title: Perceptions and beliefs about cough and tuberculosis and implications for TB control in rural Rwanda.
abstract: METHODS
  Two southern provinces of Rwanda, Butare and Gikongoro.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify beliefs and popular perceptions on cough and tuberculosis (TB) in rural Rwanda and determine how they shape health-seeking behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight focus group discussions, 21 key informant interviews and 12 illness narratives were conducted between May and June 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  TB patients, community members, traditional healers and health workers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is wide use of herbal treatment for chronic cough in Rwanda. Patients seek conventional care when alternative treatment options fail or when severe symptoms such as shortness of breath, bloody sputum and weight loss appear. There are several local illnesses associated with chronic cough, with different alternative treatments. TB symptoms are often mistaken for the acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Identified causes for cough-related illnesses can be classified as biomedical (germs, internal body dysfunction and worms), environmental (seasonal changes and dust), cultural (inheritance), socio-economic (hard work, malnutrition and tobacco), and supernatural (witchcraft). Three health-seeking end points emerge for chronic cough: home care, health facility and the traditional healer. Healers in some areas, however, believe TB due to witchcraft can only be treated traditionally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study unveils beliefs and treatment options for chronic cough in Rwanda, with important implications for TB control that should be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Central Hospital Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon. ngangbmvr@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Ngang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ntaganira
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ecks
mesh_terms: D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods*; D003371:Cough / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D017144:Focus Groups; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D012432:Rwanda / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*