title: Identification of an estrogenic hormone receptor in Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: Changes in both behavior and gene expression occur in Caenorhabditis elegans following exposure to sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, and to bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compound. However, only one steroid hormone receptor has been identified. Of the 284 known nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) in C. elegans, we selected nhr-14, nhr-69, and nhr-121 for analysis as potential estrogenic hormone receptors, because they share sequence similarity with the human estrogen receptor. First, the genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and then the affinity of each protein for estrogen was determined using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. All three NHRs bound estrogen in a dose-dependent fashion. To evaluate the specificity of the binding, we performed a solution competition assay using an SPR biosensor. According to our results, only NHR-14 was able to interact with estrogen. Therefore, we next examined whether nhr-14 regulates estrogen signaling in vivo. To investigate whether these interactions actually control the response of C. elegans to hormones, we investigated the expression of vitellogenin, an estrogen responsive gene, in an nhr-14 mutant. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that vitellogenin expression was significantly reduced in the mutant. This suggests that NHR-14 is a C. elegans estrogenic hormone receptor and that it controls gene expression in response to estrogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mimoto
authors.forename: Madoka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Usami
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimamura
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirabayashi
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sasagawa
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishiura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000378:metabolism*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D004967:Estrogens; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); C578368:NHR-69 protein, C elegans; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen