title: Patients' skin dose during percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this research is to assess the patient's entrance skin dose (ESD) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) in six institutions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Only a few reports are available on the patients' exposure during the procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was approved by all of the six institutional review boards, and all patients gave informed consent. This study included consecutive 72 patients who underwent PCI procedures for CTO in the six institutions. They wore jackets that had 100 radiosensitive indicators adhered to the back during the PCI procedures. The patients' ESDs were calculated from the color difference of the indicators. The total fluoroscopic time, total number of cine frames, and maximal ESD were compared among institutions. To check for effects on the skin, clinical follow-up was performed at 1-2 days, 2 weeks, and 3 months after the PCI procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total fluoroscopic time was 45.0 +/- 24.5 min (range: 10.3-113.0 min) and the total number of cine frames was 4,558 +/- 3,440 (range: 855-22,950). The maximum ESD for each patient was 3.2 +/- 2.1 Gy (range: 0.5-10.2 Gy, median: 2.7 Gy). The average maximum ESDs were significantly different among institutions (P = 0.0006), and they were 1.6-5.3 Gy. Radiation skin injuries were observed in 2 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maximum ESDs during PCI for CTO exceed the thresholds for radiation skin injuries in many cases, although there are differences in the average maximum ESDs among institutions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. s-suzuki@med.teikyo-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furui
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isshiki
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kozuma
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000628:therapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects