title: Glomerular sieving of three neutral polysaccharides, polyethylene oxide and bikunin in rat. Effects of molecular size and conformation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polysaccharides and many other non-protein polymers generally have a more open, flexible and asymmetrical structure compared with globular proteins. For a given molecular weight (MW), the Stokes-Einstein radius (a(e)) of the following polymers increases in the order: Ficoll < dextran <or= pullulan < polyethylene oxide (PEO). We have tested the hypothesis that such an increase in 'molecular extension' will increase the molecule's glomerular permeability. Thus, we investigated the glomerular sieving coefficients (theta) of the mentioned polymers and of the negatively charged and extended protein bikunin.
  
  
  METHODS
  In anaesthetized Wistar rats, glomerular sieving curves were generated for each FITC-labelled polymer from their respective concentration in urine and plasma, determined by size exclusion chromatography. The theta for bikunin was measured using a tissue uptake technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For a molecule of a(e) = 55 A (cf. IgG), theta increased in the order: Ficoll (0.00035 +/- 0.000013) < dextran (0.022 +/- 0.0029) < pullulan (0.033 +/- 0.0024) < PEO (0.12 +/- 0.0055). For a(e) = 36 A (cf. albumin) the order was: Ficoll (0.076 +/- 0.0061) < dextran (0.45 +/- 0.037) = pullulan (0.45 +/- 0.021) < PEO (0.65 +/- 0.0076). theta for bikunin (0.089 +/- 0.0045) was 150 times higher than that of albumin, having an equivalent a(e) and net negative charge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From these results it is concluded that for flexible and asymmetric macromolecules, their degree of glomerular hyperpermeability is proportional to their degree of 'molecular extension'. Thus, compared with globular proteins, the polysaccharides investigated, including Ficoll, were found to be hyperpermeable across the glomerular filter in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Clinical Sciences, University Hospital of Lund, Lund, Sweden. daniel.asgeirsson@med.lu.se
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Asgeirsson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Venturoli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fries
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rippe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rippe
mesh_terms: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D000818:Animals; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D003911:Dextrans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005362:Ficoll / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D005936:Glucans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D003911:Dextrans; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005936:Glucans; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011506:Proteins; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin; D005362:Ficoll; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C009109:pullulan; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate