title: Impacts of converting from leaded to unleaded gasoline on ambient lead concentrations in Jakarta metropolitan area.
abstract: Total suspended particulate mater (TSP) concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), bromine (Br), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and vanadium (V) were analyzed by a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000. However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. kondo@see.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Esrom
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hamonangan
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soda
authors.forename: Akikazu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaga
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: Yuta
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasaka
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005742:Gasoline; D007214:Indonesia; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005742:Gasoline; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions