title: Experimental evaluation of suture support in bladder-neck suspension for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bladder-neck suspension has been used widely for the management of female stress incontinence. Despite high early success rates, the long-term results are poor. This in-vitro model was designed to simulate the tear forces affecting the sutures under standardized laboratory conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, we determined the ultimate strength of various tissues (porcine vagina [PV], human vagina [HV], porcine colon, and chicken skin) in resisting standardized traction force and expansion. Subsequently, different types of suture fixation (U stitch, Z stitch, patch suspension) and button techniques (titanium 2 mm and buttons with various diameters) on PV were exposed to standardized stress impulses generated by the horizontal movement of a metal sledge and the traction force of a 0.5-kg weight pulling on the suture. Amplitude, frequency of the sine movement, traction force on the suture, and tissue thickness were modified; and the tear-out time of the fixation (suture, button) was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PV and HV revealed similar ultimate strengths (49.04 N and 32.08 N, respectively, for traction force; 58.25% and 58.20%, respectively, for expansion). Increasing the frequency (110-160/min), amplitude (8-24 cm), or traction force (0.3-1.2 N) shortened the tear-out time. Tissue thickness had a nearly linear correlation with the tear-out time. The conventional suture technique was almost equal to the smaller buttons (8 and 12 mm) in tear-out resistance, but the 20-mm button was superior (2.6-fold increase in tear-out time). Further improvement of the button technique could be achieved by use of round silicone-coated buttons with medium hardness (shore 40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A button-like support is promising, being superior to conventional suturing. Compared with tension-free vaginal tape, it provides the advantage that paraurethral suspension prevents erosion of a foreign body through the urethra. Further technical improvements may include adjustment devices for postoperative fine-tuning of the bladder-neck suspension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn, University of Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Germany.
authors.forename: Svetozar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subotic
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rassweiler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D003106:Colon; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D012867:Skin; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D053825:Suburethral Slings; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013552:Swine; D014143:Traction; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014621:Vagina