title: Very low birth weight increases risk for sleep-disordered breathing in young adulthood: the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether very low birth weight (<1500 g) is associated with the risk of sleep-disordered breathing in young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a retrospective longitudinal study of 158 young adults born with very low birth weight and 169 term-born control subjects (aged 18.5-27.1 years). The principal outcome variable was sleep-disordered breathing defined as chronic snoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crude prevalence of chronic snoring was similar in both groups: 15.8% for the very low birth weight group versus 13.6% for the control group. However, after controlling for the confounding variables in multivariate logistic regression models (age, gender, current smoking, parental education, height, BMI, and depression), chronic snoring was 2.2 times more likely in the very low birth weight group compared with the control group. In addition, maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly and independently of very low birth weight related to risk of sleep-disordered breathing. Maternal preeclampsia, standardized birth weight, and, for very low birth weight infants, small-for-gestational-age status were not related to sleep-disordered breathing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premature infants with very low birth weight have a twofold risk of sleep-disordered breathing as young adults. In addition, maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of sleep-disordered breathing by more than twofold.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, PO Box 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. juulia.paavonen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: E Juulia
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Paavonen
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strang-Karlsson
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: Anu-Katriina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pesonen
authors.forename: Petteri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hovi
authors.forename: Sture
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Anna-Liisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Järvenpää
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kajantie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012913:Snoring / Q000503:physiopathology