title: Treatment of vaginal bleeding irregularities induced by progestin only contraceptives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite their high effectiveness, progestin-only contraceptives are considered less than ideal by the many women who experience irregular vaginal bleeding when using them. Current treatments to control these bleeding problems are not sufficiently effective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated preventive and therapeutic approaches to normalise bleeding irregularities associated with the use of progestin-only contraceptives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was identified through database searches, reference lists, organisations and individuals, covering the period until December 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials with random or alternate allocation, testing interventions for the prevention or treatment of bleeding irregularities associated with the use of progestin-only contraceptives were eligible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results are expressed as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for categorical data and as weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% CI for continuous data. When we encountered heterogeneity (visual or statistical) we used the random-effects model (quantitative) or did not produce a summary estimate (qualitative).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty three randomised controlled trials enrolling 2674 participants were included. Seventy per cent were determined to reflect low to moderate risk of bias. Estrogen treatments reduced the number of days of an ongoing bleeding episode in DMPA and Norplant users. However, treatment frequently led to study discontinuation due to gastrointestinal upset. Combinations of oral ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel improved bleeding patterns in Norplant users, but method discontinuation rates were unchanged. One trial reported successful use of combined oral contraceptives in treating amenorrhea among DMPA users. Norplant users, but not Implanon users, administered the anti-progestin mifepristone reported fewer days of bleeding than those given placebo. Mifepristone used monthly by new Norplant acceptors reduced bleeding, when compared to placebo.A variety of NSAIDS have been evaluated for their ability to treat abnormal bleeding, with mixed results. Norplant users receiving tamoxifen had less unacceptable bleeding after treatment and were more likely to continue using Norplant than those receiving placebo. Tranexamic acid, mifepristone combined with an estrogen and doxycycline were more effective than placebo in terminating an episode of bleeding in women using progestin-only contraceptives, according to three small studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some women may benefit from the interventions described, particularly with cessation of current bleeding. Several regimens offer promise in regulating bleeding, but findings need to be reproduced in larger trials. The results of this review do not support routine clinical use of any of the regimens included in the trials, particularly for long-term effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. aleemh@yahoo.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdel-Aleem
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: d'Arcangues
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Vogelsong
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gülmezoglu
mesh_terms: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000009:adverse effects; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011372:Progestins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011372:Progestins; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate