title: Nitric oxide from nitrite reduction by hemoglobin in the plasma and erythrocytes.
abstract: Experimental evidence has shown that nitrite anion plays a key role in one of the proposed mechanisms for hypoxic vasodilation, in which the erythrocyte acts as a NO generator and deoxygenated hemoglobin in pre-capillary arterioles reduces nitrite to NO, which contributes to vascular smooth muscle relaxation. However, because of the complex reactions among nitrite, hemoglobin, and the NO that is formed, the amount of NO delivered by this mechanism under various conditions has not been quantified experimentally. Furthermore, paracrine NO is scavenged by cell-free hemoglobin, as shown by studies of diseases characterized by extensive hemolysis (e.g., sickle cell disease) and the administration of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Taking into consideration the free access of cell-free hemoglobin to the vascular wall and its ability to act as a nitrite reductase, we have now examined the hypothesis that in hypoxia this cell-free hemoglobin could serve as an additional endocrine source of NO. In this study, we constructed a multicellular model to characterize the amount of NO delivered by the reaction of nitrite with both intraerythrocytic and cell-free hemoglobin, while intentionally neglecting all other possible sources of NO in the vasculature. We also examined the roles of hemoglobin molecules in each compartment as nitrite reductases and NO scavengers using the model. Our calculations show that: (1) approximately 0.04pM NO from erythrocytes could reach the smooth muscle if free diffusion were the sole export mechanism; however, this value could rise to approximately 43pM with a membrane-associated mechanism that facilitated NO release from erythrocytes; the results also strongly depend on the erythrocyte membrane permeability to NO; (2) despite the closer proximity of cell-free hemoglobin to the smooth muscle, cell-free hemoglobin reaction with nitrite generates approximately 0.02pM of free NO that can reach the vascular wall, because of a strong self-capture effect. However, it is worth noting that this value is in the same range as erythrocytic hemoglobin-generated NO that is able to diffuse freely out of the cell, despite the tremendous difference in hemoglobin concentration in both cases (microM hemoglobin in plasma vs. mM in erythrocyte); (3) intraerythrocytic hemoglobin encapsulated by a NO-resistant membrane is the major source of NO from nitrite reduction, and cell-free hemoglobin is a significant scavenger of both paracrine and endocrine NO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 613 Traylor Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. kchen21@jhu.edu
authors.forename: Kejing
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Barbora
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piknova
authors.forename: Roland N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pittman
authors.forename: Alan N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.forename: Aleksander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Popel
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006400:Hematocrit / Q000379:methods; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide