title: A study of the physiology of Bacillus anthracis Sterne during manufacture of the UK acellular anthrax vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the growth of Bacillus anthracis during simulations of the UK anthrax vaccine manufacturing process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulated vaccine production runs were performed using the toxigenic, acapsulate Sterne 34F(2) strain of B. anthracis in semi-defined medium. After rising during the logarithmic growth phase, the pH of the culture starts to fall at about 18 h from pH 8.7 to reach <7.6 at 26 h, coincident with consumption of glucose and optimal production of protective antigen (PA; 7.89 g ml(-1), SD 1.0) and lethal factor (LF; 1.85 g ml(-1), SD 0.29). No increased breakdown of toxin antigens was seen over the 26-32 h period. When glucose was exhausted, amino acids (principally serine) were utilized as an alternative carbon source. Sporulation was not observed during the 32 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PA and LF, the principal constituents in the UK anthrax vaccine, undergo little degradation during vaccine fermentation. The vaccine manufacturing process is robust and reproducible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first detailed analysis of the manufacturing process used for the UK acellular anthrax vaccine; insight gained into the process will support continued and safe vaccine manufacture.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Agency, Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. sue.charlton@hpa.org.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGlashan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Silman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hallis
mesh_terms: D022122:Anthrax Vaccines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019149:Bioreactors; D003470:Culture Media; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005285:Fermentation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
chemical_list: D022122:Anthrax Vaccines; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D003470:Culture Media; C030325:anthrax toxin