title: Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline but not with increased risk of diabetes in the Whitehall II study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Findings of the effect of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) on the risk of incident diabetes are inconsistent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the associations of dietary GI and GL with clinical variables at baseline and the incidence of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 7321 white Whitehall II participants (71% men) attending screening in 1991-1993, free of diabetes at baseline, and with food-frequency questionnaire data were followed for 13 y.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, dietary GI and GL were associated inversely with HDL cholesterol, and GI was associated directly with triacylglycerols. Dietary GI and GL were related inversely to fasting glucose and directly to 2-h postload glucose, but only the association between GI and 2-h postload glucose was robust to statistical adjustments for employment grade, physical activity, smoking status, and intakes of alcohol, fiber, and carbohydrates. High-dietary GI was not associated with increased risk of incident diabetes. Hazard ratios (HRs) across sex-specific tertiles of dietary GI were 1.00, 0.95 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.24), and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.22) (adjusted for sex, age, and energy misreporting; P for trend = 0.64). Corresponding HRs across tertiles of dietary GL were 1.00, 0.92 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.19), and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.92) (P for trend = 0.01). The protective effect on diabetes risk remained significant after adjustment for employment grade, smoking, and alcohol intake but not after further adjustment for carbohydrate and fiber intakes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed protective effect of low-dietary GI and GL diets on diabetes risk could not be confirmed in this study.
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Society and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom. annhild.mosdol@hiak.no
authors.forename: Annhild
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mosdøl
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brunner
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D014280:Triglycerides