title: Lemon juice has protective activity in a rat urolithiasis model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of herbal medicines (medicinal plants or phytotherapy) has recently gained popularity in Europe and the United States. Nevertheless the exact mechanism of the preventive effects of these products is still far to be clearly established, being its knowledge necessary to successfully apply these therapies to avoid stone formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of oral lemon juice administration on calcium oxalate urolithiasis was studied in male Wistar rats. Rats were rendered nephrolithic by providing drinking water containing 0.75% ethylene glycol [v/v] (EG) and 2% ammonium chloride [w/v] (AC) for 10 days. In addition to EG/AC treatment, three groups of rats were also gavage-administered solutions containing 100%, 75% or 50% lemon juice [v/v] (6 microl solution/g body weight). Positive control rats were treated with EG/AC but not lemon juice. Negative control rats were provided with normal drinking water, and were administered normal water by gavage. Each group contained 6 rats. After 10 days, serum samples were collected for analysis, the left kidney was removed and assessed for calcium levels using flame spectroscopy, and the right kidney was sectioned for histopathological analysis using light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis showed that the rats treated with EG/AC alone had higher amounts of calcium in the kidneys compared to negative control rats. This EG/AC-induced increase in kidney calcium levels was inhibited by the administration of lemon juice. Histology showed that rats treated with EG/AC alone had large deposits of calcium oxalate crystals in all parts of the kidney, and that such deposits were not present in rats also treated with either 100% or 75% lemon juice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that lemon juice has a protective activity against urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Ecophysiology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, PO Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco. mohammed.touhami@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Touhami
authors.forename: Amine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laroubi
authors.forename: Khadija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Elhabazi
authors.forename: Farouk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loubna
authors.forename: Ibtissam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zrara
authors.forename: Younes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Eljahiri
authors.forename: Abdelkhalek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oussama
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grases
authors.forename: Abderrahman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chait
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism*; D002957:Citrus; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D002129:Calcium Oxalate