title: Transesophageal echocardiography: diagnostic and clinical applications in the evaluation of the stroke patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is superior to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in diagnosing cardiac abnormalities that may result in cerebral embolism. The clinical importance of these abnormalities is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We classified 96 consecutive stroke patients into high- or low-risk groups for cardioembolism based on historical criteria. The presence of left atrial thrombus, atrial smoke, patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, and plaque in the ascending aorta was assessed with TEE. Stroke type and other possible stroke mechanisms were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left atrial thrombus occurred only in the high-risk group. Patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, and most cases of left atrial smoke occurred in the presence of another embolic source or were associated with a stroke related to hypertensive small vessel disease. Protruding atherosclerotic plaque in the ascending aorta and aortic arch was the most significant cause of stroke diagnosed by TEE because it frequently occurred in those without other risk factors for stroke. TEE identified aortic plaque in one and left atrial smoke in two patients with lacunar infarction without risk factors for small vessel disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TEE should be considered in both lacunar and nonlacunar stroke that occur in the absence of stroke risk factors, although optimal management of most TEE findings is yet to be determined.
authors: Department of Neurology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Horowitz
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Tuhrim
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Weinberger
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Budd
authors: G S
authors: GS
authors: Alweiss
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Goldman