title: Pediatric vocal fold paralysis after cardiac surgery: rate of recovery and sequelae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the rate of recovery of pediatric vocal fold paralysis (VFP) after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series from January 2000 to 2005 at 4 tertiary care pediatric hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 109 children with VFP were identified. Of 80 patients with follow-up >3 months, 28 (35%) recovered vocal fold function with a median time to diagnosis of recovery of 6.6 months. Fifty-two (65%) patients had persistent vocal fold paralysis with a median follow-up time of 16.4 months. Twenty-five (45%) of 55 patients demonstrated aspiration or laryngeal penetration with modified barium swallow. Twenty-nine (27%) of the 109 patients underwent surgical intervention for their airway, feeding, or voice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric VFP is not an uncommon complication after cardiac surgery and can result in serious sequelae. This study demonstrates a 35% rate of recovery, 45% rate of aspiration, and 27% rate of complications that require surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5328, USA. mttruong@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Mai Thy
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: Anna H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Messner
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kerschner
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scholes
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong-Dominguez
authors.forename: Henry A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Milczuk
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery