title: Dietary carbohydrate intake and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in at-risk women and men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quality and quantity of dietary carbohydrate intake, measured as dietary glycemic load (GL), are associated with a number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and, in healthy young women, are related to increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations. Our objective was to determine if GL is related to hsCRP and other measures of CVD risk in a population of sedentary, overweight, dyslipidemic middle-aged women and men enrolled in an exercise intervention trial (STRRIDE).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional evaluation of the relationships between measures of dietary carbohydrate intake, calculated from food frequency questionnaire data, and CVD risk factors, including plasma hsCRP, measured in 171 subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for energy intake, GL and other measures of carbohydrate intake were not independently related to hsCRP (P > .05 for all). In the analyses performed separately for each sex, only the quantity of carbohydrate intake was independently related to hsCRP (R2 = 0.28, P < .04), and this relationship was present for women but not for men. The strongest relationship identified between GL and any CVD risk factor was for cardiorespiratory fitness (R2 = 0.12, P < .02); an elevated GL was associated with a lower level of fitness in all subjects, and this relationship persisted even when the findings were adjusted for energy intake and sex (R2 = 0.48, P < .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In middle-aged, sedentary, overweight to mildly obese, dyslipidemic individuals, consuming a diet with a low GL is associated with better cardiorespiratory fitness. Our findings suggest that the current literature relating carbohydrate intake and hsCRP should be viewed with skepticism, especially in the extension to at-risk populations that include men.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. huffm007@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Kim M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Huffman
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Orenduff
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Samsa
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Houmard
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Connie W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Bales
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D002097:C-Reactive Protein