title: Psychophysiological reactions to two levels of voluntary hyperventilation in panic disorder.
abstract: Panic disorder (PD) patients usually react with more self-reported distress to voluntary hyperventilation (HV) than do comparison groups. Less consistently PD patients manifest physiological differences such as more irregular breathing and slower normalization of lowered end-tidal pCO(2) after HV. To test whether physiological differences before, during, or after HV would be more evident after more intense HV, we designed a study in which 16 PD patients and 16 non-anxious controls hyperventilated for 3 min to 25 mmHg, and another 19 PD patients and another 17 controls to 20 mmHg. Patients reacted to HV to 20 mmHg but not to 25 mmHg with more self-reported symptoms than controls. However, at neither HV intensity were previous findings of irregular breathing and slow normalization of pCO(2) replicated. In general, differences between patients and controls in response to HV were in the cognitive-language rather than in the physiological realm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. wollburg@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wollburg
authors.forename: Alicia E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Meuret
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Walton T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Sunyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D035061:Control Groups; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010313:Partial Pressure; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011603:Psychophysiology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide