title: Effect of chemically modified titanium surfaces on protein adsorption and osteoblast precursor cell behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of different chemically modified titanium surfaces on protein adsorption and the osteoblastic differentiation of human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different surfaces were evaluated. The first, a machined surface (Ti-M), was considered a control. The second surface was acid etched (Ti-AE). The third surface was prepared by exposing the Ti-AE samples to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution (Ti-AAE). The surface characteristics of chemically modified titanium were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and profilometry. To evaluate the production of biomarkers, commercial kits were utilized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface composition and morphology affected the kinetics of protein adsorption. Ti-AE surfaces manifested a greater affinity for fibronectin adsorption compared to Ti-M or Ti-AAE surfaces. It was observed that Ti-AE and Ti-AAE surfaces promoted significantly greater cell attachment compared to Ti-M surfaces. Statistically significant differences were also observed in the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin, and osteopontin on all 3 titanium surfaces. ALP activity and osteocalcin production up to day 12 suggested that differentiation of the cells into osteoblasts had occurred and that cells were expressing a bone-forming phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was thus concluded from this study that surface morphology and composition play a critical role in enhancing HEPM cell proliferation and differentiation into osteoblast cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Glass and Ceramics, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jirí
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Protivínský
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Appleford
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strnad
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helebrant
authors.forename: Joo L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000327:Adsorption; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000737:chemistry; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000737:chemistry; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000737:chemistry; D010159:Palate / Q000196:embryology; D010641:Phenotype; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003764:Dental Materials; D005353:Fibronectins; D011506:Proteins; D015675:Osteocalcin; D053495:Osteopontin; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid