title: Non-pharmacological techniques for pain management in neonates.
abstract: Significant progress in understanding the physiology, clinical correlates, and consequences of neonatal pain have resulted in greater attention to pain management during neonatal intensive care. A number of nonpharmacological therapies have been investigated, including nonnutritive sucking, with and without sucrose use, swaddling or facilitated tucking, kangaroo care, music therapy, and multi-sensorial stimulation. Although the efficacy of these approaches is clearly evident, they cannot provide analgesia for moderate or severe pain in the neonate. Further, some of these therapies cannot be effectively applied to all populations of critically ill neonates. Acupuncture, an ancient practice in Chinese medicine, has gained increasing popularity for symptom control among adults and older children. Acupuncture may provide an effective nonpharmacological approach for the treatment of pain in neonates, even moderate or severe pain, and should be considered for inclusion in a graduated multidisciplinary algorithm for neonatal pain management.
authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. bgolianu@stanford.edu
authors: Brenda
authors: B
authors: Golianu
authors: Elliot
authors: E
authors: Krane
authors: Jeannie
authors: J
authors: Seybold
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Almgren
authors: K J S
authors: KJ
authors: Anand
mesh_terms: D015667:Acupuncture Analgesia; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal; D008405:Massage; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D019124:Therapeutic Touch
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate