title: Effects of information source, pedigree, and reliability on operator interaction with decision support systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two experiments are described that examined operators' perceptions of decision aids.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Research has suggested certain biases against automation that influence human interaction with automation. We differentiated preconceived biases from post hoc biases and examined their effects on advice acceptance.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Study 1 we examined operators' trust in and perceived reliability of humans versus automation of varying pedigree (expert vs. novice), based on written descriptions of these advisers prior to operators' interacting with these advisers. In Study 2 we examined participants' post hoc trust in, perceived reliability of, and dependence on these advisers after their objective experience of advisers' reliability (90% vs. 70%) in a luggage-screening task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study 1 measures of perceived reliability indicated that automation was perceived as more reliable than humans across pedigrees. Measures of trust indicated that automated "novices" were trusted more than human "novices"; human "experts" were trusted more than automated "experts." In Study 2, perceived reliability varied as a function of pedigree, whereas subjective trust was always higher for automation than for humans. Advice acceptance from novice automation was always higher than from novice humans. However, when advisers were 70% reliable, errors generated by expert automation led to a drop in compliance/reliance on expert automation relative to expert humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preconceived expectations of automation influence the use of these aids in actual tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide a reference point for deriving indices of "optimal" user interaction with decision aids and for developing frameworks of trust in decision support systems.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA. madhavan@andrew.cmu.edu
authors.forename: Poornima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madhavan
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wiegmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D001331:Automation; D001359:Aviation; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005103:Expert Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D011361:Professional Competence; D011590:Psychology, Industrial; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D035502:Trust / Q000523:psychology*