title: Choice of cardiac tissue in vitro plays an important role in assessing the risk of drug-induced cardiac arrhythmias in human: beyond QT prolongation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently we have demonstrated that to the choice of tissue type is important in identifying I(Kr) and I(Ks)-induced prolongation of the action potential. However, the differential sensitivity of cardiac tissues to other ionic current blockers or modulators is relatively unknown. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate tissue-specific effects of different ion channel blockers or activators on the action potential (AP), which can affect other parameters in addition to drug-induced APD/QT prolongation or shortening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrophysiological effects were measured in isolated rabbit Purkinje fibers, papillary muscles and ventricular trabeculae using a microelectrode technique under the following conditions: block of I(to) with 4-AP (1 x 10(-3) M), block of Ca(2+) channels with diltiazem (1 x 10(-5) M), block of Na(+) channels with flecainide (1 x 10(-5) M), activation of Ca(2+) current with Bay-K-8644 (1 x 10(-5) M), activation of K(ATP) channels with levcromakalim (1 x 10(-5) M) or block of I(K1) current with BaCl(2) (n=8 to 12 for each group). 4-AP prolonged APD significantly more in the Purkinje fiber than in the papillary muscle or the ventricular trabecula. 4-AP elicited 63% incidence of early afterdepolarizations but 0% in the papillary or trabeculae. Diltiazem and flecainide shortened APD(40) and APD(50) and increased triangulation more in the Purkinje fiber, whilst having little effect on these parameters in the papillary muscle or the ventricular trabecula. Bay-K-8644 significantly prolonged APD in the ventricular trabecula, but not in the Purkinje fiber or the papillary muscle. BaCl(2) prolonged APD(90) in all tissues, but significantly shortened APD(40) only in the Purkinje fiber. Levcromakalim shortened APD in all tissues, but significantly less in the Purkinje fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that certain cardiac tissues respond differently to the same ion channel blockers/activators, which are not involved in APD/QT prolongation. As such the appropriate selection of tissue needs to be taken into careful consideration in cardiac safety assessments when exploring different mechanisms of drug-induced changes in the action potential.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Safety Research, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. B-2340, Beerse, Belgium. mailtohlu@prdbe.jnj.com
authors.forename: Hua Rong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vlaminckx
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gallacher
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced; D009206:Myocardium; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000187:drug effects*; D010477:Perfusion; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D011690:Purkinje Fibers / Q000187:drug effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D015221:Potassium Channels