Current state and future directions of neurochemical biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.
In this comprehensive review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art of neurochemical biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Predominantly, these biomarkers comprise cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers directly related to the pathophysiology of this disorder (such as amyloid beta protein, tau protein). We particularly pay attention to the innovations in this area that have been made in technological aspects during the past 5 years (e.g., multiplex analysis of biomarkers, proteomics), to the discovery of novel, potential biomarkers (e.g., amyloid beta oligomers, isoprostanes), and to the extension of this research towards identification of biomarkers in plasma.
de Jong
Daniëlle
D
Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Kremer
Berry P H
BP
Olde Rikkert
Marcel G M
MG
Verbeek
Marcel M
MM
D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D016875:tau Proteins