title: Absorbent products for incontinence: 'treatment effects' and impact on quality of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine how the use and characteristics of absorbent products for incontinence impact on women's quality of life, and to examine the concept of 'treatment effects' in the context of pad use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Key pad performance characteristics were identified from the literature and focus group work. Semi-structured interviews with 99 women with light incontinence were used to investigate the impact of pad use on women's quality of life, including both positive and negative 'treatment effects', and to rank pad characteristics by their importance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Achieving effective and discrete containment of urine was the dominant factor impacting on women's lives. Sub-themes embraced physical effects, psychological impact and social functioning. The five pad characteristics ranked most important for day time use were: 'to hold urine, to contain smell, to stay in place, discreteness, and comfort when wet. For night use discreteness was replaced by to keep skin dry'. High levels of reported anxiety were associated with perceived risk of poor pad performance, lack of discreteness and need for complex regimes for pad management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insufficient attention has been paid to the balance between the beneficial and negative treatment effects of absorbent pads to date. Existing continence-related quality of life measures are not designed for conditions where change in symptoms is not an outcome measure. The study findings provide the basis for developing a more sensitive, patient-oriented, quality of life measure for pad-users which can aid product selection, new product development and inform future evaluative comparisons between products/products and treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper illustrates the complex influence on quality of life caused by using absorbent pads to contain incontinence. It raises awareness of the importance of careful selection of the most appropriate pad for each individual to minimize unfavourable side effects, and the need for a new quality of life measure designed for pad-users.
authors: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK. k.a.getliffe@soton.ac.uk
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Getliffe
authors: Mandy
authors: M
authors: Fader
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Cottenden
authors: Katharine
authors: K
authors: Jamieson
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Green
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D017144:Focus Groups; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D016496:Incontinence Pads / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009812:Odorants; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*