title: Accuracy of linear measurements from imaging plate and lateral cephalometric images derived from cone-beam computed tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As orthodontic practice moves toward 3-dimensional cephalometric analyses, a solution is required to ensure sustained availability of well-established projected treatment outcomes based on 2-dimensional analyses. This ex-vivo study was conducted to compare the accuracy of linear measurements made on photostimulable phosphor cephalograms with 3 methods for simulating lateral cephalograms with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The linear distances between anatomical landmarks on dentate dry human skulls were measured by observers using digital calipers for S-N, Ba-N, M-N, ANS-N, ANS-PNS, Pog-Go, Go-M, Po-Or, and Go-Co. The skulls were imaged with CBCT with a single 360 degrees rotation, producing 306 basis images and achieving 0.4 mm isotrophic voxel resolution on volumetric reconstruction for making ray-sum reconstructed cephalograms. Two other cephalogram approaches were used with the CBCT system--a single transmission image generated as a scout image designed to check patient positioning before CBCT, and a single-frame lateral basis image. Conventional digital lateral cephalograms (LCs) were acquired with the photostimulable phosphor system. Images were imported into a cephalometric analysis program (Dolphin Imaging Cephalometric and Tracing Software, Chatsworth, Calif) to compute the included linear measurements. Analyses were repeated 3 times and statistically compared with measured anatomic truth with ANOVA (P < or =.05). The intraclass correlation coefficient was determined as an index of intra- and interobserver reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intraclass correlation coefficient for the LCs was significantly less than for the measured anatomic truth and for all CBCT-derived images. CBCT images either produced with individual frames or reconstructed from the volumetric data set were accurate for all measurements except Pog-Go and Go-M. CBCT scout images had the second highest accuracy for all measurements except Pog-Go, Go-M, and Go-Co. Conventional LCs had the least accuracy; they were accurate only for Po-Or and ANS-N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CBCT-derived 2-dimensional LCs proved to be more accurate than LCs for most linear measurements calculated in the sagittal plane. No advantage was found over single-frame basis images in using ray-sum generated cephalograms from the CBCT volumetric data set.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Mazyar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moshiri
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Scarfe
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hilgers
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Scheetz
authors.forename: Anibal M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Allan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Farman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens