title: Hormone release and behavior during suckling and milking in Gir, Gir x Holstein, and Holstein cows.
abstract: There are several different milking management systems in Latin America, because Gir cattle are reputed to be easily stressed and not well adapted to machine-milking. This paper, therefore, provides an overview of hormone release and behavior during suckling and milking in Gir cows and their cross-bred offspring. Several experiments were performed to study oxytocin release during exclusive suckling or exclusive hand- and machine-milking, oxytocin, and prolactin release during a mixed suckling-milking system and oxytocin release after weaning. Cortisol concentrations and behavior were also examined. Concentration of oxytocin, released during suckling, and both types of milking were high, but the maximum concentration measured during suckling was significantly greater than that observed during exclusive milking. In the mixed suckling-milking system, the greatest oxytocin and prolactin releases were measured during suckling. Cortisol concentrations measured before, during, and after milking demonstrated that Gir x Holstein and Holstein cows were not stressed. On the other hand, although Gir had greater concentrations of cortisol, the percentage of residual milk for Gir cows was less than for dairy cows exposed to different stressful situations. In general, Gir cows and their crossbred offspring adapted to machine-milking, although these breeds can react negatively to milkers. Gir, Gir x Holstein, and Holstein cows all had similar cortisol levels during and after milking.
authors: University of São Paulo (USP), Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering (FZEA), Basic Science Department, Pirassununga, Brazil 13630-970. jnegrao@usp.br
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Negrão
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D003612:Dairying / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D007843:Latin America; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D010121:Oxytocin; D011388:Prolactin; D006854:Hydrocortisone