title: Current state of the art in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of Cushing disease: early experience with a purely endoscopic endonasal technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is the primary therapy for Cushing disease because of its potential to produce lasting remission without the need for long-term drug or hormone replacement therapy. The authors evaluated the current role of pure endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery in the treatment of Cushing disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients underwent pure endoscopic surgery for confirmed Cushing disease. Thirteen patients had microadenomas and seven had macroadenomas; magnetic resonance images obtained in five patients were only suspicious or nondiagnostic, and thus they underwent inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Two patients had evidence of cavernous sinus involvement. Final histological results were consistent with adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-secreting adenoma in 20 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients (80%) had clinical remission and laboratory confirmation of hypocortisolemia (serum cortisol < 100 nmol/L requiring substitution therapy), suppression to low-dose dexamethasone, and normal 24-hour urinary free cortisol. The median follow-up period was 17 months (range 3-32 months). There was no recurrence at the time of the last follow-up. Three patients presented with new anterior pituitary deficiency, but no one had permanent diabetes insipidus. In one patient a cerebrospinal fluid leak developed but later resolved following lumbar drainage. Treatment failure was attributable to involvement of the cavernous sinus in two patients, incomplete tumor removal in one, negative exploration in one, and nodular corticotroph hyperplasia of the pituitary gland in one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early results indicated that endoscopic endonasal surgery is a safe and effective treatment for ACTH-producing adenomas. The rate of remission in this study is comparable to those in previous series, and the rate of major postoperative complications is extremely low. Further studies with a larger number of patients and longer follow-ups are required to determine whether this more minimally invasive pure endoscopic approach should become the standard of care for the surgical treatment of Cushing disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. amirdehdashti@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Amir R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dehdashti
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gentili
mesh_terms: D049913:ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome