title: Analysis of standard methods for diagnosing vaginitis: HIV infection does not complicate the diagnosis of vaginitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether the standard diagnostic methods for vaginitis behave similarly among HIV-infected and at-risk seronegative women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed pairwise comparisons over time (1994-2003) for the different diagnostic methods for bacterial vaginosis (BV) (Nugent score and Amsel criteria), vulvovaginal candidiasis (potassium hydroxide smear and Pap smear), and trichomoniasis (culture, wet mount, and Pap smear) among HIV-infected and at-risk HIV seronegative women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study cohort. We stratified subjects by HIV status and among the HIV-infected women by CD4+ cell count strata.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For BV and trichomoniasis, kappa statistics comparing clinical diagnostic methods to laboratory-based methods improved after the first year. Significant differences in overall kappa statistics between HIV-infected and at-risk HIV-seronegative women were found only for vulvovaginal candidiasis where potassium hydroxide smear and Pap smear findings were more tightly correlated among HIV-infected women than among at-risk HIV-seronegative women; among these HIV-infected women, concordance was highest at lower CD4 cell counts. No significant differences in kappa statistics were found for the diagnostic methods of BV or trichomoniasis neither by HIV status nor CD4 cell count strata.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The standard diagnostic tests for BV, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis behave similarly in HIV-infected and at-risk seronegative women. Training and experience are critical for the accurate performance of the diagnostic methods that require clinician interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA. bsha@rush.edu
authors.forename: Beverly E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.forename: Susan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gawel
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hershow
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Passaro
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Augenbraun
authors.forename: Teresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Darragh
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stek
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.forename: Lorraine Cashin
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Mph
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Moxley
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: D Heather
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003584:Cytological Techniques; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014245:Trichomonas Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology