High-dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy for recurrent airway obstruction from hyperplastic granulation tissue.
OBJECTIVE
Benign endobronchial granulation tissue causes airway obstruction in up to 20% of patients after lung transplantation or stent placement. High-dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy (HDR-EB) has been successful in some cases refractory to standard bronchoscopic interventions.


METHODS
Between September 2004 and May 2005, 8 patients with refractory benign airway obstruction were treated with HDR-EB, using one to two fractions of Ir-192 prescribed to 7.1 Gy at a radius of 1 cm. Charts were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate subjective clinical response, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), and frequency of therapeutic bronchoscopies over 6-month periods before and after HDR-EB.


RESULTS
The median follow-up was 14.6 months, and median survival was 10.5 months. The mean number of bronchoscopic interventions improved from 3.1 procedures in the 6-month pretreatment period to 1.8 after HDR-EB. Mean FEV(1) improved from 36% predicted to 46% predicted. Six patients had a good-to-excellent subjective early response, but only one maintained this response beyond 6 months, and this was the only patient treated with HDR-EB within 24 h from the most recent bronchoscopic intervention. Five patients have expired from causes related to their chronic pulmonary disease, including one from hemoptysis resulting from a bronchoarterial fistula.


CONCLUSIONS
High-dose-rate-EB may be an effective treatment for select patients with refractory hyperplastic granulation tissue causing recurrent airway stenosis. Performing HDR-EB within 24-48 h after excision of obstructive granulation tissue could further improve outcomes. Careful patient selection is important to maximize therapeutic benefit and minimize toxicity. The optimal patient population, dose, and timing of HDR-EB should be investigated prospectively.
Tendulkar
Rahul D
RD
Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. tendulr@ccf.org
Fleming
Peter A
PA
Reddy
Chandana A
CA
Gildea
Thomas R
TR
Machuzak
Michael
M
Mehta
Atul C
AC
D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006097:Granulation Tissue / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies
D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes