title: Phenobarbital-induced gingival hyperplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to present a case of a phenobarbital-induced gingival hyperplasia (GH), discuss possible etiological mechanisms of drug-induced GH, and to present a concise review of the literature.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  GH is a well-known complication associated with anticonvulsant phenytoin, antihypertensive calcium channel blockers, and immunosuppressant cyclosporine therapy. Sodium valproate and primidone has very rarely been found to cause GH.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extremely rare case of phenobarbital-induced GH in a 28-year-old male patient who had received this drug for three years is presented. The histological examination of the lesion revealed a hyperplastic epithelium, epithelial acanthosis, and elongated rete ridges as well as obviously enhanced dense collagenous fibers and proliferation of fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phenobarbital-induced GH is a rare clinical entity which necessitates meticulous evaluation. However, it seems to show a benign behavior with reference to recurrence after surgical excision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ardeshir.lafzi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ardeshir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lafzi
authors.forename: Ramin Mostofi Zadeh
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Farahani
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali Mohajjel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shoja
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005885:Gingival Hyperplasia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010634:Phenobarbital