title: Impact of training on observer variation in chest radiographs of children with severe pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumonia diagnosed using chest radiographs is often used as a study end point in trials and epidemiological studies. We studied whether training of the end-users in 172 standardized chest radiographic features will decrease variability in the interpretation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inter-observer variation of 3 observers in recognizing standardized radiographic features for pneumonia was studied in 172 chest radiographs of children with clinical severe pneumonia. (as per WHO definition). The observers were then trained using a software with a repository of normal and abnormal films showing a spectrum of radiological changes in pneumonia. The interobserver variation in recognizing the same standardized radiographic features was recorded after this training. For each radiographic feature, Cohen's kappa statistics to assess the between-observer agreement and Fleiss's multiple rater kappa statistics to assess agreement among all three clinicians was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 'uniterpretable' films reduced from 16.6% (95% CI 0%-34.1%) before training to 8.1% (95% CI 0%-17.7%) after training. The 'adequate' films increased from 54.2% (95% CI 12.5%-95.9%) before training to 70% (95% CI 46.5%-93.4%) after training. For all features, agreement between observers 1 with 2 and 1 with 3, the Cohen's kappa improved from poor to moderate agreement. The Fleiss's kappa values before training were 0.1 to 0.2 and after training ranged from 0.37 to 0.52 indicating moderate to good agreement after training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training of the doctors using standardized features with the help of a software improves agreement substantially in identifying radiological pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, India. archana_patel@vsnl.com
authors.forename: Archana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Sortey
authors.forename: Ambarish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Athawale
authors.forename: Hemant
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000379:methods*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011336:Probability; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000592:standards*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index