title: Integration of mental health services into primary care overcomes ethnic disparities in access to mental health services between black and white elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors evaluated whether the integration of mental health into primary care overcomes ethnic disparities in access to and participation in mental health (MH) and substance abuse (SA) treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted site-specific analysis of a multisite clinical trial to compare participation of black and white elderly in an integrated model of care (all MH/SA services are provided at primary care clinics) versus an enhanced referral model of care (all MH/SA services are provided at specialized MH clinics). In all, 183 elderly (56% black) diagnosed with depression (82%), anxiety (32%), and/or problem drinking (22%) were randomized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blacks in the integrated arm were significantly more likely to have at least one MH/SA visit (77.5%) relative to blacks in the enhanced referral arm (22%; adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 14.13; confidence interval [CI]: 4.76-41.95, Wald chi(2): 22.75, df = 1, p <0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between whites in the integrated treatment arm (66.6%) and whites in the enhanced referral arm (46.9%, adjusted OR: 2.98; CI: 0.98-9.06, Wald chi(2): 3.72, df = 1, p = 0.05). In the enhanced referral arm, blacks had a significantly smaller number of overall MH/SA visits (mean [SD]: 2.08 [5.28]) relative to whites (mean [SD]: 5.31 [7.76], adjusted incident rate ratio [IRR]: 2.87; CI: 1.06-7.73, Wald chi(2): 4.37, df = 1, p = 0.03). In the integrated arm, there was no statistically significant difference between blacks (mean [SD]: 3.22 [3.71]) and whites (mean [SD]: 2.75 [4.29], adjusted IRR: 0.58; CI: 0.25-1.33, Wald chi(2): 1.64, df = 1, p = 0.20). For both groups, time between baseline evaluation to first MH/SA visit was significantly shorter in the integrated treatment arm (for blacks: mean days [SD]: 31.06 [28.66]; for whites: mean days [SD]: 22.18 [33.88]) than in the enhanced referral arm (mean [SD]: 62.45 [43.53], adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 7.82; CI: 3.65-16.75, Wald chi(2): 28.02, df = 1, p <0.0001; mean [SD]: 63.46 [32.41], adjusted HR: 2.48; CI: 1.20-5.13, Wald chi(2): 6.02, df = 1, p = 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An integrated model of care is particularly effective in improving access to and participation in MH/SA treatment among black primary care patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. ayalonl@mail.biu.ac.il
authors.forename: Liat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ayalon
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Areán
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Linkins
authors.forename: Marty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Carroll L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Estes
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000208:ethnology; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006273:Health Facility Merger / Q000379:methods*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017146:Models, Organizational; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*