title: Avian Clock gene polymorphism: evidence for a latitudinal cline in allele frequencies.
abstract: In comparison with most animal behaviours, circadian rhythms have a well-characterized molecular genetic basis. Detailed studies of circadian clock genes in 'model' organisms provide a foundation for interpreting the functional and evolutionary significance of polymorphic circadian clock genes found within free-living animal populations. Here, we describe allelic variation in a region of the avian Clock orthologue which encodes a functionally significant polyglutamine repeat (ClkpolyQcds), within free-living populations of two passerine birds, the migratory bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) and the predominantly nonmigratory blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). Multiple ClkpolyQcds alleles were found within populations of both species (bluethroat: 12 populations, 7 alleles; blue tit: 14 populations, 9 alleles). Some populations of both species were differentiated at the ClkpolyQcds locus as measured by F(ST) and R(ST) values. Among the blue tit, but not bluethroat populations, we found evidence of latitudinal clines in (i) mean ClkpolyQcds repeat length, and (ii) the proportions of three ClkpolyQcds genotype groupings. Parallel analyses of microsatellite allele frequencies, which are considered to reflect selectively neutral processes, indicate that interpopulation allele frequency variation at the ClkpolyQcds and microsatellite loci does not reflect the same underlying demographic processes. The possibility that the observed interpopulation ClkpolyQcds allele frequency variation is, at least in part, maintained by selection for microevolutionary adaptation to photoperiodic parameters correlated with latitude warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Behavioural Ecology & Evolutionary Genetics, D-82305 Seewiesen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fidler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Biard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charmantier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eens
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Korsten
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Siitari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tomiuk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kempenaers
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005843:Geography; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015534:Trans-Activators; D056926:CLOCK Proteins