title: Aggregation of Staphylococcus aureus following treatment with the antibacterial flavonol galangin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The flavonol galangin, an antimicrobial constituent of the traditional medicines propolis and Helichrysum aureonitens, is being assessed as part of an ongoing investigation into the antibacterial activity of flavonoids. The present study sought to establish whether galangin has any aggregatory effect on bacterial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In preparatory time-kill assays, 50 microg ml(-1) of galangin was found to reduce colony counts of c. 5 x 10(7) CFU ml(-1)Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 by approximately 15 000-fold during 60 min of incubation. Subsequent light microscopy studies demonstrated significant increases in the number of large clusters of bacterial cells in populations treated with the flavonol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data presented here show that galangin causes aggregation of bacterial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that galangin causes bacterial cells to clump together may implicate the cytoplasmic membrane as a target site for this compound's activity. More importantly, this observation indicates that decreases in CFU numbers detected in time-kill and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays in previous investigations were at least partially attributable to this aggregatory effect. This raises the possibility that galangin is not genuinely bactericidal in action, and calls into question the suitability of time-kill and MBC assays for determining the nature of activity of naturally occurring flavonoids.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: T P T
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Cushnie
authors.forename: V E S
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lamb
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044948:Flavonols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D036562:Helichrysum / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011429:Propolis / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D044948:Flavonols; D010936:Plant Extracts; C037032:galangin; D011429:Propolis