title: Strobilurin fungicides induce changes in photosynthetic gas exchange that do not improve water use efficiency of plants grown under conditions of water stress.
abstract: The effects of five strobilurin (beta-methoxyacrylate) fungicides and one triazole fungicide on the physiological parameters of well-watered or water-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soya (Glycine max Merr.) plants were compared. Water use efficiency (WUE) (the ratio of rate of transpiration, E, to net rate of photosynthesis, A(n)) of well-watered wheat plants was improved slightly by strobilurin fungicides, but was reduced in water-stressed plants, so there is limited scope for using strobilurins to improve the water status of crops grown under conditions of drought. The different strobilurin fungicides had similar effects on plant physiology but differed in persistence and potency. When applied to whole plants using a spray gun, they reduced the conductance of water through the epidermis (stomatal and cuticular transpiration), g(sw), of leaves. Concomitantly, leaves of treated plants had a lower rate of transpiration, E, a lower intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, c(i), and a lower net rate of photosynthesis, A(n), compared with leaves of control plants or plants treated with the triazole. The mechanism for the photosynthetic effects is not known, but it is hypothesised that they are caused either by strobilurin fungicides acting directly on ATP production in guard cell mitochondria or by stomata responding to strobilurin-induced changes in mesophyll photosynthesis. The latter may be important since, for leaves of soya plants, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F(v)/F(m) (an indication of the potential quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry) was reduced by strobilurin fungicides. It is likely that the response of stomata to strobilurin fungicides is complex, and further research is required to elucidate the different biochemical pathways involved.
authors.affiliation: School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK. m.nason@bangor.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nason
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartlett
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D005453:Fluorescence; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013025:Glycine max / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D008689:Methacrylates; D014867:Water; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002245:Carbon Dioxide