title: A new stapler-based full-thickness transgastric access closure: results from an animal pilot trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reliable closure of the transluminal incision is the crucial step for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of transgastric access closure with a flexible stapling device in a porcine survival model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out four experiments (two sterile and two nonsterile) on 50 kg pigs. The endoscope was passed through a gastrotomy made with a needle knife and an 18-mm controlled radial expansion dilating balloon. After peritoneoscopy, a flexible linear stapling device (NOLC60, Power Medical Interventions, Langhorne, Pennsylvania, USA) was perorally advanced over a guide wire into the stomach, positioned under endoscopic guidance, and opened to include the site of gastrotomy between its two arms; four rows of staples were fired. One animal was sacrificed 24 hours after the procedure (progression of pre-existing pneumonia). The remaining animals were survived for 1 week and then underwent repeat endoscopy and postmortem examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peroral delivery and positioning of the stapling device involved some technical difficulties, mostly due to the short length (60 cm) of the stapling device. The stapler provided complete leak-resistant gastric closure in all pigs. None of the surviving animals had any clinical signs of infection. Necropsy demonstrated an intact staple line with full-thickness healing of the gastrotomy in all animals. Histologic examination confirmed healing, but also revealed intramural micro-abscesses within the gastric wall after nonsterile procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastrotomy closure with a perorally delivered flexible stapling device created a leak-resistant transmural line of staples followed by full-thickness healing of the gastric wall incision. Increasing the length of the instrument and adding device articulation will further facilitate its use for NOTES procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magno
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Giday
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dray
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gostout
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kalloo
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pasricha
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Assumpcao
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Marohn
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gabrielson
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kantsevoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D010532:Peritoneal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013270:Stomach / Q000601:surgery*; D013528:Surgical Staplers; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome