title: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: The diagnosis and treatment of acute exacerbations (AEs) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is controversial. In this section, we review (1) the epidemiology of this condition; (2) the etiology--many patients with AECOPD are thought to have a combination of viral and bacterial infections, which contribute to their exacerbation. Bacterial organisms are isolated more commonly after viral infections in patients with COPD. The role that bacterial infections play in AECOPD remains a very controversial topic; (3) the use of diagnostic procedures; (4) efficacy of antibiotics; (5) clinical parameters to stratify patients' severity; (6) different groups of antibiotics that can be used; and (7) other therapies, including bronchodilators. We summarize the current literature, with special emphasis on the assessment of the long-term impact of this condition.
authors: South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. anzueto@uthscsa.edu
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Anzueto
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Sethi
authors: Fernando J
authors: FJ
authors: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents