title: Genotypic drug resistance and long-term mortality in patients with triple-class antiretroviral drug failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence of drug-resistance-associated mutations in HIV patients with triple-drug class virological failure (TCF) and their association with long-term mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based study from the Danish HIV Cohort Study (DHCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all patients in the DHCS who experienced TCF between January 1995 and November 2004, and we performed genotypic resistance tests for International AIDS Society (IAS)-USA primary mutations on virus from plasma samples taken around the date of TCF. We computed time to all-cause death from date of TCF. The relative risk of death according to the number of mutations and individual mutations was estimated by Cox regression analysis and adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resistance tests were done for 133 of the 179 patients who experienced TCF. The median number of resistance mutations was eight (interquartile range 2-10), and 81 (61%) patients had mutations conferring resistance towards all three major drug classes. In a regression model adjusted for CD4+ T-cell count, HIV RNA, year of TCF, age, gender and previous inferior antiretroviral therapy, harbouring > or =9 versus < or =8 mutations was associated with increased mortality (mortality rate ratio [MRR] 2.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-4.8]), as were the individual mutations T215Y (MRR 3.4 [95% CI 1.6-7.0]), G190A/S (MRR 3.2 [95% CI 1.6-6.6]) and V82F/A/T/S (MRR 2.5 [95% CI 1.2-5.3]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HIV patients with TCF, the total number of genotypic resistance mutations and specific single mutations predicted mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Arhus University Hospital, Arhus, Denmark. nl@dce.au.dk
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lohse
authors.forename: Louise B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Gitte
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kronborg
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kvinesdal
authors.forename: Henrik T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Obel
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerstoft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents