a venous structure in the form of a corpus cavernosum (CC) in their middle ear (ME) submucosa. The CC may be viewed as a special organelle that can change ME volume for pressure equilibration during deep-sea diving it is a pressure regulating organelle (PRO). A similar CC and muscles also surround the external ear (EE) and may constrict it, isolating the tympanic membrane from the outside. A CC was previously found also in the ME of marine diving mammals and can be expected to exist in other deep diving animals, such as marine turtles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Marine animals require equalization of middle ear (ME) pressure when diving hundreds or thousands of meters to catch prey. We investigated what mechanism enables king penguins to protect their ME when they dive to great depths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsies and serial sections of the ME and the EE of the deep diving king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) were examined microscopically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was demonstrated that the penguin ME has an extensive network of small and large submucosal venous sinuses. This venous formation, a corpus cavernosum, can expand and potentially 'flood' the ME almost completely on diving, thus elevating ME pressure and reducing the ME space. The EE has a similar protective mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv, Israel. jsade@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sadé
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Handrich
authors.forename: Joelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernheim
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000399:Air Pressure; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D004431:Ear, External / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D046429:Spheniscidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology