title: Injuries sustained to the upper extremity due to modern warfare and the evolution of care.
abstract: The formation of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand was related to world conflicts and hostilities. Therefore, it is appropriate that upper-extremity surgeons understand injuries resulting from modern-day combat. Because of ongoing warfare, many countries have experienced a large increase in the number of wounded service members and civilians, particularly wounds of the extremities. As a result of increased rate of survival in battlefield trauma in part because of the use of modern body armor, there is increasing complexity of extremity injuries that require complex reconstructions. Decreased mortality and a consequent increase in the incidence of injured extremities underline the need for the development of new treatment options. The purpose of this presentation is to describe upper-extremity injury patterns in modern warfare, the levels of care available, and the treatment at each level of care based on the experience of the United States Military Medical Support System.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hofmeister
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazurek
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ingari
mesh_terms: D000674:Amputees / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000293:injuries; D003142:Communication; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000458:organization & administration; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011108:Polymers; D011329:Prisoners; D011481:Protective Clothing; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries*; D014857:Warfare; D054041:Weapons; D000078329:Workforce; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; C058852:Kevlar 49