title: Anaesthesia for castration of piglets: comparison between intranasal and intramuscular application of ketamine, climazolam and azaperone.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of an anaesthetic combination given either intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) for castration of piglets. Forty piglets aged 4 to 7 days were randomly assigned to receive a mixture of ketamine 15 mg kg-1, climazolam 1.5 mg kg-1 and azaperone 1.0 mg kg-1, IN or IM, 10 minutes prior to castration. Physiological parameters were measured. Castration was videotaped for evaluation by 3 independent observers using a scoring system. Reaction and vocalization to the skin incision and cutting of spermatic cord was evaluated and scored (0 = no reaction, 16 = strong reaction). The IN group had a significantly higher (P < 0.01) castration score, compared to the IM group. There was an association between castration score and room temperature in the IN group (with temperatures below 18 "C associated with a higher castration scores (P < 0.001). Heart rate was significantly higher 10 minutes after castration in the IN group (P < 0.05). Respiratory rate was significantly higher in the IM group at time points -5, -1, 10, 20 and 30 (P < 0.05). The IN group was walking significantly (P < 0.0001) faster than the IM group. In conclusion, this combination provides effective anaesthesia for routine castration of newborn piglets when administered IM. IN administration provided shorter recovery times but had significantly higher castration scores.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern. shannon.gerber@kkh.unibe.ch
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Axiak
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jäggin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Doherr
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schatzmann
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001376:Azaperone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D001376:Azaperone; D007649:Ketamine; C035147:climazolam; D008874:Midazolam