title: Preparatory activity in occipital cortex in early blind humans predicts auditory perceptual performance.
abstract: Early onset blindness leads to a dramatic alteration in the way the world is perceived, a change that is detectable in the organization of the brain. Several studies have confirmed that blindness leads to functional alterations in occipital cortices that normally serve visual functions. These reorganized brain regions respond to a variety of tasks and stimuli, but their specific functions are unclear. In sighted individuals, several studies have reported preparatory activity in retinotopic areas, which enhances perceptual sensitivity. "Baseline shifts," changes in activity associated with a cue predicting an upcoming event, provides a marker for attentional modulation. Here we demonstrate that, in early blind subjects, medial occipital areas produced significant blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses to a cue signaling an auditory discrimination trial but not to a cue indicating a no-trial period. Furthermore, the amplitude of the BOLD response in the anterior calcarine sulcus of early blind subjects correlated with their discrimination performance on the auditory backward masking task. Preparatory BOLD responses also were present in auditory cortices, although they were more robust in blind than sighted control subjects. The pattern of response in visual areas is similar to preparatory effects observed during visual selective attention in sighted subjects and consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanisms implicated in visual attention continue to modulate occipital cortex in the early blind. A possible source of this top-down modulation may be the frontoparietal circuits that retain their connectivity with the reorganized occipital cortex and as a result influence processing of nonvisual stimuli in the blind.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. stevenal@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snodgrass
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001766:Blindness / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011930:Reaction Time; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen