title: Predictors for chronic urinary toxicity after the treatment of prostate cancer with adaptive three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy: dose-volume analysis of a phase II dose-escalation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors predictive for chronic urinary toxicity secondary to high-dose adaptive three-dimensional conformal radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1999 to 2002, 331 consecutive patients with clinical Stage II-III prostate cancer were prospectively treated (median dose, 75.6 Gy). The bladder was contoured, and the bladder wall was defined as the outer 3 mm of the bladder solid volume. Toxicity was quantified according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria 2.0. Median follow-up was 1.6 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3-year rates of Grade > or =2 and Grade 3 chronic urinary toxicity were 17.0% and 3.6%, respectively. Prostate volume, confidence-limited patient-specific planning target volume, bladder wall volume, and acute urinary toxicity were all found to be accurate predictors for chronic urinary toxicity. The volume of bladder wall receiving > or =30 Gy (V30) and > or =82 Gy (V82), along with prostate volume, were all clinically useful predictors of Grade > or =2 and Grade 3 chronic urinary toxicity and chronic urinary retention. Both Grade > or =2 (p = 0.001) and Grade 3 (p = 0.03) acute urinary toxicity were predictive for the development of Grade > or =2 (p = 0.001, p = 0.03) and Grade 3 (p = 0.05, p < 0.001) chronic urinary toxicity. On Cox multivariate analysis the development of acute toxicity was independently predictive for the development of both Grade > or =2 and Grade 3 chronic urinary toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute urinary toxicity and bladder wall dose-volume endpoints are strong predictors for the development of subsequent chronic urinary toxicity. Our recommendation is to attempt to limit the bladder wall V30 to <30 cm(3) and the V82 to <7 cm(3) when possible. If bladder wall information is not available, bladder solid V30 and V82 may be used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harsolia
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brabbins
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lockman
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vicini
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Larry L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Kestin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000209:etiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000209:etiology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology*