title: Effects of chronic electrical stimulation on long-term denervated muscles of the rabbit hind limb.
abstract: We investigated the extent to which activity induced by chronic electrical stimulation could restore the mass and contractile function of rabbit tibialis anterior (TA) muscles that had undergone atrophy as a result of prolonged denervation. Denervation was carried out by selectively interrupting the motor nerve branches to the ankle dorsiflexors in one hind limb. Stimulators were implanted, with electrodes on the superficial and deep surfaces of the denervated TA muscle. Ten weeks later, the mass and mid-belly cross-sectional area (CSA) of TA muscles subjected to denervation alone had fallen to approximately 40% of normal. At this stage, stimulators in the other rabbits were activated for 1 h/day to deliver 20-ms rectangular bipolar constant-current pulses of 4 mA amplitude at 20 Hz with a duty cycle of 1s ON/2s OFF, a total of 24,000 impulses/day. The animals were examined after a further 2, 6 or 10 weeks. Stimulation restored the wet weight of the denervated muscles to values not significantly different to those of normal, innervated controls. It increased CSA from 39% to 66% of normal, and there was a commensurate increase in maximum isometric tetanic force from 27% to 50% of normal. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed a marked improvement in the size, packing, and internal organization of the stimulated-denervated muscle fibres, suggestive of an ongoing process of restoration. Excitability, contractile speed, power, and fatigue resistance had not, however, been restored to normal levels after 10 weeks of stimulation. Similar results were found for muscles that had been denervated for 39 weeks and then stimulated for 12 weeks. The study demonstrates worthwhile benefits of long-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of established denervation atrophy.
authors: Muscle Research Group, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, The Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
authors: Zoe
authors: Z
authors: Ashley
authors: Stanley
authors: S
authors: Salmons
authors: Simona
authors: S
authors: Boncompagni
authors: Feliciano
authors: F
authors: Protasi
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Russold
authors: Hermann
authors: H
authors: Lanmuller
authors: Winfried
authors: W
authors: Mayr
authors: Hazel
authors: H
authors: Sutherland
authors: Jonathan C
authors: JC
authors: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003714:Denervation / Q000009:adverse effects; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome