title: Nursing resources and patient outcomes in intensive care: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the empirical evidence linking nursing resources to patient outcomes in intensive care settings as a framework for future research in this area.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Concerns about patient safety and the quality of care are driving research on the clinical and cost-effectiveness of health care interventions, including the deployment of human resources. This is particularly important in intensive care where a large proportion of the health care budget is consumed and where nursing staff is the main item of expenditure. Recommendations about staffing levels have been made but may not be evidence based and may not always be achieved in practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched systematically for studies of the impact of nursing resources (e.g. nurse-patient ratios, nurses' level of education, training and experience) on patient outcomes, including mortality and adverse events, in adult intensive care. Abstracts of articles were reviewed and retrieved if they investigated the relationship between nursing resources and patient outcomes. Characteristics of the studies were tabulated and the quality of the studies assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 15 studies included in this review, two reported a statistical relationship between nursing resources and both mortality and adverse events, one reported an association to mortality only, seven studies reported that they could not reject the null hypothesis of no relationship to mortality and 10 studies (out of 10 that tested the hypothesis) reported a relationship to adverse events. The main explanatory mechanisms were the lack of time for nurses to perform preventative measures, or for patient surveillance. The nurses' role in pain control was noted by one author. Studies were mainly observational and retrospective and varied in scope from 1 to 52 units. Recommendations for future research include developing the mechanisms linking nursing resources to patient outcomes, and designing large multi-centre prospective studies that link patient's exposure to nursing care on a shift-by-shift basis over time.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, Southwood Site, Avery Hill Road, Eltham, London SE9 2UG, UK. Lizwestbarron@googlemail.com
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mays
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rafferty
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sanderson
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care; D009729:Nursing; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care