title: Mutations in alpha-tubulin confer dinitroaniline resistance at a cost to microtubule function.
abstract: Protozoan microtubules are sensitive to disruption by dinitroanilines, compounds that kill intracellular Toxoplasma gondii parasites without affecting microtubules in vertebrate host cells. We previously isolated a number of resistant Toxoplasma lines that harbor mutations to the alpha1-tubulin gene. Some of the mutations are localized in or near the M and N loops, domains that coordinate lateral interactions between protofilaments. Other resistance mutations map to a computationally identified binding site beneath the N loop. Allelic replacement of wild-type alpha1-tubulin with the individual mutations is sufficient to confer dinitroaniline resistance. Some mutations seem to increase microtubule length, suggesting that they increase subunit affinity. All mutations are associated with replication defects that decrease parasite viability. When parasites bearing the N loop mutation Phe52Tyr are grown without dinitroaniline selection, they spontaneously acquired secondary mutations in the M loop (Ala273Val) or in an alpha-tubulin-specific insert that stabilizes the M loop (Asp367Val). Parasites with the double mutations have both reduced resistance and diminished incidence of replication defects, suggesting that the secondary mutations decrease protofilament affinity to increase parasite fitness.
authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Ma
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: Lakshmi
authors: L
authors: Ganesan
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Oak
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Tsai
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Sept
authors: Naomi S
authors: NS
authors: Morrissette
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014404:Tubulin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D014404:Tubulin