title: Enhanced interferon-gamma secretion and antitumor activity of T-lymphocytes activated by dendritic cells loaded with glycoengineered myeloma antigens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunotherapy is emerging as a promising cure for cancer. However, a severe problem in this area is the immune tolerance to tumor cells and tumor-associated antigens, as evidenced by the ability of cancer to escape immune surveillance. To overcome this problem this work examined the potential of improving the antigenicity of myeloma by metabolic engineering of its cell surface carbohydrate antigens (i.e., glycoengineering) and presentation of the modified tumor antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to generate cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs).
  
  
  METHODS
  CD138+ myeloma cells were isolated from 11 multipe myeloma (MM) patients by the immunomagnetic bead method. The MM cells were treated with N-propionyl-D-mannosamine (ManNPr), a synthetic analog of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc), the natural biosynthetic precursor of N-acetyl sialic acid (NeuNAc), to express unnatural N-propionylated sialoglycans. The glycoengineered cells were then induced to apoptosis, and the apoptotic products were added to cultured functional DCs that could present the unnatural carbohydrate antigens to autologous T-lymphocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that the resultant DCs could activate CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, resulting in increased expression of T cell surface markers, including CD8CD28 and CD4CD29. Moreover, upon stimulation by glycoengineered MM cells, these DC-activated T-lymphocytes could release significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma (P < 0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays further showed that the stimulated T-lymphocytes were cytotoxic to glycoengineered MM cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work demonstrated that glycoengineered myeloma cells were highly antigenic and the CTLs induced by the DCs loaded with the unnatural myeloma antigens were specifically cytotoxic to the glycoengineered myeloma. This may provide a new strategy for overcoming the problem of immune tolerance for the development of effective immunotherapies for MM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Qiu-ye
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hong-gang
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ban
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhong-wu
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Daniel Man-yuan
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate / Q000276:immunology*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate; D007371:Interferon-gamma