title: From the sidelines: coaching as a nurse practitioner strategy for improving health outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to explore coaching as a nurse practitioner (NP) strategy for improving patient health outcomes and to lay a foundation for validating coaching benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of coaching literature in psychology, sports, business, and nursing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coaching has been reported as successful in psychology, sports, business, and more recently nursing, for assisting people to achieve goals that are important to them. Coaching may be very effective in encouraging, inspiring, and empowering patients to reach their maximum health potential, particularly if lifestyle change is required; however, coaching research is in its early stages. Coaching is not well defined, so claims of coaching benefits must be viewed cautiously. Coaching is an expected NP role competency, but it is not well explicated in the literature. Defining the concept of coaching from multidisciplinary consensus, expanding knowledge of the coaching process, and consciously implementing coaching communication in the NP/patient primary care encounter may result in measurable outcomes that demonstrate coaching effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coaching fits well with the holistic, collaborative approach to patient care which NPs value. Coaching provides an opportunity to shift traditional thinking about patient/provider relationships and how to motivate patients toward behavior change. The challenge for NPs is to take the time to learn the coaching process, employ coaching communication strategies in the primary care encounter, and engage in research that measures coaching effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. efhayes@nursing.umass.edu
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kalmakis
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003376:Counseling / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006040:Goals; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D009736:Nursing Process / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support