title: Distribution and significance of caveolin 2 expression in normal breast and invasive breast cancer: an immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of this study were to define the distribution of caveolin 2 (CAV2) in frozen and formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) normal breast samples and the significance of CAV2 expression in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caveolin 2 distribution in frozen and paraffin-embedded whole tissue sections of normal breast was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, in conjunction with antibodies to define luminal epithelial cells (oestrogen receptor and cytokeratin 8/18) and myoepithelial/ basal cells (cytokeratins 14 and 5/6, p63 and smooth muscle actin). CAV2 expression was also immunohistochemically analysed in two independent cohorts of invasive breast carcinomas (n = 245 and n = 418).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal breast, CAV2 was expressed in myoepithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and adipocytes. Luminal epithelial cells showed no or only negligible staining. CAV2 expression was observed in 9.6% of all breast cancers and was strongly correlated with high histological grade, lack of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and cyclin D1 expression, and positivity for epidermal growth factor receptor, basal markers, p53 expression, and high proliferation index. Furthermore, CAV2 expression was significantly associated with basal-like immunophenotype and proved to be a prognostic factor for breast cancer-specific survival on univariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that CAV2 is preferentially expressed in basal-like cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. Further in vitro studies are required to determine whether CAV2 has oncogenic properties or is only a surrogate marker of basal-like carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: S Katrina
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: Lindsay A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: S Maria
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues Pinilla
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huntsman
authors.forename: Jorge S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Reis-Filho
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D051243:Caveolin 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D051243:Caveolin 2