title: Risk factors for anogenital human papillomavirus infection in men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly associated with cervical and other anogenital cancers. Identification of risk factors for HPV infection in men may improve our understanding of HPV transmission and prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPV testing for 37 types was conducted in 463 men 18-40 years old recruited from 2 US cities. The entire anogenital region and semen were sampled. A self-administered questionnaire was completed. Multivariate logistic regression aided the identification of independent risk factors for any HPV type, oncogenic HPV types, and nononcogenic HPV types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence was 65.4% for any HPV, 29.2% for oncogenic HPV, and 36.3% for nononcogenic HPV. Factors significantly associated with any HPV were smoking > or =10 cigarettes per day (odds ratio [OR], 2.3 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.0-5.3]) and lifetime number of female sex partners (FSPs) (OR for > or =21, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.3-4.6]), and factors significantly associated with oncogenic HPV were lifetime number of FSPs (OR for > or =21, 7.4 [95% CI, 3.4-16.3]) and condom use during the past 3 months (OR for more than half the time, 0.5 [95% CI, 0.3-0.8]). For nononcogenic HPV, a significant association was found for number of FSPs during the past 3 months (OR for > or =2, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.4-6.3]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lifetime and recent number of FSPs, condom use, and smoking were modifiable risk factors associated with HPV infection in men.
authors.affiliation: Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nielson
authors.forename: Robin B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Eileen F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrahamsen
authors.forename: Mary R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Papenfuss
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Lauri E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001130:Arizona / Q000453:epidemiology; D003218:Condylomata Acuminata / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D005834:Genital Neoplasms, Male / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012907:Smoking