title: Lateral control assistance for car drivers: a comparison of motor priming and warning systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper's first objective is to determine whether motor priming assistance (consisting of directional steering wheel vibrations) can be of some benefit compared with more traditional auditory (lateralized sound) or vibratory (symmetric steering wheel oscillation) warning devices. We hypothesize that warning devices favor driving situation diagnosis, whereas motor priming can improve the initiation of action even further. Another objective is to assess the possible benefits of using multimodal information by combining auditory warning with simple steering wheel vibration or motor priming.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Within the context of active safety devices, the experiment dealt with moderately intrusive driving assistance devices that intervene when a certain level of risk in terms of lane departure is reached.
  
  
  METHODS
  An analysis of the steering behavior of 20 participants following episodes of visual occlusion was carried out. Five warning and motor priming devices were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All tested devices improved the drivers' steering performance, although their effects were modulated by the drivers' risk assessment. However, performance improvements were found to be greater with a motor priming device. No additional performance enhancement was observed when auditory warning was added to steering wheel vibration or motor priming devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the hypothesis that the direct intervention of motor priming at the action level is more effective than a simple warning, which intervenes upstream in situation diagnosis. Multimodal information did not seem to improve driver performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study proposes a new kind of lateral control assistance, which acts at a sensorimotor level, in contrast with traditional warning devices.
authors.affiliation: CNRS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique/French National Research Center), Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mars
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hoc
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011482:Protective Devices; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013016:Sound; D014732:Vibration