title: Influence of heating car seats on scrotal temperature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of a heated versus an unheated car seat on scrotal temperature under standardized experimental conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers in an academic research environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty volunteers without a history of infertility and with a normal andrological examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scrotal temperatures were measured every minute with a portable data recorder connected to two thermistor temperature sensors, which were attached on either side of the scrotum. All volunteers started the experiment at the same time of day wearing standardized cotton wool trousers and shirts fitting to body size. Each volunteer performed two periods of 90 minutes in a randomized manner on either the heated or unheated car seat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of the sitting periods scrotal temperatures were significantly higher using the heated car seat versus the unheated seat (left scrotal side: 0.5 degrees C; right scrotal side: 0.6 degrees C). Maximum values recorded during sitting alone were exceeded on the heated seat already after one-third of the exposure time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that the frequent use of a heated car seat represents an additional scrotal, and consequently, testicular heat stress factor to that which is present by merely sitting for long periods.
authors.affiliation: Center of Dermatology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. Andreas.Jung@derma.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: Hans-Christian
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schuppe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001336:Automobiles; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012611:Scrotum / Q000502:physiology*