title: Prevention of neuronal damage by calcium channel blockers with antioxidative effects after transient focal ischemia in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral ischemia is a major leading cause of death and at the first place cause of disability all over the world. There are a lot of drugs that are in experimental stage for treatment of stroke. Among them are calcium channel blockers (CCBs) that have, in animal models, different effectiveness in healing of ischemic damage in brain. Mechanism of CCBs' action in cerebral ischemia is still unclear, but antioxidative property is supposed to be implicated. In the present study, we investigated antioxidative and neuroprotective properties of two CCBs, azelnidipine and amlodipine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar Kyoto rats were subjected to 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by a nylon thread. Animals were divided into 3 groups, vehicle, azelnidipine and amlodipine group. In the azelnidipine and amlodipine groups, rats were treated with azelnidipine (1 mg/kg) and amlodipine (1 mg/kg) by gastric gavage for 2 weeks before MCAO. Vehicle group was treated by solution of methyl cellulose for 2 weeks. Rats were killed 24 h after MCAO. Physiological parameters (mean arterial pressure, heart rate, body weight), infarct volume, brain edema index, cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxidative stress markers which are HEL, 4-HNE, AGE and 8-OHdG, and evidence of apoptosis by TUNEL, were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences among groups in mean arterial pressure, heart rate and body weight. Treatment with azelnidipine and amlodipine reduced infarct volume and brain edema. Azelnidipine treated group showed more marked reduction of infarct volume and cerebral edema than amlodipine group. There was no attenuation of CBF in CCBs groups. The number of HEL, 4-HNE, AGE and 8-OHdG positive cells were significantly decreased in the CCBs treated groups. These molecules were again fewer in the azelnidipine group than in the amlodipine group. In TUNEL staining, the numbers of positive cells was smaller in the CCBs treated groups, especially in the azelnidipine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment of azelnidipine and amlodipine had a neuroprotective effect in ischemic brain. Antioxidative property is one of the important profiles of CCBs that is implicated in brain protection.
authors: Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Violeta
authors: V
authors: Lukic-Panin
authors: Tatsushi
authors: T
authors: Kamiya
authors: Hanzhe
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Hayashi
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Tsuchiya
authors: Yoshihide
authors: Y
authors: Sehara
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Deguchi
authors: Toru
authors: T
authors: Yamashita
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Abe
mesh_terms: D017311:Amlodipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001383:Azetidinecarboxylic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004095:Dihydropyridines; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017311:Amlodipine; D001383:Azetidinecarboxylic Acid; C061679:azelnidipine