Regulation of macroautophagy by mTOR and Beclin 1 complexes.
Macroautophagy or autophagy is a vacuolar degradative pathway terminating in the lysosomal compartment after forming a cytoplasmic vacuole or autophagosome that engulfs macromolecules and organelles. The original discovery that ATG (AuTophaGy related) genes in yeast are involved in the formation of autophagosomes has greatly increased our knowledge of the molecular basis of autophagy, and its role in cell function that extends far beyond non-selective degradation. The regulation of autophagy by signaling pathways overlaps the control of cell growth, proliferation, cell survival and death. The evolutionarily conserved TOR (Target of Rapamycin) kinase complex 1 plays an important role upstream of the Atg1 complex in the control of autophagy by growth factors, nutrients, calcium signaling and in response to stress situations, including hypoxia, oxidative stress and low energy. The Beclin 1 (Atg6) complex, which is involved in the initial step of autophagosome formation, is directly targeted by signaling pathways. Taken together, these data suggest that multiple signaling checkpoints are involved in regulating autophagosome formation.
Pattingre
Sophie
S
INSERM U756, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
Espert
Lucile
L
Biard-Piechaczyk
Martine
M
Codogno
Patrice
P
D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D001343:Autophagy; D000071186:Beclin-1; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C505334:Beclin 1 protein, S cerevisiae; D000071186:Beclin-1; C115010:Becn1 protein, mouse; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases