title: Fine needle aspiration cytology of the testis as the first-line diagnostic modality in azoospermia: a comparative study of cytology and histology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Male factors are responsible for about half of all infertility cases. Until recently, testicular biopsy was the standard method to ascertain the aetiology of azoospermia. Fine needle aspiration cytology has gained increasing popularity as a simple and minimally invasive procedure that can help in assessing testicular function accurately. This study was aimed at addressing the question whether testicular fine needle aspiration (FNA) may be used as a first-line diagnostic modality in azoospermia and to assess its usefulness in the diagnostic protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  The FNA was performed in 78 consecutive azoospermic patients. To obviate sampling errors both testes were aspirated, except when contraindicated. Routine haematoxylin and eosin as well as Romanowsky staining was performed on the smears.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The smears were categorized on cytological examination into normal spermatogenesis in 35 (50%) patients, Sertoli cells only syndrome in 22 (31.4%) and maturation arrest at the spermatocyte/spermatid level was seen in 13 (18.4%) patients. There were eight (10.2%) cases with scant smears where cytological diagnosis could not be made. A good correlation between cytological smears and histological sections was found in 54 of 58 testes (93.1%) in which histopathological confirmation was available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Testicular FNA may be utilized as a first-line investigative modality in patients with azoospermia, provided the procedure is performed and interpreted by experts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India. rm8509@gmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehrotra
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chaurasia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult