Comparison of kidney injury molecule-1 and other nephrotoxicity biomarkers in urine and kidney following acute exposure to gentamicin, mercury, and chromium.
Sensitive biomarkers are needed to detect kidney injury at the earliest stages. The objective of this study was to determine whether the appearance of kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) protein ectodomain in urine and kidney injury molecule-1/hepatitis A viral cellular receptor-1 (Kim-1/Havcr1) gene expression in kidney tissue may be more predictive of renal injury after exposure to nephrotoxicants when compared to traditionally used biomarkers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with a range of doses of gentamicin, mercury (Hg; HgCl2), or chromium (Cr; K2Cr2O7). The results showed that increases in urinary Kim-1 and kidney Kim-1/Havcr1 gene expression paralleled the degree of severity of renal histopathology and were detected at lower doses of nephrotoxicants when compared to blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). In a time course study, urinary Kim-1 was elevated within 24 h after exposure to gentamicin (100 mg/kg), Hg (0.25 mg/kg), or Cr (5 mg/kg) and remained elevated through 72 h. NAG responses were nephrotoxicant dependent with elevations occurring early (gentamicin), late (Cr), or no change (Hg). At 72 h, after treatment with any of the three nephrotoxicants, there was increased Kim-1 immunoreactivity and necrosis involving approximately 50% of the proximal tubules; however, only urinary Kim-1 was significantly increased, while BUN, serum creatinine, and NAG were not different from controls. In rats treated with the hepatotoxicant galactosamine (1.1 mg/kg), serum alanine aminotransferase was increased, but no increase in urinary Kim-1 was observed. Urinary Kim-1 and kidney Kim-1/Havcr1 expression appear to be sensitive and tissue-specific biomarkers that will improve detection of early acute kidney injury following exposure to nephrotoxic chemicals and drugs.
Zhou
Yuzhao
Y
Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, White Oak Life Sciences Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
Vaidya
Vishal S
VS
Brown
Ronald P
RP
Zhang
Jun
J
Rosenzweig
Barry A
BA
Thompson
Karol L
KL
Miller
Terry J
TJ
Bonventre
Joseph V
JV
Goering
Peter L
PL
D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000652:urine; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000633:toxicity; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000633:toxicity*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008628:Mercury / Q000633:toxicity*; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D012313:RNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
D000117:Acetylglucosamine; D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D002857:Chromium; D005688:Galactosamine; D005839:Gentamicins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008628:Mercury; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D012313:RNA; C110936:Havcr1 protein, rat