title: Disability in chronic migraine with medication overuse: treatment effects at 3 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical status, with respect to pain indices and disability level, of chronic migraine patients with medication overuse who were treated 3 years previously.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patients who have chronic migraine accompanied by medication overuse are particularly difficult to treat. Investigations are limited in number, few have included follow-up beyond 6 months, and almost none have examined whether treatment leads to concurrent improvements in disability and functional impairment. In a prior report, we described the clinical course of 84 such patients followed for 1 full year after treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  These same 84 patients were followed for 2 additional years to assess longer term maintenance of effects, using measurement procedures identical to those in the original investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both endpoint and completer analyses revealed significant improvement on all measures studied-headache days per month, analgesic consumption, and MIDAS scores (Total, Headache Frequency, and Headache Intensity)-with some loss of benefits over time for the pain indices. MIDAS total scores, however, were lower at 36 months than at 6 months. Comparisons of those who completed the 3-year follow-up to those who did not revealed few differences at baseline. All of this suggests attrition did not have a bearing on outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of maintenance were revealed at 3 years. Even though reports of pain revealed some lessening of effects, this was not accompanied by reports of deterioration in functioning. This suggests that patients have learned to adapt and adjust to headaches in their daily lives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Andrasik
authors.forename: Licia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grazzi
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Usai
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bussone
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D051271:Headache Disorders, Secondary / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement