title: Current psychological approaches to the management of chronic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a review of the rationale and evidence supporting three frequently used psychosocial interventions for chronic pain: cognitive-behavioral therapy, operant behavioral therapy and self-hypnosis training. We also review recent work in these areas, with an emphasis on the 2006 publishing year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent clinical trials and laboratory work continue to support the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy and operant behavioral therapy as adjunctive treatments for chronic pain. Notable areas of new research include a novel program of systematic exposure to pain-related fear (such as fear of reinjury) and the adaptation of cognitive-behavioral therapy for special pain groups (e.g. juveniles and those with pain secondary to physical disability). Regarding self-hypnosis training, recent work suggests that hypnosis can provide temporary pain relief to the majority of individuals with chronic pain and that a substantial minority of these patients experience a clinically significant reduction in baseline pain over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive-behavioral therapy and operant behavioral therapy treatments focus on factors that exacerbate or maintain suffering in chronic pain, and should be considered as part of a multidisciplinary treatment paradigm. Self-hypnosis training may also be of benefit, although it appears to be no more (or less) effective than other relaxation strategies that include hypnotic elements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. imolton@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Ivan R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Molton
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Stoelb
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management