title: Opposite roles of MRF4 and MyoD in cell proliferation and myogenic differentiation.
abstract: The basic helix-loop-helix myogenic regulatory factors play critical roles in skeletal myogenesis. Among the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), MRF4 shows a biphasic expression pattern during the formation of myotomes, although its function remains unclear. In this study, we used BEF (spontaneously immortalized bovine embryonic fibroblast that shows myogenic differentiation by overexpression of MyoD) and C2C12 cells to investigate the function of MRF4. Ectopic expressions of MRF4 did not stimulate myogenic differentiation in the BEF and C2C12 cells, but did show a marked increase of cell proliferation, upregulation of cyclin E, and downregulation of p21WAF1. Furthermore, MRF4 was found to induce degradation of the MyoD protein, which acts as a transcriptional activator for p21WAF1, and thus indicates that MRF4 accelerates cell proliferation by suppressing MyoD-dependent p21WAF1 expression. However, forced expression of MyoD in the MRF4-overexpressing cells inhibited cell proliferation and partially induced myogenic differentiation, which suggests that MyoD is a potential negative intercessor of MRF4 in the regulation of the cell cycle. Taken together, these results indicate that MRF4 and MyoD play competitive roles in myogenesis by stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Jong-Gun
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Myung-Joo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Ho-Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Young-Woo
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Xumin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pian
authors.forename: Jin Long
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Namkyung
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeesoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Hyunggee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Changguo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Ji Hui
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yun-Jaie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kwang Youn
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Whang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D051379:Mice; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000502:physiology*; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017570:MyoD Protein; C057363:MyoD1 myogenic differentiation protein; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; C063403:myogenic factor 6