title: Total body irradiation, toward optimal individual delivery: dose evaluation with metal oxide field effect transistors, thermoluminescence detectors, and a treatment planning system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To predict the three-dimensional dose distribution of our total body irradiation technique, using a commercial treatment planning system (TPS). In vivo dosimetry, using metal oxide field effect transistors (MOSFETs) and thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs), was used to verify the calculated dose distributions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total body computed tomography scan was performed and loaded into our TPS, and a three-dimensional-dose distribution was generated. In vivo dosimetry was performed at five locations on the patient. Entrance and exit dose values were converted to midline doses using conversion factors, previously determined with phantom measurements. The TPS-predicted dose values were compared with the MOSFET and TLD in vivo dose values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MOSFET and TLD dose values agreed within 3.0% and the MOSFET and TPS data within 0.5%. The convolution algorithm of the TPS, which is routinely applied in the clinic, overestimated the dose in the lung region. Using a superposition algorithm reduced the calculated lung dose by approximately 3%. The dose inhomogeneity, as predicted by the TPS, can be reduced using a simple intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a TPS to calculate the dose distributions in individual patients during total body irradiation is strongly recommended. Using a TPS gives good insight of the over- and underdosage in a patient and the influence of patient positioning on dose homogeneity. MOSFETs are suitable for in vivo dosimetry purposes during total body irradiation, when using appropriate conversion factors. The MOSFET, TLD, and TPS results agreed within acceptable margins.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Maastro Clinic, GROW, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. esther.bloemen@maastro.nl
authors: Esther J
authors: EJ
authors: Bloemen-van Gurp
authors: Ben J
authors: BJ
authors: Mijnheer
authors: Tom A M
authors: TA
authors: Verschueren
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Lambin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D010087:Oxides; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014173:Transistors, Electronic; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides