title: Effectiveness of interventions to promote screening for diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed to increase retinal screening among people with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted of multiple electronic bibliographic databases up to May 2005. Studies were included if interventions were used to promote screening for diabetic retinopathy in any language and with any study design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight studies (12 randomized controlled trials [RCTs], four nonrandomized studies, and 32 pre-post studies) with a total of 162,157 participants, examined a wide range of interventions, which focused on one or more of the following: (1) patients or populations, (2) providers or practices, and (3) healthcare system infrastructure and processes. Four of five RCTs focusing on patients demonstrated that interventions increased screening significantly, with relative risk ranging from 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01-1.08) to 2.01 (95% CI=1.48-2.73). Five RCTs with a focus on the system all demonstrated significant increases in screening with relative risk ranging from 1.12 (95% CI=1.03-1.22) to 5.56 (95% CI=2.19-14.10). Thirty-six non-RCTs, which included interventions with single or multiple foci, also generally demonstrated positive effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing patient awareness of diabetic retinopathy, improving provider and practice performance, and improving healthcare system infrastructure and processes, can significantly increase screening for diabetic retinopathy. Further research should explore strategies for increasing the rate of retinal screening among diverse or disadvantaged populations and the economic efficiency of effective interventions in large community populations.
authors: Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. xbz2@cdc.gov
authors: Xuanping
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Susan L
authors: SL
authors: Norris
authors: Jinan
authors: J
authors: Saadine
authors: Farah M
authors: FM
authors: Chowdhury
authors: Tanya
authors: T
authors: Horsley
authors: Sanjat
authors: S
authors: Kanjilal
authors: Carol M
authors: CM
authors: Mangione
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Buhrmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012106:Research; D014481:United States