title: Perceptions of drug color among drug sellers and consumers in rural southwestern Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Color is commonly used for branding and coding consumer products including medications. People associate certain colors in tablets and capsules with the effect of the drug and the illness for which it is meant. Color coding was introduced in age-specific prepacked antimalarial drugs for preschool aged children in Nigeria by the National Malaria Control Committee. Yellow was designated for the younger ages and blue for the older. The National Malaria Control Committee did not perform market research to learn how their color codes would be perceived by consumers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed at determining perceptions of both consumers and sellers of medicines at the community level to learn about color likes and dislikes that might influence acceptance of new color-coded child prepacks of antimalarial drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative methods were used to determine perceptions of drug colors. A series of focus group interviews were conducted with male and female community members, and in-depth interviews were held with medicine sellers in the Igbo-Ora community in southwestern Nigeria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents clearly associated medicines with their effects and purpose, for example white drugs for pain relief, red for building blood, blue to aid sleep, and yellow for malaria treatment. Medicine vendors had a low opinion of white colored medicines, but community members were ultimately more concerned about efficacy. The perceived association between yellow and malaria, because of local symptom perceptions of eyes turning yellowish during malaria, yielded a favorable response when consumers were shown the yellow prepacks. The response to blue was noncommittal but consumers indicated that if they were properly educated on the efficacy and function of the new drugs they would likely buy them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community members will accept yellow as an antimalarial drug but health education will be needed for promoting the idea of blue for malaria and the notion of age-specific packets. Therefore, the strong medicine vendor-training component that accompanied roll out of these prepacks in the pilot states needs to be replicated nationally.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. bbbrieger@yahoo.com
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Brieger
authors.forename: Kabiru K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Salami
authors.forename: Frederick O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Oshiname
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003116:Color; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003625:Data Collection; D004349:Drug Packaging; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D019981:Health Care Sector; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010465:Perception; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D012424:Rural Population
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations