title: Gastrointestinal medications in pregnancy.
abstract: Management of the pregnant patient presents unique challenges to the treating physician. Current Food and Drug Administration classifications do not necessarily reflect clinical experience or recent literature. Ideally, one should use the lowest-risk drug possible, with attention to the appropriate level of efficacy for the patient's condition, the stage of pregnancy and dose adjustment. Every treatment decision should be fully discussed with the patient and a multidisciplinary team that should include the obstetrician and, if appropriate, the paediatrician. This review will cover the medications commonly used to treat gastrointestinal disease. The majority of medications can be categorised as 'low risk' or 'should be avoided'. The following medications should never be used during pregnancy due to the clear risk of teratogenicity or adverse events: bismuth, castor oil, sodium bicarbonate, methotrexate, ribavirin, doxycycline, tetracycline, and thalidomide.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, UCSF Center for Colitis and Crohn's Disease, 2330 Post Street #610, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA. uma.mahadevan@ucsf.edu
authors: Uma
authors: U
authors: Mahadevan
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000932:Antiemetics; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors