title: Serologic evidence for reactivation of cryptococcosis in solid-organ transplant recipients.
abstract: Cryptococcosis is a significant infection with a high mortality in solid-organ transplant recipients. Nonetheless, the pathogenesis of this disease is poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that cryptococcosis may result from either primary infection or reactivation of a latent infection. Sera were obtained from transplant recipients prior to transplantation and at the time they developed cryptococcosis. Control sera were obtained before and after transplant from patients who did not develop cryptococcosis. Sera were tested for antibodies against Cryptococcus neoformans by using an immunoblot assay. Antibody responses were also compared with those observed in sera from rats with experimental pulmonary cryptococcosis. In all, 52% of the transplant recipients who developed cryptococcosis exhibited serologic evidence of cryptococcal infection before transplantation. These patients developed cryptococcosis significantly earlier after transplant than patients without preexisting reactivity did (5.6 +/- 3.4 months compared to 40.6 +/- 63.8 months, respectively [P = 0.0011]). The results from our study suggest that a substantial proportion of transplant-associated cryptococcosis cases result from the reactivation of a latent infection. These findings also highlight the potential utility of serologic studies in identifying patients at risk for the development of cryptococcosis after transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Section, VA Medical Center, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Limaye
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Somani
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pursell
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Pruett
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000908:Antibodies, Fungal / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000276:immunology*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008875:Middle Aged; D018448:Models, Immunological; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051381:Rats; D012698:Serologic Tests
chemical_list: D000908:Antibodies, Fungal; D007106:Immune Sera