title: The rise of independent regulation in health care.
abstract: In all countries where health care access is considered a social right, regulation is both a tool of performance improvement as well as an instrument of social justice. Both social (equity in access) and economical (promoting competition) regulation are at stake due to the nature of the good itself. Different modalities of regulation do exist and usually new regulatory cycles include the creation of stronger regulatory agencies. Indeed, health care regulation is rising steadily in most developed countries as a consequence of the introduction of the New Public Management perspective to provide essential public goods. Health care is delivered by different organisations with very different cultural backgrounds--public and private (profit and non-profit)--that should be accountable for their decisions. Control by regulatory agencies is instrumental to accomplish this goal. However, there is some dispute with regards the degree of regulatory autonomy. The objective of this paper is to determine if independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) are effective in carrying out health care regulation. The authors apply Walshe's analytical framework to the Regulatory Authority of Health (Portugal) to answer the question if independent regulation works. In conclusion, the two year experience of the Regulatory Authority of Health is important not only because the primary goals of independent regulation were achieved but also because this authority is now a full partner in the health care sector. However, independent agencies need to develop strong mechanisms of accountability because good regulatory governance is the paradigm of this institutional innovation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, EU. ruinunes@med.up.pt
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Guilhermina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rego
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brandão
mesh_terms: D005161:Facility Regulation and Control / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D015276:Health Care Rationing; D006292:Health Priorities; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D012935:Social Justice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D012941:Social Responsibility; D013222:State Medicine / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards