title: A new computed tomography-based radiographic method to detect early loosening of total wrist implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosis of loosening of total wrist implants is usually late using routine radiographs. Switching modality to computed tomography (CT) should aid in early diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To propose and evaluate the accuracy of a new CT method for assessing loosening of the carpal component in total wrist arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  A protocol encompassing volume registration of paired CT scans of patients with unexplained pain in a prosthetically replaced wrist (used in clinical routine) is presented. Scans are acquired as a dynamic examination under torsional load. Using volume registration, the carpal component of the prosthesis is brought into spatial alignment. After registration, prosthetic loosening is diagnosed by a shift in position of the bones relative to the prosthesis. This study is a preclinical validation of this method using a human cadaverous arm with a cemented total wrist implant and tantalum markers. Seven CT scans of the arm were acquired. The scans were combined into 21 pairs of CT volumes. The carpal component was registered in each scan pair, and the residual mismatch of the surrounding tantalum markers and bone was analyzed both visually and numerically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The detection limit for prosthetic movement was less than 1 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that CT volume registration holds promise to improve detection of movement of the carpal component at an earlier stage than is obtainable with plain radiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olivecrona
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Noz
authors.forename: G Q
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zeleznik
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sollerman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Olivecrona
mesh_terms: D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*