title: Understanding Parkinson's disease: an update on current diagnostic and treatment strategies.
abstract: Diagnosis of PD can be difficult in elderly patients because some of the key PD symptoms also may be manifestations of normal aging. Asymmetrical symptom onset, resting tremor,and sustained response to levodopa are key features that suggest a diagnosis of PD. For most patients, PD progresses fairly slowly. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms, thereby allowing quality of life and functional ability to be maintained. Pharmacologic therapies are primarily targeted at stimulating dopaminergic receptors, either by increasing the levels of dopamine or by using dopamine agonists. Levodopa, the main therapy for PD and a precursor of dopamine, has a short half-life and is quickly metabolized.Accordingly, decarboxylase inhibitors, like carbidopa, are almost always administered with levodopa to prevent breakdown in the periphery. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)inhibitors, which increase dopamine levels by inhibiting the metabolism of levodopa and dopamine, recently have become available, including a tablet containing carbidopa, levodopa,and entacapone. Other pharmaceutical therapies for PD include dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors, anticholinergic agents, and amantadine. Dopamine agonists, anticholinergic agents, and amantadine are associated with an increased risk of hallucinations or other adverse events in elderly patients; therefore, use of these should be avoided in this population. Surgical management, particularly deep brain stimulation(DBS), is an option for patients who are refractory to pharmaceutical therapy. Although patients may not need levodopa as an initial treatment, over time most patients will require this drug to control symptoms. With chronic levodopa therapy, patients ultimately experience a wearing off in levodopa response and other motor complications. Management of wearing off is a significant challenge in the treatment of patients with advanced PD.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pahwa
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065098:Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors; D002396:Catechols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009570:Nitriles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077867:Tolcapone
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D001577:Benzophenones; D065098:Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors; D002396:Catechols; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles; D009596:Nitrophenols; D007980:Levodopa; C071192:entacapone; D000077867:Tolcapone