title: Delivery of large biopharmaceuticals from cardiovascular stents: a review.
abstract: This review focuses on new and emerging large-molecule bioactive agents delivered from stent surfaces in drug-eluting stents (DESs) to inhibit vascular restenosis in the context of interventional cardiology. New therapeutic agents representing proteins, nucleic acids (small interfering RNAs and large DNA plasmids), viral delivery vectors, and even engineered cell therapies require specific delivery designs distinct from traditional smaller-molecule approaches on DESs. While small molecules are currently the clinical standard for coronary stenting, extension of the DESs to other lesion types, peripheral vasculature, and nonvasculature therapies will seek to deliver an increasingly sophisticated armada of drug types. This review describes many of the larger-molecule and biopharmaceutical approaches reported recently for stent-based delivery with the challenges associated with formulating and delivering these drug classes compared to the current small-molecule drugs. It also includes perspectives on possible future applications that may improve safety and efficacy and facilitate diversification of the DESs to other clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 30 South 2000 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5280, USA.
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Letourneur
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Grainger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000601:surgery*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D009711:Nucleotides; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011506:Proteins