title: Cortical connectivity after subcortical stroke assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at identifying the impact of subcortical stroke on the interaction of cortical motor areas within and across hemispheres during the generation of voluntary hand movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve subacute stroke patients with a subcortical ischemic lesion and 12 age-matched control subjects were scanned using 3-Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects performed visually paced hand movements with their left, right, or both hands. Changes of effective connectivity among a bilateral network of core motor regions comprising M1, lateral premotor cortex, and the supplementary motor area (SMA) were assessed using dynamic causal modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data showed significant disturbances in the effective connectivity of motor areas in the patients group: Independently from hand movements, the intrinsic neural coupling between ipsilesional SMA and M1, and the interhemispheric coupling of both SMAs was significantly reduced. Furthermore, movements of the stroke-affected hand showed additional inhibitory influences from contralesional to ipsilesional M1 that correlated with the degree of motor impairment. For bimanual movements, interhemispheric communication between ipsilesional SMA and contralesional M1 was significantly reduced, which also correlated with impaired bimanual performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The motor deficit of patients with a single subcortical lesion is associated with pathological interhemispheric interactions among key motor areas. The data suggest that a dysfunction between ipsilesional and contralesional M1, and between ipsilesional SMA and contralesional M1 underlies hand motor disability after stroke. Assessing effective connectivity by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic causal modeling might be used in the future for the evaluation of interventions promoting recovery of function.
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. christian.grefkes@uk-koeln.de
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Grefkes
authors: Dennis A
authors: DA
authors: Nowak
authors: Simon B
authors: SB
authors: Eickhoff
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Dafotakis
authors: Jutta
authors: J
authors: Küst
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Karbe
authors: Gereon R
authors: GR
authors: Fink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003337:Corpus Callosum / Q000503:physiopathology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*