title: Association between two unlinked loci at 8q24 and prostate cancer risk among European Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have provided evidence of associations between genetic markers at human chromosome 8q24 and an increased risk of prostate cancer. We examined whether multiple independent risk variants exist in this region and whether the strength of observed associations differs as a function of disease aggressiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated associations between 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a 1-Mb interval at 8q24 and the risk of prostate cancer among 1563 case patients (1017 of whom had high-grade [Gleason score > or = 7] and/or non-organ-confined disease) and 576 control subjects of European American ancestry. Differences in genotype frequencies between case and control subjects were compared using logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for age, and the Wald chi-square test. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified multiple SNPs in a 50-kb region (referred to as locus 1) that are in linkage disequilibrium with a previously reported risk-associated SNP at 8q24, rs1447295, but were more strongly associated with prostate cancer risk in our study population. We also identified a novel susceptibility SNP, rs6983267, at a second locus (locus 2) that is approximately 70 kb centromeric of rs1447295 and in linkage equilibrium with, and independent of, locus 1. Risk alleles at locus 2 were common in our study population (minor allele frequency approximately 50%, 25% homozygous for risk-associated allele). Analysis of the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) prostate cancer association study database alone and in combination with our data provided further evidence for this second prostate cancer risk locus; in the combined analysis, the allele frequencies for rs6983267 differed statistically significantly between case patients and control subjects (P = 1.61 x 10(-9)). We also identified a third locus at 8q24, approximately 400 kb centromeric to locus 2, that was statistically significantly associated with prostate cancer risk in a combined analysis of our data and CGEMS study data (P = 6.8 x 10(-4)). A joint analysis of loci 1 and 2 indicated that 35% of the control subjects carried risk genotypes at one or both these loci; compared with men with the non-risk genotype at both loci, men with risk genotypes at both loci had an odds ratio of prostate cancer of 2.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.62 to 4.43) and men with risk genotypes at either locus had an odds ratio of prostate cancer of 1.70 (95% CI = 1.39 to 2.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three loci at 8q24 are independent genetic risk factors for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: S Lilly
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jielin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fang-Chi
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Bao-Li
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Wennuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jin Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Aubrey R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gielzak
authors.forename: Guifang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Sarah D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.forename: Kathleen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Wiley
authors.forename: Jurga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sauvageot
authors.forename: Huann-Sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gurganus
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mangold
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Trock
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gronberg
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Carpten
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Partin
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Isaacs
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002898:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8; D005787:Gene Frequency; D016259:Genes, myc; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015983:Selection Bias; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494173:POU5F1 protein, human; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen