title: Viral infection can induce the production of autoantibodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current literature and summarize the main principles found between viral infections and the subsequent production of autoantibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We concentrate on recent findings involving three viral agents, one of which is Epstein-Barr virus, which has been associated with many autoimmune diseases and is classically considered to induce systemic lupus erythematosus. As we will discuss, this occurs through molecular mimicry between Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 and lupus-specific antigens such as Ro, La or dsDNA, through induction of Toll-like receptor hypersensitivity by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A or by creating immortal B and T cells by loss of apoptosis. Hepatitis B virus was found to share amino acid sequences with different autoantigens. Tissue damage and the release of intracellular components is just another example of the autoantibody production caused by this virus. Cytomegalovirus has often been controversially associated with several autoimmune diseases and, although is the least understood viral infection of the three, appears to be somewhat suspicious.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the infectious origin of autoimmune diseases is important as we aim to identify high-risk patients and disrupt this process with vaccines or other medications, ultimately delaying or even preventing the evolution of autoimmune diseases.
authors.affiliation: Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
authors.forename: Ori
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barzilai
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D018716:Molecular Mimicry / Q000276:immunology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens