title: Relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts, environmental tobacco smoke, and child development in the World Trade Center cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are air pollutants released by the World Trade Center (WTC) fires and urban combustion sources. BaP-DNA adducts provide a measure of PAH-specific genetic damage, which has been associated with increased risk of adverse birth outcomes and cancer. We previously reported that levels of BaP-DNA adducts in maternal and umbilical cord blood obtained at delivery were elevated among subjects who had resided within 1 mile of the WTC site during the month after 9/11; and that elevated blood adducts in combination with in utero exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were significantly associated with decreased fetal growth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to assess possible effects of prenatal exposure to WTC pollutants on child development.
  
  
  METHODS
  After 11 September 2001, we enrolled a cohort of nonsmoking pregnant women who delivered at three lower Manhattan hospitals. We have followed a subset of children through their third birthdays and measured cognitive and motor development using the Bayley-II Scales of Child Development (BSID-II).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analyses, we found a significant interaction between cord blood adducts and in utero exposure to ETS on mental development index score at 3 years of age (p = 0.02, n = 98) whereas neither adducts nor ETS alone was a significant predictor of (BSID-II) cognitive development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although limited by small numbers, these results suggest that exposure to elevated levels of PAHs in conjunction with prenatal ETS exposure may have contributed to a modest reduction in cognitive development among cohort children.
authors.affiliation: Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. fpp1@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Frederica P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.forename: Deliang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rauh
authors.forename: Yi Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Wei Yann
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Priore
authors.forename: Sally Ann
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lederman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009519:New York City; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D018736:DNA Adducts; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution