title: Detection and confirmation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in apple juice and milk using piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever sensors at 2.5 fg/mL.
abstract: A sensitive and reliable method for the detection of a model toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in buffer, apple juice, and milk is shown using piezoelectric-excited, millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors. Limit of detection in spiked milk and apple juice samples is 10 and 100 fg, respectively. PEMC sensors (2 mm(2)) are prepared by immobilizing a polyclonal antibody specific to SEB, which was exposed to 1 mL of 1% milk and apple juice containing 10 fg-10 ng. Sensor response to 100 fg, 1 pg, and 10 pg of SEB in apple juice resulted in resonance frequency decreases of 113 +/- 18 (n = 4), 308 +/- 24 (n = 4), and 521 +/- 20 (n = 2) Hz, respectively. In milk, 10 fg, 100 fg, 1 pg, and 10 pg of SEB resulted in resonance frequency decreases of 126 +/- 18 (n = 2), 143 +/- 35 (n = 4), 310 +/- 32 (n = 5), and 557 +/- 25 (n = 2) Hz, respectively. Positive detection of SEB in the sample solution was observed within the first 20 min. The responses of the sensor to positive (SEB present, but no antibody on sensor), negative (SEB absent, antibody on sensor), and buffer (SEB absent, antibody on sensor) controls were -17 +/- 10 (n = 3), -9 +/- 5 (n = 3), and -6 +/- 12 (n = 18) Hz, respectively. Positive verification of SEB detection was confirmed by two methods: (1) low-pH buffer release caused increase in resonance frequency, and (2) second antibody binding to SEB attached to sensor that caused further resonance frequency decrease. The significance of these results is that PEMC sensors can reliably detect SEB at 10-100 fg (effective concentration of 2.5 and 25 fg/mL) in complex fluids without sample preparation or the use of labeled reagents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maraldo
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mutharasan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002138:Calibration; D004560:Electricity; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D007700:Kinetics; D027845:Malus; D008892:Milk; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D004768:Enterotoxins; C029152:G-substrate; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal