title: Experimental and DFT studies: novel structural modifications greatly enhance the solvent sensitivity of live cell imaging dyes.
abstract: Structural modifications of previously reported merocyanine dyes (Toutchkine, A.; Kraynov, V.; Hahn, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4132-4145) were found to greatly enhance the solvent dependence of their absorbance and fluorescence emission maxima. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to understand the differences in optical properties between the new and previously synthesized dyes. Absorption and emission energies were calculated for several new dyes using DFT vertical self-consistent reaction field (VSCRF) methods. Geometries of ground and excited states were optimized with a conductor-like screening model (COSMO) and self-consistent field (SCF) methods. The new dyes have enhanced zwitterionic character in the ground state and much lower polarity in the excited state, as shown by the DFT-VSCRF calculations. Consistently, the position of the absorption bands are strongly blue-shifted in more polar solvent (methanol compared to benzene), as predicted by the DFT spectral calculations. Inclusion of explicit H-bonding solvent molecules within the quantum model further enhances the predicted shifts and is consistent with the observed spectral broadening. Smaller but significant spectral shifts in polar versus nonpolar solvent are predicted and observed for emission bands. The new dyes show large fluorescence quantum yields in polar hydrogen-bonding solvents; qualitatively, the longest bonds along the conjugated chain at the excited S1 state minimum are shorter in the more polar solvent, inhibiting photoisomerization. The loss of photostability of the dyes is a consequence of the reaction with and electron transfer to singlet oxygen, starting oxidative dye cleavage. The calculated vertical ionization potentials of three dyes I-SO, AI-SO(4), and AI-BA(4) in benzene and methanol are consistent with their relative photobleaching rates; the charge distributions along the conjugated chains for the three dyes are similarly predictive of higher reaction rates for AI-SO(4) and AI-BA(4) than for I-SO. Time-dependent DFT calculations were also performed on AI-BA(4); these were less accurate than the VSCRF method in predicting the absorption energy shift from benzene to methanol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toutchkine
authors.forename: Wen-Ge
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ullmann
authors.forename: Tiqing
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bashford
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noodleman
authors.forename: Klaus M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000465:Algorithms; D001554:Benzene / Q000737:chemistry; D002477:Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004579:Electron Transport; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D007536:Isomerism; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010777:Photochemistry; D011789:Quantum Theory; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012997:Solvents; D001554:Benzene; D000432:Methanol