title: Gonadal steroids and bone metabolism in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the past decade, our increasing awareness of the clinical importance of osteoporosis in men has stimulated intense interest in trying to better understand male skeletal physiology and pathophysiology. The present review focuses on a major focus of research in this area, namely the attempt to define the influence and therapeutic potential of gonadal steroids in male bone metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Building on previous work defining the relative roles of androgens and estrogens in the developing male skeleton and in maintaining normal bone turnover, recent studies have begun to define these issues from epidemiologic, physiologic and therapeutic perspectives. With access to data from large prospectively defined populations of men, investigators are confirming and challenging existing hypotheses and forwarding new concepts. Clinical trials have expanded beyond standard androgen replacement studies to explore more complex hormonal interventions. Physiologic investigation has continued to probe the mechanisms underlying the differential and independent roles of androgens and estrogens in male bone metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent work has added significantly to our understanding of the role of gonadal steroids in male skeletal physiology. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to build on these initial human studies and to capitalize on rapidly emerging advances in our understanding of the basic biology of bone metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. bzleder@partners.org
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leder
mesh_terms: D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones