Population differences in the International Multi-Centre ADHD Gene Project.
The International Multi-Centre ADHD Gene sample consists of 674 families from eight countries (Belgium, England, Germany, Holland, Ireland, Israel, Spain, and Switzerland) ascertained from clinics for combined-type attention definity hyperactivity disorder in an offspring. 863 SNPs were successfully genotyped across 47 autosomal genes implicated in psychiatric disorders yielding a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density of approximately one SNP per 2.5 kb. A global test of heterogeneity showed 269 SNPs nominally significant (expected 43). Inclusion of the Israeli population accounted for approximately 70% of these nominally significant tests. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests suggest that combining all these populations would induce stratification, but that the Northern European populations (Belgium, England, Germany, Holland, and Ireland) could be appropriate. Tag SNPs were generated using pair-wise and aggressive tagging from Carlson et al. [2004] and de Bakker et al. [2005], respectively, in each population and applied to the other populations. Cross-population performance across Northern Europe was consistent with within population comparisons. Smaller sample size for each population tended to yield more problems for the generation of aggressive tags and the application of pair-wise tags. Any case-control sample employing an Israeli sample with Northern Europeans must consider stratification. A Northern European tag set, however, appears to be appropriate for capturing the variation across populations.
Neale
Benjamin M
BM
MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK. b.neale@iop.kcl.ac.uk
Sham
Pak C
PC
Purcell
Shaun
S
Banaschewski
Tobias
T
Buitelaar
Jan
J
Franke
Barbara
B
Sonuga-Barke
Edmund
E
Ebstein
Richard
R
Eisenberg
Jacques
J
Mulligan
Aisling
A
Gill
Michael
M
Manor
Iris
I
Miranda
Ana
A
Mulas
Fernando
F
Oades
Robert D
RD
Roeyers
Herbert
H
Rothenberger
Aribert
A
Sergeant
Joseph
J
Steinhausen
Hans-Christoph
HC
Taylor
Eric
E
Thompson
Margaret
M
Chen
Wai
W
Zhou
Kaixin
K
Asherson
Philip
P
Faraone
Stephen V
SV
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D007557:Israel; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D044465:White People
D005819:Genetic Markers