title: Optical information for car following: the driving by visual angle (DVA) model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study developed and tested a model of car following by human drivers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous models of car following are based on 3-D parameters such as lead vehicle speed and distance information, which are not directly available to a driver. In the present paper we present the driving by visual angle (DVA) model, which is based on the visual information (visual angle and rate of change of visual angle) available to the driver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experiments in a driving simulator examined car-following performance in response to speed variations of a lead vehicle defined by a sum of sine wave oscillations and ramp acceleration functions. In addition, the model was applied to six driving events using real world-driving data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model provided a good fit to car-following performance in the driving simulation studies as well as in real-world driving performance. A comparison with the advanced interactive microscopic simulator for urban and nonurban networks (AIMSUN) model, which is based on 3-D parameters, suggests that the DVA was more predictive of driver behavior in matching lead vehicle speed and distance headway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Car-following behavior can be modeled using only visual information to the driver and can produce performance more predictive of driver performance than models based on 3-D (speed or distance) information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DVA model has applications to several traffic safety issues, including automated driving systems and traffic flow models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. andersen@ucr.edu
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Sauer
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001336:Automobiles; D002140:California; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012495:San Francisco; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*