Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer-specific mortality following diagnosis in middle-aged men.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine associations of smoking at the time of diagnosis with the risk of prostate cancer death in a population-based cohort of men with prostate cancer.


METHODS
Data were from 752 prostate cancer patients aged 40-64 years, who were enrolled in a case-control study and under long-term follow-up for mortality. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between smoking and prostate cancer-specific and other cause mortality.


RESULTS
Compared to never smoking, smoking at the time of diagnosis was associated with a significant increase in risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality. After controlling for demographic characteristics, Gleason grade, stage at diagnosis, and primary treatment, the HR was 2.66 (95% CI: 1.10-6.43).


CONCLUSIONS
Smoking at the time of diagnosis, independent of key clinical prognostic factors, is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer death.
Gong
Zhihong
Z
Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
Agalliu
Ilir
I
Lin
Daniel W
DW
Stanford
Janet L
JL
Kristal
Alan R
AR
D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate