title: Influences of prolonged apnea and oxygen inhalation on pulmonary hemodynamics during breath holding: quantitative assessment by velocity-encoded MR imaging with SENSE technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to assess the influence of prolonged apnea and administration of oxygen on pulmonary hemodynamics during breath holding (BH) by using velocity-encoded MR imaging combined with the SENSE technique (velocity MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy male volunteers underwent velocity MRI during BH with and without O(2) inhalation. All velocity MRI data sets were obtained continuously with the 2D cine phase-contrast method during a single BH period. The data were then divided into three BH time phases as follows: first, second and third. To evaluate the influence of prolonged apnea on hemodynamics, stroke volume (SV) and maximal change in flow rate during ejection (MCFR) of second and third phases were statistically compared with those of first phase by using the ANOVA followed by Turkey's HSD multiple comparison test. To assess the influence of O(2) on hemodynamics, SV and MCFR with or without O(2) were compared by the paired t-test. To assess the measuring agreement of hemodynamic indices during prolonged breath holding, Bland-Altman's analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolonged apnea had no significant influence on SV and MCFR regardless of administration of O(2) (p>0.05). Mean MCFR for all phases was significantly lower with administration of O(2) than without (p<0.05). The limits of agreement for MCFR with O(2) were smaller than without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  O(2) inhalation modulated maximal change in flow rate during ejection, and did not influence stroke volume during breath holding. Influence of O(2) inhalation should be considered for MR measurements of pulmonary hemodynamics during breath holding.
authors: Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan. aznogami@med.kobe-u.ac.jp
authors: Munenobu
authors: M
authors: Nogami
authors: Yoshiharu
authors: Y
authors: Ohno
authors: Takanori
authors: T
authors: Higashino
authors: Daisuke
authors: D
authors: Takenaka
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Yoshikawa
authors: Hisanobu
authors: H
authors: Koyama
authors: Hideaki
authors: H
authors: Kawamitsu
authors: Masahiko
authors: M
authors: Fujii
authors: Kazuro
authors: K
authors: Sugimura
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D001049:Apnea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D003287:Contrast Media; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010100:Oxygen