title: "No thanks, it keeps me awake": the genetics of coffee-attributed sleep disturbance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous genetic investigations of sleep disturbance have shown various measures of sleep quality and sleep pattern to be heritable. But none of these studies have investigated the genetic predisposition to sleep disturbance attributed to caffeine. In this study, the heritability of coffee-attributed sleep disturbance and its relationship with other sleep measures were estimated, and chromosomal regions influencing this trait were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  A classical twin design was used to estimate the heritability of coffee-attributed sleep disturbance and its genetic covariance with other measures of sleep disturbance (e.g., due to anxiety, depression) and sleep quality (e.g., variability in sleep quality). To locate quantitative trait loci influencing coffee-attributed sleep disturbance, a genome-wide linkage screen of 1395 microsatellite markers was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 3808 Australian adult twin pairs (n = 1799 monozygous pairs; n = 2009 dizygous pairs). A subsample of 1989 individuals from 1175 families was used for the linkage analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heritability of coffee-attributed sleep disturbance (measured by self report) was approximately 0.40, with three fourths of this genetic variance explained by genes unrelated to the general sleep disturbance factor. One region of significant linkage to coffee-attributed sleep disturbance was identified on chromosome 2q (LOD score of 2.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although no candidate genes known to be related to caffeine metabolism or sleep disorder were identified in the significant linkage region, 2 candidates were found under a smaller peak on chromosome 17q.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia. michelle.luciano@qimr.edu.au
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: Ghu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Nicholas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002897:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003069:Coffee