title: Evidence that dysregulated DNA mismatch repair characterizes human nonmelanoma skin cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In addition to an established role in the repair of postreplicative DNA errors, DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins also contribute to cellular responses to exogenous DNA damage. Previously, we have shown that Msh2-null mice display increased sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) B-induced tumorigenesis, but squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) generated are microsatellite stable, suggesting a role for MMR other than postreplicative repair in UV-induced cutaneous tumour formation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We questioned whether there was evidence of MMR dysfunction in human SCC, thus validating the mouse models of MMR-dependent UVB-induced skin cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using tissue microarrays we examined both nuclear and cytoplasmic levels of MMR proteins MSH2, MSH6, MSH3, MLH1 and PMS2 in more than 200 cases of cutaneous SCC and basal cell carcinoma (BCC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that subsets of these 10 MMR protein measures were increased in nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) compared with normal epidermal samples; this was particularly true of SCC. In fact, based on post hoc tests and MMR protein distribution patterns, BCC was distinct from SCC. With the exception of nuclear MSH2, the BCC had lower levels of identified MMR protein measures than SCC. We believe this to be important because not only is SCC more aggressive than BCC, but evidence suggests that these two NMSC subtypes arise through different molecular pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In combination with previously established roles for MMR proteins in response to UVB-induced DNA damage, our data point towards an expanded perspective of the importance of MMR proteins in the suppression of UVB-induced tumorigenesis and, potentially, tumour behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Listgarten
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Trotter
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Tron
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004260:DNA Repair; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins