title: Clinical trial: switch to combined mycophenolate mofetil and minimal dose calcineurin inhibitor in stable liver transplant patients--assessment of renal and allograft function, cardiovascular risk factors and immune monitoring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-related nephrotoxicity significantly contributes to chronic renal failure after liver transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, liver transplantation patients with renal dysfunction were randomized either to receive mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) followed by stepwise reduction of CNI with defined minimal CNI-trough levels (MMF group), or to continue their maintenance CNI dose (control group). Immune monitoring was performed in a subgroup of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the MMF group (n = 50), renal function assessed by serum creatinine improved >10% in 62% of patients, was stable in 36% and deteriorated >10% in 2% after 12 months compared with baseline values. Mean serum creatinine levels (+/- s.d.) significantly decreased from 1.90 +/- 0.44 mg/dL to 1.61 +/- 0.39 mg/dL and the corresponding calculated glomerular filtration rate significantly increased from 38.8 +/- 9.6 mL/min/1.73 m(2) to 47.0 +/- 11.8 mL/min/1.73 m(2) over a 12-month follow-up period. Blood pressure and levels of liver enzymes significantly decreased. In the control group (n = 25), there were no significant changes with respect to the investigated parameters. The MMF group had significantly lower numbers of circulating cytotoxic T cells compared with the controls; whereas regulatory T cells significantly increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined MMF and minimal dose CNI therapy after liver transplantation is nephroprotective and may promote allograft tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Cicinnati
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sotiropoulos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malagó
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frilling
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerken
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Broelsch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beckebaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003404:Creatinine; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid