title: Fat depot-related differences in gene expression, adiponectin secretion, and insulin action and signalling in human adipocytes differentiated in vitro from precursor stromal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The distinct metabolic properties of visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes may be due to inherent characteristics of the cells that are resident in each fat depot. To test this hypothesis, human adipocytes were differentiated in vitro from precursor stromal cells obtained from visceral and subcutaneous fat depots and analysed for genetic, biochemical and metabolic endpoints.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stromal cells were isolated from adipose tissue depots of nondiabetic individuals. mRNA levels of adipocyte-specific proteins were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Insulin signalling was evaluated by immunoblotting with specific antibodies. Glucose transport was measured by a 2-deoxy-glucose uptake assay. Adiponectin secretion in the adipocyte-conditioned medium was determined by a specific RIA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With cell differentiation, mRNA levels of PPARG, C/EBPalpha (also known as CEBPA), AP2 (also known as GTF3A), GLUT4 (also known as SLC2A4) were markedly upregulated, whereas GLUT1 (also known as SLC2A1) mRNA did not change. However, expression of C/EBPalpha, AP2 and adiponectin was higher in subcutaneous than in visceral adipocytes. By contrast, adiponectin was secreted at threefold higher rates by visceral than by subcutaneous adipocytes while visceral adipocytes also showed two- to threefold higher insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Insulin-induced phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, IRS proteins, Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 was more rapid and tended to decrease at earlier time-points in visceral than in subcutaneous adipocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes, also when differentiated in vitro from precursor stromal cells, retain differences in gene expression, adiponectin secretion, and insulin action and signalling. Thus, the precursor cells that reside in the visceral and subcutaneous fat depots may already possess inherent and specific metabolic characteristics that will be expressed upon completion of the differentiation programme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perrini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laviola
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cignarelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melchiorre
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Stefano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caccioppoli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natalicchio
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garruti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Fazio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Memeo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorgino
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giorgino
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D015398:Signal Transduction; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose