title: Is prostate-specific antigen velocity useful in early detection of prostate cancer? A critical appraisal of the evidence.
abstract: Prostate-specific antigen velocity (PSAV) is one of the oldest concepts in PSA screening, yet today it is one of the most controversial. Publication of a wide range of studies with different designs, study populations, and results has fueled uncertainty about the best way to use PSAV and confused the issue of its utility in the early detection setting. Studies of disease prognosis suggest that PSAV is strongly associated with lethal cancers. However, prospective screening trials find that PSAV is at best a weak predictor of high-risk disease. In this commentary, we synthesize and reconcile the evidence about the value of PSAV in the early detection setting. We review recent studies of PSAV and determine a set of statistical considerations that we believe to be critical in study evaluation and interpretation. We explain why the association between PSAV and disease-specific survival does not necessarily imply that PSAV will be a useful screening tool. In addition, we argue that the standard concept of PSAV--the absolute change in PSA per year--confuses disease aggressiveness with the interval from disease onset to detection. We therefore recommend that other methods be explored to incorporate information about PSA kinetics that could ultimately improve--and even transform--how we detect and treat prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Translational and Outcomes Research Group, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave North, M2-B230, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. retzioni@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Ruth D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Etzioni
authors.forename: Donna P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Ankerst
authors.forename: Noel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Lurdes Y T
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen