title: The three-dimensional relationship on a virtual model between the maxillary anterior teeth and incisive papilla.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incisive papilla as an anatomical landmark has historically been used to determine anterior incisal tooth position for complete denture prostheses. There are numerous data regarding its position, but 3-dimensional orthographic measurements are scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the orthographic anteroposterior distance between the posterior border of the incisive papilla and a reference point or vector.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a 3-dimensional laser scanner and reconstruction computer software, 9 measurements were made orthographically on an individually established reference plane. The following 3 measurements were made to determine the spatial relationship between the anterior tooth and the incisive papilla: IP, incisor to papilla, IIC, incisor to intercanine line, and ICP, intercanine line to papilla. In addition, the following 6 measurements were made to evaluate the correlation of the factors determining arch shape with the previously described 3 measurements: ICW, intercanine width, AL, arch length, AW, arch width, ICR, incisor to canine radius, ICA, incisor to canine angle, and IMA, incisor to molar angle. The correlation among all values was investigated. Descriptive statistics and an independent sample t test between genders was performed (alpha =.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average IP distance (SD) was 11.96 (1.37) mm with no significant gender difference (P = .052). There were gender differences in IIC (P = .001), AL (P = .017), and ICA (P = .013). ICA had the largest negative or positive correlation coefficients with parameters related to the incisive papilla such as IP, IIC, and ICP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean IP value obtained by 3-dimensional orthographic measurements was significantly larger than the classical data, however, it is impossible to make direct comparisons. The central incisor position of dentate subjects has a significant relationship with the ICA value which represents the premaxillary divergence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Seung-Pyo
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ki-Suk
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Paik
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003481:Cuspid; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007180:Incisor; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014584:User-Computer Interface