title: Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling contributes to hippocampal neuronal death following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the induction of innate immune responses which have been implicated in neuronal death induced by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (GCI/R). The present study investigated the role and mechanisms-of-action of TLR4 signaling in ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal death. Neuronal damage, activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampal formation (HF) were assessed in wild type (WT) mice and TLR4 knockout (TLR4(-/-)) mice after GCI/R. GCI/R increased expression of TLR4 protein in the hippocampal formation (HF) and other brain structures in WT mice. Phosphorylation of the inhibitor of kappa B (p-IkappaB) as well as activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) increased in the HF of WT mice. In contrast, there were lower levels of p-IkappaB and NFkappaB binding activity in TLR4(-/-) mice subjected to GCI/R. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was also decreased, while phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta were increased in the HF of TLR4(-/-) mice after GCI/R. These changes correlated with decreased neuronal death/apoptosis in TLR4(-/-) mice following GCI/R. These data suggest that activation of TLR4 signaling contributes to ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal death. In addition, these data suggest that modulation of TLR4 signaling may attenuate ischemic injury in hippocampal neurons.
authors: Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Hua
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Ma
authors: Tuanzhu
authors: T
authors: Ha
authors: Yeling
authors: Y
authors: Xia
authors: Jim
authors: J
authors: Kelley
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Williams
authors: Race L
authors: RL
authors: Kao
authors: I William
authors: IW
authors: Browder
authors: John B
authors: JB
authors: Schweitzer
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Kalbfleisch
authors: Chuanfu
authors: C
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3