title: Lack of cortisol response in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) undergoing a diagnostic interview.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to DSM-IV, the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires the experience of a traumatic event during which the person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. In order to diagnose PTSD, clinicians must interview the person in depth about his/her previous experiences and determine whether the individual has been traumatized by a specific event or events. However, asking questions about traumatic experiences can be stressful for the traumatized individual and it has been cautioned that subsequent "re-traumatization" could occur. This study investigated the cortisol response in traumatized refugees with PTSD during a detailed and standardized interview about their personal war and torture experiences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were male refugees with severe PTSD who solicited an expert opinion in the Psychological Research Clinic for Refugees of the University of Konstanz. 17 patients were administered the Vivo Checklist of War, Detention, and Torture Events, a standardized interview about traumatic experiences, and 16 subjects were interviewed about absorption behavior. Self-reported measures of affect and arousal, as well as saliva cortisol were collected at four points. Before and after the experimental intervention, subjects performed a Delayed Matching-to-Sample (DMS) task for distraction. They also rated the severity of selected PTSD symptoms, as well as the level of intrusiveness of traumatic memories at that time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cortisol excretion diminished in the course of the interview and showed the same pattern for both groups. No specific response was detectable after the supposed stressor. Correspondingly, ratings of subjective well-being, memories of the most traumatic event(s) and PTSD symptoms did not show any significant difference between groups. Those in the presumed stress condition did not perform worse than persons in the control condition after the stressor. However, both groups performed poorly in the DMS task, which is consistent with memory and concentration problems demonstrated in patients with PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comprehensive diagnostic interview including questions about traumatic events does not trigger an HPA-axis based alarm response or changes in psychological measures, even for persons with severe PTSD, such as survivors of torture. Thus, addressing traumatic experiences within a safe and empathic environment appears to impose no unacceptable additional load to the patient.
authors.affiliation: Clinical & Neuropsychology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr, 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany. Iris.Kolassa@uni-konstanz.de
authors.forename: Iris-Tatjana
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Kolassa
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eckart
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruf
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Neuner
authors.forename: Dominique Jf
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: de Quervain
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elbert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D012036:Refugees / Q000523:psychology; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone