title: Sulfation of nitrotyrosine: biochemistry and functional implications.
abstract: Nitration of tyrosine, in both protein-bound form and free amino acid form, can readily occur in cells under oxidative/nitrative stress. In addition to serving as a biomarker of oxidative/nitrative stress, elevated levels of nitrotyrosine have been shown to cause DNA damage or trigger apoptosis. An important issue is whether the human body is equipped with mechanisms to counteract the potentially harmful effects of nitrotyrosine. Sulfate conjugation, as mediated by the cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs), is widely used for the biotransformation and disposal of a variety of drugs and other xenobiotics, as well as endogenous thyroid/steroid hormones and catecholamine neurotransmitters. Recent studies have revealed that the sulfation of nitrotyrosine occurs in cells under oxidative/nitrative stress, and have pinpointed the SULT1A3 as the responsible SULT enzyme. In this review, we summarized the available information concerning the biochemistry of nitrotyrosine sulfation and the effects of genetic polymorphisms on the nitrotyrosine sulfating activity of SULT1A3. Functional implications of the sulfation of nitrotyrosine are discussed.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA. ming.liu@uthct.edu
authors: Ming-Cheh
authors: MC
authors: Liu
authors: Shin
authors: S
authors: Yasuda
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Idell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015239:Arylsulfotransferase; D006801:Humans; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D015238:Sulfotransferases; D015239:Arylsulfotransferase; C403170:monoamine-sulfating phenol sulfotransferase