title: Efficacy of caspofungin addition to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment for severe pneumocystis pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia may be a life-threatening opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed solid organ transplant recipients. Despite effective treatment with high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and steroids, morbidity is often severe and lethality remains high. New therapeutic approaches are therefore warranted. Caspofungin, a beta-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitor, has shown activity against the cyst forms of P. jiroveci in experimental animal models. We here report our preliminary clinical experience with caspofungin as an additional drug to the standard trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four solid organ transplant patients with severe hypoxemic P. jiroveci pneumonia were treated with the combination of trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole and caspofungin. In two cases, caspofungin was added as salvage treatment due to failure of trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole monotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In these four patients, the use of caspofungin as an additional drug to the standard trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole regimen led to a rapid improvement and a complete cure of pneumonia. No side effects or drug interactions were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary clinical experience suggests that the addition of caspofungin to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which is active against trophic forms, may provide a synergistic activity against P. jiroveci by fully inhibiting the organism life cycle.
authors: Unit of Infectious and Transplant Medicine, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples and AORN V. Monaldi, Naples, Italy. riccardo.utili@ospedalemonaldi.it
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Utili
authors: Emanuele
authors: E
authors: Durante-Mangoni
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Basilico
authors: Annunziata
authors: A
authors: Mattei
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Ragone
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Grossi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077336:Caspofungin; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D054714:Echinocandins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D054714:Echinocandins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D000077336:Caspofungin