title: Diverse clinical presentations of orbital sarcoid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the clinical presentation, location, systemic features, management, and natural history of orbital sarcoid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with sarcoid and sarcoidal reactions of the orbit underwent biopsy, excision of localized mass, and systemic and local treatment at a tertiary referral center. Age, gender, onset, symptoms and signs, characterization of disease process, location, systemic disease, associated systemic features, management, and recurrence of the disease were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 20 patients studied, five were male and 15 were female. The mean age was 50.55 +/- 16.43 years (range, 18 to 77 years). The most common symptom was the presence of a palpable mass, followed by eyelid swelling. Review of the computed tomographic scans revealed four main categories of presentation: lacrimal gland infiltration (n = 11; 55%), orbital mass (n = 4; 20%), optic nerve sheath and dural involvement (n = 4; 20%), and extraocular muscle involvement (n = 1; 5%). Concurrent systemic sarcoidosis discovered after the diagnosis of orbital sarcoid was present in 10 cases (50%). The remaining showed no evidence of systemic disease at follow-up. Angiotensin converting enzyme analysis was performed in 10 cases; in only two (20%) was elevated, and in the remaining eight, it was within normal levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orbital sarcoid has a diverse clinical presentation varying from lacrimal gland infiltration, soft tissue orbital mass, intraorbital and extraorbital optic nerve sheath and dural involvement, to extraocular muscle involvement. The orbital site most commonly involved was the lacrimal gland.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mavrikakis
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rootman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015840:Oculomotor Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000032:analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A