title: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and AM 404 protect against cerebral ischaemia in gerbils through a mechanism involving cannabinoid and opioid receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been suggested that the endocannabinoid system elicits neuroprotection against excitotoxic brain damage. In the present study the therapeutic potential of AM 404 on ischaemia-induced neuronal injury was investigated in vivo and compared with that of the classical cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) agonist, delta 9-tetraydrocannabinol (THC), using a model of transient global cerebral ischaemia in the gerbil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of AM 404 (0.015-2 mg kg(-1)) and THC (0.05-2 mg kg(-1)), given 5 min after ischaemia, were measured from 1 h to 7 days in terms of electroencephalographic (EEG) total spectral power, spontaneous motor activity, memory function, rectal temperature and hippocampal CA1 neuronal count.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the dose range tested, AM 404 (2 mg kg(-1)) and THC (1 mg kg(-1)) completely reversed the ischaemia-induced behavioural, EEG and histological damage. Only THC (1 and 2 mg kg(-1)) induced a decrease of body temperature. Pretreatment with the selective CB1 receptor antagonist, AM 251 (1 mg kg(-1)) and the opioid antagonist, naloxone (2 mg kg(-1)) reversed the protective effect induced by both AM 404 and THC while the TRPV1 vanilloid antagonist, capsazepine (0.01 mg kg(-1)), was ineffective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that AM 404 and THC reduce neuronal damage caused by bilateral carotid occlusion in gerbils and that this protection is mediated through an interaction with CB1 and opioid receptors. Endocannabinoids might form the basis for the development of new neuroprotective drugs useful for the treatment of stroke and other neurodegenerative pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zani
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Braida
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Capurro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005849:Gerbillinae; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; D013759:Dronabinol; C107594:N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)arachidonylamide