title: A new dimension in vesicovaginal fistula management: an 8-year experience at Ramathibodi hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vesicovaginal fistula is mostly iatrogenic in origin and causes devastating medical, social, psychogenic and hygienic consequences. The aetiology has changed since the nineteenth century, becoming more associated with hysterectomy rather than other obstetric procedures, which were common in the past. We studied the causes, clinical presentations and management of vesicovaginal fistula in our institute during 1998 to 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1998 to 2005, 45 patients were treated in our hospital, of whom 35 were referred from other hospitals after failed surgery. All the medical records were reviewed. Fistulae, clinical presentation, clinical findings, means of treatment and clinical outcome as well as complications were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common cause of a fistula in our study was post laparoscopic hysterectomy that comprised 28 cases (62.2%). Transabdominal hysterectomy caused fistula in 10 cases (22.2%) and vaginal hysterectomy only four cases (8.8%). Most cases of vesicovaginal fistulae after laparoscopic hysterectomy presented with early urinary leakage, of which 35.7% presented within 1 week and 50% in the second week. Most of the patients after transabdominal hysterectomies (90%) had leakage in the second week. All patients were treated with surgical repair, 19 cases by a transvaginal approach and 26 cases by a transabdominal repair. Seventeen cases in the transvaginal group and 25 cases in the transabdominal group were dry after the first operation. The rest of both groups were dry after the second operation. After 38 months of follow-up, no complication or incontinence was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vesicovaginal fistula is still a serious iatrogenic consequence and causes suffering in the physical, emotional and social functioning of patients. The study found that the condition is now more frequently associated with laparoscopic hysterectomy. Successful closure of the fistula requires an accurate and timely repair using procedures that exploit basic surgical principles. With the appropriate surgical expertise, all patients can be cured of this distressing condition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. ravkc@mahidol.ac.th
authors.forename: Wachira
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kochakarn
authors.forename: Wipaporn
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pummangura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013785:Thailand; D013997:Time Factors; D014719:Vesicovaginal Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*