title: Omphalocele induction in the chick embryo by administration of cadmium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventral body wall (VBW) defects occur in 1:2000 live births. We examined the association of VBW defect with somite abnormality and lordosis in the chick using in vitro and in ovo methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Explanted chick embryos were treated at 60 hours with 50 microL sodium acetate or 0.001% cadmium acetate solution to produce VBW defects. Mortality and abnormality rates were assessed. A further cohort of chicks was treated in ovo by dropping 50 microL 0.001% to 0.01% cadmium acetate onto the embryo and allowing development to 16.5 days for further assessment of the defect and skeletal staining with alcian blue and alizarin red.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cadmium treatment at 24 hours induced VBW defects in chicks treated in both shell-less culture and in ovo. Material herniating through the VBW defects was covered by a membrane in all fresh specimens. Membrane removal revealed large defects containing liver and bowel. These criteria clearly indicate that the defect observed is an omphalocele. Affected embryos had reduced somite numbers within 24 hours. Chicks exhibiting exomphalos at 16.5 days invariably had lumbosacral lordosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cadmium-treated chick embryo is a reliable model for exomphalos. A positive association was found between exomphalos and lumbar lordosis in the chick.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Medical Sciences and Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. jennifer.thompson@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bannigan
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000196:embryology / Q000209:etiology*; D000085:Acetates / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D008141:Lordosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000196:embryology; D019170:Somites / Q000187:drug effects; D013045:Species Specificity; D018600:Teratology / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002104:Cadmium; C028031:cadmium acetate