title: Increased granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) levels in BAL fluid from patients with sulfur mustard gas-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
abstract: The objective of this article was to show the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis due to sulfur mustard gas inhalation. Eighteen veterans with mustard gas-induced pulmonary fibrosis and 18 normal patients were used as controls. Bronchoalveolar larvage (BAL) and analyses of BAL fluids for cellular and cytokine levels were performed. There was a significant difference in granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) level in the BAL fluid of patients and the controls (p < 0.0001). Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating pulmonary fibrosis (GM-CSF) BAL levels were significantly increased in patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in comparison with controls (p < 0.0001). Patients with PF have highly significant increases in IL-8 level compared to controls (87.94 +/- 59.63 vs. 8.66 +/- 6.97 g/mL(1); p < 0.0001) as well. IL-8 and G-CSF levels in BAL fluid correlate only with the percentage and the absolute number of neutrophils of the BAL fluid in patients with PF (p = 0.02/p = 0.01; p = 0.01/p = 0.01; respectively). A significant correlation was found between GM-CSF BAL fluid level and the percentage and the absolute number of the BAL fluid eosinophils (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03). Neutrophils alveolitis, the presence of eosinophils, and higher concentrations of interleukin-8, G-CSF, and GM-CSF in BAL fluid are associated with the development of fibrosis in sulfur mustard victims.
authors: Pulmonary Department Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiran, Islamic Republic of Iran. lungdep@pearl.sums.ac.ir
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Emad
authors: Yasaman
authors: Y
authors: Emad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004804:Eosinophils; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000032:analysis*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000633:toxicity*; D009504:Neutrophils; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D009151:Mustard Gas