title: [Encopresis].
abstract: Encopresis is defined as functional faecal incontinence at 4 years of age or older and affects 1-3% of all school children. The two most important subtypes are encopresis with and without constipation. In preschoolers toilet refusal syndrome can occur. Comorbid behavioural disorders and urinary incontinence are common. The current state-of-the-art regarding aetiology, assessment and therapy is presented in this overview. A symptom-oriented behavioural approach (toilet training) is most successful, with the addition of laxatives (polyethylene glycol) if constipation is present. Biofeedback is not effective. Other forms of psychotherapy are indicated only in case of comorbid behavioural disorders. The long-term outcome has been poor and needs improvement.
authors: Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychoterapie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar. alexander.von.gontard@uniklinik-saarland.de
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: von Gontard
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003248:Constipation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004688:Encopresis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014039:Toilet Training; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy