title: Metabolic aspects of pig-to-monkey (Macaca fascicularis) islet transplantation: implications for translation into clinical practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attempts to use an alternative source of islets to restore glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients require preclinical islet xenotransplantation models to be tested. These models raise questions about metabolic compatibility between species and the most appropriate metabolic parameters to be used to monitor graft function. The present study investigated and compared relevant gluco-metabolic parameters in pigs, monkeys and the pig-to-monkey islet transplantation model to gain insight into the potential clinical outcome of pig-to-human islet transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Basal and IVGTT-stimulated blood glucose, C-peptide, insulin and glucagon levels were assessed in non-diabetic pigs and monkeys. The same parameters were used to evaluate the performance of porcine islet xenografts in diabetic monkeys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-diabetic cynomolgus monkeys showed lower levels of fasting and stimulated blood glucose but higher levels of C-peptide and insulin than non-diabetic pigs. The reported levels in humans lie between those of monkeys and pigs, and differences in metabolic parameters between pigs and humans appear to be smaller than those between pigs and cynomolgus monkeys. The transplantation data indicated that the degree of graft function (evaluated by the measurement of C-peptide levels) necessary to normalise blood glucose in the recipient was determined by the recipient levels rather than by the donor levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences between donor and recipient species may affect the transplantation outcome and need to be considered when assessing graft function in xenotransplantation models. Given the differences between monkeys and humans as potential recipients of pig islets, it should be easier to reach glucose homeostasis in pig-to-human than in pig-to-non-human primate islet xenotransplantation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Centre, Rm 6103, 3460 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. anc22@pitt.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bottino
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Balamurugan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van der Windt
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Campanile
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smetanka
authors.forename: D K C
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trucco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008660:Metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013997:Time Factors; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D007328:Insulin; D005934:Glucagon