title: Pharmacological analysis of paregoric elixir and its constituents: in vitro and in vivo studies.
abstract: Paregoric elixir is a phytomedicinal product which is used widely as an analgesic, antispasmodic and antidiarrheal agent. Here, we investigated the pharmacological actions and some of the mechanisms of action of paregoric elixir and compared its action with some of its components, the alkaloids morphine and papaverine. The paregoric elixir given orally to mice did not present relevant toxic effects, even when administered in doses up to 2000-fold higher than those used clinically. However, it showed an antinociceptive action that was more potent, but less efficacious, than morphine. In contrast to morphine, its effect was not dose-dependent and not reversed by the non-selective opioid antagonist naloxone. Moreover, paregoric elixir produced tolerance, but did not cause cross-tolerance, with the antinociceptive actions of morphine. When assessed in the gastrointestinal motility in vivo, paregoric elixir elicited graduated reduction of gastrointestinal transit. Finally, like morphine and papaverine, paregoric elixir concentration-dependently inhibited electrically-induced contraction of the guinea pig isolated ileum. In vivo and in vitro gastrointestinal actions of paregoric elixir were not reversed by naloxone. Collectively, the present findings lead us to suggest that the pharmacological actions produced by paregoric elixir are probably due to a synergic action of its constituents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edinéia Lemos
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Juliano
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Adair R S
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: João B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Calixto
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009892:Opium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010208:Papaverine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D005557:Formaldehyde; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine; D009892:Opium; C017652:paregoric; D010208:Papaverine