Targeted deletion of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 gene in the nervous system causes severe brain developmental defects and premature death.
The c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) involved in the regulation of various physiological processes. Its activity is increased upon phosphorylation by the MAPK kinases MKK4 and MKK7. The early embryonic death of mice lacking an mkk4 or mkk7 gene has provided genetic evidence that MKK4 and MKK7 have nonredundant functions in vivo. To elucidate the physiological role of MKK4, we generated a novel mouse model in which the mkk4 gene could be specifically deleted in the brain. At birth, the mutant mice were indistinguishable from their control littermates, but they stopped growing a few days later and died prematurely, displaying severe neurological defects. Decreased JNK activity in the absence of MKK4 correlated with impaired phosphorylation of a subset of physiologically relevant JNK substrates and with altered gene expression. These defects resulted in the misalignment of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and delayed radial migration in the cerebral cortex. Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that MKK4 is an essential activator of JNK required for the normal development of the brain.
Wang
Xin
X
Faculty of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
Nadarajah
Bagirathy
B
Robinson
Andrew C
AC
McColl
Barry W
BW
Jin
Jia-Wei
JW
Dajas-Bailador
Federico
F
Boot-Handford
Raymond P
RP
Tournier
Cathy
C
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy
D007527:Isoenzymes; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins; C085284:microtubule-associated protein 1B; C051774:neurofilament protein H; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4