title: Autologous blood as a submucosal fluid cushion for endoscopic mucosal therapies: results of an ex vivo study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Submucosal injection of fluid is used to elevate lesions in order to prevent perforation, which is the most calamitous complication during endoscopic resection therapies. There are several injection options when performing mucosal elevation (normal saline (NS), sodium hyaluronate (SH), etc.). Submucosal injection of fresh, autologous blood offers some advantages because of its specific properties: corpuscular components ensure prolonged elevation and procoagulatory constituents prevent post-interventional bleeding. The purpose of this study was to compare the ex vivo performance of autologous blood as a submucosal fluid cushion (SFC) with that of NS, SH and DW (dextrose water).
  
  
  METHODS
  The proximal third of a resected porcine stomach was cut into squares. One millilitre NS, DW, SH and fresh porcine blood was injected into the submucosa. The height and duration of the submucosal injections were objectively measured during 1 h. Mucosal elevations were resected using an electro snare.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial height and width of the mucosal elevations were comparable for SH and blood, and significantly higher compared with NS and DW. Mucosal elevation after injecting autologous blood persisted significantly longer compared with NS (p <0.05), but did not differ from hyaluronate. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed the appropriate submucosal injection of these substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Submucosal injection of autologous blood with a standard endoscopic injection needle is possible and generates adequate mucosal elevation for the resection of high-quality specimens. This procedure could offer a "gratis" option for SFC as opposed to the expensive SH. Further clinical studies are needed to substantiate its use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. drshastri@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yogesh M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Shastri
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kriener
authors.forename: Wolfgang F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Caspary
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood; D004066:Digestive System Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000601:surgery*; D013270:Stomach / Q000601:surgery; D013552:Swine