title: Cyanidin 3-glucoside ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to downregulation of retinol binding protein 4 expression in diabetic mice.
abstract: Adipocyte dysfunction is strongly associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance. It is accepted that the regulation of adipocytokine expression is one of the most important targets for the prevention of obesity and improvement of insulin sensitivity. In this study, we have demonstrated that anthocyanin (cyanidin 3-glucoside; C3G) which is a pigment widespread in the plant kingdom, ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to the reduction of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) expression in type 2 diabetic mice. KK-A(y) mice were fed control or control +0.2% of a C3G diet for 5 weeks. Dietary C3G significantly reduced blood glucose concentration and enhanced insulin sensitivity. The adiponectin and its receptors expression were not responsible for this amelioration. C3G significantly upregulated the glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) and downregulated RBP4 in the white adipose tissue, which is accompanied by downregulation of the inflammatory adipocytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) in the white adipose tissue of the C3G group. These findings indicate that C3G has significant potency in an anti-diabetic effect through the regulation of Glut4-RBP4 system and the related inflammatory adipocytokines.
authors.affiliation: College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Natsumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.forename: Yasuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Isa
authors.forename: Maho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.forename: Takahito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichi
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishiumi
authors.forename: Itsuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ashida
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Horio
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuda
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D015394:Molecular Structure; D054419:Receptors, Adiponectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D052242:Adiponectin; D000872:Anthocyanins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D005960:Glucosides; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C502487:Rbp4 protein, mouse; D054419:Receptors, Adiponectin; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase