title: Huperzine A regulates amyloid precursor protein processing via protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells over-expressing wild type human amyloid precursor protein 695.
abstract: Alpha-secretase (alpha-secretase), cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) within the amyloid-beta (Abeta) sequence, resulting in the release of a secreted fragment of APP (alphaAPPs) and precluding Abeta generation. We investigated the effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, huperzine A (Hup A), on APP processing and Abeta generation in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells overexpressing wild-type human APP695. Hup A dose-dependently (0-10 microM) increased alphaAPPs release. Therefore, we evaluated two alpha-secretase candidates, a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 10 and ADAM17 in Hup A-induced non-amyloidogenic APP metabolism. Hup A enhanced the level of ADAM10, and the inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE)/ADAM17 inhibited the Hup A-induced rise in alphaAPPs levels, further suggesting Hup A directed APP metabolism toward the non-amyloidogenic alpha-secretase pathway. Hup A had no effect on Abeta generation in this cell line. The steady-state levels of full-length APP and cell viability were unaffected by Hup A. Alpha-APPs release induced by Hup A treatment was significantly reduced by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists (particularly by an M1 antagonist), protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, GF109203X and calphostin C, and the mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors, U0126 and PD98059. Furthermore, Hup A markedly increased the phosphorylation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, which was blocked by treatment with U0126 and PD98059. In addition, Hup A inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity by 20% in neuroblastoma cells. Our results indicate that the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, PKC and MAP kinase may be involved in Hup A-induced alphaAPPs secretion in neuroblastoma cells and suggest multiple pharmacological mechanisms of Hup A regarding the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard New Research Building, Room 636F, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: D Y W
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Schachter
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lemere
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000072197:ADAM10 Protein; D000072198:ADAM17 Protein; D000470:Alkaloids; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C093597:amyloid beta-protein precursor 695 (18-38); C050426:huperzine A; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D051722:ADAM Proteins; D000072197:ADAM10 Protein; C491236:ADAM10 protein, human; D000072198:ADAM17 Protein; C000606462:ADAM17 protein, human