title: Vasoactive hormone adrenomedullin and its binding protein: anti-inflammatory effects by up-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.
abstract: Sepsis is a critical inflammatory condition from which numerous patients die due to multiple organ failure and septic shock. The vasoactive hormone adrenomedullin (AM) and its binding protein (AMBP-1) are beneficial in sepsis by abrogating the progression to irreversible shock and decreasing proinflammatory cytokine release. To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism, we studied to determine the effect of the AM/AMBP-1 complex on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) expression and activation by using RAW264.7 cells and a rat endotoxemia model. LPS treatment significantly decreased PPAR-gamma expression in vivo and in vitro and was associated with increased TNF-alpha production. Treatment with AM/AMBP-1 for 4 h completely restored PPAR-gamma levels in both models, resulting in TNF-alpha suppression. In a knockdown model using small interfering RNA in RAW264.7 macrophages, AM/AMBP-1 failed to suppress TNF-alpha production in the absence of PPAR-gamma. LPS caused the suppression of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), which was prevented by simultaneous AM/AMBP-1 treatment. Although incubation with dibutyryl cAMP significantly decreased LPS-induced TauNuF-alpha release, it did not alter PPAR-gamma expression. Through inhibition studies using genistein and PD98059 we found that the Pyk-2 tyrosine kinase-ERK1/2 pathway is in part responsible for the AM/AMBP-1-mediated induction of PPAR-gamma and the anti-inflammatory effect. We conclude that AM/AMBP-1 is protective in sepsis due to its vasoactive properties and direct anti-inflammatory effects mediated through both the cAMP-dependent pathway and Pyk-2-ERK1/2-dependent induction of PPAR-gamma.
authors.affiliation: Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miksa
authors.forename: Rongqian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiaoxuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Weifeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Padmalaya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: H Hank
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Simms
authors.forename: Thanjavur S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ravikumar
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D017242:Complement Factor H / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051418:Focal Adhesion Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D047495:PPAR gamma; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D017242:Complement Factor H; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D051418:Focal Adhesion Kinase 2; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3