title: Structural and functional MRIs disclose cerebellar pathologies in idiopathic downbeat nystagmus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurologic disorders in which the etiology and pathogenesis are not yet understood are termed idiopathic. Downbeat nystagmus (DBN) is a frequent eye movement disorder that clinically manifests with oscillopsia and postural instability. Forty percent of patients with DBN are classified as having idiopathic DBN, because no underlying pathology can be demonstrated by conventional MRI or laboratory tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated gray matter brain volumes of 11 patients with idiopathic DBN and compared them to those of healthy controls using voxel-based morphometry. In a second, functional MRI experiment, patients and controls performed downward smooth pursuit eye movements (DOWN), which were then compared with straight-ahead fixation of a stationary target (MID).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small areas of localized gray matter atrophy were detected in the lateral cerebellar hemispheres (lobule VI) and ocular motor vermis of patients with idiopathic DBN, but not in the flocculus and paraflocculus. The functional imaging data, however, revealed reduced activation in the parafloccular lobule and in the ponto-medullary brainstem of the patients when they performed smooth pursuit eye movements downwards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The applied specialized imaging and data analysis techniques disclosed pathologies in an idiopathic eye movement disorder. The focal atrophy found in the vermal and lateral cerebellar regions in downbeat nystagmus (DBN) may lead to deficits in smooth pursuit eye movement initiation, which in turn causes hypofunction of the parafloccular lobe, associated with DBN. Our data are in line with experiments in primates showing that ablation of the floccular and parafloccular lobes disrupts smooth pursuit and causes DBN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Neurologisches Forschungshaus, Munich, Germany. katharina.huefner@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hüfner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalla
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deutschländer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holtmannspötter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulte-Altedorneburg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strupp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glasauer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests