title: Treatment of infantile spasms with sodium valproate followed by benzodiazepines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the result of the infantile spasms' treatment with sodium valproate followed by nitrazepam or clonazepam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Srinagarind Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four infantile spasms admitted between January 1994 and December 2003 were analyzed. The inclusion criteria were the patients with infantile spasms clinically diagnosed by the pediatric neurologist, having hypsarrhythmic pattern EEG, and receiving sodium valproate with or without nitrazepam or clonazepam. The patients who had an uncertain diagnosis, incomplete medical record, or that were incompletely followed up were excluded. Data were collected on sex, age at onset of seizure, type of infantile spasms, associated type of seizure, predisposing etiological factor, neuroimaging study, and the result of treatment including cessation of spasms, subsequent development of other seizure types, quantitative reduction of spasms, relapse rates of spasms, psychomotor development, and adverse effects of AEDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at onset was 177 days. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.2. There were 13 cryptogenic (54.2%) and 11 symptomatic (45.8%) infantile spasms. The most common predisposing etiological factors in symptomatic cases were hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (45.5%) and microcephaly (36.4%), respectively. Ten patients received sodium valproate (41.7%), another 10 received sodium valproate with clonazepam (41.7%), and four received sodium valproate with nitrazepam (16.7%). Both, the complete cessation rate and the 50% reduction of spasms rate were 45.8%. The duration to complete cessation was 70 days. The relapse rate was 18.2%. The rate of delayed psychomotor development was 83.3%. The mean duration of follow-up was 49.6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors propose to use sodium valproate concomitantly with benzodiazepines, especially clonazepam, in situations such as unavailability, intolerability, or adverse effects of ACTH or vigabatrin, or in a patient who does not respond to ACTH or vigabatrin.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. anaron@kku.ac.th
authors.forename: Narong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Auvichayapat
authors.forename: Sompon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tassniyom
authors.forename: Sutthinee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Treerotphon
authors.forename: Paradee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auvichayapat
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000187:drug effects; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002998:Clonazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009567:Nitrazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013035:Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020888:Vigabatrin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002998:Clonazepam; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D009567:Nitrazepam; D020888:Vigabatrin