title: Insoles for prevention and treatment of back pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is lack of theoretical and clinical knowledge of the use of insoles for prevention or treatment of back pain. The high incidence of back pain and the popularity of shoe insoles call for a systematic review of this practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of shoe insoles in the prevention and treatment of non-specific back pain compared to placebo, no intervention, or other interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following databases: The Cochrane Back Group Trials Register and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to March 2005, and MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL to February 2007; reviewed reference lists in review articles, guidelines and in the included trials; conducted citation tracking; contacted individuals with expertise in this domain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomized controlled trials that examined the use of customized or non-customized insoles, for the prevention or treatment of back pain, compared to placebo, no intervention or other interventions. Study outcomes had to include at least one of the following: self-reported incidence or physician diagnosis of back pain; pain intensity; duration of back pain; absenteeism; functional status. Studies of insoles designed to treat limb length inequality were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  One review author conducted the searches and blinded the retrieved references for authors, institution and journal. Two review authors independently selected the relevant articles. Two different review authors independently assessed the methodological quality and clinical relevance and extracted the data from each trial using a standardized form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six randomized controlled trials met inclusion criteria: Three examined prevention of back pain (2061 participants) and three examined mixed populations (256 participants) without being clear whether they were aimed at primary or secondary prevention or treatment. No treatment trials were found. There is strong evidence that the use of insoles does not prevent back pain. There is limited evidence that insoles alleviate back pain or adversely shift the pain to the lower extremities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review largely reflects limitations of the literature, including low quality studies with heterogeneous interventions and outcome measures, poor blinding and poor reporting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is strong evidence that insoles are not effective for the prevention of back pain. The current evidence on insoles as treatment for low-back pain does not allow any conclusions.High quality trials are required for stronger conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel, Department of Family Practice, 1/4 Ya'ari st., Jerusalem, ISRAEL, 93843. sahar@md.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sahar
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ne'eman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kandel
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Odebiyi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lev
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brezis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lahad
mesh_terms: D001416:Back Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012775:Shoes