title: Antiretroviral regimens for patients with HIV who fail first-line antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy has reduced the morbidity and mortality of patients with HIV/AIDS. A common first-line ART regimen includes a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). If treatment failure occurs, a change to second-line therapy is necessary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This meta-analysis aimed to assess the optimum antiretroviral regimen for patients with HIV who fail first-line therapy (ART-naive) with d4T+3TC+NVP; d4T+3TC+EFV; ZDV+3TC+NVP; and ZDV+3TC+EFV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases and conference proceedings were searched with relevant search terms without limits to language.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of HIV-infected adult patients administered second-line ART after virologic failure of a first-line regimen were included. The primary outcome measure included the proportion of patients achieving undetectable plasma HIV RNA concentration (viral load). Secondary outcome measures included change in mean CD4 cell count, clinical resolution of symptoms, rate of adverse events, rate of change in therapy for failure, rate of change in therapy for toxicity, and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors assessed each reference for inclusion and exclusion criteria established a priori. Data were abstracted independently using a standardised abstraction form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one records were identified in total, 6 of which were duplicates. None of the records met inclusion criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient evidence to evaluate second-line therapies in patients with HIV who fail first-line treatment with d4T+3TC+NVP; d4T+3TC+EFV; ZDV+3TC+NVP; and ZDV+3TC+EFV. Current recommendations are based on available resources and results from individualised treatment decisions based on resistance testing and clinician choice.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Global Health, 50 Beale Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, California 94105, USA. elizahumphreys@gmail.com
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Rutherford
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors