title: Depression, hopelessness, and sleep in cancer patients' desire for death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clinical characteristics and risk factors for hastened death in advanced cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients completed the Greek version of Schedule of Attitudes toward Hastened Death (G-SAHD), a sleep quality measure, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a Greek version of a depression inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a hopelessness scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for the assessment of pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The final sample consisted of 102 terminally ill cancer patients attending a Palliative Care Unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant associations were found between G-SAHD and patients performance status (ECOG) (chi2 = 8.62, p = 0.003). Strongest associations were observed between desire for death, depression, and hopelessness (r = 0.468, p < 0.0005, r = 0.678, p < 0.0005, respectively). In the prediction of G-SHAD the contribution of "hopelessness" (p < 0.0005), "depression" (p < 0.0005), "use of sleeping medication" (p < 0.0005), and "sleep quality" (p = 0.001) was high (59% of variance).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression, hopelessness, and sleep quality appeared to have a statistically significant relationship with desire for hastened death. Health care professionals finding desire for death in advanced cancer patients should not only consider depression and hopelessness, but also other factors such as poor sleep quality in their diagnostic formulations in order to provide the appropriate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Pain Relief and Palliative Care Unit, Department of Radiology, Areteion Hospital, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Greece. mistakidou@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kyriaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mystakidou
authors.forename: Efi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parpa
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsilika
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pathiaki
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galanos
authors.forename: Lambros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vlahos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology; D014175:Translating