title: Addition of cognitive-behavioral therapy for nonresponders to medication for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a naturalistic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The best currently available treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). It is generally recommended that patients who have been unsuccessfully treated with SRIs should receive supplementary CBT, although few studies have yet to investigate the proposal's validity. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effectiveness of CBT on a sample of nonselected, pharmacologically treatment-resistant OCD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six OCD patients (based on DSM-IV criteria) who had not responded to at least 1 adequate SRI trial conducted in our outpatient clinic were treated from January 2000 through April 2004 with CBT, incorporating exposure and ritual prevention. The therapy was conducted in a naturalistic setting and manualized guidelines were adapted to each patient. Pharmacologic treatment underwent no changes during the trial period. Outcome measures included the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale, and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. The primary outcome measure was a rating of "much improved" or "very much improved" on the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (CGI-I).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients (5%) refused CBT after 1 session, and 10 patients (28%) dropped out of the study. Three of the 24 remaining patients completed the trial at 6 months (T1) but did not follow through up to 12 months (T2). The 21 patients completing CBT showed statistically significant improvement (p < .0001) during follow-up on all outcome measures. At T2, 15 (42%) of 36 patients were rated as being "much improved" or "very much improved," as measured by the CGI-I. Symptom reduction was clinically modest but important, with nearly all patients presenting residual symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CBT could be usefully added to pharmacologic treatments for severe, real-world, medication-resistant OCD patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychopathology, Rome, Italy. info@istitutodipsicopatologia.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tundo
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salvati
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Busto
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Di Spigno
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Falcini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015283:Citalopram / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002997:Clomipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003710:Demography; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016666:Fluvoxamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020280:Sertraline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride
chemical_list: D015283:Citalopram; D002997:Clomipramine; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D005473:Fluoxetine; D016666:Fluvoxamine; D017374:Paroxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D020280:Sertraline; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride