title: Effect of chronic antipsychotic exposure on astrocyte and oligodendrocyte numbers in macaque monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both in vivo and postmortem studies suggest that oligodendrocyte and myelination alterations are present in individuals with schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether prolonged treatment with antipsychotic medications contributes to these disturbances. We recently reported that chronic exposure of macaque monkeys to haloperidol or olanzapine was associated with a 10%-18% lower glial cell number in the parietal grey matter. Consequently, in this study we sought to determine whether the lower glial cell number was due to fewer oligodendrocytes as opposed to lower numbers of astrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  With fluorescent immunocytochemical techniques, we optimized the visualization of each cell type throughout the entire thickness of tissue sections, while minimizing final tissue shrinkage. As a result, we were able to obtain robust stereological estimates of total oligodendrocyte and astrocyte numbers in the parietal grey matter with the optical fractionator method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant 20.5% lower astrocyte number with a non-significant 12.9% lower oligodendrocyte number in the antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. Similar effects were seen in both the haloperidol and olanzapine groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that studies investigating glial cell alterations in schizophrenia must take into account the effect of antipsychotic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Glenn T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Konopaske
authors.forename: Karl-Anton
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dorph-Petersen
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: Joseph N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Pierri
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Allan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000633:toxicity*; D002452:Cell Count; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000633:toxicity*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D006220:Haloperidol; D000077152:Olanzapine