title: Toll-like receptors in tumor immunotherapy.
abstract: Lymphodepletion with chemotherapeutic agents or total body irradiation (TBI) before adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells is a critical advancement in the treatment of patients with melanoma. More than 50% of patients that are refractory to other treatments experience an objective or curative response with this approach. Emerging data indicate that the key mechanisms underlying how TBI augments the functions of adoptively transferred T cells include (a) the depletion of regulatory T cells (T(reg)) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells that limit the function and proliferation of adoptively transferred cells; (b) the removal of immune cells that act as "sinks" for homeostatic cytokines, whose levels increase after lymphodepletion; and (c) the activation of the innate immune system via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, which is engaged by microbial lipopolysaccharide that translocated across the radiation-injured gut. Here, we review these mechanisms and focus on the effect of Toll-like receptor agonists in adoptive immunotherapy. We also discuss alternate regimens to chemotherapy or TBI, which might be used to safely treat patients with advanced disease and promote tumor regression.
authors: National Cancer Institute, NIH, Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1502, USA. chrystalp@hotmail.com
authors: Chrystal M
authors: CM
authors: Paulos
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Kaiser
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Wrzesinski
authors: Christian S
authors: CS
authors: Hinrichs
authors: Lydie
authors: L
authors: Cassard
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Boni
authors: Pawel
authors: P
authors: Muranski
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Sanchez-Perez
authors: Douglas C
authors: DC
authors: Palmer
authors: Zhiya
authors: Z
authors: Yu
authors: Paul A
authors: PA
authors: Antony
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Gattinoni
authors: Steven A
authors: SA
authors: Rosenberg
authors: Nicholas P
authors: NP
authors: Restifo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D051193:Toll-Like Receptors