title: Effects of a psychosocial family-based preventive intervention on cortisol response to a social challenge in preschoolers at high risk for antisocial behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salivary cortisol levels during social challenge relate to adaptive functioning in children and adults. Low cortisol levels have been related to conduct problems and antisocial behavior. Although studies in rodents implicate early-life social experience in cortisol regulation, no studies with humans have examined the effects of an experimentally manipulated early-life social experience on cortisol regulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of experimental manipulations of social experience on cortisol response to a social challenge in preschoolers at risk for antisocial behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two preschool-age siblings of youths adjudicated for delinquent acts. Intervention Family-based intervention included 22 weekly group sessions for parents and preschoolers and 10 biweekly home visits conducted during a 6- to 8-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salivary cortisol levels before and after a social challenge (entry into an unfamiliar peer group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to controls, children in the intervention condition had increased cortisol levels in anticipation of the peer social challenge. Increases were relative to both preintervention cortisol levels during the challenge and cortisol levels in the home, which were not altered by the intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A family-based preventive intervention for children at high risk for antisocial behavior alters stress response in anticipation of a peer social challenge. The experimentally induced change in cortisol levels parallels patterns found in normally developing, low-risk children.
authors.affiliation: NYU Child Study Center, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Laurie.Brotman@nyumc.org
authors.forename: Laurie Miller
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brotman
authors.forename: Kathleen Kiely
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Gouley
authors.forename: Keng-Yen
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kamboukos
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fratto
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005196:Family Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012919:Social Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone