title: Survival of epidemic strains of healthcare (HA-MRSA) and community-associated (CA-MRSA) meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in river-, sea- and swimming pool water.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the survival dynamics of several epidemic healthcare (HA) and community-associated (CA) meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in river, sea and swimming pool waters. Six different phage-types of HA-MRSA (Irish 1, Irish 2, EMRSA 15, EMRSA 16, distinct type and non-typable), as well as a community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), were examined in this study. Two strains of each type were examined resulting in a total of 14 organisms being examined. Cells were harvested from overnight cultures of Columbia blood agar (Oxoid) supplemented with 5% [v/v] defibrinated blood to make a 0.5 McFarland inoculum standard. An inoculum of each MRSA isolate was added individually to each water microcosm to give log(10)5 (10(5)) colony forming units (cfu/ml water) and water was stored in the dark at ambient temperature for up to 14 days. Recovery experiments were unable to isolate any of HA- or CA-MRSA in the swimming pool water after 24 h storage. This study demonstrates that all 14 epidemic HA and CA MRSA studied can survive in sea and river water environments up to at least 14 days post inoculation. There was no significant differences in the survival dynamics between CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA in any water environment, but all MRSA died off more quickly in river water, compared to sea water, with decimal (D(10)) reduction values of 3.53 and 7.4 days, for river- and sea water, respectively. This study indicates that contaminated sea and river water may serve as potential reservoirs of HA- and CA-MRSA, if such water sources become contaminated with these organisms.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7AD, UK.
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tolba
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loughrey
authors.forename: Colin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: B Cherie
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D009660:Northern Ireland; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013551:Swimming Pools; D014871:Water Microbiology