title: Anti-proliferative activity of oral anti-hyperglycemic agents on human vascular smooth muscle cells: thiazolidinediones (glitazones) have enhanced activity under high glucose conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) proliferation by oral anti-hyperglycemic agents may have a role to play in the amelioration of vascular disease in diabetes. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) inhibit vSMC proliferation but it has been reported that they anomalously stimulate [3H]-thymidine incorporation. We investigated three TZDs, two biguanides and two sulfonylureas for their ability of inhibit vSMC proliferation. People with diabetes obviously have fluctuating blood glucose levels thus we determined the effect of media glucose concentration on the inhibitory activity of TZDs in a vSMC preparation that grew considerably more rapidly under high glucose conditions. We further explored the mechanisms by which TZDs increase [3H]-thymidine incorporation.
  
  
  METHODS
  VSMC proliferation was investigated by [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell counting. Activation and inhibition of thymidine kinase utilized short term [3H]-thymidine uptake. Cell cycle events were analyzed by FACS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VSMC cells grown for 3 days in DMEM with 5% fetal calf serum under low (5 mM glucose) and high (25 mM glucose) increased in number by 2.5 and 4.7 fold, respectively. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone showed modest but statistically significantly greater inhibitory activity under high versus low glucose conditions (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). We confirmed an earlier report that troglitazone (at low concentrations) causes enhanced incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA but did not increase cell numbers. Troglitazone inhibited serum mediated thymidine kinase induction in a concentration dependent manner. FACS analysis showed that troglitazone and rosiglitazone but not pioglitazone placed a slightly higher percentage of cells in the S phase of a growing culture. Of the biguanides, metformin had no effect on proliferation assessed as [3H]-thymidine incorporation or cell numbers whereas phenformin was inhibitory in both assays albeit at high concentrations. The sulfonylureas chlorpropamide and gliclazide had no inhibitory effect on vSMC proliferation assessed by either [3H]-thymidine incorporation or cell numbers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TZDs but not sulfonylureas nor biguanides (except phenformin at high concentrations) show favorable vascular actions assessed as inhibition of vSMC proliferation. The activity of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone is enhanced under high glucose conditions. These data provide further in vitro evidence for the potential efficacy of TZDs in preventing multiple cardiovascular diseases. However, the plethora of potentially beneficial actions of TZDs in cell and animal models have not been reflected in the results of major clinical trials and a greater understanding of these complex drugs is required to delineate their ultimate clinical utility in preventing macrovascular disease in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, VIC, Australia. peter.little@baker.edu.au
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Narin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Stephanie T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: de Dios
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cemerlang
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ballinger
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nigro
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008323:Mammary Arteries; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012501:Saphenous Vein; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D005947:Glucose; D013936:Thymidine