title: Assessment of mild hindlimb lameness during over ground locomotion using linear discriminant analysis of inertial sensor data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hindlimb lameness is common and can be difficult to diagnose or quantify in evaluating response to nerve blocks. An objective measure of lameness can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment's contribution to evidence-based medicine. The inertial sensor system can be used to capture 6 degree of freedom movement during over ground locomotion and here was used to quantify tuber coxae movement in nonlame and lame horses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Tuber coxae movement is useful for discriminating between nonlame and lame horses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure left and right tuber coxae movement in lame and nonlame horses during over ground locomotion and to implement a linear discriminant analysis to discriminate between lame and nonlame horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two inertial sensors were attached to the skin over left and right tuber coxae of 21 horses (9 mildly and 12 not lame). Horses were trotted on a hard surface. A total of 1021 strides were collected. For each stride 34 features were extracted from the dorsoventral and craniocaudal movement and used in 2 different classification scenarios (lame vs. nonlame or left lame, right lame and nonlame) using linear discriminant analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six degree of freedom inertial sensors were successfully used to collect kinematic data continuously from left and right tuber coxae in horses during over ground locomotion. These data were used for an automated classification of lameness. In the first scenario, a sensitivity of 89% was achieved with a specificity of 75%. In the second scenario, all horses could be correctly assigned to the correct class in a simple 3 class reclassification test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A mobile system that reliably detects and quantifies hindlimb lameness in horses during unconstrained locomotion could be a valuable tool to perform an evidence-based assessment of lameness in horses in a clinical setting, e.g. before and after nerve blocks or before and after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfau
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Robilliard
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jespers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eliashar
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000503:physiopathology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted