title: [Chronic renal disease, inflammation and atherosclerosis: new concepts about an old problem].
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has reached epidemic proportions in the last few years, generating an emergent public health problem. Common risk factors for CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are now well known resulting in a high prevalence rate of cardiovascular events which are the main cause of death in CKD patients. Development of accelerated atherosclerosis is related to traditional risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dislipidemia and smoking, but recently other non traditional factors were found to be significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality, including inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and uremia, even at early stages of CKD. Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and fibrinogen are all correlated with cardiovascular death. The MIA syndrome is characterized by the association between inflammation, malnutrition and accelerated atherosclerosis, a condition commonly found in uremic patients, which is related to the genesis of CVD. Other important factors are the high level of oxidative stress, expressed by oxidized lipids, proteins and carbohydrates (AGES) (Advanced Glycation End Products), which cause tissue damage and endothelial dysfunction, that is aggravated by the uremic environment and other factors. These alterations are the basis for the pathogenic process of atherosclerosis and CVD in CKD patients, contributing to their high morbidity/mortality. This article is an updated review of the mechanisms of inflammation and oxidative stress and their relation to atherosclerosis in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Nefrologia e Serviço de Nefrologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS.
authors.forename: Claus Dieter
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Dummer
authors.forename: Fernando Saldanha
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Thomé
authors.forename: Francisco Veríssimo
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Veronese
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012307:Risk Factors; D014511:Uremia / Q000150:complications