title: Liver fat is increased in type 2 diabetic patients and underestimated by serum alanine aminotransferase compared with equally obese nondiabetic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether type 2 diabetic patients have more liver fat than age-, sex-, and BMI-matched nondiabetic subjects and whether liver enzymes (serum alanine aminotransferase [S-ALT] and serum aspartate aminotransferase) are similarly related to liver fat in type 2 diabetic patients and normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy type 2 diabetic patients and 70 nondiabetic subjects matched for BMI, age, and sex were studied. Liver fat ((1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy), body composition (magnetic resonance imaging), and biochemical markers of insulin resistance were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The type 2 diabetic patients had, on average, 80% more liver fat and 16% more intra-abdominal fat than the nondiabetic subjects. The difference in liver fat between the two groups remained statistically significant when adjusted for intra-abdominal fat (P < 0.05). At any given BMI or waist circumference, the type 2 diabetic patients had more liver fat than the nondiabetic subjects. The difference in liver fat between the groups rose as a function of BMI and waist circumference. Fasting serum insulin (r = 0.55, P < 0.0001), fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.29, P = 0.0006), A1C (r = 0.34, P < 0.0001), fasting serum triglycerides (r = 0.36, P < 0.0001), and fasting serum HDL cholesterol (r = -0.31, P = 0.0002) correlated with liver fat similarly in both groups. The slopes of the relationships between S-ALT and liver fat were significantly different (P = 0.004). Liver fat content did not differ between the groups at low S-ALT concentrations (10-20 units/l) but was 70-200% higher in type 2 diabetic patients compared with control subjects at S-ALT concentrations of 50-200 units/l.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 2 diabetic patients have 80% more liver fat than age-, weight-, and sex-matched nondiabetic subjects. S-ALT underestimates liver fat in type 2 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. anna.kotronen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotronen
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Juurinen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakkarainen
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westerbacka
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cornér
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergholm
authors.forename: Hannele
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yki-Järvinen
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000410:Alanine Transaminase