title: Race and ethnicity in trials of antihypertensive therapy to prevent cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wanted to systematically review (1) the participation of racial and ethnic minorities in clinical trials of antihypertensive drug therapy and (2) racial differences in the efficacy of these therapies for the prevention of cardiovascular outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, African Index Medicus, and the Cochrane Library were searched from their inception to December 2005 for randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy of antihypertensive drug therapy in preventing myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, or cardiovascular death. MEDLINE was also searched from 2005 through 2006. The 2 authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight studies met inclusion criteria. Eight trials reported results by racial subgroup. Trials with black and Hispanic participants (ALLHAT, INVEST, VALUE) found similar primary outcomes, but ALLHAT found a greater magnitude of benefit for blacks on diuretic therapy compared with nonblacks. One trial (PROGRESS) compared Asians with non-Asians, reporting that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (vs placebo) were equally effective for preventing stroke in both groups. In the LIFE trial, post hoc analyses showed different outcomes for blacks and nonblacks, raising questions about the usefulness of angiotensin-receptor blockers as first-line antihypertensive agents in blacks. In 3 studies conducted exclusively in Asians (JMIC-B, FEVER, NICS-EH), calcium channel blockers were effective in preventing cardiovascular outcomes. No trials described cardiovascular outcomes in Native Americans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five trials made interethnic group comparisons; 4 had similar primary outcomes for ethnic minorities and whites. Increased minority participation in future studies is needed to determine optimal prevention therapies, especially in outcome-driven trials comparing multidrug antihypertensive treatment regimens.
authors: Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn, USA. parki@obgyn.ucsf.edu
authors: Ina U
authors: IU
authors: Park
authors: Anne L
authors: AL
authors: Taylor
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005006:Ethnicity; D014943:Global Health; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology*; D044469:Racial Groups; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D035842:Research Subjects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents