title: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the changing use of COX-2 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and low-dose aspirin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rofecoxib was withdrawn in 2004.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the context of the changing use of cyclo-oxygenase-2 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and low-dose aspirin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the characteristics of patients developing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a defined population in south-west Scotland. The primary comparisons were made between two calendar years, preceding and following the withdrawal of rofecoxib.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding rose from 98.7 in 2002 to 143 per 10(5) of the population per annum in 2005 (chi(2) = 21.1; P < 0.001). The rise in the incidence was associated with using low-dose aspirin, from 26.6 to 38.4 per 10(5) (chi(2) = 5.4; P = 0.02), other antithrombotic drugs, from 12.1 to 30.2 per 10(5) (chi(2) = 19.6; P < 0.001), and excess alcohol, from 23.5 to 36.4 per 10(5) (chi(2) = 7.1; P = 0.008), but insignificantly with using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, from 13.3 to 16.1 per 10(5) (chi(2) = 0.64; P = 0.4). After adjustment for the concomitant use of these drugs, there was no significant trend in the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs over the period of 1996-2005.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rise in the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was weakly related to the change in use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Instead, it probably reflected the increasing use of low-dose aspirin, other antithrombotic drugs and alcohol.
authors: Gastroenterology Unit, Crosshouse Hospital, Kilmarnock, UK. ali.taha1@btinternet.com
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Taha
authors: W J
authors: WJ
authors: Angerson
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Prasad
authors: C
authors: C
authors: McCloskey
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Blatchford
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin