title: Normalizing lower-extremity strength data for children without disability using allometric scaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate existing approaches for normalizing lower-extremity strength data and to develop normalization equations using allometric scaling in children without disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study evaluating traditional mass normalization and allometry as methods of adjusting lower-extremity muscle torques for the influence of body mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motion analysis laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine children without disability (age range, 4-17y).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maximum torque generated during hip abduction and adduction, knee extension and flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear regressions of torque/mass(1.0) versus body mass and age produced slopes that differed significantly from zero (P<.001) for all muscle groups except the ankle plantarflexors versus body mass (P=.28). Regressions for torque/body mass index also produced slopes that differed significantly from zero (P<.001). Regressions of torque/(mass x height) produced slopes that differed from zero in some cases but not others. Allometric scaling exponents (exponent b) differed significantly from the theoretical value of 1.0 for all muscle groups except the ankle plantarflexors (1.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.67). Linear regressions performed using torque/mass(b) produced slopes that did not differ significantly from zero for all muscle groups (P>/=.10). Regressions performed using torque/mass(1.6) for the hip and knee and torque/mass(1.4) for the ankle also produced slopes that did not differ significantly from zero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traditional mass normalization does not effectively adjust for the influence of body mass. Allometric scaling performed using torque/mass(1.6) for the hip and knee or torque/mass(1.4) for the ankle provides more appropriate normalization.
authors.affiliation: Children's Orthopaedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Tishya A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.forename: Jack R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Engsberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019415:Torque