title: An energy-based population-balance approach to model granule growth and breakage in high-shear wet granulation processes.
abstract: The trend in granule size distribution during the experiment closely followed the predicted model with an initial increase in the weight fraction of the larger granules. This increase was possibly due to extensive breakage of weaker granules and less extensive breakage, as if by attrition, of stronger granules, accompanied by the attachment of dry powder to the cracked surfaces. Eventually, larger granules experience increased impact energy and break. When excess binder is added and, higher volumes of powder reattach to the crack surface, more large granules form leading to granule overgrowth. This model highlights the importance of the probability of impact per unit time interval (ie, the rate of impact), the strength of the granules and the volume of powder that could attach to the cracked surface in high shear granulation processes where significant granule breakage is encountered.
authors.affiliation: Michigan Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global R&D, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Anish P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dhanarajan
authors.forename: Rebanta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
mesh_terms: D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D011208:Powders