title: Purinergic receptor-mediated effects of ATP in high-grade bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether the antineoplastic action of extracellular ATP seen in hormone-refractory prostate cancer extends to other aggressive urological malignancies by investigating its effect in high-grade bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  HT-1376 cells (human grade 3 transitional cell carcinoma) were incubated with various purinergic receptor agonists and antagonists and their effects on cell growth was examined in vitro. The presence of different P2 receptor mRNAs was determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The effect of combining ATP with the cytotoxic agent mitomycin C (MMC) was also investigated. Models of tumour outgrowth in athymic mice were used to examine the effect of ATP on tumour growth in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HT-1376 cells expressed P2X(4,5,7) and P2Y(1,2,4,6,11) receptor mRNA. ATP significantly reduced cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner via the induction of P2 receptor-mediated apoptosis. Pharmacological profiling implicated P2X(5) and/or P2Y(11) receptors in this antineoplastic response, the same receptor subtypes shown to be active in prostate adenocarcinoma, despite the differing cellular origin. ATP and MMC combined in an additive manner. Intraperitoneal injections of ATP significantly reduced the growth of implanted tumour cells by a combination of apoptosis and necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ATP effectively reduces the growth of high-grade bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This highlights the potential use of ATP in the treatment of advanced urological malignancies irrespective of the cellular origin.
authors.affiliation: Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shabbir
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ryten
authors.forename: Cecil
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Dimitri
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mikhailidis
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burnstock
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000187:drug effects*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate