title: Autonomic dysfunction in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: studies of heart rate variability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of autonomic dysfunction in HIV patients is largely unknown. Early studies found autonomic dysfunction in patients with AIDS. Introduction of highly active antiretroviral combination therapy (ART) has dramatically changed the course of the disease and improved prognosis and decreased morbidity. At present it is not known whether introduction of ART also has decreased autonomic dysfunction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether autonomic dysfunction is present in an ART-treated HIV population.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV patients receiving ART for at least 3 years (n = 16) and an age-matched control group of healthy volunteers (n = 12) were included. All were non-smokers, non-diabetic and had never received medication for dyslipidaemia or hypertension. Following a 10 min resting period a 5 min ECG recording was performed. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis was performed in accordance with current guidelines and data reported as median (interquartile range).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resting heart rate was higher in HIV patients compared with controls [69 (62-74) versus 57 (52-60); P<0.001]. Total HRV measured as standard deviation of normal-to-normal (SONN) was lower in the HIV group compared with the controls [36 (25-55) versus 74 (57-84) ms; P<0.01] as was parasympathetic activity measured as square root of the mean squared difference of successive normal-to-normal intervals (RMSSD) [22 (9-30) versus 35 (24-62) ms; P<0.05]. Low frequency power was lower in the HIV group compared with the control group [294 (161-602) versus 946 (711-1668) ms(2); P<0.01]. High frequency power as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not differ between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HIV patients in ART have increased resting heart rate and decreased short-term heart rate variability indicating parasympathetic dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne-Mette
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lebech
authors.forename: Ulrik Sloth
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Kristoffersen
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mehlsen
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wiinberg
authors.forename: Claus Leth
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Birger
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerstoft
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kjaer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents