title: Pioglitazone exerts protective effects against stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, independently of blood pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Very recent subgroup analysis from the PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events has shown that pioglitazone reduces the risk of recurrent stroke in type 2 diabetic patients. However, the underlying mechanism of stroke prevention by pioglitazone is unknown. Our aim was to examine the effect of pioglitazone on hypertension-based stroke in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pioglitazone (1 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) was orally administered to stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) to examine the effect on incidental stroke, cerebrovascular injury, brain inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular endothelial dysfunction induced by hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of SHRSP with pioglitazone for 4 weeks, without affecting blood pressure and blood glucose values, improved vascular endothelial dysfunction (P<0.05), suppressed remodeling of the middle cerebral artery (P<0.05) and brain microvessels (P<0.05), and inhibited brain macrophage infiltration (P<0.05) and the upregulation of brain monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression (P<0.01). Furthermore, pioglitazone treatment significantly delayed the onset of stroke signs and death in SHRSP (P<0.05). These beneficial effects of pioglitazone on cerebrovascular injury and stroke in SHRSP were associated with a reduction of brain and vascular superoxide via the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our work provides the first evidence that pioglitazone significantly protects against hypertension-induced cerebrovascular injury and stroke by improving vascular endothelial dysfunction, inhibiting brain inflammation, and reducing oxidative stress. These beneficial effects of pioglitazone were independent of blood pressure or blood sugar values. Thus, pioglitazone appears to be a potential therapeutic agent for stroke in type 2 diabetes with hypertension.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjyo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
authors: Taishi
authors: T
authors: Nakamura
authors: Eiichiro
authors: E
authors: Yamamoto
authors: Keiichiro
authors: K
authors: Kataoka
authors: Takuro
authors: T
authors: Yamashita
authors: Yoshiko
authors: Y
authors: Tokutomi
authors: Yi-Fei
authors: YF
authors: Dong
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Matsuba
authors: Hisao
authors: H
authors: Ogawa
authors: Shokei
authors: S
authors: Kim-Mitsuyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000074624:NADPH Oxidase 1; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D013481:Superoxides; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D000074624:NADPH Oxidase 1; D000077205:Pioglitazone