title: Calcium dependence of T cell proliferation following focal stimulation.
abstract: Clonal T cell expansion through proliferation is a central process of the adaptive immune response. Apoptosis of activated T cells is required to avoid chronic inflammation. T cell proliferation and apoptosis are often analyzed with stimuli that do not induce formation of a functional immunological synapse. Here we analyze the Ca(2+) dependence of proliferation and apoptosis in primary human CD4(+) T cells following stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28-coated beads, which induce a tight interaction similar to the immunological synapse. We found this focal stimulation to be much more efficient for stimulating IL-2 production and proliferation than non-focal TCR stimuli. Surprising little Ca(2+) entry through Ca(2+) channels was required for T cell proliferation. Transient free intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) elevations of up to 220 nM from a baseline level of around 40 nM were sufficient for maximal proliferation in primary human CD4(+) T cells. We also show that proliferation was very Ca(2+) sensitive in the range 90-120 nM, whereas apoptosis was basically constant for [Ca(2+)](i) levels of 90-120 nM. We conclude that very small changes in [Ca(2+)](i) can dramatically change the ratio between proliferation and apoptosis, thus keeping the balance between overshooting and inefficient immune responses.
authors: Department of Physiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany. eva.schwarz@uniklinikum-saarland.de
authors: Eva C
authors: EC
authors: Schwarz
authors: Carsten
authors: C
authors: Kummerow
authors: Anna S
authors: AS
authors: Wenning
authors: Kerstin
authors: K
authors: Wagner
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Sappok
authors: Katherina
authors: K
authors: Waggershauser
authors: Désirée
authors: D
authors: Griesemer
authors: Bettina
authors: B
authors: Strauss
authors: Melodie-Jo
authors: MJ
authors: Wolfs
authors: Ariel
authors: A
authors: Quintana
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Hoth
mesh_terms: D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium