title: Dietary patterns associated with vitamin/mineral supplement use and smoking among women of the E3N-EPIC cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An understanding of the relationships between dietary habits and supplement use or smoking is useful for aetiological studies and surveillance purposes. The objective of this study is to describe dietary patterns associated with vitamin/mineral supplement use and smoking habits in French women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scores for dietary patterns were obtained by factor analysis in 64,252 women from the French E3N-EPIC cohort. The association with supplement and tobacco use was investigated by logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified three dietary patterns: 'processed meat/starchy foods' (fast foods, processed meat, rice/pasta/semolina and cakes and few vegetables); 'fruit/vegetables' (fruits, vegetables, seafood, vegetable oils and yoghurt); and 'alcohol/meat products' (alcohol, meat and meat products, and coffee, and few fruits and soup). Supplement use was positively associated with the fruit/vegetables pattern (multivariate OR for quartile 4 versus 1 (OR(4))=1.55, 95% confidence interval: 1.47-1.63), and inversely associated with the processed meat/starchy foods (OR(4)=0.84; 0.80-0.89) and alcohol/meat products (OR(4)=0.69; 0.66-0.73) patterns (P trend for all associations <0.0001). As compared with never smoking, current smoking was inversely associated with the fruit/vegetables pattern (OR(4)=0.85; 0.78-0.92), while former smoking was positively associated with the fruit/vegetables pattern (OR(4)=1.32; 1.25-1.40); both current and former smoking were inversely associated with the processed meat/starchy foods pattern (OR(4)=0.57; 0.53-0.62 and 0.64; 0.60-0.67, respectively); whereas current and former smoking were both strongly positively associated with the alcohol/meat products pattern (OR(4)=5.78; 5.26-6.36 and 2.03; 1.91-2.15, respectively); P trend for all associations was <0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplement use and smoking are strongly associated with dietary patterns.
authors: Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), ERI 20/Université Paris-Sud, EA 4045, IFR 69/Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Touvier
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Niravong
authors: J-L
authors: JL
authors: Volatier
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Lafay
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Lioret
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Clavel-Chapelon
authors: M-C
authors: MC
authors: Boutron-Ruault
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008903:Minerals; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid