title: Small-scale fisheries bycatch jeopardizes endangered Pacific loggerhead turtles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although bycatch of industrial-scale fisheries can cause declines in migratory megafauna including seabirds, marine mammals, and sea turtles, the impacts of small-scale fisheries have been largely overlooked. Small-scale fisheries occur in coastal waters worldwide, employing over 99% of the world's 51 million fishers. New telemetry data reveal that migratory megafauna frequent coastal habitats well within the range of small-scale fisheries, potentially producing high bycatch. These fisheries occur primarily in developing nations, and their documentation and management are limited or non-existent, precluding evaluation of their impacts on non-target megafauna.
  
  
  RESULTS
  30 North Pacific loggerhead turtles that we satellite-tracked from 1996-2005 ranged oceanwide, but juveniles spent 70% of their time at a high use area coincident with small-scale fisheries in Baja California Sur, Mexico (BCS). We assessed loggerhead bycatch mortality in this area by partnering with local fishers to 1) observe two small-scale fleets that operated closest to the high use area and 2) through shoreline surveys for discarded carcasses. Minimum annual bycatch mortality in just these two fleets at the high use area exceeded 1000 loggerheads year(-1), rivaling that of oceanwide industrial-scale fisheries, and threatening the persistence of this critically endangered population. As a result of fisher participation in this study and a bycatch awareness campaign, a consortium of local fishers and other citizens are working to eliminate their bycatch and to establish a national loggerhead refuge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the overlap of ubiquitous small-scale fisheries with newly documented high-use areas in coastal waters worldwide, our case study suggests that small-scale fisheries may be among the greatest current threats to non-target megafauna. Future research is urgently needed to quantify small-scale fisheries bycatch worldwide. Localizing coastal high use areas and mitigating bycatch in partnership with small-scale fishers may provide a crucial solution toward ensuring the persistence of vulnerable megafauna.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America. hoyt@biology.ucsc.edu
authors.forename: S Hoyt
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Peckham
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maldonado Diaz
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walli
authors.forename: Georgita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Larry B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Crowder
authors.forename: Wallace J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D005398:Fisheries; D020387:Food Chain; D005828:Genetics, Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013686:Telemetry / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014426:Turtles / Q000502:physiology*