title: Tropomyosin 4 defines novel filaments in skeletal muscle associated with muscle remodelling/regeneration in normal and diseased muscle.
abstract: The organisation of structural proteins in muscle into highly ordered sarcomeres occurs during development, regeneration and focal repair of skeletal muscle fibers. The involvement of cytoskeletal proteins in this process has been documented, with nonmuscle gamma-actin found to play a role in sarcomere assembly during muscle differentiation and also shown to be up-regulated in dystrophic muscles which undergo regeneration and repair [Lloyd et al.,2004; Hanft et al.,2006]. Here, we show that a cytoskeletal tropomyosin (Tm), Tm4, defines actin filaments in two novel compartments in muscle fibers: a Z-line associated cytoskeleton (Z-LAC), similar to a structure we have reported previously [Kee et al.,2004], and longitudinal filaments that are orientated parallel to the sarcomeric apparatus, present during myofiber growth and repair/regeneration. Tm4 is upregulated in paradigms of muscle repair including induced regeneration and focal repair and in muscle diseases with repair/regeneration features, muscular dystrophy and nemaline myopathy. Longitudinal Tm4-defined filaments also are present in diseased muscle. Transition of the Tm4-defined filaments from a longitudinal to a Z-LAC orientation is observed during the course of muscle regeneration. This Tm4-defined cytoskeleton is a marker of growth and repair/regeneration in response to injury, disease state and stress in skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Muscle Development Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Wentworthville, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vlahovich
authors.forename: Galina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schevzov
authors.forename: Visalini
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nair-Shaliker
authors.forename: Biljana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ilkovski
authors.forename: Stanley T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Artap
authors.forename: Josephine E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Joya
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kee
authors.forename: Kathryn N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Gunning
authors.forename: Edna C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Hardeman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D051379:Mice; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D017696:Myopathies, Nemaline / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000378:metabolism; D014335:Tropomyosin / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C501213:TPM4 protein, human; D014335:Tropomyosin; C515376:tropomyosin 4 protein, mouse