title: Association analysis of genes encoding the nociceptin receptor (OPRL1) and its endogenous ligand (PNOC) with alcohol or illicit drug dependence.
abstract: Recent studies in animal models have shown that the nociceptin system, comprising nociceptin (or OFQ/N, encoded by PNOC) and the nociceptin receptor (an opioid receptor-like protein encoded by OPRL1), may be involved in alcohol and other drug reward pathways. To determine whether the nociceptin system is associated with alcohol or illicit drug dependence in humans, we analyzed 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in OPRL1 and 15 SNPs in PNOC in a sample of 1923 European Americans from 219 multiplex alcohol dependent families ascertained by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. The SNPs spanned both genes and several kb of their flanking sequences, and were in high linkage disequilibrium. Neither gene was associated with alcohol or illicit drug dependence, although two SNPs in PNOC showed marginal association with alcoholism and one with illicit drug dependence (P = 0.04-0.05). Secondary analyses suggested that two adjacent SNPs in intron 1 of OPRL1 were marginally associated with opioid dependence (P = 0.05); none of the SNPs in PNOC were associated with opioid dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana Unviersity School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. xxuei@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xuei
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flury-Wetherill
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Almasy
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bierut
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tischfield
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuckit
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Nurnberger
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foroud
authors.forename: Howard J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Edenberg
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics*; D000483:Alleles; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics*; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D000094942:Nociceptin Receptor
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; C121527:prepronociceptin; D000094942:Nociceptin Receptor; C000722283:OPRL1 protein, human