title: Transabdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography and electronic portal imaging for 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of daily B-mode acquisition and targeting ultrasound-based prostate localization (BAT) and to compare it with computed tomography (CT) and electronic portal imaging (EPI) in 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3-D CRT) for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients were treated with 3-D CRT (72 Gy/30 fractions, 2.4 Gy/fraction, equivalent to 80 Gy/40 fractions, for alpha/beta ratio of 1.5 Gy) and daily BAT-based prostate localization. For the first 5 fractions, CT and EPI were also performed in order to compare organ-motion and set-up error, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  287 BAT-, 50 CT- and 46 EPI-alignments were performed. The average BAT-determined misalignments in latero-lateral, antero-posterior and cranio-caudal directions were -0.9 mm+/-3.3 mm, 1.0 mm+/-4.0 mm and -0.9 mm+/-3.8 mm, respectively. The differences between BAT- and CT-determined organ-motion in latero-lateral, antero-posterior and cranio-caudal directions were 2.7 mm+/-1.9 mm, 3.9+/-2.8 mm and 3.4 +/- 3.0 mm, respectively. Weak correlation was found between BAT- and CT-determined misalignments in antero-posterior direction, while no correlation was observed in latero-lateral and cranio-caudal directions. The correlation was more significant when only data of good image-quality patients were analyzed (8 patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BAT ensures the relative positions of target are the same during treatment and in treatment plan, however, the reliability of alignment is patient-dependent. The average BAT-determined misalignments were small, confirming the prevalence of random errors in 3-D CRT. Further study is warranted in order to establish the clinical value of BAT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology of the European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. barbara.jereczek@ieo.it
authors.forename: Barbara Alicja
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jereczek-Fossa
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cattani
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garibaldi
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zerini
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cambria
authors.forename: Genoveva Ionela
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Boboc
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vavassori
authors.forename: Giovanni Battista
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Ivaldi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciocca
authors.forename: Deliu Victor
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Matei
authors.forename: Ottavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: De Cobelli
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orecchia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D011187:Posture; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional