title: Differential radiosensitizing potential of temozolomide in MGMT promoter methylated glioblastoma multiforme cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the radiosensitizing potential of temozolomide (TMZ) for human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines using single-dose and fractionated gamma-irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three genetically characterized human GBM cell lines (AMC-3046, VU-109, and VU-122) were exposed to various single (0-6 Gy) and daily fractionated doses (2 Gy per fraction) of gamma-irradiation. Repeated TMZ doses were given before and concurrent with irradiation treatment. Immediately plated clonogenic cell-survival curves were determined for both the single-dose and the fractionated irradiation experiments. To establish the net effect of clonogenic cell survival and cell proliferation, growth curves were determined, expressed as the number of surviving cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three cell lines showed MGMT promoter methylation, lacked MGMT protein expression, and were sensitive to TMZ. The isotoxic TMZ concentrations used were in a clinically feasible range of 10 micromol/L (AMC-3046), 3 micromol/L (VU-109), and 2.5 micromol/L (VU-122). Temozolomide was able to radiosensitize two cell lines (AMC 3046 and VU-122) using single-dose irradiation. A reduction in the number of surviving cells after treatment with the combination of TMZ and fractionated irradiation was seen in all three cell lines, but only AMC 3046 showed a radiosensitizing effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study on TMZ-sensitive GBM cell lines shows that TMZ can act as a radiosensitizer and is at least additive to gamma-irradiation. Enhancement of the radiation response by TMZ seems to be independent of the epigenetically silenced MGMT gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Krista A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: van Nifterik
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Lukas J A
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Stalpers
authors.forename: M Vincent M
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Lafleur
authors.forename: Sieger
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leenstra
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Slotman
authors.forename: Theo J M
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hulsebos
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sminia
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D019175:DNA Methylation; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077204:Temozolomide; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D003606:Dacarbazine; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase; D000077204:Temozolomide