title: Prenatal low-level lead exposure and developmental delay of infants at age 6 months (Krakow inner city study).
abstract: The purpose of the study was to assess the neurocognitive status of 6-month-old infants whose mothers were exposed to low but varying amounts of lead during pregnancy. Lead levels in the cord blood were used to assess environmental exposure and the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII) assessed visual recognition memory (VRM). The cohort consisted of 452 infants of mothers who gave birth to babies at 33-42 weeks of gestation between January 2001 and March 2003. The overall mean lead level in the cord blood was 1.42 microg/dl (95% CI: 1.35-1.48). We found that VRM scores in 6 month olds were inversely related to lead cord blood levels (Spearman correlation coefficient -0.16, p=0.007). The infants scored lower by 1.5 points with an increase by one unit (1 microg/dl) of lead concentration in cord blood. In the lower exposed infants (1.67 microg/dl) the mean Fagan score was 61.0 (95% CI: 60.3-61.7) and that in the higher exposed group (>1.67 microg/dl) was 58.4 (95% CI: 57.3-59.7). The difference of 2.5 points was significant at the p=0.0005 level. The estimated risk of scoring the high-risk group of developmental delay (FTII classification 3) due to higher lead blood levels was two-fold greater (OR=2.33, 95% CI: 1.32-4.11) than for lower lead blood levels after adjusting for potential confounders (gestational age, gender of the child and maternal education). As the risk of the deficit in VRM score (Fagan group 3) in exposed infants attributable to Pb prenatal exposure was about 50%, a large portion of cases with developmental delay could be prevented by reducing maternal blood lead level below 1.67 microg/dl. Although the negative predictive value of the chosen screening criterion (above 1.67 microg/dl) was relatively high (89%) its positive predictive value was too low (22%), so that the screening program based on the chosen cord blood lead criterion was recommended.
authors: Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland. myjedryc@cyf-kr.edu.pl <myjedryc@cyf-kr.edu.pl>
authors: Wieslaw
authors: W
authors: Jedrychowski
authors: Frederica
authors: F
authors: Perera
authors: Jeffery
authors: J
authors: Jankowski
authors: Virginia
authors: V
authors: Rauh
authors: Elzbieta
authors: E
authors: Flak
authors: Kathleen L
authors: KL
authors: Caldwell
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Jones
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Pac
authors: Ilona
authors: I
authors: Lisowska-Miszczyk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007854:Lead