title: SENSE phase-constrained magnitude reconstruction with iterative phase refinement.
abstract: Conventional sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction is based on equations in the complex domain. However, for many MRI applications only the magnitude is relevant. If there exists an estimate of the underlying phase information, a magnitude-only phase-constrained reconstruction can help to improve the conditioning of the SENSE reconstruction problem. Consequently, this reduces g-factor-related noise enhancement. In previous attempts at phase-constrained SENSE reconstruction, image quality was hampered by strong aliasing artifacts resulting from inadequate phase estimates and high sensitivity to phase errors. If a full-resolution phase image is used, a significant reduction in aliasing errors and better noise properties compared to SENSE can be obtained. An iterative scheme that improves the phase estimate to better approximate the phase is presented. The mathematical framework of the new approach is provided together with comparisons of conventional SENSE, phase-constrained SENSE, and the new phase-refinement method. Both theory and experimental verification demonstrate significantly better noise performance at high reduction factors, i.e., close to the theoretical limit. For applications that need only magnitude data, an iterative phase-constrained SENSE reconstruction can provide substantial SNR improvement over SENSE reconstruction and less artifacts than phase-constrained SENSE.
authors.affiliation: Lucas MRS/I Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94035, USA. cdlew@stanfordalumni.org
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.forename: Angel R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spielman
authors.forename: Frandics
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bammer
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical