Second-line treatment for Cushing's disease when initial pituitary surgery is unsuccessful.
OBJECTIVE
Adenectomy via transsphenoidal surgery is considered the treatment of choice for Cushing's disease. It is successful in about 80% of patients in the hands of an experienced surgeon. When transsphenoidal surgery fails or is contraindicated, a second-line treatment must be chosen. The review focuses on second-line treatment options.


RESULTS
Repeat pituitary surgery results in the cure of Cushing's disease in about 50% of cases. Bilateral adrenalectomy results in resolution of hypercortisolemia in almost all patients, but leaves the patient glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficient. Nelson's syndrome, depending on the definition, occurs in up to 35% of these patients. Irradiation of the residual pituitary tumor typically takes several years before the full effect is realized; it can cause panhypopituitarism. Finally, pharmacologic treatment of persistent hypercortisolemia can be effective, but is often associated with untoward side effects. These side effects are a powerful deterrent to its use. Several new pharmacologic agents are being studied and show some promise.


CONCLUSIONS
Each of the second-line treatments for Cushing's disease currently available can be effective at treating hypercortisolism, but each has significant limitations. New pharmacologic agents may soon offer some very exciting treatment options.
Fleseriu
Maria
M
Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. fleseriu@ohsu.edu
Loriaux
D Lynn
DL
Ludlam
William H
WH
D000315:Adrenalectomy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery*