title: Differences in antibiotic prescribing in three university hospitals in the Baltic region revealed by a simple protocol for quality assessment of therapeutic indications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify inexpensive and simple quality parameters for the surveillance of antibiotic use in hospital settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified point-prevalence study was conducted in three university hospitals in Huddinge, Sweden, Riga, Latvia, and Vilnius, Lithuania. Each ward was visited once during May in the year 2002. All patients receiving antibiotics were identified and their medical records were reviewed by the authors according to the same protocol. Only data from corresponding departments were evaluated and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of antibiotic use was 35%, 25% and 24% in Huddinge, Riga and Vilnius, respectively. Almost 2/3 of antibiotics were prescribed for treatment and 1/3 for either surgical or medical prophylaxis. Parenteral administration was significantly more common in Riga and Vilnius than in Huddinge. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Prescription of antibiotics for different diagnoses showed large variation between and within hospitals. The first or second generation cephalosporins were prescribed in most cases of surgical prophylaxis. The duration of surgical prophylaxis exceeded one day in 57%, 63% and 87% of cases in Huddinge, Riga and Vilnius, respectively. All antibiotics in Huddinge, and all except five in Riga were supplied by the hospital pharmacy. Antibiotics bought by patients and donated made up 41% of prescribed antibiotics in Vilnius.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This point-prevalence survey using a simple and inexpensive method for benchmarking demonstrated quantitative and qualitative differences in the use of antibiotics between three university hospitals in the Baltic region, differences that now calls for explanations to their rationality. We suggest that the choice of an antibiotic, rates of intravenously administered treatment and duration of surgical prophylaxis are examples of suitable indicators of rational antibiotic use within a hospital but that comparison of such rates between hospitals is less meaningful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Stradins University Hospital, Pilsonu 13, 1002 Riga, Latvia. ugadumpis@stradini.lv
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dumpis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gulbinovic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Struwe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lagergren
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Griskevicius
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bergman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019985:Benchmarking; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007844:Latvia; D008097:Lithuania; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D024841:Fluoroquinolones