Arsenic induced oxidative stress and the role of antioxidant supplementation during chelation: a review.
Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid, ubiquitously present in the environment in both organic and inorganic forms. Arsenic contamination of groundwater in the West Bengal basin in India is unfolding as one of the worst natural geoenvironmental disaster to date. Chronic exposure of humans to high concentration of arsenic in drinking water is associated with skin lesions, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, Blackfoot disease and high risk of cancer The underlying mechanism of toxicity includes the interaction with the sulphydryl groups and the generation of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress. Chelation therapy with chelating agents like British Anti Lewisite (BAL), sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane 1-sulfonate (DMPS), meso 2,3 dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) etc., is considered to be the best known treatment against arsenic poisoning. The treatment with these chelating agents however is compromised with certain serious drawbacks/side effects. The studies show that supplementation of antioxidants along with a chelating agent prove to be a better treatment regimen. This review attempts to provide the readers with a comprehensive account of recent developments in the research on arsenic poisoning particularly the role of oxidative stress/free radicals in the toxic manifestation, an update about the recent strategies for the treatment with chelating agents and a possible beneficial role of antioxidants supplementation to achieve the optimum effects.
Flora
S J S
SJ
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior-474 002, India. sjsflora@hotmail.com
Bhadauria
Smrati
S
Kannan
G M
GM
Singh
Nutan
N
D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015913:Chelation Therapy; D004112:Dimercaprol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D008550:Melatonin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012643:Selenium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004113:Succimer / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013654:Taurine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015032:Zinc / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000975:Antioxidants; D002614:Chelating Agents; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D004112:Dimercaprol; D014810:Vitamin E; D013654:Taurine; D008063:Thioctic Acid; C091888:monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate; D004113:Succimer; D012643:Selenium; D015032:Zinc; D008550:Melatonin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D000111:Acetylcysteine