Gastric secretion.
OBJECTIVE
This review summarizes the past year's literature regarding the regulation of gastric exocrine and endocrine secretion.


RESULTS
Gastric acid secretion is tightly regulated by overlapping neural, hormonal, paracrine, and intracellular pathways in order to achieve the correct amount of acid secretion required by the specific situation. Too little acid can interfere with the absorption of iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and certain drugs as well as predispose to enteric infection, bacterial overgrowth, and gastric malignancy. Too much acid can induce esophageal, gastric, and duodenal injury. Gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine, and ghrelin stimulate whereas somatostatin, cholecystokinin, atrial natriuretic peptide, and nitric oxide inhibit acid secretion. Most patients infected with Helicobacter pylori manifest a pangastritis and produce less than normal amounts of acid; those with antral predominant gastritis, however, are hypergastrinemic and produce increased amounts of acid. Improved understanding of the channels and receptors that are required for and regulate H+K+-ATPase activity should lead to the development of novel antisecretory agents.


CONCLUSIONS
A better understanding of the pathways regulating gastric secretions should lead to new strategies to prevent and treat a variety of gastric disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, autoimmune gastritis, gastric cancer, and functional dyspepsia.
Schubert
Mitchell L
ML
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University's Medical College of Virginia and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249, USA. Mitchell.Schubert@va.gov
D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000502:physiology; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005755:Gastrins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000502:physiology; D017506:H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase / Q000502:physiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000378:metabolism; D006632:Histamine / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010295:Parietal Cells, Gastric / Q000502:physiology; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D013270:Stomach / Q000294:innervation / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
D005755:Gastrins; D054439:Ghrelin; D011498:Protein Precursors; C042873:preprogastrin; D006632:Histamine; D017506:H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase; D000109:Acetylcholine