title: Carcinoid pulmonary valvulopathy evaluated by real-time 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography.
abstract: A 55-year-old woman with carcinoid valvular heart disease was referred for consideration of right-sided valve replacement. By transthoracic 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, there was severe tricuspid regurgitation and mild right ventricular dysfunction. The pulmonary valve was thickened with annular constriction and severe regurgitation. Real-time 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography provided an en face view of pulmonary valve from the right ventricular outflow perspective, not obtainable by routine 2-dimensional echocardiography. Three-dimensional echocardiography may play an incremental role for the preoperative assessment of the pulmonary valve in patients with carcinoid heart disease.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors: Kyung Jin
authors: KJ
authors: Lee
authors: Heidi M
authors: HM
authors: Connolly
authors: Patricia A
authors: PA
authors: Pellikka
mesh_terms: D002275:Carcinoid Heart Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*