title: Experimental induction of palate shelf elevation in glutamate decarboxylase 67-deficient mice with cleft palate due to vertically oriented palatal shelf.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gamma-aminobutyric acid is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, synthesized by two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and -67. Unexpectedly, inactivation of GAD67 induces cleft palate in mice. Reduction of spontaneous tongue movement resulting from decreased motor nerve activity has been related to the development of cleft palate in GAD67(-/-) fetuses. In the present study, development of cleft palate was examined histologically and manipulated with culture of the maxilla and partial resection of fetal tongue.
  
  
  METHODS
  GAD67(-/-) mice and their littermates were used. Histological examination and immunohistochemistry were performed conventionally. Organ culture of the maxilla was carried out as reported previously. Fetuses were maintained alive under anesthesia and tips of their tongues were resected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevation of palatal shelves, the second step of palate formation, was not observed in GAD67(-/-) mice. In wild-type mice, GAD67 and gamma-aminobutyric acid were not expressed in the palatal shelves, except in the medial edge epithelium. During 2 days of culture of maxillae dissected from E13.5-E14.0 GAD67(-/-) fetuses, elevation and fusion of the palatal shelves were induced. When E13.5-15.5 mutant fetuses underwent partial tongue resection, the palatal shelves became elevated within 30 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the potential for palate formation is maintained in the palatal shelves of GAD67(-/-) fetuses, but it is obstructed by other, probably neural, factors, resulting in cleft palate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. s.iseki.emb@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishii-Suzuki
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsunekawa
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Obata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008437:Maxilla / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010159:Palate / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C402565:glutamate decarboxylase 1