title: Functional genomic delineation of TLR-induced transcriptional networks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The innate immune system is the first line of defense mechanisms protecting the host from invading pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The innate immunity responses are triggered by recognition of prototypical pathogen components by cellular receptors. Prominent among these pathogen sensors are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We sought global delineation of transcriptional networks induced by TLRs, analyzing four genome-wide expression datasets in mouse and human macrophages stimulated with pathogen-mimetic agents that engage various TLRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combining computational analysis of expression profiles and cis-regulatory promoter sequences, we dissected the TLR-induced transcriptional program into two major components: the first is universally activated by all examined TLRs, and the second is specific to activated TLR3 and TLR4. Our results point to NF-kappaB and ISRE-binding transcription factors as the key regulators of the universal and the TLR3/4-specific responses, respectively, and identify novel putative positive and negative feedback loops in these transcriptional programs. Analysis of the kinetics of the induced network showed that while NF-kappaB regulates mainly an early-induced and sustained response, the ISRE element functions primarily in the induction of a delayed wave. We further demonstrate that co-occurrence of the NF-kappaB and ISRE elements in the same promoter endows its targets with enhanced responsiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results enhance system-level understanding of the networks induced by TLRs and demonstrate the power of genomics approaches to delineate intricate transcriptional webs in mammalian systems. Such systems-level knowledge of the TLR network can be useful for designing ways to pharmacologically manipulate the activity of the innate immunity in pathological conditions in which either enhancement or repression of this branch of the immune system is desired.
authors.affiliation: The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. ranel@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elkon
authors.forename: Chaim
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linhart
authors.forename: Yonit
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Halperin
authors.forename: Yosef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiloh
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shamir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D051193:Toll-Like Receptors