title: The use of individually tailored environmental supports to improve medication adherence and outcomes in schizophrenia.
abstract: Cognitive adaptation training (CAT) is a psychosocial treatment that uses environmental supports such as signs, checklists, alarms, and the organization of belongings to cue and sequence adaptive behaviors in the home. Ninety-five outpatients with schizophrenia (structured clinical interview for diagnosis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) were randomly assigned to (1) Full-CAT (CAT focused on many aspects of community adaptation including grooming, care of living quarters, leisure skills, social and role performance, and medication adherence), (2) Pharm-CAT (CAT focused only on medication and appointment adherence), or (3) treatment as usual (TAU). Treatment lasted for 9 months, and patients were followed for 6 months after the withdrawal of home visits. Medication adherence (assessed during unannounced, in-home pill counts) and functional outcomes were assessed at 3-month intervals. Results of mixed-effects regression models indicated that both CAT and Pharm-CAT treatments were superior to TAU for improving adherence to prescribed medication (P < .0001). Effects on medication adherence remained significant when home visits were withdrawn. Full-CAT treatment improved functional outcome relative to Pharm-CAT and TAU (P < .0001). However, differences for functional outcome across groups decreased following the withdrawal of home visits and were no longer statistically significant at the 6-month follow-up. Survival time to relapse or significant exacerbation was significantly longer in both CAT and Pharm-CAT in comparison to TAU (.004). Findings indicate that supports targeting medication adherence can improve and maintain this behavior. Comprehensive supports targeting multiple domains of functioning are necessary to improve functional outcomes. Maintenance of gains in functional outcome may require some form of continued intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. velligand@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Dawn I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Velligan
authors.forename: Pamela M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maples
authors.forename: Xueying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeber
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ereshefsky
authors.forename: Yui-Wing F
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Desiree
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000379:methods*; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine