title: Pilot performance, strategy, and workload while executing approaches at steep angles and with lower landing minima.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the willingness and ability of general aviation pilots to execute steep approaches in low-visibility conditions into nontowered airports.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Executing steep approaches in poor weather is required for a proposed Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) that consists of small aircraft flying direct routes to a network of regional airports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Across two experiments, 17 pilots rated for Instrument Flight Rules at George Mason University or Virginia Tech flew a Cessna 172R simulator into Blacksburg, Virginia. Pilots were familiarized with the simulator and asked to fly approaches with either a 200- or 400-foot ceiling (at approach angles of 3 degrees, 5 degrees, and 7 degrees in the first experiment, 3 degrees and 6 degrees in the second). Pilots rated subjective workload and the simulator recorded flight parameters for each set of approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approaches with a 5 degree approach angle produced safe landings with minimal deviations from normal descent control configurations and were rated as having a moderate level of workload. Approaches with 6 degree and 7 degree approach angles produced safe landings but high workload ratings. Pilots reduced power to control the speed of descent and flew the aircraft slightly above the glide path to gain time to control the landing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the 6 degree and 7 degree approaches may not be practical for routine approaches, they may be achievable in the event of an emergency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further work using other aircraft flying under a wider variety of conditions is needed before implementing SATS-type flights into airports intended to supplant or complement commercial operations in larger airports.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, George Mason University, MSN 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA. dbdavis@gmu.edu
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Boehm-Davis
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Casali
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kleiner
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: Jason J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wochinger
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D001359:Aviation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D004869:Equipment Safety / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014768:Virginia; D014796:Visual Perception; D014887:Weather; D016526:Workload