title: Genome sequence of Babesia bovis and comparative analysis of apicomplexan hemoprotozoa.
abstract: Babesia bovis is an apicomplexan tick-transmitted pathogen of cattle imposing a global risk and severe constraints to livestock health and economic development. The complete genome sequence was undertaken to facilitate vaccine antigen discovery, and to allow for comparative analysis with the related apicomplexan hemoprotozoa Theileria parva and Plasmodium falciparum. At 8.2 Mbp, the B. bovis genome is similar in size to that of Theileria spp. Structural features of the B. bovis and T. parva genomes are remarkably similar, and extensive synteny is present despite several chromosomal rearrangements. In contrast, B. bovis and P. falciparum, which have similar clinical and pathological features, have major differences in genome size, chromosome number, and gene complement. Chromosomal synteny with P. falciparum is limited to microregions. The B. bovis genome sequence has allowed wide scale analyses of the polymorphic variant erythrocyte surface antigen protein (ves1 gene) family that, similar to the P. falciparum var genes, is postulated to play a role in cytoadhesion, sequestration, and immune evasion. The approximately 150 ves1 genes are found in clusters that are distributed throughout each chromosome, with an increased concentration adjacent to a physical gap on chromosome 1 that contains multiple ves1-like sequences. ves1 clusters are frequently linked to a novel family of variant genes termed smorfs that may themselves contribute to immune evasion, may play a role in variant erythrocyte surface antigen protein biology, or both. Initial expression analysis of ves1 and smorf genes indicates coincident transcription of multiple variants. B. bovis displays a limited metabolic potential, with numerous missing pathways, including two pathways previously described for the P. falciparum apicoplast. This reduced metabolic potential is reflected in the B. bovis apicoplast, which appears to have fewer nuclear genes targeted to it than other apicoplast containing organisms. Finally, comparative analyses have identified several novel vaccine candidates including a positional homolog of p67 and SPAG-1, Theileria sporozoite antigens targeted for vaccine development. The genome sequence provides a greater understanding of B. bovis metabolism and potential avenues for drug therapies and vaccine development.
authors.affiliation: Program in Genomics, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA. kbrayton@vetmed.wsu
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brayton
authors.forename: Audrey O T
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Herndon
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hannick
authors.forename: Lowell S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kappmeyer
authors.forename: Shawn J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Berens
authors.forename: Shelby L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bidwell
authors.forename: Wendy C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crabtree
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fadrosh
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feldblum
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Forberger
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Jeanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khouri
authors.forename: Hean
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Junzo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norimine
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Radune
authors.forename: Qinghu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Roger K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wortman
authors.forename: Donald P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: Terry F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: McElwain
authors.forename: Vishvanath M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nene
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D016793:Babesia bovis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000469:parasitology; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002875:Chromosomes; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000032:analysis; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D015698:Genomic Library; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D026801:Synteny; D016797:Theileria parva / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D015800:Protozoan Proteins