Pharmacy practice in times of civil crisis: The experience of SARS and the blackout in Ontario, Canada.
BACKGROUND
Crises affecting civilian infrastructure (including electricity supply, clean water, and access to institutional health services) may have an effect on the delivery of pharmacy services in the community.


OBJECTIVE
The objectives were to describe and analyze the impact of 2 major crises (the severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] outbreak, and the electrical system failure ["blackout"]) on pharmacy practice and pharmacists in Toronto, Canada.


METHODS
An exploratory, qualitative study was undertaken. Pharmacists were recruited, provided informed consent, and were interviewed. Data from transcripts were coded and categorized to identify themes related to adaptive strategies undertaken by pharmacists during times of civil crisis.


RESULTS
Five key themes emerged from this research: (1) during times of crisis, pharmacies become frontline health care facilities, (2) a vacuity of leadership/lack of utility of emergency preparedness guidelines and policies, (3) role of and reliance on experience and professional judgment, (4) importance of documentation, and (5) the importance of "teamness" in enabling successful adaptation during times of crisis.


CONCLUSIONS
Emergencies and civil crises will continue to occur. Findings of this study include the importance of effective documentation systems and teamwork practices, as well as confident reliance on professional judgment and experience, as determinants of successful adaptation to civil crises.
Austin
Zubin
Z
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A. zubin.austin@utoronto.ca
Martin
J Craig
JC
Gregory
Paul A M
PA
D002959:Civil Defense / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003625:Data Collection; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000458:organization & administration; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004282:Documentation; D004560:Electricity; D004630:Emergencies; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy