title: A diagnostic support tool for lumbar spinal stenosis: a self-administered, self-reported history questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is no validated gold-standard diagnostic support tool for LSS, and therefore an accurate diagnosis depends on clinical assessment. Assessment of the diagnostic value of the history of the patient requires an evaluation of the differences and overlap of symptoms of the radicular and cauda equina types; however, no tool is available for evaluation of the LSS category. We attempted to develop a self-administered, self-reported history questionnaire as a diagnostic support tool for LSS using a clinical epidemiological approach. The aim of the present study was to use this tool to assess the diagnostic value of the history of the patient for categorization of LSS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The initial derivation study included 137 patients with LSS and 97 with lumbar disc herniation who successfully recovered following surgical treatment. The LSS patients were categorized into radicular and cauda equina types based on history, physical examinations, and MRI. Predictive factors for overlapping symptoms between the two types and for cauda equina symptoms in LSS were derived by univariate analysis. A self-administered, self-reported history questionnaire (SSHQ) was developed based on these findings. A prospective derivation study was then performed in a series of 115 patients with LSS who completed the SSHQ before surgery. All these patients recovered following surgical treatment. The sensitivity of the SSHQ was calculated and clinical prediction rules for LSS were developed. A validation study was subsequently performed on 250 outpatients who complained of lower back pain with or without leg symptoms. The sensitivity and specificity of the SSHQ were calculated, and the test-retest reliability over two weeks was investigated in 217 patients whose symptoms remained unchanged.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The key predictive factors for overlapping symptoms between the two categories of LSS were age > 50, lower-extremity pain or numbness, increased pain when walking, increased pain when standing, and relief of symptoms on bending forward (odds ratio > or = 2, p < 0.05). The key predictive factors for cauda equina type symptoms were numbness around the buttocks, walking almost causes urination, a burning sensation around the buttocks, numbness in the soles of both feet, numbness in both legs, and numbness without pain (odds ratio > or = 2, p < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of the SSHQ were 84% and 78%, respectively, in the validation data set. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.797 in the derivation set and 0.782 in the validation data set. In the test-retest analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient for the first and second tests was 85%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new self-administered, self-reported history questionnaire was developed successfully as a diagnostic support tool for LSS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan. skonno@fmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Yasuhisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: You-ichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takei
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Shou-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kokubun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001416:Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006987:Hypesthesia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007866:Leg / Q000503:physiopathology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011128:Polyradiculopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires