title: Activation of protein tyrosine kinases and matrix metalloproteinases causes blood-brain barrier injury: Novel mechanism for neurodegeneration associated with alcohol abuse.
abstract: Blood-brain barrier (BBB) formed by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) regulates the passage of molecules and leukocytes in and out of the brain. Activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and alteration of basement membrane (BM) associated with BBB injury was documented in stroke patients. While chronic alcoholism is a risk factor for developing stroke, underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We hypothesized that ethanol (EtOH)-induced protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) signaling resulted a loss of BBB integrity via MMPs activation and degradation of BM component, collagen IV. Treatment of BMVEC with EtOH or acetaldehyde (AA) for 2-48 h increased MMP-1, -2 and -9 activities or decreased the levels of tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1, -2) in a PTK-dependent manner without affecting protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. Enhanced PTK activity after EtOH exposure correlated with increased phosphorylated proteins of selective receptor and nonreceptor PTKs. Up-regulation of MMPs activities and protein contents paralleled a decrease in collagen IV content, and inhibitors of EtOH metabolism, MMP-2 and -9, or PTK reversed all these effects. Using human BMVEC assembled into BBB models, we found that EtOH/AA diminished barrier tightness, augmented permeability, and monocyte migration across the BBB via activation of PTKs and MMPs. These findings suggest that alcohol associated BBB injury could be mediated by MMPs via BM protein degradation and could serve as a comorbidity factor for neurological disorders like stroke or neuroinflammation. Furthermore, our preliminary experiments indicated that human astrocytes secreted high levels of MMP-1 and -9 following exposure to EtOH, suggesting the role of BM protein degradation and BBB compromise as a result of glial activation by ethanol. These results provide better understanding of multifaceted effects of alcohol on the brain and could help develop new therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5215, USA. jhaorah@unmc.edu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haorah
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schall
authors.forename: Servio H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Persidsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D054441:Cell Migration Assays, Leukocyte; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003911:Dextrans / Q000378:metabolism; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases