title: Low-dose paclitaxel prior to intratumoral dendritic cell vaccine modulates intratumoral cytokine network and lung cancer growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main goal of this study was to provide the "proof-of-principle" that low-dose paclitaxel is able to change the tumor microenvironment and improve the outcome of intratumoral dendritic cell vaccine in a murine lung cancer model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the antitumor potential and changes in the intratumoral milieu of a combination of low-dose chemotherapy and dendritic cell vaccine in the Lewis lung carcinoma model in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The low-dose paclitaxel, which induced apoptosis in approximately 10% of tumor cells, was not toxic to bone marrow cells and dendritic cells and stimulated dendritic cell maturation and function in vitro. Although tumor cells inhibited dendritic cell differentiation in vitro, this immunosuppressive effect was abrogated by the pretreatment of tumor cells with low-dose paclitaxel. Based on these data, we next tested whether pretreatment of tumor-bearing mice with low-dose paclitaxel in vivo would improve the antitumor potential of dendritic cell vaccine administered intratumorally. Significant inhibition of tumor growth in mice treated with low-dose paclitaxel plus intratumoral dendritic cell vaccine, associated with increased tumor infiltration by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and elevated tumor-specific IFN-gamma production by draining lymph node cells, was revealed. Using a novel intratumoral microdialysis technique and Luminex technology for collecting and characterizing soluble factors released within the tumor bed for several days in live freely moving animals, we showed that low-dose paclitaxel altered the cytokine network at the tumor site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that low-dose chemotherapy before intratumoral delivery of dendritic cells might be associated with beneficial alterations of the intratumoral microenvironment and thus support antitumor immunity.
authors: Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Zhong
authors: Baohui
authors: B
authors: Han
authors: Irina L
authors: IL
authors: Tourkova
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Lokshin
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Rosenbloom
authors: Michael R
authors: MR
authors: Shurin
authors: Galina V
authors: GV
authors: Shurin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000637:transplantation*; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D017239:Paclitaxel