title: Phylogenetic analysis of freshwater sponges provide evidence for endemism and radiation in ancient lakes.
abstract: Morphologic and phylogenetic analysis of freshwater sponges endemic to lakes in Central Sulawesi, Siberia and South-East Europe is presented. We also analyzed several cosmopolitan sponge species from Eurasia and North America and included sponge sequences from public databases. In agreement with previous reports [Addis, J.S., Peterson, K.J., 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of freshwater sponges (Porifera, Spongillina) inferred from analyses of 18S rDNA, COI mtDNA, and ITS2 rDNA sequences. Zool. Scr. 34, 549-557], the metaniid sponge Corvomeyenia sp. was the most deeply branching species within a monophyletic lineage of the suborder Spongillina. Pachydictyum globosum (Malawispongiidae) and Nudospongilla vasta (Spongillidae), two morphologically quite distinct species from Sulawesi were found in a joint clade with Trochospongilla (Spongillidae) rendering Trochospongilla paraphyletic. Furthermore, Ochridaspongia sp., another Malawispongiidae, clustered far away from that clade, together with Ephydatia fluviatilis, making the latter family polyphyletic. The Lubomirskiidae endemic to Lake Baikal, Lubomirskia abietina, Baikalospongia bacillifera, B. intermedia, and Swartschewskia papyracea formed a well-supported clade that was most closely linked to the genus Ephydatia (99.9% identity over a total length of 2169 concatenated nucleotide positions). Our study indicates the frequent and independent origin of sponge species endemic to different freshwater ecosystems from a few cosmopolitan founder species. The highly specific primer sets newly developed here facilitate work on the molecular phylogeny and DNA barcoding of sponges.
authors.affiliation: SMB, R.- Breitscheidstr. 70, D-15562 Rüdersdorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Meixner
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lüter
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Itskovich
authors.forename: Dorte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janussen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: von Rintelen
authors.forename: Alexandra V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Bohne
authors.forename: Johannes M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Meixner
authors.forename: Wolfgang R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005618:Fresh Water; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011161:Porifera / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV