title: Four primordial immunoglobulin light chain isotypes, including lambda and kappa, identified in the most primitive living jawed vertebrates.
abstract: The discovery of a fourth immunoglobulin (Ig) light (L) chain isotype in sharks has revealed the origins and natural history of all vertebrate L chains. Phylogenetic comparisons have established orthology between this new shark L chain and the unique Xenopus L chain isotype sigma. More importantly, inclusion of this new L chain family in phylogenetic analyses showed that all vertebrate L chains can be categorized into four ancestral clans originating prior to the emergence of cartilaginous fish: one restricted to elasmobranchs (sigma-cart/type I), one found in all cold-blooded vertebrates (sigma/teleost type 2/elasmobranch type IV), one in all groups except bony fish (lambda/elasmobranch type II), and one in all groups except birds (kappa/elasmobranch type III/teleost type 1 and 3). All four of these primordial L chain isotypes (sigma, sigma-cart, lambda and kappa) have maintained separate V region identities since their emergence at least 450 million years ago, suggestive of an ancient physiological distinction of the L chains. We suggest that, based upon unique, discrete sizes of complementarity determining regions 1 and 2 and other features of the V region sequences, the different L chain isotypes arose to provide different functional conformations in the Ig binding site when they pair with heavy chains.
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors: Michael F
authors: MF
authors: Criscitiello
authors: Martin F
authors: MF
authors: Flajnik
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D004284:Dogfish; D007059:Ictaluridae; D007132:Immunoglobulin Isotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D007145:Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D007146:Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012754:Sharks / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012860:Skates, Fish; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D007132:Immunoglobulin Isotypes; D007145:Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; D007146:Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains