title: Poverty, gender inequities, and women's risk of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS.
abstract: Entrenched economic and gender inequities together are driving a globally expanding, increasingly female, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS epidemic. To date, significant population-level declines in HIV transmission have not been observed, at least in part because most approaches to prevention have presumed a degree of individual control in decision making that does not speak to the reality of women's and girls' circumstances in many parts of the world. Such efforts have paid insufficient attention to critical characteristics of the risk environment, most notably poverty and gender power inequities. Even fewer interventions have addressed specific mechanisms through which these inequities engender risky sexual practices that result in women's disproportionately increased vulnerabilities to HIV infection. This article focuses on identifying those mechanisms, or structural pathways, that stem from the interactions between poverty and entrenched gender inequities and recommending strategies to address and potentially modify those pathways. We highlight four such structural pathways to HIV risk, all of which could be transformed: (1) lack of access to critical information and health services for HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention, (2) limited access to formal education and skill development, (3) intimate partner violence, and (4) the negative consequences of migration prompted by insufficient economic resources. We argue for interventions that enhance women's access to education, training, employment, and HIV/STI prevention information and tools; minimize migration; and by working with men and communities, at the same time reduce women's poverty and promote gender-equitable norms. In conclusion, we identify challenges in developing and evaluating strategies to address these structural pathways.
authors.affiliation: Women's Global Health Imperative, Research Triangle Institute International, 114 Sansome St., Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA. skrishnan@rti.org
authors.forename: Suneeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Megan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Minnis
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Medlin
authors.forename: Caitlin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gerdts
authors.forename: Nancy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Padian
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D017579:Domestic Violence; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D011203:Poverty; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D012927:Social Control, Informal