title: Cleft deformities in Zimbabwe, Africa: socioeconomic factors, epidemiology, and surgical reconstruction.
abstract: In the African country of Zimbabwe, a variety of socioeconomic factors have contributed to a lack of specialty care and resources for the indigent population. Although cleft lip and palate has a lower incidence in Africa (0.67 per 1000 births) than in Latin America or Asia, access to reconstructive surgery is often difficult to obtain. A surgical team worked with Zimbabweans at the Harare Central Hospital, Harare, to perform cleft surgery for 39 patients. We review the epidemiology of cleft deformities in Africa, our experience with 39 patients with cleft lip and palate, and the techniques used to address 2 patients with midfacial clefts. To our knowledge, this retrospective case review and epidemiologic literature review is the first review of cleft care in Zimbabwe. Poverty in Zimbabwe, caused in part by the highest inflation rate in the world, has contributed to the emigration of a large number of specialists to other countries. In addition, the health care system is overwhelmed by a high prevalence rate of human immunodeficiency virus (25%), leading to a drastically reduced parental life expectancy (mean life expectancy, 36 years). Primary and secondary cleft lip and palate repairs were completed without complications. Children requiring care beyond the scope of this mission were referred to the Republic of South Africa. The cooperation among the Zimbabwean administration, physicians, and nurses was integral to the organization and successful execution of this reconstructive surgical mission. Ultimately, until the socioeconomic conditions improve in Zimbabwe, training and continuing education of local physicians are imperative to advance the care of children with cleft lip and palate.
authors.affiliation: Cleft and Craniofacial Program, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 2521 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Annette M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Travis T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tollefson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology