title: Alcoholism risk moderation by a socio-religious dimension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Religious affiliation is inversely associated with the development of alcohol-dependence symptoms in adolescents, but the mechanisms of this effect are unclear. The degree to which religious affiliations accommodate to or differentiate from cultural values may influence attitudes about alcohol use. We hypothesized that, given permissive cultural norms about alcohol in the United States, if a religious affiliation differentiates itself from cultural norms, then high-risk adolescents (those with parents having a history of alcoholism) would exhibit fewer alcohol-dependence symptoms compared with other affiliations and nonreligious adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of female adolescent offspring (N = 3,582) in Missouri was selected. Parental alcoholism and religious affiliation and their interaction were examined as predictors of offspring alcohol-dependence symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicated that (1) parental alcohol history robustly predicted increased offspring alcohol-dependence symptoms, (2) religious rearing appeared protective (offspring exhibited fewer alcohol-dependence symptoms), (3) religious differentiation accounted for most of the protective effect, (4) other religious variables did not account for the differentiation effect, and (5) black religious adolescents were more frequently raised with differentiating affiliations and exhibited greater protective effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results demonstrate that religious differentiation accounts for most of the protective influence of religious affiliation. This may be because religious differences from cultural norms (that include permissive alcohol norms) counteract these social influences given alternative "higher" religious ideals.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, MC 151J, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. rhaber@pgsp.edu
authors.forename: Jon Randolph
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacob
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012067:Religion