title: Reliability of movement control tests in the lumbar spine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Movement control dysfunction [MCD] reduces active control of movements. Patients with MCD might form an important subgroup among patients with non specific low back pain. The diagnosis is based on the observation of active movements. Although widely used clinically, only a few studies have been performed to determine the test reliability. The aim of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-observer reliability of movement control dysfunction tests of the lumbar spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We videoed patients performing a standardized test battery consisting of 10 active movement tests for motor control in 27 patients with non specific low back pain and 13 patients with other diagnoses but without back pain. Four physiotherapists independently rated test performances as correct or incorrect per observation, blinded to all other patient information and to each other. The study was conducted in a private physiotherapy outpatient practice in Reinach, Switzerland. Kappa coefficients, percentage agreements and confidence intervals for inter- and intra-rater results were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kappa values for inter-tester reliability ranged between 0.24 - 0.71. Six tests out of ten showed a substantial reliability [k > 0.6]. Intra-tester reliability was between 0.51 - 0.96, all tests but one showed substantial reliability [k > 0.6].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physiotherapists were able to reliably rate most of the tests in this series of motor control tasks as being performed correctly or not, by viewing films of patients with and without back pain performing the task.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapie Reinach, 5734 Reinach, Switzerland. hannu@physios.ch
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luomajoki
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kool
authors.forename: Eling D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.forename: Olavi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Airaksinen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D015588:Observer Variation; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014743:Videotape Recording