title: Molecular imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression using targeted contrast-enhanced high-frequency ultrasonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to investigate the use of targeted contrast-enhanced high-frequency ultrasonography for molecular imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression on tumor vascular endothelium in murine models of breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Highly invasive metastatic (4T1) and nonmetatstatic (67NR) breast cancer cells were implanted in athymic nude mice. Tumors were examined in vivo with targeted contrast-enhanced high-frequency ultrasonography using a scanner with a 40-MHz probe. Randomized boluses of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) conjugated with an anti-VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody or an isotype control antibody (immunoglobulin G) were injected into the animals. Sonograms were analyzed by calculation of the normalized video intensity amplitudes caused by backscatter of the bound UCA. After ultrasonography, the tumor samples were harvested for analysis of VEGFR2 expression by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean video intensity amplitude caused by backscatter of the retained VEGFR2-targeted UCA was significantly higher than that of the control UCA (mean +/- SD: 4T1 tumors, 15 +/- 3.5 versus 7 +/- 1.6 dB; P < .01; 67NR tumors, 50 +/- 12.3 versus 12 +/- 2.6 dB; P < .01). There was a significant difference in VEGFR2-targeted UCA retention between 4T1 and 67NR tumors (normalized video intensity amplitudes, 15 +/- 3.5 and 50 +/- 12.3 dB, respectively; P < .001), and this correlated well with relative VEGFR2 expression in the two tumor types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeted contrast-enhanced high-frequency ultrasonography may enable in vivo molecular imaging of VEGFR2 expression on the tumor vascular endothelium and may be used for noninvasive longitudinal evaluation of tumor angiogenesis in preclinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, CCC-1118 MCN, 1161 21st Ave, Nashville, TN 37232-2675, USA. andrej.lyshchik@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyshchik
authors.forename: Arthur C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fleischer
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huamani
authors.forename: Dennis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hallahan
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brissova
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003287:Contrast Media; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D015336:Molecular Probe Techniques; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2