title: Ketamine for prehospital use: new look at an old drug.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine has been used extensively for analgesia and anesthesia in many situations, including disaster surgery where extra personnel and advanced monitoring are not available. There are many features of ketamine that seem to make it an ideal drug for prehospital use. The reported use of ketamine in the prehospital environment is limited, however. The purpose of this study is to review the experience in the use of ketamine in a regional air ambulance service and suggest indications for its use in the prehospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study of all patients transported by a regional aeromedical program. Patients were included in this study if the crew had used ketamine at any time during the flight. Data regarding the transport collected included patient age, type of transport, indications for ketamine use, and adverse reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the period studied, ketamine was used in 40 patients. The age range was 2 months to 75 years. The indications and situations requiring use were varied and included both trauma and medical patients. Hypotension with need for analgesia, agitation or combativeness and intact airway, or pain unresponsive to narcotic medications were the most common indications for use. Ketamine was used both intravenous and intramuscular, even without intravenous access. There were no adverse reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine is an ideal drug for use in many prehospital situations. Our experience suggests that it is safe, effective, and may be more appropriate than drugs currently used by prehospital providers.
authors.affiliation: Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA. jes@medicine.wisc.edu
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Svenson
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Abernathy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017732:Air Ambulances; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine