title: Approach to managing musculoskeletal pain: acetaminophen, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, or traditional NSAIDs?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide family physicians and pharmacists with practical, evidence- and expertise-based guidance on choosing the safest approach to using analgesics to manage patients with musculoskeletal pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health care providers from family practice, rheumatology, gastroenterology, hepatology, internal medicine, and pharmacy participated in an educational needs assessment regarding the management of pain and the safety of commonly used analgesics. Feedback from one-on-one interviews was compiled and distributed to participants who selected key topics. Topics chosen formed the basis for the discussions of this multidisciplinary panel that reviewed data on the safety of analgesics, particularly in regard to comorbidity and concurrent use with other therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment should begin with an effective analgesic with the best safety profile at the lowest dose and escalate to higher doses and different analgesics as required. Acetaminophen is a safe medication that should be considered first-line therapy. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with potential adverse gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, and cardiovascular effects. Physicians should not prescribe NSAIDs before taking a careful history and doing a physical examination so they have the information they need to weigh the risks (adverse effects and potential drug interactions) and benefits for individual patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking a complete and accurate history and doing a physical examination are essential for choosing the safest analgesic for a particular patient.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont. huntr@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Choquette
authors.forename: Brian N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Habal
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fulthorpe
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Alexander G G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Turpie
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D000082:Acetaminophen