title: Biomonitoring of workers cleaning up ammunition waste sites.
abstract: 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an important occupational and environmental pollutant. In TNT-exposed humans, notable toxic manifestations have included aplastic anaemia, toxic hepatitis, cataracts, hepatomegaly and liver cancer. Therefore, it is important to develop protection measures and to monitor workers involved in the clean-up of ammunition sites. Haemoglobin (Hb) adducts of TNT, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT) and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT), and the urine metabolites of TNT, 4ADNT and 2ADNT were found in 22-50% of the exposed workers, but not in the control group. The exposed workers were wearing protective equipment. The levels of erythrocytes, haemoglobin, creatinine, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and lymphocyte levels were significantly lower in the exposed workers than in the non-exposed workers. The levels of blood urea and reticulocytes were significantly higher in the exposed workers than in the non-exposed workers. Headache (26%), mucous membrane irritation (16%), sick leave (18%), lassitude (8%), anxiety (6%), shortness of breath (3%), nausea (5%) and allergic reactions (8%) were reported by the exposed workers. In a further analysis the U-4ADNT levels and the Hb-adduct levels were compared to the blood parameter and the health effects. The blood parameters were not significantly different between the U-4ADNT positive and U-4ADNT-negative group. Headache, mucous membrane irritation, sick leave, lassitude, anxiety, shortness of breath and allergic reactions were statistically not different between the two groups. Also in the workers with Hb-4ADNT adducts no significant negative changes were seen in regards to the changes of the blood parameters or the health effects. According to the results of the present study, it appears that the blood parameter changes and the health effects are more influenced by other factors than by the internal exposure to TNT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. gabriele.sabbioni@bluewin.ch
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sabbioni
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rumler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005858:Germany; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000652:urine; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D054041:Weapons
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053834:Explosive Agents; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D006454:Hemoglobins; D014303:Trinitrotoluene