title: One-time graded doses of vitamin A to weanling piglets enhance hepatic retinol but do not always prevent vitamin A deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin A supplements are administered to infants in developing countries at immunization contacts; doses of 50000 IU vitamin A are recommended. Doses of 100000 IU are given to children aged 0.5-1 y. The efficacy of these doses has not been adequately determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to quantify liver vitamin A after the administration of vitamin A doses to piglets. Piglets are a good model for infants because of their similar size, gastrointestinal anatomy, and vitamin A requirements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Castrated male piglets born to sows fed a vitamin A-depleted diet throughout 1 (parity A) or 3 (parity B) pregnancy and lactation cycles were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 oral vitamin A doses (ie, 0, 25000, 50000, or 100000 IU) at weaning (days 9-14). A vitamin A-depleted diet was fed until the piglets were killed on day 10. Serum retinol was measured on days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10. The modified relative dose response was measured before supplementation and at the time of killing, and liver vitamin A concentration was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both parities, 25000 IU did not result in a mean liver retinol reserve > 0.07 micromol/g liver (the deficiency cutoff). The 50000-IU dose increased mean reserves above 0.07 micromol/g only in parity A. Liver vitamin A reserves with the 100000-IU treatment were only 5% above those with the 50000-IU treatment. The modified relative dose-response test reflected differences in liver vitamin A stores in parity B, and the 0-IU group differed significantly from the 100000-IU group (P = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This piglet model suggests that, for supplementation to infants <6 mo old, a 50000-IU dose is likely to be more efficacious in mitigating deficiency than is a 25000-IU dose.
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Surles
authors.forename: Jordan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tanumihardjo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009929:Organ Size; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D013552:Swine; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A