Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of amide prodrugs of ketorolac.
Ketorolac (KC) suffers from the general side effects of NSAIDs, owing to presence of free carboxylic acid group. The study aimed to retard the adverse effects of gastrointestinal origin. Ten prodrugs of KC were synthesized by amidation with ethyl esters of amino acids, namely, glycine, l-phenylalanine, l-tryptophan, l-valine, l-isoleucine, l-alanine, l-leucine, l-glutamic acid, l-aspartic acid and beta-alanine. Purified synthesized prodrugs were characterized by m.p., TLC, solubility, partition coefficients, elemental analyses, UV, FTIR, NMR and MS. Synthesized prodrugs were subjected for biopharmaceutical studies, analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities and ulcerogenic index. Marked reduction of ulcerogenic index and comparable analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities were obtained in all cases as compared to KC. Among synthesized prodrugs, viz. AR-11, AR-19 and AR-20 showed excellent pharmacological response and encouraging hydrolysis rate both in SIF and in 80% human plasma. Prodrugs with increased aliphatic side chain length or introduction of aromatic substituent showed enhanced partition coefficient but diminished dissolution and hydrolysis rates. Such prodrugs can be considered for sustained release purpose.
Mishra
Ashutosh
A
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003, India.
Veerasamy
Ravichandran
R
Jain
Prateek Kumar
PK
Dixit
Vinod Kumar
VK
Agrawal
Ram Kishor
RK
D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000097:blood / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012995:Solubility; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014456:Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced
D000577:Amides; D011355:Prodrugs; D020910:Ketorolac