title: Ins and outs of inferior vena cava filters in patients with venous thromboembolism: the experience at Monash Medical Centre and review of the published reports.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are an alternative management strategy to anticoagulation in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, an IVC filter has its own inherent risks and complications and may not be the best management strategy. The aims of this study were to evaluate our institution's practice of permanent Vena Tech (B. Braun Medical S.A., Boulogne, France) and retrievable Gunther Tulip (William Cook Europe, Bjaeverskov) IVC filters and to review the available published reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective single centre audit from the medical record.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-three and 42 patients had a VT and GT filter inserted, respectively. Median age was 57 years for VT and 63 years for GT. The majority (75% for VT and 83% for GT) was inserted for acute VTE and contraindication to anticoagulation. Both filters were efficacious at preventing pulmonary embolism (PE) and there was a low rate of recurrent deep venous thrombosis in both groups. Insertion-related complications were low in both groups. Of the GT filters (n = 42), 16 were deemed an ongoing requirement, and thus, removal was not planned. In a further six patients, there was insufficient documentation as to why removal was not planned. Removal was attempted in 19 patients and was successful in 11. Failure of removal was as a result of clot in the filter (n = 7) or inability to snare it (n = 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the permanent and retrievable filters are efficacious at preventing PE and are associated with a low complication rate. Planned removal of the GT filter may not be possible in a significant proportion of cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. tara.seshadri@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seshadri
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Gan
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D011379:Prognosis; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016306:Vena Cava Filters / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D014739:Victoria