title: Placebo-controlled study of relapse prevention with risperidone augmentation in older patients with resistant depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of risperidone augmentation of citalopram for relapse prevention in older patients with antidepressant-resistant depression was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with major depression aged > or =55 years who had failed at least one adequate trial of an antidepressant received citalopram monotherapy (20-40 mg) for 4 to 6 weeks to confirm nonresponse (<50% reduction in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HAM-D] scores). Those who achieved remission (HAM-D score < or =7 or Clinical Global Impressions severity score 1 or 2) after 4 to 6 weeks of open-label risperidone augmentation (0.25-1 mg) then entered a 24-week double-blind maintenance phase during which they received citalopram augmented with risperidone or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients' mean age was 63.4 +/- 7.9 years; 58% were women; 61% had received two or more antidepressants during the current episode; 93 met the criterion for citalopram nonresponse and entered open-label risperidone augmentation. Of the 89 patients who completed risperidone augmentation, 63 achieved symptom resolution and entered the 6-month double-blind maintenance phase: 32 received risperidone augmentation and 31 received placebo augmentation. The median time to relapse (Kaplan-Meier estimates) was 105 days in the risperidone group and 57 days in the placebo group (Wilcoxon chi(2): 3.2, df = 1, p = 0.069). Overall, 18 of 32 (56%) from the risperidone group and 20 of 31 (65%) from the placebo group relapsed. Treatment was well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In older patients with resistant depression and poor response to standard treatments, risperidone augmentation resulted in symptom resolution in a substantial number of patients and a nonsignificant delay in time to relapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, USA. gsalexop@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.forename: Carla M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Canuso
authors.forename: Georges M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gharabawi
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bossie
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greenspan
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turkoz
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015283:Citalopram / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D015283:Citalopram; D018967:Risperidone