title: Effects of insecticide exposure on movement and population size estimates of predatory ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estimates of arthropod population size may paradoxically increase following insecticide applications. Research with ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) suggests that such unusual results reflect increased arthropod movement and capture in traps rather than real changes in population size. However, it is unclear whether direct (hyperactivity) or indirect (prey-mediated) mechanisms produce increased movement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Video tracking of Scarites quadriceps Chaudior indicated that brief exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin or tefluthrin increased total distance moved, maximum velocity and percentage of time moving. Repeated measurements on individual beetles indicated that movement decreased 240 min after initial lambda-cyhalothrin exposure, but increased again following a second exposure, suggesting hyperactivity could lead to increased trap captures in the field. Two field experiments in which ground beetles were collected after lambda-cyhalothrin or permethrin application attempted to detect increases in population size estimates as a result of hyperactivity. Field trials used mark-release-recapture methods in small plots and natural carabid populations in larger plots, but found no significant short-term (<6 day) increases in beetle trap captures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The disagreement between laboratory and field results suggests mechanisms other than hyperactivity may better explain unusual changes in population size estimates. When traps are used as a primary sampling tool, unexpected population-level effects should be interpreted carefully or with additional data less influenced by arthropod activity.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Genetics Laboratory c/o Insectary, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. prasifka@iastate.edu
authors.forename: Jarrad R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Prasifka
authors.forename: Miriam D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hellmich
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Prasifka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D011156:Population Density; D011235:Predatory Behavior
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides