title: Bloodletting ameliorates insulin sensitivity and secretion in parallel to reducing liver iron in carriers of HFE gene mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the pathogenesis of diabetes associated with mutations of the hemochromatosis (HFE) gene, 17 carriers, 9 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) and 8 diabetic, were evaluated in an interventional trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  At enrollment and after a 2-year bloodletting period, euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), liver histology (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score [NAS]), and liver iron content (LIC) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NGT subjects had significantly higher baseline insulin sensitivity (P <or= 0.001), secretion, and insulinogenic index (calculated from the OGTT) (P <or= 0.0001 for both) and lower LIC (P = 0.004) and NAS (P = 0.02) than diabetic patients. Baseline LIC correlated negatively with insulin secretion (NGT r(0) = -0.676, P <or= 0.0001; diabetes r(0) = -0.589, P = 0.02) and insulin sensitivity (M value) (NGT r(0) = -0.597, P = 0.009; diabetes r(0) = -0.535, P = 0.03) and positively with NAS (diabetes r(0) = 0.649, P = 0.007) and triglycerides (NGT r(0) = 0.563, P = 0.015). At month 24, circulating iron was reduced by 179 +/- 26% in NGT and 284 +/- 54% in diabetic subjects. Insulin secretion (NGT 20 +/- 4%; diabetes 33 +/- 7%) and insulin sensitivity (NGT 25 +/- 5%; diabetes 18 +/- 3%) increased. LIC decreased in both groups (NGT 126 +/- 42%; diabetes 61 +/- 13%), and NAS ameliorated (NGT 65.1 +/- 6.5 vs. 38.1 +/- 6.83; P <or= 0.0001; diabetes 2.1 +/- 10.7 vs. 69.9 +/- 10; P <or= 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron depletion ameliorates insulin secretion and sensitivity in NGT and diabetic carriers of HFE gene mutations. This amelioration occurs in parallel with decreased LIC and improved NAS. These results justify glucose tolerance testing and prophylactic iron depletion in asymptomatic carriers as well.
authors.affiliation: Transfusion Medicine, SanFilippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Equitani
authors.forename: Josè Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Real
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Menichella
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Menotti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calvani
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nobili
authors.forename: Geltrude
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mingrone
authors.forename: Melania
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002353:Carrier State; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000235:genetics; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics*; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D018579:Patient Selection; D018962:Phlebotomy
chemical_list: C103673:HFE protein, human; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D007328:Insulin; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D007501:Iron