title: Evaluation of patients with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer?: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary nodules are spherical radiographic opacities that measure up to 30 mm in diameter. Nodules are extremely common in clinical practice and challenging to manage, especially small, "subcentimeter" nodules. Identification of malignant nodules is important because they represent a potentially curable form of lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on a systematic literature review and discussion with a large, multidisciplinary group of clinical experts and other stakeholders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We generated a list of 29 recommendations for managing the solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) that measures at least 8 to 10 mm in diameter; small, subcentimeter nodules that measure < 8 mm to 10 mm in diameter; and multiple nodules when they are detected incidentally during evaluation of the SPN. Recommendations stress the value of risk factor assessment, the utility of imaging tests (especially old films), the need to weigh the risks and benefits of various management strategies (biopsy, surgery, and observation with serial imaging tests), and the importance of eliciting patient preferences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with pulmonary nodules should be evaluated by estimation of the probability of malignancy, performance of imaging tests to characterize the lesion(s) better, evaluation of the risks associated with various management alternatives, and elicitation of patient preferences for treatment.
authors.affiliation: VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave (111P), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. gould@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Iannettoni
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Midthun
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Naidich
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ost
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy