title: Breast ductal secretions: clinical features, potential uses, and possible applications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nipple discharge accounts for approximately 5% of visits to a breast specialist surgical practice and may be encountered as the chief complaint by many other types of physicians. The vast majority of breast cancers originate in the ductal system, which prompted interest in the evaluation of the intraductal approach to breast cancer. Ductoscopy, nipple aspiration, and ductal lavage have emerged as innovative fields of study that may have clinical applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature search of published manuscripts using the keywords nipple discharge, breast ductal secretions, and intraductal approach. We also report our single-institution experience in managing nipple discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present our institutional algorithm for the management of nipple discharge. The possible etiologies of nipple discharge and the appropriate workup are reviewed. Three evolving minimally invasive techniques for the evaluation of high-risk patients include ductoscopy, nipple aspiration, and ductal lavage. Nipple aspiration and ductal lavage fluid may be assayed for cytology, genomic, gene expression, and proteomic studies. Several different translational approaches are being undertaken to investigate the local microenvironment associated with the development and progression of breast carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nipple aspiration fluid and ductal lavage offer the opportunity to study the local microenvironment of the ductal system, which is where most breast cancers originate. These powerful approaches to biomarker analysis could be applied to the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Henry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kuerer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D004724:Endoscopy; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009558:Nipples / Q000378:metabolism*; D013396:Suction; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor