title: Projection of exposure and efficacious dose prior to first-in-human studies: how successful have we been?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preclinical and clinical data for 35 proprietary Bristol-Myers Squibb discovery compounds (years 1997 to 2005) were collected and analyzed. In each case, exposure and efficacy in human subjects were projected at the time of nomination (for development) prior to first-in-human dosing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Projections of area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) in humans involved the use of one or more methods: (1) allometric scaling of animal pharmacokinetic data; (2) clearance projection employing in vitro data (liver microsomes and hepatocytes); (3) chimpanzee as an animal model; (4) the species-invariant time method; and (5) the Css-mean residence time or "Css-MRT" method. Whenever possible, prior clinical experience with lead compounds enabled the selection of the most appropriate method(s). Multiple approaches were also available at the time of the human efficacious dose projections: (1) efficacious exposure from animal efficacy models; (2) in vitro potency; and (3) prior experience with clinical leads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 8 year period described, AUC in humans was projected within 2-fold (20 out of 35 compounds; 57%), greater than 2-fold to 4-fold (11 out of 35 compounds; 32%), and greater than 4-fold (4 out of 35 compounds; 11%) of the observed value. At the time of writing, clinical efficacy data were available for 10 compounds only. In this instance, the efficacious doses were also projected within 2-fold (7 out of 10 compounds; 70%), greater than 2-fold to 4-fold (2 out of 10 compounds; 20%), and greater than 4-fold (1 out of 10 compounds; 10%) of the actual clinical dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, it was possible to project human exposure and efficacious dose within 4-fold of observed clinical values for about 90% of the compounds.
authors: Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., PO Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA. christine.huang@bms.com
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Huang
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Zheng
authors: Zheng
authors: Z
authors: Yang
authors: A David
authors: AD
authors: Rodrigues
authors: Punit
authors: P
authors: Marathe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D013045:Species Specificity