title: Risk of retinal microembolism after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB) over conventional on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (CCAB), we have performed a prospective randomized study evaluating retinal circulation changes after OPCAB and CCAB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients were randomized to OPCAB or CCAB. Retinal fluorescein angiography and 60 degrees black-and-white as well as color fundus photographs of both eyes of each patient were taken 1 to 24 h before and 5 to 6 days after the operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients undergoing OPCAB had more severely stenosed carotid arteries (P=0.075), higher incidence of slightly diseased ascending aorta (P=0.087) and higher Northern New England Cardiovascular Study Group stroke risk score (P=0.075). Neither stroke nor transient ischemic attack occurred postoperatively in these patients. Inferotemporal retinal arterial embolization and microinfarction was detected in one patient after CCAB, but in none of the OPCAB group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of retinal embolism can be minimized by the use of OPCAB and, most likely, by adequate epiaortic ultrasound scanning of the ascending aorta and avoiding clamping in case of severely diseased aorta.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardio-thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rainio
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hautala
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pelkonen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Palosaari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mosorin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lahtinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taskinen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Surcel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lepojärvi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Juvonen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Biancari
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric