title: The interrelation of glutathione reductase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glucose-6-phosphate in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis, a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial joints, ultimately leading to joint destruction and permanent disability, affecting 1% of the world population. Oxidative stress in rheumatoid inflammation, due to the fact that antioxidant systems are impaired in RA and caused by fee radicals, might have an essential role in etiology of RA. This review includes the interrelation of antioxidants against free radicals in RA patients. There is much evidence that antioxidant team that covers glutathione reductase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glucose-6-phopshate destroy reactive oxygen species and other free radicals through enzymatic as well as nonenzymatic means. The change in relative levels of antioxidants vis-à-vis free radical formation and level could be used as indicators for effective and earlier diagnosis of RA.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. banubolay@superonline.com
authors.forename: Banu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalpakcioglu
authors.forename: Kazim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Senel
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000276:immunology*; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase