title: Prediction of relative glomerular filtration rate in adults: new improved equations based on Swedish Caucasians and standardized plasma-creatinine assays.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate newly developed equations predicting relative glomerular filtration rate(GFR) in adult Swedish Caucasians and to compare with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease(MDRD) and Mayo Clinic equations using enzymatic and zero-calibrated plasma creatinine assays.
  
  
  METHODS
  GFR was measured with iohexol clearance adjusted to 1.73 m(2). One population sample (n=436/Lund) was used to derive an equation based on plasma-creatinine/age/gender, and a second with the addition of lean body mass (LBM). Both equations were validated in a separate sample (n=414/Malmö). The coefficients of the equations were eventually fine-tuned using all 850 patients and yielding Lund-Malmö equations without (LM) and with LBM-term (LM(LBM)). Their performance was compared with the MDRD(CC) (conventional creatinine calibration), MDRD(IDMS) (isotope dilution mass spectroscopy traceable calibration) and Mayo Clinic equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Lund equations performed similarly in both samples. In the combined set, the Mayo Clinic/MDRD(CC) resulted in +19.0/+10.2 % median bias, while bias for the other equations was < 10 %. LM(LBM) had the highest accuracy (86 % of estimates within 30 % of measured GFR), significantly (p < 0.001) better than for MDRD(IDMS) (80 %). In men with BMI < 20 kg/m(2), MDRD(IDMS)/LM had +46 %/+19 % median bias. MDRD(IDMS) also overestimated GFR by 22 %/14 % in men/women above 80 years of age. The LM(LBM) equation had < 10 % bias irrespective of BMI, age or GFR except for a 15 % negative bias at GFR > 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The newly developed Lund-Malmö equations for GFR estimation performed better than the MDRD(IDMS) and Mayo Clinic equations in a Swedish Caucasian sample. Inclusion of an LBM term improved performance markedly in certain subgroups.
authors.affiliation: Competence Centre for Clinical Research, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Björk
authors.forename: S-E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bäck
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sterner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bakoush
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simonsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grubb
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nyman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015982:Bias; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013548:Sweden; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D007472:Iohexol; D003404:Creatinine