title: Mycophenolic acid inhibits cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells through direct and indirect inhibition of cellular reactive oxygen species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation play important roles in the development and progression of chronic allograft vasculopathy. Although mycophenolic acid (MPA) inhibits activation of mesenchymal cells through cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the exact mechanisms involved in theses processes have not been clearly understood. This study explored the molecular mechanisms whereby MPA inhibits cellular ROS-mediated VSMC proliferation and ECM synthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary rat VSMCs were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB in the presence or absence of MPA 0.1-10 micromol/L or guanosine 100 micromol/L. Cell proliferation was assessed by methylthiazoletetrazolium and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, fibronectin secretion, and rac1 membrane translocation by Western blot analysis, total collagen synthesis by [(3)H]-proline incorporation, dichlorofluorescein-sensitive cellular ROS by confocal microscopy, and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) concentration by iodometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MPA inhibited PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation, ECM synthesis, and cellular ROS, and these inhibitions were partially reversed by exogenous guanosine. MPA at dose inhibiting PDGF-induced VSMC activation inhibited rac1 membrane translocation, and this inhibition was fully recovered by exogenous guanosine. Additionally, MPA rapidly reduced H(2)O(2) concentration in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that MPA inhibits PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation and ECM synthesis through inhibiting rac1-dependent cellular ROS and directly scavenging ROS. Both direct and indirect inhibition of cellular ROS would be the key mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effect of MPA in VSMCs.
authors.affiliation: The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jehyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hye Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Hunjoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Myoung Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyung Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Yu Seun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D000077214:Becaplermin; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D006151:Guanosine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006151:Guanosine; D000077214:Becaplermin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid