title: Endurance exercise training to improve economy of movement of people with Parkinson disease: three case reports.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Even early in Parkinson disease (PD), individuals have reduced economy of movement. In this case report, the effects of endurance exercise training are examined on walking economy and other measures for 3 individuals in early and middle stages of PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were 1 woman and 2 men with PD, aged 52 to 72 years, classified at Hoehn and Yahr stages 2 to 2.5.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each patient completed 4 months of supervised endurance exercise training and 12 months of home exercise, with monthly clinic follow-up sessions. Strategies were included to enhance adherence to exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main outcome measure was economy of movement (rate of oxygen consumption during gait) measured at 4 treadmill speeds. Secondary outcome measures included the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Continuous-Scale Physical Functional Performance Test (CS-PFP), Functional Reach Test (FRT), and Functional Axial Rotation Test (FAR). Economy of movement improved for all 3 patients after 4 months of supervised exercise and remained above baseline at 16 months. Two patients also had scores that were above baseline for UPDRS total score, CS-PFP, FRT, and FAR, even at 16 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Evidence from these 3 individuals suggests that gains may occur with a treadmill training program that is coupled with specific strategies to enhance adherence to exercise.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 4200 E Ninth Ave, Denver, CO 80262-0244, USA. margaret.schenkman@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schenkman
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Kohrt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology