title: Role of the pharmacist in the effective management of wearing-off in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of the practicing pharmacist in the identification and current treatment of the levodopa wearing-off phenomenon experienced by patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who are receiving chronic levodopa therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1967-June 2007) using the terms levodopa, wearing-off, and Parkinson's disease. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  All articles that were identified from the data sources and written in English were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levodopa is the most efficacious therapeutic agent in PD; however, the response of patients to levodopa changes over time. Eventually, the duration of response becomes shorter and more unpredictable, and complications emerge. One of the first complications observed with levodopa therapy is wearing-off, which can emerge within 1-3 years of initiation of levodopa treatment. Wearing-off is characterized by the predictable emergence of motor and nonmotor PD symptoms before the next scheduled dose of medication. Despite effective treatment options to tackle wearing-off, it remains underrecognized and under treated. With early identification and optimization of treatment, wearing-off can be managed effectively, resulting in improved quality of life for patients with PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Owing to their training and accessibility, pharmacists play an increasingly important role in the management of patients with PD. Pharmacists are uniquely placed to identify wearing-off, offer timely advice, and facilitate the optimization of treatment regimens to improve patients' quality of life and enhance long-term outcomes.
authors: Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy. wsimonsonpharmd@aol.com
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Simonson
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Hauser
authors: Anthony H V
authors: AH
authors: Schapira
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002230:Carbidopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002396:Catechols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009570:Nitriles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D002396:Catechols; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles; D007980:Levodopa; C071192:entacapone; D002230:Carbidopa