title: Using relative and absolute measures for monitoring health inequalities: experiences from cross-national analyses on maternal and child health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As reducing socio-economic inequalities in health is an important public health objective, monitoring of these inequalities is an important public health task. The specific inequality measure used can influence the conclusions drawn, and there is no consensus on which measure is most meaningful. The key issue raising most debate is whether to use relative or absolute inequality measures. Our paper aims to inform this debate and develop recommendations for monitoring health inequalities on the basis of empirical analyses for a broad range of developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wealth-group specific data on under-5 mortality, immunisation coverage, antenatal and delivery care for 43 countries were obtained from the Demographic and Health Surveys. These data were used to describe the association between the overall level of these outcomes on the one hand, and relative and absolute poor-rich inequalities in these outcomes on the other.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that the values that the absolute and relative inequality measures can take are bound by mathematical ceilings. Yet, even where these ceilings do not play a role, the magnitude of inequality is correlated with the overall level of the outcome. The observed tendencies are, however, not necessities. There are countries with low mortality levels and low relative inequalities. Also absolute inequalities showed variation at most overall levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that both absolute and relative inequality measures can be meaningful for monitoring inequalities, provided that the overall level of the outcome is taken into account. Suggestions are given on how to do this. In addition, our paper presents data that can be used for benchmarking of inequalities in the field of maternal and child health in low and middle-income countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. a.houweling@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tanja Aj
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Houweling
authors.forename: Anton E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kunst
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.forename: Johan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach