title: Intravenous rt-PA: a tenth anniversary reflection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical trials with rt-PA for treating AIS began 20 years ago in 1987, and the pivotal NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study was completed and published in 1995 with FDA approval in 1996, about 10 years ago. A large number of articles emanated from that study and have established the efficacy and generalizability of this treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we summarize the background of how the NINDS trial was developed and carried out and its main findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study resulted from preclincal and pilot studies and paralleled similar studies carried out around the world. Its positive results, compared with the other trials, probably were due to the early time window for treatment and well-organized clinical and statistical centers. Many controversies have surrounded its use since its approval. As a result of the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study, many new approaches to thrombolytic therapy are under evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study have affected the management of patients with acute stroke worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA. james.c.grotta@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grotta
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marler
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000266:history*; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000266:history; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000266:history / Q000592:standards; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D020767:Intracranial Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.) / Q000266:history; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator