title: Safety evaluation of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 as assessed in BALB/c mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 in BALB/c mice that involves examination of bacterial translocation, changes in the internal organs and histology of the intestinal lining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty male BALB/c mice were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 8). Three groups were orally fed with 50 microl of three different concentrations of B. pseudocatenulatum G4 (2 x 10(4), 1 x 10(8) and 1 x 10(11) CFU day(-1)) for 4 weeks. One group was orally administered with 50 microl of 1 x 10(8) CFU B. longum BB536 per day for 4 weeks and last group was used as a nonbifidobacterial treatment control, which received 50 microl of skim milk. The administered strains did not affect the general health of mice and incapable of carrying out translocation to blood or liver. There were no significant differences in the internal organ (liver, heart, kidney and spleen) indices, serum enzymes of liver (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphate, alanine aminotransferase) and kidney (urea and creatinine) and histology (villi height, crypts height, mucosa thickness and epithelial cell height) of caecum, ileum and colon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of high dose of up to 1 x 10(11) CFU B. pseudocatenulatum G4 per day to mice did not show any health threatening symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 is none pathogenic to BALB/c mice and could be safe probiotic for human consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Service and Management, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kabeir
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Yazid
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stephenie
authors.forename: M Nazrul
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.forename: O Muhammad
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Anas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shuhaimi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D001644:Bifidobacterium; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D004064:Digestive System / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D004798:Enzymes / Q000097:blood; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes