title: A prospective study of breakfast consumption and weight gain among U.S. men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to investigate the association between breakfast consumption and long-term weight gain in an adult male population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated prospective data on 20,064 U.S men, 46 to 81 years of age, who participated in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Data on body weight, dietary factors, and lifestyle variables were obtained by validated questionnaires. We examined weight gain during 10 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 5,857 men had a weight gain of 5 kg or greater during 10 years of follow-up. Breakfast consumption was inversely associated with the risk of 5-kg weight gain after adjustment for age [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 0.82)], and this association was independent of lifestyle and BMI at baseline [HR = 0.87 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.93)]. Fiber and nutrient intakes partially explained the association between breakfast consumption and weight gain. The inverse association between breakfast consumption and weight gain was more pronounced in men with a baseline BMI of 25 kg/m(2) or lower [multivariate HR = 0.78 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.87)] than in men who were overweight at baseline [HR = 0.92 (95% CI, 0.85 to 1.00)]. Furthermore, we observed that an increasing number of eating occasions in addition to three standard meals was associated with a higher risk of 5-kg weight gain [HR = 1.15 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.25, for >or=2 vs. 0 additional eating occasions)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the consumption of breakfast may modestly contribute to the prevention of weight gain as compared with skipping breakfast in middle-aged and older men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. a.vanderheijden@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Amber A W A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015430:Weight Gain