title: Toxicity and metabolism of p-chlorophenol in the marine microalga Tetraselmis marina.
abstract: Toxicity and metabolism of para-chlorophenol (p-CP) in the marine microalga Tetraselmis marina have been studied. The inhibition constant EC(50) for p-CP was 272+/-17 microM (34.8+/-2.2 mg L(-1)) under the experimental conditions. Two metabolites were detected in the growth medium in the presence of p-CP by reverse phase HPLC and their concentrations increased at the expense of p-CP. The two metabolites, which were found to be more polar than p-CP, were isolated by a C18 column. They were identified as p-chlorophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (p-CPG) and p-chlorophenyl-beta-D-(6-O-malonyl)-glucopyranoside (p-CPGM) by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric analysis in a negative ion mode. The molecular structures of p-CPG and p-CPGM were further confirmed by enzymatic and alkaline hydrolyses. Treatment with beta-glucosidase released free p-CP and glucose from p-CPG, whereas p-CPGM was completely resistant. Alkaline hydrolysis completely cleaved the esteric bond of the malonylated glucoconjugate and yielded p-CPG and malonic acid. It was concluded that the pathway of p-CP metabolism in T. marina involves an initial conjugation of p-CP to glucose to form p-chlorophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside, followed by acylation of the glucoconjugate to form p-chlorophenyl-beta-D-(6-O-malonyl)-glucopyranoside. The metabolism of p-CP in T. marina was mainly driven by photosynthesis, and to a lesser extent by anabolic metabolism in the dark. Accordingly, the detoxification rate under light was about seven times higher than in the darkness. This work provides the first evidence that microalgae can adopt a combined glucosyl transfer and malonyl transfer process as a survival strategy for detoxification of such xenobiotics as p-CP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Arizona State University Polytechnic Campus, 7001 E. Williams Field Road, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petroutsos
authors.forename: Jiangxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katapodis
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kekos
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sommerfeld
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000215:Acylation; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006027:Glycosides / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization; D012623:Seawater; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002733:Chlorophenols; D006027:Glycosides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015262:Xenobiotics; C029107:4-chlorophenol; D001617:beta-Glucosidase