title: The effect of an international embargo on malnutrition and childhood mortality in rural Haiti.
abstract: The study objective was to determine the effect of an international embargo against Haiti, from October 1991 through October 1994, on early childhood protein-energy malnutrition and all-cause mortality in a geographic area where humanitarian aid was continuously available to the children in the study. The authors used longitudinal anthropometric records on 1593 children, 24 months old or younger, living in the rural Grand Anse Department of Haiti from 1989 through 1996. Kaplan-Meier graphs for all-cause mortality accounting for malnutrition status and stratified by calendar period were applied to the database and assessed using logrank tests. Adjusted relative risks were assessed by Cox regression. The results show that despite the continuous availability of preventive services (1989-1996), higher all-cause mortality was more strongly associated with a calendar period coinciding with the international embargo than with periods before and after the embargo. The incidence of childhood mortality and of severe malnutrition were also higher during the period of the embargo than in the periods before and after the embargo. The findings suggest that future international sanctions, even those with humanitarian/medical exceptions, could result in substantial infant death.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7324, USA. reidbr@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Britt C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Psoter
authors.forename: Bette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gebrian
authors.forename: Min Qi
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006205:Haiti / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007391:International Cooperation; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*