title: Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas do not undergo spontaneous malignant transformation: grounds for designation as hamartomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas WHO grade I have the potential for spontaneous malignant transformation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed, cross-referencing juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, astrocytoma grade I, optic glioma, glioma, low-grade gliomas, polar spongioblastoma, gliocytoma embryonale, and malignant transformation, anaplasia or anaplastic change. Bibliographic PubMed and Google searches were performed, and reference ophthalmology and neuropathology textbooks were utilised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 52 purported cases of malignant transformation were found. Twenty-two of these tumours, however, did not initially match criteria for juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma WHO grade I and were excluded. Six other cases were located within the irradiated field but represented anaplasias developing independently of the primary tumour. The remaining 24 malignancies had all been previously irradiated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas WHO grade I do not undergo spontaneous anaplastic transformation. Malignant transformations have only been demonstrated following radiation therapy. Earlier clinical and histopathological opinions regarding juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas as hamartomatous lesions are reaffirmed.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Wilmer 233, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-9028, USA. cparsa@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Parsa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Givrad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology