title: Higher heart rate predicts the risk of developing hypertension in a normotensive screened cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A higher heart rate (HR) is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hypertension is an important cardiovascular risk factor. The present study evaluated whether a higher HR was associated with the development of hypertension in normotensive, screened subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among normotensive participants of a 1-day health evaluation in 1997, we studied those who also participated in the program in 2000 (n=4,331; 2,823 men (65%), 1,508 women; mean age 47+/-9 years). Subjects were divided into 4 groups based on their HR in 1997: quartile 1 (HR <or=58, n=1,033), quartile 2 (59<or=HR <or=64, n=1,162), quartile 3 (65<or=HR <or=70, n=1,012), and quartile 4 (HR >or=71, n=1,124). The 3-year frequency of developing hypertension in 2000 was 4.5% for quartile 1, 6.8% for quartile 2, 6.0% for quartile 3, and 7.2% for quartile 4 (p=0.0424). Subjects with a higher HR were likely to have a greater number of metabolic syndrome components and a higher incidence of proteinuria. In a logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender, age, alcohol consumption, exercise, atherosclerotic risk factors, and lifestyle, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the development of hypertension were 1.53 (1.04-2.24) for quartile 2, 1.35 (0.90-2.02) for quartile 3, and 1.61 (1.10-2.37) for quartile 4, compared with quartile 1 as a reference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher HR was associated with the development of hypertension. Subjects with a higher HR should be followed carefully, even if they are normotensive.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Heart Life Hospital, Okinawa, Japan. imtak-ryk@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Kunitoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Kozen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinjo
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohya
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takishita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012146:Rest; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors