title: Diabetes-associated macrovasculopathy: pathophysiology and pathogenesis.
abstract: The complications associated with diabetic vasculopathy are commonly grouped into two categories: microvascular and macrovascular complications. In diabetes, macrovascular disease is the commonest cause of mortality and morbidity and is responsible for high incidence of vascular diseases such as stroke, myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular diseases. Macrovascular diseases are traditionally thought of as due to underlying obstructive atherosclerotic diseases affecting major arteries. Pathological changes of major blood vessels leading to functional and structural abnormalities in diabetic vessels include endothelial dysfunction, reduced vascular compliance and atherosclerosis. Besides, advanced glycation end product formation interacts with specific receptors that lead to overexpression of a range of cytokines. Haemodynamic pathways are activated in diabetes and are possibly amplified by concomitant systemic hypertension. Apart from these, hyperglycaemia, non-enzymatic glycosylation, lipid modulation, alteration of vasculature and growth factors activation contribute to development of diabetic vasculopathy. This review focuses on pathophysiology and pathogenesis of diabetes-associated macrovasculopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Kubang Kerian, University Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia. seempi2005@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Sayeeda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Tahminur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Aziz Al-Shafi
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Abdul Rahman A
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rashid
mesh_terms: D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male