title: Development of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a simple, rapid and highly sensitive method for the determination of phthalate esters in water samples.
abstract: A simple, rapid and efficient method, the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), has been developed for the extraction and determination of phthalate esters (dimethyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) in water samples. Factors relevant to the microextraction efficiency, such as the kind of extraction, the disperser solvent and their volume, the salt effect and the extraction time were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized extraction conditions (extraction solvent: chlorobenzene, volume, 9.5microL; disperser solvent: acetone, volume, 0.50mL, without salt addition and extraction time below 5s), the figures of merit of the proposed method were evaluated. The values of the detection limit of the method were in the range of 0.002-0.008microgL(-1), while the RSD% value for the analysis of 1microgL(-1) of the analytes was below 6.8% (n=4). A good linearity (0.9962>/=r(2)>/=0.9901) and a broad linear range (0.02-100microgL(-1)) were obtained. The method exhibited enrichment factors and recoveries, ranging from 681 to 889 and 68.1 to 88.9%, respectively, at room temperature (25+/-1 degrees C). Finally, the proposed method was successfully utilized for the preconcentration and determination of the phthalate esters in different real water samples and satisfactory results were obtained.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Farahani
authors.forename: Parviz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Norouzi
authors.forename: Rassoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dinarvand
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ganjali
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000737:chemistry; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002722:Chlorobenzenes; D004952:Esters; D010575:Pesticides; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C024629:dimethyl phthalate; D000096:Acetone; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate; C032279:phthalic acid; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; C036042:dicyclohexyl phthalate; C049098:diallyl phthalate; C031294:chlorobenzene; C027561:butylbenzyl phthalate