title: Propofol reduces apoptosis and up-regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein expression in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Oxidative stress is a critical pathogenic factor in endothelial cell damage and the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this study we evaluated the effects of propofol on oxidative stress-induced endothelial cell insults and the role of serine-threonine kinase Akt modulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as a mechanism of protection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used as the experimental model. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 100 microM) was used as the stimulus of oxidative stress. Study groups included 1) control; 2) cells incubated with H2O2 alone; 3) cells incubated with propofol (50 microM) alone; or 4) cells pretreated with propofol 50 microM for 30 min then co-incubated with H2O2. Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and Trypan blue dye exclusion test. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst 33258 staining. Caspase-3 activity was determined by the colorimetric CaspACE Assay System. Expressions of Akt, phospho-Akt, and eNOS were detected by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H2O2 decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis, and increased caspase-3 activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Propofol significantly protected cells from H2O2-induced cell damage, apoptosis and decreased H2O2-induced increase in caspase-3 activity. Propofol treatment significantly increased eNOS expression compared to control and H2O2-stimulated cells. There was no significant difference in phospho-Akt (Ser 473 or Thr 308) expression among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol 50 microM can reduce H2O2-induced damage and apoptosis in endothelial cells, by suppressing caspase-3 activity and by increasing eNOS expression via an Akt-independent mechanism.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: Baohua
authors: B
authors: Wang
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Luo
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Chen
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Ansley
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D014471:Umbilical Veins
chemical_list: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D053148:Caspase 3; D015742:Propofol