title: Oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma: a 30-year review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify novel aspects of the pathogenesis, therapeutic options, and prophylaxis measures of corticosteroid-dependent asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed searches were undertaken of studies published between 1966 and 2006 on the pathogenesis of and corticosteroid-sparing therapies for corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Identified review articles were surveyed for additional and earlier citations. Recent American Academy of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology meeting abstracts were also searched to identify other recently published and unpublished studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion of studies in the review was decided by simple agreement of both reviewers, who independently read the "Methods" and "Discussion" sections of articles identified using the search strategy. Quality assessment was performed by the 2 reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-dose inhaled corticosteroids are the first-line option for corticosteroid-dependent asthmatic patients with clear efficacy. Omalizumab is effective in reducing oral corticosteroid requirements in allergic asthma. Methotrexate, gold, and cyclosporine have corticosteroid-sparing effects clinically that must be weighed against a serious adverse effect profile. Nebulized diuretics and lidocaine, with a low adverse effect profile, offer promising results but require further study. Clarithromycin and telithromycin seem to have an independent mechanism of inflammatory modulation, but their effect on corticosteroid-dependent asthma remains to be seen. Etanercept offers only early clinical evidence of a role in corticosteroid-dependent asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With no clear consensus on corticosteroid-sparing treatment in corticosteroid-dependent asthmatic patients, systemic glucocorticoids remain the foremost therapy, with adverse effects that require monitoring and prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: UCLA West Los Angeles VA, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA. docrandhawa@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Inderpal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Randhawa
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Klaustermeyer
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents