title: The effect of medial collateral ligament repair tension on elbow joint kinematics and stability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medial collateral ligament (MCL) repair is commonly performed for the management of acute or subacute instability after elbow dislocations and fracture-dislocations. The effectiveness of transosseous repair of the MCL, as is typically performed clinically, in restoring the normal kinematics and stability of the elbow is of interest as is the effect of MCL tensioning on the initial stability of the elbow. The purpose of this study was to determine whether suture repair of the MCL is able to restore the normal kinematics and stability of the elbow and to determine the optimal initial MCL repair tension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six cadaveric upper extremities were mounted in an upper limb joint simulator. Simulated active and passive elbow flexion was generated while the kinematics were measured with the arm in the dependent and the valgus gravity-loaded orientations. After testing the intact elbow, the MCL was released at its humeral attachment and repaired using a transosseous suture technique at three different repair tensions: 20, 40, and 60 N.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medial collateral ligament repair using a transosseous suture technique restored the kinematics and stability of the MCL-deficient elbow. Motion pathways were affected by the magnitude of initial MCL tension. For all arm orientations and forearm positions, the 20-N and 40-N repairs were not statistically different from each other or from the intact MCL. The 60-N repairs, however, were often statistically different than the other groups, suggesting an overtightening that tended to pull the ulna into a varus position-especially in the midrange of flexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that MCL repair using transosseous sutures provide adequate joint stability to permit early motion. There is a broad range of acceptable tensions for MCL repair, which is a favorable, clinically relevant finding. Clinical studies are needed to validate these in vitro results.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Research Laboratory, The Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care London, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pichora
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Brownhill
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G J W
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000601:surgery*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D013536:Suture Techniques