title: Psychological distress in primary care patients with heart failure: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological distress is a common phenomenon in patients with heart failure. Depressive symptoms are often under-diagnosed or inadequately treated in primary care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse anxiety and/or depression in primary care patients with heart failure according to psychosocial factors, and to identify protective factors for the resolution of psychological distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal observation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care practices in lower Saxony, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 291 primary care patients with heart failure the following factors were measured using validated questionnaires at baseline and 9 months later: anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire), coping with illness (Freiburg questionnaire for coping with illness), and social support (social support questionnaire). Severity of heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classification and Goldman's Specific Activity Scale), and sociodemographic characteristics were documented using self-report instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six (32.5%) of the 80 patients who were distressed at baseline had normal HADS scores 9 months later, while the remainder stayed distressed. In logistic regression, baseline distress (odds ratios [OR] 5.51; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 2.56 to 11.62), emotional problems (OR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.17), social support (OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.83), and NYHA classification (OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.05 to 2.77) independently predicted distress at follow up. High social support contributed to a resolution of anxiety or depression, while partnership and low levels of emotional problems protected patients who began the study in a good emotional state from psychological distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In everyday practice it is important to consider that a high NYHA classification and emotional problems may contribute to anxiety or depression, while high social support and living in a relationship may positively influence the psychological health of patients with heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Germany. mschere@gwdg.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Himmel
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stanske
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Janka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koschack
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kochen
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herrmann-Lingen
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires