title: Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in hepatitis C virus and HIV co-infected liver transplant recipients in the ANRS HC-08 study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterise the interactions between tacrolimus and antiretroviral drug combinations in hepatitis C virus-HIV co-infected patients who had received a liver transplant.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational, open-label, multiple-dose, two-period, one-sequence design clinical trial in which patients received tacrolimus as an immunosuppressive therapy during the postoperative period and then had an antiretroviral drug regimen added. Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics were evaluated at steady state during these two periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients participated in the study and seven participated in the intensified pharmacokinetic protocol. Patients were included if they had undergone liver transplantation for end-stage chronic hepatitis C, absence of opportunistic infection, a CD4 cell count of >150 cells/microL and an undetectable HIV plasma viral load (<50 copies/mL) under highly active antiretroviral therapy. During the posttransplantation period, the tacrolimus dose was adjusted according to blood concentrations. When liver function and the tacrolimus dose were stable, antiretroviral therapy was reintroduced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When lopinavir/ritonavir were added to the tacrolimus regimen (seven patients), the tacrolimus dose was reduced by 99% to maintain the tacrolimus concentration within the therapeutic range. Only two patients were treated with nelfinavir, which led to a wide variation in inhibition of tacrolimus metabolism. When efavirenz (four patients) or a nucleoside analogue combination (one patient) was added, very little change in tacrolimus dosing was required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lopinavir/ritonavir combination markedly inhibited tacrolimus metabolism, whereas the effect of efavirenz was small. Tacrolimus dosing must be optimised according to therapeutic drug monitoring and the antiretroviral drug combination.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Teicher
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonhomme-Faivre
authors.forename: Chadi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abbara
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barrail
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boissonnas
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Duclos-Vallée
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Taburet
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vittecoq
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000480:Alkynes; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D019540:Area Under Curve; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006207:Half-Life; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D061466:Lopinavir; D019888:Nelfinavir; C098320:efavirenz; D019438:Ritonavir; D016559:Tacrolimus