title: Association of fasting glucagon and proinsulin concentrations with insulin resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperproinsulinaemia and relative hyperglucagonaemia are features of type 2 diabetes. We hypothesised that raised fasting glucagon and proinsulin concentrations may be associated with insulin resistance (IR) in non-diabetic individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured IR [by a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic (240 pmol min(-1) m(-2)) clamp technique] in 1,296 non-diabetic (on a 75 g OGTT) individuals [716 women and 579 men, mean age 44 years, BMI 26 kg/m(2) (range 18-44 kg/m(2))] recruited at 19 centres in 14 European countries. IR was related to fasting proinsulin or pancreatic glucagon concentrations in univariate and multivariate analyses. Given its known relationship to IR, serum adiponectin was used as a positive control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In either sex, both glucagon and proinsulin were directly related to IR, while adiponectin was negatively associated with it (all p < 0.0001). In multivariate models, controlling for known determinants of insulin sensitivity (i.e. sex, age, BMI and glucose tolerance) as well as factors potentially affecting glucagon and proinsulin (i.e. fasting plasma glucose and C-peptide concentrations), glucagon and proinsulin were still positively associated, and adiponectin was negatively associated, with IR. Finally, when these associations were tested as the probability that individuals in the top IR quartile would have hormone levels in the top quartile of their distribution independently of covariates, the odds ratio was approximately 2 for both glucagon (p = 0.05) and proinsulin (p = 0.02) and 0.36 for adiponectin (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole-body IR is independently associated with raised fasting plasma glucagon and proinsulin concentrations, possibly as a result of IR at the level of alpha cells and beta cells in pancreatic islets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. ferranni@ifc.cnr.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muscelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natali
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitrakou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flyvbjerg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golay
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hojlund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood*; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D005934:Glucagon; D011384:Proinsulin