title: Characterization of the effects of ryanodine, TTX, E-4031 and 4-AP on the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the effects of inhibition of Ryanodine receptor (RyR), TTX-sensitive neuronal Na+ current (iNa), "rapidly activating" delayed rectifier K+ current (iKr) and ultrarapid delayed rectifier potassium current (IKur) on the pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN) in the mouse.
  
  
  METHODS
  The structure of mouse AVN was studied by histology and immunolabelling of Cx43 and hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-binding channels (HCN). The effects of Ryanodine, TTX, E-4031 and 4-AP on pacemaker activities recorded from mouse intact SAN and AVN preparations have been investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immuno-histological characterization delineated the structure of the AVN showing the similar molecular phenotype of the SAN. The effects of these inhibitors on the cycle length (CL) of the spontaneous pacemaker activity of the SAN and the AVN were characterized. Inhibition of RyR by 0.2 and 2 microM Ryanodine prolonged CL by 42+/-12.3% and 64+/-18.1% in SAN preparations by 163+/-72.3% and 241+/-91.2% in AVN preparations. Inhibition of TTX-sensitive iNa by 100 nM TTX prolonged CL by 22+/-6.0% in SAN preparations and 53+/-13.6% in the AVN preparations. Block of iKr by E-4031 prolonged CL by 68+/-12.5% in SAN preparations and 28+/-3.4% in AVN preparations. Inhibition of iKur by 50 microM 4-AP prolonged CL by 20+/-3.4% in SAN preparations and 18+/-3.0% in AVN preparations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mouse SAN and AVN showed distinct different response to the inhibition of RyR, TTX-sensitive INa, IKr and iKur, which reflects the variation in contribution of these currents to the pacemaker function of the cardiac nodes in the mouse. Our data provide valuable information for developing virtual tissue models of mouse SAN and AVN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammed R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nikmaram
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdelrahman
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dobrzynski
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Boyett
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lei
mesh_terms: D015761:4-Aminopyridine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012433:Ryanodine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D011725:Pyridines; C063968:E 4031; D012433:Ryanodine; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D015761:4-Aminopyridine