title: Interplay between ATM and ATR in the regulation of common fragile site stability.
abstract: Common fragile sites are specific genomic loci that form constrictions and gaps on metaphase chromosomes under conditions that slow, but do not arrest, DNA replication. These sites have been shown to have a role in various chromosomal rearrangements in tumors. Different DNA damage response proteins were shown to regulate fragile site stability, including ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) and its effector Chk1. Here, we investigated the role of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), the main transducer of DNA double-strand break (DSB) signal, in this regulation. We demonstrate that replication stress conditions, which induce fragile site expression, lead to DNA fragmentation and recruitment of phosphorylated ATM to nuclear foci at DSBs. We further show that ATM plays a role in maintaining fragile site stability, which is revealed only in the absence of ATR. However, the activation of ATM under these replication stress conditions is ATR independent. Following conditions that induce fragile site expression both ATR and ATM phosphorylate Chk1, suggesting that both proteins regulate fragile site expression probably via their effect on Chk1 activation. Our findings provide new insights into the interplay between ATR and ATM pathways in response to partial replication inhibition and in the regulation of fragile site stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, The Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozeri-Galai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahat
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kerem
mesh_terms: D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; D043171:Chromosomal Instability / Q000235:genetics*; D043283:Chromosome Fragile Sites / Q000235:genetics*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000099170:Bis(5'-adenosyl)triphosphatase
chemical_list: D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006657:Histones; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000099170:Bis(5'-adenosyl)triphosphatase; C468783:H2AX protein, human; C576324:ATM protein, human; C576597:ATR protein, human; C000605867:CHEK1 protein, human; C000605871:Chek1 protein, rat