title: Association between infant breastfeeding and early childhood caries in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite limited epidemiologic evidence, concern has been raised that breastfeeding and its duration may increase the risk of early childhood caries. The objective of this study was to assess the potential association of breastfeeding and other factors with the risk for early childhood caries among young children in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data about oral health, infant feeding, and other child and family characteristics among children 2 to 5 years of age (N = 1576) were extracted from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The association of breastfeeding and its duration, as well as other factors that previous research has found associated with early childhood caries, was examined in bivariate analyses and by multivariable logistic and Poisson regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for potential confounders significant in bivariate analyses, breastfeeding and its duration were not associated with the risk for early childhood caries. Independent associations with increased risk for early childhood caries were older child age, poverty, being Mexican American, a dental visit within the last year, and maternal prenatal smoking. Poverty and being Mexican American also were independently associated with severe early childhood caries, whereas characteristics that were independently associated with greater decayed and filled surfaces on primary teeth surfaces were poverty, a dental visit within the last year, 5 years of age, and maternal smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide no evidence to suggest that breastfeeding or its duration are independent risk factors for early childhood caries, severe early childhood caries, or decayed and filled surfaces on primary teeth. In contrast, they identify poverty, Mexican American ethnic status, and maternal smoking as independent risk factors for early childhood caries, which highlights the need to target poor and Mexican American children and those whose mothers smoke for early preventive dental visits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA. hiroko.iida@gmail.com
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auinger
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Billings
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weitzman
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009035:Mothers; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology