title: Meta-analysis: effect of prophylactic hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors on mortality and outcomes of infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Benefits of prophylactic hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in adults and children receiving cancer chemotherapy or undergoing stem-cell transplantation (SCT) are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether prophylactic CSFs decrease mortality, infections, and febrile neutropenia more than does placebo or no therapy in patients with cancer and in patients undergoing SCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searches of Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception until April 2007 and of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until the second quarter of 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 148 trials that were reported in any language that randomly assigned patients to CSFs or to either placebo or no therapy. Prophylactic CSFs were given concurrently with or after initiation of chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently extracted data onto standardized forms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short-term all-cause mortality appeared to be similar between the prophylactic CSF and the control groups (7.6% vs. 8.0%; relative risk, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.84 to 1.08]; absolute risk reduction, 0.4% [CI, -0.5% to 1.4%]). Risks for infection-related death with CSFs and placebo or no therapy were 3.1% and 3.8%, respectively (relative risk, 0.82 [CI, 0.66 to 1.02]; absolute risk reduction, 0.8% [CI, 0.0% to 1.5%]). Use of CSFs reduced the following more than did placebo or no therapy: documented infections (median rate, 38.9% vs. 43.1%; rate ratio, 0.85 [CI, 0.79 to 0.92]), microbiologically documented infections (median rate, 23.5% vs. 28.6%; rate ratio, 0.86 [CI, 0.77 to 0.96]), and episodes of febrile neutropenia (median rate, 25.3% vs. 44.2%; rate ratio, 0.71 [CI, 0.63 to 0.80]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trial designs, including assessments of infections, and participants were heterogeneous. Estimates of mortality effects were imprecise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic CSFs may have little or no effect on mortality but do decrease rates of infection in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy or those undergoing SCT.
authors: Division of Haematology/Oncology, The University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. lillian.sung@sickkids.ca
authors: Lillian
authors: L
authors: Sung
authors: Paul C
authors: PC
authors: Nathan
authors: Shabbir M H
authors: SM
authors: Alibhai
authors: George A
authors: GA
authors: Tomlinson
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Beyene
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002423:Cause of Death; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D007239:Infections / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor