title: Protective effect of intravenous levocarnitine on subsequent-month hospitalization among prevalent hemodialysis patients, 1998 to 2003.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levocarnitine deficiency in hemodialysis patients is common. Although the effect of intravenous levocarnitine therapy was studied in small trials, the effect on global outcomes in larger populations is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services data; prevalent hemodialysis patients, 1998 to 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intravenous levocarnitine use, clinical characteristics, comorbid conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effect of 1 g or greater per dialysis session of levocarnitine for 10 or more sessions during a month on subsequent hospitalization days. Repeated-measures and marginal structural models were fit, the latter to account for time-dependent confounding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the study population, 3% to 7% received levocarnitine for 1 month per year or more. Treated patients were older with more severe comorbidity and larger erythropoietin doses than untreated patients. In repeated-measures model analysis adjusted for demographic characteristics and disease severity, 1 g or greater per dialysis session of levocarnitine for 10 or more sessions during a month was associated with a 10.8% (95% confidence interval, 9.7 to 11.9; P < 0.01) subsequent-month decrease in hospitalization days. In marginal structural model analysis, levocarnitine therapy was associated with a 21.7% (95% confidence interval, 18.4 to 24.9; P < 0.01) decrease in hospitalization days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Algorithm for identifying comorbid conditions from claims validated only for diabetes; biochemical marker levels unavailable in Medicare claims; levocarnitine therapy quantified only while patients were not hospitalized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because hemodialysis patients are hospitalized about 15 days yearly, the association of monthly levocarnitine regimen with lower hospitalization rate is clinically significant. The causality of this association must be confirmed by randomized clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA. eweinhandl@cdrg.org
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Weinhandl
authors.forename: Madhumati
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Brian J G
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000108:Acetylcarnitine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D000108:Acetylcarnitine