title: Soluble CD40 ligand predicts ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with a high incidence of vascular disease that may be related to a prothrombotic and inflammatory state. Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), which stems essentially from platelet activation, possesses inflammatory and prothrombotic properties. The aim of the study was to assess whether sCD40L is a predictor of stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with nonvalvular AF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of sCD40L were measured in 231 patients (177 [77%] had permanent or persistent AF, and 54 [23%] had paroxysmal AF). Patients were followed for a mean period of 27.8+/-8.8 months, and cardiovascular events such as fatal and nonfatal stroke and MI were recorded. AF population was divided in 2 groups according to sCD40L level above or below the median (4.76 ng/mL). The 2 patients' groups had similar distribution of cardiovascular risk factors, age, gender, medications, or serum C-reactive protein levels. During the follow-up period, vascular events occurred in 6 (2 nonfatal MI and 4 nonfatal ischemic strokes) of 116 patients with low levels of sCD40L (5.1%) and in 29 (11 fatal and 3 nonfatal MI; 3 fatal and 12 nonfatal ischemic strokes) of 115 patients with high levels (25.2%) (log-rank test: P<0.001). Using the COX proportional Hazards model, patients with sCD40L above the median were 4.63 times more likely to experience a vascular event (95% C.I.: 1.92 to 11.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that enhanced soluble CD40L level is a predictor of vascular events in patients with nonvalvular AF, thus suggesting that enhanced platelet activation may play a role in its clinical progression.
authors: Divisione di Medicina Interna H, Viale del Policlinico 155, Roma, 00161, Italy. francesco.violi@uniroma1.it
authors: Domenico
authors: D
authors: Ferro
authors: Lorenzo
authors: L
authors: Loffredo
authors: Licia
authors: L
authors: Polimeni
authors: Filippo
authors: F
authors: Fimognari
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Villari
authors: Pasquale
authors: P
authors: Pignatelli
authors: Valentin
authors: V
authors: Fuster
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Violi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D023201:CD40 Ligand