title: Dural puncture and subdural injection: a complication of lumbar transforaminal epidural injections.
abstract: METHODS
  Two cases are presented in which the complication of dural puncture is documented in the context of a lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection. The hazard of dural puncture during transforaminal epidural injections, the anatomy of the dural and thecal sac, the potential for subdural injections, and relevant literature are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Report of two cases.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections are a commonly employed procedure for the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy. The optimal target point lies at the "6 o' clock" position of the pedicle. Contrast is injected to confirm proper placement of the needle and correct flow of the medication through the epidural space. Despite apparent proper placement of the needle, a potential complication exists of puncturing the dura while performing this procedure. Spinal injectionists should recognize the subsequent contrast patterns associated with this complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subdural and intrathecal spread of contrast is rarely seen with transforaminal injections and thus can be easily overlooked. Becoming familiar with the images presented in these cases may help alert the interventionalist of a dural puncture, and thus avoid injection of medications into the intrathecal and subdural spaces.
authors: University of Missouri, Columbia, Alabama Orthopedic Spine, and Sports Medicine Associates, Birmingham, AL 35235, USA. drspudhead@aol.com
authors: Bradly S
authors: BS
authors: Goodman
authors: Matt
authors: M
authors: Bayazitoglu
authors: Srinivas
authors: S
authors: Mallempati
authors: Bradford R
authors: BR
authors: Noble
authors: Jon F
authors: JF
authors: Geffen
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001416:Back Pain / Q000628:therapy; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000473:pathology*; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008875:Middle Aged; D013355:Subdural Space
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones