title: Artifact removal in co-registered EEG/fMRI by selective average subtraction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Co-registration of EEG (electroencephalogram) and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) remains a challenge due to the large artifacts induced on the EEG by the MR (magnetic resonance) sequence magnetic fields. Thus, we present an algorithm, based on the average-subtraction method, which is able to correct EEG data for gradient and pulse artifacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  MR sequence timing parameters are estimated from the EEG data and both slice and volume artifact templates are subtracted from the data. A clustering algorithm is proposed to account for the variability of the pulse artifact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm is able to keep the spontaneous EEG as well as visual evoked potentials (VEPs), while removing gradient and pulse artifacts with only a subtraction of selectively averaged data. In the frequency domain, the artifact frequencies are strongly attenuated. Estimated MR sequence time parameters showed that the correction is extremely sensitive to the slice time value. Pulse artifact clustering showed that most of the variability is due to the time jitter of the pulse artifact markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective subtraction of averages in combination with proper time alignment is enough to remove most of the MR-induced artifacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clean EEG can be obtained from raw signals that are corrupted by MR-induced artifacts during simultaneous EEG-fMRI scanning without using dedicated hardware to synchronize EEG and fMRI clocks.
authors: Brain Imaging Section, Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.goncalves-verheij@vumc.nl
authors: S I
authors: SI
authors: Gonçalves
authors: P J W
authors: PJ
authors: Pouwels
authors: J P A
authors: JP
authors: Kuijer
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Heethaar
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: de Munck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010545:Peroxides / Q000097:blood; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D010545:Peroxides; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea