title: Enhancement of cell proliferation in various mammalian cell lines by gene insertion of a cyclin-dependent kinase homolog.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genomics tools, particularly DNA microarrays, have found application in a number of areas including gene discovery and disease characterization. Despite the vast utility of these tools, little work has been done to explore the basis of distinct cellular properties, especially those important to biotechnology such as growth. And so, with the intent of engineering cell lines by manipulating the expression of these genes, anchorage-independent and anchorage-dependent HeLa cells, displaying markedly different growth characteristics, were analyzed using DNA microarrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two genes, cyclin-dependent kinase like 3 (cdkl3) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit (cox15), were up-regulated in the faster growing, anchorage-independent (suspension) HeLa cells relative to the slower growing, anchorage-dependent (attached) HeLa cells. Enhanced expression of either gene in the attached HeLa cells resulted in elevated cell proliferation, though insertion of cdkl3 had a greater impact than that of cox15. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis indicated that cells with an insert of cdkl3 were able to transition from the G0/G1 phases to the S phase faster than control cells. In turn, expression of cox15 was seen to increase the maximum viable cell numbers achieved relative to the control, and to a greater extent than cdkl3. Quantitatively similar results were obtained with two Human Embryonic Kidney-293 (HEK-293) cell lines and a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line. Additionally, HEK-293 cells secreting adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa (acrp30) exhibited a slight increase in specific protein production and higher total protein production in response to the insertion of either cdkl3 or cox15.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with previous studies on the functionalities of cdkl3 and cox15. For instance, the effect of cdkl3 on cell growth is consistent with its homology to the cdk3 gene which is involved in G1 to S phase transition. Likewise, the increase in cell viability due to cox15 expression is consistent with its role in oxidative phosphorylation as an assembly factor for cytochrome c oxidase and its involvement removing apoptosis-inducing oxygen radicals. Collectively, the present study illustrates the potential of using microarray technology to identify genes influential to specific cellular processes with the possibility of engineering cell lines as desired to meet production needs.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Biotechnology Unit, Building 14A, Room 170, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. pratikj@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Pratik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jaluria
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Betenbaugh
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konstantopoulos
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shiloach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D003260:Contact Inhibition; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007399:Interphase / Q000502:physiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000592:standards; D010641:Phenotype; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; C477873:CDKL3 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases