title: How useful is the lung-to-head ratio in predicting outcome in the fetus with congenital diaphragmatic hernia? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fetal surgery to improve lung growth comprises tracheal occlusion in selected 'high-risk' fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Sonographically measured fetal lung-to-head ratio (LHR) is utilized to recruit candidates for fetal surgery. This study provides a meta-analysis of the evidence regarding the prognostic use of lung-to-head ratio measurements in fetal CDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, SCOPUS and ISI PROCEEDINGS databases were searched for MeSH terms: lung, head, hernia and ratio. References in retrieved studies were also searched. Studies were categorized as follows: Phase I studies measured normal fetal LHR; Phase II studies compared fetal LHR in CDH survivors and non-survivors (if LHR informed therapy decisions or LHR was not measured during the window for intervention (< 32 weeks' gestation), studies were excluded); Phase III studies used LHR to guide selection for fetal surgery (non-randomized trials were excluded); Phase IV studies measured CDH survival before and after LHR application in clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The one Phase I study showed that LHR varied substantially with gestation and technique. No complete studies met the selection criteria for Phase II: meta-analysis of subgroups revealed similar LHR in CDH survivors and non-survivors. A single Phase III study revealed no benefit for LHR-directed fetal surgery. No Phase IV studies were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognostic use of LHR in fetal CDH entered clinical practice prior to publication of robust normal data and is not supported by current evidence. Application of a structured approach to any 'new' prognostic test could improve its validity and clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ba'ath
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Jesudason
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Losty
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014463:Ultrasonography