title: The association of sidewalk walkability and physical disorder with area-level race and poverty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are significant differences in physical inactivity in various geographical areas and among demographic groups. Previous research suggests that walking is the most common form of physical activity; however, not all built environments support walking for recreational or transportation purposes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which area-level factors, poverty rate and racial distribution, are associated with aspects of the street-scale environment (i.e. sidewalk walkability and physical disorder) using community audits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Street segments were randomly selected from 210 block groups. Pairs of trained auditors walked each street segment using an audit tool designed to capture aspects of the street environment. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the degree of neighborhood (i.e. block group) variation in sidewalk unevenness, sidewalk obstruction and the presence of physical disorder and the association with area-level characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1780 street segments were audited. Block groups that were predominantly African-American were 38 times more likely to have a lot of unevenness, 15 times more likely to have many obstructions, and 12 times more likely to have physical disorder. Poverty rate was not independently associated with sidewalk walkability; however, block groups with the highest poverty rates were 21 times more likely to have physical disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that aspects of the built environment vary by characteristics of the neighborhood. This suggests that there is a differential investment in community infrastructures and resources in neighborhoods that are mostly African-American. This differential investment is likely to influence disparities in rates of physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Transtria, 3525 Watson Road, St Louis, MO 63139, USA. kellycm@gmail.com
authors.forename: Cheryl M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schootman
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Ellen K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Barnidge
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lemes
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004779:Environment Design; D006798:Housing / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008923:Missouri; D009043:Motor Activity; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011204:Poverty Areas; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016138:Walking