title: Case management for persons with substance use disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with alcohol and other drug use disorders (AOD) frequently have multiple social, physical, and mental health treatment needs, yet have difficulty accessing community services, including drug abuse treatment. One strategy for linking patients with AOD with relevant services is case management, where a single case manager is responsible for linking patients with multiple relevant services.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review of all RCTs on the use of case management for helping drug abusers in or out of treatment. Outcome criteria included successful linkage with other services, illicit drug use outcomes, and a range of related outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library, issue 4, 2006), MEDLINE (1966 - 2006), EMBASE (1980 - 2006), LILACS (1982 - 2006), PsycINFO (1973 - 2006), Biological Abstracts (1982 t- 2000). Reference searching; personal communication; conference abstracts; book chapters on case management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled studies that compared a specific model of case management with either treatment as usual or another treatment model, included only patients with at least one alcohol or drug related problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of reviewers extracted the data independently . Standardized mean difference was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, we could extract results from 15 studies. Outcome on illicit drug use was reported from 7 studies with 2391 patients. The effect size for illicit drug use was not significant, and small (standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.12, confidence interval=-0.09,0.29, p=0.20). Substantial heterogeneity was found (I(2)=69.9%). Linkage to other treatment services was reported in 10 studies with 3132 patients. The effect size for linkage was moderate (SMD=0.42, 95% confidence interval=0.21 to 0.62, p<0.001), but substantial heterogeneity was found (I(2)=85.2%). Moderator analyses suggested that a part of the heterogeneity found in linkage studies could be explained by the presence or absence of a treatment manual for case management. A single, large trial of case management with two arms, showed that case management was superior to psychoeducation and drug counselling in reducing drug use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is current evidence supporting that case management can enhance linkage with other services. However, evidence that case management reduces drug use or produce other beneficial outcome is not conclusive.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Købmagergade 26 E, København C, Denmark, 1150. mortenhesse@crf.dk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vanderplasschen
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Broekaert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fridell
mesh_terms: D019090:Case Management; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy