title: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and risk of stroke and carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies have found no relationship between total cholesterol and stroke risk, but little attention has been paid to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic PubMed literature search for epidemiological studies that examined the association between HDL-C level and stroke or carotid intima-media thickness (IMT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 18 studies on the relationship between HDL-C and stroke risk and 37 on HDL-C and carotid IMT. Eight of ten prospective cohort studies (n=238,739) and three of eight case-control studies (n=3604 cases, 8220 controls) supported an association between elevated HDL-C level and decreased risk of stroke. Prospective cohort studies reporting on relative risk per unit increase in HDL-C showed an 11-15% decreased stroke risk per 10-mg/dl increase in HDL-C. Of 37 studies on carotid IMT, 31 reported cross-sectional, one longitudinal, and five both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between HDL-C level and carotid IMT. Of 36 cross-sectional studies (n=51,288), 20 showed an inverse association between HDL-C level and carotid IMT. Of six longitudinal studies (n=20,065), three showed no association, one showed a weak association in a subgroup of white women and two showed a significant inverse relationship between HDL-C level and carotid IMT. Pooled estimates could not be calculated because of the variation in study designs and analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The weight of evidence in the literature supports an inverse association between HDL-C level and stroke or carotid atherosclerosis, but more data are needed to firmly establish this protective effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Denis Diderot University and Medical School, Bichat University Hospital, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France. pierre.amarenco@bch.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amarenco
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Labreuche
authors.forename: Pierre-Jean
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Touboul
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL