title: Is passive smoking associated with sleep disturbance among pregnant women?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pregnant women suffer from sleep disturbance, which may be aggravated by passive smoking. In this study we investigated the effects of passive smoking on sleep disturbance during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys conducted in 2002 and 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical institutions specializing in obstetrics and gynecology that participated in the nationwide surveys: 260 in the 2002 survey and 344 in the 2006 survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  16,396 and 19,386 pregnant women in Japan surveyed in 2002 and 2006, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnant women exposed to passive smoking were likely to have sleep disturbances, such as subjective insufficient sleep, difficulty in initiating sleep, short sleep duration, and snoring loudly/breathing uncomfortably. Smoking pregnant women had the same sleep disturbances and also experienced excessive daytime sleepiness and early morning awakening. The prevalence of 5 types of sleep disturbance (insufficient sleep, difficulty in initiating sleep, short sleep duration, excessive daytime sleepiness, and snoring loudly/breathing uncomfortably) among nonsmokers with environmental tobacco smoke showed a mean value intermediate between that of active smokers and that of nonsmokers without environmental tobacco smoke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive smoking is independently associated with increased sleep disturbance during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan. tohida@med.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohida
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneita
authors.forename: Yoneatsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harano
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanihata
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000453:epidemiology; D020920:Dyssomnias / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution