title: Investigating the potential of statin medications as a nitric oxide (NO) release agent to decrease decompression sickness: a review article.
abstract: Understanding the biochemical mechanisms influencing bubble pathophysiology may foster novel pharmacologic non-recompressive strategies that may prevent, ameliorate, and treat decompression sickness (DCS), and the injury sustained from arterial gas emboli (AGE) encountered in hyperbaric and hypobaric exposures, as well as in surgery and trauma. This review explores the biochemical effects of nitric oxide (NO) release agents, their potential impact on bubble pathophysiology, and possible use as a pharmacological intervention to reduce DCS risk and AGE injury. The hypotheses discussed contend that exogenous NO administration or mediators of endogenous NO up-regulation may reduce DCS risk and severity by mediating; (1) decreased populations of gaseous nuclei, (2) decreased bubble nuclei adherence, (3) depression of the deleterious bubble-mediated inflammatory and coagulation cascades and (4) preservation of endothelial integrity, which may defend against bubble-mediated injury. Statin medications alter numerous biochemical, and biophysical processes, which may influence bubble formation. Statins preserve endothelial integrity, reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury, and depress the interdependent inflammatory and coagulation cascades via pleiotropic properties involving up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NO. Numerous studies are researching statins, for their potential efficacy in reducing primary and secondary morbidity and mortality from cardiocerebrovascular, inflammatory (autoimmune), and infectious (sepsis) disease. Additionally, statin-mediated lipid reduction may reduce bubble generation via alterations in plasma "rheology", and surface tension. The statins are attractive potential NO release with minimal adverse side effects, and proven long-term safety, that may potentially mitigate the risk and severity of DCS. We will elaborate on the insight gained into the mechanisms proven and hypothesized for NO-mediated reductions in bubble formation, and DCS incidence and severity, with a focus on the potential for statin medications, in addition to the direct NO-donor medications such as isosorbide mononitrate and nitroglycerine.
authors.affiliation: Navy Hospital Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Portsmouth, VA 23708, United States. mduplessis4@cox.net
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Duplessis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fothergill
mesh_terms: D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008954:Models, Biological; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids; D009569:Nitric Oxide