title: Performance of the Khon Kaen Osteoporosis Study (KKOS) score for identifying osteoporosis in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluated the diagnostic performance of Khon Kaen Osteoporosis Study (KKOS) score in identifying osteoporosis in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional investigation in 230 men aged > or = 50 years. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the femoral neck and lumbar spine by DXA (DPX-IQ densitometer LUNAR Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin, USA). The KKOS score was calculated for each man using his age and weight. Men with KKOS scores < or = -1 and > -1 were classified as "high risk" and "low risk", respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of osteoporosis in the entire sample was 17% and 7.4% (n = 39, 17) by femoral neck BMD and lumbar spine BMD, respectively. Using the KKOS score, 80 (34.8%) men were classified as "high risk" (KKOS score < or = -1). The proportion of high risk individuals increased with advancing age, ranging from 16.2% in the 50-65 age group to 64.8% in the > 65 age group. Using BMD from DXA as a gold standard, the overall sensitivity and specificity of KKOS in identifying osteoporosis was 72.5% and 73.2%, respectively. However; the sensitivity was higher at the lumbar spine (94.1% vs. 71.8%) than the femoral neck, while the specificity was comparable. The PPV of KKOS was 36%; and was lower at the lumbar spine (20%) compared to the femoral neck (35%). In the present study, men were classified "high risk" from KKOS, the risk (odds ratio; OR) of osteoporosis at the femoral neck and/or lumbar spine was 7.19 (95% CI: 3.34-15.44). However, the risk of osteoporosis was higher in the younger age (50-65 yr) group (OR: 10.29, 95% CI: 3.31-31.94) compared with the older age (> 65 yr) group (OR: 3.65, 95% CI: 1.12-11.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KKOS scoring system based on age and body weight, is a simple tool for clinicians to make a decision to further DXA testing for identifying osteoporosis in Thai men. This tool had a high sensitivity and specificity, but modest PPV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. pchatl@kku.ac.th
authors.forename: Chatlert
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pongchaiyakul
authors.forename: Ekgaluck
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wanothayaroj
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013785:Thailand