title: Breakfast glycemic index affects subsequent daily energy intake in free-living healthy children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental studies have reported that the effect of a meal's glycemic index (GI) on subsequent energy intake depends on the timing of the subsequent meal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether the timing of the next meal after breakfast modifies the effect of the breakfast GI (GI(br)) on subsequent daytime energy intake of healthy free-living children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses included 381 participants of the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometrical Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study who had provided weighed dietary records at ages 2, 4-5, and 7 y.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At all ages, among children who consumed their next meal in the early postprandial phase (after 3-4 h), children with a lower GI(br) consumed more calories throughout the remainder of the day than did children with a higher GI(br), independent of major dietary confounders. For the age groups 2, 4-5, and 7 y, energy intakes in tertiles 1 and 3 were 785 kcal (95% CI: 743-830 kcal) and 717 kcal (678-758 kcal), P for trend = 0.2; 993 kcal (941-1047 kcal) and 949 kcal (900-1000 kcal), P for trend = 0.05; 1255 (1171-1344) and 1166 (1090-1247 kcal), P for trend = 0.03, respectively. Conversely, among children consuming their next meal in the late postprandial phase (>3-4 h), subsequent daytime energy intake was not associated with GI(br).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms differential early and late postprandial effects of the GI(br) on subsequent daytime energy intake for free-living children at different ages. Interestingly, the apparent short-term satiating effect of a higher GI(br), in particular, persisted throughout the day, if a second breakfast was consumed midmorning.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Dortmund, Germany. buyken@fke-do.de
authors.forename: Anette E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Buyken
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trauner
authors.forename: Anke L B
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kroke
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Remer
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates