title: The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001-2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trichomonas vaginalis infection is a common sexually transmitted protozoal infection and is associated with several adverse health outcomes, such as preterm birth, delivery of a low-birth weight infant, and facilitation of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. The annual incidence in the United States has been estimated to be 3-5 million cases. However, there are no data on the prevalence of trichomoniasis among all reproductive-age women. We estimated the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection from a nationally representative sample of women in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged 14-49 years who participated in the National Health and Examination Survey cycles for 2001-2004 provided self-collected vaginal swab specimens. The vaginal fluids extracted from these swabs were evaluated for the presence of T. vaginalis using polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 3754 (81%) of 4646 women provided swab specimens. The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection was 3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3%-4.3%); for non-Hispanic white women, it was 1.3% (95% CI, 0.7%-2.3%); for Mexican American women, it was 1.8% (95% CI, 0.9%-3.7%); and for non-Hispanic black women, it was 13.3% (95% CI, 10.0%-17.7%). Factors that remained associated with increased likelihood of T. vaginalis infection in multivariable analyses included non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, being born in the United States, a greater number of lifetime sex partners, increasing age, lower educational level, poverty, and douching.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection among women in the United States was 3.1%. A significant racial disparity exists; the prevalence among non-Hispanic black women was 10.3 times higher than that among non-Hispanic white and Mexican American women. Optimal prevention and control strategies for T. vaginalis infection should be explored as a means of closing the racial disparity gaps and decreasing adverse health outcomes due to T. vaginalis infection.
authors.affiliation: National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. zxa3@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Madeline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: Emilia H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Koumans
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McQuillan
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Markowitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017058:Mexican Americans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014247:Trichomonas Vaginitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014621:Vagina / Q000469:parasitology; D044465:White People