title: Revisiting Lévy flight search patterns of wandering albatrosses, bumblebees and deer.
abstract: The study of animal foraging behaviour is of practical ecological importance, and exemplifies the wider scientific problem of optimizing search strategies. Lévy flights are random walks, the step lengths of which come from probability distributions with heavy power-law tails, such that clusters of short steps are connected by rare long steps. Lévy flights display fractal properties, have no typical scale, and occur in physical and chemical systems. An attempt to demonstrate their existence in a natural biological system presented evidence that wandering albatrosses perform Lévy flights when searching for prey on the ocean surface. This well known finding was followed by similar inferences about the search strategies of deer and bumblebees. These pioneering studies have triggered much theoretical work in physics (for example, refs 11, 12), as well as empirical ecological analyses regarding reindeer, microzooplankton, grey seals, spider monkeys and fishing boats. Here we analyse a new, high-resolution data set of wandering albatross flights, and find no evidence for Lévy flight behaviour. Instead we find that flight times are gamma distributed, with an exponential decay for the longest flights. We re-analyse the original albatross data using additional information, and conclude that the extremely long flights, essential for demonstrating Lévy flight behaviour, were spurious. Furthermore, we propose a widely applicable method to test for power-law distributions using likelihood and Akaike weights. We apply this to the four original deer and bumblebee data sets, finding that none exhibits evidence of Lévy flights, and that the original graphical approach is insufficient. Such a graphical approach has been adopted to conclude Lévy flight movement for other organisms, and to propose Lévy flight analysis as a potential real-time ecosystem monitoring tool. Our results question the strength of the empirical evidence for biological Lévy flights.
authors.affiliation: British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK. EdwardsAnd@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Nicholas W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Mervyn P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Eugene J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Vsevolod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Afanasyev
authors.forename: Sergey V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Buldyrev
authors.forename: M G E
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: da Luz
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Raposo
authors.forename: H Eugene
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Gandhimohan M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D003670:Deer / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors