title: Genetic characterization of equine influenza viruses isolated in Italy between 1999 and 2005.
abstract: During local respiratory disease outbreaks, occurring in 2003 and 2004 in horse training stables within race-tracks in Rome, and on a stud horse farm in Bari in 2005, four strains of equine influenza (EI) virus were isolated. All outbreaks occurred in flu-vaccinated horses. Here, we are reporting the results of the genetic characterization of these isolates, together with that of another EI virus strain isolated in 1999 from a dead foal presenting pulmonary lesions. Alignment and phylogenetic analyses were carried out using the haemagglutinin amino acid sequences. The Rome and Bari isolates were identified as members of the American lineage, closely related to other recent strains isolated in America as well as in Europe, including the latest recommended American lineage vaccine prototype A/eq/SouthAfrica/4/2003. In contrast, the Italian 1999 isolate was clustered within the European lineage. In Italy, the most recent outbreaks of EI have been caused by the currently circulating American-like strains, even in vaccinated populations, confirming that vaccines should contain an updated representative strain of this lineage. Presently, companies are still in the process of registering updated vaccines but no product is yet available on the market.
authors: National Reference Centre for Equine Diseases-Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Damiani
authors: M T
authors: MT
authors: Scicluna
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Ciabatti
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Cardeti
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Sala
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Vulcano
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Cordioli
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Martella
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Amaddeo
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Autorino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D006734:Horse Diseases; D006736:Horses; D053123:Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D012367:RNA, Viral