title: Direct and acute cardiotoxicity of ultrafine particles in young adult and old rat hearts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Air pollution is associated with significant increases in cardiac morbidity and mortality in the general population. The elderly cohort within the general population is considered at high risk for cardiac diseases. However the degree to which air pollutants affect cardiac responses in old hearts vs. their young adult counterparts has not been systematically addressed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to investigate the response of young adult vs. old rat hearts to the direct exposure of ultrafine particles (UFP); i.e. when the UFP are directly instilled into the cardiac vasculature, and their effects are not dependent upon UFP inhalation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts obtained from young adult (4 months old) and aged (26 months old) Fisher 344/Brown Norway rats. Two treatment groups (control and UFP-treated) were studied, and two ages (young adult and old) were studied within each group. Control hearts were perfused with buffer only, UFP-treated hearts were perfused with buffer containing ultrafine particles isolated from industrial diesel reference particulate matter. Systolic and end-diastolic pressures, positive and negative dP/dt, and coronary flow were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young adult and old hearts demonstrated equal functional deterioration in response to direct infusion of UFP. Developed pressure in young adult UFP-treated hearts fell from 101+/-4 to 68+/-8 mmHg (a decrease by 33%, p<0.05). In the old UFP-treated hearts developed pressure fell by 35% (from 101+/-7 to 67+/-9 mm Hg, p<0.05). Positive dP/dt was equally affected in the young adult and old UFP-treated hearts and was decreased by 28% in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrafine particles when instilled directly into the cardiac vasculature were equally cardiotoxic in young adult and old rat hearts.
authors.affiliation: The Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, 1225 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90017, USA. simkhovi@usc.edu
authors.forename: Boris Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Simkhovich
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marjoram
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kloner
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D054715:Cardiotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D023421:Models, Animal; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D054715:Cardiotoxins; D052638:Particulate Matter