Dermal exposure to jet fuel suppresses delayed-type hypersensitivity: a critical role for aromatic hydrocarbons.
Dermal exposure to military (JP-8) and/or commercial (Jet-A) jet fuel suppresses cell-mediated immune reactions. Immune regulatory cytokines and biological modifiers, including platelet activating factor (PAF), prostaglandin E(2), and interleukin-10, have been implicated in the pathway of events leading to immune suppression. It is estimated that approximately 260 different hydrocarbons are found in jet fuel, and the exact identity of the active immunotoxic agent(s) is unknown. The recent availability of synthetic jet fuel (S-8), which is refined from natural gas, and is devoid of aromatic hydrocarbons, made it feasible to design experiments to address this problem. Here we tested the hypothesis that the aromatic hydrocarbons present in jet fuel are responsible for immune suppression. We report that applying S-8 to the skin of mice does not upregulate the expression of epidermal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) nor does it induce immune suppression. Adding back a cocktail of seven of the most prevalent aromatic hydrocarbons found in jet fuel (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, 1,2,4-trimethlybenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, and dimethylnaphthalene) to S-8 upregulated epidermal COX-2 expression and suppressed a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Injecting PAF receptor antagonists, or a selective cycloozygenase-2 inhibitor into mice treated with S-8 supplemented with the aromatic cocktail, blocked suppression of DTH, similar to data previously reported using JP-8. These findings identify the aromatic hydrocarbons found in jet fuel as the agents responsible for suppressing DTH, in part by the upregulation of COX-2, and the production of immune regulatory factors and cytokines.
Ramos
Gerardo
G
Department of Immunology and The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Limon-Flores
Alberto Yairh
AY
Ullrich
Stephen E
SE
D000818:Animals; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000276:immunology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000633:toxicity; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007648:Kerosene / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000276:immunology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D015854:Up-Regulation
D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; C098607:JP8 aviation fuel; D007648:Kerosene; C534345:S-8 fuel; C029662:JP5 jet fuel; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2