title: p-Dodecylaminophenol derived from the synthetic retinoid, fenretinide: antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo against human prostate cancer and mechanism of action.
abstract: Fenretinide, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) is an aminophenol-containing synthetic retinoid derivative of all-trans-retinoic acid, which is a potent chemopreventive and antiproliferative agent against various cancers. Clinical studies of 4-HPR have shown side effects consisting of night blindness and ocular toxicity. To maintain potent anticancer activity without side effects, p-dodecylaminophenol (p-DDAP) was designed based on structure-activity relationships of 4-HPR. In our study, we investigate whether p-DDAP shows anticancer activity against human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 when compared with 4-HPR. p-DDAP inhibited PC-3 cell growth progressively from low to high concentration in a dose-dependent manner. p-DDAP was the most potent antiproliferative agent in vitro among 6 p-alkylaminophenols and 3 4-hydroxyphenyl analogs examined including 4-HPR. Cells treated with p-DDAP were shown to undergo apoptosis, based on condensation nuclei, cytofluorimetric analysis, propidium iodide staining and the expression of bcl-2 and caspase 3. p-DDAP arrested the S phase of the cell cycle, while 4-HPR arrested the G(0)/G(1) phase. In addition, both the i.v. and i.p. administration of p-DDAP suppressed tumor growth in PC-3-implanted mice in vivo. p-DDAP showed no effects on blood retinol concentrations, in contrast to reductions after 4-HPR administration. These results indicate that p-DDAP exhibits excellent anticancer efficacy against hormonal independent prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo, and it may have great potential for clinical use in the treatment of prostate cancer with reduced side effects.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan. t-noriko@hoshi.ac.jp
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maitani
authors.forename: Takayasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: Kimio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashiyama
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohba
mesh_terms: D000627:Aminophenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000627:Aminophenols; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014801:Vitamin A; D017313:Fenretinide; D053148:Caspase 3