title: Acting on voices: Omnipotence, sources of threat, and safety-seeking behaviours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research indicates that beliefs about voice power and omnipotence are associated with distress, depression, and compliance. The present study investigates whether acting on voices to mitigate perceived threat, in a broader sense than compliance, is driven by delusional beliefs, as the Chadwick, Birchwood, and Trower cognitive-behavioural model of voices would suggest. The role of safety behaviours in maintaining beliefs about voice omnipotence and distress is also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional investigation of 30 individuals with current experience of auditory verbal hallucinations was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were assessed on self-report measures of voice topography, voice-related threat and distress, safety behaviour use, beliefs about voices, and depression and anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three sources of threat were identified: physical harm, shame, and loss of control. Twenty-six individuals had recently used safety behaviours, believing them to be effective in threat reduction. The degree of safety behaviour use and voice-related distress were associated with voice omnipotence beliefs; mood or voice characteristics did not account for this relationship. The association of safety behaviours with increased distress was mediated by beliefs about voice omnipotence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acting on voices can be conceptualized as a form of safety seeking, associated with maintaining beliefs about voice omnipotence and distress.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology Department, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK. david.hacker@bsmht.nhs.uk
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birchwood
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tudway
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meaden
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Amphlett
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D003068:Coercion; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010700:Phonetics; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013067:Speech Perception; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014831:Voice