title: Axial shrinkage-stress depends upon both C-factor and composite mass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure and then mathematically model polymerization stress-dependence upon systematic variations of C-factor (bonded/unbonded area ratio) for the Bioman instrument [1], recording stress by free cantilever-beam deflection; compliance 1.5 microm/MPa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A light-cured resin-composite (RZD103; Ivoclar) with 57% (v/v) 450 nm filler was studied. Facing surfaces: glass slab and steel rod-end, constituting the Bioman test chamber, being perpendicular to the measured axial stress-direction, were varied: (a) with rod-diameters (phi), from 1 to 10mm in 1mm increments (with 0.8mm gap height); and then (b) with gap heights (h) in 16 steps from 0.05 to 1.50mm (with phi=10mm). For each h and phi combination, giving C-factors ranging from 0.6 to 100, shrinkage-stress was recorded for 1h from start of 40s irradiation at 600 mW cm(-2) for photo-polymerization at 23 degrees C (n=3). Shrinkage-stress (S(sigma)) was plotted directly as functions of h, phi, and C and also per unit composite mass, (S(sigma)g(-1)). ANOVA and Tukey's statistics were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Series A-diameter variation; with C-factor increasing from 0.6 to 6, gave an exact exponential decrease in S(sigma) from 45 to 8 MPa. Series B-height variation; with C-factor increasing from 3 to 100, gave increasing S(sigma) from 1 to 8 MPa. Since composite mass played an equally dominant role, plots of stress-variations per unit composite mass, (S(sigma)g(-1)) separated these effects, confirming progressive off-axial stress-relief with increasing h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (i) Values of h=0.8 and phi=10mm, recommended [1] for Bioman use, were confirmed as appropriate. Every lab instrument for measuring S(sigma) necessarily embodies specific C-factors and compliance values in the instrument design. (ii) Configuration (C) factor is recognized as an important parameter affecting manifestation of shrinkage-stress within restorative cavities and luting gaps. However, the restorative mass must equally be considered when translating shrinkage-science into specific clinical recommendations.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Julian D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Satterthwaite
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003187:Compliance; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000592:standards; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D008433:Mathematics; D044367:Phase Transition; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins