title: PANDAS anorexia nervosa--endangered, extinct or nonexistent?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Substantial evidence exists for the concept of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptoccoccal infection (PANDAS) such as some cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder and tics/Tourette's syndrome. More recently PANDAS-AN has been described. The aim of this article is to provide a critical review of this concept.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was searched using Medline, Psychinfo, and Google.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is some evidence for the entity of PANDAS-AN but this is considerably limited by a wide range of methodological problems, including the seemingly low prevalence, the lack of clarity in diagnostic criteria, and the lack of specificity in the diagnostic tests. Innovative treatment approaches hold promise but require further evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research into PANDAS-AN, using more clearly defined and consistent diagnostic criteria is needed, given the potential for enhancing the understanding of the pathogenesis of AN and for more effective treatments.
authors.affiliation: Regional Eating Disorders Service, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Puxley
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Midtsund
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iosif
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lask
mesh_terms: D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D015415:Biomarkers; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010956:Plasmapheresis; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D007155:Immunologic Factors