title: Effect of electrode surface area on thresholds for AC stimulation and ventricular fibrillation.
abstract: Unintended, weak AC stimulation (leakage currents) from medical devices can cause blood pressure collapse and ventricular fibrillation (VF), potentially even death. Yet, little is understood about AC cardiac stimulation. The objective of this paper is to establish the relationship between the stimulation and VF thresholds for electrode size and stimulation frequency. Twenty-four retired male breeder guinea pigs were anesthetized with isoflurane, a tracheotomy and thoracotomy were performed, and vitals were monitored using the lead II ECG and an optical plethysmograph. The circular flat ends of eleven stainless steel rods were used as electrodes with areas ranging from 0.1 to 26.79 mm2. In the first study, 60-Hz AC stimuli of 5 s duration were delivered with strengths from 25-3000 microA or until VF was induced. In the second group, the current thresholds at 20, 40, 80, and 160 Hz were determined at electrode areas of 0.2, 2.01, and 16.4 mm2. Reactions were categorized as having no effect, having some effect (EFFECT, typically blood pressure collapse), and inducing VF. On a log-log scale, electrode radii had a piecewise-linear relationship with the current thresholds for EFFECT (p < 0.005) and VF (p < 0.01). The liminal area determined by the piecewise-linear fit was 2.0 and 2.84 mm2 for EFFECT and VF, respectively. Above the liminal area, the threshold increased proportional to r(1.25) and r(0.95) (r = radius of electrode), for EFFECT and VF, respectively. Based on these experimental results, we present a theoretical framework to explain the electrode size-stimulation threshold variation for both low strength AC stimulation and VF initiation.
authors.affiliation: John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL 60612-3785, USA.
authors.forename: Shivani Govind
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malkin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004560:Electricity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control