title: Incidence of ocular pathologies in Italian children with Down syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study identifies the incidence of primary ocular pathologies in a population of Italian children with Down syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 157 Italian children with Down syndrome, age between 1 month and 18 years, were screened between February 2005 and October 2006. The ophthalmologic evaluation included a global inspection of orbit and bulbus oculi, evaluation of ocular motility and visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscopy, cycloplegic skiascopy, tonometry, and indirect ophthalmoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of ocular abnormalities was epicanthal fold (132 patients, 84%), hyperopia (93 patients, 59%), astigmatism (44 patients, 28%), myopia (14 patients, 9%), strabismus (56 patients, 36%, 45 cases of esotropia and 11 cases of exotropia), congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (35 patients, 22%), cataract (18 patients, 11%), nystagmus (9 patients, 6%), blepharitis and conjunctivitis (6 patients, 4%), and retinal anomalies (10 patients, 6%). Unlike previous reports in patients with Down syndrome, no congenital glaucoma, keratoconus, or Brushfield spots were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to other studies in patients with Down syndrome, we observed a higher incidence of hyperopia and a lower incidence of myopia. The incidence of nystagmus, blepharitis,and conjunctivitis was less than that reported in other studies, while strabismus, especially exotropia (20%), had a high incidence in our cohort. We also frequently observed obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct (22%), but no keratoconus or glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fimiani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iovine
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pansini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sebastio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies