The nose between ethics and aesthetics: Sushruta's legacy.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to determine the origin of interest in rhinoplasty in ancient India, as well as to discuss the ethical and aesthetic implications of the nose in human history.


METHODS
Literature review.


METHODS
Articles on history of medical ethics and rhinoplastic surgery were reviewed.


RESULTS
Sushruta is considered "the father of plastic surgery," and ancient India a cradle of rhinoplastic method called "the Indian method." Origin of interest in and need for rhinoplasty is deeply rooted in ancient Indian society due to the practice of nose mutilations as a form of public punishment for immoral conduct.


CONCLUSIONS
The nose, once symbol of morality expressed through physical integrity, today becomes an important factor of human beauty. Rhinoplastic surgery is, both then and now, deeply pervaded with both ethics and aesthetics.
Sorta-Bilajac
Iva
I
Department of Social Sciences, Rijeka University School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia. iva.sorta@medri.hr
Muzur
Amir
A
D004954:Esthetics / Q000266:history*; D004989:Ethics / Q000266:history*; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000266:history*