title: Antimicrobial activity and effectiveness of a combination of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide in killing and removing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms from surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate both the antimicrobial activity and the effectiveness of a combination of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide (Ox-B) for killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19142 cells and removing P. aeruginosa biofilms on aluminum or stainless steel surfaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were developed in tryptic soy broth containing vertically suspended aluminium or stainless steel plates. Biofilms were exposed to a mixed sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide solution as a sanitizer for 1, 5 and 20 min. The sanitizer was then neutralized, the cells dislodged from the test surfaces, and viable cells enumerated. Cell morphologies were determined using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cell viability was determined by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Biofilm removal was monitored by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. Cell numbers were reduced by 5-log to 6-log after 1 min exposure and by 7-log after 5 min exposure to Ox-B. No viable cells were detected after a 20 min exposure. Treatment with equivalent concentrations of sodium hypochlorite reduced viable numbers by 3-log to 4-log after 1 min exposure and by 4-log to 6-log after 5 min, respectively. A 20 min exposure achieved a 7-log reduction. Hydrogen peroxide at test concentration treatments showed no effect. FTIR analysis of treated pseudomonad biofilms on aluminium or stainless steel plates showed either a significant reduction or complete removal of biofilm material after a 5 min exposure to the mixed sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide solution. SEM and TEM images revealed damage to cell wall and cell membranes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide effectively killed P. aeruginosa cells and removed biofilms from both stainless steel and aluminium surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide can be used as an alternative disinfectant and/or biofilm remover of contaminated food processing equipment.
authors: Audubon Sugar Institute, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, St. Gabriel, LA 70776, USA. gdequeiroz@agcenter.lsu.edu
authors: G A
authors: GA
authors: DeQueiroz
authors: D F
authors: DF
authors: Day
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D013193:Stainless Steel; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000535:Aluminum; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite