title: An update on obstructive sleep apnea and the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with obstructive sleep apnea are often overweight or obese, and they frequently exhibit metabolic aberrations, collectively known as the metabolic syndrome, an established cardiovascular risk factor. We review recent data on the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome or its components, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is accumulating evidence for an independent association between obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome or its components. Recent epidemiologic and clinical data suggest a causal role of severe obstructive sleep apnea in development of hypertension, but findings for insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are controversial. Visceral obesity remains a confounding issue in analyses. Animal models and translational studies indicate that obstructive sleep apnea may promote metabolic dysfunction through cycles of intermittent hypoxia; proposed underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms include oxidative stress, sympathetic activation, and inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is suggestive evidence, but independent associations between obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome or its components are not fully established because of the confounding effect of obesity. Large randomized interventional trials are needed to identify any cause-effect relationship. Long-term follow-up studies would help to clarify the role of treatment of sleep apnea in reducing cardio-metabolic morbidity.
authors: University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors: Jamie C M
authors: JC
authors: Lam
authors: Mary S M
authors: MS
authors: Ip
mesh_terms: D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism