title: Efficacy of two ethanol-based skin antiseptics on the forehead at shorter application times.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research suggests that alcohol-based skin antiseptics exhibit their efficacy on the resident skin flora of the forehead in less than 10 minutes. That is why we have looked at the efficacy of two ethanol-based skin antiseptics applied for 10, 2.5 and 2 minutes on skin with a high density of sebaceous glands. Each experiment was performed in a reference-controlled cross-over design with at least 20 participants. Application of isopropanol (70%, v/v) for 10 minutes to the forehead served as the reference treatment. The clear (skin antiseptic A) and coloured preparations (skin antiseptic B) contain 85% ethanol (w/w). Pre-values and post-values (immediately after the application and after 30 min) were obtained by swabbing a marked area of 5 cm2 for about 10 s. Swabs were vortexed in tryptic soy broth containing valid neutralizing agents. After serial dilution aliquots were spread on tryptic soy agar. Colonies were counted after incubation of plates at 36 degrees C for 48 h. The mean log10 reduction of bacteria was calculated. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test was used for a comparison of treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skin antiseptic A applied for 10 min was significantly more effective than the reference treatment. When applied for 2.5 min (three experiments) it was significantly more effective than the reference treatment immediately after application (2.7 versus 2.2 log10 reduction; p < 0.001) and equally effective after 30 min (2.8 versus 2.6 log10 reduction; p = 0.053). Skin antiseptic B applied for 2.5 min (three experiments) was significantly more effective than the reference treatment both immediately after application (2.3 versus 1.9 log10 reduction; p < 0.001) and after 30 min (2.5 versus 2.1 log10 reduction; p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clear and coloured skin antiseptics applied for 2.5 min on the skin of the forehead fulfilled the efficacy requirements for skin antisepsis. The shorter application time on skin with a high density of sebaceous glands will allow to act more efficiently in clinical practice.
authors: Bode Chemie GmbH & Co, KG, Scientific Affairs, Melanchthonstrasse 27, 22525 Hamburg, Germany. guenter.kampf@bode-chemie.de
authors: Günter
authors: G
authors: Kampf
authors: Frank-Albert
authors: FA
authors: Pitten
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Heeg
authors: Bärbel
authors: B
authors: Christiansen
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D000431:Ethanol