Demographic, clinical, and quality of life variables related to embarrassment in veterans living with an intestinal stoma.
OBJECTIVE
The study aims were to identify demographic, clinical, and quality of life variables related to embarrassment for people living with ostomies and to determine the experiences and/or feelings of veterans who were embarrassed by their ostomy.


METHODS
This was a cross-sectional, correlational study.


METHODS
A convenience sample of veterans (n = 239) living with ostomies from 3 VA medical centers was studied. The veterans were primarily Caucasian (84%), male (92%), and older (M = 69).


METHODS
The modified City of Hope Quality of Life-Ostomy questionnaire was used. Additionally, an open-ended question related to living with an ostomy was asked.


METHODS
The questionnaire packets were mailed to participants and self-administered.


RESULTS
Approximately half of the participants (48%) rated their embarrassment as low, but 26% reported high embarrassment. Participants with high embarrassment were compared to those with low embarrassment on demographic, clinical, and quality of life variables. High embarrassment was associated with poorer total quality of life (P < .001) and poorer quality of life on the physical (P < .001), psychological (P < .001), social (P < .001), and spiritual (P < .001) subscales. Younger (P < .001) and unpartnered veterans (P < .001) were more likely to be highly embarrassed. Veterans with high embarrassment had higher anxiety (P < .001) and depression (P < .001), more difficulty with intimacy (P < .001), and felt more isolated (P < .001). Spiritual domain variables like hopefulness were associated with low embarrassment (P < .001). Sources of embarrassment included leakage, odor, and noise.


CONCLUSIONS
Embarrassment may negatively impact a person's quality of life; therefore, the variables associated with high embarrassment should be recognized and addressed.
Mitchell
Kimberly A
KA
School of Nursing, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. kamitch@insightbb.com
Rawl
Susan M
SM
Schmidt
C Max
CM
Grant
Marcia
M
Ko
Clifford Y
CY
Baldwin
Carol M
CM
Wendel
Christopher
C
Krouse
Robert S
RS
D000368:Aged; D001290:Attitude; D003710:Demography; D004766:Enterostomy / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012919:Social Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D029181:Spirituality; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans