title: Atherosclerosis and liver inflammation induced by increased dietary cholesterol intake: a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased dietary cholesterol intake is associated with atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis development requires a lipid and an inflammatory component. It is unclear where and how the inflammatory component develops. To assess the role of the liver in the evolution of inflammation, we treated ApoE*3Leiden mice with cholesterol-free (Con), low (LC; 0.25%) and high (HC; 1%) cholesterol diets, scored early atherosclerosis and profiled the (patho)physiological state of the liver using novel whole-genome and metabolome technologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas the Con diet did not induce early atherosclerosis, the LC diet did so but only mildly, and the HC diet induced it very strongly. With increasing dietary cholesterol intake, the liver switches from a resilient, adaptive state to an inflammatory, pro-atherosclerotic state. The liver absorbs moderate cholesterol stress (LC) mainly by adjusting metabolic and transport processes. This hepatic resilience is predominantly controlled by SREBP-1/-2, SP-1, RXR and PPARalpha. A further increase of dietary cholesterol stress (HC) additionally induces pro-inflammatory gene expression, including pro-atherosclerotic candidate genes. These HC-evoked changes occur via specific pro-inflammatory pathways involving specific transcriptional master regulators, some of which are established, others newly identified. Notably, several of these regulators control both lipid metabolism and inflammation, and thereby link the two processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With increasing dietary cholesterol intake the liver switches from a mainly resilient (LC) to a predominantly inflammatory (HC) state, which is associated with early lesion formation. Newly developed, functional systems biology tools allowed the identification of novel regulatory pathways and transcriptional regulators controlling both lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses, thereby providing a rationale for an interrelationship between the two processes.
authors: Department of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands. robert.kleemann@tno.nl
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Kleemann
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Verschuren
authors: Marjan J
authors: MJ
authors: van Erk
authors: Yuri
authors: Y
authors: Nikolsky
authors: Nicole H P
authors: NH
authors: Cnubben
authors: Elwin R
authors: ER
authors: Verheij
authors: Age K
authors: AK
authors: Smilde
authors: Henk F J
authors: HF
authors: Hendriks
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Zadelaar
authors: Graham J
authors: GJ
authors: Smith
authors: Valery
authors: V
authors: Kaznacheev
authors: Tatiana
authors: T
authors: Nikolskaya
authors: Anton
authors: A
authors: Melnikov
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Hurt-Camejo
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: van der Greef
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: van Ommen
authors: Teake
authors: T
authors: Kooistra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008660:Metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D049490:Systems Biology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary