title: Hands and knees posture in late pregnancy or labour for fetal malposition (lateral or posterior).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lateral and posterior position of the baby's head (the back of the baby's head facing to the mother's side or back) may be associated with more painful, prolonged or obstructed labour and difficult delivery. It is possible that certain positions adopted by the mother may influence the baby's position.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of adopting a hands and knees maternal posture in late pregnancy or during labour when the presenting part of the fetus is in a lateral or posterior position compared with no intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (July 2007) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials of hands and knees maternal posture compared to other postures or controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors assessed trial eligibility and quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three trials (2794 women) were included. In one trial (100 women), four different postures (four groups of 20 women) were combined for the comparison with the control group of 20 women. Lateral or posterior position of the presenting part of the fetus was less likely to persist following 10 minutes in the hands and knees position compared to a sitting position (one trial, 100 women, relative risk (RR) 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18 to 0.38). In a second trial (2547 women), advice to assume the hands and knees posture for 10 minutes twice daily in the last weeks of pregnancy had no effect on the baby's position at delivery or any of the other pregnancy outcomes measured. The third trial studied the use of hands and knees position in labour and involved 147 labouring women at 37 or more weeks gestation. Occipito-posterior position of the baby was confirmed by ultrasound. Seventy women, who were randomised in the intervention group, assumed hands and knees positioning for a period of at least 30 minutes, compared to 77 women in the control group who did not assume hands and knees positioning in labour. The reduction in occipito-posterior or -transverse positions at delivery and operative deliveries were not statistically significant. There was a significant reduction in back pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of hands and knees position for 10 minutes twice daily to correct occipito-posterior position of the fetus in late pregnancy cannot be recommended as an intervention. This is not to suggest that women should not adopt this position if they find it comfortable. The use of position in labour was associated with reduced backache. Further trials are needed to assess the effects on other labour outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Eastern Cape Department of Health/University of the Witwatersrand/Fort Hare, Effective Care Research Unit, East London, South Africa. s.l.hunter@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hofmeyr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kulier
mesh_terms: D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007746:Labor Presentation; D011187:Posture; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D014710:Version, Fetal