title: Three-dimensional gray matter atrophy mapping in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the recent terminology for patients with cognitive deficiencies in the absence of functional decline. Most patients with MCI harbor the pathologic changes of AD and demonstrate transition to dementia at a rate of 10% to 15% per year. Patients with AD and MCI experience progressive brain atrophy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the structural magnetic resonance imaging data for 24 patients with amnestic MCI and 25 patients with mild AD using an advanced 3-dimensional cortical mapping technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional cohort design. Patients/
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the structural magnetic resonance imaging data of 24 amnestic MCI (mean MMSE, 28.1; SD, 1.7) and 25 mild AD patients (all MMSE scores, >18; mean MMSE, 23.7; SD, 2.9) using an advanced 3-dimensional cortical mapping technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed significantly greater cortical atrophy in patients with mild AD. The entorhinal cortex, right more than left lateral temporal cortex, right parietal cortex, and bilateral precuneus showed 15% more atrophy and the remainder of the cortex primarily exhibited 10% to 15% more atrophy in patients with mild AD than in patients with amnestic MCI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are striking cortical differences between mild AD and the immediately preceding cognitive state of amnestic MCI. Cortical areas affected earlier in the disease process are more severely affected than those that are affected late. Our method may prove to be a reliable in vivo disease-tracking technique that can also be used for evaluating disease-modifying therapies in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10911 Westwood Blvd, Second Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. lapostolova@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Liana G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Apostolova
authors.forename: Calen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: Gohar G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Akopyan
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dutton
authors.forename: Kiralee M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Arthur W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Toga
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests