title: Common household activities are associated with elevated particulate matter concentrations in bedrooms of inner-city Baltimore pre-school children.
abstract: Asthma disproportionately affects inner-city, minority children in the U.S. Outdoor pollutant concentrations, including particulate matter (PM), are higher in inner-cities and contribute to childhood asthma morbidity. Although children spend the majority of time indoors, indoor PM exposures have been less extensively characterized. There is a public health imperative to characterize indoor sources of PM within this vulnerable population to enable effective intervention strategies. In the present study, we sought to identify determinants of indoor PM in homes of Baltimore inner-city pre-school children. Children ages 2-6 (n=300) who were predominantly African-American (90%) and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were enrolled. Integrated PM(2.5) and PM(10) air sampling was conducted over a 3-day period in the children's bedrooms and at a central monitoring site while caregivers completed daily activity diaries. Homes of pre-school children in inner-city Baltimore had indoor PM concentrations that were twice as high as simultaneous outdoor concentrations. The mean indoor PM(2.5) and PM(10) concentrations were 39.5+/-34.5 and 56.2+/-44.8 microg/m(3), compared to the simultaneously measured ambient PM(2.5) and PM(10) (15.6+/-6.9 and 21.8+/-9.53 microg/m(3), respectively). Common modifiable household activities, especially smoking and sweeping, contributed significantly to higher indoor PM, as did ambient PM concentrations. Open windows were associated with significantly lower indoor PM. Further investigation of the health effects of indoor PM exposure is warranted, as are studies to evaluate the efficacy of PM reduction strategies on asthma health of inner-city children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, 5th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.forename: Patrick N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Breysse
authors.forename: Nadia N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Hansel
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tonorezos
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Curtin-Brosnan
authors.forename: D'Ann L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Peyton A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Eggleston
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Diette
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D011203:Poverty; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution