title: Reversible thermosensitive glue for retinal implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine in vitro effects of a plasma polymerized N-isopropyl acrylamide (pNIPAM) coating for thermally controllable adhesion to retinal tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polyimide (50 microm), parylene C [poly(monochloro-p-xylylene)] (20 microm), and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) (200 microm) coated with pNIPAM were used as implant materials to test retinal adhesion in enucleated pig eyes. Following preparation of the implant materials (n = 5) and retina, the authors held the implants over the retinal tissue at 22 degrees C and gradually increased the temperature of the water bath within 15 minutes. While increasing the temperature the authors monitored the adhesion with the retina and pNIPAM coated implant. The authors measured the adhesive force by a traction test using a suture attached to the implant and a strain gauge. Then the authors checked the reversibility of the adhesion by lowering the temperature of the water bath.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no retinal adhesion at room temperature (22 degrees C). The adhesion developed strongly within 60 seconds after reaching the critical temperature (>or=32 degrees C). This adhesion was persistent when the authors applied tractional forces of 98 mN and 148 mN between 32 and 38 degrees C. When the authors lowered the temperature back to 22 degrees C by irrigation with cold BSS, the implants detached from the retinal surface without using any tractional force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  pNIPAM provides effective in vitro retinal adhesion between 32 and 38 degrees C and this adhesion is completely reversible by lowering the temperature of the physiologic medium.
authors: Doheny Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA. mtunc@isbank.net.tr
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Tunc
authors: Xuanhong
authors: X
authors: Cheng
authors: Buddy D
authors: BD
authors: Ratner
authors: Ellis
authors: E
authors: Meng
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Humayun
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000268:Adhesiveness; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D006358:Hot Temperature; D011108:Polymers; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D012828:Silicones; D013552:Swine; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D014992:Xylenes
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D011108:Polymers; D019279:Resin Cements; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D012828:Silicones; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D014992:Xylenes; C095998:Adhesive cement; C052970:poly-N-isopropylacrylamide; C011055:parylene; C029945:polyimide resin; C013830:baysilon