title: Expression of antimicrobial peptides in the normal and involved skin of patients with infective cellulitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endogenous antimicrobial peptides participate in the innate defense of skin against a variety of pathogens. The systemic expression of these peptides in normal-appearing skin of patients with infective cellulitis is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study patients were adults with infective cellulitis and signs of systemic inflammation. Skin biopsy and serum specimens were obtained from patients and from control subjects with no active infection. Cathelicidin and human beta-defensin 2 mRNA expression were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skin biopsy specimens from 11 patients and 4 uninfected control subjects were analyzed. The relative expression level for cathelicidin mRNA was elevated in both the involved and the distal normal-appearing skin of patients with cellulitis, compared with expression in the skin of control subjects (mean ratios, 39.46 vs. 1.32, P=.0059; and 21.41 vs. 1.32, P=.0059). Similarly, the relative expression level of human beta -defensin 2 mRNA was elevated in both the involved skin (mean ratios, 20,844 vs. 11.65; P=.0015) and in distal normal-appearing skin of patients with cellulitis (mean ratios, 201.1 vs. 11.65; P=.0103).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In response to cutaneous infection there is a local and distal increase in endogenous antimicrobial peptide mRNA in both involved and normal-appearing skin. These observations show, for the first time to our knowledge, that after infection the human body responds by increasing systemic innate immunity.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA. stryj001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Stryjewski
authors.forename: Russell P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Vivian H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Zeina A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Kanafani
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: O'Riordan
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Weinstock
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Stienecker
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Streilein
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dorschner
authors.forename: Vance G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: G Ralph
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002481:Cellulitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D054804:Cathelicidins
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; C106641:DEFB4A protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D023083:beta-Defensins; D054804:Cathelicidins