title: Nursing students in clinical practice--developing a model for clinical supervision.
abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a model for clinical supervision to promote the clinical practice of nursing students. The study was implemented in Finland and it was carried out in three phases. Firstly, data were collected by means of a literature review and focus group interviews. Secondly, the data were analysed and described in expert groups, and finally the model itself was evaluated by 23 nursing experts. The data of literature review and focus group interviews consisted of 27 studies and four groups from three organisations: nurses (n=7), managers (n=6), teachers (n=8) and students (n=6). The data were analysed by qualitative content analysis. The model devolved from the study includes the concepts describing prerequisites, content and influence of clinical supervision. The prerequisites are nursing skills, a holistic view of the nursing curriculum, pedagogical, organisational, development, cooperation and interaction competence and decision-making skills. The content of clinical supervision includes support of professional development, pedagogical competence, research and development activities and collaborative working. Clinical supervision has influence on students' professional and personal development and conception of the future of nursing profession, students' preparedness for career planning and the teacher's and preceptor's professional development. The model could unify the notions of all parties concerned of the prerequisites, content and influence of clinical supervision. Furthermore, the entire supervision process and its control could be clarified. The model may be utilised in selecting and educating preceptors and evaluating the quality of clinical supervision.
authors.affiliation: University of Kuopio, Helsinki Polytechnic, HealthCare and Social Services, P.O. Box 4030, FIN-00099 City of Helsinki, Finland. arja.haggman-laitila@sairaanhoitajaliitto.fi
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Häggman-Laitila
authors.forename: Eriksson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elina
authors.forename: Meretoja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riitta
authors.forename: Sillanpää
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirsi
authors.forename: Rekola
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leena
mesh_terms: D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D005387:Finland; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007397:Internship, Nonmedical / Q000379:methods*; D017145:Models, Educational; D015402:Nursing Education Research; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research / Q000379:methods; D011231:Preceptorship; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods*; D036301:Qualitative Research