title: Supracostal access for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: less morbid, more effective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this research was to study the success and morbidity of supracostal access for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), as it is often avoided for fear of complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 2000 and May 2007, 565 patients underwent PCNL, of whom 110 had a supracostal access. All procedures were performed in a single sitting under general anesthesia. Data were analyzed prospectively for indications, stone clearance rates, and preoperative and postoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indications for supracostal access included large pelvic stones in 39 patients, partial or complete staghorn stones in 32, calyceal stones with major stone bulk above the level of 12th rib in 35, and upper ureteric stones in four. Patients' ages ranged between 13 and 71 years (mean 44.2 years). Fifty-six cases were left sided and 54 right sided, whereas 103 (93.6%) were radiopaque stones. All tracts were in the 11th intercostal space, though one had an additional tract in the tenth space. Single-tract access was used in 101 cases (91.8%), but nine (8.2%) required a second tract. Overall stone clearance rate with PCNL monotherapy was 86.4%, and this increased to 97.3% with secondary procedures. Overall complication rate was 11.8% and included hydrothorax/hemothorax in ten, perinephric collection in one, infection/sepsis in two, and excessive bleeding in two. Postoperative hospital stay ranged from 2 to 15 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The supracostal approach gives high stone clearance rates with acceptable morbidity rates and should be attempted in selected cases. Complications when present may be managed easily with conservative measures.
authors: Department of Urology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala 682 026, India. sukumarsudhi@aims.amrita.edu
authors: Sudhir
authors: S
authors: Sukumar
authors: Balagopal
authors: B
authors: Nair
authors: Kumar P
authors: KP
authors: Ginil
authors: K V
authors: KV
authors: Sanjeevan
authors: Bhat H
authors: BH
authors: Sanjay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*