title: Trial of self-expandable metallic stents in the palliation of tracheo-oesophageal fistula in carcinoma of the oesophagus.
abstract: METHODS
  Fifty-eight patients with cancer of the oesophagus were studied from July 2002 to November 2005. Thirty-seven patients presented with strictures and 21 presented with tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF).
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 35 males and 23 females. Mean age was 57 years. Stents were positioned under fluoroscopic guidance, in the majority of cases under conscious sedation. A contrast study was done on day 1 to assess stent expansion and sealing of the TOF. Data were analysed using Stata Statistcal Software, Release 8.0. Survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier methodology and log-rank tests were used to assess differences. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stenting was successful in 57 of the 58 patients; 1 perforation occurred at the time of insertion. In total, 68 stents were inserted in 58 patients. Re-stenting was necessary in 10 patients, because of tumour overgrowth (N = 5), stent migration (N = 3) and recurrent fistula (N = 2). Dysphagia improved from a mean score of 2.98 to 1.08. All lesions were squamous cell carcinoma. The positions of the fistulas were proximal (N = 4), middle (N = 14) and distal (N = 3). Over half of the patients in the TOF group had concomitant pneumonia at presentation with decreased survival (p = 0.010) and a hazard ratio of 10.86. Two patients died, on days 4 and 7 respectively. Median survival was 91 days (range 0-273 days) for the stricture group and 62 days (range 3-413 days) for the TOF group, but these differences were not significant (p = 0.945).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Covered self-expandable metallic stents provide an acceptable option for the palliation of TOF due to cancer of the oesophagus.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Motilall
authors.forename: M C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Modiba
authors.forename: L D R
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Tsatsi
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D013534:Survival; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000601:surgery*