title: Chemical groups that adhere to the surfaces of living malignant cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the adhesion of particles with phenyl, carboxylic acid (COOH), amine, dialkyl phosphonate, ester, and hydroxyl groups to malignant and nonmalignant cells, in order to better design drug delivery systems (DDS) for malignant cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Living mouse melanoma skin (B16F10) and noncancerous mouse fibroblast (L929) cells, and an Atomic Force Microscope were used to determine the adhesion strengths.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measurement of the particles against B16F10 cells showed that COOH had the highest average maximum adhesion force (<F (admax)>) and a large standard deviation (std), and phenyl had the lowest <F (admax)> and a lower std. The high <F (admax)> and std suggested that COOH was binding the strongest to malignant cells, and to groups overexpressed on malignant cells. In the case of L929 cells, <F (admax)> of phenyl and COOH were higher and lower, respectively, than those of the B16F10 cells. Additionally, Phenyl and COOH gave a lower std than that for the B16F10 cells. These results suggest that the lower binding of COOH to the nonmalignant cells was due to the lower number of groups that were overexpressed in the malignant cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that COOH is the best group for malignant cell targeting DDS systems.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany. mcnamee@mpip-mainz.mpg.de
authors.forename: Cathy E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McNamee
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aso
authors.forename: Shinpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukumori
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashitani
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011108:Polymers