title: A cone beam CT-Based Study for Clinical Target Definition Using Pelvic Anatomy During Postprostatectomy Radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are no accepted guidelines for target volume definition for online image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) after radical prostatectomy (RP). This study used cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging to generate information for use in post-RP IGRT.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pelvic anatomy of 10 prostate cancer patients undergoing post-RP radiation therapy (RT) to 68.4 Gy was studied using CBCT images obtained immediately before treatment. Contoured bladder and rectal volumes on CBCT images were compared with planning CT (CT(ref)) volumes from seminal vesicle stump (SVS) to bladder-urethral junction. This region was chosen to approximate the prostatic fossa (PF) during a course of post-RP RT. Anterior and posterior planning target volume margins were calculated using ICRU report 71 guidelines, accounting for systematic and random error based on bladder and rectal motion, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 176 CBCT study sets obtained 2 to 5 times weekly were analyzed. The rectal and bladder borders were reliably identified in 166 of 176 (94%) of CBCT images. Relative to CT(ref), mean posterior bladder wall position was anterior by 0.1 to 1.5 mm, and mean anterior rectum wall position was posterior by 1.6 to 2.7 mm. Calculated anterior margin as derived from bladder motion ranged from 5.9 to 7.1 mm. Calculated posterior margin as derived from rectal motion ranged from 8.6 to 10.2 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normal tissue anatomy was definable by CBCT imaging throughout the course of post-RP RT, and the interfraction anteroposterior motion of the bladder and rectum was studied. This information should be considered in devising post-RP RT techniques using image guidance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Showalter
authors.forename: A Omer
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Galvin
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Valicenti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001822:Body Burden; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D012007:Rectum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*