title: Polyphasic re-examination of Yarrowia lipolytica strains and the description of three novel Candida species: Candida oslonensis sp. nov., Candida alimentaria sp. nov. and Candida hollandica sp. nov.
abstract: The type strain of Yarrowia lipolytica and 38 strains identified as Yarrowia lipolytica, four strains of Candida deformans, including the type and two subcultures of the type, two strains of Candida galli and six unidentified strains that resembled Y. lipolytica were examined by PCR fingerprints using primers M13 and (GAC)5. The same strains, together with four strains of the recently introduced Candida yakushimensis nom. inval., were sequenced for the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene and parts of the ITS domain and also studied for their physiological properties. Of the strains identified previously as Y. lipolytica, CBS 2076 had the same fingerprint as the type of C. deformans and strain CBS 4855 was distinct from all other strains. The six strains that resembled Y. lipolytica were separated into two groups distinct from any of the other clades. A total of six groups obtained by fingerprint and sequence data were evaluated by performing DNA reassociation reactions. Mating experiments among the 35 strains of Y. lipolytica sensu stricto showed that 15 strains represented one mating type and 16 strains represented the opposite mating type, while four strains were self-sporulating. Teleomorph states were not produced by C. deformans, C. galli or any of the unidentified isolates. However, positive mating reactions were rarely observed in crosses among C. galli and some strains of Y. lipolytica and C. deformans. Consequently, sharing the same mating type system, C. deformans and C. galli could be considered anamorphs of unnamed Yarrowia species. Results from PCR fingerprints, sequencing and mating studies support the grouping of the studied strains into Y. lipolytica, C. galli, C. deformans, C. yakushimensis nom. inval. and three novel species in the Yarrowia clade: Candida oslonensis sp. nov. (type strain CBS 10146(T) =NRRL Y-48252(T); Mycobank number MB 510769), Candida alimentaria sp. nov. (type strain CBS 10151(T) =NRRL Y-48253(T); Mycobank number MB 510770) and Candida hollandica sp. nov. (type strain CBS 4855(T) =NRRL Y-48254(T); Mycobank number MB 510771).
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, PO Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ann Kristin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Knutsen
authors.affiliation: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Poot
authors.affiliation: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Epping
authors.affiliation: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figge
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, PO Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holst-Jensen
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, PO Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skaar
authors.affiliation: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maudy Th
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D049770:Genes, Mating Type, Fungal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D025062:Yarrowia / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; C065096:RNA, ribosomal, 26S