title: Phase I and phase II ocular metabolic activities and the role of metabolism in ophthalmic prodrug and codrug design and delivery.
abstract: While the mammalian eye is seldom considered an organ of drug metabolism, the capacity for biotransformation is present. Compared to the liver, the metabolic capabilities of the eye are minuscule; however, phase I and phase II metabolic activities have been detected in various ocular structures. The careful consideration of ocular tissue metabolic processes within the eye has important implications for controlling the detoxification of therapeutic agents and for providing the potential for site-specific bio-activation of certain drug molecules, thus enabling significant improvements in drug efficacy and the minimization of side-effect from either local or systemic drug delivery to the eye. Knowledge of these processes is important to prodrug and codrug development and to researchers involved in the design, delivery and metabolism of ophthalmic drugs. This present article reviews the progress in ocular prodrug and codrug design and delivery in light of ocular metabolic activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA. amalg0@email.uky.edu
authors.forename: Abeer M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Ghananeem
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Crooks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D050216:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I; D050217:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011355:Prodrugs