title: Challenges in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of malaria in human immunodeficiency virus infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa currently report high prevalences of both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The likelihood of HIV-malaria coinfection may affect clinical management of patients. The extent to which standard clinical guidelines address HIV-malaria coinfection is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed standard World Health Organization and other guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malaria and/or HIV-related illness. We also searched PubMed (1990 to present) for literature on HIV-malaria interactions and treatment of coinfection. We restricted our review to the situation of the nonpregnant HIV-infected adult.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found only 6 articles describing the clinical presentation of HIV-malaria coinfection in adults. We also identified 10 clinical or laboratory syndromes that are shared by malaria and AIDS-related conditions and that might provoke diagnostic confusion. We identified 12 antimalarial medications whose coadministration with antiretrovirals is known or suspected to result in drug-drug interactions or overlapping toxicities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial overlap in the clinical and laboratory characteristics of malaria and HIV-related syndromes generates potential difficulties in AIDS staging and in diagnosis and management of patients at risk for coinfection. Significant drug-drug interactions and overlapping drug toxicity profiles further complicate concurrent management of malaria and HIV. Standard clinical guidelines do not reflect the full complexity of the interactions and overlaps between the 2 infections. Clinicians who manage HIV-infected patients in malaria-affected regions should systematically consider malaria when evaluating patients with a broad spectrum of symptoms. Further research is urgently needed to define best practices for prevention, diagnosis, and management of HIV-malaria coinfection in this region.
authors: Department of Health Services, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Box 357660, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. brentp2@u.washington.edu
authors: Paula E
authors: PE
authors: Brentlinger
authors: Christopher B
authors: CB
authors: Behrens
authors: James G
authors: JG
authors: Kublin
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D019562:Viral Load; D014944:World Health Organization