title: Sialic acid receptor detection in the human respiratory tract: evidence for widespread distribution of potential binding sites for human and avian influenza viruses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza virus binds to cell receptors via sialic acid (SA) linked glycoproteins. They recognize SA on host cells through their haemagglutinins (H). The distribution of SA on cell surfaces is one determinant of host tropism and understanding its expression on human cells and tissues is important for understanding influenza pathogenesis. The objective of this study therefore was to optimize the detection of alpha2,3-linked and alpha2,6-linked SA by lectin histochemistry by investigating the binding of Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) for SAalpha2,6Gal and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) for SAalpha2,3Gal in the respiratory tract of normal adults and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used fluorescent and biotinylated SNA and MAA from different suppliers on archived and prospectively collected biopsy and autopsy specimens from the nasopharynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs of fetuses, infants and adults. We compared different methods of unmasking for tissue sections to determine if these would affect lectin binding. Using serial sections we then compared the lectin binding of MAA from different suppliers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that unmasking using microwave treatment in citrate buffer produced increased lectin binding to the ciliated and glandular epithelium of the respiratory tract. In addition we found that there were differences in tissue distribution of the alpha2,3 linked SA when 2 different isoforms of MAA (MAA1 and MAA2) lectin were used. MAA1 had widespread binding throughout the upper and lower respiratory tract and showed more binding to the respiratory epithelium of children than in adults. By comparison, MAA2 binding was mainly restricted to the alveolar epithelial cells of the lung with weak binding to goblet cells. SNA binding was detected in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells and binding of this lectin was stronger to the paediatric epithelium compared to adult epithelium. Furthermore, the MAA lectins from 2 suppliers (Roche and EY Labs) tended to only bind in a pattern similar to MAA1 (Vector Labs) and produced a different binding pattern to MAA2 from Vector Labs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lectin binding pattern of MAA may vary depending on the supplier and the different isoforms of MAA show a different tissue distribution in the respiratory tract. This finding is important if conclusions about the potential binding sites of SAalpha2,3 binding viruses, such as influenza or human parainfluenza are to be made.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR. nicholls@pathology.hku.hk
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bourne
authors.forename: Honglin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: J S Malik
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Peiris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001717:Birds; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000502:physiology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000821:virology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C109963:hemagglutinin, avian influenza A virus; C483468:hemagglutinin, human influenza A virus; C092488:sialic acid receptor