title: Periodontics: 4. Surgical management of gingival and periodontal diseases.
abstract: Non-surgical periodontal therapy is the first line of management in the treatment of periodontitis. Gingival and periodontal surgery should be carried out after non-surgical therapy and on patients who show excellent plaque control. This article presents the indication, contra-indication and complications of gingival and periodontal surgery and the clinical outcome of the most common procedures used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of the periodontal surgical procedures, their indication and outcomes, are important to allow adequate evaluation and referral.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University College Cork, University Dental School and Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ziada
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mullally
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods; D005882:Gingival Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D005890:Gingivectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps