title: Atopy and new-onset asthma in young Danish farmers and CD14, TLR2, and TLR4 genetic polymorphisms: a nested case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence exists that exposure to high levels of microbial agents such as endotoxin in the farm environment decreases the risk of atopic sensitization. Genetic variation in innate immunity genes may modulate the response to microbial agents and thus influence susceptibility to asthma and atopy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study potential associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD14, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 genes, and atopy and new-onset asthma in young farmers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-control study was conducted within a cohort of 1901 young Danish farmers. We genotyped 100 new-onset asthma cases and 88 control subjects for three CD14 SNPs, three TLR2 SNPs, and two TLR4 SNPs. Atopy at baseline (defined as a positive skin prick test to one or more common inhalant allergens) was found in 17 asthma cases (17.0%) and in 17 controls (19.3%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CD14/-260T allele was significantly associated with less atopy [odds ratio (OR) 0.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21-0.72, additive genetic model], whereas the CD14/-651T allele was positively associated with atopy (OR 2.53; 95% CI 1.33-4.80). Similar results were obtained by haplotype analysis. Stratified analysis by farm childhood showed stronger effects of both CD14 SNPs on atopy among farmers who were born and raised on a farm, although no significant interaction was found. No associations between CD14, TLR2, or TLR4 genotypes and new-onset asthma were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CD14/-260 and CD14/-651 promoter polymorphisms are associated with atopy prevalence among young adults exposed to farm environments.
authors: Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. L.Smit@iras.uu.nl
authors: L A M
authors: LA
authors: Smit
authors: S I M
authors: SI
authors: Bongers
authors: H J T
authors: HJ
authors: Ruven
authors: G T
authors: GT
authors: Rijkers
authors: I M
authors: IM
authors: Wouters
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Heederik
authors: Ø
authors: Ø
authors: Omland
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Sigsgaard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4