title: Empathy: a wolf in sheep's clothing?
abstract: Empathy is generally regarded as important and positive. However, descriptions of empathy are often inadequate and deceptive. Furthermore, there is a widespread lack of critical attention to such deficiencies. This critical review of the medical discourse of empathy shows that tendencies to evade and misrepresent the understanding subject are common. The understanding subject's contributions to the empathic process are often neglected or described as something that can and should be avoided or controlled. Furthermore, the intrinsic and closely interwoven relationship between medical understanding and empathy is generally not explored. Instead of challenging objectivistic and instrumental ideals, the medical discourse of empathy tends to accommodate to inadequate ideals of objectivity and instrumentalism. Thus, important aspects of physician's rationality, understanding, and morality are neglected and important opportunities for reflection, dialogue, and critique are forfeited. Both the critical and constructive parts of this paper are heavily inspired by philosophical hermeneutic insights, e.g. that physician's empathy is always historically situated and part of a moral commitment. At the end of this paper, an alternative description of empathy - i.e. appropriate understanding of another human being - is outlined to facilitate the inclusion of hermeneutic insights and accentuate the inherent relationship between empathy and morality.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Community Medicine Section for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Frederik Holsts hus, Ullevaal terasse, P.O. Box 1130, Blindern, Oslo, 0318, Norway. reidar.pedersen@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Reidar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D004644:Emotions; D004645:Empathy; D006801:Humans; D010686:Philosophy, Medical; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations