title: Adverse drug events in pediatric outpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine rates and types of adverse drug events (ADEs) in the pediatric ambulatory setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study at 6 office practices in the greater Boston area was conducted over 2-month periods. Duplicate prescription review, telephone surveys 10 days and 2 months after visit, and chart reviews were done. A 2-physician panel classified the severity, preventability, and ability to ameliorate (ie, if the severity or duration of the side effect could have been mitigated by improved communication) ADEs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 57 preventable ADEs (rate 3%; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 3%-4%) and 226 nonpreventable ADEs (rate 13%; 95% CI, 11%-15%) in the medical care of 1788 patients. Of the ADEs, 152 (54%) were able to be ameliorated. None of the preventable ADEs were life threatening, although 8 (14%) were serious. Forty (70%) of the preventable ADEs were related to parent drug administration. Improved communication between health care providers and parents and improved communication between pharmacists and parents, whether in the office or in the pharmacy, were judged to be the prevention strategies with greatest potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient harm from medication use was common in the pediatric ambulatory setting. Errors in home medication administration resulted in the majority of preventable ADEs. Approximately one fifth of ADEs were potentially preventable and many more were potentially able to be ameliorated. Rates of ADEs due to errors are comparable in children and adults despite less medication utilization in children.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. rkaushal@partners.org
authors.forename: Rainu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaushal
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goldmann
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Keohane
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christino
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honour
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zigmont
authors.forename: Lisa Soleymani
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies