title: Corticosteroids for multiple sclerosis: II. Application for disease-modifying effects.
abstract: Physicians who treat multiple sclerosis (MS) face the challenge of patients exhibiting ongoing disease activity, including exacerbations, loss of functional capabilities, intellectual decline, and radiologic progression, despite being on a disease-modifying agent (DMA). After searching for factors that might at least in part explain these changes--such as nonadherent drug-taking behavior, or the presence of interferon-neutralizing antibodies--some providers may ultimately decide to switch the patient to another DMA. In most circumstances, patients likely derive only partial effects from these agents, even in the absence of compromising factors. Thus, a number of factors must be considered in order to intensify the treatment regimen in response to disease progression. In the context of an inadequate treatment response to a DMA, some clinicians will convert the patient to an alternative therapy, and others will instead use a second agent in combination with the first (the so-called platform agent). In the first of this two-part series, we explored the use of anti-inflammatory CS and ACTH to treat MS exacerbations. Although we underscored the limited availability of evidence-based studies to support specific regimens for this purpose, there is an even greater paucity of data to support the routine use of these agents in order to achieve chronic disease-modifying effects in those who continue to deteriorate clinically, radiographically, or both. Without doubt, a number of factors influence the formulation of combination treatment plan for MS. Nevertheless, we will focus on the rationale and practical schemes that can be considered for using corticosteroids (CS) (and perhaps even ACTH) in an attempt to modify various domains of ongoing disease activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA. elliot.frohman@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eggenberger
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zivadinov
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stüve
authors.forename: Elliot M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Frohman
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones