title: The role of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy in bladder cancer.
abstract: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is labor intensive and costly to manage. Owing to long-term survival rates and life-long monitoring and treatment, it is the most expensive cancer to manage in per-patient terms. Significant costs are attributable to the treatment of recurrences and complications. Fluorescence-guided cystoscopy, using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or its hexyl ester, hexaminolevulinate 5-ALA (Hexvix [HAL], Photocure, Oslo, Norway), improves the detection of bladder tumors, particularly carcinoma in situ, compared with standard white-light cystoscopy. The quality of transurethral resection of the bladder tumor is also improved. It has been shown that improved tumor detection leads to better patient management and, in the case of ALA, reduced long-term recurrence rates and costs. Long-term studies in this area with HAL are ongoing. The technique is well tolerated and is a useful adjunct to white-light cystoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Centre, St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. f.witjes@uro.umcn.nl
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
authors.forename: Jude
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Douglass
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000191:economics; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C419924:5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester