title: Biological responses of novel high-toughness double network hydrogels in muscle and the subcutaneous tissues.
abstract: The study evaluated biological reaction of four types of novel double network gels in muscle and subcutaneous tissues, using implantation tests according to the international guideline. The implantation tests demonstrated that, although poly (2-acrylamide-2-metyl-propane sulfonic acid)/poly (N,N'-dimetyl acrylamide) (PAMPS/PDMAAm) gel induced a mild inflammation at 1 week, the degree of the inflammation significantly decreased into the same degree as that of the negative control at 4 and 6 weeks. This gel has a potential to be applied as artificial cartilage. In addition, Cellulose/Gelatin gel showed the same degree of inflammation as that of the negative control at 1 week, and then, showed a gradually absorbable property at 4 and 6 weeks. This gel has a potential to be applied as an absorbable implant. The PAMPS/polyacrylamide and Cellulose/PDMAAm gels induced a significant inflammation at each week. These DN gels are difficult to be applied as clinical implants in the current situation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Reconstruction Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Chinatsu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taniguro
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Onodera
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yong Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jian Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Osada
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002482:Cellulose / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000139:chemically induced; D006244:Hardness; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced; D008422:Materials Testing; D008954:Models, Biological; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011108:Polymers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000099166:Polyacrylamides
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D000180:Acrylic Resins; D002482:Cellulose; D020100:Hydrogels; D011108:Polymers; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D000099166:Polyacrylamides; C429790:poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide); C077118:poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)