title: Rapidly dissolving repaglinide powders produced by the ultra-rapid freezing process.
abstract: The objective of the study was to produce rapidly dissolving formulations of the poorly water-soluble drug repaglinide using an innovative new technology, ultra-rapid freezing (URF), and to investigate the influence of excipient type on repaglinide stability. Repaglinide compositions containing different types and levels of excipients and different drug potencies (50%-86%) were produced by the URF technology. Repaglinide/excipient solutions were frozen on a cryogenic substrate, collected, and lyophilized to form a dry powder. Surfactants, including sodium dodecyl sulfate, and alkalizing agents such as diethanolamine (DEA) and tromethamine (TRIS) were incorporated into the compositions. Forced degradation of repaglinide was conducted under stressed conditions (eg, elevated temperature, exposure to peroxide) to determine the stability of the drug in such environments. The solubility of repaglinide increased as a function of increasing pH; therefore, incorporation of an alkalizing agent into the URF formulations increased the drug's solubility. Drug instability resulted when the drug was exposed to pH values above 9.0. URF formulations containing alkalizing agents showed no degradation or spontaneous recrystallization in the formulation, indicating that increased stability was afforded by processing. URF processing created nanostructured drug/excipient particles with higher dissolution rates than were achieved for unprocessed drug. Alkalizing agents such as TRIS and DEA, present at levels of 25% to 33% wt/wt in the formulations, did not cause degradation of the drug when processed using URF. URF processing, therefore, yielded fast-dissolving formulations that were physically and chemically stable, resistant to alkali degradation or spontaneous recrystallization in the formulation.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Troy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Purvis
authors.forename: Michal E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mattucci
authors.forename: M Todd
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Crisp
authors.forename: Keith P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D002219:Carbamates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005615:Freezing; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010880:Piperidines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011208:Powders; D012995:Solubility; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D010880:Piperidines; D011208:Powders; C072379:repaglinide