Genetic research with intermediate phenotypes: phenocopies, perspectives and pitfalls.
Heinz
Andreas
A
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medical Center Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany. andreas.heinz@charite.de
Friedel
Eva
E
Müller
Daniel J
DJ
Puls
Imke
I
Wrase
Jana
J
D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000235:genetics*; D035841:Behavioral Research / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D036281:Genetic Research; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology