title: Graft produced interleukin-6 functions as a danger signal and promotes rejection after transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that functions in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the role of IL-6 in allograft rejection remains poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we demonstrate a critical role for graft-produced IL-6 in allograft rejection in a murine model of cardiac allograft transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that IL-6-deficient grafts transplanted into allogeneic wild-type recipients have significantly prolonged survival, approximately three times the survival time of wild-type controls. In contrast, allogeneic cardiac transplants into IL-6-deficient recipients do not have prolonged graft survival, indicating that donor graft cells are the relevant source of IL-6. Our investigation of potential mechanisms shows that graft-produced IL-6 promotes the activation of peripheral CD4 and CD8 T cells. Furthermore, we show that IL-6 deficiency prolongs graft survival only in the presence of CD25+ T cells that have a phenotype consistent with regulatory T cells. Interestingly, IL-6 production by the graft is triggered by antigen-independent innate immune mechanisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, our results suggest the paradigm that graft rejection versus tolerance is determined by a balance between the activation of effector T cells versus immune suppression by regulatory T cells, and that after transplantation, IL-6 functions as a systemic danger signal that overcomes constitutive immune suppression mediated by regulatory T cells and promotes the activation of effector T cells.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors: Yurong
authors: Y
authors: Liang
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Christopher
authors: Patricia W
authors: PW
authors: Finn
authors: Yolonda L
authors: YL
authors: Colson
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Perkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019737:Transplants
chemical_list: D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; D015850:Interleukin-6