title: Therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and the prevalence of molecular markers of resistance in under 5-year olds in Brazzaville, Congo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyremethamine (SP) monotherapy and establish the prevalence of mutations in dhfr and dhps in Brazzaville, Congo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 97 patients aged 6-59 months with uncomplicated malaria who attended Tenrikyo public health centre. Eighty-three were followed until day 28. SP efficacy was determined by the WHO 28-day test and analysis of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were seven (8.4%) early treatment failures, 23 late treatment failures (27.7%), nine (10.8%) late parasitological failures and 44 (53%) adequate clinical and parasitological responses (ACPR). After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of 64 available samples, the corrected results there were 44 (68.8%) ACPR and 19 recrudescent cases (31.2%). Approximately, 97.5% of samples bore the Asn51Ile mutation, 66.2% the Cys59Arg mutation and 98.8% the Ser108Asn mutation. Mutations of dhps at positions 437 (Ala-Gly) and 436 (Ser-Ala) were found in 85% and 12.5% of samples. Quadruple mutations (pfdhfr triple mutations in codons 51, 59 and 108+ pfdhps mutation in 437) were found in 42 samples (52.5%) and associated with treatment failures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This high level of treatment failures and mutations in both genes calls for the urgent application of the new policy for malaria treatment to delay the spread of SP resistance.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Centre d'Etudes sur les Ressources Végétales, Brazzaville, Congo. ngoualandounga@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ndounga
authors.forename: Rachida
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tahar
authors.forename: Leonardo K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Basco
authors.forename: Prisca N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Casimiro
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Malonga
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ntoumi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003223:Congo; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005819:Genetic Markers; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase; D011739:Pyrimethamine