title: Effect of protein kinase C and Ca(2+) on p42/p44 MAPK, Pyk2, and Src activation in rat conjunctival goblet cells.
abstract: Conjunctival goblet cells synthesize and secrete mucins onto the ocular surface to lubricate it and protect it from bacterial infections. Mucin secretion is under neural control, and cholinergic agonists released from parasympathetic nerves are major stimuli of this secretion. The signal transduction pathways these agonists use to stimulate secretion involve activating protein kinase C (PKC) and increasing intracellular [Ca(2+)] to activate the non-receptor kinases Pyk2 and p60Src (Src) to transactivate the EGF receptor. Transactivation of the EGF receptor activates a kinase cascade culminating in the activation of p42/p44 MAPK (MAPK) and ultimately that leads to secretion of high molecular weight glycocongujates (HMWGC), including mucins. To further examine the roles of PKC and Ca(2+) in the activation of MAPK, Pyk2, and Src in mucin secretion, rat conjunctival pieces and cultured goblet cells were incubated with the PKC activator phorbol myristate acid (PMA), the cholinergic agonist carbachol, or the calcium ionophore, ionomycin for varying times. Conjunctival pieces were preincubated with PKC inhibitors 10min prior to addition of carbachol (10(-4)M) for 10min. The amount of phosphorylated (activated) MAPK, Pyk2 and Src was determined by Western blotting techniques using antibodies specific to the phosphorylated forms of each kinase. PMA significantly increased the activation of MAPK, Pyk2, and Src in a time and concentration-dependent manner. PMA-stimulated MAPK activity was completely inhibited by the EGF receptor inhibitor AG1478 (10(-7)M). Carbachol-stimulated MAPK activity was inhibited by three PKC inhibitors, calphostin C, chelethyrine, and staurosporine. Ionomycin (10(-6)M)-stimulated MAPK activity was inhibited 66% by AG1478 (10(-7)M). Ionomycin also significantly increased Pyk2 and Src in time dependent manner. PKC and ionomycin also activated p42/p44 MAPK, Pyk2, and Src in cultured conjunctival goblet cells. We conclude that PKC and intracellular Ca(2+) activate Pyk2 and Src and phosphorylate the EGF receptor leading to stimulation of MAPK in conjunctival goblet cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. robin.hodges@schepens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Robin R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horikawa
authors.forename: Jose D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Marie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shatos
authors.forename: Darlene A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dartt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D051418:Focal Adhesion Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009077:Mucins; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D051418:Focal Adhesion Kinase 2; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D002118:Calcium