title: Radiation doses to children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus are still followed routinely with frequent head CT scans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the effective dose, brain and lens doses from these examinations during childhood, and to assess dose variation per examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children born between 1983 and 1995 and treated for hydrocephalus between 1983 and 2002 were included. We retrospectively registered the number of examinations and the applied scan parameters. The effective dose was calculated using mean conversion factors from the CT dose index measured free in air, while doses to the lens and brain were estimated using tabulated CT dose index values measured in a head phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 687 CT examinations were performed in 67 children. The mean effective dose, lens dose and brain dose to children over 6 months of age were 1.2 mSv, 52 mGy and 33 mGy, respectively, and the corresponding doses to younger children were 3.2 mSv, 60 mGy and 48 mGy. The effective dose per CT examination varied by a factor of 64.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the children was exposed to doses known to cause deterministic effects. However, since the threshold for radiation-induced damage is not known with certainty, alternative modalities such as US and MRI should be used whenever possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stord Hospital, Helse Fonna, Stord, Norway.
authors.forename: Lise Jofrid
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Holmedal
authors.forename: Eva Godske
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Friberg
authors.forename: Ingelin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Børretzen
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olerud
authors.forename: Liv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laegreid
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosendahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt