title: Long-term intake of resistant starch improves colonic mucosal integrity and reduces gut apoptosis and blood immune cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The potential effect of a long-term intake of resistant starch on colonic fermentation and on gut morphologic and immunologic indices of interest in bowel conditions in humans was studied in pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen growing pigs were meal fed for 14 wk on a diet containing a large amount of raw potato starch (RPS; resistant starch) or corn starch (CS; digestible starch). Effects were assessed in the colon from the physicochemical properties of digesta and in the intestinal morphology, including lymphocytic infiltration, apoptosis, and proliferation activities. Hematologic and blood leukocyte cell subsets analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 97 d, the digestive content from RPS pigs was heavier than for CS pigs, producing a hypertrophy of tunica muscularis (P < 0.05). The proportion of butyrate was two-fold higher in proximal colon digesta in RPS pigs (P < 0.05). RPS-fed pigs had reduced apoptosis in the crypts, lamina propria and lymphoid nodules in the colon, and ileal Peyer's patches (P < 0.05). Fermentation of RPS reduced indices associated with damage to epithelial cells, such as crypt cell proliferation and magnesium excretion, whereas mucin sulfuration was increased, which promotes epithelial protection. The numbers of intraepithelial T cells and of blood leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, mainly T-helper lymphocytes, were reduced in RPS pigs (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term intake of RPS induces pronounced changes in the colonic environment, reduces damage to colonocytes, and improves mucosal integrity, reducing colonic and systemic immune reactivity, for which health benefits in inflammatory conditions are likely to be associated.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. miquel.nofrarias@cresa.uab.cat
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nofrarías
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martínez-Puig
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pujols
authors.forename: Natàlia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Majó
authors.forename: José F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pérez
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002087:Butyrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004063:Digestion; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D011897:Random Allocation; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D013213:Starch