title: Cardiovascular disease and hypertension are strong risk factors for choroidal neovascularization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory markers with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 410 of the >/=65-year-old community sample invited to attend, 205 participated (50% response rate). Of the 215 clinic attendees who were invited to participate, 212 agreed to take part (98% response rate). A diagnosis of neovascular AMD in at least one eye was made in 193 clinic attendees and 2 of the community sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinic and community participants underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination with fundus imaging, were interviewed for assessment of putative risk factors, and provided a blood sample. Analysis included levels of serum lipids, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM), vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM), and C-reactive protein (CRP). All participants were classified by fundus image grading on the basis of the eye with more severe AMD features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neovascular AMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 195 participants with choroidal neovascularization in at least one eye, 97 nonneovascular AMD participants, and 115 controls (no drusen or pigmentary irregularities in either eye). In confounder-adjusted logistic regression, a history of cardiovascular disease was strongly associated with neovascular AMD (odds ratio [OR], 7.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.78-20.41). Cigarette smoking (OR, 3.71; 95% CI, 1.25-11.06), being in the highest quartile of body mass index (OR, 3.82; 95% CI, 1.22-12.01), stage 2 hypertension (OR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.14-8.98), and being in the highest quartile of serum cholesterol (OR, 4.66; 95% CI, 1.35-16.13) were positively associated with neovascular AMD. There was no association between AMD status and serum CRP, ICAM, or VCAM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that cardiovascular disease plays an etiological role in the development of choroidal neovascularization in a proportion of older adults and highlight the importance of control of blood pressure and cholesterol, avoidance of smoking, and maintenance of a normal body weight.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vision Sciences, Belfast, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: Jayne V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Woodside
authors.forename: Sarah E C M
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graydon
authors.forename: Astrid E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Wing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knox
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cartmill
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Chakravarthy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein