title: Sulfur mustard downregulates iNOS expression to inhibit wound healing in a human keratinocyte model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is involved in inflammatory and pathological conditions. iNOS also regulates several biomarkers that accelerate normal wound healing. Effects of exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) on the skin include formation of blisters and slow-healing injuries. Promoting re-epithelialization is a challenging issue in the treatment of the delayed healing of SM-induced skin injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the role(s) of iNOS in wound healing and the effect of SM on iNOS expression in an in vitro wound assay to eventually develop therapies for SM skin injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A wound was created by scratching normal human epidermal keratinocytes grown in vitro. iNOS expression was monitored by Western blotting, fluorescence microscopy, and real-time RT-PCR. Wound healing was analyzed using digitalized image analysis software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of iNOS peaked 24-48h after wounding. SM exposure strongly reduced iNOS protein and mRNA levels. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that induction of iNOS expression by wounding and inhibition of iNOS expression by SM occurred not only in the cells at the wound edge but also in cells in the surrounding area, suggesting that wounding may induce and SM may inhibit release of cytokines that stimulate iNOS expression. iNOS-specific small interfering RNAs caused a marked decrease of iNOS expression irrespective of wounding. Gene silencing also completely inhibited wound healing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that preventing SM-induced inhibition of iNOS may be a prospective strategy to promote wound healing in SM-exposed skin.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Radharaman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Prabhati
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009151:Mustard Gas