title: Nocturnal hypoglycemia: answering the challenge with long-acting insulin analogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nocturnal hypoglycemia may be the most common type of hypoglycemia in individuals with diabetes using insulin and is particularly worrisome because it often goes undetected and may lead to unconsciousness and even death in severe cases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence, causes, and consequences of nocturnal hypoglycemia as well as detection and prevention strategies are reviewed, including the use of long-acting insulin analogs, which offer more physiologic and predictable time-action profiles than traditional human basal insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 307 publications (151 PubMed; 104 Adis; 52 BIOSIS) were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant trials were found by searching for "(detemir OR glargine) AND nocturnal AND (hypoglycemia OR hypoglycaemia) AND diabetes." To capture trials that may not have specified "nocturnal" in the title or abstract text but still reported nocturnal hypoglycemia data, a supplemental search of PubMed using "(detemir OR glargine) AND (nocturnal OR hypoglycemia OR hypoglycaemia) AND diabetes" was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A review of these trials found that patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus have a lower risk for nocturnal hypoglycemia when receiving long-acting insulin analogs (insulin detemir or insulin glargine), provided that glycemic control is comparable to that provided by traditional human basal insulin. Long-acting insulin analogs may be the best option to provide basal insulin coverage in patients who do not choose or require continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Randomized clinical trials suggest that the long-acting insulin analogs are associated with a lower risk for nocturnal hypoglycemia than neutral protamine Hagedorn without sacrificing glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Cabarrus Family Medicine Residency Program, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. Sbrunton@pceconsortium.org
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brunton
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015995:Prevalence; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin