title: Transcriptional program induced by Wnt protein in human fibroblasts suggests mechanisms for cell cooperativity in defining tissue microenvironments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Wnt signaling system plays key roles in development, regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, cell polarity, morphogenesis and cancer. Given the multifaceted roles of Wnt signaling in these processes, its transcriptional effects on the stromal cells that make up the scaffold and infrastructure of epithelial tissues are of great interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To begin to investigate these effects, we used DNA microarrays to identify transcriptional targets of the Wnt pathway in human lung fibroblasts. Cells were treated with active Wnt3a protein in culture, and RNA was harvested at 4 hours and 24 hours. Nuclear accumulation of ss-Catenin, as shown by immunofluorescence, and induction of AXIN2 demonstrate that fibroblasts are programmed to respond to extracellular Wnt signals. In addition to several known Wnt targets, we found many new Wnt induced genes, including many transcripts encoding regulatory proteins. Transcription factors with important developmental roles, including HOX genes, dominated the early transcriptional response. Furthermore, we found differential expression of several genes that play direct roles in the Wnt signaling pathway, as well as genes involved in other cell signaling pathways including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. The gene most highly induced by Wnt3a was GREMLIN2, which encodes a secreted BMP antagonist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated expression of GREMLIN2 suggests a new role for Wnt signals in the maintenance of stem cell niches, whereby Wnt signals induce nearby fibroblasts to produce a BMP antagonist, inhibiting differentiation and promoting expansion of stem cells in their microenvironment. We suggest that Wnt-induced changes in the gene expression program of local stromal cells may play an important role in the establishment of specialized niches hospitable to the self-renewal of normal or malignant epithelial stem cells in vivo.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. zklapholzbrown@umail.ucsb.edu
authors: Zach
authors: Z
authors: Klapholz-Brown
authors: Graham G
authors: GG
authors: Walmsley
authors: Ysbrand M
authors: YM
authors: Nusse
authors: Roel
authors: R
authors: Nusse
authors: Patrick O
authors: PO
authors: Brown
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D038681:Follistatin / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060508:Wnt3 Protein; D060509:Wnt3A Protein; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D038681:Follistatin; C093252:HOXB6 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C555510:WNT3A protein, human; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D060508:Wnt3 Protein; D060509:Wnt3A Protein; D051176:beta Catenin