title: Impact of platelet reactivity on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine the prognostic implications of high platelet reactivity (HPR) assessed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients while in their steady-state phase of dual antiplatelet therapy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have increased platelet reactivity compared with nondiabetic patients. Whether HPR assessed in T2DM while in their steady-state phase of dual antiplatelet therapy is associated with an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Platelet function analyses, which included measures of platelet aggregation and activation, were performed in 173 T2DM patients with coronary artery disease on chronic treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel. The HPR was defined as the upper quartile of maximal platelet aggregation (Agg(max)) after 20 micromol/l adenosine diphosphate stimuli. Patients were followed up for 2 years and MACE were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41 MACE occurred in 34 patients (19.7%) during the 2-year follow-up. The MACE occurred in 15.2%, 12.2%, 12.2%, and 37.7% of patients from the lowest to upper quartile, respectively (p = 0.005). The HPR was the strongest independent predictor of MACE (hazard ratio 3.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68 to 6.66, p = 0.001). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis indicated that a cutoff value of 62% Agg(max) best predicted MACE (37.8% vs. 13.2%, odds ratio 3.96, 95% CI 1.8 to 8.7, p < 0.001). Patients with HPR had up-regulation of multiple platelet signaling pathways (p < 0.0001 for all assays), indicative of a global hyperreactive platelet status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High platelet reactivity determined in T2DM patients with coronary artery disease while on chronic dual antiplatelet therapy is associated with a higher risk of long-term adverse cardiovascular events, suggesting the need for tailored antithrombotic drug regimens in these high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Shands Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida.
authors.forename: Dominick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Angiolillo
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabaté
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Quevedo
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palazuelos
authors.forename: Rosana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hernández-Antolin
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escaned
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alfonso
authors.forename: Camino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bañuelos
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Theodore A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macaya
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000502:physiology; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000502:physiology*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin