title: Effects of moderate sleep deprivation and low-dose alcohol on driving simulator performance and perception in young men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the combined effects of sleep restriction and low-dose alcohol on driving simulator performance, EEG, and subjective levels of sleepiness and performance in the mid-afternoon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measures with 4 experimental conditions. Normal sleep without alcohol, sleep restriction alone (4 hours) and sleep restriction in combination with 2 different low blood alcohol concentrations (0.025 g/dL and 0.035 g/dL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep Laboratory, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one healthy young men, aged 18-30 years, mean (+/-SD) = 22.5(+/-3.7) years, BMI = 25(+/-6.7) kg/m2; all had normal sleep patterns and were free of sleep disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a 70-minute simulated driving session, commencing at 14:00. Driving parameters included steering deviation, braking reaction time, and number of collisions. Alpha and theta EEG activity and subjective driving performance and sleepiness were also measured throughout the driving task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All measures were significantly affected by time. Steering deviation increased significantly when sleep restriction was combined with the higher dose alcohol. This combination also resulted in a significant increase in alpha/theta EEG activity throughout the drive, as well as greater subjective sleepiness and negative driving performance ratings compared to control or sleep restriction alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that combining low-dose alcohol with moderate sleep restriction results in significant decrements to subjective alertness and performance as well as to some driving performance and EEG parameters. This highlights the potential risks of driving after consumption of low and legal doses of alcohol when also sleep restricted.
authors.affiliation: Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia. andrew.vakulin@rgh.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vakulin
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baulk
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Catcheside
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: McEvoy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D011930:Reaction Time; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis