title: Socioeconomic status in relation to selected birth defects in a large multicentered US case-control study.
abstract: This study examined individual and household socioeconomic status (SES) in relation to phenotypes of neural tube defects, orafacial clefts, and conotruncal heart defects using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study with 2,551 nonmalformed liveborn controls and 1,841 cases delivered in 1997-2000. The individual SES was measured by maternal and paternal education, occupation, and household income. All individual SES measures were combined to create a household SES index. Elevated risks were found for maternal low education in association with anencephaly and dextrotransposition of the great arteries (dTGA) (adjusted odds ratios (AORs) > or = 1.4); paternal low education in association with anencephaly, cleft palate, tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), and dTGA (AORs > or = 1.4); low household income in association with TOF (AOR = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8, 2.5); maternal operator/laborer occupation in association with cleft palate, TOF, and dTGA (AORs > or = 1.4); paternal operator/laborer occupation in association with spina bifida (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.0); and either parent's unemployment in association with dTGA (AOR > or = 1.4). Subjects with the lowest household SES index had the greatest risks of all selected birth defects except TOF. This study reveals consistently increased risks of selected birth defects in association with household SES index but not individual SES measures.
authors.affiliation: California Research Division, March of Dimes Foundation, Oakland, CA, USA.juanokyang@yahoo.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015984:Causality; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005220:Fathers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid; D020073:Gravidity; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid