title: Breast arterial calcifications (BACs) found on screening mammography and their association with cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breast arterial calcifications (BACs) are common but unreported findings on screening mammograms. This study correlated mammographically detected BACs with coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors and a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), estimating the relative risk of ASCVD in patients with BACs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women arriving for breast cancer screening mammography gave their consent to complete a questionnaire and to allow their mammograms to be analyzed independently for the presence of BACs by certified radiologists, who were blinded to the results of the questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed major risk factors for CAD and gathered information on hormone therapy use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,919 women with results, 268 were BAC positive, giving a BAC prevalence of 14%. Five cardiovascular risk factors (age, hypertension, hypercholesteremia, diabetes mellitus, and menopause) were significantly more prevalent in the BAC-positive population (P < 0.001). The BAC-positive group also had a significantly higher (P < 0.001) occurrence of ASCVD events (angina, previous myocardial infarction, previous abnormal angiography, previous stroke, and previous coronary artery bypass graft). Multiple logistic regression analysis found BACs to be strongly associated with ASCVD events (odds ratio = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.40-3.74) as compared with other CAD risk factors (including hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, age, and family history of ASCVD). The association of BAC with ASCVD was present even after accounting for age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BACs are associated with an increased prevalence of both cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity. BACs may be a practical tool to use as a risk indicator for CAD in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rotter
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Schnatz
authors.forename: Allen A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D015415:Biomarkers; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers