title: Electrographic seizures and periodic discharges after intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and significance of electrographic seizures and other EEG findings in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 102 consecutive patients with ICH who underwent continuous electroencephalographic monitoring (cEEG). Demographic, clinical, radiographic, and cEEG findings were recorded. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we determined factors associated with 1) electrographic seizures, 2) periodic epileptiform discharges (PEDs), and 3) poor outcome (death, vegetative or minimally conscious state) at hospital discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seizures occurred in 31% (n = 32) of patients with ICH, prior to cEEG in 19 patients. Eighteen percent (n = 18) of patients had electrographic seizures; only one of these patients also had clinical seizures while on cEEG. After controlling for demographic and clinical predictors, only an increase in ICH volume of 30% or more between admission and 24-hour follow-up CT scan was associated with electrographic seizures (33% vs 15%; OR 9.5, 95% CI 1.7 to 53.8). PEDs were less frequently seen in those with hemorrhages located at least 1 mm from the cortex (8% vs 29%; OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7). PEDs were independently associated with poor outcome (65% vs 17%; OR 7.6, 95% CI 2.1 to 27.3). In patients with electrographic seizures, the first seizure was detected within the first hour of cEEG monitoring in 56% and within 48 hours in 94%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seizures occurred in one third of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and over half were purely electrographic. Electrographic seizures were associated with expanding hemorrhages, and periodic discharges with cortical ICH and poor outcome. Further research is needed to determine if treating or preventing seizures or PEDs might lead to improved outcome after ICH.
authors: Division of Stroke and Critical Care Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. jc1439@columbia.edu
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Claassen
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Jetté
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Chum
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Green
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Schmidt
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Choi
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Jirsch
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Frontera
authors: E Sander
authors: ES
authors: Connolly
authors: R G
authors: RG
authors: Emerson
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Mayer
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed