title: Enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme 2 regulates the insulin/Akt signalling pathway by blockade of macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is now known to be a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with insulin resistance. Our aim was to investigate whether angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) could modulate the expression of MIF and the insulin/Akt-endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) signalling in a human endothelial cell line (EAhy926).
  
  
  METHODS
  A recombinant plasmid encompassing human ACE2 gene was constructed and transfected into the EAhy926 cells. The mRNA, phosphorylation and protein levels of p22phox, MIF, Akt and eNOS in endothelial cells were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene transfer of ACE2 suppressed the expression of p22phox and MIF induced by angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang IV, accompanied by a decreased level of malondialdehyde in cells. In addition, Ang II diminished insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt (at Ser(473)) and eNOS (at Ser(1177)) and NO generation, effects which were reversed by ACE2 gene transfer and anti-MIF treatment in endothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results reveal that gene transfer of ACE2 regulated Ang II-mediated impairment of insulin signalling and involved the Akt-eNOS phosphorylation pathway. These beneficial effects of ACE2 overexpression appear to result mainly from blocking MIF expression in endothelial cells, suggesting that the ACE2 gene may be a novel therapeutic target for diseases related to inflammation and insulin resistance.
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. jiuchangzhong@yahoo.com.cn [corrected]
authors: J-C
authors: JC
authors: Zhong
authors: X-Y
authors: XY
authors: Yu
authors: Q-X
authors: QX
authors: Lin
authors: X-H
authors: XH
authors: Li
authors: X-Z
authors: XZ
authors: Huang
authors: D-Z
authors: DZ
authors: Xiao
authors: S-G
authors: SG
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000032:analysis; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000804:Angiotensin II; C012877:angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C086986:CYBA protein, human; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; C000705307:ACE2 protein, human; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2