title: MK-801 upregulates NR2A protein levels and induces functional recovery of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm following acute C2 hemisection in adult rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  C2 hemisection results in paralysis of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm. Recent data indicate that an upregulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2A subunit following chronic C2 hemisection is associated with spontaneous hemidiaphragmatic recovery following injury. MK-801, an antagonist of the NMDA receptor, upregulates the NR2A subunit in neonatal rats.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that administration of MK-801 to adult, acute C2-hemisected rats would result in an increase of NR2A in the spinal cord. Furthermore, we hypothesized that upregulation of NR2A would be associated with recovery of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm as in the chronic studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  To develop a dose-response curve, adult rats were treated with varying doses of MK-801 and their spinal cords harvested and assessed for NR2A as well as AMPA GluR1 and GluR2 subunit protein levels. In the second part of this study, C2-hemisected animals received MK-801. Following treatment, the animals were assessed for recovery of the hemidiaphragm through electromyographic recordings and their spinal cords assessed for NR2A, GluR1, and GluR2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with MK-801 leads to an increase of the NR2A subunit in the spinal cords of adult noninjured rats. There were no changes in the expression of GluR1 and GluR2 in these animals. Administration of MK-801 to C2-hemisected rats resulted in recovery of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm, an increase of NR2A, and a decrease of GluR2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings strengthen the evidence that the NR2A subunit plays a substantial role in mediating recovery of the paralyzed hemidiaphragm following C2 spinal cord hemisection.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Clinical Neurobiology Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA. warren.alilain@case.edu
authors.forename: Warren J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Alilain
authors.forename: Harry G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Goshgarian
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C120997:NR2A NMDA receptor; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate