title: Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress.
abstract: Increasing cellular glucose uptake is a fundamental concept in treatment of type 2 diabetes, whereas nutritive calorie restriction increases life expectancy. We show here that increased glucose availability decreases Caenorhabditis elegans life span, while impaired glucose metabolism extends life expectancy by inducing mitochondrial respiration. The histone deacetylase Sir2.1 is found here to be dispensable for this phenotype, whereas disruption of aak-2, a homolog of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), abolishes extension of life span due to impaired glycolysis. Reduced glucose availability promotes formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces catalase activity, and increases oxidative stress resistance and survival rates, altogether providing direct evidence for a hitherto hypothetical concept named mitochondrial hormesis or "mitohormesis." Accordingly, treatment of nematodes with different antioxidants and vitamins prevents extension of life span. In summary, these data indicate that glucose restriction promotes mitochondrial metabolism, causing increased ROS formation and cumulating in hormetic extension of life span, questioning current treatments of type 2 diabetes as well as the widespread use of antioxidant supplements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarse
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birringer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ristow
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019069:Cell Respiration; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000235:genetics; D008136:Longevity / Q000235:genetics; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D037761:Sirtuins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C510541:AAK-2 protein, C elegans; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D037761:Sirtuins; D005947:Glucose