title: Detection of cortical inflammatory lesions by double inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant inflammatory pathologic disorder in the cortex of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been demonstrated by ex vivo studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency, time of appearance, and clinical relevance of intracortical lesions (ICLs) in MS in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double inversion recovery sequence study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region. Patients We enrolled 380 patients (116 with clinically isolated syndrome [CIS], 163 with relapsing-remitting MS [RRMS], and 101 with secondary progressive MS [SPMS]) and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers between May 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the frequency and number of ICLs and brain parenchyma fraction, white matter T2 lesion volume, and clinical disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although never observed in healthy volunteers, ICLs were detected in 58% of patients (36% of patients with CIS, 64% of patients with RRMS, and 73% of patients with SPMS). The number of ICLs was higher in patients with SPMS than in those with CIS or RRMS (P <.001), and patients with ICLs had a higher Expanded Disability Status Scale score (P = .004), a higher white matter T2 lesion volume (P = .008), a lower brain parenchyma fraction (P = .009), and a higher frequency of IgG oligoclonal bands (IgGOBs) (P <.001) than patients without ICLs. Patients positive for IgGOBs had more ICLs than patients negative for IgGOBs (P = .02). The number of ICLs correlated with the Expanded Disability Status Scale score (r = 0.48, P <.001), white matter T2 lesion volume (r = 0.38, P = .001), and brain parenchyma fraction (r = -0.47, P = .001). A significant association between ICLs and male sex was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although more frequent in patients with SPMS, ICLs were observed from the early disease stages. The ICLs were more frequently detected in patients with IgGOBs and were associated with a higher clinical disability score and male sex. The ICLs may help to define MS clinical heterogeneity and prognosis in clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region-First Neurology Clinic, University Hospital of Padova,Via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, Italy. calabresem@hotmail.it
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Stefano
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atzori
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mattisi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barachino
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morra
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romualdi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perini
authors.forename: Leontino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Battistin
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G