title: Tipranavir exhibits different effects on opportunistic pathogenic fungi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tipranavir (TPV) is a non-peptidic protease inhibitor (PI) that represents one of the latest options approved in the salvage setting for HIV-infected multi-drug resistant patients. In this study, we explored whether TPV affects virulence of opportunistic fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans.
  
  
  METHODS
  C. neoformans and C. albicans were cocultured in the presence or absence of TPV for various time periods. Subsequently, growth inhibition, phospholipases, proteases and capsule size were examined. In selected in vivo experiments, TPV was administered in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice. Survival rate and colony forming units from organs were evaluated in mice systemically challenged with C. neoformans or C. albicans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indeed, when cultured in the presence of TPV, both fungi showed significant reduction in protease and phospholipase production, but TPV showed an opposite effect on the major virulence factors of C. neoformans and C. albicans by inhibiting capsule while promoting mycelial transition, respectively. TPV impaired in vitro growth of C. neoformans, but not of C. albicans. Moreover, TPV-treated C. neoformans, but not C. albicans, resulted more susceptible to killing by human neutrophils. Finally, TPV showed a therapeutic effect in experimental systemic cryptococcosis, as evaluated by reduced fungal burden in brain and liver of immunocompetent and immunodepressed mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These new data indicate that TPV could act in multiple ways by diversifying its effects on various opportunistic pathogenic fungi.
authors: Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
authors: Elio
authors: E
authors: Cenci
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Francisci
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Belfiori
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Pierucci
authors: Franco
authors: F
authors: Baldelli
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Bistoni
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Vecchiarelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000382:microbiology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007121:Immunocompetence; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D025282:Mycelium / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010587:Phagocytosis; D010740:Phospholipases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011753:Pyrones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013234:Stem Cells; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014774:Virulence / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D011725:Pyridines; D011753:Pyrones; D013449:Sulfonamides; D010740:Phospholipases; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; C107201:tipranavir