title: High folic acid increases cell turnover and lowers differentiation and iron content in human HT29 colon cancer cells.
abstract: Folate, a water-soluble B vitamin, is a cofactor in one-carbon metabolism and is essential for DNA synthesis, amino acid interconversion, methylation and, consequently, normal cell growth. In animals with existing pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, folic acid supplementation increases the tumour burden. To identify processes that are affected by increased folic acid levels, we compared HT29 human colon cancer cells exposed to a chronic supplemental (100 ng/ml) level of folic acid to cells exposed to a normal (10 ng/ml) level of folic acid, in the presence of vitamin B12 and other micronutrients involved in the folate-methionine cycle. In addition to higher intracellular folate levels, HT29 cells at 100 ng folic acid/ml displayed faster growth and higher metabolic activity. cDNA microarray analysis indicated an effect on cell turnover and Fe metabolism. We fully confirmed these effects at the physiological level. At 100 ng/ml, cell assays showed higher proliferation and apoptosis, while gene expression analysis and a lower E-cadherin protein expression indicated decreased differentiation. These results are in agreement with the promoting effect of folic acid supplementation on established colorectal neoplasms. The lower expression of genes related to Fe metabolism at 100 ng folic acid/ml was confirmed by lower intracellular Fe levels in the cells exposed to folic acid at 100 ng/ml. This suggests an effect of folate on Fe metabolism.
authors.affiliation: RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Linette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pellis
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dommels
authors.forename: Dini
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Venema
authors.forename: Ab van
authors.initials: Av
authors.lastname: Polanen
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lips
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baykus
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kampman
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keijer
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008715:Methionine / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D013763:Tetrahydrofolates / Q000378:metabolism; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013763:Tetrahydrofolates; C013123:5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D005492:Folic Acid; D008715:Methionine; D007501:Iron; D014805:Vitamin B 12