title: Sex and racial differences in the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators among patients hospitalized with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Practice guidelines recommend implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy for patients with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction of 30% or less. The influence of sex and race on ICD use among eligible patients is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine sex and racial differences in the use of ICD therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational analysis of 13,034 patients admitted with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction of 30% or less and discharged alive from hospitals in the American Heart Association's Get With the Guidelines-Heart Failure quality-improvement program. Patients were treated between January 2005 and June 2007 at 217 participating hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of ICD therapy or planned ICD therapy at discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among patients eligible for ICD therapy, 4615 (35.4%) had ICD therapy at discharge (1614 with new ICDs, 527 with planned ICDs, and 2474 with prior ICDs). ICDs were used in 375 of 1329 eligible black women (28.2%), 754 of 2531 white women (29.8%), 660 of 1977 black men (33.4%), and 2356 of 5403 white men (43.6%) (P < .001). After adjustment for patient characteristics and hospital factors, the adjusted odds of ICD use were 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.88) for black men, 0.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.68) for white women, and 0.56 (95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.71) for black women, compared with white men. The differences were not attributable to the proportions of women and black patients at participating hospitals or to differences in the reporting of left ventricular ejection fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Less than 40% of potentially eligible patients hospitalized for heart failure received ICD therapy, and rates of use were lower among eligible women and black patients than among white men.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27715, USA. adrian.hernandez@duke.edu
authors.forename: Adrian F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Gregg C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Sana M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Al-Khatib
authors.forename: Lesley H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: LaBresh
authors.forename: Clyde W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Yancy
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American