title: An expert system for headache diagnosis: the Computerized Headache Assessment tool (CHAT).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Migraine is a highly prevalent chronic disorder associated with significant morbidity. Chronic daily headache syndromes, while less common, are less likely to be recognized, and impair quality of life to an even greater extent than episodic migraine. A variety of screening and diagnostic tools for migraine have been proposed and studied. Few investigators have developed and evaluated computerized programs to diagnose headache.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and determine the accuracy and utility of a computerized headache assessment tool (CHAT). CHAT was designed to identify all of the major primary headache disorders, distinguish daily from episodic types, and recognize medication overuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  CHAT was developed using an expert systems approach to headache diagnosis, with initial branch points determined by headache frequency and duration. Appropriate clinical criteria are presented relevant to brief and longer-lasting headaches. CHAT was posted on a web site using Microsoft active server pages and a SQL-server database server. A convenience sample of patients who presented to the adult urgent care department with headache, and patients in a family practice waiting room, were solicited to participate. Those who completed the on-line questionnaire were contacted for a diagnostic interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty-five patients completed CHAT and 117 completed a diagnostic interview. CHAT correctly identified 35/35 (100%) patients with episodic migraine and 42/49 (85.7%) of patients with transformed migraine. CHAT also correctly identified 11/11 patients with chronic tension-type headache, 2/2 with episodic tension-type headache, and 1/1 with episodic cluster headache. Medication overuse was correctly recognized in 43/52 (82.7%). The most common misdiagnoses by CHAT were seen in patients with transformed migraine or new daily persistent headache. Fifty patients were referred to their primary care physician and 62 to the headache clinic. Of 29 patients referred to the PCP with a confirmed diagnosis of migraine, 25 made a follow-up appointment, the PCP diagnosed migraine in 19, and initiated migraine-specific therapy or prophylaxis in 17.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described expert system displays high diagnostic accuracy for migraine and other primary headache disorders, including daily headache syndromes and medication overuse. As part of a disease management program, CHAT led to patients receiving appropriate diagnoses and therapy. Limitations of the system include patient willingness to utilize the program, introducing such a process into the culture of medical care, and the difficult distinction of transformed migraine.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente--Family Medicine, Woodland Hills, CA 91365-4084, USA.
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maizels
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D005103:Expert Systems; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006261:Headache / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity