title: [Identification of candidate genes and expression profiles, as doping biomarkers].
abstract: Administration of prohibited substances to enhance athletic performance represents an emerging medical, social, ethical and legal issue. Traditional controls are based on direct detection of substances or their catabolites. However out-of-competition doping may not be easily revealed by standard analytical methods. Alternative indirect control strategies are based on the evaluation of mid- and long-term effects of doping in tissues. Drug-induced long-lasting changes of gene expression may be taken as effective indicators of doping exposure. To validate this approach, we used real-time PCR to monitor the expression pattern of selected genes in human haematopoietic cells exposed to nandrolone, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or growth hormone (GH). Some candidate genes were found significantly and consistently modulated by treatments. Nandrolone up-regulated AR, ESR2 and PGR in K562 cells, and SRD5A1, PPARA and JAK2 in Jurkat cells; IGF-I up-regulated EPOR and PGR in HL60 cells, and SRD5A1 in Jurkat; GH up-regulated SRD5A1 and GHR in K562. GATA1 expression was down-regulated in IGF-1-treated HL60, ESR2 was down-regulated in nandrolone-treated Jurkat, and AR and PGR were down-regulated in GH-treated Jurkat. This pilot study shows the potential of molecular biology-based strategies in anti-doping controls.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Unità di Sanità Pubblica, Istituto Universitario Scienze Motorie, Roma.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paparini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Impagnatiello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pistilli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gianfranceschi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Signori
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stabile
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rende
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Romano Spica
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004300:Doping in Sports; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000187:drug effects*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007558:Italy; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D020014:K562 Cells; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D005819:Genetic Markers; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D009277:Nandrolone