title: Inhibition of ochratoxin A production and growth of Aspergillus species by phenolic antioxidant compounds.
abstract: The phenolic antioxidants, gallic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid were studied for their effects on ochratoxin A (OTA) production and fungal growth of ochratoxigenic Aspergilli. Of the 12 strains tested, which included A. alliaceus, A. lanosus, A. ochraceus, A. albertensis, A. melleus, A. sulphureus, A. carbonarius, A. elegans, and A. sclerotiorum, the greatest inhibition of OTA production was seen in A. sulphureus, A. elegans, and A. lanosus. Vanillic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were the most inhibitory to both OTA production and growth of most of the strains tested. However, A. ochraceus was not inhibited by either compound, and A. carbonarius was not inhibited by vanillic acid. The effect of each compound on OTA production and growth differed among strains and generally was variable, suggesting that species-specific OTA production and response to phenolic compounds may be influenced by different ecological and developmental factors. In addition, inhibition of OTA production by antioxidant compounds may be useful in determining biosynthetic and regulatory genes involved in both OTA production and stress response in ochratoxigenic Aspergilli.
authors.affiliation: Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA. palumbo@pw.usda.gov
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: Teresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
authors.forename: Noreen E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Mahoney
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001235:Aspergillus ochraceus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010226:Parabens / Q000494:pharmacology; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014641:Vanillic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D009793:Ochratoxins; D010226:Parabens; D010636:Phenols; C025589:ochratoxin A; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; C009091:protocatechuic acid; D005707:Gallic Acid; D002392:Catechin; D014641:Vanillic Acid; C038193:4-hydroxybenzoic acid; C040048:caffeic acid