title: Unilateral cervical facet fractures with subluxation: injury patterns and treatment.
abstract: METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of patients with unilateral cervical facet fractures from a Level I academic trauma center.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine fracture patterns involving only the facets, to examine the incidence of associated neurologic and vascular injuries, and to determine optimum management strategies for these injuries.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Most of the literature regarding unilateral cervical facet injuries has resulted from studies evaluating dislocated locked facets, "fracture-dislocations," or fractures of the lateral mass and pedicle.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed our experience with unilateral fractures of the facets, identifying 25 cases over a 5-year period. Presenting history, neurologic examination, imaging findings, method of reduction, interval to surgery, type of surgery, and evaluation for vascular injuries were recorded. Fusion was assessed by plain radiographs and computed tomography scans at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 25 patients were treated operatively. Ten of the fractures involved the superior articular process, 13 involved the inferior articular process, and 2 cases involved both. The most commonly affected level was at C6/7. Twenty-one of the 25 patients underwent anterior stabilization, 3 underwent posterior stabilization, and 1 underwent anterior-posterior stabilization. Eleven patients underwent diagnostic 4-vessel angiography, revealing 2 patients with vertebral artery injuries. Average follow-up was 11.5 months. There were no identifiable nonunions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude the following: (a) anterior discectomy and fusion with a static (constrained) plating system is appropriate treatment for this type of injury, (b) in the absence of significant neurologic deficit with residual canal or foraminal stenosis, preoperative closed reduction is not necessary, (c) a small percentage of these patients will have vertebral artery injury, thus warranting screening with 16-slice computed tomographic angiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80204-4507, USA. Craig.Rabb@dhha.org
authors.forename: Craig H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rabb
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: Gene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bolles
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dwyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001175:Arthrography; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007796:Laminectomy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery