title: Panic attacks and risk of incident cardiovascular events among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have documented an association of depression and phobic anxiety with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but little is known about the cardiovascular sequelae of panic anxiety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether panic attacks are associated with risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten clinical centers of the 40-center Women's Health Initiative.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3369 community-dwelling, generally healthy postmenopausal women (aged 51-83 years) enrolled between 1997 and 2000 in the Myocardial Ischemia and Migraine Study who completed a questionnaire about occurrence of panic attacks in the previous 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiovascular/cerebrovascular outcomes (fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke) and all-cause mortality were ascertained after a mean of 5.3 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 6-month history of full-blown panic attacks, endorsed by 10% of postmenopausal women in this cohort, was associated with both coronary heart disease (hazard ratio, 4.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.76-9.99) and the combined end point of coronary heart disease or stroke (hazard ratio, 3.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.60-5.94) after controlling for multiple potential confounders. The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality, excluding those with a history of cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events, was 1.75 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Panic attacks are relatively common among postmenopausal women and appear to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in older women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. jsmoller@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jordan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Smoller
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wassertheil-Smoller
authors.forename: Rebecca D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oberman
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sheps
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016387:Women's Health