title: Long-term outcome and its predictors among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction complicated by shock: insights from the GUSTO-I trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to assess long-term outcome and determine its predictors among 30-day survivors of cardiogenic shock.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patients with cardiogenic shock have high in-hospital and 30-day mortality, but there are little data about those who survive beyond 30 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed baseline, in-hospital, and survival data from patients in the U.S. with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and cardiogenic shock enrolled in the GUSTO (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries)-I trial and compared them with patients in the same trial who did not have shock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 22,883 patients enrolled in the U.S., shock occurred in 1,891 (8.3%); 953 (50.4%) survived 30 days and 527 (27.8%) survived 11 years. Of 20,992 U.S. patients without shock, 20,360 (96.9%) survived 30 days and 14,131 (67.3%) survived 11 years. After the first year, 2% to 4% of patients died each year regardless of whether they had cardiogenic shock. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we were able to predict long-term mortality in all U.S. GUSTO-I 30-day survivors from their baseline demographics and in-hospital complications. The strongest predictors were diabetes mellitus, cardiogenic shock, hypertension, previous myocardial infarction, current smoking, anterior infarct, higher Killip class, higher heart rate, and older age; patients >75 years were at highest risk. Percutaneous revascularization during the index hospitalization was associated with a reduced risk of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with cardiogenic shock who survive 30 days after STEMI, annual mortality rates of 2% to 4% approximate those of patients without shock.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Mandeep
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hasdai
authors.forename: Patricia K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents