Detection of prostate cancer with MR spectroscopic imaging: an expanded paradigm incorporating polyamines.
OBJECTIVE
To characterize benign and malignant prostate peripheral zone (PZ) tissue retrospectively by using a commercial magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging package and incorporating the choline plus creatine-to-citrate ratio ([Cho + Cr]/Cit) and polyamine (PA) information into a statistically based voxel classification procedure.


METHODS
The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant study and waived the requirement for informed consent. Fifty men (median age, 60 years; range, 44-69 years) with untreated biopsy-proved prostate cancer underwent combined endorectal MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging. Commercial software was used to acquire and process MR spectroscopic imaging data. The (Cho + Cr)/Cit and the PA level were tabulated for each voxel. The PA level was scored on a scale of 0 (PA undetectable) to 2 (PA peak as high as or higher than Cho peak). Whole-mount step-section histopathologic analysis constituted the reference standard. Classification and regression tree analysis in a training set generated a decision-making tree (rule) for classifying voxels as malignant or benign, which was validated in a test set. Receiver operating characteristic and generalized estimating equation regression analyses were used to assess accuracy and sensitivity, respectively.


RESULTS
The median (Cho + Cr)/Cit was 0.55 (mean +/- standard deviation, 0.59 +/- 0.03) in benign and 0.77 (mean, 1.08 +/- 0.20) in malignant PZ voxels (P = .027). A significantly higher percentage of benign (compared with malignant) voxels had higher PA than choline peaks (P < .001). In the 24-patient training set (584 voxels), the rule yielded 54% sensitivity and 91% specificity for cancer detection; in the 26-patient test set (667 voxels), it yielded 42% sensitivity and 85% specificity. The percentage of cancer in the voxel at histopathologic analysis correlated positively (P < .001) with the sensitivity of the classification and regression tree rule, which was 75% in voxels with more than 90% malignancy.


CONCLUSIONS
The statistically based classification rule developed indicated that PAs have an important role in the detection of PZ prostate cancer. With commercial software, this method can be applied in clinical settings.
Shukla-Dave
Amita
A
Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021 USA. davea@mskcc.org
Hricak
Hedvig
H
Moskowitz
Chaya
C
Ishill
Nicole
N
Akin
Oguz
O
Kuroiwa
Kentaro
K
Spector
Jessica
J
Kumar
Mahesh
M
Reuter
Victor E
VE
Koutcher
Jason A
JA
Zakian
Kristen L
KL
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011073:Polyamines / Q000032:analysis*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011073:Polyamines