title: [Metabolic bone diseases].
abstract: Osteomalacia is caused by impaired vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling, calcium deficiency, and altered bone mineralization. This can be due to insufficient sunlight exposure, malabsorption, reduced D hormone activation in chronic kidney disease, and rare alterations of VDR signaling and phosphate metabolism. Leading symptoms are bone pain, muscular cramps, and increased incidence of falls in the elderly. The adequate respective countermeasures are to optimize the daily intake of calcium and vitamin D3 and to replace active D hormone and phosphate if deficient. Osteoporosis is characterized by bone fragility fractures upon minor physical impact. Indications for diagnosis and treatment can be established by estimating the absolute fracture risk, taking into account bone mineral density, age, gender, and individual risk factors. Exercise, intervention programs to avoid falls, and specific drugs are capable of substantially reducing fracture risk even in the elderly. Secondary osteoporosis primarily requires both bone-altering medications and effective treatment of underlying diseases.
authors: Orthopädisches Zentrum für Muskuloskelettale Forschung, Lehrstuhl Orthopädie, Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, 97074, Würzburg, Germany. f-jakob.klh@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Jakob
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency*; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000502:physiology; D010018:Osteomalacia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D010710:Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D010710:Phosphates; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D002118:Calcium