title: Rapid throughput screening of apparent KSP values for weakly basic drugs using 96-well format.
abstract: A rapid-throughput screening assay was developed to estimate the salt solubility parameter, K(SP), with a minimal quantity of drug. This assay allows for early evaluation of salt limited solubility with a large number of counter-ions and biologically promising drug leads. Drugs dissolved (typically 10 mM) in DMSO are robotically distributed to a 96-well plate. DMSO is evaporated, and drugs are equilibrated with various acids at different concentrations (typically <1 M) to yield final total drug concentrations around 2.5 mM. The plate is checked for precipitation. Filtrates from only those precipitated wells were subjected to rapid gradient HPLC analysis. An iterative procedure is employed to calculate all species concentrations based on mass and charge balance equations. The apparent K(SP) values assuming 1:1 stoichiometry are determined from counter-ion and ionized drug activities. A correlation coefficient >0.975 for eight drugs totaling 16 salts is reported. Intra-day and inter-day reproducibility was <10%. Conventional apparent K(SP) measurements were translated to 96-well format for increased throughput and minimal drug consumption (typically 10 mg) to evaluate at least eight different counter-ions. Although the current protocol estimates K(SP) from 10(-3) to 10(-7) M, the dynamic range of the assay could be expanded by adjusting drug and counter-ion concentrations.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA. jeremyguo@hotmail.com
authors: Jeremy
authors: J
authors: Guo
authors: Paul A
authors: PA
authors: Elzinga
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Hageman
authors: James N
authors: JN
authors: Herron
mesh_terms: D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008832:Microchemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012997:Solvents; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide