title: Effects of potassium on nitrate mediated alterations of osmoregulation in marine crabs.
abstract: Determining the acute nitrate tolerance of marine animals is important for conservation as high levels of nitrate may be discharged into aquatic ecosystems via various anthropogenic sources. Typically, sodium nitrate (NaNO(3)) is used to determine the acute nitrate toxicity of marine animals. The standard procedure involves dissolving NaNO(3) salt in distilled water to create a stock solution, which is then diluted in seawater to obtain the desired nitrate concentration for the toxicity test. However, due to the relatively low toxicity of NO(3)(-), large volumes of the stock solution are required to create high NaNO(3)-N concentrations in the test solutions for LC(50) (median lethal concentration) calculations. As the stock solution contains no other elements, other than Na(+) and NO(3)(-), this can lead to drastically altered Na(+)/K(+) ratios (compared to natural seawater) of the test solutions, which could significantly affect the osmo-ionoregulation of the animals, and subsequently bias survival data. Consequently, experiments were performed to determine if incorporating potassium chloride (KCl), at a K(+) level equaling natural seawater at 30 per thousand, to the NaNO(3)-N stock solution influences the haemolymph osmolality, ion composition and LC(50) values of two commercially important crab species, the mud crab Scylla serrata and the blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus. In each experiment with S. serrata and P. pelagicus, a total of 20 replicate crabs were exposed to NaNO(3)-N concentrations of 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 and 6000 mgl(-1) with and without incorporated KCl. Mortality observations were made at 12-h interval for 96-h. After 96-h, the haemolymph osmolality, Na(+), K(+) and Ca(2+) of the surviving crabs were measured. The 96-h LC(50) values for early juveniles of S. serrata and P. pelagicus were 3601 (3314-3902) mg l(-1) versus 4339 (4056-4518) mg l(-1) and 3355 (3085-3620) mg l(-1) versus 4132 (3864-4409) mg l(-1), respectively for the treatments without and with incorporated KCl. Statistical analysis showed that the sole utilisation of NaNO(3) led to a significantly (p<0.01) lower LC(50) value for both crabs, likely a consequence of their significantly lower (p<0.05) haemolymph K(+) levels. In contrast, no significant differences (p>0.05) in haemolymph K(+) was detected between crabs from the control and the treatment with incorporated KCl. It is therefore likely that previously reported acute nitrate toxicity tests have substantially underestimated the nitrate tolerances of marine animals. To avoid this problem, we propose incorporating KCl to the NaNO(3)-N stock solution as a standard protocol for future acute nitrate toxicity experiments on marine animals.
authors.affiliation: School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Nicholas.Romano@jcu.edu.au
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Chaoshu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003386:Brachyura / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000378:metabolism; D009026:Mortality; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D012623:Seawater; D013997:Time Factors; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D011189:Potassium Chloride; C031618:sodium nitrate