title: The amygdala regulates the antianxiety sensitization effect of flumazenil during repeated chronic ethanol or repeated stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil reduces anxiety-like behavior and sensitization of anxiety-like behavior in various models of ethanol withdrawal in rodents. The mechanism and brain region(s) that account for this action of flumazenil remain unknown. This investigation explored the potential role of several brain regions (amygdala, raphe, inferior colliculus, nucleus accumbens, and paraventricular hypothalamus) for these actions of flumazenil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were surgically implanted with guide cannulae directed over the brain region of interest and then treated with an ethanol diet for three 7-day dietary cycles (5 days on ethanol diet followed by 2 days on control diet). At approximately 4 hours, flumazenil was administered intracranially into each of the first 2 withdrawals. Examinations of anxiety-like behavior followed 1 week later during a third withdrawal. In other animals, restraint stress sessions or intra-amygdala DMCM (methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate) injections, preceded by intraperitoneal flumazenil injections, were substituted for the first 2 ethanol treatment cycles to assess the potential anxiety-sensitizing action of stress or a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flumazenil treatment of the amygdala during the first 2 withdrawals blocked the development of sensitized anxiety seen during a third withdrawal. Similar actions of flumazenil were found when stress sessions substituted for the first 2 cycles of ethanol exposure and withdrawal. Amygdala treatment with DMCM magnified the anxiety response to the single subthreshold chronic ethanol treatment, and prophylactic flumazenil blocked this effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-amygdala flumazenil inhibits the development of anxiety sensitized by repeated ethanol withdrawal, stress/ethanol withdrawal, or DMCM/ethanol withdrawal. These actions suggest that site-specific and persistent effects of flumazenil on gamma-aminobutyric acid-modulatory processes in this brain region are relevant to sensitized behavioral effects seen in alcoholism.
authors.affiliation: Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7158, USA. djk-jas@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Darin J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Overstreet
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Angel
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Breese
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D018757:GABA Modulators; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D005442:Flumazenil