title: Intrarater and interrater reliability of assessment of lumbar multifidus muscle thickness using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging.
abstract: METHODS
  Within-session intrarater and interrater reliability study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the intrarater and interrater reliability of thickness measurements of the multifidus muscle in a parasagittal plane, conducted by an experienced ultrasound operator and a novice assessor.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is considerable evidence for the important role of the multifidus muscle in segmental stabilization of the lumbar spine. The cross-sectional area of the multifidus muscle has been assessed in healthy subjects and patients with low back pain using real-time ultrasound imaging. However, few studies have measured the thickness of the multifidus muscle using a parasagittal view.
  
  
  METHODS
  The thickness of the multifidus muscle was measured at rest, using real-time ultrasound imaging, in 10 subjects without a history of low back pain, at the levels of the L2-3 and L4-5 zygapophyseal joints. The measure was carried out 3 times at each level by 2 assessors (1 experienced, 1 novice). Intrarater (model 3) and interrater (model 2) reliability was assessed by calculation of an F statistic (analysis of variance), the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the standard error of measurement (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of an average of 3 trials, the 2 operators showed very high interrater agreement on the measurement of thicknesses at the L2-3 level (ICC2,3 = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.84 to 0.99) and the L4-5 vertebral level (ICC2,3 = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.87 to 0.99), with no systematic differences in muscle size across operators (P > .05). Interrater reliability was relatively lower for the L2-3 level (ICC2,1 = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.96) than the L4-5 level (ICC2,1 = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.52 to 0.97) when a single trial per rater was used, but these values still indicated a high level of agreement. In addition, the novice and experienced operator produced reliable intrarater measurements at L2-3 (ICC3,1 = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.97 and 0.94; 95% CI: 0.86 to 0.99) and at L4-5 (ICC3,1 = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.97 and 0.95; 95% CI: 0.86 to 0.99), with no systematic differences in muscle size across trials (P > .05). The consistently low SEM values also indicate low measurement error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novice and an experienced assessor were both able to reliably perform this measure at rest for 2 vertebral levels using real-time ultrasound imaging. An average of 3 trials produced higher interrater reliability scores, though using a single trial per rater was also reliable.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wallwork
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hides
authors.forename: Warren R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Stanton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D011793:Queensland; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods