title: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV among women who chose not to exclusively breastfeed their infants in Pune, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The percentage of HIV cases attributed to mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) has increased several fold in recent years. No reports are available on HIV MTCT rates among HIV-infected choosing not be exclusively breastfeed their infants in India. We examined HIV MTCT rates among 41 Indian women in a prospective cohort who chose predominantly not to exclusively breastfeed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 41 women, 27 (66%) received MTCT prophylaxis: 3 received short course zidovudine (AZT), 19 single-dose nevirapine (NVP), and 5 both AZT and NVP. Maternal HIV-I RNA levels (viral load) were measured at the time of delivery. Infants were tested for HIV-1 infection by PCR up to 11 times is first year of life and viral load was measured in PCR positive infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All infants received single dose NVP. Thirty two (76%) infants were exclusively formula-fed, 10 (24%) were mixed fed. Four infants were diagnosed with HIV infection for an overall 12- month transmission probability of 8 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI) of 3.2 to 22.1%]. Restricting analysis to 31 women who exclusively formula-fed, only one (3.1%) transmission event occurred. The 41 HIV-infected women gave birth to 42 live-born infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data from a small cohort of HIV-infected women suggest that short-course AZT or single dose NVP are effective in reducing MTCT in an Indian setting. Larger studies are needed to assess HIV MTCT rates in India, but in this small study rates were comparable to that observed among women who chose not to exclusively breastfeed in other resource-limited settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. agupta25@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupte
authors.forename: Jayagowri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sastry
authors.forename: Kapila E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bharucha
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhosale
authors.forename: Poorva
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Srikanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripathy
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Mridula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phadke
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bollinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015215:Zidovudine; D019829:Nevirapine