title: ESP and ESM1 mediate indol-3-acetonitrile production from indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites that act as direct defenses against insect herbivores and various pathogens. Recent analysis has shown that methionine-derived glucosinolates are hydrolyzed/activated into either nitriles or isothiocyanates depending upon the plants genotype at multiple loci. While it has been hypothesized that tryptophan-derived glucosinolates can be a source of indole-acetonitriles, it has not been explicitly shown if the same proteins control nitrile production from tryptophan-derived glucosinolates as from methionine-derived glucosinolates. In this report, we formally test if the proteins involved in controlling aliphatic glucosinolate hydrolysis during tissue disruption can control production of nitriles during indolic glucosinolate hydrolysis. We show that myrosinase is not sufficient for indol-3-acetonitrile production from indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate and requires the presence of functional epithospecifier protein in planta and in vitro to produce significant levels of indol-3-acetonitrile. This reaction is also controlled by the Epithiospecifier modifier 1 gene. Thus, like formation of nitriles from aliphatic glucosinolates, indol-3-acetonitrile production following tissue disruption is controlled by multiple loci raising the potential for complex regulation and fine tuning of indol-3-acetonitrile production from indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burow
authors.forename: Zhi-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ober
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Lambrix
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wittstock
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gershenzon
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kliebenstein
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005961:Glucosinolates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C512215:ESM1 protein, Arabidopsis; D004798:Enzymes; D005961:Glucosinolates; D007211:Indoles; C450151:epithiospecifier protein, Arabidopsis; C016516:indole-3-acetonitrile; C048308:glucobrassicin