title: Risk of second malignancies after prostate irradiation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several recent SEER- (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-) analyses gave rise to a highly controversial discussion in how far radiotherapy for prostate cancer is associated with an increased risk of secondary neoplasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to enable a rational discussion, the available literature was reviewed covering all publications from the mid 80s to January 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reported numbers of secondary cancer (bladder, rectum, lung cancer and sarcoma) after irradiation were found to be increased in some publications. However, after age adjustment and correction for follow-up duration no clear increase was detectable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Up to now, all available data are highly heterogeneous. Thus, a low risk for secondary cancer cannot be ruled out completely. Nevertheless, it seems very unlikely that there is a relevant risk for secondary cancer since the largest of the published series did not document an increased risk for any secondary cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only very large prospective studies which are designed to minimize the influence of possible confounders will be able to address the real risk of prostate irradiation-related cancer induction. The available data are clearly not valid and helpful for guiding any treatment decision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiooncology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Arndt-Christian
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ganswindt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bamberg
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belka
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*