title: San Francisco/Oakland Bay Bridge Welder Study: olfactory function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sense of smell can be damaged by airborne xenobiotics, including aerosolized heavy metals, reflecting the direct exposure of its receptors to the outside environment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether professional welders working in confined spaces exhibit olfactory dysfunction. To determine whether such dysfunction, if present, is related to indices of metal exposure associated with welding, as well as measures of neurologic and neuropsychological function.
  
  
  METHODS
  The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and a battery of neurologic and neuropsychological tests were administered to 43 welders who worked for 1 to 2 years on the San Francisco/Oakland Bay Bridge. Blood levels of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Pb were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to matched controls, the welders had significantly lower UPSIT scores, with a mean (SEM) of 29.51 (0.90) for welders and 36.55 (0.88) for controls. Eighty-eight percent scored below their individually matched controls. As in idiopathic Parkinson disease, the welders' olfactory test scores were unrelated to a broad spectrum of neurologic and neuropsychological test measures, as determined by principal components analysis. Although blood levels of Mn were associated with the time spent working on the bridge, workers with the highest Mn blood levels exhibited better olfactory function than those with the lowest Mn blood levels. The basis of this paradox, which has been observed previously, is unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Professional welders may be at risk for loss of smell function, although such loss seems to be unrelated to neurologic and neuropsychological test performance.
authors: Smell and Taste Center, 5University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors: Marcelo B
authors: MB
authors: Antunes
authors: Rosemarie
authors: R
authors: Bowler
authors: Richard L
authors: RL
authors: Doty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002140:California; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000097:blood*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012903:Smell / Q000187:drug effects; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D014896:Welding
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D008345:Manganese