title: L-carnitine-L-tartrate promotes human hair growth in vitro.
abstract: The trimethylated amino acid l-carnitine plays a key role in the intramitochondrial transport of fatty acids for beta-oxidation and thus serves important functions in energy metabolism. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that l-carnitine, a frequently employed dietary supplement, may also stimulate hair growth by increasing energy supply to the massively proliferating and energy-consuming anagen hair matrix. Hair follicles (HFs) in the anagen VI stage of the hair cycle were cultured in the presence of 0.5-50 microm of l-carnitine-l-tartrate (CT) for 9 days. At day 9, HFs treated with 5 microm or 0.5 microm of CT showed a moderate, but significant stimulation of hair shaft elongation compared with vehicle-treated controls (P < 0.05). Also, CT prolonged the duration of anagen VI, down regulated apoptosis (as measured by TUNEL assay) and up regulated proliferation (as measured by Ki67 immunohistology) of hair matrix keratinocytes (P < 0.5). By immunohistology, intrafollicular immunoreactivity for TGFbeta2, a key catagen-promoting growth factor, in the dermal papilla and TGF-beta II receptor protein in the outer root sheath and dermal papilla was down regulated. As shown by caspase activity assay, caspase 3 and 7, which are known to initiate apoptosis, are down regulated at day 2 and day 4 after treatment of HFs with CT compared with vehicle-treated control indicating that CT has an immediate protective effect on HFs to undergo programmed cell death. Our findings suggest that l-carnitine stimulates human scalp hair growth by up regulation of proliferation and down regulation of apoptosis in follicular keratinocytes in vitro. They further encourage one to explore topical and nutraceutical administration of l-carnitine as a well-tolerated, relatively safe adjuvant treatment in the management of androgenetic alopecia and other forms of hair loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. kfoitzik@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foitzik
authors.forename: Edo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoting
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Förster
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pertile
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002331:Carnitine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053179:Caspase 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D013644:Tartrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D013644:Tartrates; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; D002331:Carnitine