title: Quantitative messenger RNA expression of Toll-like receptors and interferon-alpha1 in gingivitis and periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In addition to bacteria, viruses have been reportedly implicated in periodontitis. However, the available data are confined to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, which recognize bacterial products in periodontitis. In the present study, we investigated the expression levels of TLR5, -7, and -9 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in addition to those of TLR2 and -4, and compared gingivitis and periodontitis. Interferon-alpha1 (IFN-alpha1), which is important for the antiviral response, was also compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for 59 periodontitis and 27 gingivitis tissue samples together with viral serology in some patients. The presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a robust producer of IFN-alpha, was immunohistochemically analyzed in an additional seven periodontitis and two gingivitis specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression levels of TLR2, -4, -7, and -9 were significantly higher in periodontitis lesions than gingivitis lesions. The expression level of TLR5 was comparable to levels of TLR2 and -4; however, no significant difference was found between gingivitis and periodontitis. Although the expression of IFN-alpha1 mRNA was higher in periodontitis lesions compared with gingivitis lesions, the level was quite low. Only a few pDCs were found in some periodontitis specimens. No difference was found for antibody-positivity between gingivitis and periodontitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to show that a variety of TLRs are up-regulated in periodontitis lesions compared with gingivitis lesions, suggesting that diverse microbial and possibly viral antigens are involved in the pathogenic mechanisms for periodontal diseases. However, the ligands recognized by the various TLRs in periodontal lesions remain to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Department of Oral Health and Welfare, Niigata University Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kajita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amanuma
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Domon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okui
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshie
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tabeta
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000032:analysis; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000276:immunology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; C443299:CLEC4C protein, human; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C495346:TLR5 protein, human; C495348:TLR7 protein, human; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors