title: Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors associated with infected skin lesions: influence on the local immune response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate Staphylococcus aureus isolates from infected skin lesions for their potential to produce immune system-modulating toxins and to correlate these with white blood cell (WBC) counts associated with these lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens were obtained for bacterial culture and gram staining from 105 infected skin lesions, and the number of WBCs per low-power field (LPF) was determined. Chromosomal DNA was prepared from 84 bacterial isolates and subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis to determine the presence of genes encoding potential immunomodulating toxins. Bacterial populations were divided into 2 groups: those associated with low WBC counts (0-5 WBCs/LPF) and those with high WBC counts (> 5 WBCs/LPF). We applied chi(2) statistical analyses to compare the toxin gene profiles associated with WBC counts on initial swab for culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were obtained from patients at a single geographic location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher than expected percentage of bacteria capable of producing the exfoliative toxins A and/or B (ETA and/or ETB) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was seen in all skin lesions infected with S aureus without regard to WBC count with initial cultures. Comparison of the toxins associated with the low WBC group vs the high WBC group showed that low WBC counts were associated with ETA and ETB, while high WBC counts were associated with PVL and toxic shock syndrome toxin. There were no differences in the clinical appearance of the lesions between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors ETA, ETB, and PVL are associated with WBC counts from infected skin lesions. The exact role they play in affecting the WBC counts remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Miami Dermatology Research Institute, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mertz
authors.forename: Tatiana C P
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Cardenas
authors.forename: Richard V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Megan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Lisa R W
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Plano
mesh_terms: D000917:Antibody Formation; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005083:Exfoliatins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007956:Leukocidins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000378:metabolism*; D018089:Superantigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D005083:Exfoliatins; D005098:Exotoxins; D007956:Leukocidins; C078284:Panton-Valentine leukocidin; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D018089:Superantigens; D037521:Virulence Factors; C030107:enterotoxin F, Staphylococcal