title: Detrimental role for CD4+ T lymphocytes in murine diffuse peritonitis due to inhibition of local bacterial elimination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abdominal sepsis due to intestinal leakage of endogenous gut bacteria is a life-threatening condition. In healthy individuals, T lymphocytes have essential functions in balancing the immune response to the commensal gut flora.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine how T lymphocytes shape the process of diffuse faecal peritonitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP), a clinically relevant mouse model of diffuse peritonitis, the kinetics of systemic T cell activation were investigated by assessment of activation markers. CD4(+) T cells were then depleted with monoclonal antibodies, and survival, bacterial dissemination and cytokine concentrations were measured. T cell receptor signalling was blocked with tacrolimus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In diffuse peritonitis, CD4(+) T cells, both Foxp3(-) and Foxp3(+), became systemically involved within hours and upregulated CTLA-4 and other activation markers. Depletion of the CD4(+) T cells enhanced local bacterial clearance from the peritoneal cavity, reduced bacterial dissemination and improved survival. This was accompanied by increased immigration of granulocytes and macrophages into the peritoneum, indicating that CD4(+) T cells inhibit the local innate immune response. Blockade of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling by tacrolimus did not influence the survival in this peritonitis model, showing that the inhibitory effects of the CD4(+) T lymphocytes were independent of TCR-mediated antigen recognition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In diffuse peritonitis caused by commensal gut bacteria the CD4(+) T lymphocytes exert a net negative effect on the local anti-bacterial defence, and thereby contribute to bacterial dissemination and poor outcome.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Sauerbruchstrasse, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Busse
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Traeger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pötschke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Billing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dummer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friebe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiank
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Grunwald
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schütt
authors.forename: C-D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Heidecke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Bröker
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000276:immunology*; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology*; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D016559:Tacrolimus