title: Escape from fear: a detailed behavioral analysis of two atypical responses reinforced by CS termination.
abstract: Escape from fear (EFF) is a controversial paradigm according to which animals learn to actively escape a fear-eliciting conditioned stimulus (CS) if the escape response (R-sub(e)) is paired with CS termination. Some theories posit that EFF learning is responsible for instrumental avoidance conditioning. However, EFF learning has typically been weaker than avoidance learning and difficult to reproduce. The authors examined EFF learning and memory with 2 atypical R-sub(e)s: rearing and nose-poking. The data suggest that rearing, but not nose-poking, can be learned as an instrumental EFF response. Further, EFF memory was response specific, aversively motivated, and controlled by the CS. Successful EFF learning also resulted in better long-term elimination of a passive fear reaction (freezing). Factors important for EFF experiments and theoretical considerations are discussed.
authors.affiliation: W. M. Keck Foundation Laboratory of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY 10003, USA. cc110@nyu.edu
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: LeDoux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004924:Escape Reaction; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D005239:Fear; D006120:Grooming; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009043:Motor Activity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule