title: Biosynthesis of violacein: a genuine intermediate, protoviolaceinic acid, produced by VioABDE, and insight into VioC function.
abstract: A biosynthetic intermediate of violacein produced by the mixed enzymes of VioABDE was elucidated to be 5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, named protoviolaceinic acid, indicating that VioC, responsible for the final biosynthetic step, works to oxygenate at the 2-position of the right side indole ring, and that the oxygenation reaction to form the central pyrrolidone core proceeds in a non-enzymatic fashion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouhei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.forename: Hirotomo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuramoto
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takamiya
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nikaidou
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoshino
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002861:Chromobacterium / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007211:Indoles; C525089:protoviolaceinic acid; C063155:violacein