title: Effect of surgeon on transprosthetic gradients after aortic valve replacement with Freestyle stentless bioprosthesis and its consequences: a follow-up study in 587 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The implantation of stentless valves is technically demanding and the outcome may depend on the performance of surgeons. We studied systematically the role of surgeons and other possible determinants for mid-term survival, postoperative gradients and Quality of Life (QoL) after aortic valve replacement (AVR) with Freestyle stentless bioprostheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 2003, 587 patients (mean 75 years) underwent AVR with stentless Medtronic Freestyle(R) bioprostheses. Follow-up was 99% complete. Determinants of morbidity, mortality, survival time and QoL were evaluated by multiple, time-related, regression analysis. Risk models were built for all sections of the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP): energy, pain, emotional reaction, sleep, social isolation and physical mobility
  
  
  RESULTS
  Actuarial freedom from aortic valve re-operation, structural valve deterioration, non-structural valve dysfunction, prosthetic valve endocarditis and thromboembolic events at 6 years were 95.9 +/- 2.1%, 100%, 98.7 +/- 0.5%, 97.0 +/- 1.5%, 79.6 +/- 4.3%, respectively. The actuarial freedom from bleeding events at 6 years was 93.1 +/- 1.9%. Estimated survival at 6 years was similar to the age-matched German population (61.4 +/- 3.8 %). Predictors of survival time were: diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, renal dysfunction, female gender > 80 years and patients < 165 cm with BMI < 24. Predictive models showed characteristic profiles and good discriminative powers (c-indexes > 0.7) for each of the 6 QoL sections. Early transvalvular gradients were identified as independent risk factors for impaired physical mobility (c-index 0.77, p < 0.002). A saturated propensity score identified besides patient related factors (e.g. preoperative gradients, ejection fraction, haematological factors) indexed geometric orifice area, subcoronary implantation technique and individual surgeons as predictors of high gradients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to the valve size (in relation to body size), subcoronary technique (versus total root) and various patient-related factors the risk of elevated gradients after stentless valve implantation depends, considerably on the individual surgeon. Although there was no effect on survival time and most aspects of QoL, higher postoperative transvalvular gradients affect physical mobility after AVR.
authors.affiliation: Department of cardiac surgery, Heart Institute Lahr/Baden, Hohbergweg 2, 77933 Lahr/Germany. alexander.albert@heart-lahr.com
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Florath
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rosendahl
authors.forename: Wael
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hassanein
authors.forename: Eberhard V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Hodenberg
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ennker
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ennker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D001705:Bioprosthesis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D010819:Physician's Role; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome