title: Intracardiac electrical bioimpedance as a basis for controlling of pacing rate limits.
abstract: Intracardiac impedance can provide real-time hemodynamic information to automatically control the lower and upper rate limits of a rate-adaptive pacemaker. It is necessary to overcome a number of technical challenges to accomplish this within the constraints of an implantable device.
authors.affiliation: SmartImplant, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia. andres.kink@smartimplant.ee
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kink
authors.forename: Rodney W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: Mart
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Toomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Parve
authors.forename: Indrek
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rätsep
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006321:Heart; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011312:Pressure