title: Black-blood imaging of the human heart using rapid stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a rapid stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) MRI technique for "black-blood" imaging of the human heart that overcomes the single-slice limitation and partially compromised blood suppression associated with double inversion-recovery techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Black-blood multislice images of the heart along anatomic orientations and triggered to end diastole were obtained from healthy human subjects at 3T using rapid STEAM MRI sequences with five-eighths partial Fourier encoding and variable flip angles. Single-shot STEAM images at 2.5 x 2.5 mm2 in-plane resolution and 6-mm section thickness were recorded in 230 msec from individual heartbeats. Improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and higher spatial resolution of 2.0 x 2.0 mm2 and 1.5 x 1.5 mm2 were achieved by segmented multishot STEAM MRI with interleaved k-space acquisitions (160 msec each) from several heartbeats. In a single breathhold covering 18 heartbeats selected applications employed either three segments with six sections or six segments with three sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because stimulated echoes (STEs) dephase signals from moving spins, rapid STEAM images are free from blood signal contamination. The method offers a flexible tradeoff between spatial resolution, imaging speed (i.e., number of segments), and volume coverage (i.e., number of sections).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid STEAM MRI of the heart emerges as a simple technique for multislice imaging of the myocardial wall with efficient flow suppression.
authors.affiliation: Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karaus
authors.forename: Klaus-Dietmar
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Merboldt
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graessner
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frahm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male