title: Effectiveness of chlorhexidine bathing to reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infections in medical intensive care unit patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether patients bathed daily with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) have a lower incidence of primary bloodstream infections (BSIs) compared with patients bathed with soap and water.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a 52-week, 2-arm, crossover (ie, concurrent control group) clinical trial with intention-to-treat analysis. The study setting was the 22-bed medical intensive care unit (MICU), which comprises 2 geographically separate, similar 11-bed units, of the John H. Stroger Jr (Cook County) Hospital, a 464-bed public teaching hospital in Chicago, Illinois. The study population comprised 836 MICU patients. During the first of 2 study periods (28 weeks), 1 hospital unit was randomly selected to serve as the intervention unit in which patients were bathed daily with 2% CHG-impregnated washcloths (Sage 2% CHG cloths; Sage Products Inc, Cary, Illinois); patients in the concurrent control unit were bathed daily with soap and water. After a 2-week wash-out period at the end of the first period, cleansing methods were crossed over for 24 more weeks. Main outcome measures included incidences of primary BSIs and clinical (culture-negative) sepsis (primary outcomes) and incidences of other infections (secondary outcomes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the CHG intervention arm were significantly less likely to acquire a primary BSI (4.1 vs 10.4 infections per 1000 patient days; incidence difference, 6.3 [95% confidence interval, 1.2-11.0). The incidences of other infections, including clinical sepsis, were similar between the units. Protection against primary BSI by CHG cleansing was apparent after 5 or more days in the MICU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily cleansing of MICU patients with CHG-impregnated cloths is a simple, effective strategy to decrease the rate of primary BSIs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bleasdale
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Trick
authors.forename: Ines M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Rosie D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lyles
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001494:Baths; D001512:Bedding and Linens; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine