title: Self-efficacy for managing pain, symptoms, and function in patients with lung cancer and their informal caregivers: associations with symptoms and distress.
abstract: This study examined self-efficacy for managing pain, symptoms, and function in patients with lung cancer and their caregivers, and associations between self-efficacy and patient and caregiver adjustment. One hundred and fifty-two patients with early stage lung cancer completed measures of self-efficacy, pain, fatigue, quality of life, depression, and anxiety. Their caregivers completed a measure assessing their self-efficacy for helping the patient manage symptoms and measures of psychological distress and caregiver strain. Analyses indicated that, overall, patients and caregivers were relatively low in self-efficacy for managing pain, symptoms, and function, and that there were significant associations between self-efficacy and adjustment. Patients low in self-efficacy reported significantly higher levels of pain, fatigue, lung cancer symptoms, depression, and anxiety, and significantly worse physical and functional well being, as did patients whose caregivers were low in self-efficacy. When patients and caregivers both had low self-efficacy, patients reported higher levels of anxiety and poorer quality of life than when both were high in self-efficacy. There were also significant associations between patient and caregiver self-efficacy and caregiver adjustment, with lower levels of self-efficacy associated with higher levels of caregiver strain and psychological distress. These preliminary findings raise the possibility that patient and caregiver self-efficacy for managing pain, symptoms, and function may be important factors affecting adjustment, and that interventions targeted at increasing self-efficacy may be useful in this population.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, 2200 West Main Street, Suite 340, Durham, NC 27705, USA National Institutes of Health, USA University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garst
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baucom
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control