Anticoagulation for acute coronary syndromes: from heparin to direct thrombin inhibitors.
The anticoagulant properties of heparin were discovered in 1916, and by the 1930s researchers were evaluating its therapeutic use in clinical trials. Treatment of unstable angina with unfractionated heparin (UFH), in addition to aspirin, was introduced into clinical practice in the early 1980s. UFH was combined with aspirin to suppress thrombin propagation and fibrin formation in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, UFH stimulates platelets, leading to both activation and aggregation, which may further promote clot formation. Clinical trials have demonstrated that newer agents, such as the low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), are superior to UFH for medical management of unstable angina or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Increasingly, the LMWHs have been used as the anticoagulant of choice for patients presenting with ACS. For patients undergoing PCI, LMWH provides no sub-stantial benefit over UFH for anticoagulation; however, direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) have demonstrated safety and efficacy in this setting. UFH is likely to be replaced by more effective and safer antithrombin agents, such as DTIs. DTIs have antiplatelet effects, anticoagulant action, and most do not bind to plasma proteins, thereby providing a more consistent dose-response effect than UFH. The FDA has approved 4 parenteral DTIs for various indications: lepirudin, argatroban, bivalirudin, and desirudin. The antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and pharmacokinetic properties of bivalirudin support its use as the anticoagulant of choice for both lower- and higher-risk patients, including those undergoing PCI.
Lepor
Norman E
NE
David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
D000208:Acute Disease; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000077425:Fondaparinux; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006629:Hirudins; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010875:Pipecolic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013577:Syndrome; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
D000925:Anticoagulants; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010875:Pipecolic Acids; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D006493:Heparin; D001120:Arginine; D013917:Thrombin; C031942:argatroban; D000077425:Fondaparinux; C074619:bivalirudin; C060225:desirudin; C083544:lepirudin