title: Metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein, and chronic kidney disease in nondiabetic, nonhypertensive adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic syndrome has been suggested as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inflammation is associated with both metabolic syndrome and CKD. We investigated inter-relationships between C-reactive protein (CRP), metabolic syndrome, and CKD among 9586 subjects without diabetes or hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria of the revised Adult Treatment Panel III. CKD was defined as a glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or as albuminuria. A CRP cutpoint of 3 mg/L was used to differentiate high and low CRP groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic kidney disease was present in 6.2% of subjects without metabolic syndrome and in 13.1% of subjects with the syndrome (P < .001). In a multivariate model, high blood pressure (BP) (odds ratio [OR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-1.95), high fasting glucose (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.19-1.81), abdominal obesity (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.22-1.81), and high CRP (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.18-1.98) were independently associated with prevalent CKD. Compared with low CRP/without metabolic syndrome, the multivariate-adjusted odds for CKD of high CRP/without metabolic syndrome and low CRP/with metabolic syndrome were 1.48 (95% CI, 1.10-2.0) and 1.90 (95% CI, 1.47-2.45), respectively. Subjects with high CRP and metabolic syndrome had a 3.26-fold greater odds of having CKD (95% CI, 2.00-5.31).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic syndrome and high CRP were independently associated with increased prevalence of CKD. The odds of CKD increased in the setting of high CRP and metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: So Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Wooseong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: Yoon-Goo
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dae Joong
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ha Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein