title: Functional characterization of atrial electrograms in sinus rhythm delineates sites of parasympathetic innervation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to characterize left atrial (LA) sinus rhythm electrogram (EGM) patterns and their relationship to parasympathetic responses during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The mechanistic basis of fractionated LA EGMs in patients with paroxysmal AF is not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 1,662 LA ablation sites from 30 patients who underwent catheter ablation for paroxysmal AF. Pre-ablation EGM characteristics (number of deflections, amplitude, and duration) were measured in sinus rhythm. Parasympathetic responses during radiofrequency application (increase of atrial-His interval by > or =10 ms or decrease of sinus rate by > or =20%) were assessed at all sites. We also prospectively studied the effect of adenosine, a pharmacological agent mimicking acetylcholine signaling in myocytes, on LA EGMs. Finally, we performed mathematical simulations of atrial tissue to delineate possible mechanisms of fractionated EGMs in sinus rhythm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A specific pattern of pre-ablation sinus rhythm EGM (deflections > or =4, amplitude > or =0.7 mV, and duration > or =40 ms) was strongly associated with parasympathetic responses (sensitivity 72%, specificity 91%). The sites associated with these responses were found to be located mainly in the posterior wall of the LA. Adenosine administration and mathematical simulation of the effect of acetylcholine were able to reproduce a similar EGM pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parasympathetic activation during AF ablation is associated with the presence of pre-ablation high-amplitude fractionated EGMs in sinus rhythm. Local acetylcholine release could potentially explain this phenomenon.
authors: UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1679, USA.
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Lellouche
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Buch
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Celigoj
authors: Carin
authors: C
authors: Siegerman
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Cesario
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: De Diego
authors: Aman
authors: A
authors: Mahajan
authors: Noel G
authors: NG
authors: Boyle
authors: Isaac
authors: I
authors: Wiener
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Garfinkel
authors: Kalyanam
authors: K
authors: Shivkumar
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000241:Adenosine