title: Retention of essential amino acids during extrusion of protein and reducing sugars.
abstract: This research investigates the retention of essential amino acid profiles of products during the extrusion of proteins and reducing sugars. Animal proteins (egg and milk protein at 10 and 30% levels) and reducing sugars (fructose and galactose at 0, 2, and 8% levels), with pregelatinized wheat flour, were extruded at 110 and 125 degrees C product temperatures and feed moistures of 19 and 23.5% for egg protein and 13.75 and 16% for milk protein. The nutritional property analyzed was essential amino acid retention, and sugar retention was also considered to understand the relationship of sugars with retention of amino acids. Lysine showed the lowest retention (up to 40%) of all the essential amino acids. Retention of other essential amino acids varied from 80 to 100% in most situations. Apart from lysine, tryptophan, threonine, and methionine were found to be significantly changed ( P < 0.05) with processing conditions. Increased protein and sugar levels resulted in a significant degradation of lysine. Greater lysine retention was found at a lower temperature and higher feed moisture. Results of sugar retention also showed similar patterns. The products made from fructose had greater lysine retention than products made from galactose with any type of protein. The outcomes of this research suggested that the combination of milk protein and fructose at a lower temperature and higher feed moisture is most favorable for developing high-protein extruded products.
authors: School of Science and Engineering, University of Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia. shirani.gamlath@deakin.edu.au
authors: Shivendra
authors: S
authors: Singh
authors: Lara
authors: L
authors: Wakeling
authors: Shirani
authors: S
authors: Gamlath
mesh_terms: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000032:analysis*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D004527:Egg Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005632:Fructose / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005690:Galactose / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D009753:Nutritive Value
chemical_list: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004527:Egg Proteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D005632:Fructose; D005690:Galactose