title: Costs and health consequences of chlamydia management strategies among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide and a major cause of morbidity-particularly among women and neonates. We compared costs and health consequences of using point-of-care (POC) tests with current syndromic management among antenatal care attendees in sub-Saharan Africa. We also compared erythromycin with azithromycin treatment and universal with age-based chlamydia management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision analytical model was developed to compare diagnostic and treatment strategies, using Botswana as a case. Model input was based upon (1) a study of pregnant women in Botswana, (2) literature reviews and (3) expert opinion. We expressed the study outcome in terms of costs (US$), cases cured, magnitude of overtreatment and successful partner treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Azithromycin was less costly and more effective than erythromycin. Compared with syndromic management, testing all attendees on their first visit with a 75% sensitive POC test increased the number of cases cured from 1500 to 3500 in a population of 100,000 women, at a cost of US$38 per additional case cured. This cost was lower in high-prevalence populations or if testing was restricted to teenagers. The specific POC tests provided the advantage of substantial reductions in overtreatment with antibiotics and improved partner management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using POC tests to diagnose chlamydia during antenatal care in sub-Saharan Africa entails greater health benefits than syndromic management does-and at acceptable costs-especially when restricted to younger women. Changes in diagnostic strategy and treatment regimens may improve people's health and even reduce healthcare budgets.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1130 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. maria.romoren@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romoren
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velauthapillai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundby
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hjortdahl
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000191:economics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000191:economics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004917:Erythromycin; D017963:Azithromycin