title: CC chemokine ligand-5 (CCL5/RANTES) and CC chemokine ligand-18 (CCL18/PARC) are specific markers of refractory unstable angina pectoris and are transiently raised during severe ischemic symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemokines play an important role in atherogenesis and in ischemic injury and repair; however, prospective data on individual chemokines in unstable angina pectoris (UAP) are scarce. Therefore, we assessed chemokine patterns in a prospective cohort of patients with UAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma samples of 54 patients with Braunwald class IIIB UAP were examined at baseline for 11 chemokines and 5 inflammatory mediators via multiplex analysis. Levels of CC chemokine ligand (CCL)-5 (also known as RANTES [regulated on activation, normally T-cell expressed, and secreted]; 32.7 versus 23.1 ng/mL, P=0.018) and CCL18 (also known as PARC [pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine]; 104.4 versus 53.7 ng/mL, P=0.011) were significantly elevated in patients with refractory ischemic symptoms versus stabilized patients. Temporal monitoring by ELISA of CCL5, CCL18, and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40) levels revealed a drop in CCL5 and sCD40L levels in all UAP patients from day 2 onward (CCL5 12.1 ng/mL, P<0.001; sCD40L 1.35 ng/mL, P<0.05), whereas elevated CCL18 levels were sustained for at least 2 days, then were decreased at 180 days after inclusion (34.5 ng/mL, P<0.001). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed increased protein expression of chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 in CD3+ and CD14+ cells at baseline compared with 180 days after inclusion, whereas mRNA levels were downregulated, which was attributable in part to a postischemic release of human neutrophil peptide-3-positive neutrophils and in part to negative feedback. Finally, elevated CCL5 and CCL18 levels predicted future cardiovascular adverse events, whereas C-reactive protein and sCD40L levels did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We are the first to report that CCL18 and CCL5 are transiently raised during episodes of UAP, and peak levels of both chemokines are indicative of refractory symptoms. Because levels of both chemokines, as well as of cognate receptor expression by circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells, are increased during cardiac ischemia, this may point to an involvement of CCL5/CCL18 in the pathophysiology of UAP and/or post-UAP responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Einthoven Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine C5-P, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Kraaijeveld
authors.forename: S C A
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: de Jager
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: de Jager
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Prakken
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: McColl
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Haspels
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Putter
authors.forename: T J C
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: van Berkel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nagelkerken
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jukema
authors.forename: E A L
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Biessen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000097:blood; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000097:blood*; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000097:blood*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054388:Receptors, CCR / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration
chemical_list: C111792:CCL18 protein, human; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D054388:Receptors, CCR; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D002097:C-Reactive Protein