title: Improvement by minocycline of methamphetamine-induced impairment of recognition memory in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive deficits are a core feature of patients with schizophrenia and methamphetamine (METH) psychosis. We have recently found that repeated METH treatment (1 mg/kg, s.c.) in mice, which induces behavioral sensitization, impairs long-term recognition memory in a novel object recognition test (NORT) and that the impairment is ameliorated by clozapine, but not haloperidol. Recent studies indicate that minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline, has potent neuroprotective effects in various animal models of neurological diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we investigated the effect of minocycline on learning and memory in the NORT and behavioral sensitization in mice that had been administered METH for 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When minocycline (20-40 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once a day for seven consecutive days to mice that had previously been treated with METH for 7 days, it ameliorated the METH-induced impairment of recognition memory in a dose-dependent manner, although the same treatment with minocycline had no effect on behavioral sensitization to METH. The administration of minocycline, together with METH, inhibited the development of METH-induced behavioral sensitization. The improvement in memory caused by minocycline was associated with an amelioration of the novelty-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in the prefrontal cortex of METH-treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that minocycline is useful for the treatment of cognitive deficits in patients with METH psychosis or schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takuma
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukakusa
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ibi
authors.forename: Hyoung-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kiyofumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008911:Minocycline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D008694:Methamphetamine; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D008911:Minocycline; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol