title: Tai chi for osteoporosis: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tai chi may have beneficial effects with respect to balance, falls and non-vertebral fractures. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate evidence from controlled clinical trials testing the effectiveness of tai chi for osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic searches were conducted on 20 electronic databases. The outcome measures considered for inclusion were changes in bone parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and two controlled clinical trials (CCT) met all inclusion criteria. In postmenopausal women, one RCT found tai chi to be superior for loss of bone mineral density (BMD) compared with sedentary lifestyle, while two other RCTs found no differences between tai chi and exercises or calcium supplementation for BMD. The meta-analysis showed no significant effect of tai chi on BMD change at the spine compared with no treatment in postmenopausal women. One RCT failed to show favorable effects of tai chi compared with resistance training (RT) for total hip BMD in elderly women. A further RCT compared tai chi with RT on bone metabolism and reported favorable effects compared with RT in the elderly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence for tai chi in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis is not convincing. More rigorous research seems warranted.
authors.affiliation: Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter & Plymouth, 25 Victoria Park Road, Exeter, EX2 4NT, UK. myeong.lee@pms.ac.uk
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pittler
authors.forename: B-C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ernst
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D026302:Tai Ji; D016896:Treatment Outcome