title: Hyperthermia induced by microwave diathermy in the management of muscle and tendon injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperthermia induced by microwave diathermy raises the temperature of deep tissues from 41 degrees C to 45 degrees C using electromagnetic power. Microwave diathermy is used in the management of superficial tumours with conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy and, recently, its use has been successfully extended to physical medicine and sports traumatology in Central and Southern Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the literature for relevant studies. Most of the published studies in these fields have used 434 and 915 microwave diathermy, as these wavelengths are most effective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperthermia induced by microwave diathermy into tissue can stimulate repair processes, increase drug activity, allow more efficient relief from pain, help in the removal of toxic wastes, increase tendon extensibility and reduce muscle and joint stiffness. Moreover, hyperthermia induces hyperaemia, improves local tissue drainage, increases metabolic rate and induces alterations in the cell membrane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biological mechanism that regulates the relationship between the thermal dose and the healing process of soft tissues with low or high water content or with low or high blood perfusion is still under study. Microwave diathermy treatment at 434 and 915 MHz can be effective in the short-term management of musculo-skeletal injuries.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giombini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giovannini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Cesare
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pacetti
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ichinoseki-Sekine
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
mesh_terms: D003972:Diathermy / Q000379:methods*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009132:Muscles / Q000293:injuries*; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000628:therapy*