Stakeholder perspectives on the development of a virtual clinic for diabetes care: qualitative study.
BACKGROUND
The development of the Internet has created new opportunities for health care provision, including its use as a tool to aid the self-management of chronic conditions. We studied stakeholder reactions to an Internet-based "virtual clinic," which would allow people with diabetes to communicate with their health care providers, find information about their condition, and share information and support with other users.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to present the results of a detailed consultation with a variety of stakeholder groups in order to identify what they regard as the desirable, important, and feasible characteristics of an Internet-based intervention to aid diabetes self-management.


METHODS
Three focus groups were conducted with 12 people with type 1 diabetes who used insulin pumps. Participants were recruited through a local diabetes clinic. One-on-one interviews were conducted with 5 health care professionals from the same clinic (2 doctors, 2 nurses, 1 dietitian) and with 1 representative of an insulin pump company. We gathered patient consensus via email on the important and useful features of Internet-based systems used for other chronic conditions (asthma, epilepsy, myalgic encephalopathy, mental health problems). A workshop to gather expert consensus on the use of information technology to improve the care of young people with diabetes was organized.


RESULTS
Stakeholder groups identified the following important characteristics of an Internet-based virtual clinic: being grounded on personal needs rather than only providing general information; having the facility to communicate with, and learn from, peers; providing information on the latest developments and news in diabetes; being quick and easy to use. This paper discusses these characteristics in light of a review of the relevant literature. The development of a virtual clinic for diabetes that embodies these principles, and that is based on self-efficacy theory, is described.


CONCLUSIONS
Involvement of stakeholders is vital early in the development of a complex intervention. Stakeholders have clear and relevant views on what a virtual clinic system should provide, and these views can be captured and synthesized with relative ease. This work has led to the design of a system that is able to meet user needs and is currently being evaluated in a pilot study.
Armstrong
Natalie
N
Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. Natalie.Armstrong@warwick.ac.uk
Hearnshaw
Hilary
H
Powell
John
J
Dale
Jeremy
J
D003142:Communication; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017144:Focus Groups; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D020407:Internet; D008499:Medical Records; D010361:Patients; D010379:Peer Group; D016730:Program Development; D014584:User-Computer Interface