title: Sex chromosome complement regulates habit formation.
abstract: Sex differences in brain function and behavior are regularly attributed to gonadal hormones. Some brain sexual dimorphisms, however, are direct actions of sex chromosome genes that are not mediated by gonadal hormones. We used mice in which sex chromosome complement (XX versus XY) and gonadal sex (ovaries versus testes) were independent, and found that XX mice showed faster food-reinforced instrumental habit formation than XY mice, regardless of gonadal phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University, Connecticut Mental Health Center Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, 34 Park Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06508, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hitchcott
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Umeda
authors.forename: Arthur P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Jane R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development; D005260:Female; D024282:Genes, sry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006184:Habits; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D014960:X Chromosome; D014998:Y Chromosome
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D018021:Lithium Chloride