title: Nanotherapeutics for enhancing thermal therapy of cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current work describes the synergistic enhancement of hyperthermic cancer therapy by selective thermal sensitization and induction of vascular injury at the tumor site. The specificity of this response was mediated by CYT-6091: a pegylated colloidal gold-based nanotherapeutic designed to selectively deliver an inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), to solid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  FSaII murine fibrosarcoma-bearing C3H mice received an intravenous injection of either soluble TNF or CYT-6091 (50-250 microg/kg TNF). Four hours later the tumors were exposed to localized heating (42.5 or 43.5 degrees C, 60 min). Tumor responses were assessed by growth delay and/or perfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both soluble TNF and CYT-6091 reduced tumor perfusion by 80% of control (no treatment), 4 hours post administration. However, soluble TNF was toxic to the tumor burdened mice and resulted in 40% mortality alone and 100% mortality when combined with hyperthermia. Conversely, no toxicities were noted with CYT-6091 alone or when combined with hyperthermia. Additionally, CYT-6091 combined with heat yielded significant tumor regression in vivo as compared to heat or CYT-6091 alone as demonstrated by tumor growth delay. Pretreatment with soluble TNF or CYT-6091 followed by heating reduced in vitro tumor and endothelial cell survival by 40-50% (TNF) and 70-75% (CYT-6091) of the control cell (i.e. tumor and endothelial) values, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CYT-6091, by selectively delivering TNF to solid tumors, improves the safety of TNF treatment. In addition, the targeted delivery of TNF augments cancer thermal therapy efficacy possibly by inducing a tumor-localized inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Rachana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Visaria
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loren
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ebbini
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paciotti
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000628:therapy*; D017979:Gold Colloid; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D017979:Gold Colloid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols