title: Relationship between self-reported apathy and executive dysfunction in nondemented patients with Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of apathy was assessed across select cognitive and psychiatric variables in 32 nondemented patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and 29 demographically matched healthy control participants.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Apathy is common in PD, although differentiating apathy from motor, cognitive, and/or other neuropsychiatric symptoms can be challenging. Previous studies have reported a positive relationship between apathy and cognitive impairment, particularly executive dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were categorized according to apathy symptom severity. Stringent criteria were used to exclude patients with dementia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 44% of patients endorsed significant levels of apathy. Those patients performed worse than patients with nonsignificant levels of apathy on select measures of verbal fluency and on a measure of verbal and nonverbal conceptualization. Further, they reported a greater number of symptoms related to depression and behavioral disturbance than did those patients with nonsignificant levels of apathy. Apathy was significantly related to self-report of depression and executive dysfunction. Performance on cognitive tasks assessing verbal fluency, working memory, and verbal abstraction and also on a self-report measure of executive dysfunction was shown to significantly predict increasing levels of apathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that apathy in nondemented patients with PD seems to be strongly associated with executive dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Transitional Learning Center at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA. dzgaljardic@tlc-galveston.org
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Zgaljardic
authors.forename: Joan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Borod
authors.forename: Nancy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Foldi
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocco
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mattis
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Feigin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eidelberg
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012720:Severity of Illness Index