title: Opium addiction as a new risk factor of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) refers to an abnormality of SO contractility. It is a benign, non-calculus obstruction to the flow of bile or pancreatic juice through the pancreaticobiliary junction. Although morphine can cause an excitatory effect on SO motility, there are no comprehensive data about opium as a risk factor in inducing SOD in chronic opium abusers. The aim of the study was to assess potential risk factors, especially opium addiction (OA), in patients with SOD.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study, opium addiction, cigarette smoking, cholecystectomy, and periampullary diverticulum in patients with SOD were recorded and compared with healthy subjects. SOD was diagnosed by the Geenen-Hogan classification (type I).
  
  
  RESULTS
  OA (p=0.001) and cholecystectomy (p<0.001) were two independent risk factors in patients with SOD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic use of opiates by the oral or inhalational route may induce SOD, but whether chronic use of other morphine derivatives or i.v. drug abuse induce this disorder is not clear and needs further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Semnan Gastrointestinal and Liver diseases Research Center (GILRC), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. shahrokhmousavi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mousavi
authors.forename: Jafar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toussy
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zahmatkesh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D009892:Opium; D012307:Risk Factors; D046628:Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D009892:Opium