Androgen-response elements in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: implications for treatment development.
Many attempts have been made to derive genetic signatures for progressive prostate cancer for both prognostic and therapeutic purposes. These investigations have resulted in the discovery of many pathways, but the signatures exhibit heterogeneity and restricted reproducibility. A thorough and disciplined analysis of genes with androgen-response elements that are expressed in progressive, castration-resistant prostate cancer is an integral step towards the development of new therapeutic or diagnostic targets. We discuss the effects of bona-fide downstream targets of the androgen receptor on cellular proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and angiogenesis, and consider the clinical potential of these targets.
Hsieh
Andrew C
AC
Department of Medicine, and UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, 94143, USA. andrew.hsieh@ucsf.edu
Small
Eric J
EJ
Ryan
Charles J
CJ
D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000502:physiology; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1 / Q000502:physiology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000502:physiology; D020218:Response Elements / Q000502:physiology*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
C410798:AR protein, human; D000728:Androgens; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; C496456:FGF8 protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C102196:SREBP cleavage-activating protein; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors