title: Effects of ambient temperature on the relative reinforcing strength of MDMA using a choice procedure in monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is frequently used in hot environments, such as rave parties. Studies in laboratory animals have shown that ambient temperature can alter the behavioral and neurochemical effects of MDMA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of ambient temperature on the relative reinforcing strength of MDMA and reinstatement of behavior previously maintained by MDMA is the objective of the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of cool (18 degrees C), room (24 degrees C), and warm (31 degrees C) temperatures were examined when MDMA was available under a concurrent fixed-ratio 30 schedule of MDMA (saline, 0.03-0.3 mg/kg/injection) and food choice in rhesus monkeys (n = 5). During saline substitutions, the effect of noncontingent MDMA (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) on response allocation was examined at each ambient temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At room temperature, MDMA choice increased as a function of dose, such that food was preferred over a low MDMA dose (0.03 mg/kg/injection), whereas higher doses were preferred over food. Elevating the ambient temperature significantly increased the relative reinforcing strength of 0.03 mg/kg/injection MDMA, and lowering the ambient temperature significantly attenuated the choice of 0.1 mg/kg/injection MDMA. Noncontingent injections of MDMA administered before a session in which saline was the alternative to food dose-dependently increased injection-lever responding; this effect was not influenced by ambient temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that ambient temperature can affect the relative reinforcing strength of MDMA, but not MDMA-induced reinstatement. Furthermore, these results suggest environmental strategies for decreasing the reinforcing strength of MDMA.
authors: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors: Matthew L
authors: ML
authors: Banks
authors: Jon E
authors: JE
authors: Sprague
authors: Paul W
authors: PW
authors: Czoty
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Nader
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D001245:Association Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000187:drug effects; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine