title: Activin a causes cancer cell aggressiveness in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expression of activin A is associated with lymph node metastasis and clinical stage in esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  To clarify the aggressive behavior of tumors with high activin A expression, we used the beta subunit of activin A to establish stable activin betaA (Act-betaA)-transfected carcinoma cells in two human esophageal carcinoma cell lines, KYSE110 and KYSE140. The biological behavior of these cells was compared with that in mock-transfected cells from the same cell lines. We focused our attention on cell growth and tumorigenesis, and proliferation and apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Act-betaA-transfected carcinoma cell lines showed a higher growth rate than the mock-transfected carcinoma cells. In an in vitro invasion assay and a xenograft analysis, the Act-betaA-transfected carcinoma cells showed far higher proliferation in vitro and a higher potency for tumorigenesis in vivo, respectively. Moreover, in an analysis of apoptosis via Fas stimulation, the Act-betaA-transfected carcinoma cells showed a higher tolerance to apoptosis compared with the mock-transfected carcinoma cells. Moreover, anti-activin-neutralizing antibody-treated squamous cell cancer cell lines inhibited their migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these data indicate that continuous high expression of activin A in esophageal carcinoma cells is not related to tumor suppression, but rather to tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. The inhibition of activin might be one of the methods to attenuate tumor aggressiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Surgical Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumibaru, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshinaga
authors.forename: Keishi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mimori
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits / Q000502:physiology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051785:Smad Proteins; D019014:fas Receptor; C103008:inhibin beta A subunit; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits