title: Harm minimization strategies: opinions of health professionals in rural and remote Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is some evidence that the problem of illicit drug use (IDU) is increasing in rural areas of Australia. Lack of access to harm minimization (HM) strategies is potentially exacerbated by a shortage of health care facilities and health care professionals in rural areas. This study was conducted to determine barriers to implementation, access to, and success of HM strategies, as seen by health professionals presently working in rural Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred rural pharmacists Australia-wide and 425 doctors in rural Victoria and Tasmania were sent postal surveys to assess their opinions on the level of IDU in their area, the types of drugs commonly used, the adequacy of HM strategies and facilities, and the barriers faced by doctors, pharmacists and clients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall response rate was almost 50%. Slightly less than half of surveyed health professionals felt that IDU was increasing in their area, with heroin perceived to be the most prevalent drug used in all States except Tasmania and the Northern Territory. Both methadone prescribers and dispensers believed the methadone maintenance programmes were highly valuable to the community, but not without problems (e.g. risk of overdose). A lack of time or staff was the greatest influence on doctors not participating in the methadone programmes, whereas safety concerns were prominent with pharmacists. The majority of doctors felt HM facilities were inadequate, with needle-syringe exchange being the most frequently nominated HM strategy lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite best intentions, there are still problems with HM strategies in these areas. Improving the number and expertise of health professionals in rural areas, and providing adequate support for them, would address some of these problems.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Medication Outcomes Research and Education, School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia. G.Peterson@utas.edu.au
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Northeast
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Fitzmaurice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001315:Australia; D003625:Data Collection; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012424:Rural Population; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D013648:Tasmania; D014739:Victoria
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone