title: Impact of alpha-cypermethrin on honey bees foraging on spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus) flowers in field conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cruciferous oil-bearing crops have gained in importance worldwide. The expansion of the growing area of these crops has caused a proliferation of pests. Exposure to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides has been associated with bee poisoning in food crops. This study examines the repellent effect of alpha-cypermethrin on the number of foraging honey bees, Apis mellifera L., on fields of spring oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. var. oleifera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first experiment was conducted on differently sprayed 10 m(2) experimental plots where alpha-cypermethrin was applied at different times. Another experiment was conducted on a 4 ha seed production field divided into two parts: one part was treated with alpha-cypermethrin and the other was not treated with this insecticide. The results show that there was no difference in the number of honey bees between alpha-cypermethrin-treated and untreated patches. The result persisted through three observation years, regardless of varying flower and honey bee densities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No repellent effect of the insecticide on honey bees was found even 24 h after spraying. The density of oilseed rape flowers most likely played a major role in choosing the foraging area.
authors: Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Agricultural University, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia. reet.karise@emu.ee
authors: Reet
authors: R
authors: Karise
authors: Eneli
authors: E
authors: Viik
authors: Marika
authors: M
authors: Mänd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D029688:Brassica napus; D035264:Flowers; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011156:Population Density; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin