title: Changes of periodontal parameters following apical surgery: a prospective clinical study of three incision techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate periodontal changes following apical surgery, and to relate changes to the type of incision and to the type of restoration present at the gingival margin (GM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Periodontal parameters [probing depth (PD), level of GM and clinical attachment, plaque and bleeding indices] were recorded at baseline and 1 year following apical surgery. The periodontal changes were calculated and assessed with respect to the incision technique (intrasulcular incision, papilla base incision and submarginal incision), as well as to the presence and type of a restoration margin in contact with the gingiva.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and eighty-four teeth could be evaluated. No significant differences between the three incision techniques were found regarding changes in PDs and plaque index over time. However, significant differences between the intrasulcular and submarginal incisions were found for changes in levels of GM and clinical attachment. For example, with the intrasulcular incision, there was a mean recession of 0.42 mm at buccal sites, whereas using the submarginal incision there was a gain of 0.05 mm. No statistically significant influence could be demonstrated for the presence and type of restoration margins, or the smoking habit of the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The type of incision was found to affect changes significantly in periodontal parameters within an observation period of 1 year following apical surgery, whereas the restoration margin and smoking habit did not prove to have any significant effect.
authors: Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. thomas.vonarx@zmk.unibe.ch
authors: T
authors: T
authors: von Arx
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Vinzens-Majaniemi
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Bürgin
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Jensen
mesh_terms: D001047:Apicoectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005881:Gingiva / Q000601:surgery*; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000209:etiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014945:Wound Healing