title: Incidence of pneumococcal disease due to non-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes in the United States during the era of widespread PCV7 vaccination, 1998-2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) resulted in decreases in invasive disease among children and elderly persons. The benefits may be offset by increases in disease due to serotypes not included in the vaccine (hereafter, "nonvaccine serotypes"). We evaluated the effect of PCV7 on incidence of disease due to nonvaccine serotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of invasive disease were identified in 8 geographic areas through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Active Bacterial Core surveillance. Serotyping and susceptibility testing of isolates were performed. We calculated the incidence of disease for children aged <5 years and adults aged > or =65 years. We compared rates of serotype-specific disease before and after PCV7 was licensed for use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual incidence of disease due to nonvaccine serotypes increased from an average of 16.3 cases/100,000 population during prevaccine years (1998-1999) to 19.9 cases/100,000 population in 2004 for children aged <5 years (P=.01) and from 27.0 cases/100,000 population during prevaccine years to 29.8 cases/100,000 population in 2004 for adults aged > or =65 years (P=.05). Significant increases in the incidences of disease due to serotypes 3, 15, 19A, 22F, and 33F were observed among children during this period (P<.05 for each serotype); serotype 19A has become the predominant cause of invasive disease in children. The incidence of disease due to these serotypes also increased among elderly persons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of pneumococcal disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes is increasing. Ongoing surveillance is needed to monitor the magnitude of disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes, to ensure that future vaccines target the appropriate serotypes.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. lhicks@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Lauri A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Lee H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hadler
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schaffner
authors.forename: Allen S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Delois
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beall
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lynfield
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reingold
authors.forename: Monica M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: Cynthia G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Whitney
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines