title: Bacterial penetration along different root canal filling materials in the presence or absence of smear layer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of the smear layer on the penetration of bacteria along different root canal filling materials and to examine the dentine/sealer and sealer/core material interfaces for the presence of bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 110 human root segments were instrumented to size 80 under irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Half of the roots were irrigated with a 5-mL rinse of 17% EDTA. Roots with and without smear layer were filled with gutta-percha (GP) and AH Plus sealer (AH), GP and Apexit sealer (AP), or RealSeal cones and sealer (RS). Following storage in humid conditions at 37 degrees C for 7 days, the specimens were mounted into a bacterial leakage test model for 135 days. Survival analyses were performed to calculate the median time of leakage and log-rank test was used for pairwise comparisons of groups. The level of significance was set at P = 0.05. Selected specimens were longitudinally sectioned and inspected by scanning electron microscopy for the presence of bacteria at the interfaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presence of the smear layer, RS and AP leaked significantly more slowly than in its absence. In the absence of the smear layer, AH leaked significantly more slowly than RS. SEM results indicated a differential pattern of bacterial penetration among the sealers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Removal of the smear layer did not impair bacterial penetration along root canal fillings. A comparison of the sealers revealed no difference except that AH performed better than RS in the absence of the smear layer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. imans@odont.uio.no
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Ruyter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapasalo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ørstavik
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000382:microbiology*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003804:Dentin / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006171:Gutta-Percha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016369:Smear Layer; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C074418:Apexit; D002614:Chelating Agents; D003188:Composite Resins; D004853:Epoxy Resins; C511498:Real Seal composite resin; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; C534916:epoxy resin-based root canal sealer; D014867:Water; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D004492:Edetic Acid; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide