title: Platelet binding and biodistribution of [99mTc]rBitistatin in animal species and humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  99mTc recombinant bitistatin (rBitistatin) is a radioligand for alphaIIbbeta3 (glycoproteins IIb/IIIa) receptor on platelets and is being developed as a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical for in vivo imaging of acute thrombi and emboli. Prior to the first administration of [99mTc]rBitistatin to human subjects, its biodistribution and effects on platelets were evaluated in animals. This paper reports findings in animal studies in comparison with initial findings in normal human subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  [99mTc]rBitistatin was administered to mice, guinea pigs and dogs to assess time-dependent organ distribution, urinary excretion and blood disappearance rates. Blood samples were analyzed to determine radioligand binding to circulating platelets and the extent of plasma protein binding. The effect of [99mTc]rBitistatin on circulating platelet count was determined. These factors were also determined in normal human subjects who received [99mTc]rBitistatin as part of a Phase I clinical trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main organs that accumulated [99mTc]rBitistatin were kidneys, liver and spleen in all animal species and humans. The main organs seen on human images were the kidneys and spleen. Liver uptake was fainter, and soft-tissue background was low. [99mTc]rBitistatin bound to circulating platelets in blood, with a higher percentage of binding to platelets in guinea pigs and dogs compared to that in humans. Plasma protein binding was low and of little consequence in view of platelet binding. The main route of excretion was through the urine. [99mTc]rBitistatin did not affect platelet counts in humans or dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  [99mTc]rBitistatin, when administered at low doses for imaging, has no adverse effects on platelets and has the qualitative biodistribution predicted by animal studies. [99mTc]rBitistatin was found to bind to circulating platelets in humans, suggesting that it will be able to bind to activated platelets in vivo in patients with acute thrombi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. lknight@temple.edu
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Jan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Lewis T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Bright
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agelan
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kantor
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004285:Dogs; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D010455:Peptides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012910:Snake Venoms; D013045:Species Specificity; D013667:Technetium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012910:Snake Venoms; C062186:bitistatin; D013667:Technetium