title: Low-grade inflammation, obesity, and insulin resistance in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-grade inflammation is associated with insulin resistance and precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults, but there are no comparable data in youth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to characterize the pattern of subclinical immune activation that is associated with indices of obesity and insulin resistance in youth and analyze whether this association is explained by obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical check-up of schoolchildren was conducted by the Public Health Office in Düsseldorf (Germany).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 519 adolescents (mean age 15.5 +/- 0.8 yr).
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures included body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as indices of obesity; fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; serum concentrations of TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon-gamma-inducible protein (IP)-10 and adiponectin as immunological variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In age-, sex-, and lipid-adjusted analyses, IL-6, IL-18, IP-10, and adiponectin (inversely) were associated with both BMI and WC (all P <or= 0.002). None of the immune markers was related to glucose, but IL-6, IL-18, and adiponectin (inversely) were associated with insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in age- and sex-adjusted models. Adjustment for BMI or WC indicated that a considerable proportion of these associations may be mediated by obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that a differential low-grade immune activation is associated with parameters of obesity in adolescents. Moreover, there is evidence that IL-6, IL-18, IP-10, and adiponectin (inversely) are associated with insulin resistance and that these associations can mainly be attributed to obesity.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetes Research, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute at Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. christian.herder@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herder
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneitler
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rathmann
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haastert
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneitler
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bredahl
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hahnloser
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent / Q000502:physiology*; D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007328:Insulin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein