title: Randomised trial of glutamine and selenium supplemented parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients. Protocol Version 9, 19 February 2007 known as SIGNET (Scottish Intensive care Glutamine or seleNium Evaluative Trial).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality rates in the Intensive Care Unit and subsequent hospital mortality rates in the UK remain high. Infections in Intensive Care are associated with a 2-3 times increased risk of death. It is thought that under conditions of severe metabolic stress glutamine becomes "conditionally essential". Selenium is an essential trace element that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Approximately 23% of patients in Intensive Care require parenteral nutrition and glutamine and selenium are either absent or present in low amounts. Both glutamine and selenium have the potential to influence the immune system through independent biochemical pathways. Systematic reviews suggest that supplementing parenteral nutrition in critical illness with glutamine or selenium may reduce infections and mortality. Pilot data has shown that more than 50% of participants developed infections, typically resistant organisms. We are powered to show definitively whether supplementation of PN with either glutamine or selenium is effective at reducing new infections in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 x 2 factorial, pragmatic, multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. The trial has an enrollment target of 500 patients. Inclusion criteria include: expected to be in critical care for at least 48 hours, aged 16 years or over, patients who require parenteral nutrition and are expected to have at least half their daily nutritional requirements given by that route. Allocation is to one of four iso-caloric, iso-nitrogenous groups: glutamine, selenium, both glutamine & selenium or no additional glutamine or selenium. Trial supplementation is given for up to seven days on the Intensive Care Unit and subsequent wards if practicable. The primary outcomes are episodes of infection in the 14 days after starting trial nutrition and mortality. Secondary outcomes include antibiotic usage, length of hospital stay, quality of life and cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date more than 285 patients have been recruited to the trial from 10 sites in Scotland. Recruitment is due to finish in August 2008 with a further six months follow up. We expect to report the results of the trial in summer 2009.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number system. ISRCTN87144826.
authors: Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh & Consultant, Critical Care, Western General Hospital Lothian University Hospitals Division, Scotland, UK. p.andrews@ed.ac.uk
authors: Peter J D
authors: PJ
authors: Andrews
authors: Alison
authors: A
authors: Avenell
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Noble
authors: Marion K
authors: MK
authors: Campbell
authors: Claire G
authors: CG
authors: Battison
authors: Bernard L
authors: BL
authors: Croal
authors: William G
authors: WG
authors: Simpson
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Norrie
authors: Luke D
authors: LD
authors: Vale
authors: Jonathon
authors: J
authors: Cook
authors: Robyn
authors: R
authors: de Verteuil
authors: Anne C
authors: AC
authors: Milne