title: The impact of gender stereotypes on the evaluation of general practitioners' communication skills: an experimental study using transcripts of physician-patient encounters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study has been designed to test for the effect of physicians' gender on the perception and assessment of empathic communication in medical encounters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight volunteers were asked to assess six transcribed interactions between physicians and a standardized patient. The effects of physicians' gender were tested by the experimental manipulation of physicians' gender labels in transcripts. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two testing conditions: (1) perceived gender corresponds to the physician's true gender; (2) perceived gender differs from the physician's true gender. Empathic communication was assessed using the Rating Scales for the Assessment of Empathic Communication in Medical Interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 2 (physician's true gender: female vs. male)x2 (physician's perceived gender: female vs. male)x2 (rater's gender: female vs. male) mixed multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) yielded a main effect for physician's true gender. Female physicians were rated higher on empathic communication than male physicians irrespective of any gender labels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that gender differences in the perception of physician's empathy are not merely a function of the gender label. These findings provide evidence for differences in male and female physicians' empathic communication that cannot be attributed to stereotype bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future efforts to evaluate communication skills training for general practitioners may consider gender differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Münster, Fliednerstr. 21, 48149 Münster, Germany. nicolaij@psy.uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicolai
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Demmel
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D015982:Bias; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003142:Communication; D003376:Counseling; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D005858:Germany; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006805:Human Experimentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology; D009042:Motivation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010819:Physician's Role / Q000523:psychology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology; D013240:Stereotyping; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology