title: Preliminary pneumoperitoneum facilitates transgastric access into the peritoneal cavity for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: a pilot study in a live porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Safe entrance into the peritoneal cavity through the gastric wall is paramount for the successful clinical introduction of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). The aim of the study was to develop alternative safe transgastric access to the peritoneal cavity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed 11 survival experiments on 50-kg pigs. In sterile conditions, the abdominal wall was punctured with a Veress needle. The peritoneal cavity was insufflated with 2 L carbon dioxide (CO (2)). A sterile endoscope was introduced into the stomach through a sterile overtube; the gastric wall was punctured with a needle-knife; after balloon dilation of the puncture site, the endoscope was advanced into the peritoneal cavity. Peritoneoscopy with biopsies from abdominal wall, liver and omentum, was performed. The endoscope was withdrawn into the stomach. The animals were kept alive for 2 weeks and repeat endoscopy was followed by necropsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pneumoperitoneum, easily created with the Veress needle, lifted the abdominal wall and made a CO (2)-filled space between the stomach and adjacent organs, facilitating gastric wall puncture and advancement of the endoscope into the peritoneal cavity. There were no hemodynamic changes or immediate or delayed complications related to pneumoperitoneum, transgastric access, or intraperitoneal manipulations. Follow-up endoscopy and necropsy revealed no problems or complications inside the stomach or peritoneal cavity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Creation of a preliminary pneumoperitoneum with a Veress needle facilitates gastric wall puncture and entrance into the peritoneal cavity without injury to adjacent organs, and can improve the safety of NOTES.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Taichung Veterans' General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Buscaglia
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magno
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Giday
authors.forename: S S C
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gostout
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pasricha
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kalloo
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kantsevoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004867:Equipment Design; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D013270:Stomach / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine