title: The glucagon provocative test for the diagnosis and treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to determine whether the glucagon provocative test could be used in place of secretin test in patients with gastrinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients with gastrinoma underwent the following examinations: (1) preoperative intravenous glucagon test to enable a definitive diagnosis, (2) intra-arterial glucagon injection test to localize the tumor, and (3) intraoperative and postoperative intravenous glucagon test to confirm the completeness of the resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum gastrin levels increased in response to intravenous glucagon in all three patients preoperatively. Computed tomography scans revealed a tumor in the lesser omentum, pancreatic head, and the pancreatic uncinate in cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Intra-arterial glucagon test revealed that the feeding artery for the tumor was the left gastric artery in case 1 and the superior mesenteric artery in case 3. Resection of the remnant stomach with tumor, pancreaticoduodenectomy with portal vein resection, and enucleation of the tumor were performed in cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Serum gastrin levels did not increase in response to intravenous glucagon intraoperatively and postoperatively in cases 1 and 3. Although intravenous glucagon caused a slight increase in serum gastrin in case 2, no recurrent tumors were evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the glucagon provocative test is a suitable alternative to testing with secretin, which is not commercially available in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Regulation and Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. cshibata@surg1.med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Chikashi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Funayama
authors.forename: Kouhei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kohyama
authors.forename: Kennichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Tooru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimosegawa
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamagiwa
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005755:Gastrins / Q000097:blood; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005934:Glucagon / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D015043:Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D005755:Gastrins; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D005934:Glucagon