title: Extracapsular extension of pelvic lymph node metastases is of prognostic value in carcinoma of the cervix uteri.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pelvic lymph node involvement is a well-recognized prognostic factor in cervical carcinoma (CX). Limited knowledge exists about extranodal extension of the tumor outside the lymph node capsule, i.e. extracapsular spread (ECS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fifty-six cases of surgically treated CX (FIGO stage IB1 to IIB) with pelvic lymph node involvement were evaluated regarding the occurrence of extranodal spread of the metastatic deposits outside the lymph node capsule (ECS), determined on standardized handled lymphadenectomy specimens, regarding their impact of recurrent disease and overall survival during a median follow-up time of 62 months (95% CI 51-73 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECS was seen in 30.9% (79/256) of the cases. The occurrence of ECS showed a significant correlation to advanced stage disease (p=0.02), the number of involved nodes (p<0.001) and the size of metastatic deposits (p<0.01). The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate in patients with ECS was significant lower compared to patients without ECS (59.7% [95% CI: 46.3%-73.2%] versus 67.2% [95% CI: 58.9%-75.5%]; (p=0.04). The 5-year overall survival rate was significant lower in patients with ECS (33.5% [95% CI: 20.6%-46.3%] vs. 60.5% [95% CI: 52.3%-68.6%]; p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, tumor stage, number of involved pelvic nodes, tumor differentiation and ECS were independent prognostic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that extracapsular spread (ECS) of pelvic lymph node metastases is of prognostic impact in cervical carcinomas. A revised FIGO/TNM classification system for pelvic lymph node disease is recommended: ECS 0 = lymph node involvement without extranodal spread of the metastatic deposits and ECS 1 = lymph node involvement with extranodal spread of the metastatic deposits.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Division of Gynecologic Pathology, University Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 26, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany. hornl@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Lars-Christian
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hentschel
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galle
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bilek
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*