title: Neuromuscular and lower limb biomechanical differences exist between male and female elite adolescent soccer players during an unanticipated side-cut maneuver.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female athletes are 2 to 8 times more likely than male athletes to injure the anterior cruciate ligament during a non-contact athletic maneuver. Identifying anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factors in female athletes may help with the development of preventive training programs aimed at reducing injury rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Differences between genders in lower limb kinematics, kinetics, and neuromuscular patterns will be identified in an adolescent soccer population during an unanticipated side-cut maneuver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two elite adolescent soccer players (21 male and 21 female) performed an unanticipated side-cut maneuver, with the 3-dimensional kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic lower limb data being analyzed using principal component analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The female athletes had higher gastrocnemius activity, normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contractions, and a mediolateral gastrocnemius activation imbalance that was not present in the male athletes during early stance to midstance of the side-cut. Female athletes demonstrated greater rectus femoris muscle activity throughout stance, and the only hamstring difference identified was a mediolateral activation imbalance in male athletes only. Female athletes performed the side-cut with less hip flexion and more hip external rotation and also generated a smaller hip flexion moment compared with the male athletes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to identify gender-related differences in gastrocnemius muscle activity during an unanticipated cutting maneuver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased and imbalanced gastrocnemius muscle activity, combined with increased rectus femoris muscle activity and reduced hip flexion angles and moments in female subjects, may all have important contributing roles in the higher noncontact ACL injury rates observed in female athletes.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. landrys@dal.ca
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McKean
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hubley-Kozey
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Stanish
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Deluzio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*