title: Nodulation of Cyclopia spp. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) by Burkholderia tuberum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Species of the genus Burkholderia, from the Betaproteobacteria, have been isolated from legume nodules, but so far they have only been shown to form symbioses with species of Mimosa, sub-family Mimosoideae. This work investigates whether Burkholderia tuberum strains STM678 (isolated from Aspalathus carnosa) and DUS833 (from Aspalathus callosa) can nodulate species of the South African endemic papilionoid genera Cyclopia (tribe Podalyrieae) and Aspalathus (Crotalarieae) as well as the promiscuous legume Macroptilium atropurpureum (Phaseoleae).
  
  
  METHODS
  Bacterial strains and the phylogeny of their symbiosis-related (nod) genes were examined via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Seedlings were grown in liquid culture and inoculated with one of the two strains of B. tuberum or with Sinorhizobium strain NGR 234 (from Lablab purpureus), Mesorhizobium strain DUS835 (from Aspalathus linearis) or Methylobacterium nodulans (from Crotalaria podocarpa). Some nodules, inoculated with green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged strains, were examined by light and electron microscopy coupled with immunogold labelling with a Burkholderia-specific antibody. The presence of active nitrogenase was checked by immunolabelling of nitrogenase and by the acetylene reduction assay. B. tuberum STM678 was also tested on a wide range of legumes from all three sub-families.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nodules were not formed on any of the Aspalathus spp. Only B. tuberum nodulated Cyclopia falcata, C. galioides, C. genistoides, C. intermedia and C. pubescens. It also effectively nodulated M. atropurpureum but no other species tested. GFP-expressing inoculant strains were located inside infected cells of C. genistoides, and bacteroids in both Cyclopia spp. and M. atropurpureum were immunogold-labelled with antibodies against Burkholderia and nitrogenase. Nitrogenase activity was also shown using the acetylene reduction assay. This is the first demonstration that a beta-rhizobial strain can effectively nodulate papilioinoid legumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Papilionoid legumes from widely different tribes can be nodulated by beta-rhizobia, forming both indeterminate (Cyclopia) and determinate (Macroptilium) nodules.
authors: College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
authors: Geoffrey N
authors: GN
authors: Elliott
authors: Wen-Ming
authors: WM
authors: Chen
authors: Cyril
authors: C
authors: Bontemps
authors: Jui-Hsing
authors: JH
authors: Chou
authors: J Peter W
authors: JP
authors: Young
authors: Janet I
authors: JI
authors: Sprent
authors: Euan K
authors: EK
authors: James
mesh_terms: D036903:Aspalathus / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019117:Burkholderia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S