title: Effects of age and emotionality on the effectiveness of midazolam administered preoperatively to children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple studies document the beneficial effect of midazolam on preoperative anxiety in children. Many clinicians report, however, that some children may in fact not benefit from the administration of this drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  After screening for relevant exclusion criteria, children undergoing surgery were enrolled in the study (n = 262) and received 0.5 mg/kg oral midazolam at 20-40 min before induction of anesthesia. Personality instruments were administered to all children, and anxiety levels were evaluated before and after administration of midazolam as well as during induction of anesthesia. Blood was drawn during the induction process and later analyzed for midazolam levels. A priori definitions of responders and nonresponders to midazolam were established using a multidisciplinary task force, videotapes of induction, and a validated and reliable anxiety scale, the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While 57% of all children scored at the minimum of the modified Yale Preoperative anxiety scale, 14.1% of children fell in the a priori defined group of midazolam nonresponders. Midazolam blood levels (94 +/- 41 vs. 109 +/- 40 ng/ml) and timing between administration of midazolam and induction (28 +/- 9 vs. 29 +/- 8 min) did not differ between midazolam responders and nonresponders. In contrast, midazolam nonresponders were younger (4.2 +/- 2.3 vs. 5.9 +/- 2.0 yr), more anxious preoperatively (49.7 +/- 22.9 vs. 38.3 +/- 19.1), and higher in emotionality (13.6 +/- 3.6 vs. 11.3 +/- 3.8) as compared with responders (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although midazolam is an effective anxiolytic for most children, 14.1% of children still exhibit extreme distress. This subgroup is younger, more emotional, and more anxious at baseline. Future studies are needed to determine the best strategy to treat these children.
authors: Center for the Advancement of Perioperative Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. kain@biomed.med.yale.edu
authors: Zeev N
authors: ZN
authors: Kain
authors: Jill
authors: J
authors: MacLaren
authors: Brenda C
authors: BC
authors: McClain
authors: Haleh
authors: H
authors: Saadat
authors: Shu-Ming
authors: SM
authors: Wang
authors: Linda C
authors: LC
authors: Mayes
authors: George M
authors: GM
authors: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000758:Anesthesia; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000097:blood; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam