title: The water exercise improves health-related quality of life of frail elderly people at day service facility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of water exercise at a day service facility and the effects of water exercise frequency on health-related quality of life (HRQL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 30) were randomly separated into three groups: two indicating exercise frequency, at once-weekly or twice-weekly, and a control group. One-hour exercise intervention sessions were carried out once or twice a week, accordingly, for 24 weeks. The water exercise session comprised a warm-up on land, activities of daily living (ADL) exercises, stretching, strength training, and relaxation in water. HRQL was evaluated using the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire, and ADL disability was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were found between pre- and 6 months in both the once- and twice-weekly groups in HRQL (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found among pre-, 3 months, and 6 months. The effect size between the once and twice groups was moderate in both the physical component summary (0.72) and mental component summary (0.75) at 3 months. ADL disability shows significant correlation with HRQL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Water exercise intervention at a day service facility improved participants' HRQL for 6 months by improving exercise habits and ADL disability. Furthermore, the HRQL change differed according to exercise frequency: twice-weekly exercise showed more rapid improvement than once-weekly.
authors.affiliation: Doctoral Program in Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. s0630342@ipe.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaneda
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nomura
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003631:Day Care, Medical; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water