title: Smoking too few cigarettes to be at risk? Smokers' perceptions of risk and risk denial, a French survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Past studies on smokers' risk perception have produced mixed results. We endorsed a new approach to assess smokers' perceptions of risk by asking them to estimate threshold values for the cancer risk associated with daily consumption of tobacco and number of smoking years. We expected that many smokers would endorse a "risk denial" attitude, with threshold estimates higher than their own smoking consumption and duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A French national telephone survey (n = 3820; 979 current smokers) included several questions about smoking behaviours and related beliefs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among current smokers, 44% considered that smoking can cause cancer only for a daily consumption higher than their own consumption, and an additional 20% considered that the cancer risk becomes high only for a smoking duration higher than their own. Most smokers also agreed with other "risk denial" statements ("smoking is not more dangerous than air pollution," "some people smoke their whole life but never get sick"). Those who considered they smoked too few cigarettes to be at risk were less likely to report personal fear of smoking related cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk denial is quite widespread among smokers and does not simply reflect a lack of information about health risks related to tobacco. Fully informing smokers about their risks may necessitate changing the way they process information to produce beliefs and limiting their capacity to generate self exempting beliefs.
authors: INSERM, Unit 379, Social Sciences Applied to Medical Innovation, Marseilles, France. peretti@marseille.inserm.fr
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Peretti-Watel
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Constance
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Guilbert
authors: Arnaud
authors: A
authors: Gautier
authors: François
authors: F
authors: Beck
authors: Jean-Paul
authors: JP
authors: Moatti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003717:Denial, Psychological; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors