title: Long-term sequelae after 1,311 primary inguinal hernia repairs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aim of this study was to analyze long-term sequelae, risk factors, and satisfaction after inguinal hernia primary repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal questionnaire was mailed to all patients operated between January 1997 and December 2004 for inguinal hernia repair. Patients who had a lump in the groin and patients who experienced chronic problems were invited for a physical examination. Patients who reported having chronic pain were asked to fill out the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic pain was present in 18.1% of cases. The strongest risk factors were presence of recurrence, use of heavyweight mesh, and age younger than 66 years. By means of the SF-MPQ, we found that the pain reported by most patients was sensory-discriminative in quality, with "tender" and "aching" being the most common descriptors used. About 71.3% of replies used descriptors typical of nociceptive pain, 8.9% of neuropathic pain, and 19.8% of nociceptive plus neuropathic. Chronic pain was severe in 2.1% of patients and interfered with normal activities, work, and exercise. The cumulative recurrence rate was 2.1%. There was a strong correlation between lump and recurrence. Patients declared themselves satisfied with the result of the operation in 93.1% of cases. Due to chronic pain, 6.5% of patients were unsatisfied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the main problem after inguinal hernia repair remains chronic pain, which was the primary reason of dissatisfaction. The SF-MPQ is feasible and easy to administer to all patients and provides important information about qualitative features of the pain.
authors.affiliation: General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni, 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy. simonetta.massaron@humanitas.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Massaron
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bona
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires