title: Long-term outcome in children with chronic hepatitis B: a 24-year observation period.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic hepatitis B seems to manifest as mild disease in children and young adults. However, data regarding the long-term course of hepatitis B in untreated and interferon-treated children are still scarce. This study investigates the long-term outcome of disease in a large series of untreated and treated children with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, biochemical, virological, and histological features were evaluated in children (age range, 2-18 years) with chronic HBV infection who did not have concomitant chronic systemic diseases other than HBV infection and who were admitted to the liver unit in the Department of Pediatrics at University "Frederico II" (Naples, Italy) during the period 1981-2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eight consecutive patients observed for up to 24 years were studied. During the observation period, 67 children remained untreated, and 41 were treated with interferon-alpha. After a median period of observation of 12.1 years (range, 5-23 years), hepatitis B early antigen loss and serum HBV DNA clearance occurred in 43 untreated patients (69.3%) who were hepatitis B early antigen positive at study entry and in 33 treated children (80%; the P value is not statistically significant). In addition, 6 untreated patients (9.7%) and 4 treated patients (9.7%) became anti-HBs [corrected] positive at the end of the follow-up period. Histological assessment, evaluated for 57 children, showed mild-to-moderate disease in 91.2% of cases of HBV infection. No patient developed end-stage liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with chronic HBV infection are symptom free, with morphologically mild liver disease. Considering that the overall long-term outcomes did not differ between treated and untreated patients, the real impact of therapy on the long-term course of HBV infection remains to be established. Additional studies are needed to confirm our conclusions.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Naples, Italy. riorio@unina.it
authors: Raffaele
authors: R
authors: Iorio
authors: Antonietta
authors: A
authors: Giannattasio
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Cirillo
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: D' Alessandro
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Vegnente
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens / Q000097:blood; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007558:Italy; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014766:Viremia
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens; D016898:Interferon-alpha