title: Motor and executive function at 6 years of age after extremely preterm birth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of very preterm infants have demonstrated impairments in multiple neurocognitive domains. We hypothesized that neuromotor and executive-function deficits may independently contribute to school failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied children who were born at < or = 25 completed weeks' gestation in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1995 at early school age. Children underwent standardized cognitive and neuromotor assessments, including the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children and NEPSY, and a teacher-based assessment of academic achievement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 308 surviving children, 241 (78%) were assessed at a median age of 6 years 4 months. Compared with 160 term classmates, 180 extremely preterm children without cerebral palsy and attending mainstream school performed less well on 3 simple motor tasks: posting coins, heel walking, and 1-leg standing. They more frequently had non-right-hand preferences (28% vs 10%) and more associated/overflow movements during motor tasks. Standardized scores for visuospatial and sensorimotor function performance differed from classmates by 1.6 and 1.1 SDs of the classmates' scores, respectively. These differences attenuated but remained significant after controlling for overall cognitive scores. Cognitive, visuospatial scores, and motor scores explained 54% of the variance in teachers' ratings of performance in the whole set; in the extremely preterm group, additional variance was explained by attention-executive tasks and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impairment of motor, visuospatial, and sensorimotor function, including planning, self-regulation, inhibition, and motor persistence, contributes excess morbidity over cognitive impairment in extremely preterm children and contributes independently to poor classroom performance at 6 years of age.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Development, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom. neil.marlow@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marlow
authors.forename: Enid M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hennessy
authors.forename: Melanie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bracewell
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolke
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008282:Mainstreaming, Education; D008297:Male; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012737:Sex Factors; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology