title: Parasite control practices on Swedish horse farms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Virtually all horses are infected with helminth parasites. For some decades, the control of parasites of Swedish horses has been based on routine treatments with anthelmintics, often several times per year. Since anthelmintic resistance is becoming an increasing problem it is essential to develop more sustainable control strategies, which are adapted to different types of horse management. The aim of this study was to obtain information on practices used by Swedish horse owners for the control of endoparasites.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire with 26 questions about management practices and parasite control routines was posted to 627 randomly selected horse establishments covering most types of horse management in Sweden.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was good in all categories of respondents (66-78%). A total of 444 questionnaires were used in the analyses. It was found that virtually all horses had access to grazing areas, usually permanent. Generally, pasture hygiene was infrequently practiced. Thirty-six percent of the respondents clipped or chain harrowed their pastures, whereas weekly removal of faeces from the grazing areas was performed by 6% of the respondents, and mixed or rotational grazing with other livestock by 10%. The number of anthelmintic treatments per year varied from 1-8 with an average of 3.2. Thirty-eight percent considered late autumn (Oct-Dec) to be the most important time for deworming. This finding, and an increased use of macrocyclic lactones in the autumn, suggests a concern about bot flies, Gasterophilus intestinalis. Only 1% of the respondents stated that faecal egg counts (FEC) were performed on a regular basis. The relatively high cost of FEC analyses compared to purchase of anthelmintics was thought to contribute to the preference of deworming without a previous FEC. From the study it was evident that all categories of horse owners took advice mainly from veterinarians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that routines for endoparasite control can be improved in many horse establishments. To increase the knowledge of equine endoparasite control and follow the recommendations for how to reduce the spread of anthelmintic resistance, a closer collaboration between parasitologists and veterinary practitioners is desirable.
authors: Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden. eva.osterman-lind@sva.se
authors: Eva Osterman
authors: EO
authors: Lind
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Rautalinko
authors: Arvid
authors: A
authors: Uggla
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Waller
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Morrison
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Höglund
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D010067:Ownership; D011715:Pyrantel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D011715:Pyrantel; D007559:Ivermectin