title: Physiological and transcriptional responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to zinc limitation in chemostat cultures.
abstract: Transcriptional responses of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Zn availability were investigated at a fixed specific growth rate under limiting and abundant Zn concentrations in chemostat culture. To investigate the context dependency of this transcriptional response and eliminate growth rate-dependent variations in transcription, yeast was grown under several chemostat regimens, resulting in various carbon (glucose), nitrogen (ammonium), zinc, and oxygen supplies. A robust set of genes that responded consistently to Zn limitation was identified, and the set enabled the definition of the Zn-specific Zap1p regulon, comprised of 26 genes and characterized by a broader zinc-responsive element consensus (MHHAACCBYNMRGGT) than so far described. Most surprising was the Zn-dependent regulation of genes involved in storage carbohydrate metabolism. Their concerted down-regulation was physiologically relevant as revealed by a substantial decrease in glycogen and trehalose cellular content under Zn limitation. An unexpectedly large number of genes were synergistically or antagonistically regulated by oxygen and Zn availability. This combinatorial regulation suggested a more prominent involvement of Zn in mitochondrial biogenesis and function than hitherto identified.
authors.affiliation: Yeast Research Group, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Abertay, Dundee DD1 1HG, Scotland.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Nicola
authors.forename: Lucie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hazelwood
authors.forename: Erik A F
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: De Hulster
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Theo A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Knijnenburg
authors.forename: Marcel J T
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reinders
authors.forename: Graeme M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Jack T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pronk
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Daran
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Daran-Lapujade
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009172:Mycology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D018085:Regulon / Q000235:genetics; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014199:Trehalose / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D002244:Carbon; D006003:Glycogen; D014199:Trehalose; D015032:Zinc; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen