title: Improved survival of children with sepsis and purpura: effects of age, gender, and era.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To gain insight into factors that might affect results of future case-control studies, we performed an analysis of children with sepsis and purpura admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital (Rotterdam, The Netherlands).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1988 and 2006, all 287 children consecutively admitted with sepsis and purpura were included in various sepsis studies. Data regarding age, gender, ethnicity, serogroup of Neisseria meningitidis, severity, therapy, and survival were collected prospectively. These data were pooled into one database and analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The case fatality rate (CFR) from sepsis and purpura was 15.7%. During the study period, survival improved significantly. Younger age was significantly associated with more severe disease and a higher CFR. Children under the median age of 3.0 years had an increased risk of case fatality (odds ratio 4.3, 95% confidence interval 2.1 to 9.2; p < 0.001). Gender was not associated with CFR. However, males did have higher Paediatric Risk of Mortality scores, fewer PICU-free days, and more presence of shock. The course of sepsis and purpura was not related to ethnic origin. A causative organism was isolated in 84.3% of cases. N. meningitidis was the major organism (97.5%). Although N. meningitidis serogroup B was observed more often in younger children, serogroups were not associated with severity or survival. During the study period, the use of inotropic agents and corticosteroids changed substantially (less dopamine and more dobutamine, norepinephrine, and corticosteroids).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age and gender are determinants of severity of paediatric sepsis and purpura. Survival rates have improved during the last two decades.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Dr, Molewaterplein 60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maat
authors.forename: Corinne M P
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Buysse
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emonts
authors.forename: Lodewijk
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spanjaard
authors.forename: Koen F M
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hazelzet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011693:Purpura / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000401:mortality*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis