title: Medication discrepancies in resident sign-outs and their potential to harm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The accuracy of information transferred during hand-offs is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the frequency, types, and harm potential of medication discrepancies in resident-written sign-outs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internal Medicine interns and their patients at a single hospital in January 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily written sign-outs were compared to daily medication lists in patient charts (gold standard). Medication discrepancies were labeled omissions (medication in chart, but not on sign-out) or commissions (medication on sign-out, but not in chart). Discrepancies were also classified as index errors (the first time an error was made) and the proportion of index errors that persisted on subsequent days. Using a modified classification scheme, discrepancies were rated as having minimal, moderate, or severe potential to harm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eighty-six of 247 (75%) patients and 10 of 10(100%) interns consented. In the 165 (89%) patients' charts abstracted and compared with the sign-out, there were 1,876 of 6,942 (27%) medication chart entries that were discrepant with the sign-out with 80% (1,490/1,876) labeled omissions. These discrepancies originated from 758 index errors, of which 63% (481) persisted past the first day. Omissions were more likely to persist than commissions (68% [382 of 580] vs 53% [99 of 188], p < .001). Greater than half (54%) of index discrepancies were moderate or severely harmful. Although omissions were more frequent, commissions were more likely to be severely harmful (38% [72 of 188] vs 11% [65 of 580], p < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Written sign-outs contain potentially harmful medication discrepancies. Whereas linking sign-outs to electronic medical records can address this problem, current efforts should also emphasize the importance of vigilant updating in the many hospitals without this technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. varora@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Vineet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lovinger
authors.forename: Samuel C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Seiden
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meltzer
mesh_terms: D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital; D012189:Retrospective Studies