title: Long-range enhancers are required to maintain expression of the autoantigen islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein in adult mouse islets in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) is selectively expressed in islet beta-cells and is a major autoantigen in both mouse and human type 1 diabetes. This study describes the use of a combination of transgenic and transfection approaches to characterize the gene regions that confer the islet-specific expression of IGRP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transgenic mice were generated containing the IGRP promoter sequence from -306, -911, or -3911 to +3 ligated to a LacZ reporter gene. Transgene expression was monitored by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside staining of pancreatic tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the transgenic mice, robust LacZ expression was detected in newborn mouse islets, but expression became mosaic as animals aged, suggesting that additional elements are required for the maintenance of IGRP gene expression. VISTA analyses identified two conserved regions in the distal IGRP promoter and one in the third intron. Transfection experiments demonstrated that all three regions confer enhanced luciferase reporter gene expression in beta TC-3 cells when ligated to a minimal IGRP promoter. A transgene containing all three conserved regions was generated by using a bacterial recombination strategy to insert a LacZ cassette into exon 5 of the IGRP gene. Transgenic mice containing a 15-kbp fragment of the IGRP gene were then generated. This transgene conferred LacZ expression in newborn mouse islets; however, expression was still suppressed as animals aged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that long-range enhancers 5' or 3' of the IGRP gene are required for the maintenance of IGRP gene expression in adult mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, 761 PRB, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
authors.forename: Yingda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Flemming
authors.forename: Cyrus C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Shelley R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Oeser
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D022202:Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000502:physiology*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D008156:Luciferases; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase; C117983:G6pc2 protein, mouse; D001616:beta-Galactosidase