title: Family environment patterns in families with bipolar children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied the characteristics of family functioning in bipolar children and healthy comparison children. We hypothesized that the family environment of bipolar children would show greater levels of dysfunction as measured by the Family Environment Scale (FES).
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the family functioning of 36 families that included a child with DSM-IV bipolar disorder versus 29 comparison families that included only healthy children. All subjects and their parents were assessed with the K-SADS-PL interview. The parents completed the FES to assess their current family functioning. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare the family environment of families with and without offspring with bipolar disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents of bipolar children reported lower levels of family cohesion (p<0.001), expressiveness (p=0.005), active-recreational orientation (p<0.001), intellectual-cultural orientation (p=0.04) and higher levels of conflict (p<0.001) compared to parents with no bipolar children. Secondary analyses within the bipolar group revealed lower levels of organization (p=0.031) and cohesion (p=0.014) in families where a parent had a history of mood disorders compared to families where parents had no history of mood disorders. Length of illness in the affected child was inversely associated with family cohesion (r=-0.47, p=0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the case-control design of the study, we cannot comment on the development of these family problems or attribute their cause specifically to child bipolar disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Families with bipolar children show dysfunctional patterns related to interpersonal interactions and personal growth. A distressed family environment should be addressed when treating children with bipolar disorder.
authors: MOOD-CNS Program, Division of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78231, USA. cecibel2000@hotmail.com
authors: Cecilia
authors: C
authors: Belardinelli
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Hatch
authors: Rene L
authors: RL
authors: Olvera
authors: Manoela
authors: M
authors: Fonseca
authors: Sheila C
authors: SC
authors: Caetano
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Nicoletti
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Pliszka
authors: Jair C
authors: JC
authors: Soares
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D035061:Control Groups; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005192:Family Health; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires