title: Isolation and characterization of antagonistic Bacillus subtilis strains from the avocado rhizoplane displaying biocontrol activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to isolate Bacillus subtilis strains with biological activity against soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi from the avocado rhizoplane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A collection of 905 bacterial isolates obtained from the rhizoplane of healthy avocado trees, contains 277 gram-positive isolates. From these gram-positive isolates, four strains, PCL1605, PCL1608, PCL1610 and PCL1612, identified as B. subtilis, were selected on the basis of their antifungal activity against diverse soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi. Analysis of the antifungal compounds involved in their antagonistic activity showed that these strains produced hydrolytic enzymes such as glucanases or proteases and the antibiotic lipopeptides surfactin, fengycin, and/or iturin A. In biocontrol trials using the pathosystems tomato/Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici and avocado/Rosellinia necatrix, two B. subtilis strains, PCL1608 and PCL1612, both producing iturin A, exhibited the highest biocontrol and colonization capabilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diverse antagonistic B. subtilis strains isolated from healthy avocado rhizoplanes have shown promising biocontrol abilities, which are closely linked with the production of antifungal lipopeptides and good colonization aptitudes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is one of the few reports dealing with isolation and characterization of B. subtilis strains with biocontrol activity against the common soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici and R. necatrix.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Clusius Laboratory, Wassenaarseweg, AL Leiden, The Netherlands. cazorla@uma.es
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cazorla
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-García
authors.forename: B J J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lugtenberg
authors.forename: A de
authors.initials: Ad
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bloemberg
mesh_terms: D000898:Antibiosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D027421:Persea / Q000382:microbiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology