title: Help or hindrance? Is current infection control advice applicable in low- and middle-income countries? A review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-income countries with established infection control programs have demonstrated effective control of infection transmission in health care settings. The guidelines and advice underlying these effective control programs have been produced by high-income countries for their own social, economic, and health environments. These have also been adopted by low- and middle-income (LMI) countries, but these countries appear to have a limited ability to apply these principles using the same methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search for literature published in English was conducted exploring the relationship between the available infection prevention and control advice and the capacity of LMI countries to apply this guidance in their health care settings. Articles relevant to this exploration were identified and subsequently informed further search terms and identified other significant documents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection control guidelines designed for high-income countries are being utilized by LMI countries, with varying degrees of success mainly because of physical, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. There is a lack of published studies exploring the implementation of comprehensive infection control advice and programs, including the minimal advice, which is designed specifically for resource-limited settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  What is evident from the literature is that there is a need for the development of infection control and prevention guidelines based on evidence but adapted to the specific needs of health care workers in LMI countries. This must be done in collaboration with those same LMI countries' health care workers. Equally, because of finance and health priorities, health care facilities should choose those interventions most relevant to the needs of their population and workers to prevent infection transmission. Opportunities for further research into application of available infection control advice in LMI countries are identified. Through such research, more appropriate advice may be devised to assist with the development of infection control programs in these settings.
authors.affiliation: International Health Services, The Albion Street Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, South East Sydney and Illawarra Health Service, New South Wales, Australia. petaanne.zimmerman@gmail.com
authors.forename: Peta-Anne
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000191:economics*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic