title: Sympathetically maintained pain presenting first as temporomandibular disorder, then as parotid dysfunction.
abstract: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic condition that usually affects extremities, such as the arms or legs. It is characterized by intense pain, swelling, redness, hypersensitivity in a region not defined by a single peripheral nerve and additional sudomotor effects, such as excessive sweating. The clinical criteria for the diagnosis of sympathetically maintained pain as outlined by the International Association for the Study of Pain include: Onset following an initiating noxious event (CRPS-type I) or nerve injury (CRPS-type II). Spontaneous allodynia that is not limited to peripheral nerve distribution and is not proportionate to the inciting event; abnormal sudomotor activity, skin blood flow abnormality, edema, other autonomic symptoms; and exclusion of other conditions that may otherwise contribute to the extent of the symptoms. Only 13 cases of CRPS involving sympathetically maintained pain in the head and neck region have been described, and all reported trauma as the identifiable etiologic factor. The case presented here is another occurrence of sympathetically maintained pain in the head and neck region, but without nerve injury as a clear initiating factor.
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Head and Neck Pain Clinic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Subha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giri
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nixdorf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block; D010305:Parotid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine