title: Cognitive complaints and cognitive impairment following BEP chemotherapy in patients with testicular cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing concern that some cytotoxic regimens for cancer affect cognitive functioning. This study examined the prevalence of cognitive complaints and deficits in testicular cancer (TC) patients treated with the worldwide standard BEP (bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin) chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy TC patients treated with BEP chemotherapy after surgery (S + CT) were examined with interviews and neuropsychological tests. These patients were compared with 57 TC patients treated with radiotherapy after surgery (S + RT) and with 55 TC patients that received surgery only (S). Patients were examined a median of 3 years after completion of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty two percent of the S + CT patients reported cognitive complaints compared with 32% of the S + RT patients and 27% of the S patients (p = 0.85). No differences in mean cognitive test performance were observed between the groups. On individual impairment scores, more S + CT patients showed cognitive dysfunction compared with S patients, but not compared with S + RT patients (S + CT versus S [p = 0.038, OR = 4.6, CI = 1.1-19.7], S + CT versus S + RT [p = 0.70, OR = 0.8, CI = 0.3-2.4] and S + RT versus S [p = 0.070, OR = 3.7, CI = 0.8-15.7). Cognitive complaints were not related to cognitive test performance, but to emotional distress and fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive complaints are common among TC patients, independent of treatment modality. These complaints are related to emotional distress and fatigue and not to formal cognitive deficits. The finding of a small group of TC patients treated with chemotherapy exhibiting cognitive deficits should be confirmed in a prospective study before we can decide on its cause and relevance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.schagen@nki.nl
authors.forename: Sanne B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Schagen
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boogerd
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Wim Ten Bokkel
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Huinink
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moonen
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meinhardt
authors.forename: Frits S A M
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Van Dam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001761:Bleomycin; D005047:Etoposide; D002945:Cisplatin