title: Sphingolipids and the sphingosine kinase inhibitor, SKI II, induce BCL-2-independent apoptosis in human prostatic adenocarcinoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated BCL-2 is one mechanism of therapeutic resistance in prostate cancer (PC), and new approaches are needed to overcome such resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the effects of BCL-2 over-expression in human prostatic adenocarcinoma cells on their susceptibility to sphingolipids (SLs) and to the sphingosine kinase (SpK) inhibitor, SKI II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In survival assays, no significant differences were observed in the responses to sphingosine or ceramide among parental PC-3 cells lacking detectable BCL-2 and BCL-2 over-expressing PC-3 transfectants; similarly, the responses to dimethyl-sphingosine (DMSP) of parental LNCaP cells and a BCL-2 over-expressing LNCaP transfectant were equivalent. SKI II induced protracted, BCL-2-independent survival loss in both PC-3 and LNCaP parental/transfectant pairs; in contrast, DMSP induced rapid cell shrinkage, caspase activation and caspase-dependent DNA fragmentation. DMSP-induced DNA fragmentation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were equivalent in BCL-2 transfectants and parental PC-3 cells and were not associated with BCL-2 downregulation. DMSP-mediated cytotoxicity was not associated with the enhanced production of reactive oxygen intermediates. SL analyses of parental and transfectant PC-3 cells did not reveal increased levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate in the BCL-2 transfectants; further, there only a modest early shift, corresponding to apoptotic onset, in pro- versus anti-apoptotic SLs in response to DMSP treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, in contrast to the inhibitory effects of BCL-2 on apoptosis induced by various agents in tumor cells, SKI II and selected pro-apoptotic SLs appear atypical in their independence from such inhibition, and may have merits as new candidates for treatment of AI PC.
authors: Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Leroux
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Auzenne
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Evans
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Hail
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Spohn
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Ghosh
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Farquhar
authors: T
authors: T
authors: McDonnell
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Klostergaard
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002518:Ceramides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013110:Sphingosine; D013844:Thiazoles; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase; C525025:4-(4-(4-chloro-phenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)phenol; C504327:N-(alpha-hydroxyoctadecanoyl)phytosphingosine; C061800:N,N-dimethylsphingosine