title: Benefits and side effects of different vegetable oil vectors on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and P2X7 cell death receptor activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ocular side effects in patients using eye drops may be due to intolerance to the vector used in eye drops. Castor oil is the commonly used lipophilic vector but has been shown to be cytotoxic. Effects on cells of four oils (olive, camelina, Aleurites moluccana, maize) were compared with those of castor oil in human conjunctival cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human conjunctival cells were incubated with the oils for 15 minutes. After a 24-hour recovery period, cells were tested for viability, proliferation, apoptosis (P2X7 cell death receptor and caspase 3 activation), intracellular redox potential, and reactive oxygen species production. Fatty acid incorporation in cell membranes was also analyzed. In vivo ocular irritation was assessed using the Draize test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the four other oils, castor oil was shown to induce significant necrosis and P2X7 cell death receptor and caspase 3 activation and to enhance intracellular reactive oxygen species production. Aleurites moluccana and camelina oils were not cytotoxic and increased cell membrane omega-3 fatty acid content. None of the five tested oils showed any in vivo ocular irritation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that castor oil exerts cytotoxic effects on conjunctival cells. This cytotoxicity could explain the side effects observed in some patients using eye drops containing castor oil as a vehicle. The lack of cytotoxic effects observed with the four other oils, Aleurites, camelina, maize, and olive, suggest that they could be chosen to replace castor oil in ophthalmic formulations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université René Descartes Paris, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Toihiri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Mélody
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dutot
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christon
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Beaudeux
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Warnet
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rat
mesh_terms: D031284:Aleurites / Q000737:chemistry; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002368:Castor Oil / Q000633:toxicity; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003314:Corn Oil / Q000633:toxicity; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D000069463:Olive Oil; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D058486:Receptors, Purinergic P2X7
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D000069463:Olive Oil; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; C546468:P2RX7 protein, human; C546470:P2rx7 protein, rat; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D010938:Plant Oils; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D058486:Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; D003314:Corn Oil; D002368:Castor Oil; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3