title: Killer whales (Orcinus orca) face protracted health risks associated with lifetime exposure to PCBs.
abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations declined rapidly in environmental compartments and most biota following implementation of regulations in the 1970s. However, the metabolic recalcitrance of PCBs may delay responses to such declines in large, long-lived species, such as the endangered and highly PCB-contaminated resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. To investigate the influence of life history on PCB-related health risks, we developed models to estimate PCB concentrations in killer whales during the period from 1930 forward to 2030, both within a lifetime (approximately 50 years) and across generations, and then evaluated these in the context of health effects thresholds established for marine mammals. Modeled PCB concentrations in killer whales responded slowly to changes in loadings to the environment as evidenced by slower accumulation and lower magnitude increases in PCB concentrations relative to prey, and a delayed decline that was particularly evident in adult males. Since PCBs attained peak levels well above the effects threshold (17 mg/kg lipid) in approximately 1969, estimated concentrations in both the northern and the more contaminated southern resident populations have declined gradually. Projections suggest that the northern resident population could largely fall below the threshold concentration by 2030 while the endangered southern residents may not do so until at least 2063. Long-lived aquatic mammals are therefore not protected from PCBs by current dietary residue guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Resource Studies Program, Trent University, Peterborough ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
authors.forename: Brendan E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hickie
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Robie W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: John K B
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001955:British Columbia; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D008297:Male; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000633:toxicity*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D050685:Whale, Killer
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls