title: Impact of pore size on the vascularization and osseointegration of ceramic bone substitutes in vivo.
abstract: The repair of bone defects with biomaterials depends on a sufficient vascularization of the implantation site. We analyzed the effect of pore size on the vascularization and osseointegration of biphasic calcium phosphate particles, which were implanted into critical-sized cranial defects in Balb/c mice. Dense particles and particles with pore sizes in the ranges 40-70, 70-140, 140-210, and 210-280 microm were tested (n = 6 animals per group). Angiogenesis, vascularization, and leukocyte-endothelium interactions were monitored for 28 days by intravital microscopy. The formation of new bone and the bone-interface contact (BIC) were determined histomorphometrically. Twenty-eight days after implantation, the functional capillary density was significantly higher with ceramic particles whose pore sizes exceeded 140 microm [140-210 microm: 6.6 (+/-0.8) mm/mm(2); 210-280 microm: 7.3 (+/-0.6) mm/mm(2)] than with those whose pore sizes were lesser than 140 microm [40-70 microm: 5.3 (+/-0.4) mm/mm(2); 70-140 microm: 5.6 (+/-0.3) mm/mm(2)] or with dense particles [5.7 (+/-0.8) mm/mm(2)]. The volume of newly-formed bone deposited within the implants increased as the pore size increased [40-70 microm: 0.07 (+/-0.02) mm(3); 70-140 microm: 0.10 (+/-0.06) mm(3); 140-210 microm: 0.13 (+/-0.05) mm(3); 210-280 microm: 0.15 (+/-0.06) mm(3)]. Similar results were observed for the BIC. The data demonstrates pore size to be a critical parameter governing the dynamic processes of vascularization and osseointegration of bone substitutes.
authors: Department Clinical Research, Group for Bone Biology and Orthopedic Research, University of Berne, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland. frank.klenke@dkf.unibe.ch
authors: Frank M
authors: FM
authors: Klenke
authors: Yuelian
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Huipin
authors: H
authors: Yuan
authors: Ernst B
authors: EB
authors: Hunziker
authors: Klaus A
authors: KA
authors: Siebenrock
authors: Willy
authors: W
authors: Hofstetter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002516:Ceramics; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D036904:Leukocyte Rolling; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D016348:Osseointegration; D016062:Porosity; D012886:Skull / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C020243:calcium phosphate