title: Oncogenic cooperation and coamplification of developmental transcription factor genes in lung cancer.
abstract: We used high-resolution array analysis to discover a recurrent lung cancer amplicon located at 14q13.3. Low-level gain of this region was detected in 15% of lung cancer samples, and high-level amplification was detected in an additional 4% of samples. High-level focal amplification appears to be specific to lung cancers, because it was not detected in >500 samples of other tumor types. Mapping of the commonly amplified region revealed there are three genes in the core region, all of which encode transcription factors with either established lung developmental function (TTF1/NKX2-1, NKX2-8) or potential lung developmental function (PAX9). All three genes were overexpressed to varying degrees in amplified samples, although TTF1/NKX2-1 was not expressed in the squamous cancer subtype, consistent with previous reports. Remarkably, overexpression of any pairwise combination of these genes showed pronounced synergy in promoting the proliferation of immortalized human lung epithelial cells. Analysis of human lung cancer cell lines by both RNAi and ectopic overexpression further substantiates an oncogenic role for these transcription factors. These results, taken together with previous reports of oncogenic alterations of transcription factors involved in lung development (p63, CEBPA), suggest genetic alterations that directly interfere with transcriptional networks normally regulating lung development may be a more common feature of lung cancer than previously realized.
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
authors.forename: Jude
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakleh
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krasnitz
authors.forename: Ken C Q
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lakshmi
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Gerald
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mu
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002883:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14 / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D005784:Gene Amplification; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000254:growth & development*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009857:Oncogenes; D038081:Organogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051764:PAX9 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C108070:NKX2-8 protein, human; D051764:PAX9 Transcription Factor; C497323:PAX9 protein, human; C504003:TTF1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors