title: Psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment in a clinically referred sample of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This exploratory study aims to compare lifetime psychiatric axis-I-comorbidity and psychosocial functioning in a clinically referred sample of adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with a population-based healthy control group and to examine whether patients with ADHD and lifetime comorbid diagnoses differ from patients with pure ADHD in their functional impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy adult patients with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria and a gender- as well as age-matched population based control group underwent diagnostic evaluations with clinical interviews for ADHD, DSM-IV disorders and demographic information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of psychiatric lifetime comorbidity was 77.1% in patients with ADHD and thus exceeded the rate in the control group, which was 45.7%. Significantly more patients suffered from depressive episodes, substance related disorders and eating disorders. Compared to the control group adults with ADHD were significantly impaired in a variety of psychosocial functions (education, occupational training). Patients with ADHD and lifetime diagnosis of comorbid psychiatric disorders differed from patients with pure ADHD in their psychosocial functioning only in the percentage of unemployed individuals, which was higher in patients with psychiatric comorbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adults with ADHD suffer significantly more often from other psychiatric disorders than individuals of the population-based control group and are impaired in several areas of psychosocial functioning. Poor psychosocial outcome is primarily related to ADHD and not to additional psychiatric disorders. Due to the limited number of assessed patients these results need to be confirmed by studies with larger sample size.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health, J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany. esther.sobanski@zi-mannheim.de
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Sobanski
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Brüggemann
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Alm
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Kern
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Deschner
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Schubert
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Philipsen
authors: Marcella
authors: M
authors: Rietschel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011584:Psychology