title: Increased expression of mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors following low-level light treatment facilitates enhanced protoporphyrin IX production in glioma-derived cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates whether low-level light treatment (LLLT) can enhance the expression of peripheral-type mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) on glioma-derived tumor cells, and by doing so promote the synthesis of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and increase the photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced cell kill using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). The endogenous photosensitizer, PpIX and related metabolites including coproporphyrin III are known to traffic into or out of the mitochondria via the PBRs situated on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Cells of astrocytic derivation within the brain express PBRs, while neurons express the central-type of benzodiazepine receptor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Astrocytoma-derived CNS-1 cells were exposed to a range of differing low-level light protocols immediately prior to PDT. LLLT involved using broad-spectrum red light of 600-800 nm or monochromatic laser light specific to 635 or 905 nm wavelength. Cells (5 x 10(5)) were exposed to a range of LLLT doses (0, 1, or 5 J/cm(2)) using a fixed intensity of 10 mW/cm(2) and subsequently harvested for cell viability, immunofluorescence, or Western blot analysis of PBR expression. The amount of PpIX within the cells was determined using chemical extraction techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results confirm the induction of PBR following LLLT is dependent on the dose and wavelength of light used. Broad-spectrum red light provided the greatest cell kill following PDT, although LLLT with 635 nm or 905 nm also increased cell kill as compared to PDT alone. All LLLT regimens increased PBR expression compared to controls with corresponding increases in PpIX production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that by selectively increasing PBR expression in tumor cells, LLLT facilitates enhanced tumor cell kill using ALA-PDT. This may further improve the selectivity and efficacy of PDT treatment of brain tumors.
authors: Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9. sbisland@uhnres.utoronto.ca
authors: S K
authors: SK
authors: Bisland
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Goebel
authors: N S
authors: NS
authors: Hassanali
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Johnson
authors: B C
authors: BC
authors: Wilson
mesh_terms: D001254:Astrocytoma; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002470:Cell Survival; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000378:metabolism*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D011524:Protoporphyrins; D018079:Receptors, GABA; C499229:TSPO protein, human; C028025:protoporphyrin IX