title: Pharmacologic treatment of male stress urinary incontinence: systematic review of the literature and levels of evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) occurs in men and women. Pharmacologic treatment of female SUI has been beneficiary but the role of drug treatment in male SUI is controversial. This review evaluates the drug classes, the effects of these drugs in trials with male SUI, and the levels of evidence of the individual trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was conducted searching for studies on male SUI published between 1966 and 2007. In retrieved articles, reference lists were hand-searched to identify additional articles. The level of evidence was judged according to the Oxford classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This search found nine articles providing evidence that alpha-adrenoceptor agonists (ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, midodrine), beta2-adrenoceptor agonists (clenbuterol), and serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (imipramine, duloxetine) have a potentially beneficial effect on male SUI. Most trials used only small numbers of patients and a mixed study population (men and women). The evidence level of most studies was low due to the lack of randomisation (case series or cohort studies, level 4). In contrast, the first high-level study to provide evidence in the treatment of male SUI was with duloxetine, a selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (randomised controlled study, level 1b). However, only one well-designed study has been published so far.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One high-level study with duloxetine in combination with pelvic floor muscle training shows preliminary but promising results in the treatment of male SUI. These results have to be confirmed in larger and well-designed trials to allow definite recommendations for the pharmacologic treatment of male SUI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsakiris
authors.forename: Jean J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de la Rosette
authors.forename: Martin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oelke
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors