title: Direct method for determination of Sudan I in FD&C Yellow No. 6 and D&C Orange No. 4 by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
abstract: A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine parts-per-million and higher levels of Sudan 1, 1-(phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol, in the disulfo monoazo color additive FD&C Yellow No. 6 and in a related monosulfo monoazo color additive, D&C Orange No. 4. Sudan I, the corresponding unsulfonated monoazo dye, is a known impurity in these color additives. The color additives are dissolved in water and methanol, and the filtered solutions are directly chromatographed, without extraction or concentration, by using gradient elution at 0.25 mL/min. Calibrations from peak areas at 485 nm were linear. At a 99% confidence level, the limits of determination were 0.008 microg Sudan I/mL (0.4 ppm) in FD&C Yellow No. 6 and 0.011 microg Sudan I/mL (0.00011%) in D&C Orange No. 4. The confidence intervals were 0.202 +/- 0.002 microg Sudan I/mL (10.1 +/- 0.1 ppm) near the specification level for Sudan I in FD&C Yellow No. 6 and 20.0 +/- 0.2 microg Sudan I/mL (0.200 +/- 0.002%) near the highest concentration of Sudan I found in D&C Orange No. 4. A survey was conducted to determine Sudan I in 28 samples of FD&C Yellow No. 6 from 17 international manufacturers over 3 years, and in a pharmacology-tested sample. These samples were found to contain undetected levels (16 samples), 0.5-9.7 ppm Sudan I (0.01-0.194 microg Sudan I/mL in analyzed solutions; 11 samples including the pharmacology sample), and > or =10 ppm Sudan I (> or = 0.2 microg Sudan I/mL; 2 samples). Analyses of 21 samples of D&C Orange No. 4 from 8 international manufacturers over 4 years found Sudan I at undetected levels (8 samples), 0.0005 to < 0.005% Sudan I (0.05 to < 0.5 microg Sudan I/mL in analyzed solutions; 3 samples, including a pharmacology batch), 0.005 to <0.05% Sudan I (0.5 to <5 microg Sudan I/mL; 9 samples), and 0.18% Sudan I (18 microg Sudan I/mL; 1 sample).
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, HFS-106, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
authors.forename: Bhakti R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Petigara
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Scher
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D002138:Calibration; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009284:Naphthols / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000379:methods; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D009284:Naphthols; C007064:C.I. Solvent Orange 2; C024336:1-phenylazo-2-naphthol; C005842:6-hydroxy-5-((p- sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt