title: Increased nuclear beta-catenin in suprabasal involved psoriatic epidermis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, increased angiogenesis and inflammation. There is evidence that some keratinocyte differentiation events are controlled by changes in cell-cell adhesion. beta-catenin is a 94-kDa protein which has a dual function as a component of intercellular adherens junctions and also as a transcription factor as part of the Wnt signalling pathway. beta-catenin is not required for keratinocyte proliferation but has been shown to regulate keratinocyte stem cells and hair follicle morphogenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the distribution and function of beta-catenin in involved psoriatic epidermis and in epidermal keratinocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsies were obtained from patients with psoriasis and from normal controls. The distribution of beta-catenin was investigated using antibodies to both total and unphosphorylated active beta-catenin. Luciferase assays were used to measure transcriptional activation of transglutaminase 1 (TGase 1) and involucrin and to investigate the functional role of beta-catenin in interfollicular keratinocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased nuclear beta-catenin was seen in lesional suprabasal psoriatic epidermis compared with uninvolved or normal skin. Increased active unphosphorylated beta-catenin was also detected within the differentiating compartment of involved psoriatic epidermis. Expression of TGase 1 overlapped with beta-catenin in suprabasal lesional psoriasis. The TGase 1 promoter was positively regulated by activated beta-catenin and by the glycogen synthase kinase binding protein, suggesting that beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta may regulate TGase 1 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report to convincingly demonstrate increased beta-catenin in involved psoriasis and to implicate beta-catenin in the regulation of TGase 1. This evidence suggests a role for beta-catenin signalling in regulating keratinocyte differentiation in interfollicular skin in addition to previously reported functions in stem cell fate determination, hair follicle regulation and skin tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. hamptonpj@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hampton
authors.forename: O K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D015603:Keratinocytes; D008297:Male; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051176:beta Catenin; D011503:Transglutaminases; C105804:transglutaminase 1