title: Laparoscopic reconstructive options for obstruction in children with duplex renal anomalies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present our initial experience of laparoscopic reconstructive surgery in children with upper urinary tract obstruction associated with duplex anomalies, as although there is much information on ablative procedures such as laparoscopic heminephrectomy, there is little available about minimally invasive reconstructive options for duplex renal anomalies in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed four consecutive patients (aged 6-11 years) with duplex anomalies and laparoscopic reconstruction for obstructed, dilated segments treated at our institution. The port placement and surgical exposure were analogous to that for transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty. A JJ stent was placed retrogradely into the ureter immediately before each procedure. The procedures performed were pyelo-ureterostomy for incomplete duplication and lower pole pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction, lower pole pyeloplasty for lower pole PUJ obstruction and complete duplication, and ipsilateral uretero-ureterostomy and distal ureterectomy for an obstructed, ectopic upper pole. Foley catheters were left indwelling for 36-48 h and stents were removed at 4-6 weeks. Postoperative imaging included either ultrasonography or intravenous urography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three children presented with intermittent flank pain due to lower pole PUJ obstruction. The other child presented with pyonephrosis and purulent drainage from her vagina due to an ectopic ureter associated with a functioning upper pole segment. All procedures were successfully completed. The only complication was in the first patient (pyelo-ureterostomy) who had transient urinary extravasation that resolved with bladder decompression for 10 days. With a follow-up of 6-18 months, all had resolution of symptoms with improvement in radiographic variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This series shows that children with duplex anomalies and obstruction can undergo successful reconstruction using techniques learned with laparoscopic pyeloplasty.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Columbus Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Canon
authors.forename: Venkata R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Jayanthi
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization