title: The dynamics of bacteria in the middle ear during the course of acute otitis media with tympanostomy tube otorrhea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dynamics of bacteria during acute otitis media (AOM) has not been thoroughly studied because it requires repeated tympanocentesis. AOM with tympanostomy tube otorrhea provides a unique opportunity to study the appearance and disappearance of pathogens during the course of the disease without stressing the child.
  
  
  METHODS
  Middle ear fluid (MEF) samples were taken before treatment (amoxicillin clavulanate or placebo) and then daily during follow-up from 75 children having AOM with otorrhea through a tympanostomy tube. Bacteria were identified by culture, and typical AOM pathogens also by polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacteria were initially shown in 67 (89%) children. New bacteria appeared in MEF more often in placebo than in amoxicillin clavulanate recipients [9 of 38 (24%) versus 2 of 37 (5%); P = 0.032]. During the follow-up, new occurrences of Moraxella catarrhalis were detected in MEF more frequently than those of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae. Of the 28 patients with bilateral otorrhea, 11 (39%) had disparate bacteria at study entry and/or during the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in bacterial findings during the course of AOM are common in patients not receiving treatment, and even possible despite adequate treatment. In bilateral otorrhea, disparate bacterial findings are common.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. aino.ruohola@utu.fi
authors: Aino
authors: A
authors: Ruohola
authors: Olli
authors: O
authors: Meurman
authors: Simo
authors: S
authors: Nikkari
authors: Tuukka
authors: T
authors: Skottman
authors: Terho
authors: T
authors: Heikkinen
authors: Olli
authors: O
authors: Ruuskanen
mesh_terms: D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D010919:Placebos / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010919:Placebos; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination