title: Fiberoptic intubation and laryngeal morbidity: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tracheal intubation with neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with a low incidence of minor vocal cord sequelae (8%). The aim of this noninferiority trial was to demonstrate that the frequency of vocal cord sequelae after fiberoptic intubation with a flexible silicone tube without neuromuscular blocking agents was less than 25% (maximum tolerable inferiority).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-hundred seventy patients were prospectively randomized to two groups. All intubations were performed by anesthesiologists with extensive experience in fiberoptic and conventional techniques. Fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation consisted of a bolus dose of 2 microg/kg fentanyl; 0.25 ml cocaine instillation, 10%, into nasal canals; cricothyroid injection of 2 ml lidocaine, 1%; bronchoscopy; administration of 0.3 mg/kg etomidate; and advancing a flexible silicone tube after loss of consciousness. Orotracheal intubation was performed with a polyvinyl chloride tube after induction with 2 microg/kg fentanyl, 2 mg/kg propofol, and 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium. Patients were examined by laryngoscopy before surgery, 24 h after surgery, and daily until complete restitution. Postoperative hoarseness was assessed by a standardized interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of vocal cord sequelae was 11 out of 130 (8.5%) in the fiberoptic group versus 12 out of 129 (9.3%) in the control group (chi-square = 0.057, df = 1, P = 0.81; upper limit of the one-sided 95% confidence interval for the difference: +5.1%). There were no persistent injuries. The incidence of postoperative hoarseness was 4% in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because fiberoptic intubation without neuromuscular blocking agents is safe regarding vocal cord sequelae, routine use is justified for anesthesiologists experienced in this technique.
authors: Department of Anaesthesia, Spitalregion Rheintal Werdenberg Sarganserland, Walenstadt, Switzerland. thomas.heidegger@srrws.ch
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Heidegger
authors: Lukas
authors: L
authors: Starzyk
authors: Cornelia R
authors: CR
authors: Villiger
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Schumacher
authors: Rolf
authors: R
authors: Studer
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Peter
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Nuebling
authors: Hans J
authors: HJ
authors: Gerig
authors: Thomas W
authors: TW
authors: Schnider
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D004890:Erythema / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006685:Hoarseness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007830:Larynx / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000293:injuries