title: Color perception deficits in co-existing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic tic disorders.
abstract: Preliminary findings suggest that color perception, particularly of blue-yellow stimuli, is impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as in chronic tic disorders (CTD). However, these findings have been not replicated and it is unclear what these deficits mean for the comorbidity of ADHD + CTD. Four groups (ADHD, CTD, ADHD + CTD, controls) of children with similar age, IQ and gender distribution were investigated with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test (FMT) and the Stroop-Color-Word Task using a factorial design. Color perception deficits, as indexed by the FMT, were found for both main factors (ADHD and CTD), but there were no interaction effects. A preponderance of deficits on the blue-yellow compared to the red-green axis was detected for ADHD. In the Stroop task only the 'pure' ADHD group showed impairments in interference control and other parameters of Stroop performance. No significant correlations between any FMT parameter and color naming in the Stroop task were found. Basic color perception deficits in both ADHD and CTD could be found. Beyond that, it could be shown that these deficits are additive in the case of comorbidity (ADHD + CTD). Performance deficits on the Stroop task were present only in the 'pure' ADHD group. Hence, the latter may be compensated in the comorbid group by good prefrontal capabilities of CTD. The influence of color perception deficits on Stroop task performance might be negligible.
authors: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. vroessn@gwdg.de
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Roessner
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Banaschewski
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Fillmer-Otte
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Becker
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Albrecht
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Uebel
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sergeant
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Tannock
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Rothenberger
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003119:Color Perception Tests / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*