title: Fusing face-verification algorithms and humans.
abstract: It has been demonstrated recently that state-of-the-art face-recognition algorithms can surpass human accuracy at matching faces over changes in illumination. The ranking of algorithms and humans by accuracy, however, does not provide information about whether algorithms and humans perform the task comparably or whether algorithms and humans can be fused to improve performance. In this paper, we fused humans and algorithms using partial least square regression (PLSR). In the first experiment, we applied PLSR to face-pair similarity scores generated by seven algorithms participating in the Face Recognition Grand Challenge. The PLSR produced an optimal weighting of the similarity scores, which we tested for generality with a jackknife procedure. Fusing the algorithms' similarity scores using the optimal weights produced a twofold reduction of error rate over the most accurate algorithm. Next, human-subject-generated similarity scores were added to the PLSR analysis. Fusing humans and algorithms increased the performance to near-perfect classification accuracy. These results are discussed in terms of maximizing face-verification accuracy with hybrid systems consisting of multiple algorithms and humans.
authors.affiliation: School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences (GR4.1), The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083-0688, USA. otoole@utdallas.edu
authors.forename: Alice J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdi
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: P Jonathon
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique