title: Acceleration effects on manual performance with isometric and displacement joysticks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have shown before that novice human subjects produce exaggerated isometric forces when exposed to three times normal terrestrial acceleration (+3 Gz), and that this deficit is compensated by intensive training in +3 Gz. We now investigate whether training in normal terrestrial gravity (normal G) is also effective. We further examine whether subjects in +3 Gz produce not only exaggerated forces, but also exaggerated hand displacements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were conducted in the stationary (normal G) or rotating (+3 Gz) gondola of a man-rated centrifuge. With their dominant hand, subjects produced either forces using an isometric joystick, or hand displacements using a regular joystick. Response directions and magnitudes were prescribed visually. In practice trials, subjects received continuous visual feedback about their performance, while in test trials they did not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects produced exaggerated forces in +3 Gz, whether or not they previously practiced the task in normal G. In contrast, subjects did not produce exaggerated hand displacements in +3 Gz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exaggerated force production in +3 Gz is not overcome by task practice in normal G, as opposed to task practice in +3 Gz. This might be an indication that pilot training should contain extended practice of force production during phases of increased gravity (+Gz) to avoid motor deficits during flight maneuvers inducing +Gz. Furthermore, the control of isometric and regular joysticks seems to be based on partly distinct neural mechanisms, with different +Gz dependence. Thus, against the background of motor performance during +Gz, regular sticks might be favorably compared to isometric sticks in high-performance aircrafts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Anatomy, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, Köln 50933, Germany. guardiera@dshs-koeln.de
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guardiera
authors.forename: Otmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pongratz
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Krause
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002498:Centrifugation; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018471:Hypergravity; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*