title: Enterobacter colonisation in newborn infants: predictors, follow-up and implications for infection control.
abstract: Outbreaks with Enterobacter spp. have been described frequently in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This study investigated the factors that determine whether a neonate becomes colonised with Enterobacter spp., how long colonisation continues and whether the termination of isolation measures leads to spread of the organism. Neonates transferred from the NICUs of tertiary care hospitals were screened for the presence of Enterobacter spp. and any potential predictors for colonisation recorded. Those infected were monitored during their hospital stay and colonised neonates were screened every month for six months. Isolation infection control precautions were lifted and all neonates were screened for the presence of Enterobacter spp. six and 12 months later. Fifteen colonised neonates and 33 non-colonised controls were identified for study. Multivariate analysis showed that antibiotic therapy for more than three days and an Apgar score of <8 after 1 min were independently associated with Enterobacter spp. colonisation. Molecular typing using single-enzyme amplified-fragment length polymorphism (seAFLP) analysis revealed 22 different seAFLP genotypes. Three infants remained colonised with the same Enterobacter genotype after discharge; however, most neonates lost their strain or became colonised with another genotype. Lifting infection control measures for neonates colonised with Enterobacter spp. in a neonatal ward did not lead to increased incidence of colonisation and none of the infants became infected. Isolating neonates with susceptible Enterobacter spp. was not found to be necessary.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: van Rossem
authors: W J
authors: WJ
authors: de Waal
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: van Hannen
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Verboon-Maciolek
authors: H
authors: H
authors: van Wieringen
authors: D A M
authors: DA
authors: Van de Vijver
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: van Dyk
authors: S F
authors: SF
authors: Thijsen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001034:Apgar Score; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004754:Enterobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology / Q000379:methods; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010356:Patient Isolation; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial