title: Single dose caudal tramadol with bupivacaine and bupivacaine alone in pediartic inguinoscrotal surgeries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the postoperative analgesic effect of Tramadol when given with caudally administered Bupivacaine in children undergoing inguinoscrotal surgeries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Anaesthesia, Dow University of Health Sciences and Civil Hospital Karachi, from July 2005 to March 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 children, undergoing inguinoscrotal surgeries, aged from 1 to 12 years, ASA 1 and 2, were included. The patients were divided into two equal groups. The group given Bupivacaine with Tramadol was called 'group BT' and the group which was given only Bupivacaine was labeled as 'group B'. Group BT was given 0.25%,0.8 ml/kg Bupivacaine and Tramadol 2 mg/kg while the other group B was given 0.25%, 0.8 ml/kg Bupivacaine through caudal route after induction of general anesthesia. No other analgesic was given intraoperatively. The postoperative pain was evaluated by using visual analogue scale/Ocher's face scale/CHEOPS and sedation was assessed by 5 points sedation score at immediate postoperative period 1, 2,3,4,6, 12 and 24 hours. Supplemental analgesia in the form of paracetamol suppositories and syrup Ibuprofen was given accordingly. SaO2, pulse, blood pressure, and motor block were monitored in all the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of Tramadol with Bupivacaine resulted in meaningfully increased postoperative analgesic period (16.06 +/- 4.04 hours). No other side effects like respiratory depression, pruritus, urinary retention were found in both the groups except for nausea and vomiting. The demand for supplemental analgesia was more in the patients belonging to B group than BT group. The sedation scores were similar in both the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of Tramadol as an additive with local anesthetics can prolong the postoperative analgesic period when administered caudally. Its use is safe in children.
authors: Department of Anaesthesia, SICU and Pain Management, Dow Medical College, Civil Hospital, Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. Pakistan.
authors: Asma
authors: A
authors: Khalid
authors: Safia Zafar
authors: SZ
authors: Siddiqui
authors: Saeeda
authors: S
authors: Haider
authors: Sadqa
authors: S
authors: Aftab