title: Wnt and TGF-beta expression in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica and the origin of metazoan embryonic patterning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The origin of metazoan development and differentiation was contingent upon the evolution of cell adhesion, communication and cooperation mechanisms. While components of many of the major cell signalling pathways have been identified in a range of sponges (phylum Porifera), their roles in development have not been investigated and remain largely unknown. Here, we take the first steps toward reconstructing the developmental signalling systems used in the last common ancestor to living sponges and eumetazoans by studying the expression of genes encoding Wnt and TGF-beta signalling ligands during the embryonic development of a sponge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using resources generated in the recent sponge Amphimedon queenslandica (Demospongiae) genome project, we have recovered genes encoding Wnt and TGF-beta signalling ligands that are critical in patterning metazoan embryos. Both genes are expressed from the earliest stages of Amphimedon embryonic development in highly dynamic patterns. At the time when the Amphimedon embryos begin to display anterior-posterior polarity, Wnt expression becomes localised to the posterior pole and this expression continues until the swimming larva stage. In contrast, TGF-beta expression is highest at the anterior pole. As in complex animals, sponge Wnt and TGF-beta expression patterns intersect later in development during the patterning of a sub-community of cells that form a simple tissue-like structure, the pigment ring. Throughout development, Wnt and TGF-beta are expressed radially along the anterior-posterior axis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We infer from the expression of Wnt and TGF-beta in Amphimedon that the ancestor that gave rise to sponges, cnidarians and bilaterians had already evolved the capacity to direct the formation of relatively sophisticated body plans, with axes and tissues. The radially symmetrical expression patterns of Wnt and TGF-beta along the anterior-posterior axis of sponge embryos and larvae suggest that these signalling pathways contributed to establishing axial polarity in the very first metazoans.
authors.affiliation: School of Integrative Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamska
authors.forename: Sandie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Degnan
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamski
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Craigie
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larroux
authors.forename: Bernard M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Degnan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008024:Ligands; D008954:Models, Biological; D010802:Phylogeny; D011161:Porifera / Q000196:embryology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D008024:Ligands; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051153:Wnt Proteins