title: Photodegradation and phototoxicity of thioridazine and chlorpromazine evaluated with chemical analysis and aquatic organisms.
abstract: The photochemical behaviour of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and thioridazine (THR) incubated under VIS light and a UV-A lamp was investigated with a high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detector (HPLC-PAD) and two bioassays. VIS light caused the decrease of CPZ and THR to 25% and 34% of the initial level, respectively, while UV-A degraded the drugs almost totally. CPZ and THR were very toxic to the protozoan Spirostomum ambiguum (Spirotox) and anostracan crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus (Thamnotoxkit F) with 24-h LC50 values of around 0.5 mg l(-1). In spite of the drastic decrease of the concentration of the drugs, the irradiated samples were toxic to the protozoan, especially when a sublethal end-point was taken into consideration. Contrary to the protozoan the crustacean was not sensitive to the products of photodegradation. Mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of dimers and trimers of the CPZ and mono-, di-, and tri-oxygenated derivatives of THR. The presented data give a strong indication of the importance of the investigation of the environmental fate of drugs, especially those known to be phototoxic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. grzenaja@wp.pl
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nałecz-Jawecki
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hajnas
authors.forename: Józef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sawicki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003445:Crustacea / Q000187:drug effects*; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000187:drug effects*; D008027:Light; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010777:Photochemistry; D013881:Thioridazine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D013881:Thioridazine; D002746:Chlorpromazine