Biosynthesis of violacein: a genuine intermediate, protoviolaceinic acid, produced by VioABDE, and insight into VioC function.
A biosynthetic intermediate of violacein produced by the mixed enzymes of VioABDE was elucidated to be 5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, named protoviolaceinic acid, indicating that VioC, responsible for the final biosynthetic step, works to oxygenate at the 2-position of the right side indole ring, and that the oxygenation reaction to form the central pyrrolidone core proceeds in a non-enzymatic fashion.
Shinoda
Kouhei
K
Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
Hasegawa
Takuji
T
Sato
Hiroaki
H
Shinozaki
Masaaki
M
Kuramoto
Hirotomo
H
Takamiya
Yosuke
Y
Sato
Tsutomu
T
Nikaidou
Naoki
N
Watanabe
Takeshi
T
Hoshino
Tsutomu
T
D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002861:Chromobacterium / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007211:Indoles; C525089:protoviolaceinic acid; C063155:violacein