title: External fixation of the pelvic ring: an experimental study on the role of pin diameter, pin position, and parasymphyseal fixator pins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanical properties of current external fixator systems for unstable (type C) pelvic ring fractures are inferior to internal fixation, and are not optimal for definitive treatment. We explored methods to increase stability of external fixator constructs.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental model was used for load tests. The same pelvic fixator was used while different pin diameters, pin positions, and modes of pubic symphysis fixation were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changing of the pin diameter of the unthreaded part from 6 to 8 mm resulted in an increase in stiffness of 20%. An increase in stiffness by a factor of 1.9 was found by placing a pin on the iliac crest and one supra-acetabular. An additional increase by a factor of 3.6 was obtained by adding pubic symphysis plate fixation. Parasymphyseal pin fixation instead reduced stiffness, but not so much as when parasymphyseal pins were connected to the external fixator of the pelvic ring. The final configuration was at least 6 times stiffer than the initial configuration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new concept of parasymphyseal pin fixation connected to an external fixator of the pelvic ring produces a considerable increase in stability for the treatment of type C pelvic ring injuries, as does an increase in pin diameter and alternative pin positioning.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Unit, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. K.J.Ponsen@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Kees-Jan
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ponsen
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Joosse
authors.forename: Gilbert A Hoek
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Van Dijke
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D016267:External Fixators; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery