title: Response surface methodology study of the combined effects of temperature, pH, and aw on the growth rate of Trichoderma asperellum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of environmental parameters (water activity aw, temperature, and pH) on the radial growth rate of Trichoderma asperellum (strains PR10, PR11, PR12, and 659-7), an antagonist of Phytophthora megakarya, the causal agent of cocoa black pod disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The radial growth of four strains of T. asperellum was monitored for 30 days on modified PDA medium. Six levels of aw (0.995, 0.980, 0.960, 0.930, 0.910, and 0.880) were combined with three values of pH (4.5, 6.5, and 8.5) and three incubation temperatures (20, 25, and 30 degrees C). Whatever the strain, mycelial growth rate was optimal at aw between 0.995 and 0.980, independently of the temperature and pH. Each strain appeared to be very sensitive to aw reduction. In addition, all four strains were able to grow at all temperatures and pH values (4.5-8.5) tested, highest growth rate being observed at 30 degrees C and at pH 4.5-6.5. The use of response surface methodology to model the combined effects of aw, temperature, and pH on the radial growth rate of the T. asperellum strains confirmed the observed results. In our model, growth of the T. asperellum strains showed a greater dependence on aw than on temperature or pH under in vitro conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  aw is a crucial environmental factor. Low aw can prevent growth of T. asperellum strains under some conditions. The observed and predicted radial growth rate of strain PR11 showed its greater capacity to support low aw (0.93) as compared with other tested strains at 20 degrees C. This is in agreement with its better protective level when applied in medium-scale trials on cocoa plantations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study should contribute towards improving the biocontrol efficacy of T. asperellum strains used against P. megakarya. Integrated into a broader study of the impact of environmental factors on the biocontrol agent-pathogen system, this work should help to build a more rational control strategy, possibly involving the use of a compatible adjuvant protecting T. asperellum against desiccation.
authors: Laboratoire Régional de Lutte Biologique et de Microbiologie Appliquée, Institut de le Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (IRAD), Nkolbisson, BP 2067, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
authors: B A D
authors: BA
authors: Begoude
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Lahlali
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Friel
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Tondje
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Jijakli
mesh_terms: D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005990:Glycerol; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008954:Models, Biological; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013696:Temperature; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D014867:Water; D005990:Glycerol