title: Efficacy of small-molecule glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors in the postnatal rat model of tau hyperphosphorylation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) affects neuropathological events associated with Alzheimeŕs disease (AD) such as hyperphosphorylation of the protein, tau. GSK-3beta expression, enzyme activity and tau phosphorylated at AD-relevant epitopes are elevated in juvenile rodent brains. Here, we assess five GSK-3beta inhibitors and lithium in lowering phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and GSK-3beta enzyme activity levels in 12-day old postnatal rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain levels of inhibitors following treatment in vivo were optimized based on pharmacokinetic data. At optimal doses, p-tau (Ser(396)) levels in brain tissue was measured by immunoblotting and correlated with GSK-3beta enzyme activities in the same tissues. Effects of GSK inhibitors on p-tau, GSK-3beta activities and cell death were measured in a human neuronal cell line (LUHMES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lithium and CHIR98014 reduced tau phosphorylation (Ser(396)) in the cortex and hippocampus of postnatal rats, while Alsterpaullone and SB216763 were effective only in hippocampus. AR-A014418 and Indirubin-3'-monoxime were ineffective in either brain region. Inhibition of p-tau in brain required several-fold higher levels of GSK inhibitors than the IC(50) values obtained in recombinant or cell-based GSK-3beta enzyme activity assays. The inhibitory effect on GSK-3beta activity ex vivo correlated with protection against cell death and decrease of p-tau- in LUHMES cells, using low microM inhibitor concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective small-molecule inhibitors of GSK-3 reduce tau phosphorylation in vivo. These findings corroborate earlier suggestions that GSK-3beta may be an attractive target for disease-modification in AD and related conditions where tau phosphorylation is believed to contribute to disease pathogenesis.
authors: Division of Biological Research, H Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: M-L
authors: ML
authors: Selenica
authors: H S
authors: HS
authors: Jensen
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Larsen
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Pedersen
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Helboe
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Leist
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Lotharius
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D008301:Maleimides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D013844:Thiazoles; D014020:Tissue Extracts; D016875:tau Proteins; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D018021:Lithium Chloride