title: Swainsonine reduces 5-fluorouracil tolerance in the multistage resistance of colorectal cancer cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug resistance is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. Acquisition of chemo-resistance not only reduces the effectiveness of drugs, but also promotes side effects and markedly reduces the patient's quality of life. However, a number of resistance mechanisms have been reported and are thought to be the reason for the difficulties in solving drug-resistance problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To investigate the mechanisms of drug resistance, a set of cell lines with different levels of sensitivity and possessing different mechanisms of resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was established from a colorectal cancer cell line. The expression of thymidylate synthase, orotic acid phosphoribosyltransferase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which are well known to be related to drug resistance, differed among these cell lines, indicating that these cell lines acquired different resistance mechanisms. However, swainsonine, an inhibitor of N-glycan biosynthesis, reduced 5-FU-tolerance in all resistant cells, whereas the sensitivity of the parental cells was unchanged. Further analysis of the N-glycan profiles of all cell lines showed partial inhibition of biosynthesis and no cytotoxicity at the swainsonine dosage tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that N-linked oligosaccharides affect 5-FU resistance more widely than do drug-resistance related enzymes in colorectal cancer cells, and that the N-glycan could be a universal target for chemotherapy. Further, swainsonine may enhance the performance of chemotherapy by reducing tolerance.
authors: Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan. hama@med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Hamaguchi
authors: Hiroaki
authors: H
authors: Nakagawa
authors: Masato
authors: M
authors: Takahashi
authors: Takeaki
authors: T
authors: Kudo
authors: Naoya
authors: N
authors: Kamiyama
authors: Bailong
authors: B
authors: Sun
authors: Takahiro
authors: T
authors: Oshima
authors: Yuji
authors: Y
authors: Sato
authors: Kisaburo
authors: K
authors: Deguchi
authors: Satoru
authors: S
authors: Todo
authors: Shin-Ichiro
authors: S
authors: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017026:Swainsonine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017026:Swainsonine; D005472:Fluorouracil