title: Real-time freehand 3D ultrasound calibration.
abstract: Z-fiducial phantoms allow three-dimensional ultrasound probe calibration with a single B-scan. One of the main difficulties in using this phantom is the need for reliable segmentation of the wires in the ultrasound images, which necessitates manual intervention. In this article, we have shown how we can solve this problem by mounting a thin rubber membrane on top of the phantom. The membrane is segmented automatically and the wires can be easily located as they are at known positions relative to the membrane. This enables us to segment the wires automatically at the full PAL frame rate of 25 Hz, to produce calibrations in real-time, while achieving accuracies similar to those reported in the literature. We have also devised a technique to improve the estimation of the elevational offset (calibration parameter) by capturing a few images of the planar membrane. If spatial calibration is known, fully automatic wire segmentation allows the fiducials to be tracked in real-time. This also enables temporal calibration to be performed in real-time as the probe is moved away from the phantom. We have evaluated the performance of our phantom by calibrating a probe at 8 cm and 15 cm depth. The precision of the calibrations are 0.7 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively. The point reconstruction accuracies of fiducial points provided by the same Z-phantom are slightly below 1.5 mm. The point reconstruction accuracies obtained by scanning the end of a wire tip are 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm. These results match the accuracies achieved in the literature. It takes approximately 2 min to set up the experiment, submerge the phantom in the water bath, locate the phantom in space with a pointer and capture six images of the planar membrane. After this, spatial calibration can be performed in less than a second. Temporal calibration can be completed in approximately 3 s.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom. pwh24@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Po-Wei
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: Graham M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Treece
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000592:standards*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000592:standards; D014159:Transducers / Q000592:standards; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000592:standards*