title: Nitric oxide enhances aggrecan degradation by aggrecanase in response to TNF-alpha but not IL-1beta treatment at a post-transcriptional level in bovine cartilage explants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced matrix damage, compared to interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), in bovine cartilage explant cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cartilage explants were subjected to treatment with TNF-alpha (100ng/ml), IL-1beta (10 ng/ml) and to the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-methyl-arginine (L-NMA; 1.25 mM) for 26, 50 or 120 h (5 days). The collected medium was analyzed for sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG), nitrate and nitrite, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity by zymography, and aggrecan degradation by immunoblotting of aggrecan-G1 and aggrecan-G1-NITEGE fragments. RNA was extracted from the 26 and 50 h treated explants for real time quantitative PCR analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha and IL-1beta treatment caused a 3-5 fold increase in sGAG release with an increase in aggrecanase-specific aggrecan breakdown and an increase in nitrate and nitrite production. L-NMA treatment inhibited almost 50% of the sGAG release caused by TNF-alpha treatment, with concomitant decrease in the aggrecanase-specific-NITEGE neo-epitope of aggrecan released into the medium. No L-NMA effect was identified with IL-1beta. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta both increased a disintegrin and matrix metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS)4 and ADAMTS5 transcription with no effect by L-NMA, suggesting that NO regulates aggrecanase activity at a post-transcriptional level in response to TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta both caused an increase in protease transcription (MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5) and in pro-inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, as well as a decrease in matrix protein transcription, including collagen II, aggrecan, fibromodulin and link protein (IL-1beta only), and an increase in MMP-3 and MMP-9 secretion. L-NMA had no effect on gene transcription or MMP secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO regulates aggrecanase activity at a post-transcriptional level in response to TNF-alpha treatment while having no effect on IL-1beta treated cartilage explants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Tannenbaum
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Grodzinsky
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D002417:Cattle; D017364:Collagenases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004586:Electrophoresis; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C013786:A73025; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D010450:Endopeptidases; D017364:Collagenases; C083641:aggrecanase