title: Responses of hyperthermophilic crenarchaea to UV irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA damage leads to cellular responses that include the increased expression of DNA repair genes, repression of DNA replication and alterations in cellular metabolism. Archaeal information processing pathways resemble those in eukaryotes, but archaeal damage response pathways remain poorly understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed the transcriptional response to UV irradiation in two related crenarchaea, Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Sulfolobus species encounter high levels of DNA damage in nature, as they inhabit high temperature, aerobic environments and are exposed to sunlight. No increase in expression of DNA repair genes following UV irradiation was observed. There was, however, a clear transcriptional response, including repression of DNA replication and chromatin proteins. Differential effects on the expression of the three transcription factor B (tfb) genes hint at a mechanism for the modulation of transcriptional patterns in response to DNA damage. TFB3, which is strongly induced following UV irradiation, competes with TFB1 for binding to RNA polymerase in vitro, and may act as a repressor of transcription or an alternative transcription factor for certain promoters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clear response to DNA damage was observed, with down-regulation of the DNA replication machinery, changes in transcriptional regulatory proteins, and up-regulation of the biosynthetic enzymes for beta-carotene, which has UV protective properties, and proteins that detoxify reactive oxygen species. However, unlike eukaryotes and bacteria, there was no induction of DNA repair proteins in response to DNA damage, probably because these are expressed constitutively to deal with increased damage arising due to high growth temperatures.
authors.affiliation: Aquapharm Bio-Discoveries, European Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Dunbeg, Oban PA37 1QA, UK. dorothee.gotz@gmail.com
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Götz
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paytubi
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernander
authors.forename: Malcolm F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D019843:Archaeal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004249:DNA Damage; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019848:Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal / Q000528:radiation effects*; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000528:radiation effects; D016945:Sulfolobus acidocaldarius / Q000528:radiation effects*; D048229:Sulfolobus solfataricus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D035581:Transcription Factor TFIIB / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D019843:Archaeal Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D035581:Transcription Factor TFIIB; C106466:transcription factor B, Archaea; D019207:beta Carotene; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases