title: Inhibition of the proteasome activity by gallium(III) complexes contributes to their anti prostate tumor effects.
abstract: The investigation of metal-based complexes with potential antitumor activity has been of paramount importance in recent years due to the successful use of cisplatin against various cancers. Gallium(III) and subsequently developed gallium(III)-containing complexes have shown promising antineoplastic effects when tested in a host of malignancies, specifically in lymphomas and bladder cancer. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for their anticancer effect is yet to be fully understood. We report here for the first time that the proteasome is a molecular target for gallium complexes in a variety of prostate cancer cell lines and in human prostate cancer xenografts. We tested five gallium complexes (1-5) in which the gallium ion is bound to an NN'O asymmetrical ligand containing pyridine and substituted phenolate moieties in a 1:2 (M/L) ratio. We found that complex 5 showed superior proteasome inhibitory activity against both 26S proteasome (IC50, 17 micromol/L) and purified 20S (IC50, 16 micromol/L) proteasome. Consistently, this effect was associated with apoptosis induction in prostate cancer cells. Additionally, complex 5 was able to exert the same effect in vivo by inhibiting growth of PC-3 xenografts in mice (66%), which was associated with proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction. Our results strongly suggest that gallium complexes, acting as potent proteasome inhibitors, have a great potential to be developed into novel anticancer drugs.
authors.affiliation: The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frezza
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shakya
authors.forename: Qiuzhi Cindy
authors.initials: QC
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Milacic
authors.forename: Claudio N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Verani
authors.forename: Q Ping
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Dou
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002918:Chymotrypsin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D005708:Gallium; D002918:Chymotrypsin; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C061553:ATP dependent 26S protease