title: The effects of clonidine on discrete-trial delayed spatial alternation in two rat models of memory loss.
abstract: Spatial memory impairments observed in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia have been attributed to many factors, including glutamate hypofunction and reduced hippocampal volume. Clonidine, a non-specific alpha(2) adrenergic receptor agonist, improves spatial memory in animals treated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, phencyclidine; however, its effects on memory deficits produced by other NMDA antagonists or hippocampal damage have not been fully characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine if clonidine could alleviate memory deficits produced by the NMDA antagonist, MK-801, or by excitotoxic hippocampal damage. In the first phase of the study, male rats were pretreated with clonidine (0.01 or 0.05 mg/kg) or saline, and treated with MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) or saline prior to discrete-trial delayed alternation or radial-arm maze testing. MK-801 impaired delayed alternation performance and increased the number of arm revisits in the radial-arm maze. Clonidine pretreatment significantly alleviated these drug-induced deficits. In the second phase of the study, excitotoxic damage was produced in the dorsal hippocampus with NMDA. Hippocampal damage produced a significant impairment in the delayed alternation task, yet pretreatment with clonidine did not alleviate this damage-induced deficit. Taken together, the data indicate that clonidine alleviates memory impairments produced by glutamate hypofunction, but not by hippocampal damage. This caveat may be important in designing treatments for memory disorders not linked to a single pathophysiological mechanism.
authors: Department of Psychology, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, USA. bardgettm@nku.edu
authors: Mark E
authors: ME
authors: Bardgett
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Points
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Ramsey-Faulkner
authors: Jeff
authors: J
authors: Topmiller
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Roflow
authors: Travis
authors: T
authors: McDaniel
authors: Timberly
authors: T
authors: Lamontagne
authors: Molly S
authors: MS
authors: Griffith
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000633:toxicity; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000633:toxicity; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D003000:Clonidine