Mice heterozygous for adrenomedullin exhibit a more extreme inflammatory response to endotoxin-induced septic shock.
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a highly conserved peptide that can act as a potent vasodilator, anti-microbial factor and anti-inflammatory factor. Several studies have implicated diverse roles for AM in regulating the inflammatory and hemodynamic responses to septic shock. Moreover, during sepsis the receptors that mediate AM signaling [calcitonin receptor-like receptor (calcrl) and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMP) 2 and 3] undergo dynamic and robust changes in their expression. Although numerous studies have used animal models to study the role of administered or increased AM in septic animals, genetic studies to determine the consequences of reduced AM during septic shock have not yet been performed. Here, we used a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock to assess the inflammatory response in mice heterozygous for the AM gene. Following LPS challenge, AM(+/-) mice had higher expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta than LPS-treated wild-type (WT) controls. Consequently, serum TNF-alpha was also significantly elevated in LPS-treated AM(+/-) mice compared to WT LPS-treated mice. We also observed higher serum levels of liver enzymes, suggesting more advanced end-organ damage in mice with genetically reduced AM. Finally, we found that RAMP2 and calcrl expression levels were markedly reduced in LPS-treated mice, whereas RAMP3 expression was significantly elevated. Importantly, these changes in receptor gene expression were conserved in AM(+/-) mice, demonstrating that AM peptide itself does not impact directly on the expression of the genes encoding its receptors. We, therefore, conclude that during septic shock the dynamic modulation of AM and its receptors primarily functions to dampen the inflammatory response.
Dackor
Ryan
R
Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, CB #7545, 103 Mason Farm Road, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Caron
Kathleen
K
D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006579:Heterozygote; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D058265:Receptors, Adrenomedullin; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D004731:Endotoxins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D058265:Receptors, Adrenomedullin; D018000:Receptors, Peptide; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase