Simulation of diagnostic ultrasound image pulse sequences in cavitation bioeffects research.
Research on cavitational bioeffects of diagnostic ultrasound (DUS) typically involves a diagnostic scanner as the exposure source. However, this can limit the ranges of exposure parameters for experimentation. Anesthetized hairless rats were mounted in a water bath and their right kidneys were exposed to ultrasound. Amplitude modulation with Gaussian envelopes simulated the image pulse sequences (IPSs) produced by diagnostic scanning. A 10 mulkgmin IV dose of Definity((R)) contrast agent was given during 1-5 min exposures. Glomerular capillary hemorrhage was assessed by histology. A stationary exposure approximated the bioeffects induced by DUS within the beam area. However, the use of five closely spaced exposures more faithfully reproduced the total effect produced within a DUS scan plane. Single pulses delivered at 1 s intervals induced the same effect as the simulated DUS. Use of 100 ms triangle-wave modulations for ramp-up or ramp-down of the IPS gave no effect or a large effect, respectively. Finally, an air-backed transducer simulating DUS without contrast agent showed a zero effect even operating at twice the present DUS guideline upper limit. Relatively simple single-element laboratory exposure systems can simulate diagnostic ultrasound exposure and allow exploration of parameter ranges beyond those available on present clinical systems.
Miller
Douglas L
DL
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0553, USA. douglm@umich.edu
Dou
Chunyan
C
Wiggins
Roger C
RC
D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D016011:Normal Distribution; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects*
D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C042852:perflutren