title: Overlapping gene expression profiles of model compounds provide opportunities for immunotoxicity screening.
abstract: In order to investigate immunotoxic effects of a set of model compounds in mice, a toxicogenomics approach was combined with information on macroscopical and histopathological effects on spleens and on modulation of immune function. Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO), cyclosporin A (CsA), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) were administered to C57BL/6 mice at immunosuppressive dose levels. Acetaminophen (APAP) was included in the study since indications of immunomodulating properties of this compound have appeared in the literature. TBTO exposure caused the most pronounced effect on gene expression and also resulted in the most severe reduction of body weight gain and induction of splenic irregularities. All compounds caused inhibition of cell division in the spleen as shown by microarray analysis as well as by suppression of lymphocyte proliferation after application of a contact sensitizer as demonstrated in an immune function assay that was adapted from the local lymph node assay. The immunotoxicogenomics approach applied in this study thus pointed to immunosuppression through cell cycle arrest as a common mechanism of action of immunotoxicants, including APAP. Genes related to cell division such as Ccna2, Brca1, Birc5, Incenp, and Cdkn1a (p21) were identified as candidate genes to indicate anti-proliferative effects of xenobiotics in immune cells for future screening assays. The results of our experiments also show the value of group wise pathway analysis for detection of more subtle transcriptional effects and the potency of evaluation of effects in the spleen to demonstrate immunotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology (GRAT), Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. k.baken@grat.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Kirsten A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Baken
authors.forename: Jeroen L A
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pennings
authors.forename: Martijs J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: Mirjam M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Schaap
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Steeg
authors.forename: Timo M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Breit
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Loveren
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000633:toxicity*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000633:toxicity*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; C005961:bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D000082:Acetaminophen; D016572:Cyclosporine