title: Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical features of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), evaluate treatment options, and discuss management of patients with comorbid diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search (1977-April 2007) using the terms REM sleep behavior disorder, narcolepsy, parkinsonian disorders, levodopa, dopamine agonists, clonazepam, benzodiazepines, and melatonin was used to retrieve relevant articles. The reference sections of all articles and texts were scanned for additional literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  All articles published in English were evaluated. There were no specific criteria for inclusion of articles in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RBD is characterized by enactment of dream content resulting from the loss of normal skeletal muscle atonia during REM sleep. RBD occurs mainly in geriatric patients and in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, especially parkinsonian diseases. The presence of idiopathic RBD may be a sign of an underlying parkinsonian syndrome. Development of RBD may be one of the first manifestations of Parkinson's disease or other parkinsonian syndromes. An acute form of RBD can be drug-induced or occur on drug withdrawal. The potential for injury to the patient and his or her bed partner is as high as 96%. Controlled trials are unavailable for most agents used in the treatment of RBD, although clonazepam is an effective first-line agent and can provide rapid and complete symptom remission based on evidence from 3 large case series. Patients who cannot tolerate clonazepam or who have a suboptimal response may benefit from melatonin alone or as an adjunct. Both drugs are generally well tolerated when taken at bedtime. Management of patients with RBD becomes complicated due to the high incidence of neurologic comorbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clonazepam is the treatment of choice for patients with RBD. The drug is efficacious and has a low incidence of adverse effects. Melatonin is a viable second-line or adjunctive treatment.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gugger
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002998:Clonazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008550:Melatonin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000077487:Pramipexole; D020187:REM Sleep Behavior Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018757:GABA Modulators; D002998:Clonazepam; D000077487:Pramipexole; D008550:Melatonin