title: 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)methane activates Nur77-independent proapoptotic responses in colon cancer cells.
abstract: 1,1-Bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOCH(3)) is a methylene-substituted diindolylmethane (C-DIM) analog that activates the orphan receptor nerve growth factor-induced-Balpha (NGFI-Balpha, Nur77). RNA interference studies with small inhibitory RNA for Nur77 demonstrate that DIM-C-pPhOCH(3) induces Nur77-dependent and -independent apoptosis, and this study has focused on delineating the Nur77-independent proapoptotic pathways induced by the C-DIM analog. DIM-C-pPhOCH(3) induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in RKO colon cancer cells through decreased mitochondrial membrane potential which is accompanied by increased mitochondrial bax/bcl-2 ratios and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. DIM-C-pPhOCH(3) also induced phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-dependent activation of early growth response gene-1 which, in turn, induced expression of the proapoptotic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG1) in RKO and SW480 colon cancer cells. Moreover, DIM-C-pPhOCH(3) also induced NAG-1 expression in colon tumors in athymic nude mice bearing RKO cells as xenografts. DIM-C-pPhOCH(3) also activated the extrinsic apoptosis pathway through increased phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase which, in turn, activated C/EBP homologous transcription factor (CHOP) and death receptor 5 (DR5). Thus, the effectiveness of DIM-C-pPhOCH(3) as a tumor growth inhibitor is through activation of Nur77-dependent and -independent pathways.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Sung Dae
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Maen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdelrahim
authors.forename: Kyungsil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Shengxi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Sabitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papineni
authors.forename: Sudhakar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chintharlapalli
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Safe
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C512018:1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)methane; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; C539821:NR4A1 protein, human; C539818:Nr4a1 protein, mouse; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D014157:Transcription Factors