title: Are there attacking points in the eicosanoid cascade for chemotherapeutic options in benign meningiomas?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current treatment for recurrent or malignant meningiomas with adjuvant therapies has not been satisfactory, and there is an intense interest in evaluating new molecular markers to act as therapeutic targets. Enzymes of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) are upregulated in a number of epithelial tumors, but to date there are hardly any data about the expression of these markers in meningiomas. To find possible targets for chemotherapeutic intervention, the authors evaluated the expression of AA derivatives at different molecular levels in meningiomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-four meningioma surgical specimens and normal human cortical tissue samples were immunohistochemically and cytochemically stained for COX-2, COX-1, 5-LO, and prostaglandin E receptor 4 (PTGER4). In addition, Western blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were performed to detect the presence of eicosanoids in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty (63%) of 95 benign meningiomas, 21 (88%) of 24 atypical meningiomas, all five malignant meningiomas, and all normal human cortex samples displayed high COX-2 immunoreactivity. All cultured specimens and IOMM-Lee cells stained positive for COX-2, COX-1, 5-LO, and PTGER4. The PCR analysis demonstrated no changes in eicosanoid expression among meningiomas of different World Health Organization grades and in normal human cortical and dura mater tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eicosanoid derivatives COX-1, COX-2, 5-LO, and PTGER4 enzymes show a high universal expression in meningiomas but are not upregulated in normal human cortex and dura tissue. This finding of the ubiquitous presence of these enzymes in meningiomas offers an excellent baseline for testing upcoming chemotherapeutic treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pfrommer
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bornemann
authors.forename: Marcos S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tatagiba
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D008579:Meningioma / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000378:metabolism; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
chemical_list: D015777:Eicosanoids; C545650:PTGER4 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases