title: Three-dimensional analysis of ankle instability after tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries: a biomechanical experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rupture of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis commonly occurs with extreme external rotation. Most studies of syndesmosis injuries have concentrated only on external rotation instability of the ankle joint and have not examined other defects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Syndesmosis injuries cause multidirectional ankle instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ankle instability caused by distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries was examined using 7 normal fresh-frozen cadaveric legs. The anterior tibiofibular ligament, interosseous membrane, and posterior tibiofibular ligament, which compose the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis, were sequentially cut. Anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral traction forces, as well as internal and external rotation torque, were applied to the tibia; the diastasis between the tibia and fibula and the angular motion among the tibia, fibula, and talus were measured using a magnetic tracking system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A medial traction force with a cut anterior tibiofibular ligament significantly increased the diastasis from 1.1 to 2.0 mm (P = .001) and talar tilt angles from 9.6 degrees to 15.2 degrees (P < .001). External rotation torque significantly increased the diastasis from 0.5 to 1.8 mm (P = .009) with a complete cut; external rotation torque also significantly increased rotational angles from 7.1 degrees to 9.4 degrees (P = .05) with an anterior tibiofibular ligament cut.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Syndesmosis injuries caused ankle instability with medial traction force and external rotation torque to the tibia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both physicians and athletes should be aware of inversion instability of the ankle joint caused by tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan. atsushit@sapmed.ac.jp
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teramoto
authors.forename: Hideji
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kura
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005360:Fibula / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology; D019415:Torque