title: Physiotherapy in Afghanistan--needs and challenges for development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the current situation of the physiotherapy component of the Rehabilitation of Afghans with Disability (RAD) programme, in order to identify the needs and challenges for further development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted as a field study with an anthropological approach by means of participant observation, unstructured and semi-structured interviews and photography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The therapists in RAD work in isolation with little opportunity for further education or professional development. Their approach is mainly medical, where the work is dictated by the patients' expectations and doctors' recommendations. They use primarily passive methods of treatment, and their work is affected by cultural, religious and situational factors. They demonstrate a low capacity of clinical reasoning in their practical work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need for further development of physiotherapy in Afghanistan. Active and individually adapted treatment methods, clinical reasoning processes and evidence-based practice should be encouraged. There are several challenges in this, based on Afghan culture and traditions, gender issues, religious factors, an authoritative society, a medical approach in treatment, and isolation and limitations in access to information. By means of an Action Research project the physiotherapists could be included in further development and research to promote a sustainable and culturally relevant development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Sweden. jenny.wickford@fhs.gu.se
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wickford
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hultberg
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000346:Afghanistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015995:Prevalence; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000600:supply & distribution