title: Long-term bladder management by intermittent catheterisation in adults and children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intermittent catheterisation (IC) is a commonly recommended procedure for people with incomplete bladder emptying not satisfactorily managed by other methods. The most frequent complication of IC is urinary tract infection (UTI). It is unclear which catheter types, techniques or strategies, affect the incidence of UTI. There is wide variation in practice and important cost implications for using different catheters, techniques or strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare sterile versus clean catheterisation technique, coated (pre-lubricated) versus uncoated (separate lubricant) catheters, single (sterile) or multiple use (clean) catheters, self-catheterisation versus catheterisation by others, and any other strategies designed to reduce UTIs in respect of incidence of symptomatic UTI, haematuria, other infections and user preference, in adults and children using intermittent catheterisation for incomplete bladder emptying.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Trials Register (searched 19 June 2006), MEDLINE (January 1966 to June 2007), EMBASE (January 1988 to June 2007), CINAHL (January 1982 to June 2007), ERIC (January 1984 to June 2007), the reference lists of relevant articles and conference proceedings, and we attempted to contact other investigators for unpublished data or for clarification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing at least two different catheterisation techniques, strategies or catheter types.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three reviewers assessed the methodological quality of trials and abstracted data. For dichotomous variables, relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived for each outcome where possible. For continuous variables, mean differences and 95% CI were calculated for each outcome. Because of trial heterogeneity, data were not combined to give an overall estimate of treatment effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria; all were small (less than 60 participants). There was considerable variation in length of follow-up and definitions of UTI. Participant drop-out was a problem for several studies. Several studies were more than ten years old and outcome measures varied between studies. Where there were data, confidence intervals around estimates were wide and hence clinically important differences in UTI and other outcomes could neither be identified nor ruled out reliably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intermittent catheterisation is a critical aspect of healthcare for individuals with incomplete emptying who are otherwise unable to void adequately to protect bladder and renal health. There is a lack of evidence to state that incidence of UTI is affected by use of sterile or clean technique, coated or uncoated catheters, single (sterile) or multiple use (clean) catheters, self-catheterisation or catheterisation by others, or by any other strategy. The current research evidence is weak and design issues are significant. In light of the current climate of infection control and antibiotic resistance, further, well-designed studies are strongly recommended. Based on the current data, it is not possible to state that one catheter type, technique or strategy is better than another.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Faculty of Nursing, 3rd Floor, Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G7. katherine.moore@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fader
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Getliffe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D017743:Equipment Reuse; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000628:therapy*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*