title: Antimicrobial effect of propolis and other substances against selected endodontic pathogens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) and intracanal medicaments calcium hydroxide, camphorated paramonochlorophenol, and formocresol by means of the macrodilution method using the reinforced clostridial medium (RCM) and brucella and brain heart infusion media.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antimicrobial agents were sequentially diluted and tested against anaerobic bacteria Prevotella nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces israelii, and Clostridium perfringens and against Enterococcus faecalis, with the 5 x 10(5) CFU/mL standardized inocula. The tubes were anaerobically incubated and the minimum inhibitory concentration was detected. Blood agar RCM subcultures were performed to provide minimum bactericidal concentration. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All drugs were effective against all tested strains, without statistical differences. E. faecalis was the less susceptible strain, and RCM broth promoted faster bacterial growth, but there were no significant differences in these results. Ethanol did not influence the antimicrobial effect of EEP.
authors.affiliation: North of Paraná University, Londrina, Brazil. flavianaferreira@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Sergio Aparecido
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Odila Pereira da Silva
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Cláudio Maniglia
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Roberto Brando
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Marcucci
authors.forename: Brenda P F A
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Gomes
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000187:drug effects; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002164:Camphor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D005566:Formocresols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D045242:Prevotella nigrescens / Q000187:drug effects; D011429:Propolis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002733:Chlorophenols; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005566:Formocresols; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; C031025:formocresol; D002164:Camphor; C029804:camphorated parachlorophenol; D011429:Propolis; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide