title: A phase II trial of doxorubicin and interferon alpha 2b in advanced, non-medullary thyroid cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The combination of doxorubicin and interferon alpha is supported by preclinical data. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of this combination in patients with advanced thyroid cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with locally recurrent or metastatic, radioiodine- refractory thyroid cancer, excluding medullary carcinoma, were treated with interferon alpha-2b 12 million units/m2 subcutaneously on days 1-5 and doxorubicin 40 mg/m2 intravenously, on day 3, every 28 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  17 patients, 15 with well differentiated and 2 with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, were enrolled; median age was 69 years. Three patients had received radiation plus low dose doxorubicin previously. In 16 patients assessable for response, 1 patient (6%), who had follicular carcinoma, achieved a partial response and 10 patients (62.5%) stable disease as best response. Median time to progression was 5.9 months and median overall survival 26.4 months. In 14 evaluable patients, 5 (36%) had a thyroglobulin response (30% or more reduction in serum levels). Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 76% of patients and neutropenic fever in 24%. Other grade 3/4 adverse events included fatigue (41%), rigors (18%), fever (6%), nausea/vomiting (29%), anorexia (29%), stomatitis (24%), vision disturbances (18%), neuropathy (18%), and hyponatremia (6%). One patient developed heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doxorubicin and interferon alpha was associated with considerable toxicities but modest antitumor activity in patients with advanced, non-medullary thyroid cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Cancer Pavilion, 5th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA. argirisae@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Athanassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Argiris
authors.forename: Sanjiv S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Agarwala
authors.forename: Michalis V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Karamouzis
authors.forename: Lynn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Burmeister
authors.forename: Sally E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Carty
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015996:Survival Rate; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004317:Doxorubicin; D013954:Thyroglobulin