Computer modeling and intraoperative navigation in maxillofacial surgery.
OBJECTIVE
Recent advances in computer-modeling software allow reconstruction of facial symmetry in a virtual environment. This study evaluates the use of preoperative computer modeling and intraoperative navigation to guide reconstruction of the maxillofacial skeleton.


METHODS
Three patients with traumatic maxillofacial deformities received preoperative, thin-cut axial CT scans. Three-dimensional reconstructions, virtual osteotomies, and bony reductions were performed using MIMICS planning software (Materialise, Ann Arbor, MI). The original and "repaired" virtual datasets were then imported into an intraoperative navigation system and used to guide the surgical repair.


RESULTS
Postoperative CT scans and photographs reveal excellent correction of enophthalmos to within 1 mm in patient 1, significant improvement in symmetry of the nasoethmoid complex in patient 2, and reconstruction of the zygomaticomaxillary complex location to within 1 mm in patient 3.


CONCLUSIONS
Computer modeling and intraoperative navigation is a relatively new tool that can assist surgeons with reconstruction of the maxillofacial skeleton.
Pham
Annette M
AM
Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
Rafii
Amir A
AA
Metzger
Marc C
MC
Jamali
Amir
A
Strong
E Bradley
EB
D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000601:surgery; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000293:injuries; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000601:surgery