title: Phylogeography and domestication of Indian river buffalo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The water buffalo- Bubalus bubalis holds tremendous potential in livestock sector in many Asian countries, particularly India. The origin, domestication and genetic structure of the Indian river buffalo are poorly understood. Therefore, to understand the relationship among the maternal lineages of Indian river buffalo breeds and their domestication process, we analysed mitochondrial D-loop region of 217 animals representing eight breeds from eight different locations in India along with published sequences of Mediterranean buffalo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum parsimony tree showed one major clade with six internal branches. Reduced median network revealed expansion from more than one set of haplotypes indicating complex domestication events for this species. In addition, we found several singleton haplotypes. Using rho statistics, we obtained a time estimate of 6300 years BP for the expansion of one set of hapltoypes of the Indian domestic buffalo. A few breed specific branches in the network indicated an ancient time depth of differentiation of some of the maternal lineages of river buffalo breeds. The multidimensional display of breed pairwise FST values showed significant breed differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present day river buffalo is the result of complex domestication processes involving more than one maternal lineage and a significant maternal gene flow from the wild populations after the initial domestication events. Our data are consistent with the available archaeological information in supporting the proposition that the river buffalo was likely to be domesticated in the Western region of the Indian subcontinent, specifically the present day breeding tracts of the Mehsana, Surati and Pandharpuri breeds.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500007, India. satishk@ccmb.res.in
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Muniyandi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagarajan
authors.forename: Jasmeet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: Niraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Behl
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D007194:India; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial