title: C-reactive protein in nipple aspirate fluid associated with Gail model factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of breast cancers originate in the epithelial lining of the breast ductal system. Premalignant cell damage in this lining may produce biochemical signals that deliver inflammatory proteins to the site. The presence of C-reactive protein (CRP) in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) may reflect an inflammatory state indicative of a premalignant breast microenvironment. This study ascertained CRP's presence in NAF and evaluated if risk factors, as identified by the Gail model, were associated with NAF CRP levels among healthy women.
  
  
  METHODS
  NAF CRP levels were assayed in 59 women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRP was present in NAF and significantly (p = .04) and positively related to breast cancer risk as predicted by the Gail model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRP is differentially present in NAF and varies by Gail model risk factors. CRP in NAF holds promise as a noninvasive biomarker that detects a precarcinogenic breast ductal microenvironment and may contribute to the diagnosis of breast cancer early in the course of the disease when prognosis is most favorable.
authors.affiliation: College of Graduate Nursing at Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA. LithgowNP@aol.com
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lithgow
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nyamathi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elashoff
authors.forename: Otoniel
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Martinez-Maza
authors.forename: Chandice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Covington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D044383:Black People; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People; D016387:Women's Health; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002097:C-Reactive Protein