title: Electroporation of cDNA/Morpholinos to targeted areas of embryonic CNS in Xenopus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blastomere injection of mRNA or antisense oligonucleotides has proven effective in analyzing early gene function in Xenopus. However, functional analysis of genes involved in neuronal differentiation and axon pathfinding by this method is often hampered by earlier function of these genes during development. Therefore, fine spatio-temporal control of over-expression or knock-down approaches is required to specifically address the role of a given gene in these processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe here an electroporation procedure that can be used with high efficiency and low toxicity for targeting DNA and antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into spatially restricted regions of the Xenopus CNS at a critical time-window of development (22-50 hour post-fertilization) when axonal tracts are first forming. The approach relies on the design of "electroporation chambers" that enable reproducible positioning of fixed-spaced electrodes coupled with accurate DNA/MO injection. Simple adjustments can be made to the electroporation chamber to suit the shape of different aged embryos and to alter the size and location of the targeted region. This procedure can be used to electroporate separate regions of the CNS in the same embryo allowing separate manipulation of growing axons and their intermediate and final targets in the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that electroporation can be used as a versatile tool to investigate molecular pathways involved in axon extension during Xenopus embryogenesis. Electroporation enables gain or loss of function studies to be performed with easy monitoring of electroporated cells. Double-targeted transfection provides a unique opportunity to monitor axon-target interaction in vivo. Finally, electroporated embryos represent a valuable source of MO-loaded or DNA transfected cells for in vitro analysis. The technique has broad applications as it can be tailored easily to other developing organ systems and to other organisms by making simple adjustments to the electroporation chamber.
authors: Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK. jf348@cam.ac.uk
authors: Julien
authors: J
authors: Falk
authors: Jovana
authors: J
authors: Drinjakovic
authors: Kin Mei
authors: KM
authors: Leung
authors: Asha
authors: A
authors: Dwivedy
authors: Aoife G
authors: AG
authors: Regan
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Piper
authors: Christine E
authors: CE
authors: Holt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000196:embryology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics*; D018274:Electroporation; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D014162:Transfection; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins