title: Primary care visit length, quality, and satisfaction for standardized patients with depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The contribution of physician and organizational factors to visit length, quality, and satisfaction remains uncertain, in part, because of confounding by patient presentation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine associations among visit length, quality, and satisfaction when patient presentation is controlled.
  
  
  METHODS
  A factorial experiment using standardized patients to make primary care visits presenting with either major depression or adjustment disorder, and a musculoskeletal complaint.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-two primary care physicians, each seeing 2 standardized patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visit length was determined from surreptitiously obtained audiorecordings. Other key measures were derived from physician and standardized patient report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean visit length for 294 completed encounters was 22.3 minutes (range = 5.8-72.2, SD = 9.4). Key factors associated with visit length were: physician style (rho = 0.68 and 0.54 after multivariate adjustment), nonprofessional experience with depression (11% longer, 95% CI = 0-23%), practicing within an HMO (26% shorter, 95% CI = 61-90%), and greater practice volume (those working >9 half-day clinic sessions/week had 15% shorter visits than those working fewer than 6, 95% CI = 0-27%, and those seeing >12 patients/half-day had 27% shorter visits than those seeing <10 patients/half-day, 95% CI = 13-39%). Suicidal inquiry (a process-based quality-of-care measure for depression) was not associated with adjusted visit length. Satisfaction was linearly associated with visit length but not with suicide inquiry or follow-up interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite experimental control for clinical presentation, wide variation in visit length persists, largely reflecting individual physician styles. Visit length is a significant determinant of standardized patient satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. DrGeraghty@aol.com
authors.forename: Estella M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Geraghty
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kravitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data