title: [Endoscopic gastrocnemius recession as therapy for gastrocnemius equinus].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic gastrocnemius recession is a new technique to treat gastrocnemius equinus. Smaller incisions and the ability to perform the technique in a supine position are purported advantages. This study was designed to evaluate the results and possible complications of this new technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  47 patients undergoing 54 endoscopic gastrocnemius recessions were followed in a prospective study. Pre-operative criteria were a lack of ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended to create a 90 degrees relationship of the foot to the leg in symptomatic patients. Pre- and postoperative ankle dorsiflexion were assessed, as were complications such as infection, nerve injury, haematoma, over-lengthening and poor cosmesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of the patients was 49.4 years. Post-operative follow-up from the index procedure was 27 months (range: 12 - 62 months). Pre-operative dorsiflexion was - 8 +/- 4 degrees; post-operative this improved significantly to 7 +/- 4 degrees (p = 0.00001). Most patients had additional reconstructive procedures. There were no infections; six limbs had lateral foot or leg dysaesthesia, one haematoma, one over-lengthened gastrocnemius while six limbs has an unacceptable cosmesis (due to tenting of the skin). Two diabetic patients required additional Achilles tendon lengthening in subsequent surgery. Patients with pre-operative dorsiflexion of - 10 degrees or more had an untoward result, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.13). Lateral foot dysaesthesia was observed more often in patients having a combined procedure with calcaneal osteotomy (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endoscopic gastrocnemius recession procedure can significantly increase ankle dorsiflexion, but has potential complications including lateral dysaesthesia (11 %), and unacceptable cosmesis (11 %) as the most common. Modifications to the technique may be needed. Overall, the endoscopic technique appears promising in decreasing gastrocnemius contracture.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gollwitzer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Widtfeldt
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: DiDomenico
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004863:Equinus Deformity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome