title: Body composition and resting energy expenditure in patients aged 11 to 21 years with spinal cord dysfunction compared to controls: comparisons and relationships among the groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare body composition in patients aged 11 to 21 years with spinal dysfunction due to spinal cord injury (SCI) and spina bifida (SB) vs. able-bodied control (CTRL) and able-bodied overweight (OW) groups and to examine the relationships between resting energy expenditure (REE) and total lean mass (TLM) in the SCI, SB, CTRL, and OW groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fifteen subjects, including 85 CTRL, 31 OW, 33 SCI, and 66 SB, were evaluated. Body composition was estimated by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Measurements included height, weight, total lean mass (TLM), fat tissue mass (FTM), body mass index (BMI), BMI percentile (BMI%tile), and % fat. Resting energy measurements were obtained in fasting subjects with an open-circuit indirect calorimeter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were gender differences in height, weight, BMI, TLM, fat mass, % fat, and REE. The REE in the SCI and SB groups was significantly different from that in the CTRL and OW groups, but no significant difference was found between the SCI and SB groups. The SB group had significantly higher REE/TLM ratios than did the other groups. The % fat was significantly higher in the SB and OW groups as compared to the CTRL and SCI groups. TLM was significantly higher in CTRL and OW groups as compared to SCI and SB groups, with the lowest TLM found in the SB group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients aged 11 to 21 years with SB or SCI have significant lean tissue mass deficits by DXA as compared to able-bodied CTRL and OW groups, with the greatest deficits in total lean mass measured in SB. The absolute REE values were significantly reduced in both SCI and SB groups in association with their lean tissue deficits. Interestingly, REE/TLM ratios were remarkably constant in the CTRL, OW, and SCI groups but significantly elevated in the SB group. One would expect an even greater degree of adiposity in the SB group if their REE/TLM ratios were not elevated relative to those without congenital paralysis.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA.
authors.forename: Rungsinee Amanda
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Liusuwan
authors.forename: Lana M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Widman
authors.forename: Richard Ted
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Abresch
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Styne
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D050177:Overweight / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*