title: Perceptions of the neighbourhood environment and self rated health: a multilevel analysis of the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study we examined whether (1) the neighbourhood aspects of access to amenities, neighbourhood quality, neighbourhood disorder, and neighbourhood social cohesion are associated with people's self rated health, (2) these health effects reflect differences in socio-demographic composition and/or neighbourhood deprivation, and (3) the associations with the different aspects of the neighbourhood environment vary between men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the cross-sectional Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Survey were analysed using multilevel modelling, with individuals nested within enumeration districts. In this study we used the responses of people under 75 years of age (n = 10,892). The response rate of this subgroup was 62.3%. All individual responses were geo-referenced to the 325 census enumeration districts of Caerphilly county borough.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neighbourhood attributes of poor access to amenities, poor neighbourhood quality, neighbourhood disorder, lack of social cohesion, and neighbourhood deprivation were associated with the reporting of poor health. These effects were attenuated when controlling for individual and collective socio-economic status. Lack of social cohesion significantly increased the odds of women reporting poor health, but did not increase the odds of men reporting poor health. In contrast, unemployment significantly affected men's health, but not women's health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that different aspects of the neighbourhood environment are associated with people's self rated health, which may partly reflect the health impacts of neighbourhood socio-economic status. The findings further suggest that the social environment is more important for women's health, but that individual socio-economic status is more important for men's health.
authors.affiliation: Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, Bute Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3NB, UK. poortingaw@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Poortinga
authors.forename: Frank D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Fone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011204:Poverty Areas; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000145:classification*; D012649:Self Concept; D012931:Social Environment; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health / Q000191:economics*