title: Causes of late deaths after pediatric cardiac surgery: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the causes and modes of late death after pediatric cardiac surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The late mortality of patients operated on for congenital heart defect (CHD) is comprehensively unexamined. In this study, the causes of death were examined to obtain further knowledge of the morbidity of the patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied all late deaths of patients operated on for CHD in Finland during the years 1953 to 1989. We calculated the survival of patients, identified the causes of deaths from death certificates, and examined the modes of CHD-related deaths. We compared the survival and the causes of non-CHD-related deaths to those of the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 6,024 patients who survived their first operation, 592 (9%) died during the 45-year follow-up period. The progress of treatment was seen in the survival of the patients operated on in different decades. The cause of death was confirmed with postmortem examination in 474 (81%) cases. The majority of patients (397, 67%) died owing to the CHD. Furthermore, non-CHD-related mortality was twice as high (risk ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 2.4) as expected. The main mode for CHD-related death was heart failure (40%). Other modes included perioperative (26%), sudden (22%), and cardiovascular (12%) deaths. The number of deaths caused by neurological and respiratory diseases was higher and the number of accidental deaths was lower than expected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The survival of patients was lower than that of the general population (relative 45-year survival 89%). Most patients died owing to CHDs, but non-CHD-related mortality was also high.
authors: Department of Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. heta.nieminen@elisanet.fi
authors: Heta P
authors: HP
authors: Nieminen
authors: Eero V
authors: EV
authors: Jokinen
authors: Heikki I
authors: HI
authors: Sairanen
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D012042:Registries; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016019:Survival Analysis