title: Photolysis pathway of imazapic in aqueous solution: ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry analysis of intermediates.
abstract: Direct degradation of imazapic, an herbicide of the imidazoline family, has been investigated in aqueous solution at different concentrations, pH values, and temperatures. The efficiency of the photodegradation process has been evaluated through degradation rate constants that could be fitted best with pseudo-first-order kinetics ( Ct = C0 e(- kt )). Ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (FTICR/MS) was used in electrospray ionization mode as a tool to study the photolysis process on a molecular level, whereas UV-vis and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis were used to follow, by time, the evolution of the intermediates. Taking advantage of the high resolving power of FTICR/MS to perform precise formula assignments taking account of the natural abundance of isotopes, we herein propose and demonstrate an approach using 2D-derived van Krevelen visualization (O/C, H/C, m/z) to confirm the formation of imazapic intermediates. Such an approach allows a qualitative analysis of intermediates and elucidates the plausible reaction pathways of the photolysis process. More than eight photoproducts were separated and identified as a phototransformation of the imidazole ring. A mechanistical pathway was proposed.
authors.affiliation: GSF - National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harir
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frommberger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Azzouzi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettrup
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmitt-Kopplin
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010782:Photolysis; D012995:Solubility; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007093:Imidazoles; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; C481028:imazapic