title: Pharmacologic management of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 180 different types of therapy have been used in the treatment and management of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC), yet evidence from clinical trials remains inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacologic approaches to PBS/IC, to quantify the effect size from randomized controlled trials, and to begin to inform a clinical consensus of treatment efficacy for PBS/IC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified randomized controlled trials for the pharmacologic treatment of patients with PBS/IC diagnosed on the basis of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases or operational criteria. Study limitations include considerable patient heterogeneity as well as variability in the definition of symptoms and in outcome assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included a total of 1470 adult patients from 21 randomized controlled trials. Only trials for pentosan polysulfate sodium had sufficient numbers to allow a pooled analysis of effect. According to a random-effects model, the pooled estimate of the effect of pentosan polysulfate therapy suggested benefit, with a relative risk of 1.78 for patient-reported improvement in symptoms (95% confidence interval, 1.34-2.35). This result was not heterogeneous (P = .47) and was without evidence of publication bias (P = .18). Current evidence also suggests the efficacy of dimethyl sulfoxide and amitryptyline therapy. Hydroxyzine, intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin, and resiniferatoxin therapy failed to demonstrate efficacy, but evidence was inconclusive owing to methodological limitations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pentosan polysulfate may be modestly beneficial for symptoms of PBS/IC. There is insufficient evidence for other pharmacologic treatments. A consensus on standardized outcome measures is urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Jordan.Dimitrakov@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dimitrakov
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Steers
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berde
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010426:Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010426:Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester