title: Determination of opioid analgesics in hair samples using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and application to patients under palliative care.
abstract: Hair testing procedures allow a cumulative reflection of long-term drug abuse and are useful as a test for compliance in clinical toxicology. In the present study, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine analgesic opioid drugs in hair samples. The procedure used a simple methanolic extraction, and the evaporated extract was analyzed directly. A selective and sensitive procedure for the simultaneous determination of bisnortilidine, nortilidine, tilidine, buprenorphine, codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl, norfentanyl, hydromorphone, morphine, normorphine, oxymorphone, methadone, piritramide, and tramadol was developed and fully validated. The method fulfilled validation criteria and was shown to be sensitive, with limits of detection ranging from 0.008 to 0.017 ng/mg hair matrix, and precision ranging between 3.1% and 14.9 %. The applicability of the method was shown by analysis of authentic hair samples from patients receiving opioids for the treatment of cancer pain (eg, fentanyl was detected in concentrations up to 0.292 ng/mg, tramadol in concentrations up to 0.612 ng/mg of hair of 1 patient). Hair analysis was shown to be a complementary and useful tool in monitoring the drug-taking behavior of patients consuming opioid analgesics for the treatment of pain. In self-reports and medical records especially, the ingestion of tramadol and methadone was found to be dramatically underreported. In summary, hair analyses gave important additional information for the medical treatment of patients, the results often coming as a surprise to even the attending physicians.
authors: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. f.musshoff@uni-bonn.de
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Musshoff
authors: Katrin
authors: K
authors: Lachenmeier
authors: Jens
authors: J
authors: Trafkowski
authors: Burkhard
authors: B
authors: Madea
authors: Friedemann
authors: F
authors: Nauck
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Stamer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010166:Palliative Care
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid