title: Exposure to particles, elemental carbon and nitrogen dioxide in workers exposed to motor exhaust.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of this study was to investigate the personal exposure to diesel and petrol exhaust fumes in occupations when exposure is prevalent and/or high. We also investigated the correlation between the five particle fractions [particles with an aerodynamic diameter <1 microm (PM(1)), particles with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm (PM(2.5)), particles in size 0.1-10 microm, elemental carbon (EC) and total carbon (TC)] and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), in the various occupational environments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one workers were included in the study. They were subdivided into seven groups depending on working area, working indoors, out of doors or in vehicles and type of exposure (diesel or petrol exhaust). Personal measurements were performed during 3 days per worker. We used five indicators of the particle fraction: PM(1), PM(2.5), particle measured with a real-time monitoring instrument for particles in sizes 0.1 and 10 microm (DataRAM), EC and TC. We used NO(2) as an indicator of the gas phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tunnel construction workers showed the highest levels of exposure for all indicators, followed by diesel-exposed garage workers. For the other five groups, the levels were statistically significantly lower, and the differences between the groups were small. The full-shift geometric average of PM(1) varied between 119 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 11 microg m(-3) (taxi drivers). For PM(2.5), the levels varied between 231 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 16 microg m(-3) (bus and lorry drivers). For the measurements with the real-time monitoring instrument DataRAM, the levels varied between 398 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 14 microg m(-3) (taxi drivers). For EC, the levels varied between 87 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 4 microg m(-3) (other outdoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust), and for TC, the levels varied between 191 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 10 microg m(-3) (taxi drivers). Finally, for NO(2), the levels varied between 350 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 32 microg m(-3) (other outdoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust). For the indoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust fumes only, all the indicators correlated comparatively well and statistically significantly to each other (r(2) = 0.44-0.89). For the other groups, correlations were lower and showed no consistent pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tunnel construction workers had exposure levels for all indicator substances that were considerably and significantly higher than for the other groups. The NO(2) levels were higher for indoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust than for all other groups (except tunnel construction workers). All particle fractions, as well as NO(2) correlated well in occupations with indoor exposure to diesel exhaust.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. marie.lewne@sll.se
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewné
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Plato
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002244:Carbon; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide