title: A guide to modern statistical analysis of immunological data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of subjects that can be recruited in immunological studies and the number of immunological parameters that can be measured has increased rapidly over the past decade and is likely to continue to expand. Large and complex immunological datasets can now be used to investigate complex scientific questions, but to make the most of the potential in such data and to get the right answers sophisticated statistical approaches are necessary. Such approaches are used in many other scientific disciplines, but immunological studies on the whole still use simple statistical techniques for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The paper provides an overview of the range of statistical methods that can be used to answer different immunological study questions. We discuss specific aspects of immunological studies and give examples of typical scientific questions related to immunological data. We review classical bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques (factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis) and more advanced methods aimed to explore causal relationships (path analysis/structural equation modelling) and illustrate their application to immunological data. We show the main features of each method, the type of study question they can answer, the type of data they can be applied to, the assumptions required for each method and the software that can be used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper will help the immunologist to choose the correct statistical approach for a particular research question.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Genser
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yazdanbakhsh
authors.forename: Mauricio L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000486:Allergy and Immunology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007158:Immunologic Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D018448:Models, Immunological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines