title: Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of exemestane in combination with raloxifene in postmenopausal women with a history of breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Raloxifene is a second-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator that reduces the incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Exemestane, a steroidal aromatase inhibitor, decreases contralateral new breast cancers in postmenopausal women when taken in the adjuvant setting. Preclinical evidence suggests a rationale for coadministration of these agents to achieve complete estrogen blockade.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the safety and tolerability of combination exemestane and raloxifene in 11 postmenopausal women with a history of hormone receptor-negative breast cancer. Patients were randomized to either raloxifene (60 mg PO daily) or exemestane (25 mg PO daily) for 2 weeks. Patients then initiated combination therapy at the same dose levels for a minimum of 1 year. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data for plasma estrogens, raloxifene, exemestane, and their metabolites were collected at the end of single-agent therapy and during combination therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentration-time profiles for each drug were unchanged with monotherapy versus combination therapy. Raloxifene did not affect plasma estrogen levels. Plasma estrogen concentrations were suppressed below the lower limit of detection by exemestane as monotherapy and when administered in combination with raloxifene. The most common adverse events of any grade included arthralgias, hot flashes, vaginal dryness and myalgias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small study, coadministration of raloxifene and exemestane did not affect the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of either agent to a significant degree in postmenopausal women. The combination of estrogen receptor blockade and suppression of estrogen synthesis is well tolerated and warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Breast Cancer Medicine Service, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Traina
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Poggesi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asnis
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heerdt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lake
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moasser
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Panageas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borgen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hudis
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Dickler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D004970:Estrone / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D004970:Estrone; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D004958:Estradiol; C056516:exemestane