title: Impaired apparent ion demand in experimental diabetic retinopathy: correction by lipoic Acid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that early in the course of diabetes, apparent ion demand within the retina is impaired and may be corrected by alpha-lipoic acid (LPA), a drug that inhibits vascular histopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraretinal manganese ion uptake and retinal thickness were measured from high-resolution manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) data of control and streptozocin diabetic male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and of control and diabetic female Lewis rats with and without treatment with LPA. In a subgroup of male SD rats, blood-retinal barrier (BRB) integrity was also assessed with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. In addition, ion-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure baseline whole manganese levels from retinas of control and diabetic rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Manganese ion uptake by receptor and postreceptor retina was subnormal in each untreated diabetic groups, and these deficiencies could be corrected with LPA treatment. ICP-MS studies found no differences in baseline retinal manganese concentration between control and diabetic rats. In 3-month-old diabetic male SD rats, total and postreceptor retinal thickness increased (P < 0.05) without loss of BRB integrity. In contrast, in untreated and treated diabetic female Lewis rats, retinal thicknesses were normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results support the hypothesis that LPA can correct the impaired apparent ion demand in experimental diabetic retinopathy.
authors: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. baberko@med.wayne.edu
authors: Bruce A
authors: BA
authors: Berkowitz
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: Roberts
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Stemmler
authors: Hongmei
authors: H
authors: Luan
authors: Marius
authors: M
authors: Gradianu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001813:Blood-Retinal Barrier; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008345:Manganese; D008063:Thioctic Acid