title: ElePhant--an anatomical electronic phantom as simulation-system for otologic surgery.
abstract: This paper describes the ElePhant (Electronic Phantom)-an anatomical correct simulation system based on 3D rapid prototyping models for the otologic intervention "Mastoidectomy". The anatomical structures of the head are created with plaster as base material using 3D-printing as rapid prototyping technology (RPT). Structures at risk, represented by electrically conductible material and fiber optics, are realized as an electric circuit and can be detected during the simulation of the surgical procedure. An accuracy study of 15 identical RPT-models compared to the 3D reconstructed CT-dataset of the patient showed that the mean accuracy is lower than the reconstructed CT layer thickness of 0.5 mm. An evaluation study of the ElePhant-system for "Mastoidectomy" was performed by 7 ENT-surgeons. The mean value of the study questionnaire (evaluation range from -2 (not at all) to +2 (very good)) was +1.2. The results showed that the ElePhant can simulate "Mastoidectomy" realistically. It is especially suitable for the simulation of the correct representation and position of the anatomical structures, realistic operation setting, and realistic milling properties of the bone structure. Furthermore it is applicable for training of surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Innovation Center Comput. Assisted Surg. (ICCAS), Leipzig Univ., Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grunert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moeckel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poessneck
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fickweiler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thalheim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmiedel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jannin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oeken
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Korb
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004423:Ear / Q000601:surgery*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004867:Equipment Design; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008838:Microcomputers; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D055100:Optical Fibers; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012306:Risk; D012886:Skull / Q000473:pathology; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative