title: Postoperative hydrocephalus in patients undergoing decompressive hemicraniectomy for ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have frequently observed the development of postoperative communicating hydrocephalus in patients undergoing decompressive hemicraniectomy. This condition may persist in some patients after cranioplasty and require permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. To confirm an independent correlation between hemicraniectomy and the development of communicating hydrocephalus, and to detail the frequency and potential clinical factors contributing to this complication, we evaluated our series of patients undergoing hemicraniectomy for life-threatening increases in intracranial pressure secondary to ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed with a cohort of consecutive patients who underwent emergent hemicraniectomy for medically refractory elevations in intracranial pressure. Patients with known independent risk factors for the development of communicating hydrocephalus were excluded. Clinical and imaging data were reviewed to determine the incidence and type of hydrocephalus after hemicraniectomy, the persistence of hydrocephalus after cranioplasty, and the need for permanent CSF diversion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-eight percent of the eligible patients undergoing hemicraniectomy in our cohort developed postoperative communicating hydrocephalus. Half of these patients harbored persistent hydrocephalus after cranioplasty and required placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. We noted a strong correlation between prolonged time to replacement of the bone flap and persistence of hydrocephalus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Communicating hydrocephalus is an almost universal finding in patients after hemicraniectomy. Delayed time to cranioplasty is linked with the development of persistent hydrocephalus, necessitating permanent CSF diversion in some patients. We propose that early cranioplasty, when possible, may restore normal intracranial pressure dynamics and prevent the need for permanent CSF diversion in patients after hemicraniectomy.
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA. aew2001@columbia.edu
authors: Allen
authors: A
authors: Waziri
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Fusco
authors: Stephan A
authors: SA
authors: Mayer
authors: Guy M
authors: GM
authors: McKhann
authors: E Sander
authors: ES
authors: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*