title: Effect of transdermal nicotine replacement on alcohol responses and alcohol self-administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine replacement is commonly used to treat tobacco use in heavy-drinking smokers. However, few studies have examined the effect of nicotine replacement on subjective and physiological responses to alcohol and alcohol drinking behavior.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this within-subject, double-blind study was to examine whether transdermal nicotine replacement (0 mg vs 21 mg/day) altered response to a low-dose priming drink and subsequent ad libitum drinking behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n=19) were non-treatment-seeking, non-dependent heavy drinkers who were daily smokers. Six hours after transdermal patch application, subjective and physiological responses to a priming drink [designed to raise blood alcohol levels (BALs) to 0.03 g/dl] were assessed. This was followed by a 2-h self-administration period where subjects could choose to consume up to eight additional drinks (each designed to raise BALs by 0.015 g/dl) or to receive monetary reinforcement for drinks not consumed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 6 h after patch application, tobacco craving associated with withdrawal relief was decreased, and systolic blood pressure and heart rate were increased in the active patch condition compared to the placebo patch condition. Subjective intoxication in response to the priming drink was attenuated in the active nicotine patch condition compared to 6 h of nicotine deprivation (i.e., placebo patch). During the self-administration period, subjects had longer latencies to start drinking and consequently appeared to consume fewer drinks when administered the active patch compared to the placebo patch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In heavy drinkers, transdermal nicotine replacement compared to mild nicotine deprivation attenuated subjective and physiological alcohol responses and delayed the initiation of drinking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Substance Abuse Center-CMHC, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park St, Suite S-211, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. sherry.mckee@yale.edu
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: Stephanie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Tricia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mase
authors.forename: Suchitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan-Sarin
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009991:Oscillometry; D012646:Self Administration; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine