title: Inhibited mitochondrial respiration by amobarbital during cardiac ischaemia improves redox state and reduces matrix Ca2+ overload and ROS release.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Damage to the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) occurs during ischaemia. Blockade of electron flow in the ETC just before ischaemia with the reversible complex I inhibitor amobarbital protects isolated mitochondria against ischaemic damage and preserves oxidative phosphorylation and cytochrome c content. We hypothesized that brief amobarbital perfusion just before ischaemia would improve cardiac recovery and decrease infarct size after ischaemia and reperfusion (IR) by preserving the mitochondrial redox state and reducing mitochondrial superoxide (O(2)(-*)) generation, in turn would decrease mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation (mt[Ca(2+)]).
  
  
  METHODS
  Guinea pig Langendorff-perfused hearts were treated with Krebs Ringer solution (KR; untreated) or amobarbital (2.5 mM) in KR for 1 min immediately before 30 min of no flow, global ischaemia, followed by reperfusion without additional treatment. Cardiac function, mitochondrial NADH, FAD, mt[Ca(2+)], and O(2)(-*) levels were assessed during the 1 min perfusion period and throughout IR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amobarbital perfusion alone before ischaemia significantly increased O(2)(-*) levels and NADH, without altering FAD, and decreased mt[Ca(2+)]. During ischaemia, mitochondrial NADH was higher, O(2)(-*) levels were lower, and mt[Ca(2+)] was less elevated in the amobarbital group. On reperfusion O(2)(-*) levels and mt[Ca(2+)] were significantly reduced, NADH-FAD redox state was preserved and cardiac function was markedly improved in the amobarbital group; infarct size was smaller in the amobarbital group compared to the untreated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temporary blockade of mitochondrial complex I activity by amobarbital protects hearts by reducing production of O(2)(-*) and mtCa(2+) loading during IR injury.
authors: Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors: Mohammed
authors: M
authors: Aldakkak
authors: David F
authors: DF
authors: Stowe
authors: Qun
authors: Q
authors: Chen
authors: Edward J
authors: EJ
authors: Lesnefsky
authors: Amadou K S
authors: AK
authors: Camara
mesh_terms: D000654:Amobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; D009249:NADP; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D000654:Amobarbital; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium