title: Creation of aorto-pulmonary window with pulmonary artery band is not good palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A small sub-group of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) have normal-sized ascending aorta and arch. An alternative to the Norwood I procedure in these patients is the creation of an aorto-pulmonary (AP) window with a distal pulmonary artery band (PAB). We reviewed our experience with this technique and compared outcomes to the Norwood procedure for HLHS.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients treated for HLHS in a single institution between 1992 and 2005 were analysed. This identified 13 patients treated with AP window and PAB compared to 333 patients undergoing stage I Norwood procedure. An unrestrictive AP window was created and the main PA was banded. Patient records and echocardiograms were analysed. Median follow-up was 10 (IQR 0-655) days and 100% complete.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were seven early deaths (54%) in the AP window group and two conversions to Norwood circulation. This was a significantly worse outcome than for the Norwood procedure over the same period, which had an early mortality of 29% (p=0.03). Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis demonstrated a continued survival benefit of the Norwood group at 6 months (p=0.0005). Deaths were due to either low cardiac output syndrome (n=4) or sudden unheralded arrest (n=3). This occurred despite aortic cross-clamp and circulatory arrest times being significantly lower in the AP window group compared to the Norwood group (35+/-27 vs 55+/-16 min, p<0.01 and 16+/-29 vs 55+/-20 min, p<0.01, respectively). No differences in arterial saturations or systolic blood pressure existed between the groups, but diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the AP window group at 27+/-10 mmHg compared to 42+/-8 mmHg in the Norwood group (p=0.01) with evidence of flow reversal in the descending aorta. Differences in diastolic blood pressure between groups were abolished after conversion to stage II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite favourable anatomy and shorter ischaemic times, the AP window/PAB technique has a poor outcome compared to the Norwood procedure for HLHS. Low diastolic blood pressure with reversal of descending aortic flow in diastole was a feature of the AP window/PAB circulation. We recommend the Norwood procedure for these sub-types. This may have implications for newer 'hybrid' procedures for HLHS which create a similar palliative circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Riad B M
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hosein
authors.forename: Chetan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stickley
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mcguirk
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Brawn
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barron
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010166:Palliative Care; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014465:Ultrasonics