title: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric urolithiasis is relatively uncommon and limited information is available on the application of minimally invasive management modalities in young children. We present a single centre experience with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) for infants with upper urinary tract calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 74 infants aged 3 months to 24 months with upper urinary tract calculi were treated with ESWL under general anesthesia using the Wolf 2500 and the 2501 Piezolith lithotriptors over a 14 and a half-year period. Patient and stone characteristics, risk factors for urolithiasis, treatment parameters, clinical outcomes and long-term follow-up were assessed and recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean patient age was 14.5 (range 3 to 24) months. The mean renal stone size was 18.2 (range 7 to 32) mm while the mean ureteral stone size was 9.4 (range 5 to 14) mm. Metabolic abnormalities, structural anomalies and urinary tract infections were identified as contributory factors for stone formation in 34% of the infants. At the 3-month follow-up there was an overall successful outcome in 72 infants (97%) that included 65 (88%) who were rendered stone-free and 7 (9%) who had clinically insignificant stone fragments. Retreatment was required in 27 (35%) patients, auxiliary procedures after ESWL were needed in 5 (7%) and secondary operative procedures were required in 2 (3%). Major complications were encountered in 5 (7%) patients that included complete ureteral obstruction with sepsis in 2, partial ureteral obstruction in 1 and febrile urinary tract infection in 2 other children. Long-term follow-up was recorded in 39 infants: 8 developed recurrent stones, 2 had stone regrowth and 1 developed mild hypertension but none had significant deterioration of renal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESWL is an effective treatment for upper urinary tract calculi in infants. In the short-term, complications are minimal but long-term follow-up is important.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology, Accident, Emergency and General Surgery, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: Prem A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Medhat
authors.forename: Younis H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Al-Bulushi
authors.forename: Priti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Kindy
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications