title: New active site oriented glyoxyl-agarose derivatives of Escherichia coli penicillin G acylase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immobilized Penicillin G Acylase (PGA) derivatives are biocatalysts that are industrially used for the hydrolysis of Penicillin G by fermentation and for the kinetically controlled synthesis of semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. One of the most used supports for immobilization is glyoxyl-activated agarose, which binds the protein by reacting through its superficial Lys residues. Since in E. coli PGA Lys are also present near the active site, an immobilization that occurs through these residues may negatively affect the performance of the biocatalyst due to the difficult diffusion of the substrate into the active site. A preferential orientation of the enzyme with the active site far from the support surface would be desirable to avoid this problem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we report how it is possible to induce a preferential orientation of the protein during the binding process on aldehyde activated supports. A superficial region of PGA, which is located on the opposite side of the active site, is enriched in its Lys content. The binding of the enzyme onto the support is consequently forced through the Lys rich region, thus leaving the active site fully accessible to the substrate. Different mutants with an increasing number of Lys have been designed and, when active, immobilized onto glyoxyl agarose. The synthetic performances of these new catalysts were compared with those of the immobilized wild-type (wt) PGA. Our results show that, while the synthetic performance of the wt PGA sensitively decreases after immobilization, the Lys enriched mutants have similar performances to the free enzyme even after immobilization. We also report the observations made with other mutants which were unable to undergo a successful maturation process for the production of active enzymes or which resulted toxic for the host cell.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The desired orientation of immobilized PGA with the active site freely accessible can be obtained by increasing the density of Lys residues on a predetermined region of the enzyme. The newly designed biocatalysts display improved synthetic performances and are able to maintain a similar activity to the free enzymes. Finally, we found that the activity of the immobilized enzyme proportionally improves with the number of introduced Lys.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, via Ferrata 1, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy. cecchini@ipvgen.unipv.it
authors.forename: Davide A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cecchini
authors.forename: Immacolata
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ubiali
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terreni
authors.forename: Alessandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Albertini
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D006038:Glyoxylates; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010399:Penicillin Amidase / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012685:Sepharose
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006038:Glyoxylates; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C070399:glyoxyl agarose; D012685:Sepharose; D010399:Penicillin Amidase; D008239:Lysine