title: Target cell APOBEC3C can induce limited G-to-A mutation in HIV-1.
abstract: The evolutionary success of primate lentiviruses reflects their high capacity to mutate and adapt to new host species, immune responses within individual hosts, and, in recent years, antiviral drugs. APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F) are host cell DNA-editing enzymes that induce extensive HIV-1 mutation that severely attenuates viral replication. The HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif), expressed in vivo, counteracts the antiviral activity of A3G and A3F by inducing their degradation. Other APOBECs may contribute more to viral diversity by inducing less extensive mutations allowing viral replication to persist. Here we show that in APOBEC3C (A3C)-expressing cells infected with the patient-derived HIV-1 molecular clones 210WW, 210WM, 210MW, and 210MM, and the lab-adapted molecular clone LAI, viral G-to-A mutations were detected in the presence of Vif expression. Mutations occurred primarily in the GA context and were relatively infrequent, thereby allowing for spreading infection. The mutations were absent in cells lacking A3C but were induced after transient expression of A3C in the infected target cell. Inhibiting endogenous A3C by RNA interference in Magi cells prevented the viral mutations. Thus, A3C is necessary and sufficient for G-to-A mutations in some HIV-1 strains. A3C-induced mutations occur at levels that allow replication to persist and may therefore contribute to viral diversity. Developing drugs that inhibit A3C may be a novel strategy for delaying viral escape from immune or antiretroviral inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Khaoula
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bourara
authors.forename: Teri J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Liegler
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002999:Clone Cells; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D016346:Gene Products, vif; D015750:Genes, gag; D006147:Guanine; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017354:Point Mutation; D012313:RNA; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D016346:Gene Products, vif; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D006147:Guanine; D012313:RNA; C495795:APOBEC3C protein, human; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D000225:Adenine