title: Apathy and depression in Alzheimer's disease are associated with functional deficit and psychotropic prescription.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apathy and depression are the most common neuropsychiatric features in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The clinical and functional specific correlates of these syndromes are not well known independently from cognitive deficits and other behavioral disturbances.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and eighty-six patients diagnosed with possible or probable AD were included in a prospective multicenter study (REAL-FR). They had an assessment of their cognitive and functional status. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and caregiver's burden was measured with Zarit's Burden Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A majority of patients at any stage of the disease presented with one or several behavioral and psychological disturbances. Apathy concerned 43% of patients and, with or without depression, was associated with more pronounced deficits in global cognition, everyday life and instrumental abilities, nutritional status and with a higher burden level. A high level of psychotropic prescription, especially with antidepressant, was observed in patients with apathy. In a multivariate analysis taking into account the cognitive and functional variables of AD, apathy and depression were the only significant predictors of psychotropic prescription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some negative neuropsychiatric symptoms such as apathy and depression have a specific relation with functional and therapeutic outcomes of AD, independently from cognitive status. Further studies are needed to establish if apathy represents a particularly severe phenotype of AD.
authors.affiliation: Centre mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France. benoit.m@chu-nice.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andrieu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lechowski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gillette-Guyonnet
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vellas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053609:Lethargy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs