title: Pre-operative assessment of patients undergoing endoscopic, transnasal, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the importance of pre-operative ear, nose and throat assessment in patients undergoing endoscopic, transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature pertaining to the pre-operative otorhinolaryngological assessment and management of patients undergoing endoscopic anterior skull base surgery is sparse. We describe two cases from our series of 59 patients undergoing endoscopic pituitary surgery. The first case involved a young male patient with a large pituitary macroadenoma. His main complaint was visual impairment. He had no previous history of sinonasal pathology and did not complain of any nasal symptoms during the pre-operative neurosurgical assessment. At the time of surgery, a purulent nasal discharge was seen emanating from both middle meati. Surgery was abandoned due to the risk of post-operative meningitis, and postponed until the patient's chronic rhinosinusitis was optimally managed. The second patient was a 47-year-old woman with a large pituitary macroadenoma, who presented to the neurosurgical department with a main complaint of diplopia. She too gave no history of previous nasal problems, and she underwent uneventful surgery using the endoscopic, transnasal approach. Two weeks after surgery, she presented to the emergency unit with severe epistaxis. A previous diagnosis of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia was discovered, and further surgical and medical intervention was required before the epistaxis was finally controlled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-operative otorhinolaryngological assessment is essential prior to endoscopic pituitary or anterior skull base surgery. A thorough otorhinolaryngological history will determine whether any co-morbid diseases exist which could affect the surgical field. Nasal anatomy can be assessed via nasal endoscopy and sinusitis excluded. Computed tomography imaging is a valuable aid to decisions regarding additional procedures needed to optimise access to the pituitary fossa.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. delubbe@kingsley.co.za
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lubbe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Semple
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000236:Adenoma / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007016:Hypophysectomy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications; D013683:Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed