title: Carnosine is neuroprotective against permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide with multiple neuroprotective properties. In addition, it is well tolerated in high doses with minimal side effects. The purposes of this study were to determine whether carnosine is neuroprotective in permanent focal cerebral ischemia and to determine potential mechanisms of neuroprotection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the efficacy of carnosine in a mouse model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. The effects of carnosine were investigated with respect to neuronal damage and infarct formation, endogenous antioxidant status, and matrix metalloproteinase activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carnosine significantly decreased infarct size and neuronal damage when administered at time points both before and after the induction of ischemia. Carnosine also decreased reactive oxygen species levels in the ischemic brain, preserved normal glutathione levels, and decreased matrix metalloproteinase protein levels and activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carnosine is neuroprotective in focal cerebral ischemia and appears to influence deleterious pathological processes that are activated after the onset of ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Rajanikant
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zemke
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Senut
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Frenkel
authors.forename: Alex F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Arshad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002336:Carnosine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005978:Glutathione / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002336:Carnosine; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D005978:Glutathione