title: Prevalence of sexually transmissible infections (STI) among male patients with STI in Denpasar and Makassar, Indonesia: are symptoms of urethritis sufficient to guide syndromic treatment?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few data on sexually transmissible infections in men in Indonesia. We conducted a prevalence study and compared symptoms alone with clinical signs to manage urethritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited symptomatic male patients at public clinics, and used standardised questionnaires, examinations and laboratory tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recruited 273 men and the prevalences were Neisseria gonorrhoeae 18.2%, Chlamydia trachomatis 10.1%, and positive syphilis serology 5.2%. Four cases of HIV were detected. Urethral symptoms detected 91.7% of N. gonorrhoeae and/or C. trachomatis, and positive predictive value (PPV) was 41.8%, compared with clinical confirmation (sensitivity 86.1%, PPV 37.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most cases of syphilis were asymptomatic, supporting routine screening for syphilis. Urethral symptoms predicted infection with N. gonorrhoeae/C. trachomatis better than clinical signs.
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Baedah
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madjid
authors.forename: Sutaryo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pardohudoyo
authors.forename: Anak Agung G P
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wiraguna
authors.forename: Jane H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Patten
authors.forename: Luh Putu
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Upadisari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013587:Syphilis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014526:Urethritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*