Progesterone improves acute recovery after traumatic brain injury in the aged rat.
Recent evidence has demonstrated that treatment with progesterone can attenuate many of the pathophysiological events following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young adult rats, but this effect has not been investigated in aged animals. In this study, 20-month-old male Fischer 344 rats with bilateral contusions of the frontal cortex (n = 4 per group) or sham operations received 8, 16, or 32 mg/kg of progesterone or vehicle. Locomotor activity was measured at 72 h to assess behavioral recovery. Brain tissue was harvested at 24, 48, and 72 h, and Western blotting was performed for inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Edema was assessed at 48 h by measuring brain water content. Injured animals treated with 8 and 16 mg/kg progesterone showed decreased expression of COX-2, IL-6, and NFkappaB at all time points, indicating a reduction in the acute inflammatory process compared to vehicle. The 16 mg/kg group also showed reduced apoptosis at all time points as well as decreased edema and improved locomotor outcomes. Thus, in aged male rats, treatment with 16 mg/kg progesterone improves short-term motor recovery and attenuates edema, secondary inflammation, and cell death after TBI.
Cutler
Sarah M
SM
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
Cekic
Milos
M
Miller
Darren M
DM
Wali
Bushra
B
VanLandingham
Jacob W
JW
Stein
Donald G
DG
D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011372:Progestins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects*
D016207:Cytokines; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011372:Progestins; D011374:Progesterone