title: Radical scavenging activities of Rio Red grapefruits and Sour orange fruit extracts in different in vitro model systems.
abstract: Antioxidant fractions from two different citrus species such as Rio Red (Citrus paradise Macf.) and Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) were extracted with five different polar solvents using Soxhlet type extractor. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Ethyl acetate extract of Rio Red and Sour orange was found to contain maximum phenolics. The dried fractions were screened for their antioxidant activity potential using in vitro model systems such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), phosphomolybdenum method and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction at different concentrations. The methanol:water (80:20) fraction of Rio Red showed the highest radical scavenging activity 42.5%, 77.8% and 92.1% at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively, while methanol:water (80:20) fraction of Sour orange showed the lowest radical scavenging activity at all the tested concentrations. All citrus fractions showed good antioxidant capacity by the formation of phosphomolybdenum complex at 200 ppm. In addition, superoxide radical scavenging activity was assayed using non-enzymatic (NADH/phenaxine methosulfate) superoxide generating system. All the extracts showed variable superoxide radical scavenging activity. Moreover, methanol:water (80:20) extract of Rio Red and methanol extract of Sour orange exhibited marked reducing power in potassium ferricyanide reduction method. The data obtained using above in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potential of citrus fruit extracts. However, comprehensive studies need to be conducted to ascertain the in vivo bioavailability, safety and efficacy of such extracts in experimental animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on antioxidant activity of different polar extracts from Rio Red and Sour oranges.
authors.affiliation: Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite 120A, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Jayaprakasha
authors.forename: Basavaraj
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Girennavar
authors.forename: Bhimanagouda S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Patil
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002957:Citrus; D032083:Citrus paradisi / Q000737:chemistry*; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005292:Ferricyanides / Q000737:chemistry; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005638:Fruit; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000737:chemistry; D009243:NAD / Q000737:chemistry; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium / Q000737:chemistry; D019800:Phenol / Q000737:chemistry; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005292:Ferricyanides; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D009243:NAD; D013481:Superoxides; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D019800:Phenol; D008982:Molybdenum; C003125:phosphomolybdic acid; C028033:potassium ferricyanide