title: Computer modeling and intraoperative navigation in maxillofacial surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent advances in computer-modeling software allow reconstruction of facial symmetry in a virtual environment. This study evaluates the use of preoperative computer modeling and intraoperative navigation to guide reconstruction of the maxillofacial skeleton.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients with traumatic maxillofacial deformities received preoperative, thin-cut axial CT scans. Three-dimensional reconstructions, virtual osteotomies, and bony reductions were performed using MIMICS planning software (Materialise, Ann Arbor, MI). The original and "repaired" virtual datasets were then imported into an intraoperative navigation system and used to guide the surgical repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative CT scans and photographs reveal excellent correction of enophthalmos to within 1 mm in patient 1, significant improvement in symmetry of the nasoethmoid complex in patient 2, and reconstruction of the zygomaticomaxillary complex location to within 1 mm in patient 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer modeling and intraoperative navigation is a relatively new tool that can assist surgeons with reconstruction of the maxillofacial skeleton.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors: Annette M
authors: AM
authors: Pham
authors: Amir A
authors: AA
authors: Rafii
authors: Marc C
authors: MC
authors: Metzger
authors: Amir
authors: A
authors: Jamali
authors: E Bradley
authors: EB
authors: Strong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000601:surgery; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000293:injuries; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000601:surgery