title: Differential selection for B-raf and Ha-ras mutated liver tumors in mice with high and low susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis.
abstract: Activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is frequently observed in animal and human tumors. In our study, we analyzed B-raf codon 637 (formerly 624) and Ha-ras codon 61 mutations in liver tumors from C3H, B6C3F1 and C56BL mice which differ considerably with regard to their susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis. In total, 73% (102/140) of tumors induced by a single application of N-nitrosodiethylamine or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene contained either B-raf or Ha-ras mutations and only <3% (4/140) were mutated in both genes. In addition, B-raf mutations were present in 76% (19/25) of early precancerous liver lesions. The prevalence of Ha-ras mutated tumors was significantly higher in the susceptible C3H and B6C3F1 mouse strains (39-50%) than in the comparatively resistant C57BL mouse (7%). B-raf mutated tumors, by contrast, were more frequent in C57BL mice (68%) than in the other two strains (17-45%). Taken together, our findings indicate that alterations affecting the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signalling pathway are a hallmark of carcinogen-induced liver tumors in mice. Moreover, our results show that mutational activation of B-raf in liver tumors of different mouse strains is, by contrast to Ha-ras, inversely related to their susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis. Although activated Ras and Raf proteins are assumed to have similar biological effects because they feed into the same signalling pathway, there seem to be subtle strain-specific differences in selection processes favouring the preferential outgrowth of either B-raf or Ha-ras mutated tumor populations in mouse liver.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany. albrecht.buchmann@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Albrecht
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buchmann
authors.forename: Züleyha
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Karcier
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strathmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D011905:Genes, ras; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009154:Mutation; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf