title: Polymorphisms in the gene encoding the voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel Ca (V)2.3 (CACNA1E) are associated with type 2 diabetes and impaired insulin secretion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is dependent on the electrical activity of beta cells; hence, genes encoding beta cell ion channels are potential candidate genes for type 2 diabetes. The gene encoding the voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel Ca(V)2.3 (CACNA1E), telomeric to a region that has shown suggestive linkage to type 2 diabetes (1q21-q25), has been ascribed a role for second-phase insulin secretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based upon the genotyping of 52 haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a type 2 diabetes case-control sample (n = 1,467), we selected five SNPs that were nominally associated with type 2 diabetes and genotyped them in the following groups (1) a new case-control sample of 6,570 individuals from Sweden; (2) 2,293 individuals from the Botnia prospective cohort; and (3) 935 individuals with insulin secretion data from an IVGTT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rs679931 TT genotype was associated with (1) an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the Botnia case-control sample [odds ratio (OR) 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-2.0, p = 0.06] and in the replication sample (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.5, p = 0.01 one-tailed), with a combined OR of 1.3 (95% CI 1.1-1.5, p = 0.004 two-tailed); (2) reduced insulin secretion [insulinogenic index at 30 min p = 0.02, disposition index (D (I)) p = 0.03] in control participants during an OGTT; (3) reduced second-phase insulin secretion at 30 min (p = 0.04) and 60 min (p = 0.02) during an IVGTT; and (4) reduced D (I) over time in the Botnia prospective cohort (p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that genetic variation in the CACNA1E gene contributes to an increased risk of the development of type 2 diabetes by reducing insulin secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Malmö University Hospital MAS, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden. johan.holmkvist@med.lu.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmkvist
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tojjar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Almgren
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lyssenko
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isomaa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Renström
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020908:Calcium Channels, R-Type / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: C423009:CACNA1E protein, human; D020908:Calcium Channels, R-Type; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D007328:Insulin