title: Rhinocerebral zygomycosis: an increasingly frequent challenge: update and favorable outcomes in two cases.
abstract: Zygomycosis or mucormycosis is an increasingly frequent life-threatening infection caused by opportunistic fungal organisms of the class Zygomycetes. The pathognomonic feature is the presence of invasive aseptate mycelia that are larger than other filamentous fungi with the hyphae exhibiting right angle and haphazard branching. Usually classified as rhinocerebral, disseminated, and cutaneous types, this classification serves as important predictor of pathogenesis and outcome. These occur mostly in immunosuppressed patients including individuals with diabetes (43% exhibit the rhino-cerebral form) and patients with organ transplants and hematologic malignancies. Without early aggressive treatment, the disease follows a dismal and fatal course. The prognosis has not shown any appreciable change in the past 40 years with a stagnant mortality rate of 44%. We present 2 cases of rhinocerebral zygomycosis (RCZ), in a 58-year-old male and a 63-year-old female; both were poorly controlled diabetic patients with maxillary lesions suggestive of osteomyelitis. The patients were leading a near normal life with minimal discomfort or signs and symptoms of underlying mycosis. Most of the health care professionals treating these patients often overlooked the disease or recommended inadequate therapy. Despite long delays and inadequate initial therapy these patients survived with little outward morbidity. The prognosis for this condition may therefore be considered less dire than previously thought.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammed N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Leslie J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Celestina
authors.forename: Junu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ojha
authors.forename: Reinaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Claudio
authors.forename: Indraneel B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008439:Maxillary Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D020096:Zygomycosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy