title: The healing forearm fracture: a matched comparison of forearm refractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Forearm fractures in children usually heal rapidly after closed treatment. Recent studies report forearm refracture rates of 5%. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for refracture based on radiographic variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of patients that sustained a second forearm fracture (refracture) between 1998 and 2005. Refractures were defined as having a second fracture of the same forearm within 18 months of the original fracture. A comparison group of single-fracture patients followed in a capitated insurance plan were included and matched based on age and sex. Radiographic assessment included initial/final angulation, displacement, and fracture-line visibility at latest follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three refractures were compared with 132 age- and sex-matched single-fracture patients. Time to refracture averaged 10 months. Thirty-eight percent of the initial fractures in the refracture group occurred in the proximal or middle third of the forearm compared with 15% for the single-fracture patients (P < 0.001). Because location of the fracture was found to be a risk factor for refracture, a secondary analysis was performed with refracture patients matched to single-fracture patients based on age, sex, bone fractured, fracture location, and treatment method. Fracture-line visibility of the radius at latest follow-up was clearly visible in 48% of refractures compared with 21% of controls (P = 0.05). Initial fracture severity and residual deformity were not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proximal and middle one third forearm fractures are at greater risk of refracture compared with distal one third forearm fractures. There was a trend toward incomplete healing seen more commonly in those that refractured, emphasizing the importance of longer immobilization in these fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic study, level III, case-control study.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.
authors: Avi C
authors: AC
authors: Baitner
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Perry
authors: Francois D
authors: FD
authors: Lalonde
authors: Tracey P
authors: TP
authors: Bastrom
authors: Jeff
authors: J
authors: Pawelek
authors: Peter O
authors: PO
authors: Newton
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D017102:Fracture Healing; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy