title: Detailed technical analysis of urine RNA-based tumor diagnostics reveals ETS2/urokinase plasminogen activator to be a novel marker for bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The noninvasive detection of RNA tumor markers in body fluids represents an attractive diagnostic option, but diagnostic performance of tissue-derived markers is often poorer when measured in body fluids rather than in tumors. We aimed to develop a procedure for measurement of tumor RNA in urine that would minimize donor-dependent influences on the results.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNA isolated from urinary cell pellet, cell-depleted fraction, and whole urine was quantified by reverse transcription quantitative-PCR. The donor-dependent influence of urine background on individual steps of the standardized procedure was analyzed using an external RNA standard. Using a test set of samples from 61 patients with bladder cancer and 37 healthy donors, we compared 4 putative RNA tumor markers identified in whole urine with 5 established, tissue-derived RNA tumor markers for the detection of bladder cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the markers analyzed by this system, the RNA ratio of v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 (avian; ETS2) to urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) enabled the most specific (100%) and sensitive (75.4%) detection of bladder cancer from whole urine, with an area under the curve of 0.929 (95% CI 0.882-0.976).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described methodology for RNA marker detection in urine appears to be clinically applicable. The ratio of ETS2 mRNA to uPA mRNA in urine is a potential marker for bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Kompetenzzentrum fuer Drug Design und Target Monitoring, Luebeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Merle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanke
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kausch
authors.forename: Gerlinde
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dahmen
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jocham
authors.forename: Jens M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Warnecke
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050787:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012313:RNA / Q000652:urine*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C494069:ETS2 protein, human; D050787:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2; D012313:RNA; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator