title: The effect of a multispecies probiotic on the intestinal microbiota and bowel movements in healthy volunteers taking the antibiotic amoxycillin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the side effects of antimicrobial therapy is a disturbance of the intestinal microbiota potentially resulting in antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). In this placebo-controlled double-blind study, the effect of a multispecies probiotic on the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota and bowel habits was studied in healthy volunteers taking amoxycillin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one healthy volunteers were given 500 mg amoxycillin twice daily for 7 days and were randomized to either 5 g of a multispecies probiotic, Ecologic AAD (10(9) cfu/g), or placebo, twice daily for 14 days. Feces and questionnaires were collected on day 0, 7, 14, and 63. Feces was analyzed as to the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and beta-glucosidase activity, endotoxin concentration, Clostridium difficile toxin A, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and pH were determined. Bowel movements were scored according to the Bristol stool form scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean number of enterococci increased significantly from log 4.1 at day 0 to log 5.8 (day 7) and log 6.9 (day 14) cfu/g feces (P < 0.05) during probiotic intake. Although no other significant differences were observed between both intervention groups, within each group significant changes were found over time in both microbial composition and metabolic activity. Moreover, bowel movements with a frequency >or=3 per day for at least 2 days and/or a consistency >or=5 for at least 2 days were reported less frequently in the probiotic compared to the placebo group (48%vs 79%, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from an increase in enterococci no significant differences in microbial composition and metabolic activity were observed in the probiotic compared with the placebo group. However, changes over time were present in both groups, which differed significantly between the probiotic and the placebo arm, suggesting that the amoxycillin effect was modulated by probiotic intake. Moreover, the intake of a multispecies probiotic significantly reduced diarrhea-like bowel movements in healthy volunteers receiving amoxycillin.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Catherina J M
authors: CJ
authors: Koning
authors: Daisy M A E
authors: DM
authors: Jonkers
authors: Ellen E
authors: EE
authors: Stobberingh
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Mulder
authors: Frans M
authors: FM
authors: Rombouts
authors: Reinhold W
authors: RW
authors: Stockbrügger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003672:Defecation / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000658:Amoxicillin; D001617:beta-Glucosidase