title: The involvement of peripheral alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the antihyperalgesic effect of oxcarbazepine in a rat model of inflammatory pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied whether peripheral alpha2-adrenergic receptors are involved in the antihyperalgesic effects of oxcarbazepine by examining the effects of yohimbine (selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist), BRL 44408 (selective alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor antagonist), MK-912 (selective alpha2C-adrenoceptor antagonist), and clonidine (alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist) on the antihyperalgesic effect of oxcarbazepine in the rat model of inflammatory pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were intraplantarly (i.pl.) injected with the proinflammatory compound concanavalin A (Con A). A paw-pressure test was used to determine: 1) the development of hyperalgesia induced by Con A; 2) the effects of oxcarbazepine (i.pl.) on Con A-induced hyperalgesia; and 3) the effects of i.pl. yohimbine, BRL 44408, MK-912 and clonidine on the oxcarbazepine antihyperalgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both oxcarbazepine (1000-3000 nmol/paw; i.pl.) and clonidine (1.9-7.5 nmol/paw; i.pl.) produced a significant dose-dependent reduction of the paw inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by Con A. Yohimbine (260 and 520 nmol/paw; i.pl.), BRL 44408 (100 and 200 nmol/paw; i.pl.) and MK-912 (10 and 20 nmol/paw; i.pl.) significantly depressed the antihyperalgesic effects of oxcarbazepine (2000 nmol/paw; i.pl.) in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of antagonists were due to local effects since they were not observed after administration into the contralateral hindpaw. Oxcarbazepine and clonidine administered jointly in fixed-dose fractions of the ED(50) (1/4, 1/2, and 3/4) caused significant and dose-dependent reduction of hyperalgesia induced by Con A. Isobolographic analysis revealed an additive antihyperalgesic effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the peripheral alpha2A and alpha2C adrenoceptors could be involved in the antihyperalgesic effects of oxcarbazepine in a rat model of inflammatory hyperalgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. majat@pharmacy.bg.ac.yu
authors.forename: Maja A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tomić
authors.forename: Sonja M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Vucković
authors.forename: Radica M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Stepanović-Petrović
authors.forename: Nenad D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Ugresić
authors.forename: Sonja Lj
authors.initials: SLj
authors.lastname: Paranos
authors.forename: Milica S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Prostran
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bosković
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000818:Animals; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D002220:Carbamazepine; D003000:Clonidine; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine