title: Inhibition of human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection by novel small molecules.
abstract: Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is an important respiratory tract pathogen of infants and children. There are no vaccines or antivirals currently approved for prevention or treatment of HPIV3 infection. Towards developing an antiviral therapy to combat HPIV3 infection, we have established a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged HPIV3 infected-cell assay and used it for screening of a small molecule library obtained from ChemBridge Diver. Two novel small molecules (C5 and C7) which shared structural similarities were identified and their inhibitory effects on HPIV3 were confirmed in CV-1 and human lung epithelium A549 cells by plaque assay, Western blot and Northern blot analyses. C5 and C7 effectively prevented the cytopathic effect in cells infected with HPIV3, achieving IC(50) values of 2.36 microM and 0.08 microM, respectively, for infectious virus production. The inhibition appears to be at the primary transcriptional level of HPIV3 life cycle based on sequential time course test, binding and internalization assays, and finally by a minigenome transcription assay in cells as well as measuring viral transcripts in cells in the presence of anisomycin. Interestingly, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), another member of mononegavirales order, was also inhibited by these compounds, whereas poliovirus-a picornavirus was not. Use of these inhibitors has a strong potential to develop novel antiviral agents against this important human pathogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Virology Section NN10, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Chandar S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: Santanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gudkov
authors.forename: Amiya K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010224:Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human / Q000187:drug effects*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; C095185:P protein, Human parainfluenza virus 3; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D014764:Viral Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins