title: In vivo genetic profiling and cellular localization of apelin reveals a hypoxia-sensitive, endothelial-centered pathway activated in ischemic heart failure.
abstract: Signaling by the peptide ligand apelin and its cognate G protein-coupled receptor APJ has a potent inotropic effect on cardiac contractility and modulates systemic vascular resistance through nitric oxide-dependent signaling. In addition, there is evidence for counterregulation of the angiotensin and vasopressin pathways. Regulatory stimuli of the apelin-APJ pathway are of obvious importance but remain to be elucidated. To better understand the physiological response of apelin-APJ to disease states such as heart failure and to elucidate the mechanism by which such a response might occur, we have used the murine model of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation-induced ischemic cardiac failure. To identify the key cells responsible for modulation and production of apelin in vivo, we have created a novel apelin-lacZ reporter mouse. Data from these studies demonstrate that apelin and APJ are upregulated in the heart and skeletal muscle following myocardial injury and suggest that apelin expression remains restricted to the endothelium. In cardiac failure, endothelial apelin expression correlates with other hypoxia-responsive genes, and in healthy animals both apelin and APJ are markedly upregulated in various tissues following systemic hypoxic exposure. Experiments with cultured endothelial cells in vitro show apelin mRNA and protein levels to be increased by hypoxia, through a hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated pathway. These studies suggest that apelin-expressing endothelial cells respond to conditions associated with heart failure, possibly including local tissue hypoxia, and modulate apelin-APJ expression to regulate cardiovascular homeostasis. The apelin-APJ pathway may thus provide a mechanism for systemic endothelial monitoring of tissue perfusion and adaptive regulation of cardiovascular function.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors: Ahmad Y
authors: AY
authors: Sheikh
authors: Hyung J
authors: HJ
authors: Chun
authors: Alexander J
authors: AJ
authors: Glassford
authors: Ramendera K
authors: RK
authors: Kundu
authors: Ingo
authors: I
authors: Kutschka
authors: Diego
authors: D
authors: Ardigo
authors: Stephen L
authors: SL
authors: Hendry
authors: Roger A
authors: RA
authors: Wagner
authors: Mary M
authors: MM
authors: Chen
authors: Ziad A
authors: ZA
authors: Ali
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Yue
authors: Diem T
authors: DT
authors: Huynh
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Connolly
authors: Marc P
authors: MP
authors: Pelletier
authors: Philip S
authors: PS
authors: Tsao
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Robbins
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Quertermous
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines; D000818:Animals; D000073861:Apelin; D000075244:Apelin Receptors; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007763:Lac Operon; D008026:Ligation; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D000073861:Apelin; D000075244:Apelin Receptors; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C115436:APLN protein, human; C104575:APLNR protein, human; C402826:Apln protein, mouse; C491285:Aplnr protein, mouse; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse