title: Immunosuppressive agents in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Immunosuppressive agents have been used in multiple sclerosis (MS) for decades. The approval of several immunomodulatory agents against MS beginning in the 1990s, whose putative mechanisms of action appeared "more MS-specific," curtailed the importance of immunosuppressants, which made them treatment options of second choice. However, with the recent approval of mitoxantrone for treatment of patients with active forms of relapsing-remitting or secondary progressive MS and with a number of oral immunosuppressive agents being assessed in phase II and III clinical trials, a "renaissance" of this type of agents is currently occurring. This review provides an outline of the most important clinical studies and discusses relevant side effects of the major immunosuppressants (i.e., mitoxantrone, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, cladribine, and sirolimus/temsirolimus). The current knowledge of the putative mechanisms of action of these compounds is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kliniken Landkreis Sigmaringen GmbH, D-72488 Sigmaringen, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: Bernd C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kieseier
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hartung
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents