title: Cellular toxicity of elsinochrome phytotoxins produced by the pathogenic fungus, Elsinoë fawcettii causing citrus scab.
abstract: Elsinochromes are the red/orange pigments produced by many Elsinoë fungal species and are structurally similar to the phytotoxin, cercosporin. Here, pigments were extracted from cultures of a citrus pathogen, Elsinoë fawcettii and tested for cellular toxicity. On irradiation with light, elsinochromes rapidly killed suspension cultured citrus and tobacco cells. The toxicity was decreased by adding the singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) quenchers (bixin (carotenoid carboxylic acid), DABCO (1, 4-diazabicyco octane), ascorbate or reduced glutathione). Application of elsinochromes onto rough lemon leaves resulted in necrotic lesions, whereas lesion development was inhibited by the addition of bixin, DABCO or ascorbate, but not a-tocopherol. Incubation of rough lemon leaf discs with elsinochromes in the light induced a steady increase of electrolyte leakage. Compared with two photosensitizing compounds, hematoporphyrin and cercosporin, the accumulation of (1)O(2) induced by elsinochromes after irradiation was indicated by successful detection of the cholesterol oxidation product, 5a-hydroperoxide. Addition of a potent quencher, beta-carotene prevented 5alpha-hydroperoxide production. Elsinochromes generated superoxide ions (O(2)(*-)), whereas accumulation of O(2)(*-)was blocked by addition of the superoxide dismutase, a scavenger of O(2)(*-), but not the (1)O(2)-quencher, DABCO. Our study indicated that elsinochromes are functioning as photosensitizing compounds that produce (1)O(2)and O(2)(*-), and exert toxicity to plant cells.
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research and Education Center, and Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA.
authors.forename: Hui-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research and Education Center, and Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA.
authors.forename: Kuang-Ren
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002957:Citrus / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004573:Electrolytes; D008027:Light; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects; D011809:Quinones / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D011809:Quinones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species