title: Neuraminidase inhibitors and their role in avian and pandemic influenza.
abstract: Continuing occurrences of human infections with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses have ignited increasing fears that the next influenza pandemic is imminent. Fortunately, options for antiviral prophylaxis and treatment have been improved dramatically since the previous pandemics by the availability of neuraminidase inhibitors such as zanamivir and oseltamivir. However, although the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of these drugs is well established for uncomplicated seasonal human influenza, clinical effectiveness seems limited for human H5N1 infections despite in vitro susceptibility and efficacy in animal studies. Factors which might contribute to this apparently limited efficacy include suboptimal dosing or routes of administration, suboptimal timing of treatment and the inability of antiviral drugs to interfere with immunopathology, and the development of drug resistance. Efforts to optimize the use of neuraminidase inhibitor treatment in H5N1 disease are urgently needed and might eventually aid in the judicious use of stockpiled neuraminidase inhibitors in the event of a pandemic.
authors.affiliation: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crusat
authors.forename: Menno D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001717:Birds; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D053139:Oseltamivir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053243:Zanamivir / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053139:Oseltamivir; D009439:Neuraminidase; D053243:Zanamivir