title: Lumbar puncture success rate is not influenced by family-member presence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of a family member during invasive pediatric procedures such as lumbar puncture has been shown to reduce patient anxiety. However, family presence might also affect clinicians' stress and anxiety, with uncertain consequences for procedural success.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to evaluate the association between family-member presence and lumbar puncture success rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective cohort study of all children who underwent a lumbar puncture in a single pediatric emergency department between July 2003 and January 2005. The presence of a family member was documented by the physician who performed the lumbar puncture. Success rates were assessed by using 2 main outcomes: (1) the rate of traumatic (cerebrospinal fluid red blood cells > or = 10,000 cells per microL) or unsuccessful lumbar puncture (no cerebrospinal fluid sent for cell counts) and (2) the number of lumbar puncture attempts. Multivariate analyses were adjusted for patient age, race, time of day, physician experience, use of local anesthetic, catheter stylet removal, and patient movement during the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1474 eligible lumbar punctures, 1459 (99%) were included in the analysis. A family member was present for 1178 (81%) of the procedures studied. A total of 1267 (87%) lumbar punctures were nontraumatic, and 192 (13%) were traumatic or unsuccessful. Neither the rate of traumatic or unobtainable lumbar punctures nor the number of lumbar puncture attempts differed based on whether a family member was present for the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of a family member was not associated with an increased risk of traumatic or unobtainable lumbar puncture, nor was it associated with more attempts at the procedure. The benefits of having a family member present during the procedure were not counterbalanced by adverse effects on procedural success.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. lise.nigrovic@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Lise E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nigrovic
authors.forename: Alisa A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: McQueen
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Neuman
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013129:Spinal Puncture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*