title: Unconscious classical conditioning of sexual arousal: evidence for the conditioning of female genital arousal to subliminally presented sexual stimuli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the assumption that sexual behavior is at least partly learned is common across theories of sexual behavior, classical conditioning of sexual response in women has been seldom studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study of unconscious classical conditioning of appetitive sexual responses in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaginal pulse amplitude assessed by vaginal photoplethysmography, and ratings of sexual affective value.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pavlovian conditioning was examined in 18 sexually functional women by using two erotic pictures as conditional stimuli (CSs) and genital vibrotactile stimulation as unconditional stimulus (US). During the acquisition phase, the CSs were presented briefly (30 ms) and were masked by an immediately following masking stimulus. Only one CS (the CS+) was followed by the US during the acquisition phase. Conditioned responses were assessed during the extinction phase with supraliminal presentations of the CS+ and the CS-.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaginal pulse amplitude was higher in response to the CS+ than during the CS- during the first extinction trial. There was no conditioning effect on ratings of affective value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experiment demonstrates evidence for unconscious conditioning of genital responses in women, but no evidence for evaluative conditioning. The results add to the limited evidence for classical conditioning of sexual arousal in women, and to increasing evidence for associative emotional learning without awareness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Gynaecology and Sexology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. s.both@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Both
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spiering
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laan
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belcome
authors.forename: Birre
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Everaerd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D004882:Erotica; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D006801:Humans; D007989:Libido / Q000502:physiology*; D017156:Photoplethysmography; D014474:Unconsciousness; D014621:Vagina / Q000294:innervation*