title: Rapid counterclockwise shift rotation in air traffic control: effects on sleep and night work.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Air Traffic Control, counterclockwise rapidly rotating shift schedules are often employed but may result in significant sleep loss. This has potential consequences for performance, particularly if a night shift is worked. As part of a large-scale field study, the pattern of sleep across a 4-d counterclockwise, rapidly rotating schedule (afternoon, day, morning, night shift) was documented and relationships between prior sleep and performance during the night shift were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 28 controllers who completed 4 periods of data collection which included 2 d before and 2 d after a 4-d shift cycle. Sleep was recorded using an actigraph and sleep diary, and performance on each night shift was measured three times using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across the work week, sleep duration decreased largely due to earlier rise times associated with shift start times moving backward. In the short turn-around between the morning and night shift, 90% of controllers slept for an average of 2.2 h. Improved performance on the night shift was related only to longer periods of sleep the night prior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that a 4-d counterclockwise, rapidly rotating schedule results in a progressive reduction in sleep and consequently the rapid accumulation of a sleep debt. To help maintain their performance on the night shift, it is recommended that controllers attempt to obtain at least 6 h sleep the night before a night shift. It is also recommended that ATC providers educate their workforce about this issue.
authors: Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Research School of Public Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand. T.L.Signal@massey.ac.nz
authors: T Leigh
authors: TL
authors: Signal
authors: Philippa H
authors: PH
authors: Gander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001359:Aviation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000523:psychology*; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*