title: Biological treatments for amfetamine dependence : recent progress.
abstract: Amfetamine abuse has grown into a worldwide epidemic. Methamfetamine, a derivative of amfetamine made from readily accessible chemicals, has plagued the US since the 1960s, with an alarming recent surge in the numbers of those meeting the criteria for amfetamine abuse and dependence. We review this problem using a computerised literature search (PubMed 1964-2007) to summarise knowledge from animal and human studies about treatments for amfetamine dependence, while exploring the potential of pharmacogenetics to help uncover new treatment targets. Several promising therapeutic targets have come from animal models of reward, drug-taking behaviour and withdrawal. Although preclinical and selected clinical results have been promising, clinical studies have yielded inconsistent results. To improve these outcomes, pharmacogenetic studies may be used to identify candidate alleles that predict therapeutic response. Exciting preclinical findings and a steady progression of clinical results offer hope for the development of a treatment for amfetamine dependence.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478-9106, USA. kphill@partners.org
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sofuoglu
mesh_terms: D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018755:GABA Agonists; D017311:Amlodipine