title: Rosiglitazone reduces liver fat and insulin requirements and improves hepatic insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes requiring high insulin doses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liver fat is an important determinant of insulin requirements during insulin therapy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists reduce liver fat. We therefore hypothesized that type 2 diabetic patients using exceptionally high doses of insulin might respond well to addition of a PPARgamma agonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the effect of the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone on liver fat and directly measured hepatic insulin sensitivity in 14 patients with type 2 diabetes (aged 51 +/- 3 yr, body mass index 36.7 +/- 1.1 kg/m2), who were poorly controlled (glycosylated hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c) 8.9 +/- 0.4%) despite using high doses of insulin (218 +/- 22 IU/d) in combination with metformin. Liver fat content (1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy), hepatic insulin sensitivity [6 h hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (insulin 0.3 mU/kg.min) combined with [3-3H]glucose], body composition (magnetic resonance imaging), substrate oxidation rates (indirect calorimetry), clinical parameters, and liver enzymes were measured before and after rosiglitazone treatment (8 mg/d) for 8 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During rosiglitazone, HbA(1c) decreased from 8.9 +/- 0.4% to 7.8 +/- 0.3% (P = 0.007) and insulin requirements from 218 +/- 22 to 129 +/- 20 IU/d (P = 0.002). Liver fat content decreased by 46 +/- 9% from 20 +/- 3% to 11 +/- 3% (P = 0.0002). Hepatic insulin sensitivity, measured from the percent suppression of endogenous glucose production by insulin, increased from -40 +/- 7% to -89 +/- 12% (P = 0.001). The percent change in liver fat correlated with the percent decrease in HbA 1c (r = 0.53, P = 0.06), insulin dose (r = 0.66, P = 0.014), and suppression of endogenous glucose production (r = 0.76, P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that rosiglitazone may be particularly effective in type 2 diabetic patients who are poorly controlled despite using high insulin doses. The mechanism is likely to involve reduced liver fat and enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Helsinki, PO Box 700, Room C418B, FIN-00029 HUCH Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Juurinen
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotronen
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Granér
authors.forename: Hannele
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yki-Järvinen
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists*; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone