title: Towards aberration correction of transcranial ultrasound using acoustic droplet vaporization.
abstract: We report on the first experiments demonstrating the transcranial acoustic formation of stable gas bubbles that can be used for transcranial ultrasound aberration correction. It is demonstrated that the gas bubbles can be formed transcranially by phase-transitioning single, superheated, micron-size, liquid dodecafluoropentane droplets with ultrasound, a process known as acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). ADV was performed at 550 kHz, where the skull is less attenuating and aberrating, allowing for higher-amplitudes to be reached at the focus. Additionally, it is demonstrated that time-reversal focusing at 1 MHz can be used to correct for transcranial aberrations with a single gas bubble acting as a point beacon. Aberration correction was performed using a synthetic aperture approach and verified by the realignment of the scattered waveforms. Under the conditions described below, time-reversal aberration correction using gas bubbles resulted in a gain of 1.9 +/- 0.3 in an introduced focusing factor. This is a small fraction of the gain anticipated from complete transmit-receive of a fully-populated two-dimensional array with sub-wavelength elements. (E-mail: khaworth@umich.edu).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and the Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. khaworth@umich.edu
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.forename: J Brian
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fowlkes
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Oliver D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Kripfgans
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*; D014835:Volatilization