title: Alternative splicing of TGF-betas and their high-affinity receptors T beta RI, T beta RII and T beta RIII (betaglycan) reveal new variants in human prostatic cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transforming growth factors (TGF)-beta, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta 3, and their receptors [T beta RI, T beta RII, T beta R III (betaglycan)] elicit pleiotropic functions in the prostate. Although expression of the ligands and receptors have been investigated, the splice variants have never been analyzed. We therefore have analyzed all ligands, the receptors and the splice variants T beta RIB, T beta RIIB and TGF-beta 2B in human prostatic cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interestingly, a novel human receptor transcript T beta RIIC was identified, encoding additional 36 amino acids in the extracellular domain, that is expressed in the prostatic cancer cells PC-3, stromal hPCPs, and other human tissues. Furthermore, the receptor variant T beta RIB with four additional amino acids was identified also in human. Expression of the variant T beta RIIB was found in all prostate cell lines studied with a preferential localization in epithelial cells in some human prostatic glands. Similarly, we observed localization of T beta RIIC and TGF-beta 2B mainly in the epithelial cells with a preferential localization of TGF-beta 2B in the apical cell compartment. Whereas in the androgen-independent hPCPs and PC-3 cells all TGF-beta ligands and receptors are expressed, the androgen-dependent LNCaP cells failed to express all ligands. Additionally, stimulation of PC-3 cells with TGF-beta2 resulted in a significant and strong increase in secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) with a major participation of T beta RII.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, expression of the splice variants was more heterogeneous in contrast to the well-known isoforms. The identification of the splice variants T beta RIB and the novel isoform T beta RIIC in man clearly contributes to the growing complexity of the TGF-beta family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany. Konrad@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: Jonas A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scheiber
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Völck-Badouin
authors.forename: Marcel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Keilani
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laible
authors.forename: Heidrun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aumüller
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofmann
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C071736:betaglycan; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II