title: Association between vitamin D receptor gene haplotypes and chronic periodontitis among Japanese men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is involved in a variety of biological processes, such as bone metabolism and modulation of the immune response. Recent findings suggest that the pathway involving bone mineral density-mediated effects is important for the development of periodontitis, but their effects of combined VDR gene polymorphisms have not been confirmed on periodontitis. We assessed the relationship between ApaI, BsmI, and FokI VDR polymorphisms and the risk of severe chronic periodontitis among Japanese adult men.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, we examined 97 unrelated healthy Japanese men (mean age: 45.6 years, range: 22-59). A clinical examination was performed at a worksite health checkup, and information was obtained using a self-reported questionnaire. DNA was extracted from whole blood, and the VDR ApaI, BsmI, and FokI polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  F-carriers of FokI VDR polymorphisms were less likely to develop severe chronic periodontitis than non-F-carriers (p = 0.09). The ApaI and BsmI VDR polymorphisms did not show significant differences in the alleles or genotypes between the subjects with or without severe chronic periodontitis. The haplotype analysis of the three combined VDR polymorphisms revealed that the Abf homozygote had a notably higher prevalence of severe chronic periodontitis than the others, and adjustments for age, smoking status, number of teeth present, and prevalence of diabetes did not change this association (OR = 7.5; 95% CI = 1.6-34.4; p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The VDR haplotype constructed from the ApaI, BsmI, and FokI polymorphisms is related to the risk of severe chronic periodontitis in Japanese men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine/Biostatistics, Medical Decision Making, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyaki
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Keika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoshi
authors.forename: Asako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: Shugo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tohyama
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamajima
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol