title: A comparative human health risk assessment of p-dichlorobenzene-based toilet rimblock products versus fragrance/surfactant-based alternatives.
abstract: A comparison of the human health risk to consumers using one of two types of toilet rimblock products, either a p-dichlorobenzene-based rimblock or two newer fragrance/surfactant-based alternatives, was conducted. Rimblock products are designed for global use by consumers worldwide and function by releasing volatile compounds into indoor air with subsequent exposure presumed to be mainly by inhalation of indoor air. Using the THERdbASE exposure model and experimentally determined emission data, indoor air concentrations and daily intake values were determined for both types of rimblock products. Modeled exposure concentrations from a representative p-dichlorobenzene rimblock product are an order of magnitude higher than those from the alternative rimblock products due to its nearly pure composition and high sublimation rate. Lifetime exposure to p-dichlorobenzene or the subset of fragrance components with available RfD values is not expected to lead to non-cancer-based adverse health effects based on the exposure concentrations estimated using the THERdbASE model. A similar comparison of cancer-based effects was not possible as insufficient data were available for the fragrance components.
authors.affiliation: Syracuse Research Corporation, North Syracuse, New York 13212, USA.
authors.forename: Dallas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Aronson
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: D Anthony
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Guiney
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001822:Body Burden; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D003836:Deodorants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D009812:Odorants / Q000517:prevention & control; D010476:Perfume / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D014038:Toilet Facilities / Q000592:standards*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002722:Chlorobenzenes; D003836:Deodorants; D010476:Perfume; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C018511:4-dichlorobenzene