title: Methylation of estrogen receptor alpha and mutL homolog 1 in normal colonic mucosa: association with folate and vitamin B-12 status in subjects with and without colorectal neoplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Greater promoter methylation in some tumor-suppressor genes underlies most sporadic colorectal cancers and increases with age in the colon.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that biomarkers of folate and vitamin B-12 status are associated with estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and mutL homolog 1 (MLH1) promoter methylation in subjects with and without neoplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsies of normal-appearing colorectal mucosa from 156 subjects with and without colorectal neoplasia (disease free, n = 76; cancer, n = 28; adenoma, n = 35; hyperplastic polyps, n = 17) were obtained at colonoscopy and used to evaluate methylation in 7 CpG sites in the ERalpha promoter and 13 CpG sites in the MLH1 promoter. Blood samples were obtained for the measurement of serum and red cell folate, serum vitamin B-12, and plasma homocysteine concentrations. Methylation indexes were generated to reflect an average methylation value across all CpG dinucleotides in both ERalpha and MLH1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methylation indexes for ERalpha and MLH1 generally were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in subjects with neoplasia than in disease-free subjects. The ERalpha methylation index correlated negatively with serum vitamin B-12 (r = -0.239, P = 0.003) and positively with plasma homocysteine (r = 0.188, P = 0.021). Disease status (P < 0.005), age (P < 0.001), and serum vitamin B-12 concentrations (P = 0.006) were independent determinants of ERalpha promoter methylation. Serum and red cell folate concentrations had no influence on ERalpha promoter methylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum vitamin B-12 but not folate status may be associated with ERalpha promoter methylation in normal-appearing colorectal mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Sciences Research Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Reyad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Ghnaniem
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foresti
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pufulete
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism; D003111:Colonic Polyps / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D015415:Biomarkers; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D014805:Vitamin B 12