title: Influence of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and eritoran (E5564) micelle size on its plasma pharmacokinetics and ex vivo activity following single intravenous bolus dose into healthy female rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eritoran (E5564) is a glycophospholipid that acts as a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist that is being tested as a treatment for severe sepsis and septic shock. In the blood, eritoran binds to plasma lipoproteins altering its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of changes in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations on the plasma pharmacokinetics and ex vivo activity of eritoran following single intravenous bolus dosing of eritoran to healthy female rabbits fed either a regular chow diet or a cholesterol-enriched diet. This was done with eritoran administered as stable micelle formulations of mean hydrodynamic diameters of 8 or 27 nm).
  
  
  METHODS
  Female New Zealand White rabbits were fed a standard diet for 7 days and then randomly assigned either a regular chow diet [regular-diet (n = 9)] or a cholesterol-enriched diet [cholesterol-diet (n = 12)] for an additional 7 days. Following feeding of these diets a single intravenous bolus dose of eritoran (0.5 mg/kg) formulated into either "small micelles" (8 nm in diameter) or "large micelles" (27 nm in diameter) was administered to regular-fed and cholesterol-fed rabbits. Serial blood samples were obtained prior to eritoran administration and at the following times post injection: 0.083 (5 min), 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 24, 48 and 72 h. Plasma was analyzed for eritoran concentrations using LC/MS/MS. Total plasma cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were quantified using enzymatic kits. Plasma eritoran pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis using the WinNonlin nonlinear estimation program. To analyze PD activity, whole blood obtained at 0.083 (5 min), 2, 24, 48 and 72 h following eritoran administration was assessed for ex vivo activity by measuring the ability of 1 and 10 ng/ml LPS to elicit TNF-alpha release.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in cholesterol-fed rabbits compared to the rabbits fed a regular chow diet. Diet had no effect on the estimated plasma PK parameters. However, PD activity of both small and large micelle eritoran as measured by an ex vivo challenge dose of 1 ng/ml LPS was reduced in blood of cholesterol-fed rabbits compared to normal-fed rabbits. Comparison of PK parameters for small and large micelles indicated that small micelles had increased AUC(0-72 h), decreased plasma clearance and increased initial concentration (measured at 5 min post administration) compared to the large micelle formulation. Consistent with this observation, eritoran formulated into small micelles had significantly greater ex vivo activity than large micelles and was independent of TC and TG concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that plasma pharmacokinetics and activity of eritoran maybe influenced by eritoran micelle size and plasma TC and TG concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Kwasan@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Kishor M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wasan
authors.forename: Verica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Risovic
authors.forename: Olena
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sivak
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Douglas X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Chiklis
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McShane
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Rossignol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008823:Micelles; D010316:Particle Size; D011817:Rabbits; D013403:Sugar Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004187:Disaccharides; D008823:Micelles; D013403:Sugar Phosphates; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C512420:eritoran; D002784:Cholesterol