title: A double-blind placebo needle for acupuncture research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Placebo needles that can mask acupuncture practitioners to the type of needle used have been considered almost impossible to develop until now.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a double-blind non-penetrating placebo needle, the needle tip of which simply presses against the skin, and a matched penetrating needle. The needles are encased inside an opaque guide tube and the appearance and feel of the pair are designed to be indistinguishable. To validate the masking effect for the practitioner, 10 acupuncturists each applied 23 non-penetrating needles and 17 penetrating needles to the Large Intestine-4 point. After removing each needle, they judged whether the needle was 'penetrating', 'non-penetrating' or 'unidentifiable'. For the validation of patient masking, an acupuncturist randomly applied a non-penetrating/penetrating needle pair to the bilateral Sanjiao-5 points in 60 volunteers. When both applications were completed, we asked them to write down anything that they noticed regarding the needle application and associated sensations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SD of correct/unidentifiable/incorrect answers given by the 10 acupuncturists were 17.0 +/- 4.1/6.4 +/- 3.6/16.6 +/- 3.0, respectively. Regarding patient masking, none of the subjects commented in the questionnaire that they had received a non-penetrating needle. Of 60 penetrating and 60 non-penetrating needle applications, 48 (80.0%) and 25 (41.7%) applications elicited skin penetration sensation and 48 (80.0%) and 20 (33.3%) applications elicited de qi, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These needles have the potential to mask both practitioners and patients from the type of needle used in acupuncture research.
authors.affiliation: Hanada College: Japan School of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Physiotherapy 20-1 Sakuragaoka-machi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0031, Japan. takakura@hanada.ac.jp
authors.forename: Nobuari
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yajima
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles / Q000145:classification* / Q000592:standards; D010919:Placebos / Q000592:standards*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos