title: Pregnancy in carriers of haemophilia.
abstract: The aim of the study was to review the complications, management and outcome of pregnancy in carriers of haemophilia over a 10-year period following the introduction of a multidisciplinary management guideline. Comparison was made to a 10-year cohort prior to implementation of the guidelines. A retrospective review of case notes of carriers of haemophilia (41 haemophilia A, 12 haemophilia B) who had received obstetric care at the Royal Free Hospital between 1995 and 2005 was conducted. There were 90 pregnancies (65 live births, 13 miscarriages, 12 terminations). Prenatal testing was taken up in 97% (63/65) of pregnancies where the mother was known to be a carrier of haemophilia. The majority (71%; 46/65) chose only to have non-invasive fetal sex determination. Seventeen (26%) had invasive testing (13 primarily for haemophilia and four primarily for chromosomal abnormalities). Termination of pregnancy was opted for in 67% (6/9) of pregnancies affected with haemophilia. Pregnancy was accompanied by a marked rise in factor VIII levels compared to only a small rise in factor IX levels. Invasive intrapartum monitoring techniques and instrumental deliveries were avoided in all pregnancies known to be at risk of haemophilia. Regional block was performed in 25 pregnancies for labour/delivery with no complications. The caesarean section rate was 47%. The incidence of primary and secondary postpartum haemorrhage was 19% and 2%, respectively. There were two neonatal head bleeding complications associated with prolonged labour or instrumental delivery. Availability of management guideline and care provided in a multidisciplinary approach can help to minimize bleeding complications in carriers of haemophilia and their newborns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shiltagh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kadir
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011250:Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies