title: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection as a cause of permanent bilateral hearing loss: a quantitative assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children, but the magnitude of its contribution is uncertain. Quantifying the impact of congenital CMV infection requires an evidence-based assessment using a standard case definition of hearing loss.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of bilateral moderate to profound SNHL in children with congenital CMV infection and to estimate the CMV-attributable fraction of bilateral moderate to profound SNHL.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of studies of children with congenital CMV infection ascertained in an unbiased manner through universal newborn screening for CMV using viral culture in urine or saliva specimens in combination with a review of the literature on congenital CMV infection and hearing loss, including articles of all types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately, 14% of children with congenital CMV infection develop SNHL of some type, and 3-5% develop bilateral moderate to profound SNHL. Among all children with bilateral moderate to profound SNHL, we estimate that 15-20% of cases are attributable to congenital CMV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Congenital CMV infection is one of the most important causes of hearing loss in young children, second only to genetic mutations, and is potentially preventable.
authors.affiliation: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. sgrosse@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Grosse
authors.forename: Danielle S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Sheila C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Dollard
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D006312:Hearing Loss, Bilateral / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology; D014556:Urine / Q000821:virology; D014776:Virus Cultivation