title: Biomechanical comparison of screws and plates for hallux valgus opening-wedge and Ludloff osteotomies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimal osteotomy type and fixation method for hallux valgus correction have not been defined. This study examined the mechanical properties of corrective opening-wedge and Ludloff oblique osteotomies under conditions approximating postoperative weight-bearing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine pairs of fresh-frozen metatarsals were divided into three groups. In Group 1, headless screws were compared with standard cortical screws for Ludloff osteotomy fixation. In Groups 2 and 3, Ludloff osteotomies fixed with headless screws were compared with opening-wedge osteotomies fixed with non-locking and locking plates, respectively. Constructs underwent dorsally-directed cantilever loading for 1000 cycles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in angulation or stiffness were demonstrable in Group 1. In Group 2, Ludloff/headless screw construct stiffness exceeded non-locking plate construct stiffness. The mean angulation on the 1000th load cycle was greater for plates than for Ludloff/headless screws. In Group 3, locking plate construct stiffness and angulation did not differ from Ludloff/headless screws in early cyclic loading, but fixation failure of the locking plate constructs was common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that screw type for Ludloff fixation may be left to surgeon preference and that opening-wedge plates exhibit mechanical properties inferior to that of the Ludloff osteotomy under the tested conditions. Lateral cortex continuity and bone density remain important factors in the performance of opening-wedge osteotomies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina, USA. stefanhofstaetter@gmx.at
authors.forename: Stefan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hofstaetter
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Glisson
authors.forename: Curtis J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Alitz
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Trnka
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Easley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006215:Hallux Valgus / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D011897:Random Allocation