title: Clinical characterization of the HOXA1 syndrome BSAS variant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Bosley-Salih-Alorainy syndrome (BSAS) variant of the congenital human HOXA1 syndrome results from autosomal recessive truncating HOXA1 mutations. We describe the currently recognized spectrum of ocular motility, inner ear malformations, cerebrovascular anomalies, and cognitive function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined nine affected individuals from five consanguineous Saudi Arabian families, all of whom harbored the same I75-I76insG homozygous mutation in the HOXA1 gene. Patients underwent complete neurologic, neuro-ophthalmologic, orthoptic, and neuropsychological examinations. Six individuals had CT, and six had MRI of the head.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All nine individuals had bilateral Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) type 3, but extent of abduction and adduction varied between eyes and individuals. Eight patients were deaf with the common cavity deformity of the inner ear, while one patient had normal hearing and skull base development. Six had delayed motor milestones, and two had cognitive and behavioral abnormalities meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria for autism spectrum disorder. MRI of the orbits, extraocular muscles, brainstem, and supratentorial brain appeared normal. All six appropriately studied patients had cerebrovascular malformations ranging from unilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia to bilateral agenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report extends the Bosley-Salih-Alorainy syndrome phenotype and documents the clinical variability resulting from identical HOXA1 mutations within an isolated ethnic population. Similarities between this syndrome and thalidomide embryopathy suggest that the teratogenic effects of early thalidomide exposure in humans may be due to interaction with the HOX cascade.
authors: Neuro-ophthalmology Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Bosley-Thomas@cooperhealth.edu
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Bosley
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Salih
authors: I A
authors: IA
authors: Alorainy
authors: D T
authors: DT
authors: Oystreck
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Nester
authors: K K
authors: KK
authors: Abu-Amero
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Tischfield
authors: E C
authors: EC
authors: Engle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003638:Deafness / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D010641:Phenotype; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D019291:Skull Base / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D000099261:Homeobox A1 Protein
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099261:Homeobox A1 Protein