title: Older age and markers of inflammation are strong predictors of clinical events in women with asymptomatic carotid lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited information exists regarding the association between markers of inflammation, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and fibrinogen, and adverse events in postmenopausal women with subclinical atherosclerosis. Therefore, we investigated the prognostic impact of traditional risk factors and inflammation on adverse cardiac events in women with asymptomatic carotid lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 250 postmenopausal women who were free of cardiovascular disease. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors were investigated, and laboratory analysis included measurement of plasma lipids, fibrinogen, and hs-CRP. The early phases of carotid atherosclerosis were assessed by B-mode ultrasonography. Women were asked about symptoms or a previous history of coronary artery disease and were followed for a period of 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the increment in age (in quintiles) was significantly associated with higher incidence of current smokers (P = 0.0286), hypertension (P = 0.0230), family history of coronary artery disease (P = 0.0216), dyslipidemia (P = 0.0330), and higher levels of fibrinogen (P = 0.0158). Moreover, older women had a higher prevalence of carotid lesions (P < 0.0001). After the follow-up, cardio- and cerebrovascular events were registered in 22% of the women. Using multivariate analysis, we observed that older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.2; P < 0.0001), fibrinogen (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0; P < 0.0001), the presence of carotid lesions (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-3.0; P = 0.0002), and hs-CRP (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0; P = 0.0175) were predictors of adverse events during the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adverse events occurred more frequently in women with higher levels of fibrinogen and hs-CRP. The significance of these results requires confirmation in other studies, but they may have important implications for screening subjects at risk for cardiovascular disease and identifying candidates for anti-inflammatory therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular, and Nephro-Urological Diseases, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. egle.corrado@libero.it
authors.forename: Egle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.forename: Manfredi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Muratori
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coppola
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein