title: Stress-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation mediates kappa-opioid-dependent dysphoria.
abstract: The molecular mechanisms mediating stress-induced dysphoria in humans and conditioned place aversion in rodents are unknown. Here, we show that repeated swim stress caused activation of both kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) coexpressed in GABAergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens, cortex, and hippocampus. Sites of activation were visualized using phosphoselective antibodies against activated kappa receptors (KOR-P) and against phospho-p38 MAPK. Surprisingly, the increase in P-p38-IR caused by swim-stress exposure was completely KOR dependent; P-p38-IR did not increase in KOR(-/-) knock-out mice subjected to the same swim-paradigm or in wild-type mice pretreated with the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine. To understand the relationship between p38 activation and the behavioral effects after KOR activation, we administered the p38 inhibitor SB203580 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (i.c.v.)] and found that it selectively blocked the conditioned place aversion caused by the kappa agonist trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]-benzeneacetamide (U50488) and the KOR-dependent swim stress-induced immobility while not affecting kappa-opioid analgesia or nonselectively affecting associative learning. We found that the mechanism linking KOR and p38 activation in vivo was consistent with our previous in vitro data suggesting that beta-arrestin recruitment is required; mice lacking G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 also failed to increase p-p38-IR after KOR activation in vivo, failed to show swim stress-induced immobility, or develop conditioned place aversion to U50488. Our results indicate that activation of p38 MAPK signaling by the endogenous dynorphin-kappa-opioid system likely constitutes a key component of the molecular mechanisms mediating the aversive properties of stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bruchas
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Land
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aita
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Sabiha K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Barot
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chavkin
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003863:Depression / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000523:psychology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000819:agonists / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases