title: Efficacy and safety of a mixture of ketamine, midazolam and atropine for procedural sedation in paediatric oncology: a randomised study of oral versus intramuscular route.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a mixture of ketamine, midazolam and atropine given orally by comparing the same mixture given through the intramuscular route in children with malignancy undergoing minor invasive procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty children, aged between 1 and 10 years, scheduled to undergo minor procedures were randomised into two groups to receive a mixture of ketamine (6 mg/kg), midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) and atropine (0.02 mg/kg) intramuscularly (Group 1) or ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and atropine (0.05 mg/kg) orally (Group 2). Sedation score, observer-rated visual analogue scale for pain were noted by an observer blinded to the route of drug administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optimum sedation was present in all children in both groups after drug administration, with Group 1 being more deeply sedated than Group 2 at the start of the procedure. Supplementation with intravenous ketamine was required in four children in Group 1 and eight children in Group 2 (P = 0.33). The mean (+/-SD) observer-rated visual analogue scale for pain during the procedure was 8.33 (+/-15.99) and 9.33 (+/-16.39) in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively (P = 0.892). One patient in Group 1 had vomiting after the procedure. There were no differences in proportion of patients with hallucinations and nystagmus in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A mixture of ketamine, midazolam and atropine given orally provides sedation and analgesia similar to that produced by the same drugs given intramuscularly. It offers advantage over the intramuscular route as it is painless and can be given for minor paediatric oncology procedures with appropriate monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sushma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Meenu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Madhurima
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srikanti
authors.forename: Anindya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mondol
authors.forename: Alok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diwedi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013511:Minor Surgical Procedures; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D001285:Atropine; D008874:Midazolam