title: Chimpanzees share forbidden fruit.
abstract: The sharing of wild plant foods is infrequent in chimpanzees, but in chimpanzee communities that engage in hunting, meat is frequently used as a 'social tool' for nurturing alliances and social bonds. Here we report the only recorded example of regular sharing of plant foods by unrelated, non-provisioned wild chimpanzees, and the contexts in which these sharing behaviours occur. From direct observations, adult chimpanzees at Bossou (Republic of Guinea, West Africa) very rarely transferred wild plant foods. In contrast, they shared cultivated plant foods much more frequently (58 out of 59 food sharing events). Sharing primarily consists of adult males allowing reproductively cycling females to take food that they possess. We propose that hypotheses focussing on 'food-for-sex and -grooming' and 'showing-off' strategies plausibly account for observed sharing behaviours. A changing human-dominated landscape presents chimpanzees with fresh challenges, and our observations suggest that crop-raiding provides adult male chimpanzees at Bossou with highly desirable food commodities that may be traded for other currencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland. k.j.hockings@stir.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kimberley J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hockings
authors.forename: Tatyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Humle
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Biro
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Gaku
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuzawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior