title: Prospective evaluation of the pharmacodynamics of piritramide in neonates and infants.
abstract: Piritramide is a synthetic opioid commonly used in Germany and Austria for the analgesia of pediatric patients. Little pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data for the pediatric population is available. The aim of this investigation was to gain pharmacodynamic data on postsurgical analgesia and the side effects of piritramide. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty. Data were collected in an open, prospective clinical trial. After obtaining the parents' informed written consent, patients received a bolus of piritramide 50 mug/kg for postsurgical analgesia or to prevent pain resulting from invasive procedures. Titration doses of 15 microg/kg were allowed. Vital signs and pain intensity were closely monitored. Data from 39 patients could be included in the analysis. Of the patients, 95% were in the immediate postsurgical course, 5% had piritramide for invasive procedures, and 46% of the patients were ventilated. The mean piritramide dosage was 64 +/- 24 microg/kg. Pharmacodynamic analysis showed adequate analgesia for at least 50% of the spontaneously breathing patients for 120 min after piritramide bolus. More than 50% of the ventilated patients showed inadequate analgesia at any point in time after piritramide bolus. Fifty-nine percent (59%) of the ventilated patients received additive analgesia versus 31% of spontaneously breathing patients. No relevant changes of vital signs could be observed. One patient received naloxone for apnea. We conclude that dosages of more than 50-70 microg/kg are needed for sufficient analgesia in ventilated postsurgical infants. In spontaneously breathing patients, 50-70 microg/kg provides a 120-min period of analgesia for more than 50% of patients. Cardiovascular stability of the patients was good and, with one exception, there was no respiratory depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital of the University of Cologne, Josef-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, 50924, Köln, Germany. christoph.huenseler@uni-koeln.de
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huenseler
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Borucki
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hering
authors.forename: Wolf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theisohn
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010892:Pirinitramide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010892:Pirinitramide