title: Penicillium strains as dominant degraders in soil for coffee residue, a biological waste unsuitable for fertilization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffee residue is an agricultural waste which inhibits the growth of several crops. Therefore coffee residue-degrading microbes in soil were screened, isolated and characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty isolates were obtained after enrichment culture of soil samples. Seven strains (fast degraders) showed strong degrading activity, while 18 strains (slow degraders) showed weak degrading activity. DNA analysis suggested that the fast degraders are Penicillium, and the slow degraders are Penicillium, Trichoderma/Hypocrea, Fusarium/Gibberella, Phaeoacremonium/Togninia or Acidocella. The all fast degraders are cellulolytic, mannolytic and pectinolytic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it is generally thought that fungi such as Trichoderma contribute largely to aerobic degradation of cellulosic biomass, our data suggested that Penicillium overwhelms them in coffee residue degradation. It was implied that polysaccharides in coffee residue are not degraded independently by different microbes, but degraded simultaneously by strains with cellulolytic, mannolytic and pectinolytic activity. Since there is no report of an ascomycete possessing all the three enzyme activities, the fast degraders are ecologically important and have the potential to be used as producers of the costly enzymes from agricultural wastes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results advance our understanding of microbial degradation of a phytotoxic agricultural waste, and offer a new tool for recycling it.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan. kfujii@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeshi
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002482:Cellulose / Q000378:metabolism; D003069:Coffee; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010368:Pectins / Q000378:metabolism; D010407:Penicillium / Q000502:physiology*; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012989:Soil Pollutants
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D007220:Industrial Waste; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D010368:Pectins; D002482:Cellulose