title: Gender-based model comparisons of maternal values, monitoring, communication, and early adolescent risk behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationships among maternal values, monitoring knowledge, parent-adolescent communication, and adolescent risk involvement based on adolescent gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parental reports of their personal values, monitoring knowledge, and communication with their children were compared with adolescent reports of risk involvement using information gathered from 647 Bahamian mother-adolescent (9-13 years) dyads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental values of conservation (e.g., conformity) were positively associated with greater parent-adolescent communication and communication was significantly associated with greater monitoring knowledge for both genders. Among mother-son dyads only, group-based parental values of self-transcendence (e.g., universalism) were significantly associated with greater perceived parental monitoring knowledge; individualized self-enhancement values (e.g., hedonism) were negatively associated with open and supportive parent-adolescent communication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental values influence other parenting processes such as monitoring and communication. Parental monitoring, in turn, inversely influences adolescent risk involvement. These influences appear to differ based on the adolescent's gender, as many of the relationships were stronger among mother-son dyads. These findings highlight a need to better understand the nature of the relationship between maternal values, parent-adolescent interactions, and adolescents' risk decisions.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9214, USA. lcottrell@hsc.wvu.edu
authors: Lesley
authors: L
authors: Cottrell
authors: Shuli
authors: S
authors: Yu
authors: Hongjie
authors: H
authors: Liu
authors: Lynette
authors: L
authors: Deveaux
authors: Sonja
authors: S
authors: Lunn
authors: Rosa Mae
authors: RM
authors: Bain
authors: Bonita
authors: B
authors: Stanton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001444:Bahamas; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012945:Social Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires