Primary and secondary fungal infections of the paranasal sinuses: clinical features and treatment outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
In a retrospective study of 239 cases of fungal sinusitis, noninvasive paranasal sinus aspergillosis was most common and successfully treated by endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) with postoperative sinus irrigation. For the treatment of fungal sinusitis, ESS with or without antifungal agents and control of predisposing factors for secondary cases are recommended.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of fungal sinusitis and evaluate the treatment outcomes of primary and secondary fungal infections of the paranasal sinuses.


METHODS
Two hundred thirty-nine cases of fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses seen between January 1997 and December 2006 were retrospectively analyzed by reviewing their medical records. There were 200 cases of primary fungal infection and 39 cases of secondary fungal infection.


RESULTS
The symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis such as nasal obstruction, purulent rhinorrhea, and postnasal drip were commonly present in both primary and secondary infections, and the sphenoid sinus was commonly involved in secondary infection. The radiological findings in fungal sinusitis included haziness, calcification, and bone destruction of the involved sinuses. CT scans in 80% of the primary and 69% of the secondary cases revealed calcific densities in a paranasal soft tissue mass. Twenty-eight of 38 cases which had MR showed decreased signal intensities on T1-weighted images and markedly reduced signal intensities surrounded by bright signal on T2-weighted images. In secondary cases, the most common concomitant disease was diabetes mellitus. All patients received surgery including biopsy, ESS, and Caldwell-Luc's operation. Mucosal hypertrophy with fungus ball, which was the most common finding in both types, was found in 124 cases (62%) with primary and in 26 cases (67%) with secondary cases, and aspergillosis was most common, followed by unidentifiable colony, and mucormycosis. Eleven cases received amphotericin-B postoperatively. Two hundred thirty-eight cases showed no recurrence during the mean follow-up period of 11 months.
Han
Doo Hee
DH
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
An
Soo-Youn
SY
Kim
Si Whan
SW
Kim
Dong-Young
DY
Rhee
Chae-Seo
CS
Lee
Chul Hee
CH
Min
Yang-Gi
YG
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed