title: Prevailing therapeutic regimes and predictive factors for prandial insulin substitution in 26 687 children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes in Germany and Austria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse current therapeutic strategies for prandial insulin substitution in a large number of children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes in Germany and Austria, along with changes in therapeutic habits and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We classified the data of 26 687 patients, treated from 1995 to 2005 in 152 paediatric clinics, using a database established for quality control and scientific surveys in paediatric diabetology (DPV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three per cent of all patients (mean age 13.6 years., mean duration of diabetes 5.4 years.) were treated with > or = 4 daily injections (intensified conventional treatment; ICT), 14% with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), 13% with 1-3 injections per day (conventional treatment). Frequency of daily injections increased with age, duration of diabetes and insulin dose. The insulin dose at breakfast was higher than for the evening meal or lunch, from diagnosis onwards. Individuals using insulin analogues received up to 11% higher insulin doses per day compared with patients treated with human insulin. The time of day, age, duration of diabetes, female gender, insulin analogues and ICT all had a significant influence on prandial insulin doses. Although the number of patients treated with ICT or CSII increased over the period of observation, mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) was approximately 8.0% each year, and decreased by only 0.01%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eighty-seven per cent of patients were treated with ICT or CSII. However, while this percentage increased over the observation period, mean HbA(1c) was almost constant. Longer duration of diabetes, increasing age, female gender, insulin analogues and ICT were associated with higher prandial insulin doses.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. ina.knerr@kinder.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Knerr
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Holterhus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Näke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenbauer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weitzel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001317:Austria; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D000069057:Insulin Detemir