title: Effects of diets enriched in omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on offspring sex-ratio and maternal behavior in mice.
abstract: There have been many trials describing the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on fecundity, neonatal development, and maternal behavior in humans, but few controlled studies in rodents. We examined the effects of a maternal diet high in omega 3 (N-3) or omega 6 (N-6) PUFA on NIH Swiss mice. Female mice were ad libitum fed one of three complete and balanced diets (N-3, enriched in menhaden oil; N-6, enriched in corn oil; C, control diet, Purina 5015) from age 4 wk until the end of the study. Mice were bred at approximately 19 wk and 27 wk of age, providing a total of 838 pups from 129 litters in two experiments. After weaning their pups from parity 1, behavior of dams was assessed on elevated-plus and open-field mazes. Although the fraction of male pups from the N-3 and C groups was not different from 0.5, dams on the N-6 diet birthed more daughters than sons (213 vs. 133; P < 0.001). Although maternal stress has been reported to favor birth of daughters, the behavior of N-6 dams was not different from controls. By contrast, the N-3 dams displayed greater anxiety, spending less time in the open arms and more time in the closed arms of the elevated maze and traveling less distance and exhibiting less exploratory behavior in the open field (P < 0.05). N-3 dams tended to produce smaller litters than C dams, and N-3-suckled pups gained less weight (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the N-3 diet had negative effects on murine fecundity and maternal behavior, whereas the N-6 diet favored birth of daughters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Emily D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Fountain
authors.forename: Jiude
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.forename: Kelly E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ellersieck
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Will
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Cheryl S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011247:Pregnancy; D012744:Sex Ratio
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated