title: Childhood neglect and parental care perception in cocaine addicts: relation with psychiatric symptoms and biological correlates.
abstract: Childhood neglect and poor child-parent relationships have been reported to increase substance use disorders susceptibility. Stressful environmental factors, including emotional neglect, could affect individual personality traits and mental health, possibly inducing stable changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and brain mono-amine function, in turn involved in addictive behavior vulnerability. Therefore, we decided to investigate homovanillic (HVA) and prolactin (PRL) plasma levels, as expression of possible changes in dopamine function, ACTH and cortisol plasma levels, as measures of HPA axis function, and concomitant psychiatric symptoms profile in abstinent cocaine addicts, in relationship to their childhood history of neglect and poor parental care perception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty abstinent cocaine dependent patients, and 44 normal controls, matched for age and sex, were submitted to a detailed psychiatric assessment (DSM IV criteria). All patients and controls completed the Symptoms Check List-90 (SCL-90) and the Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), to evaluate psychiatric symptoms frequency and aggressiveness levels. The Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse-Questionnaire (CECA-Q) and Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) have been used to retrospectively investigate parent-child relationships. Blood samples were collected to determine HVA, PRL, ACTH and cortisol basal plasma levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cocaine addicted individuals in general showed significantly lower HVA, and higher PRL, ACTH and cortisol basal levels respect to controls. In particular, neuroendocrine changes characterized cocaine addicts with childhood history of neglect and low perception of parental care. Obsessive-compulsive, depression and aggressiveness symptoms have been found related to poor parenting, inversely associated to HVA levels and directly associated to PRL, ACTH and cortisol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest the possibility that childhood experience of neglect and poor parent-child attachment may partially contribute to a complex neurobiological derangement including HPA axis and dopamine system dysfunctions, playing a crucial role in addictive and affective disorders susceptibility.
authors: UNODC, Global Challenges Section, Division for Operations, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. gilberto.gerra@unodc.org
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Gerra
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Leonardi
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Cortese
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Zaimovic
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Dell'agnello
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Manfredini
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Somaini
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Petracca
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Caretti
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Raggi
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Donnini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005260:Female; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D011388:Prolactin; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D006719:Homovanillic Acid