title: Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. The effect of warming local anaesthetics on pain of infiltration.
abstract: A short cut review was carried out to establish whether warming local anaesthetic solutions reduced the pain on injection. A total of 758 papers were found using the reported search, of which 11 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results, and study weaknesses of these best papers are presented in table 4. The clinical bottom line is that warming local anaesthetics, either alone or in combination with buffering, significantly reduces pain of local infiltration.
authors.affiliation: Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sultan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012996:Solutions; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D012996:Solutions