title: Tailored resections in occipital lobe epilepsy surgery guided by monitoring with subdural electrodes: characteristics and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Occipital lobe epilepsy is uncommon in epilepsy surgery series and often difficult to assess due to rapid seizure propagation, misleading seizure semiology and confounding interictal epileptiform activity. Ictal recordings with surface electrodes may not define properly the seizure onset zone in surgical evaluation for intractable occipital epilepsy. Specially in dysplastic lesions, the extension of the epileptogenic zone is not well defined by neuroimaging techniques, therefore, implantation of intracranial electrodes is often indicated. In this study we present our experience with individually tailored resections of occipital lobe epileptic foci guided by monitoring with subdural electrodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from interictal and ictal surface and intracranial recordings, neuroimaging, surgical treatment, pathology and outcome of seven patients are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common seizure type (6/7 patients) was complex partial with temporal lobe semiology, five patients experienced visual auras as part of their complex partial seizures or as separate simple partial seizures. Two patients had seizures suggesting supplementary motor area involvement. One patient had temporal as well as frontal seizure propagation. Neuroimaging showed lesions in 6/7 patients. Pathological studies revealed cortical dysplasia and tumors as the most common causes. Intracranial recordings (6/7 patients) revealed focal onset in 2 patients, regional onset in 2, and diffuse onset in 2. Surgery was performed according to intracranial recordings restricting resections in cases with focal seizure onset (even in large dysplastic lesions) and performing wider resections in patients with regional or diffuse onset. Five of seven patients are seizure free after 12-55 months (mean 24.3). The two remaining patients may be classified as Engel 2b and 3a.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This series of occipital lobe epilepsy surgery shows that, even in patients with cortical dysplasias, restricted resections may have a good outcome and that intracranial monitoring is usually necessary in order to design an individually tailored resection.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Anne G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Caicoya
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Macarrón
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albísua
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Serratosa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology; D013355:Subdural Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014794:Visual Fields