title: The cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel AtCNGC10 traffics from the ER via Golgi vesicles to the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis root and leaf cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) maintain cation homeostasis essential for a wide range of physiological processes in plant cells. However, the precise subcellular locations and trafficking of these membrane proteins are poorly understood. This is further complicated by a general deficiency of information about targeting pathways of membrane proteins in plants. To investigate CNGC trafficking and localization, we have measured Atcngc5 and Atcngc10 expression in roots and leaves, analyzed AtCNGC10-GFP fusions transiently expressed in protoplasts, and conducted immunofluorescence labeling of protoplasts and immunoelectron microscopic analysis of high pressure frozen leaves and roots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AtCNGC10 mRNA and protein levels were 2.5-fold higher in roots than leaves, while AtCNGC5 mRNA and protein levels were nearly equal in these tissues. The AtCNGC10-EGFP fusion was targeted to the plasma membrane in leaf protoplasts, and lightly labeled several intracellular structures. Immunofluorescence microscopy with affinity purified CNGC-specific antisera indicated that AtCNGC5 and AtCNGC10 are present in the plasma membrane of protoplasts. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that AtCNGC10 was associated with the plasma membrane of mesophyll, palisade parenchyma and epidermal cells of leaves, and the meristem, columella and cap cells of roots. AtCNCG10 was also observed in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae and vesicles of 50-150 nm in size. Patch clamp assays of an AtCNGC10-GFP fusion expressed in HEK293 cells measured significant cation currents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AtCNGC5 and AtCNGC10 are plasma membrane proteins. We postulate that AtCNGC10 traffics from the endoplasmic reticulum via the Golgi apparatus and associated vesicles to the plasma membrane. The presence of the cation channel, AtCNGC10, in root cap meristem cells, cell plate, and gravity-sensing columella cells, combined with the previously reported antisense phenotypes of decreased gravitropic and cell enlargement responses, suggest roles of AtCNGC10 in modulating cation balance required for root gravitropism, cell division and growth.
authors: University of Hawaii, Department of Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. dchr@hawaii.edu
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Christopher
authors: Tamas
authors: T
authors: Borsics
authors: Christen Y L
authors: CY
authors: Yuen
authors: Wendy
authors: W
authors: Ullmer
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Andème-Ondzighi
authors: Marilou A
authors: MA
authors: Andres
authors: Byung-Ho
authors: BH
authors: Kang
authors: L Andrew
authors: LA
authors: Staehelin
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D011523:Protoplasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C525437:CNGC10 protein, Arabidopsis; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D007473:Ion Channels; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins