title: Enamel Demineralization during Fixed Orthodontic Treatment - Incidence and Correlation to Various Oral-hygiene Parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence of white spot lesions (WSLs) around brackets and molar bands during orthodontic therapy, and establish whether a correlation to indices of dental and gingival health, fluoride application and oral hygiene could be demonstrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three patients with fixed orthodontic appliances were included at random in this study at the Department of Orthodontics of Erlangen-Nuremberg University. Dental health (DMFS), plaque index, papillary bleeding index, sulcus probing depth (SPD), gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment level (as sum of SPD and GR), oral hygiene, and fluoride use were evaluated. WSLs were graded from intraoral photographs taken before and after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  97.5% of teeth before and 73.6% after treatment were free of WSLs. Of all teeth, 24.9% developed new WSLs or a rise in their number. New or more numerous WSLs were more common in upper and lower premolars (34.4%) and front teeth (28.1%) than molars (11.8%). WSL incidence during therapy correlated with clinical attachment level, and the oral hygiene and fluoride-use scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite improvements in materials and preventive efforts, orthodontic treatment continues to carry the considerable risk of enamel demineralization. Each patient's prophylactic efforts, including fluoride use, are of paramount importance in preventing WSLs.
authors: Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Zahnklinik 3 - Kieferorthopädie, Glückstr. 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. Sylvia.Lovrov@uk-erlangen.de
authors: Sylvia
authors: S
authors: Lovrov
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Hertrich
authors: Ursula
authors: U
authors: Hirschfelder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D009911:Oral Hygiene Index; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D005460:Fluorides, Topical