title: Effects of retro-nasal aroma release on satiation.
abstract: It is suggested that the brain response of a food odour sensed retro-nasally is related to satiation. The extent of retro-nasal aroma release during consumption depends on the physical structure of a food, i.e. solid foods generate a longer, more pronounced retro-nasal aroma release than liquid foods. The aim of this study was to investigate if a beverage becomes more satiating when the retro-nasal aroma release profile coincides with the profile of a (soft) solid food. In a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised cross-over full factorial design, twenty-seven healthy subjects (fourteen males and thirteen females; aged 16-65 years; BMI 19-37 kg/m(2) were administered aroma profiles by a computer-controlled stimulator based on air dilution olfactometry. Profile A consisted of a profile that is obtained during consumption of normal beverages. Profile B is normally observed during consumption of (soft) solids. The two profiles were produced with strawberry aroma and administered in a retro-nasal fashion, while the subjects consumed a sweetened milk drink. Before, during and after the sensory stimulation, appetite profile measurements were performed. Subjects felt significantly more satiated if they were aroma stimulated with profile B (P = 0.04). After stimulation with sweet strawberry aroma, there was a significant decrease in desire to eat sweet products (P = 0.0001). In conclusion, perceived satiation was increased by altering the extent of retro-nasal aroma release.
authors.affiliation: NIZO Food Research, Kernhemseweg 2, Ede, The Netherlands. Rianne.Ruijschop@nizo.nl
authors.forename: Rianne M A J
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ruijschop
authors.forename: Alexandra E M
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Boelrijk
authors.forename: Jacob A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Ru
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Margriet S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Westerterp-Plantenga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D001628:Beverages; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000502:physiology*; D009812:Odorants; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013549:Sweetening Agents