title: Dissociation of neural correlates of verbal and non-verbal visual working memory with different delays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), posterior parietal cortex, and regions in the occipital cortex have been identified as neural sites for visual working memory (WM). The exact involvement of the DLPFC in verbal and non-verbal working memory processes, and how these processes depend on the time-span for retention, remains disputed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used functional MRI to explore the neural correlates of the delayed discrimination of Gabor stimuli differing in orientation. Twelve subjects were instructed to code the relative orientation either verbally or non-verbally with memory delays of short (2 s) or long (8 s) duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) 3-Tesla fMRI revealed significantly more activity for the short verbal condition compared to the short non-verbal condition in bilateral superior temporal gyrus, insula and supramarginal gyrus. Activity in the long verbal condition was greater than in the long non-verbal condition in left language-associated areas (STG) and bilateral posterior parietal areas, including precuneus. Interestingly, right DLPFC and bilateral superior frontal gyrus was more active in the non-verbal long delay condition than in the long verbal condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results point to a dissociation between the cortical sites involved in verbal and non-verbal WM for long and short delays. Right DLPFC seems to be engaged in non-verbal WM tasks especially for long delays. Furthermore, the results indicate that even slightly different memory maintenance intervals engage largely differing networks and that this novel finding may explain differing results in previous verbal/non-verbal WM studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Germany. o.baumann@psy.gla.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rothmayr
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endestad
authors.forename: Roland M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rutschmann
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Greenlee