Phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens: the contribution of diet and environment to endocrine disruption.
Some endocrine disrupting compounds such as phthalates and phenols act non-genomically by inhibiting the sulfotransferase (SULT 1E1 and SULT 1A1) isoforms which inactivate estrogens by sulfonation. A range of environmental phenolic contaminants and dietary flavonoids was tested for inhibition of the human SULT 1A1, 1E1 and 2A1 isoforms. In particular, the plasticisers 4-n-octyl- and 4-n-nonyl-phenol inhibit SULT 1E1 with IC(50) values of 0.16 microM vs. 10nM estradiol while the 2-substituted chlorophenols show similar values. Flavonoids are also SULT inhibitors; tricin is a competitive inhibitor of SULT 1E1 with a K(i) of 1.5+/-0.8 nM. In a small pilot study to determine whether ingestion of soy flavonoids would affect SULT1A1 activity in vivo as well as in vitro, sulfonation of daidzein was reduced in a group of women 'at risk' of breast cancer, as compared with controls, although the SULT 1A1*1/SULT 1A1*2 allele ratio was not different. Endocrine disrupting effects in man may be multifactorial when components from both the diet and the environment act at the same point in steroid metabolism.
Waring
R H
RH
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. r.h.waring@bham.ac.uk
Ayers
S
S
Gescher
A J
AJ
Glatt
H-R
HR
Meinl
W
W
Jarratt
P
P
Kirk
C J
CJ
Pettitt
T
T
Rea
D
D
Harris
R M
RM
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015239:Arylsulfotransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*
D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D015262:Xenobiotics; C080417:4-octylphenol; D015238:Sulfotransferases; D015239:Arylsulfotransferase; C117544:SULT1A1 protein, human; C403170:monoamine-sulfating phenol sulfotransferase; C020122:estrone sulfotransferase; C041594:4-nonylphenol