title: Retinol activates tyrosine hydroxylase acutely by increasing the phosphorylation of serine40 and then serine31 in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
abstract: Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the catecholamines. It has been reported that retinol (vitamin A) modulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity by increasing its expression through the activation of the nuclear retinoid receptors. In this study, we observed that retinol also leads to an acute activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells and this was shown to occur via two distinct non-genomic mechanisms. In the first mechanism, retinol induced an influx in extracellular calcium, activation of protein kinase C and serine40 phosphorylation, leading to tyrosine hydroxylase activation within 15 min. This effect then declined over time. The retinol-induced rise in intracellular calcium then led to a second slower mechanism; this involved an increase in reactive oxygen species, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and serine31 phosphorylation and the maintenance of tyrosine hydroxylase activation for up to 2 h. No effects were observed with retinoic acid. These results show that retinol activates tyrosine hydroxylase via two sequential non-genomic mechanisms, which have not previously been characterized. These mechanisms are likely to operate in vivo to facilitate the stress response, especially when vitamin supplements are taken or when retinol is used as a therapeutic agent.
authors: The School of Biomedical Science and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
authors: Daniel P
authors: DP
authors: Gelain
authors: Jose C F
authors: JC
authors: Moreira
authors: Lia R M
authors: LR
authors: Bevilaqua
authors: Phillip W
authors: PW
authors: Dickson
authors: Peter R
authors: PR
authors: Dunkley
mesh_terms: D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019439:Chromaffin Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014801:Vitamin A; D012694:Serine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D002118:Calcium