title: Intraventricular streptokinase after intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hydrocephalus following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is still one of the most serious complications of premature birth. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery cannot be carried out early and permanent dependence on a shunt is associated with several serious complications. Streptokinase could be useful in the treatment of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. This form of therapy is based on the hypothesis that multiple blood clots in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are the initial cause of post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation and lysis of clots could reopen the pathways of circulation and re-absorption of CSF.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of intraventricular streptokinase after intraventricular hemorrhage on the risk of permanent shunt dependence, neurodevelopmental disability or death in neonates at risk for, or actually developing post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric, Neurosurgical and General Medical Journals were handsearched from 1976 until October 2000, as well as the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library) up to April 2007. Personal contacts were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized controlled trials evaluating the use of injection of streptokinase into the CSF in infants having or at risk for post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Details of patient selection, patient allocation and the interventions were extracted. The end-points examined were: ventriculoperitoneal shunt, death, meningitis, and secondary hemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two randomized trials evaluated intraventricular streptokinase in infants developing post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation were identified When intraventricular streptokinase was compared with conservative management of post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation, the numbers of deaths and babies with shunt dependence were similar in both groups. No information on the effect of intraventricular streptokinase on disability is available. There is cause for concern about meningitis and secondary intraventricular hemorrhage, but numbers are insufficient to quantify the risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraventricular fibrinolytic therapy with streptokinase, given when post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation is established, cannot be recommended for neonates following IVH. A conservative approach with CSF drainage applied only to symptomatic raised intracranial pressure seems appropriate.
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK, BS10 5NB. andrew.whitelaw@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whitelaw
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Odd
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D013300:Streptokinase