title: The Cedar Project: a comparison of HIV-related vulnerabilities amongst young Aboriginal women surviving drug use and sex work in two Canadian cities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Canada, Aboriginal women and youth continue to be overrepresented amongst new cases of HIV, and are considered at increased risk for sex and drug-related harm. Young women involved in sex work are particularly vulnerable. The purpose of this study is to determine HIV-related vulnerabilities associated with sex work amongst young Aboriginal women in two Canadian cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is based on a community-based cohort of Aboriginal young people (status and non-status First Nations, Inuit and Métis) between the ages of 14 and 30 who used injection or non-injection illegal drugs (street drugs) in the previous month. Participants lived in Vancouver, Canada, or Prince George, a remote, northern Canadian city. Between October 2003 and July 2005, 543 participants were recruited by word of mouth, posters, and street outreach. A baseline questionnaire was administered by Aboriginal interviewers, and trained nurses drew blood samples for HIV and HCV antibodies and provided pre- and post-test counselling. This study included 262 young women who participated at baseline. Analyses were conducted to compare socio-demographics, drug use patterns, injection practices, sexual experiences, and HIV and HCV prevalence between young women who reported being involved in sex work in the last 6 months (n=154) versus young women who did not (n=108). Logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with recent sex work involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both sexual violence and drug using patterns were found to be markedly different for women having recently been involved in sex work. Multivariate analysis revealed daily injection of cocaine (AOR=4.4; 95% CI: 1.9, 10.1 and smoking crack (AOR=2.9; 95% CI: 1.6, 5.2) in the previous 6 months, and lifetime sexual abuse (AOR=2.5; 95% CI: 1.4, 4.4) to be independently associated with sex work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Harm reduction and treatment programs that address historical and lifetime trauma amongst Aboriginal people and prioritize emotional and physical safety for young Aboriginal women involved in sex work are required.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6Z 1Y6.
authors.forename: Azar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehrabadi
authors.forename: Kevin J P
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Craib
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Warner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Akm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moniruzzaman
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ward-Burkitt
authors.forename: Martin T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Spittal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001955:British Columbia / Q000208:ethnology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D003376:Counseling; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D040261:Harm Reduction; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000208:ethnology; D016015:Logistic Models; D011477:Sex Work / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D014754:Violence / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data