title: Gender differences in morbidity and health care utilization among adult obstructive sleep apnea patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore gender differences in morbidity and total health care utilization 5 years prior to diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study; patients were recruited between January 2001 and April 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two university-affiliated sleep laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  289 women (22-81 years) with OSA were matched with 289 men with OSA for age, body mass index (BMI), and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). All OSA patients were matched 1:1 with healthy controls by age, geographic area, and primary physician.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with OSA compared to men with OSA have lower perceived health status and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire score (54.5% vs. 28.4%, P <0.05 and 67.5+/-21.4 vs. 76+/-20.1, P <0.05, respectively). Compared to men with OSA, women with OSA have higher risk of hypothyroidism (OR 4.7; 95% CI, 2.3-10) and arthropathy (OR 1.6, 95% CI, 1.1-2.2) and lower risk for CVD (OR 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.91). Compared to controls, both women and men with OSA had 1.8 times higher 5-year total costs (P <0.0001). Compared to men with OSA, expenditures for women with OSA are 1.3 times higher (P <0.0001). The multiple logistic regression (adjusting for BMI, AHI) revealed that age (OR 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07), antipsychotic and anxiolytic drugs (OR 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.4), and asthma (OR 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.6) are independent determinants for "most costly" OSA women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to men with similar OSA severity, women are heavier users of health care resources. Low FOSQ score and poor perceived health status in addition to overuse of psychoactive drugs are associated with high health care utilization among women with OSA.
authors.affiliation: Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenberg-Dotan
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reuveni
authors.forename: Tzahit
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simon-Tuval
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oksenberg
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tarasiuk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001177:Arthropathy, Neurogenic / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016387:Women's Health / Q000191:economics*