title: Metabolically active microbial communities of yellow and grey colonizations on the walls of Altamira Cave, Spain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the major components of total and metabolically active microbial communities of yellow and grey colonizations threatening the conservation of palaeolithic paintings in Altamira Cave (Spain).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Micro-organisms present in yellow and grey colonizations were determined from DNA analysis with those showing metabolic activity determined from RNA analysis. Microbial community fingerprints were obtained by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rDNA libraries were constructed from PCR amplified products. Proteobacteria was the most frequent bacterial phylum. Other phyla detected from RNA-based microbial surveys were Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae and Gemmatimonadetes. The detected metabolically active micro-organisms represented only a fraction of the total bacterial community present in the studied colonizations as compared from DGGE analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major bacterial participants in the development of yellow and grey colonizations in Altamira Cave were determined using RNA-based molecular techniques. Micro-organisms showing undetectable activity represent a potential risk for the conservation of these paintings if environmental conditions experience variations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caves with palaeolithic paintings are affected by microbial deterioration. Assessing the composition of the microbial communities colonizing these caves represents a first stage to understand and control these colonizations.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Reina Mercedes, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Portillo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saiz-Jimenez
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D020378:Confined Spaces; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010151:Paintings; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S