title: Estimation of apparent tumor vascular permeability from multiphoton fluorescence microscopic images of P22 rat sarcomas in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an image processing-based method to quantify the rate of extravasation of fluorescent contrast agents from tumor microvessels, and to investigate the effect of the tumor vascular disrupting agent combretastatin A-4-P (CA-4-P) on apparent tumor vascular permeability to 40 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled dextran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extravasation of FITC-dextran was imaged in 3 dimensions over time within P22 sarcomas growing in dorsal skin flap "window chambers" in BDIX rats using multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. Image processing techniques were used to segment the data into intra- and extravascular regions or classes. Quantitative estimates of the tissue influx (vascular leakage) rate constant, K(i), were obtained from the time courses of the fluorescence intensities in the two classes. Apparent permeability, P, was calculated, assuming K(i) = PS/V, where S is vascular surface area in tumor volume V.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combining image processing and kinetic analysis algorithms with multiphoton fluorescence microscopy enabled quantification of the rate of tumor vascular leakage, averaged over a large number of vessels. Treatment with CA-4-P caused a significant increase in K(i) from 1.13 +/- 0.33 to 2.59 +/- 0.20 (s(- 1)x 10(- 4); mean +/- SEM), equivalent to an increase in P from 12.76 +/- 3.36 to 30.94 +/- 2.64 (cm s(-1)x 10(-7)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A methodology was developed that provided evidence for a CA-4-P-induced increase in tumor macromolecular vascular permeability, likely to be central to its anti-cancer activity.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. c.reyes@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Constantino Carlos
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Reyes-Aldasoro
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Vivien E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Prise
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ameer-Beg
authors.forename: Borivoj
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vojnovic
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Gillian M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Tozer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000502:physiology; D003911:Dextrans / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009372:Neoplasms, Connective Tissue / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate