title: Imaging features of pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma-associated immune reconstitution syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze the radiologic features of pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma-associated immune reconstitution syndrome. The syndrome is a phenomenon characterized by clinical deterioration of the condition of HIV-positive patients after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included four patients at our institution who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma-associated immune reconstitution syndrome from 2001 to 2006. All patients were men (mean age, 43 years; range, 31-59 years). Images reviewed included chest radiographs obtained before highly active antiretroviral therapy, radiographs and chest CT scans obtained at appearance of the symptoms of Kaposi sarcoma-associated immune reconstitution syndrome, and follow-up radiographs and chest CT scans during immune reconstitution syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The radiographic findings of Kaposi sarcoma-associated immune reconstitution syndrome included reticular and reticulonodular opacities (n = 4), areas of consolidation (n = 3), septal lines (n = 3), and pleural effusion (n = 3). The CT findings in all four patients were ill-defined pulmonary nodules and interlobular septal thickening. Three of the patients had a CT halo sign, areas of consolidation, ground-glass opacities, lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion. The areas of consolidation in three subjects who did not receive chemotherapy increased markedly after 14-20 days. CT performed during the initial symptoms of immune reconstitution syndrome in these three subjects showed less than 5% parenchymal involvement. Follow-up CT showed 26-50% involvement in two patients and more than 50% involvement in one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The radiologic findings of pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma-associated immune reconstitution syndrome are similar to the findings described in patients with Kaposi sarcoma without the syndrome, but the extent of abnormalities tends to increase with the development of the syndrome.
authors: Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. migbarco@gmail.com
authors: Myrna C B
authors: MC
authors: Godoy
authors: Hannah
authors: H
authors: Rouse
authors: Jacqueline A
authors: JA
authors: Brown
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Phillips
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Forrest
authors: Nestor L
authors: NL
authors: Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D013577:Syndrome; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods