title: The management of pain in children with life-limiting illnesses.
abstract: The management of pain in children with life-limiting illnesses is complex and unfortunately not often done effectively. Pain is a multidimensional symptom that can overshadow all other experiences of both the child and family. This article focuses on topics common to practitioners caring for children with lifelimiting illnesses, including a review of myths and obstacles to achieving adequate pain control, a review of the pathophysiology of pain, an overview of the use of opioids in children, an approach to the management of neuropathic pain, and a brief discussion of nonpharmacologic pain management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Pain and Palliative Care, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 2525 Chicago Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA.
authors.forename: Stefan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Friedrichsdorf
authors.forename: Tammy I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003061:Codeine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine; D010098:Oxycodone; D004091:Hydromorphone; D008691:Methadone; D005283:Fentanyl; D003061:Codeine