title: Growth and nitrogen relations in the mat-forming lichens Stereocaulon paschale and Cladonia stellaris.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mat-forming lichens in the genera Stereocaulon and Cladonia have ecosystem-level effects in northern boreal forests. Yet the factors affecting the productivity of mat-forming lichens are not known. The aim of the presented work was to investigate whether mat-forming lichens adapted to low N availability employ N-conserving mechanisms similar to those of vascular plants in nutrient-poor ecosystems. Specifically, the following questions were asked: (a) Do lichens translocate N from basal areas to apical growth areas? (b) Are the quantities of N translocated of ecological significance. (c) Is lichen growth dependent on tissue N concentration [N].
  
  
  METHODS
  Two different, but complementary, field experiments were conducted using the mat-forming N2-fixing Stereocaulon paschale and non-fixing Cladonia stellaris as model species. First, N translocation was investigated by feeding lichens with Na(15)NO3 either directly to the apex (theoretical sink) or to the basal part (theoretical source) and observing the redistribution of (15)N after a growth period. Secondly, growth and variation in [N] in thalli of different lengths was measured after a growth period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (15)N fed to lower parts of lichen was translocated towards the growing top, but not vice versa, indicating physiologically dependent translocation that follows a sink-source relationship. In the growth experiment where thalli were cut to different lengths, the significant decrease in [N] in apices of short vs. longer thalli after a growth period is consistent with internal relocation as an ecologically important source of N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented results demonstrate that internal recycling of N occurs in both species investigated and may be ecologically important in these mat-forming lichens under field conditions. The higher nitrogen use efficiency and relative growth rate in C. stellaris in comparison with S. paschale probably enable C. stellaris to dominate the ground cover vegetation in dry boreal coniferous forests under undisturbed conditions.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. minna-maarit.kytoviita@oulu.fi
authors.forename: M-M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kytöviita
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Crittenden
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D017753:Ecosystem; D008011:Lichens / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D009584:Nitrogen