title: Phenomenology and prognostic significance of delusions in major depressive disorder: a 10-year prospective follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study explored the phenomenology and prognostic significance of delusions in major depressive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 452 patients with DSM-III major depression, we selected those with at least one belief fulfilling both DSM-III prerequisites for a delusion (i.e., being of "delusional proportions" and being maintained with "delusional intensity"). These patients were compared to the others with respect to demographic, historical, and index episode features; time spent in a depressive episode during a prospective observation period; and 10-year outcome. The same comparisons were made between patients with mood-incongruent delusions and those with mood-congruent delusions only. The study covered the period between January 1, 1978, and December 31, 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 20% of patients had at least one delusion in their index episode. An additional 5.3% had a belief fulfilling only one of the DSM-III prerequisites for a delusion. In about one quarter of delusional patients, the index episode was not "severe." Almost 10% of delusional patients had both mood-congruent and mood-incongruent delusions. In patients with delusions, time to syndromal recovery from index episode was longer and antipsychotic medication was more frequently used (both p < .0001). The presence of delusions predicted a higher depressive morbidity during the prospective observation period (p < .05), but not a poorer 10-year outcome. No variable discriminated patients with mood-incongruent delusions from those with mood-congruent delusions only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of delusions in a major depressive episode has significant therapeutic and short-term prognostic implications. However, the boundary between delusions and nondelusional sustained preoccupations is somewhat fuzzy, and some DSM-IV assumptions concerning psychotic depression (i.e., that this depression is always "severe"; that in an individual patient, delusions will be either all congruent or all incongruent with depressed mood; and that mood-incongruent delusions are associated with a poorer prognosis) may be unwarranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy. majmario@tin.it
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maj
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pirozzi
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magliano
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiorillo
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bartoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003710:Demography; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires