title: Neuropsychological deficits in individuals with an at risk mental state for psychosis - working memory as a potential trait marker.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the neuropsychological profile of individuals with an at risk mental state for psychosis (ARMS, N=60) compared to healthy controls (HC, N=51) and to identify those cognitive domains which discriminate best between groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects and controls were compared using a neuropsychological test battery covering the domains of intelligence (LPS3, MWT-A), executive functions (ToH, WCST, TAP - Go/NoGo), working memory (Tests for Attentional Performance (TAP) - Working Memory), and attention (CPT-OX). A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) comparing ARMS subjects with HC was conducted. A stepwise logit regression procedure was performed in order to determine the subset of measures which best distinguish ARMS subjects from HC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ARMS subjects revealed deficiencies in intelligence, executive functions, working memory and attention. Verbal intelligence, executive functions, and, in particular, working memory discriminated best between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with an at risk mental state for psychosis already show impairment of neuropsychological functions prior to the onset of the first psychotic episode and can best be distinguished from healthy controls on the basis of working memory.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Basel, Psychiatric Outpatient Department, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, BS, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marlon O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Pflueger
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gschwandtner
authors.forename: Rolf-Dieter
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stieglitz
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riecher-Rössler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011340:Problem Solving; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011930:Reaction Time; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology