title: Innate and adaptive immunity during epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures: evidence from experimental models and human temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: We investigated the activation of the IL-1 beta system and markers of adaptive immunity in rat brain during epileptogenesis using models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The same inflammatory markers were studied in rat chronic epileptic tissue and in human TLE with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). IL-1 beta was expressed by both activated microglia and astrocytes within 4 h from the onset of status epilepticus (SE) in forebrain areas recruited in epileptic activity; however, only astrocytes sustained inflammation during epileptogenesis. Activation of the IL-1 beta system during epileptogenesis was associated with neurodegeneration and blood-brain barrier breakdown. In rat and human chronic epileptic tissue, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor type 1 were broadly expressed by astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Granulocytes appeared transiently in rat brain during epileptogenesis while monocytes/macrophages were present in the hippocampus from 18 h after SE onset until chronic seizures develop, and they were found also in human TLE hippocampi. In rat and human epileptic tissue, only scarce B- and T-lymphocytes and NK cells were found mainly associated with microvessels. These data show that specific inflammatory pathways are chronically activated during epileptogenesis and they persist in chronic epileptic tissue, suggesting they may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of TLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ravizza
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Noé
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aronica
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vezzani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D007109:Immunity / Q000502:physiology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010862:Pilocarpine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D013266:Stilbamidines / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C049774:2-hydroxy-4,4'-diamidinostilbene, methanesulfonate salt; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D013266:Stilbamidines; D010862:Pilocarpine