title: Markers of oxidative stress and aging in Duchene muscular dystrophy patients and the possible ameliorating effect of He:Ne laser.
abstract: Replicative aging and oxidative stress are two plausible theories explaining the etiology of muscular dystrophy. The first theory indicates that replicative aging of myogenic cells (satellite cells), owing to enhanced myofiber turnover, is a plausible explanation of the progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The oxidative stress theory indicates that failure of muscle regeneration to keep up with the ongoing apoptosis and necrosis following oxidative stress, that normally associates muscular exercise, leads to muscle atrophy in DMD. To test for these two theories, markers of replicative aging and oxidative stress were assessed in the blood of 30 DMD patients vs. 20 normal healthy age matching controls. Markers of replicative aging showed significantly lower telomerase activity, significantly increased expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) mRNA and Bax mRNA (an apoptotic gene) in DMD compared to controls. There was a significant increase in markers of oxidative stress among DMD patients compared to controls, measured in terms of increased apoptotic percentage in circulating mononuclear cells, increased lipid peroxidation measured in terms of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased protein carbonyls. Levels of plasma nitric oxide (NO), which neutralizes oxygen radicals, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in neutrophils was significantly lower among DMD compared to controls. Biostimulation of WBC by helium neon (He:Ne) laser irradiation induced a significant increase in the expression of iNOS mRNA and plasma NO levels, but still at a lower level compared to controls. He:Ne laser irradiation induced a marked decrease in markers of oxidative stress among DMD patients compared to their level before irradiation, measured in terms of decreased plasma protein carbonyls, decreased plasma MDA, and decreased apoptosis percentage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study points to that oxidative stress is the prime cause for muscle degeneration in DMD and points out to the possible ameliorative effect of He:Ne laser on this
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Genetic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University.
authors.forename: Salam E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Abdel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abdel-Meguid
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korraa
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D006371:Helium; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009356:Neon; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics; D019098:Telomerase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D006371:Helium; D009356:Neon; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019098:Telomerase