title: Coronary risks among seafarers aboard German-flagged ships.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular diseases belong to the major causes of maritime service disablement (approximately 18%). The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of coronary risk factors in seamen on vessels sailing under the German flag and to assess the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) dependent on job-related factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a medical surveillance program, a cross-sectional study with interview, blood sampling, and blood pressure measurements was conducted among a total of 205 male seafarers sailing under the German flag (response 84.9%). Due to missing blood analysis, 13 seamen were excluded. The predicted 10-year risk of an acute coronary event of a study subgroup of 45 German seafarers was compared to the corresponding risk of a sample of the German working population (PROCAM study).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total sample (n = 161), 55 seamen (34.2%) had at least three CHD risk factors. The most prominent independent CHD risk factors in seafarers were hypertension (49.7%), high triglycerides (41.6%), older age (39.8%), and smoking (37.3%). Compared with non-Europeans, European seafarers were about twice as likely to have more than three risk factors after adjusting for age [OR 2.4 (95% CI 1.01-4.55)]. Particularly engine room officers and galley/operating staff were at a higher coronary risk. After standardizing for age, the German seamen investigated showed a similar predicted 10-year CHD risk as the German population of about the same age working ashore of the PROCAM study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CHD risks in seafarers should be reduced by low-fat diets, anti-smoking campaigns and blood pressure control/treatment. In spite of the seafarers' regular medical surveillance examination, their CHD risk was comparable to a reference population working ashore. Our results support the hypothesis that working on vessels may augment the risk of CHD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. marcus.oldenburg@bsg.hamburg.de
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Latza
authors.forename: Xaver
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Baur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012767:Ships