title: Clinical assessment of early morning blood pressure in patients with hypertension.
abstract: In most individuals with hypertension, blood pressure (BP) shows a moderate to marked increase around the time of awakening, which has been linked to increases in cardiovascular complications occurring at this time of day. Many antihypertensive agents do not adequately control early morning BP, particularly when administered once daily in the morning. Points to consider in selecting an effective antihypertensive drug include pharmacokinetics and formulation of the agent and timing of administration. Agents with long pharmacologic half-lives, such as the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan, the calcium antagonist amlodipine, and the beta-blocker bisoprolol, are examples of antihypertensive drugs with demonstrated efficacy in controlling early morning BP. Bedtime administration of chronotherapeutic preparations is also effective for controlling early morning BP. Given the association between early morning BP and cardiovascular risk, future clinical trials should focus on the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs during this important period of risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, The Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3940, USA. wwhite@nso1.uchc.edu
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents