title: Cerebral embolization in patients undergoing protected carotid-artery stenting and carotid surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraoperative cerebral embolization is a greater concern in patients undergoing carotid-artery stenting (CAS) than in those undergoing the reference standard treatment carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We evaluated cerebral embolism with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and transcranial Doppler monitoring during CAS and CEA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 75 patients with carotid stenosis, 40 undergoing CEA and 35 transfemoral protected CAS, underwent preoperative and postoperative cerebral DW-MRI. Of the 75 patients, 64 (85%) underwent intraoperative transcranial Doppler monitoring to evaluate the mean number of microembolic signals (MES) recorded in each procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the patients died. No patient in the CEA but two in the CAS group had strokes (5.7%, P=NS). The mean MES count on transcranial Doppler monitoring was higher in the CAS than in the CEA group (330.0 MES, range 2754 vs 13.2, range 0-49 MES; P<0.01). DW-MRI disclosed a significantly larger number of new ischemic lesions in the CAS than in the CEA group (40 lesions in 12/35 patients, 34.3% vs 4 lesions in 3/40 patients, 7.5%; P<0.01). In the CEA group, all patients with ischemic lesions were asymptomatic whereas in the CAS group 5 were symptomatic (14.3%) and 7 asymptomatic (20%). The cerebral distribution also differed in the two groups: no CEA but 20% of CAS lesions were contralateral.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAS is associated with a significantly higher rate of cerebral embolization than CEA. Even though the clinical meaning of new postoperative ischemic lesions remains debatable, it seems prudent to reduce the embolic load by improving procedural techniques and cerebral protection devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Sant'Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University of Rome, Second Medical School, Rome, Italy. vittorio.faraglia@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Faraglia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palombo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taurino
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Iocca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bozzao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents