title: Cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats: effect of bupropion, persistence over repeated tests, and its dependence on training dose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The motivational effects of nicotine-associated cues have been demonstrated in animal studies. However, it is unknown whether the effectiveness of nicotine cues in reinstating nicotine-seeking varies with the extent of prior nicotine self-administration. In addition, the issue of whether bupropion (an FDA-approved smoking cessation medication) interferes with the conditioned incentive of nicotine cues remains to be addressed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study determined the relationship of cue-reinstated nicotine-seeking and the levels of prior self-administration and examined the effect of bupropion on cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking in comparison with that on self-administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in daily 1-h sessions to intravenously self-administer nicotine at different doses (0, 0.015, 0.03, 0.06 mg/kg/infusion) and to associate an auditory/visual cue with each nicotine delivery. After extinction, three reinstatement tests at 15 day intervals were conducted with re-presentation of the cue without nicotine delivery. In separate groups of rats trained with 0.03 mg/kg/infusion nicotine, bupropion (0, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to different groups before the reinstatement and in a within-subject design before the self-administration tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cue-induced reinstatement of active lever responses was observed at all nicotine doses in the first reinstatement test, but at only the two highest doses during the second and third tests. The magnitude of reinstatement was positively correlated with level of prior responding for nicotine. Bupropion pretreatment decreased nicotine self-administration but enhanced cue-reinstated nicotine-seeking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the positive correlation of cue-reinstated nicotine-seeking with prior responding for nicotine self-administration and the persistence of the cue effect after taking higher doses of nicotine. The results of pharmacological tests suggest that although it is able to help achieve smoking cessation, bupropion may have little clinical benefit for the prevention of relapse associated with exposure to environmental smoking cues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. xiuliu@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Xiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Caggiula
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Palmatier
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sved
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D016642:Bupropion / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D003463:Cues; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D016642:Bupropion; D009538:Nicotine