title: Scarless and site-directed mutagenesis in Salmonella enteritidis chromosome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A variety of techniques have been described which introduce scarless, site-specific chromosomal mutations. These techniques can be applied to make point mutations or gene deletions as well as insert heterologous DNA into bacterial vectors for vaccine development. Most methods use a multi-step approach that requires cloning and/or designing repeat sequences to facilitate homologous recombination. We have modified previously published techniques to develop a simple, efficient PCR-based method for scarless insertion of DNA into Salmonella enteritidis chromosome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final product of this mutation strategy is the insertion of DNA encoding a foreign epitope into the S. enteritidis genome without the addition of any unwanted sequence. This experiment was performed by a two-step mutation process via PCR fragments, Red recombinase and counter-selection with the I-SceI enzyme site. First, the I-SceI site and kanamycin resistance gene were introduced into the genome of cells expressing Red recombinase enzymes. Next, this sequence was replaced by a chosen insertion sequence. DNA fragments used for recombination were linear PCR products which consisted of the foreign insertion sequence flanked by homologous sequences of the target gene. Described herein is the insertion of a section of the M2e epitope (LM2) of Influenza A virus, a domain of CD154 (CD154s) or a combination of both into the outer membrane protein LamB of S. enteritidis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have successfully used this method to produce multiple mutants with no antibiotic gene on the genome or extra sequence except those nucleotides required for expression of epitope regions. This method is advantageous over other protocols in that it does not require cloning or creating extra duplicate regions to facilitate homologous recombination, contains a universal construct in which an epitope of choice can be placed to check for cell surface expression, and shows high efficiency when screening for positive mutants. Other opportunities of this mutational strategy include creating attenuated mutants and site-specific, chromosomal deletion mutations. Furthermore, this method should be applicable in other gram-negative bacterial species where Red recombinase enzymes can be functionally expressed.
authors: Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. mmcox@uark.edu
authors: Mandy M
authors: MM
authors: Cox
authors: Sherryll L
authors: SL
authors: Layton
authors: Tieshan
authors: T
authors: Jiang
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Cole
authors: Billy M
authors: BM
authors: Hargis
authors: Luc R
authors: LR
authors: Berghman
authors: Walter G
authors: WG
authors: Bottje
authors: Young Min
authors: YM
authors: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002645:Chickens; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional / Q000379:methods*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed / Q000379:methods*; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G