title: Cancer risk among the relatives of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death; the most consistently identified risk factors are smoking and family history. Our aims were to examine familial aggregations of pancreas and other cancers, and to determine the relative risk of the family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively collected data on the families of patients presenting with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Smoking habits and alcohol consumption of the probands were compared with the available statistics on the Italian population. Mortality from cancer was investigated in first-degree relatives, and age-dependent risks of dying from pancreatic cancer and other tumors were compared with background population levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data for 570 families were collected, including 9,204 relatives. Probands were 3- to 5-fold more often heavy smokers than the general population, and 9.3% of them reported a positive family history of pancreatic cancer. In first-degree relatives, only mortality from pancreatic cancer was significantly increased (relative risk at age 85 years = 2.7). Lifetime risk of dying of pancreas cancer was 4.1% for the relatives of all probands, and was 7.2% for the relatives of probands who developed disease before 60 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that genetic susceptibility to pancreatic cancer may be attributable, in addition to BRCA2, to moderate- to low-penetrance gene(s).
authors.affiliation: Regional Referral Center for Pancreatic Diseases Treatment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. marco.delchiaro@virgilio.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Chiaro
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zerbi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falconi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertacca
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polese
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Boggi
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casari
authors.forename: Bianca Maria
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Longoni
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salvia
authors.forename: Maria Adelaide
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Caligo
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pederzoli
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Presciuttini
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000235:genetics*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects