title: Characteristics of children with hip displacement in cerebral palsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hip dislocation in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is a common and severe problem. The dislocation can be avoided, by screening and preventive treatment of children with hips at risk. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of children with CP who develop hip displacement, in order to optimise a hip surveillance programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a total population of children with CP a standardised clinical and radiological follow-up of the hips was carried out as a part of a hip prevention programme. The present study is based on 212 children followed until 9-16 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 212 children, 38 (18%) developed displacement with Migration Percentage (MP) >40% and further 19 (9%) MP between 33 and 39%. Mean age at first registration of hip displacement was 4 years, but some hips showed MP > 40% already at two years of age. The passive range of hip motion at the time of first registration of hip displacement did not differ significantly from the findings in hips without displacement. The risk of hip displacement varied according to CP-subtype, from 0% in children with pure ataxia to 79% in children with spastic tetraplegia. The risk of displacement (MP > 40%) was directly related to the level of gross motor function, classified according to the gross motor function classification system, GMFCS, from 0% in children in GMFCS level I to 64% in GMFCS level V.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hip displacement in CP often occurs already at 2-3 years of age. Range of motion is a poor indicator of hips at risk. Thus early identification and early radiographic examination of children at risk is of great importance. The risk of hip displacement varies according to both CP-subtype and GMFCS. It is sometimes not possible to determine subtype before 4 years of age, and at present several definitions and classification systems are used. GMFCS is valid and reliable from 2 years of age, and it is internationally accepted. We recommend a hip surveillance programme for children with CP with radiographic examinations based on the child's age and GMFCS level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden. gunnar.hagglund@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hägglund
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lauge-Pedersen
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006617:Hip Dislocation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011859:Radiography / Q000592:standards; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology