title: Microbial degradation of the biocide polyhexamethylene biguanide: isolation and characterization of enrichment consortia and determination of degradation by measurement of stable isotope incorporation into DNA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To isolate micro-organisms capable of utilizing polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) as a sole source of nitrogen, and to demonstrate biodegradation of the biocide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two consortia of bacteria were successfully enriched at the expense of PHMB, using sand from PHMB-treated swimming pools as inoculum. Both consortia were shown to contain bacteria belonging to the genera Sphingomonas, Azospirillum and Mesorhizobium. It was shown that the presence of both Sphingomonas and Azospirillum spp. was required for extensive growth of the consortia. In addition, the Sphingomonads were the only isolates capable of growth in axenic cultures dosed with PHMB. Using a stable isotope (15N)-labelled PHMB, metabolism of the biocide by both consortia was demonstrated. By comparing the level of 15N atom incorporation into bacterial DNA after growth on either 15N-PHMB or 15N-labelled NH4Cl, it was possible to estimate the percentage of PHMB biodegradation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microbial metabolism of nitrogen from the biguanide moiety of PHMB has been demonstrated. It was revealed that Sphingomonas and Azospirillum spp. are the principal organisms responsible for growth at the expense of PHMB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to demonstrate the microbial metabolism of PHMB.
authors: Arch Biocides, Blackley, Manchester, UK. LO'Malley@archchemicals.com
authors: L P
authors: LP
authors: O'Malley
authors: C H
authors: CH
authors: Shaw
authors: A N
authors: AN
authors: Collins
mesh_terms: D016949:Azospirillum / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D001645:Biguanides / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000378:metabolism*; D007218:Industrial Microbiology / Q000379:methods*; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D020578:Sphingomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001645:Biguanides; D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004202:Disinfectants; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; C031233:polihexanide