title: Measuring local RF heating in MRI: Simulating perfusion in a perfusionless phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To overcome conflicting methods of local RF heating measurements by proposing a simple technique for predicting in vivo temperature rise by using a gel phantom experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo temperature measurements are difficult to conduct reproducibly; fluid phantoms introduce convection, and gel phantom lacks perfusion. In the proposed method the local temperature rise is measured in a gel phantom at a timepoint that the phantom temperature would be equal to the perfused body steady-state temperature value. The idea comes from the fact that the steady-state temperature rise in a perfused body is smaller than the steady-state temperature increase in a perfusionless phantom. Therefore, when measuring the temperature on a phantom there will be the timepoint that corresponds to the perfusion time constant of the body part.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed method was tested with several phantom and in vivo experiments. Instead, an overall average of 30.8% error can be given as the amount of underestimation with the proposed method. This error is within the variability of in vivo experiments (45%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the aid of this reliable temperature rise prediction the amount of power delivered by the scanner can be controlled, enabling safe MRI examinations of patients with implants.
authors.affiliation: Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Imran B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Akca
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ferhanoglu
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Sevin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guney
authors.forename: T Onur
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Tasci
authors.forename: Ergin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atalar
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006361:Heating; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011846:Radio Waves; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*