title: Family, school, peer and individual influences on early adolescent alcohol use: first-year impact of the Resilient Families programme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine: (a) the influence of family factors relative to school, peer and individual influences on the development of adolescent alcohol use during the first year of secondary school; and (b) the feasibility of preventing adolescent alcohol use by modifying family factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four schools in Melbourne, Australia were randomly assigned to either the 'Resilient Families' intervention or a control condition. A baseline cohort of 2315 grade 7 students (mean age 12.3 years) were followed-up one year later (n=2128 for longitudinal analyses). A sub-set of parents (n=1166) also returned baseline surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of lifetime alcohol use in year 7 was 33% and rose to 47% by year 8. Student-reported predictors of year 8 alcohol use included baseline alcohol [Odds Ratio (OR) 3.64] and tobacco use (2.68), and school friend's alcohol (1.41) and tobacco use (1.64). After adjusting for other influences, student-reported family factors were not maintained as significant predictors of year 8 alcohol use. Parent-report predictors of student-reported alcohol use included allowing alcohol use in the home (2.55), parental alcohol use (1.88) and child hyperactivity (1.85). Protective factors included attendance at brief parent education (0.60) and parent involvement in school education (0.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention appeared to benefit education-related outcomes, but no overall effect in reducing student alcohol use was found in year 8. Intervention effects on alcohol misuse may become significant in later secondary school once the entire program has been implemented. Considerable alcohol use was detected in early secondary school, suggesting that interventions to reduce alcohol use may be usefully implemented prior to this period.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Adolescent Health, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne & Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shortt
authors.forename: Delyse M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Rianna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Toumbourou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools / Q000458:organization & administration; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014739:Victoria