title: Inhibitory effect of linomide on lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in RAW264.7 macrophages through suppression of NF-kappaB, p38, and JNK activation.
abstract: Linomide is an immunomodulator that can effectively inhibit the development of several autoimmune diseases in animal models. Previously, linomide was shown to influence macrophage function, although the mechanism was elusive. In this study, we investigated the effect of linomide on the macrophage inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro on the murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7. Linomide exposure reduced LPS-evoked TNF-alpha production in a dose-dependent manner. Gel shift and reporter gene analyses revealed linomide inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappaB binding to the NF-kappaB consensus oligonucleotide and NF-kappaB-mediated reporter gene expression. Immunoblot analysis showed that linomide inhibited phosphorylation of p38 kinase and c-jun N terminal kinase (JNK) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that linomide inhibits TNF-alpha production by suppressing the activation of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which might, at least in part, contribute to the beneficial effects of linomide in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Wen-Xia
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yong-Xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jun-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jun-Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Ri-Fang
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Liu-Hong
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Yun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006912:Hydroxyquinolines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C045282:roquinimex; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases