title: Microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial toxin, induces growth inhibition and histological alterations in common reed (Phragmites australis) plants regenerated from embryogenic calli.
abstract: The aim of this study was to establish the histological effects of exposure to microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a cyanotoxin, on axenic Phragmites australis plantlets. Plantlets were regenerated from embryogenic reed calli by tissue culture methods. Microcystin-LR inhibited the growth and development of embryogenic calli and the growth of reed plantlets. The 50% plantlet growth inhibitory concentration value (IC50) of MC-LR was 12 microg ml(-1) (12.07 microM) on mineral medium and 36 microg ml(-1) (36.22 microM) on Murashige-Skoog medium. In the case of roots, the IC50 value was 4.1 microg ml(-1) (4.12 microM) on both media. Microcystin-LR induced aerenchyma obturation, altered lignification of cell walls in the axial organs, root necrosis and the capture of lateral or adventitious roots in the tissues of axial organs of reed plantlets. Cyanotoxin induced the premature development of lateral roots, root coalescence and early aerenchyma formation. Our data suggest that microcystin-LR, a cyanotoxin, induced developmental and histological alterations leading to growth inhibition of reed, and the induced harms have an impact on understanding reed decay in eutrophic fresh waters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Máthé
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
authors.forename: Márta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: M-Hamvas
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vasas
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gyula
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Surányi
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bácsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
authors.forename: Dániel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
authors.forename: Szilvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tóth
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
authors.forename: Miklós
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tímár
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borbély
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005068:Eutrophication; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects; D006109:Poaceae / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D012038:Regeneration; D027343:Rhizome / Q000187:drug effects; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; C057862:cyanoginosin LR