title: Immunogenicity of human embryonic stem cells.
abstract: Human embryonic stem cells (HESC) are pluripotent stem cells isolated from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts. With the first successful culturing of HESC, a new era of regenerative medicine was born. HESC can differentiate into almost any cell type and, in the future, might replace solid organ transplantation and even be used to treat progressive degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Although this sounds promising, certain obstacles remain with regard to their clinical use, such as culturing HESC under well-defined conditions without exposure to animal proteins, the risk of teratoma development and finally the avoidance of immune rejection. In this review, we discuss the immunological properties of HESC and various strategic solutions to circumvent immune rejection, such as stem cell banking, somatic cell nuclear transfer and the induction of tolerance by co-stimulation blockade and mixed chimerism.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. karl-henrik.grinnemo@karolinska.se
authors.forename: Karl-Henrik
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Grinnemo
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sylvén
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hovatta
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dellgren
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corbascio
mesh_terms: D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents