title: Urodele p53 tolerates amino acid changes found in p53 variants linked to human cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urodele amphibians like the axolotl are unique among vertebrates in their ability to regenerate and their resistance to develop cancers. It is unknown whether these traits are linked at the molecular level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blocking p53 signaling in axolotls using the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-alpha, inhibited limb regeneration and the expression of p53 target genes such as Mdm2 and Gadd45, suggesting a link between tumor suppression and regeneration. To understand this relationship we cloned the p53 gene from axolotl. When comparing its sequence with p53 from other organisms, and more specifically human we observed multiple amino acids changes found in human tumors. Phylogenetic analysis of p53 protein sequences from various species is in general agreement with standard vertebrate phylogeny; however, both mice-like rodents and teleost fishes are fast evolving. This leads to long branch attraction resulting in an artefactual basal emergence of these groups in the phylogenetic tree. It is tempting to assume a correlation between certain life style traits (e.g. lifespan) and the evolutionary rate of the corresponding p53 sequences. Functional assays of the axolotl p53 in human or axolotl cells using p53 promoter reporters demonstrated a temperature sensitivity (ts), which was further confirmed by performing colony assays at 37 degrees C. In addition, axolotl p53 was capable of efficient transactivation at the Hmd2 promoter but has moderate activity at the p21 promoter. Endogenous axolotl p53 was activated following UV irradiation (100 j/m2) or treatment with an alkylating agent as measured using serine 15 phosphorylation and the expression of the endogenous p53 target Gadd45.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urodele p53 may play a role in regeneration and has evolved to contain multiple amino acid changes predicted to render the human protein defective in tumor suppression. Some of these mutations were probably selected to maintain p53 activity at low temperature. However, other significant changes in the axolotl proteins may play more subtle roles on p53 functions, including DNA binding and promoter specificity and could represent useful adaptations to ensure p53 activity and tumor suppression in animals able to regenerate or subject to large variations in oxygen levels or temperature.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada. eric.villiard@umontreal.ca
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Villiard
authors: Henner
authors: H
authors: Brinkmann
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Moiseeva
authors: Frédérick A
authors: FA
authors: Mallette
authors: Gerardo
authors: G
authors: Ferbeyre
authors: Stéphane
authors: S
authors: Roy
mesh_terms: D000557:Ambystoma / Q000235:genetics*; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004249:DNA Damage; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018274:Electroporation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D016158:Genes, p53; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008156:Luciferases; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D046308:Spalax / Q000235:genetics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D008156:Luciferases