title: Effective correction of frontal cranial deformities using biodegradable fixation on the inner surface of the cranial bones during infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fixation of cranial bones in pediatric craniofacial surgery with biodegradable materials has developed into an accepted method. However, placing the fixation material on the outer surface of the cranial bone at the frontal cranium in infants can result in suboptimal cosmetic outcomes, as the plates and screws can be palpable. The placement of resorbable fixation devices on the inner surface of the skull would allow for less obvious fixation beneath the skin with a potentially superior cosmetic result. The authors report the use of such resorbable fixation devices on the inner or endocranial aspect of the cranium which appears to be novel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with the mean age of 14 months (range 7-35 months) were treated with cranial remodeling using poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) biodegradable fixation on the inner surface of the cranial bones. Five patients had trigonocephaly, four plagiocephaly, and one brachycephaly. All patients had 3D computed tomography (CT) and clinical photographs done preoperatively and postoperatively at follow-up. The outcome was judged at follow-up by clinical evaluation, photographs, 3D CT, and interview of the parents. The mean follow-up time was 3.5 years (range 0.5-6 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary recovery was uneventful in all cases. No wound infection occurred, but one patient had a minor skin necrosis which required a single revision operation to correct. The cosmetic outcome was scored as excellent, good, fair, or poor. There was no case with delayed union. Seven out of ten cases were judged as excellent and three as good, none as fair or poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of resorbable PLGA fixation devices on the inner aspect of the skull appears to provide a satisfactory cosmetic result in this small preliminary group of pediatric patients. Further long-term study of these materials in this specific location in a larger patient group is needed.
authors: Department of Surgery and Paediatrics, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland.
authors: Willy S
authors: WS
authors: Serlo
authors: Leena P
authors: LP
authors: Ylikontiola
authors: Anna-Liisa
authors: AL
authors: Vesala
authors: Outi I
authors: OI
authors: Kaarela
authors: Tarja
authors: T
authors: Iber
authors: George K B
authors: GK
authors: Sándor
authors: Nureddin
authors: N
authors: Ashammakhi
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials