title: How experienced alpine-skiers cope with restrictions of ankle degrees-of-freedom when wearing ski-boots in postural exercises.
abstract: The present study investigates the mechanisms underlying changes in postural strategy that occur to compensate for mechanical ankle joint restrictions induced by wearing ski-boots during postural exercises. Fourteen experienced skiers were asked to stand as still as possible in a stable (STA) posture and in 2 postures with instability in the medio/lateral and antero/posterior (ML and AP postures) direction. Postural tasks were performed with eyes open or closed and while wearing or not wearing ski-boots. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of representative lower limb muscles and positions of centre-of-foot pressure (COP) were recorded and analyzed. Our results illustrated enhanced postural performances with ski-boots in the STA posture, whereas postural performances remained unchanged when wearing ski-boots in the ML and AP postures. Analysis of COP sways in the frequency domain did not illustrate any modification in the contribution of different neuronal loops when the study subjects wore ski-boots. EMG showed that the mechanical effects of wearing ski-boots were compensated by changes in postural strategy through the reorganization of muscle coordination, made possible by inherent redundancies in the human body. The preservation of postural performances, despite restrictions of ankle degrees-of-freedom induced by ski-boots, emphasizes the subjects' capacity to exploit the additional support provided by ski-boots by adequately adjusting muscle coordination to control posture in different balance conditions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Adaptation Perceptivo-Motrice et Apprentissage, EA 3691, UFR-STAPS, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Noé
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amarantini
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paillard
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012775:Shoes; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*; D019876:Sports Equipment; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult