title: Ethyl formate as a postharvest fumigant for selected pests of table grapes.
abstract: Ethyl formate (EF) in combination with CO2 was tested for control of arthropods commonly infesting California table grapes. In addition, table grape tolerance to EF exposure was evaluated. LC99 estimates were developed for target pests by using a range of EF concentrations (0.04-4.7% EF). Response to treatments varied greatly between species, as well as life stages within species. Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and adult and crawler stages of grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), were most susceptible to EF treatments. Least susceptible were grape mealybug eggs; Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor; and omnivorous leafroller, Platynota stultana Walsingham. The LC99 for target pests fell within the range of EF concentrations tolerated by table grapes with the exception of 1-, 3-, and 5-d-old omnivorous leafroller pupae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. tlsimpson@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bikoba
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tipping
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mitcham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D005563:Formic Acid Esters; D005651:Fumigation; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D010575:Pesticides; D027843:Vitis / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D005563:Formic Acid Esters; D010575:Pesticides; C510888:ethyl formate; D002245:Carbon Dioxide