title: Missing in action: care by physician assistants and nurse practitioners in national health surveys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess applicability of national health survey data for generalizable research on outpatient care by physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Methodology descriptions and 2003 data files from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, and the Community Tracking Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were assessed for utility for research on PA and NP patient care, with respect to survey coverage, structure, content, generalizability to the U.S. population, and validity. National estimates of patient encounters, statistically adjusted for survey design and nonresponse, were compared across surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were identified through literature review, selected according to inclusion criteria, and analyzed based on methodology descriptions. Quantitative analyses used publicly available data downloaded from survey websites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surveys varied with respect to applicability to PA and NP care. Features limiting applicability included (1) sampling schemes that inconsistently capture nonphysician practice, (2) inaccurate identification of provider type, and (3) data structure that does not support analysis of team practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Researchers using national health care surveys to analyze PA and NP patient interactions should account for design features that may differentially affect nonphysician data. Workforce research that includes NPs and PAs is needed for national planning efforts, and this research will require improved survey methodologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3848, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Perri A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.forename: Truls
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Østbye
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Albanese
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D009722:Nurse Practitioners; D010823:Physician Assistants; D012107:Research Design; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D014481:United States