title: Pattern and distribution of myocardial fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: a delayed enhanced magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence and pattern of myocardial fibrosis as detected by delayed enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), and to evaluate a possible association between myocardial fibrosis and cardiac arrhythmias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one patients with SSc underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring, Doppler echocardiography, and DE-MRI following gadolinium administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technically acceptable DE-MRIs were obtained in 36 patients with SSc. Enhancement on DE-MRI, consistent with myocardial fibrosis, was observed in 24 of these patients (66%), and it was invariably midwall with a linear pattern, mostly involving basal and midcavity segments of the left ventricle. The volume of enhancement (total volume percentage index [TVPI]) did not differ between patients with diffuse SSc and those with limited SSc (mean +/- SD 1.46 +/- 1.73% versus 1.44 +/- 1.77%; P = 0.98). Patients with a long duration (> or = 15 years) of Raynaud's phenomenon had a greater number of enhancing segments (mean +/- SD 6.55 +/- 4.93 versus 2.96 +/- 3.46; P = 0.017) and a greater TVPI (mean +/- SD 2.44 +/- 1.97% versus 1.02 +/- 1.43%; P = 0.02) than those with a duration of Raynaud's phenomenon <15 years. Nineteen patients with SSc (53%) had abnormal Holter study results. Compared with patients with normal Holter study results, those with abnormal results had a greater number of enhancing segments (mean +/- SD 5.4 +/- 4.8 versus 2.5 +/- 2.9; P < 0.05) and a greater TVPI (mean +/- SD 2.1 +/- 1.9% versus 0.8 +/- 1.2%; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DE-MRI can identify myocardial fibrosis in a significant percentage of patients with SSc and may be a useful noninvasive tool for determining cardiac involvement.
authors.affiliation: University of Athens Medical School, Laiko University Hospital, Athens, Greece. gtzelep@med.uoa.gr
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tzelepis
authors.forename: Nikolaos L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Kelekis
authors.forename: Sotiris C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Plastiras
authors.forename: Panayiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitseas
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Economopoulos
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kampolis
authors.forename: Elias J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gialafos
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moyssakis
authors.forename: Haralampos M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Moutsopoulos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium