title: Penile strangulation: two case reports and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Entrapment or strangulation of the penis is a rare emergency situation that can lead to a wide range of vascular and mechanical injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to present our experience dealing with penile strangulation. A review of the literature is also summarized in this report. Current treatment options and outcomes are also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a computerized MEDLINE search followed by a manual bibliographic review of cross-references. These reports were analyzed and the important findings summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Penile strangulation has been first time reported in 1755. Since that time, sporadic reports have appeared in the literature describing a variety of foreign bodies on the penis that have in common only the property of circularity. We noted motives, types of objects, types of strangulation, symptomatology, trauma grades, diagnoses, including psychological involvement, as well as possible treatment options. Furthermore, two cases of penile strangulation from our clinical practice are presented involving different degrees of vascular insult leading to different pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and surgical approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penile strangulation is an unusual clinical condition and the consequences can be severe. Penile strangulation could lead to different degrees of vascular obstruction. Consequently, several clinical syndromes can occur: from mild nonsignificant vascular obstruction that resolves after decompression to severe gangrene of the penis accompanied with impaired renal function. The most common motive associated with foreign bodies on the penis is sexual or erotic in nature. The choice of method for removal depends upon type, size, incarceration time, trauma grade, and availability of the equipment. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment are essential to avoid the potential complications of ischemic necrosis and autoamputation.
authors: University Clinical Centre Skopje--Department of Surgery, Clinic of Urology, Skopje, Macedonia. o_ivanovski@yahoo.com
authors: Ognen
authors: O
authors: Ivanovski
authors: Oliver
authors: O
authors: Stankov
authors: Marjan
authors: M
authors: Kuzmanoski
authors: Skender
authors: S
authors: Saidi
authors: Saso
authors: S
authors: Banev
authors: Vanja
authors: V
authors: Filipovski
authors: Ljupco
authors: L
authors: Lekovski
authors: Zivko
authors: Z
authors: Popov
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005734:Gangrene / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D010409:Penile Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010413:Penis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000150:complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome