title: Comparison of periodontal and socioeconomic status between subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association among periodontal conditions, socioeconomic status (SES), and diabetes has been reported. However, there is a lack of published data comparing periodontal conditions among individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The aim of the present study was to compare the periodontal conditions and SES between subjects with T2D and non-diabetic controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 75 (31 males and 44 females) individuals with T2D (62 poorly controlled and 13 well-controlled) and 99 non-diabetic patients (healthy controls; 51 males and 48 females) participated in the study. Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were investigated. Random blood glucose level was recorded. Premolar and molar marginal bone loss (MBL) was measured digitally on scanned orthopantomograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with poorly controlled T2D had increased MBL in molars and maxillary premolars (P<0.05) compared to individuals with well-controlled T2D. PI, BOP, and PD of 4 to <6 mm were increased in individuals with poorly controlled T2D compared to those with well-controlled T2D (P<0.001). There was no difference between the diabetic groups when PD was >or=6 mm. Individuals with poorly controlled T2D had a lower SES compared to patients with well-controlled T2D (P<0.05). Illiteracy and the number of missing teeth were not different between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiologic and clinical indicators of periodontal destruction were increased in individuals with poorly controlled T2D. Low SES aggravated the periodontal condition in individuals with T2D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. fawad.javed@ki.se
authors.forename: Fawad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Javed
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Näsström
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benchimol
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altamash
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klinge
authors.forename: Per-Erik
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Engström
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008336:Mandibular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008439:Maxillary Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose