title: A review of the efficacy of dexamethasone in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To consider the efficacy of dexamethasone in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting following general anaesthesia and a range of surgical procedures, compared with a placebo of sodium chloride (normal saline). To inform nurses' pharmacological knowledge of the effects of this medication during peri-operative care.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dexamethasone was serendipitously discovered to have an effect on reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting for patients receiving various chemotherapeutic regimes. Experience suggests many nurses remain unaware of the anti-emetic effect of this medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple databases were searched and selected articles were restricted to experiments published within the past 10 years. Participants of each study had received dexamethasone or sodium chloride (not administered in combination with any other anti-emetics) preoperatively, undergone general anaesthesia and received a common surgical procedure. Thirteen research articles met these criteria and were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surgical procedures represented have shown high incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting associated with them. Importantly, 12 of the 13 trials reported significant reductions suggesting dexamethasone has a significant preventative effect in reducing the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting when given during induction. However, as a preventative of postoperative nausea alone, dexamethasone does not appear to have a significant effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings clearly support the notion that dexamethasone does have anti-emetic properties. Research examining dexamethasone in combination with other drugs as a cocktail of anti-emetics is welcomed. Future research into the usefulness of dexamethasone given beyond the induction period as an anti-emetic to inform postoperative protocols of care is needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses in the peri-operative arena can administer this medication, when ordered, with the knowledge based on research evidence as to why it has been included in preoperative protocols. However, dexamethasone has been noted in postanaesthesia recovery care units as a clinical pathway option for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting and no retrieved articles discuss this option.
authors.affiliation: Wakefield Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. amii_warren@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Amii
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Lindy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D003907:Dexamethasone