title: Expression patterns of lymphangiogenic and angiogenic factors in a model of breast ductal carcinoma in situ.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Foci of invasion are found in greater than 20% of excised specimens of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Since lymphangiogenesis markers are associated with the potential for increased lymph node metastasis, the purpose of the current study was to determine expression of lymphangiogenesis molecular markers in a model of aggressive DCIS.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the MCF10A xenograft model, comedo type MCF10DCIS.com cells, premalignant MCF10AT, and invasive MCF10CA1a.cl1 cells were tested. Invasion was tested by Matrigel invasion assays (Becton-Dickinson, Bedford, MA). Gene expression was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and protein expression by immunoblot, normalized to beta-actin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCF10DCIS.com cells were 4-fold more invasive than MCF10AT cells (P < .01), and expressed several-fold more mRNA and protein than MCF10AT and MCF10CA1a.cl1 cells for vascular endothelial growth factor C, vascular endothelial growth factor D, and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A subset of comedo-type DCIS cells are invasive, and expression of lymphangiogenesis markers is greater at the mRNA and protein levels than by invasive cancer cells (P < .01). These additional molecular markers may characterize aggressive DCIS more precisely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, 6C-UHC, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Minghuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alousi
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kosir
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008954:Models, Biological; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000096:biosynthesis; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D / Q000096:biosynthesis; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; C119248:LYVE1 protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins