title: Cryoscopy: a novel enhancing method of in vivo skin imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is a common observation that superficial freezing of normal skin and skin tumors may create a transient superficial whitening effect. In this respect, cryoscopy refers to the direct observation by dermoscopy, with or without digital recording, of the visual alterations of the frozen tissues.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define the optimal method of cryoscopy and to describe the cryoscopy patterns of normal skin and selected skin lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of (a) different cryogenic sources [solid carbon dioxide (-78.5 degrees C), liquid nitrogen (N(2), -196 degrees C), and a mixture of dimethyl ether and propane (-57 degrees C)], (b) various application methods (spraying, cotton chill tips, copper plate), and (c) freezing time was assessed with regard to clinical feasability, visualization quality, and persistance time of the whitening effect. Cryoscopy patterns of normal skin, callosities and of histologically proven seborrheic keratoses, verrucous hamartomas, molluscum contagiosum, keratoacanthomas, viral warts, condylomas, actinic keratoses, dermatofibromas, skin tags, basal cell carcinomas, angiomas, and melanocytic naevi were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cryoscopy images of skin highlighted the skin lines. They appeared similar regardless of the freezing source and the application method. The aspects differed according to the nature of the lesions. The cotton chill tip method provided a longer whitening period compared with the other cold sources, both in normal and lesional skin. Hence, it represented the most convenient way for performing digital recording cryoscopy. On normal skin, cryoapplication was limited to about 1.5 s due to pain, resulting in whitening times ranging from 6 to 9 s, which was too short for easy digital recording. On all studied skin tumors, a 10-s N(2) freezing time was not experienced as painful, and blanching time persisted for 20-34 s, allowing easy digital recording. The whitening time was longer with increasing freezing time on both normal and lesional skin. Every single examined normal skin site and all the skin lesions showed a strong whitening effect, except heavily cornified structures, including some keratoses, callosities, and viral warts. Increased contrast of the skin surface texture was observed in almost every studied lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The N(2) cotton chill tip technique appeared to be the most convenient technique for cryoscopy and provided longer whitening periods compared with the other freezing sources. Pain prevented its use on normal skin, but a series of exophytic skin lesions was conveniently accessible to cryoscopy. The differences in whitening periods of various epidermal components resulted in increased visual contrast, creating typical cryoscopy images for the different exophytic skin tumors. Cryoscopy represents a novel in vivo skin imaging technique that is rapid, non-invasive, cost-effective, and easily performed. It shows both investigative and diagnostic potentials. It is remarkable that cryoscopy pictures closely resemble those yielded by skin capacitance imaging.
authors: Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium. af.nikkels@chu.ulg.ac.be
authors: Arjen F
authors: AF
authors: Nikkels
authors: Gérald E
authors: GE
authors: Piérard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003116:Color; D012628:Dermatitis, Seborrheic / Q000473:pathology; D046169:Dermoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D005615:Freezing; D018219:Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007642:Keratosis / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009506:Nevus / Q000473:pathology; D009584:Nitrogen; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen