title: Perceptual-motor coordination in persons with mild intellectual disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited experimental evidence to support the view that individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have a deficit in motor control. This work is a first attempt to evaluate their motor coordination.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study assessed the relationship between cognitive ability and sensorimotor integration. The clinical hypothesis is that adults with ID fall below non-ID adults in motor skills that involve hand-eye coordination.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 42 adults with ID (ID group) was compared to 48 age-matched typical adults (TA) using a mixed experimental design ('Task' as the within-subjects factor and 'Group' as the between-subjects factor). Participants performed the following tests twice: Box-and-Blocks, 25-Grooved-Pegboard, Stick Catching and overhead Beanbag-Throw. Pearson correlations and ANOVAs were used to test the hypothesis (p < or = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, TA outperformed the ID group in all tests regardless of the hand used during for the assessment. However, TA individuals scored significantly better with one hand (i.e., the preferred and dominant hand) as opposed to persons with ID, who exhibited no hand preference. Test-retest correlations among the first and second assessment scores yielded moderate-strong coefficients, depending on the type of test (Box-and-Blocks = 0.92 and 0.96, 25-Grooved-Pegboard = 0.69 and 0.83, Stick-Catching = 0.88 and 0.94, Beanbag-Throw = 0.58 and 0.91 for ID and TA, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Difficulties in the integration of perceptual information into motor action may result in inadequate solutions to daily motor problems. As it stems from our results, intellectual disability relates to inability to integrate visual inputs and hand movements. In people with mild ID such inability is observed using both hands (i.e., they show no hand preferences). Poor perceptual-motor coordination might have a functional significance in that it may lead to exclusion from vocational and recreational activities, and a decreasing competence of ADL. Assessing coordination in adults with ID may contribute to understanding the nature of the ID condition and may encourage an early rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. elie@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carmeli
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bar-Yossef
authors.forename: Claudette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ariav
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Dario G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Liebermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D019989:Persons with Intellectual Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D011930:Reaction Time