title: Treatment of yellow scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) sting: a case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the treatment given to a 26-year-old Air Force medic who was stung twice by a yellow scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) while stationed in Iraq and to describe the problems and issues related to the use of the scorpion antivenin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient presented 2 hours after envenomation to the local military treatment facility, where she was minimally symptomatic initially. Shortness of breath and anxiety developed, and the patient was sedated, intubated, and evacuated to a large Air Force medical facility for more advanced care. Vasopressor support was required during flight. At the medical facility, antivenin was administered, and the patient's cardiac condition was stabilized with norepinephrine drip, mild hydration, and vasopressor support. A second dose of antivenin diluted in sodium chloride and further pressor support were required. ST-segment depression eventually resolved, and the patient was gradually taken off norepinephrine and extubated. She recovered fully within 2 weeks and returned to active duty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the antivenin used is not licensed by the Food and Drug Administration, informed consent was needed; however, it could not be obtained because the patient was unconscious, intubated, and in a life-or-death situation. Antivenin selection is based on the species of scorpion and symptom severity; therefore, the scorpion should be, with great care, killed for identification. In the military setting, inventory control, storage, and accountability are vital issues surrounding antivenin use, and these are discussed in this article.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immediate action and effective communication, along with timely antivenin administration and well-equipped intensive care facilities, were integral in saving the life of this victim of a yellow scorpion envenomation. All level 3 facilities in Southwest Asia must be familiar with ordering, administering, and documenting this antivenin because it is difficult to obtain and infrequently available.
authors.affiliation: 332nd Expeditionary Medical Group, Balad Air Base, Iraq. eric.shalita@nellis.af.mil
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Shalita
authors.forename: Ryan D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017277:Drug Approval; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D007493:Iraq; D008889:Military Personnel; D065008:Scorpion Stings / Q000628:therapy*; D012604:Scorpion Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012605:Scorpions / Q000145:classification; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D012604:Scorpion Venoms