title: Deletion of genes implicated in protecting the integrity of male germ cells has differential effects on the incidence of DNA breaks and germ cell loss.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infertility affects approximately 20% of couples in Europe and in 50% of cases the problem lies with the male partner. The impact of damaged DNA originating in the male germ line on infertility is poorly understood but may increase miscarriage. Mouse models allow us to investigate how deficiencies in DNA repair/damage response pathways impact on formation and function of male germ cells. We have investigated mice with deletions of ERCC1 (excision repair cross-complementing gene 1), MSH2 (MutS homolog 2, involved in mismatch repair pathway), and p53 (tumour suppressor gene implicated in elimination of germ cells with DNA damage).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate for the first time that depletion of ERCC1 or p53 from germ cells results in an increased incidence of unrepaired DNA breaks in pachytene spermatocytes and increased numbers of caspase-3 positive (apoptotic) germ cells. Sertoli cell-only tubules were detected in testes from mice lacking expression of ERCC1 or MSH2 but not p53. The number of sperm recovered from epididymes was significantly reduced in mice lacking testicular ERCC1 and 40% of sperm contained DNA breaks whereas the numbers of sperm were not different to controls in adult Msh2 -/- or p53 -/- mice nor did they have significantly compromised DNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data have demonstrated that deletion of Ercc1, Msh2 and p53 can have differential but overlapping affects on germ cell function and sperm production. These findings increase our understanding of the ways in which gene mutations can have an impact on male fertility.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Catriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Povey
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selfridge
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Melton
authors.forename: Philippa T K
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004720:Endonucleases / Q000235:genetics; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000166:cytology; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D004720:Endonucleases; C499360:Ercc1 protein, mouse; C497173:Msh2 protein, mouse; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein