title: Inhibitory effect of cranberry polyphenol on biofilm formation and cysteine proteases of Porphyromonas gingivalis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cranberry polyphenol fraction on biofilm formation and activities of Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain in Porphyromonas gingivalis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The polyphenol fraction was prepared by using a glass column packed with Amberlite XAD 7HP and 70% aqueous ethanol as an elution solvent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Synergistic biofilm formation by P. gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum was significantly inhibited by the polyphenol fraction at a concentration of 250 microg/mL compared with untreated controls (p < 0.01). Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain activities in P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and FDC 381 were inhibited significantly at a polyphenol fraction concentration of > or = 1 microg/mL (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that the polyphenol fraction inhibits biofilm formation and the Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain activities of P. gingivalis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan. aya manak@tdc.ac.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kouchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuda
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000187:drug effects; D000080867:Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D029799:Vaccinium macrocarpon
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D005419:Flavonoids; D000080867:Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases