title: Evaluating physician performance at individualizing care: a pilot study tracking contextual errors in medical decision making.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical decision making requires 2 distinct cognitive skills: the ability to classify patients' conditions into diagnostic and management categories that permit the application of research evidence and the ability to individualize or-more specifically-to contextualize care for patients whose circumstances and needs require variation from the standard approach to care. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a methodology for measuring physicians' performance at contextualizing care and compare it to their performance at planning biomedically appropriate care.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, the authors drafted 3 cases, each with 4 variations, 3 of which are embedded with biomedical and/or contextual information that is essential to planning care. Once the cases were validated as instruments for assessing physician performance, 54 internal medicine residents were then presented with opportunities to make these preidentified biomedical or contextual errors, and data were collected on information elicitation and error making.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The case validation process was successful in that, in the final iteration, the physicians who received the contextual variant of cases proposed an alternate plan of care to those who received the baseline variant 100% of the time. The subsequent piloting of these validated cases unmasked previously unmeasured differences in physician performance at contextualizing care. The findings, which reflect the performance characteristics of the study population, are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study demonstrates a methodology for measuring physician performance at contextualizing care and illustrates the contribution of such information to an overall assessment of physician practice.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. sweiner@uic.edu
authors: Saul J
authors: SJ
authors: Weiner
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Schwartz
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Yudkowsky
authors: Gordon D
authors: GD
authors: Schiff
authors: Frances M
authors: FM
authors: Weaver
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Goldberg
authors: Kevin B
authors: KB
authors: Weiss
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*