title: Combining multiple serum tumor markers improves detection of stage I epithelial ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently available tumor markers for ovarian cancer are still inadequate in both sensitivity and specificity to be used for population-based screening. Artificial neural network (ANN) as a modeling tool has demonstrated its ability to assimilate information from multiple sources and to detect subtle and complex patterns. In this paper, an ANN model was evaluated for its performance in detecting early stage epithelial ovarian cancer using multiple serum markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum specimens collected at four institutions in the US, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were analyzed for CA 125II, CA 72-4, CA 15-3 and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). The four tumor marker values were then used as inputs to an ANN derived using a training set from 100 apparently healthy women, 45 women with benign conditions arising from the ovary and 55 invasive epithelial ovarian cancer patients (including 27 stage I/II cases). A separate validation set from 27 apparently healthy women, 56 women with benign conditions and 35 women with various types of malignant pelvic masses was used to monitor the ANN's performance during training. An independent test data set from 98 apparently healthy women and 52 early stage epithelial ovarian cancer patients (38 stage I and 4 stage II invasive cases and 10 stage I borderline ovarian tumor cases) was used to evaluate the ANN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ROC analysis confirmed the overall superiority of the ANN-derived composite index over CA 125II alone (p=0.0333). At a fixed specificity of 98%, the sensitivities for ANN and CA 125II alone were 71% (37/52) and 46% (24/52) (p=0.047), respectively, for detecting early stage epithelial ovarian cancer, and 71% (30/42) and 43% (18/42) (p=0.040), respectively, for detecting invasive early stage epithelial ovarian cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined use of multiple tumor markers through an ANN improves the overall accuracy to discern healthy women from patients with early stage ovarian cancer. Analysis of multiple markers with an ANN may be a better choice than the use of CA 125II alone in a two-step approach for population screening in which a secondary test such as ultrasound is used to keep the overall specificity at an acceptable level.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomarker Discovery, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, CRB-II 3M04, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. zzhang7@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yinhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Fengji
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berchuck
authors.forename: Carolien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Haaften-Day
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Havrilesky
authors.forename: Henk W A
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: de Bruijn
authors.forename: Ate G J
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: van der Zee
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Woolas
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skates
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bast
mesh_terms: D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate / Q000097:blood*; D018394:CA-125 Antigen / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000097:blood; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D012372:ROC Curve
chemical_list: D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate; D018394:CA-125 Antigen; C083825:CA-72-4 antigen; D018396:Mucin-1; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor