title: Copper deficiency in potato dextrose agar causes reduced pigmentation in cultures of various fungi.
abstract: Potato dextrose agar (PDA) is one of the most commonly used media for the isolation and cultivation of fungi, with morphological features and pigmentation in culture often being important for identification of cultures. Cultivation of various fungi on different brands and batches of powdered (commercial) potato dextrose media revealed deficient pigmentation in five of 10 media tested. Reduced pigmentation on these media was correlated with low levels of copper and colony colour was restored by the addition of copper. Deficient pigmentation was most pronounced when copper levels in the medium were below 50 ng mL(-1) (50 p.p.b.; 0.8 microM). Differences in pigmentation and laccase activity of spore and mycelial preparations were quantified for representative species belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium and Penicillium grown on PDA containing different amounts of copper. A strong positive correlation between laccase activity and copper levels was observed. Differences were also found between batches of raw potatoes, with organically cultivated tubers having higher copper levels than those grown by conventional methods, possibly because of the use of copper-based fungicides in the former case. Routine addition of 1000 ng mL(-1) copper (or standard trace element solutions) to PDA and other undefined media is advised to avoid atypical culture pigmentation and possibly other consequences of reduced activity of copper-requiring enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, UK. gwg@aber.ac.uk
authors.forename: Garth W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Easton
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Detheridge
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roderick
authors.forename: Arwyn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Hilary J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Worgan
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Perkins
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005658:Fungi / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D042845:Laccase / Q000032:analysis; D025282:Mycelium / Q000201:enzymology; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D010858:Pigmentation; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D003300:Copper; D042845:Laccase