title: Technique, utility, and safety of awake tracheoplasty using combined laser and balloon dilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laryngotracheostenosis (LTS) is a condition in which the airway is narrowed between the vocal cords and the carina. We seek to examine whether flexible bronchoscopy with neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser incision and balloon dilation tracheoplasty is a practical choice in the management of patients with subglottic or tracheal stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed at a tertiary care hospital. All subjects with laryngotracheostenosis treated between January 1, 2000, and April 2005 who underwent endoscopic Nd:YAG laser incision and balloon dilation tracheoplasty performed using topical anesthesia and intravenous sedation were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 patients comprised the study and 36 procedures were performed without complication. Only one procedure was required by eight subjects, while five subjects required two procedures, three subjects had three procedures, one subject had four procedures, and one subject had five procedures until an adequate stable airway was obtained. The average follow-up was 22 months (range 3-55 months). The average body mass index (BMI) was 32.0 kg/m (range = 20.8-42.2 kg/m) and 11 of the 18 subjects (61.1%) were categorized as obese or morbidly obese by BMI criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined Nd:YAG laser incision and balloon dilation in an awake, spontaneously breathing patient is a safe and effective management tool in the treatment of laryngotracheostenosis. This technique may be particularly beneficial in patients who are at increased risk for general anesthesia such as those with morbid obesity or who have had a history of airway problems during anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Barnhart
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McLennan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014132:Trachea / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome