title: Comparison of patient dose in two-dimensional carotid arteriography and three-dimensional rotational angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is known that interventional neuroradiology (IN) involves high radiation dose to both patients and staff even if performed by trained operators using modern fluoroscopic X-ray equipment and dose-reducing technology. Therefore, every new technology or imaging tool introduced, such as three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D RA), should be evaluated in terms of radiation dose. 3D RA requires a series with a large number of images in comparison with 2D angiography and it is sometimes considered a high-dose IN procedure. The literature is scarce on the 3D RA radiation dose and in particular there are no data on carotid arteriography (CA). The aim of this study was to investigate patient dose differences between 2D and 3D CA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 35 patients undergoing 2D CA in hospital 1 and 25 patients undergoing 3D CA in hospital 2. Patient technical data collection included information on the kerma area product (KAP), fluoroscopy time (T), total number of series (S), and total number of acquired images (F).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median KAP was 112 Gy cm(2) and 41 Gy cm(2) for hospitals 1 and 2, respectively, median T was 8.2 min and 5.1 min, median S was 13 and 4, and median F was 247 and 242. Entrance surface air-kerma rate, as measured in "medium" fluoroscopy mode measured in 2D acquisition using a 20 cm phantom of polymethylmethacrylate, was 17.3 mGy/min for hospital 1 and 9.2 mGy/min for hospital 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D CA allows a substantial reduction in patient radiation dose compared with 2D CA, while providing the necessary diagnostic information.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Konstantopoulio Hospital, 1 Ifaistou Str, 14569 Anixi, Athens, Greece. virginia@otenet.gr
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsapaki
authors.forename: Eliseo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vano
authors.forename: Irini
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Muavrikou
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nueofotistou
authors.forename: Juan Jose
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gallego
authors.forename: Jose Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendez
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000528:radiation effects; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011874:Radiometry; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity