title: Identifying a risk profile for thyroid cancer.
abstract: The large use of simple and effective diagnostic tools has significantly contributed to the increase in diagnosis of thyroid cancer over the past years. However, there is compelling evidence that most micropapillary carcinomas have an indolent behavior and may never evolve into clinical cancers. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new tools able to predict which thyroid cancers will remain silent, and which thyroid cancers will present an aggressive behavior. There are a number of well-established clinical predictors of malignancy and recent studies have suggested that some of the patients laboratory data and image methods may be useful. Molecular markers have also been increasingly tested and some of them appear to be very promising, such as BRAF, a few GST genes and p53 polymorphisms. In addition, modern tools, such as immunocytochemical markers, and the measure of the fractal nature of chromatin organization may increase the specificity of the pathological diagnosis of malignancy and help ascertain the prognosis. Guidelines designed to select nodules for further evaluation, as well as new methods aimed at distinguishing carcinomas of higher aggressiveness among the usually indolent thyroid tumors are an utmost necessity.
authors: Molecular Genetics of Cancer Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Head and Neck Surgery, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil. ward@unicamp.br
authors: Laura Sterian
authors: LS
authors: Ward
authors: Elaine Cristina
authors: EC
authors: Morari
authors: Janaina Luisa
authors: JL
authors: Leite
authors: Natassia Elena
authors: NE
authors: Bufalo
authors: Ana Carolina Trindade
authors: AC
authors: Guilhen
authors: Priscilla Pereira C de
authors: PP
authors: Araujo
authors: Alfio J
authors: AJ
authors: Tincani
authors: Ligia V M
authors: LV
authors: Assumpção
authors: Patricia Sabino
authors: PS
authors: Matos
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D018396:Mucin-1; D009077:Mucins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C520326:MUC-1 protein, human (950-958); D018396:Mucin-1; D009077:Mucins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D013972:Thyrotropin; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf