title: Robotically assisted laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophagectomy is a technically demanding operation with high procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates. Minimally invasive techniques were introduced in the late 1980s in an effort to decrease the invasiveness of the procedure. Data concerning the use of robotic systems for esophageal cancer are scarce in the literature. The goal of this report is to describe the authors' early experience using robotically assisted technology to perform transhiatal esophagectomy (RATE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 2001 and May 2004, 18 patients underwent RATE at the authors' institution. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed. Gender, age, postoperative diagnosis, operative time, conversion rate, blood loss, hospital stay, length of the follow-up period, and complications were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the authors' institution, 18 patients underwent RATE, including 16 men (89%), with a mean age of 54 years (range, 41-73 years). The RATE procedure was completed for all 18 patients (100%). The mean operative time was 267 +/- 71 min, and estimated blood loss was 54 ml (range, 10-150 ml). The mean intensive care unit stay was 1.8 days (range, 1-5 days), and the mean hospital stay was 10 days (range, 4-38 days). A total of 12 perioperative complications occurred for 9 patients, including 6 anastomotic leaks, 1 thoracic duct injury, 1 vocal cord paralysis, 1 pleural effusion, and 2 atrial fibrillations. Anastomotic stricture was observed in six patients. There were no perioperative deaths. Pathologic examination of the surgical specimen yielded an average of 14 lymph nodes per patient (range, 7-27). During the mean follow-up period of 22 +/- 8 months, 2 patients died, 2 were lost to follow-up evaluation, 3 had recurrence, and 11 were disease free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study shows that RATE, with its decreased blood loss, minimal cardiopulmonary complications, and no hospital mortality, represents a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, University of Illinois, 840 South Wood Street, Room 435, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. cgalvani@uic.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Galvani
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Gorodner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chretien
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Espat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horgan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012371:Robotics; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome