title: Depression and its association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and birth weight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes increases the risk for depression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the independent effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) on the prevalence of depression and to examine low birth weight as a possible common explanatory factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  2003 subjects from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and filled out the Beck Depression Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressive symptoms were more prevalent among subjects with diabetes (23.5%) than among those with normal glucose tolerance (16.6%) (P < 0.001). A history of CVD also markedly increased the odds of having depressive symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 2.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.70-3.32, P < 0.001). The association between DM and depressive symptoms was, however, rendered non-significant when adjusting for the presence of CVD. Being born with a low birth weight doubled the risk for having depressive symptoms (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.42-4.91, P = 0.002) and magnified the association between CVD/DM and depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes has only a minor independent effect on concurrent occurrence of depressive symptoms, while cardiovascular disease seems to be a more important underlying factor. The association between disease and depression is in particular characteristic to individuals born with a low birth weight.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Diabetes Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. maria.paile@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paile-Hyvärinen
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forsén
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kajantie
authors.forename: Hilkka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ylihärsilä
authors.forename: Minna K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001724:Birth Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors