title: Gender differences in the comorbidity of smoking behavior and major depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation sought to determine whether smoking behavior was associated with current or lifetime major depression and whether this association was greater in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; Wave 1, 2001-2002, n=42,565). Relationships between smoking status (daily, occasional, prior) and DSM-IV major depression (current or lifetime) by gender were assessed in terms of odds ratios using logistic regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current (daily, occasional) and prior smoking significantly increased odds of having current or prior major depression. These associations varied as a function of gender. Women with prior smoking were at significantly higher risk of current and past depression than men (OR: 1.53 vs 1.36; 1.72 vs 1.36), as was true for current occasional (OR: 1.92 vs 1.39; 1.90 vs 1.30) and daily smoking (OR: 2.52 vs 1.95; 1.84 vs 1.48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between smoking and current or past depression is not necessarily limited to smoking that meets criteria for nicotine dependence, and is more potent in women. Smoking cessation interventions for this population should consider the role that depression may play in failure to quit and smoking relapse, particularly in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. huskym@childpsych.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Mathilde M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Husky
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mazure
authors.forename: Prashni
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paliwal
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McKee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires