title: Combining evidence and values in priority setting: testing the balance sheet method in a low-income country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Procedures for priority setting need to incorporate both scientific evidence and public values. The aim of this study was to test out a model for priority setting which incorporates both scientific evidence and public values, and to explore use of evidence by a selection of stakeholders and to study reasons for the relative ranking of health care interventions in a setting of extreme resource scarcity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic search for and assessment of relevant evidence for priority setting in a low-income country. Development of a balance sheet according to Eddy's explicit method. Eight group interviews (n-85), using a modified nominal group technique for eliciting individual and group rankings of a given set of health interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study procedure made it possible to compare the groups' ranking before and after all the evidence was provided to participants. A rank deviation is significant if the rank order of the same intervention differed by two or more points on the ordinal scale. A comparison between the initial rank and the final rank (before deliberation) showed a rank deviation of 67%. The difference between the initial rank and the final rank after discussion and voting gave a rank deviation of 78%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence-based and deliberative decision-making does change priorities significantly in an experimental setting. Our use of the balance sheet method was meant as a demonstration project, but could if properly developed be feasible for health planners, experts and health workers, although more work is needed before it can be used for laypersons.
authors: National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. emakundi@nimr.or.tz
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Makundi
authors: Lydia
authors: L
authors: Kapiriri
authors: Ole Frithjof
authors: OF
authors: Norheim
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005376:Financial Management / Q000379:methods*; D006292:Health Priorities / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D040841:Resource Allocation; D012945:Social Values