title: Effects of smoking on the outcome of implant treatment: a literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of osseointegrated implants as a foundation for the prosthetic replacement of missing teeth has become widespread in the last decade. Owing to the remarkable success of dental implants, there has been growing interest in identifying the factors associated with implant failure. Given the well-documented deleterious effect of smoking on wound healing after tooth extraction and its association with poor quality bone and periodontal disease, a negative effect of tobacco use on implant success is to be expected.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the relationship between smoking and implant-related surgical procedures (i.e, sinus lift procedures, bone grafts and dental implants), including the incidence of complications related to these procedures and the long-term survival and success rates of dental implants among smokers and nonsmokers based on relevant literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant clinical studies published in English between 1990 and 2006 were reviewed. The articles were located through Medline and, manually, through the references of peer-reviewed literature. This was supplemented with a hand search of selected dental journals and text books.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the past and current literature implicates smoking as one of the prominent risk factors affecting the success rate of dental implants with only a handful of studies failing to establish a connection. Most of the studies report the failure rate of implants in smokers as being more than twice that in nonsmokers. These findings are difficult to ignore. There is a statistically significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in the failure rates of dental implants. Smoking also has a strong influence on the complication rates of implants: it causes significantly more marginal bone loss after implant placement, it increases the incidence of peri-implantitis and affects the success rates of bone grafts. The failure rate of implants placed in grafted maxillary sinuses of smokers is again more than twice that seen in nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers have higher failure rates and complications following dental implantation and implant-related surgical procedures. The failure rate of implants placed in grafted maxillary sinuses of smokers is more than twice that seen in nonsmokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Uthandi, Chennai - 600 019, India. drmrbaig@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mirza Rustum
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajan
mesh_terms: D015921:Dental Implants; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D006801:Humans; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants