title: Correct dosage of Fog2 and Gata4 transcription factors is critical for fetal testis development in mice.
abstract: Previous reports suggested that humans and mice differ in their sensitivity to the genetic dosage of transcription factors that play a role in early testicular development. This difference implies that testis determination might be somewhat different in these two species. We report that the Fog2 and Gata4 transcription factors are haploinsufficient for testis determination in mice. Whether gonadal sex reversal occurs depends on genetic background (i.e., modifier genes). For example, C57BL/6J (B6) XY mice develop testes if they are heterozygous for a mutant Fog2 (Fog2-) or Gata4 (Gata4(ki)) allele. However, if the B6 Y chromosome (Y(B6)) is replaced by the AKR Y chromosome (Y(AKR)), B6 Fog2-/+ XY(AKR) mice develop ovaries, and B6 Gata4(ki)/+ XY(AKR) mice develop ovaries and ovotestes (gonads containing both ovarian and testicular tissue). Furthermore, DBA/2J (D2) Fog2-/+ XY(AKR) mice and (B6 x D2)F1 hybrid Gata4(ki)/+ XY(AKR) mice develop testes. Sry is expressed in the mutant XY gonads, indicating that the lack of Sry expression is not the cause of ovarian tissue development in B6 Fog2-/+ or Gata4(ki)/+ XY(AKR) mice. However, up-regulation of Sox9 expression, which is critical for normal testicular development, does not occur in mutant XY gonads that develop as ovaries. We conclude that under certain genetic conditions, Sox9 up-regulation depends on the proper dosage of Fog2 and Gata4. We propose that in humans the FOG2 and/or GATA4 genes might be haploinsufficient for normal testis determination and thus could be the cause of some previously unassigned cases of XY gonadal sex reversal.
authors.affiliation: The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA. Gerrit.Bouma@colostate.edu
authors.forename: Gerrit J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bouma
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Washburn
authors.forename: Kenneth H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Eicher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018628:Gene Dosage; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006579:Heterozygote; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; C527932:SOX9 protein, human; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein; C527933:Sox9 protein, mouse; C497746:Sry protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; C492170:Zfpm2 protein, mouse