title: The nature of skin pigmentations in chronic venous insufficiency: a preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) provokes skin pigmentation commonly seen in the gaiter region of the leg. The exact nature and pathogenesis of this are poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the presence of melanin and haemosiderin in histological sections of the skin of limbs with primary varicose veins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histological investigations were performed in 49 biopsies from pigmented and non-pigmented skin of limbs with varicose veins and control limbs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All samples from pigmented skin showed a higher content of melanin than controls. In contrast, haemosiderin was found in only a few biopsies taken from the more severely pigmented skin in areas of lipodermatosclerosis. Erythrocyte diapedesis was observed only where an intense inflammatory process was also present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that in the initial phases of skin changes due to venous disease, pigmentation is attributable to melanin. Haemosiderin seems to play a role in the evolution of skin changes toward lipodermatosclerosis and ulceration. Erythrocyte diapedesis is likely to occur only during acute phases of the inflammatory process. Further investigations are needed to explain the cause and the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for hypermelanisation occurring in early phases of skin changes in CVI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University "La Sapienza", Via Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caggiati
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franceschini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Innocenzi
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006485:Hemosiderin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D006485:Hemosiderin