title: Differences in the placement of the tibial tunnel during reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with and without computer-assisted navigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Next to graft fixation, correct positioning of the tibial and femoral tunnel is a deciding factor for the clinical result of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Computer-assisted navigation has been proposed as a method to improve tunnel positioning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the differences in tibial tunnel placement between cruciate ligament operations using manual and computer-assisted navigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between December 2003 and April 2004, 53 athletes underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery with arthroscopic press-fit technique. The first group (group N; 24 athletes) were operated on with the aid of a navigation system (OrthoPilot, Aesculap AG & Co. KG, Braun), and the second group (group M; 29 athletes) were "manually" operated on. A lateral radiograph of the knee at maximum extension was used to determine the exact position of the tibial tunnel four days postoperatively. In the measurements, the anterior and posterior boundaries of the tibial tunnel, as well as the center of the tibial tunnel in relation to the maximum tibia anteroposterior diameter were evaluated (indicated in percent). An analysis of the tibial tunnel position proportional to the slope of the intercondylar roof was done to determine intercondylar impingement (method according to Howell). The centers of the tibial tunnels were compared with the "optimal" position noted in previous studies. The standard deviation was determined for both groups to determine the variance of placement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anterior tibial tunnel border was 19.4 mm in group M (29.7%) and 21.2 mm in group N (32.2%) (P = .18). The center of the tibial tunnel was located at 24.6 mm in group M (35.6%) and at 26.6 mm in group N (40.3%) (P = .19). In group M, the posterior tibial tunnel position was located at 30.2 mm (46.2%), and in group N at 32.2 mm (49.1%) (P = .21). When comparing the centers of the tibial tunnels with the optimal 44% found in previous studies, the value for group M (37.6%) varied significantly, while group N (40.5%) did not. However, there was no significant difference in the range variance for either group; the standard deviation was 6.9% (4.3 mm) for group M and 5.9% (3.5 mm) for group N. One athlete showed moderate impingement in group N, and two athletes in group M.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assisted navigation offers good support for correct placement of the tibial tunnel, although experienced surgeons can achieve essentially the same positioning as surgeons using computer-assisted navigation. Whether it is advisable to implement this procedure in daily surgical routine should be decided based on clinical results.
authors: Sportsclinic Stuttgart, Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Sportstraumatology, Taubenheimstrasse 8, Stuttgart, Germany. frieder.mauch@sportklinik-stuttgart.de
authors: Frieder
authors: F
authors: Mauch
authors: Goran
authors: G
authors: Apic
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Becker
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D050376:Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome