title: Spiralian phylogenomics supports the resurrection of Bryozoa comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta.
abstract: Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins of 38 metazoans, partly derived from 6 new expressed sequence tag projects for Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, Sipuncula, Annelida, and Acanthocephala, indicate the monophyly of Bryozoa comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta, 2 taxa that have been separated for more than a century based on seemingly profound morphological differences. Our results also show that bryozoans are more closely related to Neotrochozoa, including molluscs and annelids, than to Syndermata, the latter comprising Rotifera and Acanthocephala. Furthermore, we find evidence for the position of Sipuncula within Annelida. These findings suggest that classical developmental and morphological key characters such as cleavage pattern, coelomic cavities, gut architecture, and body segmentation are subject to greater evolutionary plasticity than traditionally assumed.
authors.affiliation: Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. hausdorf@zoologie.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hausdorf
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helmkampf
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Witek
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herlyn
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bruchhaus
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hankeln
authors.forename: Torsten H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Struck
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lieb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000845:Annelida / Q000235:genetics; D002013:Bryozoa / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010802:Phylogeny; D010986:Platyhelminths / Q000235:genetics