title: Characterizing partial AZFc deletions of the Y chromosome with amplicon-specific sequence markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The AZFc region of the human Y chromosome is a highly recombinogenic locus containing multi-copy male fertility genes located in repeated DNA blocks (amplicons). These AZFc gene families exhibit slight sequence variations between copies which are considered to have functional relevance. Yet, partial AZFc deletions yield phenotypes ranging from normospermia to azoospermia, thwarting definite conclusions on their real impact on fertility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amplicon content of partial AZFc deletion products was characterized with novel amplicon-specific sequence markers. Data indicate that partial AZFc deletions are a male infertility risk [odds ratio: 5.6 (95% CI: 1.6-30.1)] and although high diversity of partial deletion products and sequence conversion profiles were recorded, the AZFc marker profiles detected in fertile men were also observed in infertile men. Additionally, the assessment of rearrangement recurrence by Y-lineage analysis indicated that while partial AZFc deletions occurred in highly diverse samples, haplotype diversity was minimal in fertile men sharing identical marker profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although partial AZFc deletion products are highly heterogeneous in terms of amplicon content, this plasticity is not sufficient to account for the observed phenotypical variance. The lack of causative association between the deletion of specific gene copies and infertility suggests that AZFc gene content might be part of a multifactorial network, with Y-lineage evolution emerging as a possible phenotype modulator.
authors: Centro de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr, Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal. navarro-costa@fm.ul.pt
authors: Paulo
authors: P
authors: Navarro-Costa
authors: Luísa
authors: L
authors: Pereira
authors: Cíntia
authors: C
authors: Alves
authors: Leonor
authors: L
authors: Gusmão
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Proença
authors: Pedro
authors: P
authors: Marques-Vidal
authors: Tiago
authors: T
authors: Rocha
authors: Sónia C
authors: SC
authors: Correia
authors: Sónia
authors: S
authors: Jorge
authors: António
authors: A
authors: Neves
authors: Ana P
authors: AP
authors: Soares
authors: Joaquim
authors: J
authors: Nunes
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Calhaz-Jorge
authors: António
authors: A
authors: Amorim
authors: Carlos E
authors: CE
authors: Plancha
authors: João
authors: J
authors: Gonçalves
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers