title: Abnormal urethra formation in mouse models of split-hand/split-foot malformation type 1 and type 4.
abstract: Urogenital birth defects are one of the common phenotypes observed in hereditary human disorders. In particular, limb malformations are often associated with urogenital developmental abnormalities, as the case for Hand-foot-genital syndrome displaying similar hypoplasia/agenesis of limbs and external genitalia. Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM) is a syndromic limb disorder affecting the central rays of the autopod with median clefts of the hands and feet, missing central fingers and often fusion of the remaining ones. SHFM type 1 (SHFM1) is linked to genomic deletions or rearrangements, which includes the distal-less-related homeogenes DLX5 and DLX6 as well as DSS1. SHFM type 4 (SHFM4) is associated with mutations in p63, which encodes a p53-related transcription factor. To understand that SHFM is associated with urogenital birth defects, we performed gene expression analysis and gene knockout mouse model analyses. We show here that Dlx5, Dlx6, p63 and Bmp7, one of the p63 downstream candidate genes, are all expressed in the developing urethral plate (UP) and that targeted inactivation of these genes in the mouse results in UP defects leading to abnormal urethra formation. These results suggested that different set of transcription factors and growth factor genes play similar developmental functions during embryonic urethra formation. Human SHFM syndromes display multiple phenotypes with variations in addition to split hand foot limb phenotype. These results suggest that different genes associated with human SHFM could also be involved in the aetiogenesis of hypospadias pointing toward a common molecular origin of these congenital malformations.
authors: Center for Animal Resources and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Suzuki
authors: Ryuma
authors: R
authors: Haraguchi
authors: Tsutomu
authors: T
authors: Ogata
authors: Ottavia
authors: O
authors: Barbieri
authors: Olinda
authors: O
authors: Alegria
authors: Maxence
authors: M
authors: Vieux-Rochas
authors: Naomi
authors: N
authors: Nakagata
authors: Masataka
authors: M
authors: Ito
authors: Alea A
authors: AA
authors: Mills
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Kurita
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Levi
authors: Gen
authors: G
authors: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005532:Foot Deformities, Congenital / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005835:Genitalia / Q000196:embryology; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000145:classification / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D013577:Syndrome; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: C525819:BMP7 protein, human; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C501120:Dlx5 protein, mouse; C100597:Dlx6 protein, mouse; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C486419:Trp63 protein, mouse