title: Intrathecal administration of proteinase-activated receptor-2 agonists produces hyperalgesia by exciting the cell bodies of primary sensory neurons.
abstract: Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by endogenous serine proteinases that cleave the N-terminal domain of the receptor unmasking a "tethered ligand" sequence. Trypsin and other agonists at PAR(2) act on peripheral nerves to augment the transfer of nociceptive information. We tested whether PAR(2) agonists also exert a spinal pronociceptive effect by i.t. administering the selective ligand, Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH(2) (SLI-GRL). This produced thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in rats and mice and augmented mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia seen in the formalin inflammatory pain test. Effects of SLIGRL were abrogated in PAR(2)-deficient mice and were not seen with the inactive control peptide, Leu-Arg-Gly-Ile-Leu-Ser-NH(2). Surprisingly, electrophysiological studies, using whole-cell recording from rat substantia gelatinosa neurons, failed to demonstrate an increase in excitatory transmission or neuronal excitability following treatment with SLIGRL or trypsin. In fact, the actions of trypsin were consistent with a decrease in dorsal horn excitability. SLIGRL and trypsin did, however, depolarize and increase the excitability of large, medium and small primary afferent, dorsal root ganglion neurons. The effects were associated with an increase in conductance at hyperpolarized potentials and a decrease in conductance at depolarized potentials. PAR(2)-like immunoreactivity was found in DRG but not in spinal dorsal horn. These results suggest that activation of DRG neuron cell bodies may account for the pronociceptive actions of i.t. applied PAR(2) agonists. They also imply that pathophysiological release of PAR(2)-activating proteases in the vicinity of DRG neurons may produce profound effects on nociceptive processing in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9.75 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Kwai A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Alier
authors.forename: Jaclyn A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Stemkowski
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cenac
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cellars
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrade-Gordon
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vergnolle
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005557:Formaldehyde; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000819:agonists* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D014357:Trypsin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; C099570:seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl-arginyl-leucine; D005557:Formaldehyde; D014357:Trypsin