title: Conscientiousness and the incidence of Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The personality trait of conscientiousness has been related to morbidity and mortality in old age, but its association with the development of Alzheimer disease is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that a higher level of conscientiousness is associated with decreased risk of Alzheimer disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal clinicopathologic cohort study with up to 12 years of annual follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Religious Orders Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 997 older Catholic nuns, priests, and brothers without dementia at enrollment, recruited from more than 40 groups across the United States. At baseline, they completed a standard 12-item measure of conscientiousness. Those who died underwent a uniform neuropathologic evaluation from which previously established measures of amyloid burden, tangle density, Lewy bodies, and chronic cerebral infarction were derived.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease and change in previously established measures of global cognition and specific cognitive functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conscientiousness scores ranged from 11 to 47 (mean, 34.0; SD, 5.0). During follow-up, 176 people developed Alzheimer disease. In a proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age, sex, and education, a high conscientiousness score (90th percentile) was associated with an 89% reduction in risk of Alzheimer disease compared with a low score (10th percentile). Results were not substantially changed by controlling for other personality traits, activity patterns, vascular conditions, or other risk factors. Conscientiousness was also associated with decreased incidence of mild cognitive impairment and reduced cognitive decline. In those who died and underwent brain autopsy, conscientiousness was unrelated to neuropathologic measures, but it modified the association of neurofibrillary pathologic changes and cerebral infarction with cognition proximate to death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Level of conscientiousness is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S Paulina, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. rwilson@rush.edu
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bienias
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016874:Neurofibrillary Tangles / Q000473:pathology; D010551:Personality / Q000145:classification*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000473:pathology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index