title: Endoscopic ultrasound reduces surgical mediastinal staging in lung cancer: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes is recommended in patients with non-small cell lung cancer without distant metastases. Linear transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound with real-time guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a promising, nonsurgical tool for mediastinal staging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing surgical staging with EUS-FNA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with proven or suspected non-small cell lung cancer in whom mediastinal exploration was required were randomly assigned to undergo EUS-FNA or the appropriate surgical staging procedure. When EUS-FNA did not show malignant lymph node invasion, a confirmatory surgical staging procedure was done. A negative surgical staging procedure was followed by thoracotomy with systematic lymph node sampling. The primary endpoint was the rate of surgical staging interventions. The secondary endpoints were test performance of EUS-FNA and surgical staging, morbidity, and length of hospital stay, considering surgical staging was performed as an in-patient procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 40 patients were randomized: 19 to EUS-FNA, and 21 to surgical mediastinal staging. Patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced between both groups. For patients allocated to EUS-FNA, surgical staging was needed in 32% (P < 0.001). The sensitivity to detect malignant lymph node invasion was 93% (95% confidence interval, 66-99%) for EUS-FNA and 73% (95% confidence interval, 39-93%) for surgical staging (P = 0.29). Complication rate was 0% for EUS-FNA and 5% for surgical staging (P = 1.0). The median hospital stay was significantly shorter for EUS-FNA than for surgical staging (0 vs. 2 nights; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EUS-FNA reduces the need for surgical staging procedures in patients with (suspected) lung cancer in whom a mediastinal exploration is needed.
authors.affiliation: Ghent University Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Building 7K12 I.E, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. kurt.tournoy@ugent.be
authors.forename: Kurt G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Tournoy
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Ryck
authors.forename: Lieve R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Vanwalleghem
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vermassen
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Praet
authors.forename: Joachim G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Aerts
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Maele
authors.forename: Jan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Meerbeeck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008481:Mediastinoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity