title: Insomnia and quality of life in children referred for limb pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with limb pain have significantly diminished quality of life. Although this could result directly from the pain, we investigated the extent to which associated insomnia may contribute.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of pediatric rheumatology clinic patients (age 3-18 yrs) who presented for initial evaluation of limb pain were offered participation. Parents and children, as appropriate, completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0). Validated measures of pain duration and current pain level were provided by the children. Subjects were judged to have substantial insomnia if they had at least 2 of the following symptoms: difficulty falling asleep at night, waking more than twice on average, trouble falling back to sleep, or waking in the morning feeling unrefreshed. Linear regression was used to model the total PedsQL 4.0 score on insomnia, pain duration, and pain level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four subjects were recruited (47 girls, mean age 10 +/-3.9); 25 (33%) had juvenile idiopathic arthritis and 40 (54%) had insomnia. A low PedsQL 4.0 score was predicted by insomnia (p < 0.001), but not by pain duration or level (each p > 0.10). Neither pain level nor duration differed significantly between subjects with or without insomnia (each p > 0.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant insomnia may affect half of the children who present to a pediatric rheumatology clinic for limb pain. Quality of life in this setting may depend more on insomnia than on current level or duration of pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55102, USA. Mona.laplant@childrensmn.org
authors.forename: Mona M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: LaPlant
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Hilary M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Haftel
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Chervin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires