title: Noninfective mitral valve vegetations identified by transesophageal echocardiography as a cause of stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a useful procedure to evaluate selected stroke patients for cardiac sources of embolism. To date, noninfective valvular vegetations have not been described in large studies using transesophageal echocardiography to detect cardiac sources of embolism. We sought to investigate the frequency of noninfective valvular vegetations in patients with unexplained stroke referred for TEE and to determine the relationship of these vegetations to unrecognized thrombophilic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 641 consecutive patients referred for TEE as a result of unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack for the presence of valvular vegetations. Of those with vegetations identified, serial blood cultures were obtained to evaluate for an infectious etiology. Patients also had serum testing for thrombophilic disorders and selected patients underwent cerebral angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients (2%) who underwent TEE evaluation for unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack were found to have noninfective valvular vegetations, all involving the mitral valve; none were identified by transthoracic echocardiography. Antiphospholipid antibodies were identified in 8 of these 13 patients (62%) and a protein C deficiency in 1 patient (8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noninfective valvular vegetations are a potential cardiac source of embolism in patients with unexplained stroke that can be better identified using transesophageal echocardiography. A large percentage of these individuals have a previously unrecognized thrombophilic disorder.
authors: Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors: E T
authors: ET
authors: Walz
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Slivka
authors: F D
authors: FD
authors: Tice
authors: P C
authors: PC
authors: Gray
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Orsinelli
authors: A C
authors: AC
authors: Pearson