title: Salmonella Typhimurium persistence in a Hunter Valley dairy herd.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An epidemiological study was undertaken at a Hunter Valley dairy with persistent Salmonella Typhimurium infection. The aim of the study was to identify cattle currently or previously infected with Salmonella, possible sources of the organism, patterns of spread, and husbandry practices that could be improved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Faecal samples, feed, water and environmental samples were cultured for Salmonella and blood samples were tested for antibodies against Salmonella (Dublin and Typhimurium). A questionnaire was designed to identify possible risk factors associated with Salmonella excretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S Typhimurium was apparently introduced from an old to a new dairy through manure spread as fertiliser. Salmonella apparently persisted in the effluent pond, and the following year clinical cases occurred after pasture, irrigated with water from the pond, was grazed by dry cows, and adult cattle became clinically ill with salmonellosis. The disease spread to other cows and calves. Poor design of calf pens assisted spread of Salmonella from sick to healthy calves. In addition, there was suspected transmission to the dairy farmer's 9-month-old daughter. Salmonellosis on a farm is a potential zoonotic risk to farm workers and their families. There is also the risk that cull cows may carry Salmonella to the abattoir and subsequently into the human food chain. Methods of waste management, and the design of calf pens, were identified as major risk factors that could be improved to minimise the spread of salmonellosis on this property.
authors.affiliation: NSW Department of Primary Industries, Beef Industry Centre of Excellence, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia. barbara.vanselow@dpi.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Vanselow
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hum
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hornitzky
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Eamens
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Quinn
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D002648:Child; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D012307:Risk Factors; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014871:Water Microbiology; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial