title: Determining geographic areas and populations with timely access to cardiac catheterization facilities for acute myocardial infarction care in Alberta, Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study uses geographic information systems (GIS) as a tool to evaluate and visualize the general accessibility of areas within the province of Alberta (Canada) to cardiac catheterization facilities. Current American and European guidelines suggest performing catheterization within 90 minutes of the first medical contact. For this reason, this study evaluates the populated places that are within a 90 minute transfer time to a city with a catheterization facility. The three modes of transport considered in this study are ground ambulance, rotary wing air ambulance and fixed wing air ambulance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reference data from the Alberta Chart of Call were interpolated into continuous travel time surfaces. These continuous surfaces allowed for the delineation of isochrones: lines that connect areas of equal time. Using Dissemination Area (DA) centroids to represent the adult population, the population numbers were extracted from the isochrones using Statistics Canada census data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By extracting the adult population from within isochrones for each emergency transport mode analyzed, it was found that roughly 70% of the adult population of Alberta had access within 90 minutes to catheterization facilities by ground, roughly 66% of the adult population had access by rotary wing air ambulance and that no population had access within 90 minutes using the fixed wing air ambulance. An overall understanding of the nature of air vs. ground emergency travel was also uncovered; zones were revealed where the use of one mode would be faster than the others for reaching a facility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Catheter intervention for acute myocardial infarction is a time sensitive procedure. This study revealed that although a relatively small area of the province had access within the 90 minute time constraint, this area represented a large proportion of the population. Within Alberta, fixed wing air ambulance is not an effective means of transporting patients to a catheterization facility within the 90 minute time frame, though it becomes advantageous as a means of transportation for larger distances when there is less urgency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. alpatel@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Alka B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Nigel M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ghali
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta; D000552:Ambulances; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D013997:Time Factors; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*