title: Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive children: evaluation at 12 months in a routine program in Cambodia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing access to highly active antiretroviral therapy to reach all those in need in developing countries (scale up) is slowly expanding to HIV-positive children, but documented experience remains limited. We aimed to describe the clinical, immunologic, and virologic outcomes of pediatric patients with >12 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy in 2 routine programs in Cambodia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 2003 and March 2005, 212 children who were younger than 13 years started highly active antiretroviral therapy. Most patients started a standard first-line regimen of lamivudine, stavudine, and nevirapine, using split adult fixed-dosage combinations. CD4 percentage and body weight were monitored routinely. A cross-sectional virologic analysis was conducted in January 2006; genotype resistance testing was performed for patients with a detectable viral load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of the subjects was 6 years. Median CD4 percentage at baseline was 6. Survival was 92% at 12 months and 91% at 24 months; 13 patients died, and 4 were lost to follow-up. A total of 81% of all patients had an undetectable viral load. Among the patients with a detectable viral load, most mutations were associated with resistance to lamivudine and non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor drugs. Five patients had developed extensive antiretroviral resistance. Being an orphan was found to be a predictor of virologic failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides additional evidence of the effectiveness of integrating HIV/AIDS care with highly active antiretroviral therapy for children in a routine setting, with good virologic suppression and immunologic recovery achieved by using split adult fixed-dosage combinations. Viral load monitoring and HIV genotyping are valuable tools for the clinical follow-up of the patients. Orphans should receive careful follow-up and extra support.
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. b.janssens@bigfoot.com
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raleigh
authors.forename: Seithaboth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soeung
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akao
authors.forename: Vantha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Te
authors.forename: Jitendra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Mean Chhy
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vun
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Janin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nouhin
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nerrienet
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D002160:Cambodia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods