title: Rates and causes of peritonitis in a National Multicenter Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis program in Sudan: first-year experience.
abstract: This is a cumulative report of all patients in six centers in Greater Khartoum, all three cities that comprise the capital of Sudan, covering the first year of operation of the National Program. This study evaluates the rates, mechanisms, causative agents and clinical outcomes of peritonitis. We included the data of all 60 patients who underwent CAPD from June 2005 to June 2006. There were 15 episodes of peritonitis in 323 patient-months, which equates to an overall peritonitis rate of one episode every 21.5 months (0.55 episodes per year at risk). The individual center rates varied. There was a statistically significant age difference, with peritonitis being more common in the youngsters. All patients presented with abdominal pain and had cloudy effluents but none had a significant exit site or tunnel infection. Fluid cultures were available in 11 out of the 15 episodes of peritonitis. The cultures were positive for organisms in only 3 out of 11 (27%) cases. Two patients were infected by Pseudomonas aerogenosa and one patient by Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the culture-negative peritonitis rate was 8/11 (73%). Touch contamination was the likely mechanism in 7/15 (46.7%) of the episodes. There were three cases of refractory peritonitis and only one case of relapsing peritonitis. None of the patients had a catheter removed because of peritonitis. We conclude that the first year of operation of the Sudan National Multi-centered PD program has proven that it is a promising project with multifaceted success. The cumulative peritonitis incidence is acceptable although there are several areas for improvement. Standardized laboratory techniques need to be implemented and pursued, particularly in the microbiology area.
authors.affiliation: National Ribat University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abu-Aisha
authors.forename: Elwaleed A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Elhassan
authors.forename: Ammar H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Khamis
authors.forename: Haleema
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fedail
authors.forename: Babikir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaballo
authors.forename: M Babbikir
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Abdelraheem
authors.forename: Tigani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Safaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Medani
authors.forename: Layla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tammam
authors.forename: Ihsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Basheir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013397:Sudan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population