title: Predictive value of allergy and pulmonary function tests for the diagnosis of asthma in elite athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asthma is frequently found in athletes, often associated with rhinitis and allergy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the predictive value of allergy and pulmonary function tests for the diagnosis of asthma in athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight national preOlympic athletes underwent an accurate medical examination including a validated questionnaire for asthma and rhinitis, spirometric recordings and skin prick testing with a panel of the most frequent inhalant allergens. Bronchodilator and/or exercise challenge were also performed in asthmatic subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical asthma was present in 20.4% of athletes, rhinitis in 35.3% (in 21.4% of cases alone and in 13.9% associated with asthma). Positive prick tests were recorded in 44.4% of athletes (in 60.5% of asthmatics, in 95.2% of rhinitics and in 21.0% of nonasthmatic - nonrhinitic subjects). Mean spirometric values and distribution of abnormal values were not different among asthmatics, rhinitics and nonasthmatics - nonrhinitic patients. Skin-tests positivity was not related to the abnormal spirometric data found in individual cases. Provocation tests with bronchodilators or exercise did not appear sensitive enough to diagnose mild forms of asthma in subjects with normal basal spirometric values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Allergy testing and spirometry should be performed routinely in athletes because of the high prevalence of allergy, rhinitis and asthma in this population. However, the predictive value of these tests and of the bronchial provocation tests performed in this study seems too low to document mild or subclinical asthma in athletes.
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Sport Medicine, UCSC, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lapucci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Petrelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Todaro
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pamich
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rasi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011058:Pollen; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012882:Skin Tests; D013147:Spirometry; D013177:Sports / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires