title: Fear responding to 35% CO(2) challenge as a vulnerability marker for later social anxiety symptoms.
abstract: The majority of biological challenge studies have focused on panic disorder though there is a small literature suggesting that patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) show comparable responding. These cross-sectional studies suggest that CO(2) reactivity may be a marker of vulnerability to social anxiety. However, the nature of this association is unclear due to design limitations in this literature. The present report prospectively evaluated whether response to a 20% CO(2) challenge was predictive of later changes in social anxiety symptoms. A large non-clinical sample of young adults (N=404) screened for axis I disorders completed a 20% CO(2) challenge and were followed for approximately 18 months. Consistent with the vulnerability hypothesis, those showing greater reactivity to the CO(2) challenge showed increased social anxiety symptoms over time. This significant association was maintained after controlling for gender and trait anxiety. These data provide novel evidence suggesting that CO(2) sensitivity is predictive of the development of social anxiety symptoms.
authors: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA. Schmidt@psy.fsu.edu
authors: Norman B
authors: NB
authors: Schmidt
authors: K R
authors: KR
authors: Timpano
authors: Julia D
authors: JD
authors: Buckner
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide