Microarray analysis of vanillin-regulated gene expression profile in human hepatocarcinoma cells.
Vanillin is one of the most widely used flavor compounds in food and personal products. It has been reported that vanillin is able to inhibit mutagenesis induced by chemical and physical mutagens, and to suppress the invasion and migration of cancer cells. Herein we used the oligonucleotide microarray approach to study gene expression profile of vanillin-treated human hepatocarcinoma cells. Microarray data followed by gene ontology (GO) investigation displayed that vanillin-affected clusters of genes involved in cell cycle and apoptosis. Genes down-regulated by vanillin were grouped into three GO categories, regulation of cellular process, cell cycle, and death. Furthermore, most of the down-regulated genes were associated with cancer progression. Knowledge-based analysis further indicated that Fos may play a central role in the regulation of gene expression network. Analysis of Fos-related transcription factor, activator protein 1 (AP-1), showed that vanillin inhibited AP-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) was diminished with increasing concentrations of vanillin, indicating that vanillin-regulated AP-1 activity via ERK pathway. In conclusion, our data suggested that vanillin exhibited the anticancer potential by the regulations of cell cycle and apoptosis. Moreover, its regulation may involve the suppression of a central molecule, AP-1.
Cheng
Wen-Yu
WY
Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
Hsiang
Chien-Yun
CY
Bau
Da-Tian
DT
Chen
Jaw-Chyun
JC
Shen
Wei-Shuen
WS
Li
Chia-Cheng
CC
Lo
Hsin-Yi
HY
Wu
Shih-Lu
SL
Chiang
Su-Yin
SY
Ho
Tin-Yun
TY
D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C100058:vanillin