title: Gender and ethnic differences in cancer patients' needs for help: an Internet survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although a number of studies have reported different domains of cancer patients' needs for help, very little is known about gender and ethnic differences in those needs. Gender differences have been implicitly assumed in most studies, and specific ethnic groups have been focused on rather than comparing several ethnic groups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this pilot study was to explore cancer patients' needs for help among four major ethnic groups in the US, to determine gender and ethnic differences in needs, and to provide direction for future studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a descriptive and comparative pilot study using a feminist perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 110 self-identified cancer patients were recruited through both Internet and community settings using a convenience sampling method.
  
  
  METHODS
  The instruments included sociodemographic questions, the Cancer Needs Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Supportive Care Needs Survey. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including the Mann-Whitney U tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings indicated that there was no significant gender difference in all domains of needs for help. There were significant ethnic differences in all domains of needs except communication and sexual needs. Asians reported the lowest scores in most domains of needs for help while Hispanics reported the highest scores in most domains of needs for help.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicated certain ethnic differences in cancer patients' needs for help and suggest further in-depth qualitative investigations on cultural beliefs and attitudes that may influence needs, with a careful examination of gender sensitivity and cultural competence of the instruments measuring cancer patients' needs for help.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78701, USA. eim@mail.nur.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Eun-Ok
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: Wonshik
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guevara
authors.forename: Hyun-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hyunjeong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education / Q000208:ethnology; D001213:Asian / Q000193:education / Q000208:ethnology; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000193:education / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010865:Pilot Projects; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000193:education / Q000208:ethnology; D014930:Women / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*