title: Necrosis avidity of (99m)Tc(CO)3-labeled pamoic acid derivatives: synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation in animal models of necrosis.
abstract: In a search for an infarct avid tracer agent with improved properties, we have observed that bis-DTPA derivatives of pamoic acid have a high avidity for necrotic tissue. Here, we report the synthesis, radiolabeling, and preliminary evaluation in normal mice and rats with hepatic infarction of the (99m)Tc-tricarbonyl complexes of N, N'-bis(diethylenetriaminopentaacetato)-4,4'-methylene bis(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic hydrazide) ( (99m)Tc(CO) 3-bis-DTPA-pamoate) and [ N-(5-aminopentyl)pyridin-2-yl-methylamino]methylacetato-4,4'-methylene-2-hydroxy-3-napthalenecarboxamide-(2'-hydroxy-3'-naphthoic acid methyl ester) ( (99m)Tc(CO) 3 -12). Radiolabeling with (99m)Tc(CO) 3 (+) was achieved with a radiochemical yield of over 95% for both tracer agents. In normal mice, the polar (99m)Tc(CO) 3-bis-DTPA-pamoate was cleared from plasma via both the liver and the kidneys, while the more lipophilic (99m)Tc(CO) 3 -12 was rapidly cleared via the liver. Blood clearance in mice was faster for (99m)Tc(CO) 3 -12 (0.1% injected dose per gram at 4 h postinjection) than for (99m)Tc(CO) 3-bis-DTPA-pamoate (9.3% injected dose per gram at 4 h postinjection). Affinity and specificity of the tracers for necrotic tissue was studied in rats with hepatic infarction and ethanol-induced necrosis of the liver or muscles. Activity ratios of infarct to viable liver tissue of (99m)Tc(CO) 3-bis-DTPA-pamoate quantified by autoradiography of tissue slices ranged from 4 to 18, depending on the necrosis model and time postinjection of the tracer. Infarcts were also visualized in vivo by (99m)Tc(CO) 3-bis-DTPA-pamoate planar gamma imaging. After injection of (99m)Tc(CO) 3-bis-DTPA-pamoate, in vivo and ex vivo images correlated well with histochemical staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride and hematoxylin and eosin. (99m)Tc(CO) 3 -12 on the other hand showed no uptake in necrotic tissue. Stability of the tracers was determined in vitro after storage at room temperature and by histidine challenge experiments, and in vivo in mouse plasma and in urine (for (99m)Tc(CO) 3-bis-DTPA-pamoate). (99m)Tc(CO) 3-bis-DTPA-pamoate was unstable in vitro to histidine challenge, while (99m)Tc(CO) 3 -12 was 98% stable in vitro in the same conditions. Both tracers showed good in vivo stability. (99m)Tc(CO) 3-bis-DTPA-pamoate shows high specificity for necrotic tissue and merits further evaluation as a necrosis avid imaging agent. (99m)Tc(CO) 3 -12 is not useful for visualization of necrotic tissue.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Humphrey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fonge
authors.forename: Satish K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chitneni
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lixin
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vunckx
authors.forename: Kristof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prinsen
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nuyts
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mortelmans
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bormans
authors.forename: Yicheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Alfons
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verbruggen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009284:Naphthols / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009336:Necrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D000442:Octanols; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D010710:Phosphates; D051381:Rats; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D009284:Naphthols; D000442:Octanols; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D004369:Pentetic Acid; C004368:pamoic acid