title: Changes in neurotransmitter levels and proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expressions in the mice olfactory bulb following nanoparticle exposure.
abstract: Recently, there have been increasing reports that nano-sized component of particulate matter can reach the brain and may be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Previously, our laboratory has studied the effect of intranasal instillation of nano-sized carbon black (CB) (14 nm and 95 nm) on brain cytokine and chemokine mRNA expressions and found that 14-nm CB increased IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, CCL2 and CCL3 mRNA expressions in the olfactory bulb, not in the hippocampus of mice. To investigate the effect of a single administration of nanoparticles on neurotransmitters and proinflammatory cytokines in a mouse olfactory bulb, we performed in vivo microdialysis and real-time PCR methods. Ten-week-old male BALB/c mice were implanted with guide cannula in the right olfactory bulb and, 1 week later, were instilled vehicle or CB (14 nm, 250 microg) intranasally. Six hours after the nanoparticle instillation, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline or 50 mug of bacteria cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which may potentiate CB-induced neurologic effect. Extracellular glutamate and glycine levels were significantly increased in the olfactory bulb of CB-instilled mice when compared with vehicle-instilled control mice. Moreover, we found that LTA further increased glutamate and glycine levels. However, no alteration of taurine and GABA levels was observed in the olfactory bulb of the same mice. We also detected immunological changes in the olfactory bulb 11 h after vehicle or CB instillation and found that IL-1 beta mRNA expression was significantly increased in CB- and LTA-treated mice when compared with control group. However, TNF-alpha mRNA expression was increased significantly in CB- and saline-treated mice when compared with control group. These findings suggest that nanoparticle CB may modulate the extracellular amino acid neurotransmitter levels and proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta mRNA expressions synergistically with LTA in the mice olfactory bulb.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan. tin.tin.win.shwe@nies.go.jp <tin.tin.win.shwe@nies.go.jp>
authors.lastname: Tin-Tin-Win-Shwe
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitsushima
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funabashi
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujimaki
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005998:Glycine / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D017551:Microdialysis; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053260:Soot / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D013654:Taurine / Q000378:metabolism; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053260:Soot; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D013654:Taurine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; D005998:Glycine