title: GPR30 estrogen receptor expression in the growth plate declines as puberty progresses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to study whether GPR30 is expressed in the epiphyseal growth plate and its potential role as a modulator of pubertal growth.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Estrogens play a crucial role in the regulation of skeletal maturation and longitudinal bone growth. We have previously shown that both estrogen receptors (ERs) alpha and beta are expressed in the human epiphyseal growth plate. Recently, a membrane-bound ER referred to as GPR30 was discovered, but the role played by this receptor in the regulation of longitudinal bone growth is not yet known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsies were collected from the tibial growth plates of 14 boys and seven girls that underwent epiphyseal surgery to arrest longitudinal bone growth. The patients were in different stages of puberty and suffered from inequality in leg length or extreme tall stature. Paraffin-embedded sections of the growth plates were used to detect expression of the GPR30 protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest level of GPR30 expression was observed in hypertrophic chondrocytes, although cells with positive immunostaining were also detected in the resting zone. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was found in the proliferative zone. During pubertal progression there was a clear decline in the level of GPR30 expression in both boys and girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel ER GPR30 is expressed in the human growth plate, and the level of expression declines during pubertal progression. Although a relationship between GPR30 expression and age may underlie the observed pubertal decline in the GPR30 level, our observations suggest that this receptor could be involved in the modulation of longitudinal bone growth during puberty.
authors: Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. Andrei.Chagin@ki.se
authors: Andrei S
authors: AS
authors: Chagin
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Sävendahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002648:Child; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000473:pathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; C109584:GPER1 protein, human; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled