Determination of acidic pharmaceuticals and potential endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewaters and spring waters by selective elution and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Although the trend in development of analytical methods for emerging contaminants is towards reduced sample preparation and increased detector selectivity, there are still benefits from removal of matrix material during sample preparation. This paper describes a simple method for acidic pharmaceuticals and a range of potential endocrine disrupting compounds in untreated wastewaters and spring waters. It is based on separation of the two classes during elution from the extraction cartridge with final analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 3,4-D was used as the recovery standard for the acids while 4-n-nonylphenol and [2H4]estrone were used for the endocrine disrupters; mean recoveries varied between 89% and 111%. The method was also extensively validated by fortification with the target compounds. Recoveries of acids were from 68% to 97% with relative standard deviations generally less than 10% and recoveries of endocrine disrupters were 68-109% with relative standard deviations less than 20%. Detection limits varied from 0.005 to 1 ng/L in spring water, and from 0.5 to 100 ng/L in untreated wastewater. Concentrations of the analytes in the wastewater ranged from 0.018 to 22.4 microg/L. Values were comparable to reported data, although concentrations were generally relatively high, probably because of a lack of treatment. Triclosan, phthalates, estrone, 17beta-estradiol, ibuprofen, and naproxen were present in the spring water from aquifers recharged indirectly with this wastewater after its use for irrigation; concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 25.0 ng/L. The much lower concentrations compared to wastewater indicate effective removal processes on passage through the soil and subsoil.
Gibson
Richard
R
Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico. richard@igg.unam.mx
Becerril-Bravo
Elías
E
Silva-Castro
Vanessa
V
Jiménez
Blanca
B
D000143:Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000032:analysis; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
D000143:Acids; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012997:Solvents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical