title: Interventions for the interruption or reduction of the spread of respiratory viruses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Viral epidemics or pandemics such as of influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pose a significant threat. Antiviral drugs and vaccination may not be adequate to prevent catastrophe in such an event.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the evidence of effectiveness of interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (excluding vaccines and antiviral drugs, which have been previously reviewed).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 4); MEDLINE (1966 to November 2006); OLDMEDLINE (1950 to 1965); EMBASE (1990 to November 2006); and CINAHL (1982 to November 2006).
  
  
  METHODS
  We scanned 2300 titles, excluded 2162 and retrieved the full papers of 138 trials, including 49 papers of 51 studies. The quality of three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was poor; as were most cluster RCTs. The observational studies were of mixed quality. We were only able to meta-analyse case-control data. We searched for any interventions to prevent viral transmission of respiratory viruses (isolation, quarantine, social distancing, barriers, personal protection and hygiene). Study design included RCTs, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-over studies, before-after, and time series studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We scanned the titles, abstracts and full text articles using a standardised form to assess eligibility. RCTs were assessed according to randomisation method, allocation generation, concealment, blinding, and follow up. Non-RCTs were assessed for the presence of potential confounders and classified as low, medium, and high risk of bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest quality cluster RCTs suggest respiratory virus spread can be prevented by hygienic measures around younger children. Additional benefit from reduced transmission from children to other household members is broadly supported in results of other study designs, where the potential for confounding is greater. The six case-control studies suggested that implementing barriers to transmission, isolation, and hygienic measures are effective at containing respiratory virus epidemics. We found limited evidence that the more uncomfortable and expensive N95 masks were superior to simple surgical masks. The incremental effect of adding virucidals or antiseptics to normal handwashing to decrease respiratory disease remains uncertain. The lack of proper evaluation of global measures such as screening at entry ports and social distancing prevent firm conclusions about these measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many simple and probably low-cost interventions would be useful for reducing the transmission of epidemic respiratory viruses. Routine long-term implementation of some of the measures assessed might be difficult without the threat of a looming epidemic.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foxlee
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Mar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferroni
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hewak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prabhala
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivetti
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission