title: Virtual histology intravascular ultrasound assessment of carotid artery disease: the Carotid Artery Plaque Virtual Histology Evaluation (CAPITAL) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the diagnostic accuracy of virtual histology intravascular ultrasound imaging (VH IVUS) of carotid plaque and to assess the feasibility of VH IVUS to identify plaque with embolic potential in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting (CAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients (17 men; mean age 74+/-7 years) were entered nonrandomly into a single-center, prospective, 2-arm study following FDA and Institutional Review Board approval. In one arm, 15 patients underwent VH IVUS examination of carotid plaque with a cerebral protection device immediately followed by carotid endarterectomy (CEA). A comparison of "virtual" with true histology was then performed, classifying plaque type by VH IVUS and histopathology in a blinded study. In the second arm, 15 patients undergoing CAS had a preliminary VH IVUS scan performed with cerebral protection. Debris collected from the filter following stenting was examined histologically and compared with the VH IVUS data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnostic accuracy of VH IVUS to agree with true histology in different carotid plaque types was 99.4% in thin-cap fibroatheroma, 96.1% for calcified thin-cap fibroatheroma, 85.9% in fibroatheroma, 85.5% for fibrocalcific, 83.4% in pathological intimal thickening, and 72.4% for calcified fibroatheroma. Filter debris was captured in 2 patients prior to CEA and in 4 patients undergoing CAS for restenosis; VH IVUS classification of plaque composition was consistent with the histological evaluation of filter fragments. Calcified nodules projecting into the carotid artery lumen were associated with a higher incidence of previous neurological symptoms (66.7% versus 33.3%, p<0.05), while patients on aspirin has significantly less necrotic lipid core plaque detected by VH IVUS than patients not taking aspirin (6.4%+/-4.7% versus 9.7%+/-2.8%, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a strong correlation between VH IVUS plaque characterization and the true histological examination of the plaque following endarterectomy, particularly in "vulnerable" plaque types. The feasibility study to examine VH IVUS data and the filter debris histology in CAS patients supports a larger prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Arizona Heart Hospital & Translational Research Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85006, USA. EDiethrich@azheart.com
authors.forename: Edward B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Diethrich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pauliina Margolis
authors.forename: Donald B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Venkatesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramaiah
authors.forename: Julio A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Lopez
authors.forename: Grayson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wheatley
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Renu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Virmani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004617:Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014584:User-Computer Interface