title: Association between coffee consumption and risk of hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The longitudinal relationship between coffee use and hypertension is not well known. Aim. We did a prospective study to investigate if there is a temporal relationship between coffee consumption and development of sustained hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 1107 white subjects with elevated blood pressure who were followed up for 6.4 years. Coffee intake and other life-style factors were ascertained from regularly administered questionnaires. Incident physician-diagnosed hypertension was the outcome measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up, 561 subjects developed sustained hypertension, whereas 546 subjects did not meet the criteria for treatment. Coffee drinkers developed sustained hypertension more frequently than abstainers (53.1% versus 43.9%, P = 0.007). The incidence of hypertension did not differ between moderate and heavy coffee drinkers. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed that sustained hypertension was developed more frequently by coffee drinkers compared with nondrinkers (P<0.001). The adjusted relative risk of hypertension was greater in both categories of coffee drinking than in abstainers (hazard ratio, 95% confidence limit (CL) = 1.24, 1.06-1.44). The risk of hypertension associated with coffee drinking increased gradually with increasing level of alcohol use (adjusted P for interaction = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension a nonlinear association was found between coffee consumption and development of sustained hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Medica 4, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. palatini@unipd.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palatini
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dorigatti
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santonastaso
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cozzio
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Biasion
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garavelli
authors.forename: Achille C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pessina
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004032:Diet; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee