title: An investigation of the effects of lipid-lowering medications: genome-wide linkage analysis of lipids in the HyperGEN study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of anti-hyperlipidemic medications compromises genetic analysis because of altered lipid profiles. We propose an empirical method to adjust lipid levels for medication effects so that the adjusted lipid values substitute the unmedicated lipid values in the genetic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Published clinical trials were reviewed for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and fibric acid derivatives as mono-drug therapy. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors showed similar effects in African Americans (AA) and non-African Americans (non-AA) for lowering total cholesterol (TC, -50.7 mg/dl), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C, -48.1 mg/dl), and triglycerides (TG, -19.7 mg/dl). Their effect on increasing HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) in AA (+0.4 mg/dl) was lower than in Non-AA (+2.3 mg/dl). The effects of fibric acid derivatives were estimated as -46.1 mg/dl for TC, -40.1 mg/dl for LDL-C, and +5.9 mg/dl for HDL-C in non-AA. The corresponding effects in AA were less extreme (-20.1 mg/dl, -11.4 mg/dl, and +3.1 mg/dl). Similar effect for TG (59.0 mg/dl) was shown in AA and non-AA. The above estimated effects were applied to a multipoint variance components linkage analysis on the lipid levels in 2,403 Whites and 2,214 AA in the HyperGEN study. The familial effects did vary depending on whether the lipids were adjusted for medication use. For example, the heritabilities increased after medication adjustment for TC and LDL-C, but did not change significantly for HDL-C and TG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethnicity-specific medication adjustments using our empirical method can be employed in epidemiological and genetic analysis of lipids.
authors.affiliation: Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8506, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA. jwu@wustl.edu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Province
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coon
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Eckfeldt
authors.forename: Donna K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Arnett
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Cora E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: R Curtis
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: Dabeeru C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Treva
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Aldi T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Kraja
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015894:Genome, Human; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D002995:Clofibric Acid