title: Early prediction of favourable recovery 6 months after mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Predicting outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is notoriously difficult. Although it is recognised that milder head injuries do not necessarily mean better outcomes, less is known about the factors that do enable early identification of patients who are likely to recover well.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and internally validate two prediction rules for identifying patients who have the highest chance for good 6 month recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was conducted among patients with MTBI admitted to the emergency department. Apart from MTBI severity indices, a range of pre-, peri- and early post-injury variables were considered as potential predictors, including emotional and physical functioning. Logistic regression modelling was used to predict the absence of postconcussional symptoms (PCS) and full return to work (RTW).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up, 64% of the 201 participating patients reported full recovery. Based on our prediction rules, patients without premorbid physical problems, low levels of PCS and post-traumatic stress early after injury had a 90% chance of remaining free of PCS. Patients with over 11 years of education, without nausea or vomiting on admission, with no additional extracranial injuries and only low levels of pain early after injury had a 90% chance of full RTW. The discriminative ability of the prediction models was satisfactory, with an area under the curve >0.70 after correction for optimism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early identification of patients with MTBI who are likely to have good 6 month recovery was feasible on the basis of relatively simple prognostic models. A score chart was derived from the models to facilitate clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stulemeijer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van der Werf
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Borm
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Vos
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires