title: Glutamine deamidation by cereal-associated lactic acid bacteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was the aim of our work to investigate glutamine deamidation by lactic acid bacteria isolated from cereal fermentations and to elucidate the ecological and technological relevance in baking of the conversion of glutamine to glutamate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Lact. reuteri were found to display glutaminase activity. The addition of glutamine to modified Man, Rogosa and Sharp medium increased the cell yields of Lact. sanfranciscensis, as well as the production of lactic and acetic acid. The final pH; however, was increased in the glutamine-containing medium. The addition of 47 mmol kg(-1) glutamate to chemically acidified doughs significantly changed the bread flavour. In sourdoughs with enhanced proteolytic activity, strain-dependent production of 27-120 mmol glutamate per kilogram sourdough was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Lact. reuteri converted glutamine into glutamate; this conversion improves the acid tolerance of lactobacilli and significantly influences wheat bread flavour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper illustrates the complex interaction of sourdough-lactobacilli with their environment: the flour provides substrates for metabolic activities that enable the lactobacilli to reach higher cell counts, and the produced metabolite may be one of the reasons why the flavour of fermented breads is different to the flavour of chemically acidified breads.
authors: Technische Universität München, Technische Mikrobiologie, Weihenstephaner Steig, Freising, Germany.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Vermeulen
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Gänzle
authors: R F
authors: RF
authors: Vogel
mesh_terms: D001939:Bread / Q000382:microbiology*; D003470:Culture Media; D005285:Fermentation / Q000502:physiology; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005972:Glutaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013649:Taste; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005972:Glutaminase