title: Membrane-sealed hollow microneedles and related administration schemes for transdermal drug delivery.
abstract: This paper presents fabrication and testing of membrane-sealed hollow microneedles. This novel concept offers the possibility of a sealed microneedle-based transdermal drug delivery system in which the drug is stored and protected from the environment. Sealed microneedles were fabricated by covering the tip openings of out-of-plane silicon microneedles with thin gold membranes. In this way a leak-tight seal was established which hinders both contamination and evaporation. To allow drug release from the microneedles, three different methods of opening the seals were investigated: burst opening by means of pressure; opening by applying a small voltage in the presence of physiological saline; and opening as a result of microneedle insertion into the skin. It was found that a 170 nm thick gold membrane can withstand a pressure of approximately 120 kPa. At higher pressures the membranes burst and the microneedles are opened up. The membranes can also be electrochemically dissolved within 2 min in saline conditions similar to interstitial fluid present in the skin. Moreover, through in vivo tests, it was demonstrated that 170 nm thick membranes break when the microneedles were inserted into skin tissue. The proposed concept was demonstrated as a feasible option for sealing hollow microneedles. This enables the realization of a closed-package transdermal drug delivery system based on microneedles.
authors.affiliation: Microsystem Technology Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden. niclas.roxhed@ee.kth.se
authors.forename: Niclas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roxhed
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Griss
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stemme
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008845:Microinjections / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008904:Miniaturization; D009339:Needles; D016062:Porosity
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial