title: Radiographic staging of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis.
abstract: Determination of the stage of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis is a crucial part of forensic age estimation when evaluating living subjects over 18 years of age. In the present study, we comparatively assessed conventional radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans of sternoclavicular joints used to perform forensic age assessments in 57 individuals undergoing criminal proceedings. With CT, it was possible to determine the ossification stage of all clavicles studied. In the case of conventional radiography, reliable assessment of ossification stage was not possible in 15 out of 114 clavicles studied due to the superimposition of other structures. Regarding agreement between the methods, both radiography and CT produced identical staging results in 97 out of 99 clavicular epiphyses. In two cases, however, ossification was classified as stage 2 by CT and as stage 3 by conventional radiography. Regarding stages 4 and 5, both methods produced identical staging results in all cases. In forensic age estimation practice, it is necessary that conventional radiographic reference studies be used for ossification stage classification by conventional radiography and that CT reference studies be used for ossification stage classification by CT. Further studies in dead bodies of known age are required to issue a recommendation as to whether conventional radiography using obtained in three planes or CT is the method of choice for the assessment of clavicular ossification.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Röntgenstrasse 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mühler
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reisinger
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmeling
mesh_terms: D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D002968:Clavicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed