title: Measuring participation of children with disabilities: issues and challenges.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to examine conceptual issues that challenge development of valid and useful measures of children's participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambiguities in the current definition of participation in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) are examined along with their implications for developing valid measures for children and youth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Developers of new measures must address three key issues that will affect the ultimate meaning of participation data obtained from these instruments: uncertain criteria to distinguish activity from participation; lack of consensus on whether measures should address objective or subjective aspects of participation or both; and appropriate choice of respondent when children are the focus. Variations in how the participation construct is operationalized challenge one's ability to develop a coherent body of knowledge about children's participation and the factors that influence it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given current variations in how participation is being defined, both developers and users of measures of participation need to be explicit about the definition of participation that a particular measure represents and the inferences that can be drawn from the scores.
authors.affiliation: Boston University, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston, MA, USA. wjcoster@bu.edu
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coster
authors.forename: Mary Alunkal
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khetani
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D002648:Child; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D012648:Self Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index