title: Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 completes its posttranslational life cycle in the nucleus.
abstract: CRY2 is a blue light receptor regulating light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. The CRY2 protein is found primarily in the nucleus, and it is known to undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation and degradation. However, the subcellular location where CRY2 exerts its function or undergoes blue light-dependent phosphorylation and degradation remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the function and regulation of conditionally nuclear-localized CRY2. Our results show that CRY2 mediates blue light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic promotion of floral initiation in the nucleus. Consistent with this result and a hypothesis that blue light-dependent phosphorylation is associated with CRY2 function, we demonstrate that CRY2 undergoes blue light-dependent phosphorylation in the nucleus. CRY2 phosphorylation is required for blue light-dependent CRY2 degradation, but only a limited quantity of CRY2 is phosphorylated at any given moment in seedlings exposed to blue light, which explains why continuous blue light illumination is required for CRY2 degradation. Finally, we showed that CRY2 is ubiquitinated in response to blue light and that ubiquitinated CRY2 is degraded by the 26S proteasome in the nucleus. These findings demonstrate that a photoreceptor can complete its posttranslational life cycle (from protein modification, to function, to degradation) inside the nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Xuhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klejnot
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Dror
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shalitin
authors.forename: Maskit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maymon
authors.forename: Hongyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Xuanming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Chentao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D056931:Cryptochromes; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000528:radiation effects; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008027:Light; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D054875:Ubiquitination / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C103618:CRY2 protein, Arabidopsis; D056931:Cryptochromes; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C061553:ATP dependent 26S protease