title: Use of flow cytometry with fluorescent antibodies in real-time monitoring of simultaneously inoculated alcoholic-malolactic fermentation of Chardonnay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor in real-time the changes in microbial populations and chemistry of grape juice simultaneously inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus oeni.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viable populations of S. cerevisiae and O. oeni in Chardonnay fermentations were identified and quantified using fluorescent dyes and fluorescently labelled antibodies in a flow cytometric assay. Fermentation chemistry was monitored using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, except for malic acid which was measured enzymatically. Malic acid utilization by O. oeni was greatest in the presence of the yeast Cepage. Growth of O. oeni was substantially slower in the presence of the yeast VL1. The three yeasts had similar fermentation rates in the presence and absence of O. oeni.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viable and nonviable yeast and bacterial populations can be rapidly discriminated in simultaneous malolactic-alcoholic wine fermentations using antibodies, fluorescent dyes and flow cytometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study using fluorescently labelled antibodies to discriminate and monitor yeast and bacterial populations in wine fermentations and offers a new approach to investigating microbial interactions in wine fermentations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, California State University, Fresno, California 93740, USA. susanr@csufresno.edu
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Thornton
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods*; D007934:Leuconostoc / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D008293:Malates; D000431:Ethanol; C030298:malic acid