title: Impaired short-term blood pressure regulation and autonomic dysbalance in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because reduction in baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) has been associated with hypertension in the normal population and with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus, we measured BRS in a patient cohort of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and eight children (150 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, mean age 13.9 +/- 2.8 years, 70 boys, mean HbA(1c) 7.8 +/- 1.4%; and 58 healthy controls, mean age 14.1 +/- 3.1 years, 32 boys) were studied. BRS and heart rate variability (HRV) were analysed from a short-time ECG and BP recording using the sequence method (BRS) and the frequency domain method (HRV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 111 of 150 patients (74%) and 5 of 58 controls (8.6%) that showed impaired BRS. Mean BRS differed significantly between patients and controls (18.4 +/- 7.2 vs 25.8 +/- 8.2 ms/mm, p < 0.001). BRS correlated inversely with systolic BP (r = -0.23, p = 0.009) and was related to diabetes duration (r = -0.194, p = 0.027). Analysis of HRV showed greater sympathetic and less parasympathetic influence in patients than in controls (low frequency/high frequency ratio 1.3 +/- 0.8 vs 0.9 +/- 0.6, p < 0.05); the low frequency/high frequency ratio was inversely correlated with BRS (r = -0.28, p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic children show reduced BRS. In our patient group, the single risk factor for this finding was found to be the disease duration. The degree of BRS impairment was related to the degree of autonomic dysbalance.
authors: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. Robert.DallaPozza@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Dalla Pozza
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Bechtold
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Bonfig
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Putzker
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Kozlik-Feldmann
authors: H-P
authors: HP
authors: Schwarz
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Netz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human