title: Glycemic index, glycemic load and thyroid cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk of thyroid cancer has already been related to refined cereals and starch food, but the association has not been studied in terms of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from a case-control study conducted in Italy from 1986 to 1992 and including 399 histologically confirmed and incident cases of thyroid cancer and 616 control subjects. Information on dietary habits was derived through a food-frequency questionnaire and multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for GI and GL levels were estimated with adjustment for age, education, sex, area of residence, history of diabetes, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, intake of fruit and vegetables, and noncarbohydrate energy intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the lowest tertile, the ORs in subsequent tertiles were 1.68 and 1.73 for GI, and 1.76 and 2.17 for GL. The OR for highest tertile of GI compared with lowest one was 1.70 for papillary and 1.57 for follicular thyroid cancer. The ORs for GL were 2.17 for papillary and 3.33 for follicular thyroid cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that high dietary levels of GI and GL are associated with thyroid cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Milan, Italy. randi@marionegri.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Randi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferraroni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Garavello
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deandrea
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Decarli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates