Comparison of densitometric and radiographic vertebral fracture assessment using the algorithm-based qualitative (ABQ) method in postmenopausal women at low and high risk of fracture.
Using ABQ diagnosis, the sensitivity to detect VF of densitometric versus radiographic assessment in 755 postmenopausal women was 71-81% and specificity was 97%. Misdiagnosis was influenced by image quality and was more common for mild deformities.


BACKGROUND
Using densitometric vertebral fracture assessment (VFA), prevalent fractures are identified when vertebral height appears reduced by >or=20%. However, this approach does not discriminate between osteoporotic vertebral fracture (VF) and nonosteoporotic deformity, which increases the false-positive rate. Algorithm-based qualitative diagnosis (ABQ) focuses on vertebral endplate fracture to exclude these deformities but has not been applied in VFA. We wished to determine whether densitometric image quality is adequate for ABQ assessment. Our aims were to (1) calculate agreement between VFA and radiography using ABQ to identify prevalent VF and (2) identify the primary reasons for any discordant diagnosis.


METHODS
Radiographic and densitometric spine images for postmenopausal women at low risk (LR; n = 459) and high risk (HR; n = 298) of VF were assessed using ABQ. Agreement between imaging modalities for VF diagnosis was assessed by kappa statistics using ABQ radiographic readings as the gold standard.


RESULTS
The prevalence of VF was 11-29% (radiography) and 9-26% (VFA) in the LR and HR groups, respectively. Agreement between imaging modalities was good or very good (kappa = 0.62-0.81 in the LR and HR populations). The sensitivity to detect women with VF by VFA was 71% and 84% in the LR and HR populations, respectively, and specificity was 97%. Fifty-two (77%) and 60 (61%) of vertebrae misclassified by VFA in the LR and HR populations were mild fractures and 37 (54%) and 62 (63%) were wedge fractures. One third of fractures missed by VFA were related to poor or unreadable image quality (n = 27 and 28 vertebrae in the LR and HR populations, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
There was good agreement between VFA and radiography using ABQ to identify prevalent VF in women at LR or HR of osteoporotic VF. Vertebrae misclassified by VFA were primarily mild fractures or deformities, and two thirds of all fractures missed by VFA were related to poor or unreadable image quality.
Ferrar
Lynne
L
Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. L.Ferrar@sheffield.ac.uk
Jiang
Guirong
G
Clowes
Jackie A
JA
Peel
Nicola F
NF
Eastell
Richard
R
D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003720:Densitometry; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000150:complications; D017698:Postmenopause; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011859:Radiography; D012306:Risk; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging