title: Glycemic effects of moderate alcohol intake among patients with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter, randomized, clinical intervention trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a randomized controlled trial, we assessed the effect of daily moderate alcohol intake on glycemic control in the fasting and postprandial states in patients with type 2 diabetes who previously had abstained from alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 109 patients (41-74 years old) with established type 2 diabetes who abstained from alcohol to receive 150 ml wine (13 g alcohol) or nonalcoholic diet beer (control) each day during a 3-month multicenter trial. The beverages were consumed during dinner. Diet and alcohol consumption were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the intervention, 17% of participants (12% from the alcohol group) dropped out, leaving 91 who completed the trial. Within the alcohol group, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) decreased from 139.6 +/- 41 to 118.0 +/- 32.5 mg/dl after 3 months compared with 136.7 +/- 15.4 to 138.6 +/- 27.8 mg/dl in the control subjects (P(v) = 0.015). However, alcohol consumption had no effect on 2-h postprandial glucose levels (difference of 18.5 mg/dl in the control group vs. 17.7 mg/dl in the alcohol group, P(v) = 0.97). Patients in the alcohol group with higher baseline A1C levels had greater reductions in FPG (age-adjusted correlation -0.57, P(v) < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the levels of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, or aspartate aminotransferase, and no notable adverse effects were reported. Participants in the alcohol group reported an improvement in the ability to fall asleep (P(v) < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with type 2 diabetes who had previously abstained from alcohol, initiation of moderate daily alcohol consumption reduced FPG but not postprandial glucose. Patients with higher A1C may benefit more from the favorable glycemic effect of alcohol. Further intervention studies are needed to confirm the long-term effect of moderate alcohol intake.
authors.affiliation: S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems Evaluation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. irish@bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shai
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wainstein
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Harman-Boehm
authors.forename: Itamar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.forename: Drora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Assaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudich
authors.forename: Meir J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase