title: Loxapine for schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some authors have suggested that loxapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics in reducing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, that extrapyramidal adverse effects are not usually seen at clinically effective antipsychotic doses and that it should therefore be classed as atypical.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of loxapine compared with placebo, typical and other atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia and related psychoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this 2007 update, we searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register (January 2007).
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all randomised controlled clinical trials relevant to the care of schizophrenia that compared loxapine to other treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We independently inspected abstracts ordered papers, re-inspected and quality assessed these. For dichotomous data we calculated relative risks (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a fixed effects model. We calculated numbers needed to treat/harm (NNT/NNH) where appropriate. For continuous data, we calculated weighted mean differences (WMD) again based on a fixed effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We were able to include 41 studies in this review. Compared with placebo, loxapine has an antipsychotic effect (Global effect - not improved at six weeks: n=78, 2 RCTs, RR 0.30 CI 0.1 to 0.6 NNT 3 CI 3 to 5). It is as effective as typical drugs in the short term (4 -12 weeks) (Global effect: n=580, 13 RCTs, RR 0.86 CI 0.7 to 1.1; mental state: n=915, 6 RCTs, RR 0.89 CI 0.8 to 1.1). Very limited heterogeneous data suggest that, given intramuscularly (IM), loxapine may be at least as sedating as IM haloperidol and thiothixene. Loxapine is also as effective as atypicals (risperidone, quetiapine) (n=468, 6 RCTs, RR mental state not improved 1.07 CI 0.8 to 1.5). Adverse effect profile is similar to typicals but loxapine may cause more extrapyramidal adverse effects when compared with atypicals (n=340, 4 RCTs, RR 2.18 CI 1.6 to 3.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loxapine is an antipsychotic which is not clearly distinct from typical or atypical drugs in terms of its effects on global or mental state. Loxapines profile of adverse effects is similar to that of the older generation of antipsychotic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Malham House, Hyde Terrace, Leeds, UK. abhijitchakrabarti@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagnall
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chue
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palaniswamy
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008152:Loxapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D008152:Loxapine