Fluorine in pharmaceuticals: looking beyond intuition.
Fluorine substituents have become a widespread and important drug component, their introduction facilitated by the development of safe and selective fluorinating agents. Organofluorine affects nearly all physical and adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of a lead compound. Its inductive effects are relatively well understood, enhancing bioavailability, for example, by reducing the basicity of neighboring amines. In contrast, exploration of the specific influence of carbon-fluorine single bonds on docking interactions, whether through direct contact with the protein or through stereoelectronic effects on molecular conformation of the drug, has only recently begun. Here, we review experimental progress in this vein and add complementary analysis based on comprehensive searches in the Cambridge Structural Database and the Protein Data Bank.
Müller
Klaus
K
Pharmaceuticals Division, Discovery Chemistry, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland. klaus.mueller@roche.com
Faeh
Christoph
C
Diederich
François
F
D001682:Biological Availability; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D030562:Databases, Protein; D005461:Fluorine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008024:Ligands; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D015394:Molecular Structure; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D010600:Pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
D008024:Ligands; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011506:Proteins; D005461:Fluorine; D002244:Carbon