title: Prevalence and risk factors for clinically significant drug interactions with antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the prevalence and types of clinically significant drug interactions (CSDIs) in the drug regimens of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who were receiving antiretroviral therapy, and to explore risk factors for these CSDIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective medical record review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic HIV specialty clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-three randomly selected patients with HIV infection who were receiving antiretroviral therapy from May 1-September 30, 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were collected on patient demographics, date of HIV diagnosis, most recent viral load and CD4(+) count, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV classification, and comorbid conditions. Patients' drug regimens were analyzed for total and clinically significant antiretroviral drug interactions using three resources. Logistic regression and classification and regression tree analysis were used to identify independent CSDI predictors. Clinically significant drug interactions were defined as drug interactions that required a dosage adjustment or consisted of a drug combination that is contraindicated due to its high potential for clinical adverse effects. Of the 153 patients, at least one CSDI was found in 41.2% of their regimens: 34.6% with at least one drug interaction that required a dosage adjustment, 2.0% with at least one contraindicated drug combination, and 4.6% with at least one of each of these CSDIs. In the logistic regression model, risk factors independently associated with CSDIs were age older than 42 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.1), more than three comorbid conditions (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.6), treatment with more than three antiretroviral agents (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0-5.8), and treatment with a protease inhibitor (OR 11.5, 95% CI 4.2-31.2). When directly compared, CSDIs were more prevalent among protease inhibitor-based than nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically significant drug interactions are highly prevalent among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Knowledge of the risk factors for CSDIs may help clinicians recognize and manage CSDIs.
authors: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany, New York 12208, USA. millerc@acp.edu
authors: Christopher D
authors: CD
authors: Miller
authors: Ramy
authors: R
authors: El-Kholi
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: Faragon
authors: Thomas P
authors: TP
authors: Lodise
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004347:Drug Interactions; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000077560:Enfuvirtide; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008499:Medical Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D000077560:Enfuvirtide