Context-dependence of the contribution of disulfide bonds to beta-hairpin stability.
Incorporation of disulfide bonds to stabilize protein and peptide structures is not always a successful strategy. To advance current knowledge on the contribution of disulfide bonds to beta-hairpin stability, a previously reported beta-hairpin-forming peptide was taken as a template to design a series of Cys-containing peptides. The conformational behavior of these peptides in their oxidized, disulfide-cyclized peptides, and reduced, linear peptides, was investigated on the basis of NMR parameters: NOEs, and 1H and 13C chemical shifts. We found that the effect of disulfide bonds on beta-hairpin stability depends on its location within the beta-hairpin structure, being very small or even destabilizing when connecting two hydrogen-bonded facing residues. When the disulfide bond is linking non-hydrogen-bonded facing residues, we estimated that its contribution to the free-energy change of beta-hairpin folding is approximately -1.0 kcal mol(-1). This value is larger than those reported for most beta-hairpin-stabilizing cross-strand side-chain-side-chain interactions, except for some aromatic-aromatic interactions, in particular the Trp-Trp one, and the cation-pi interaction between Trp and the non-natural methylated Arg/Lys. As disulfide bonds are frequently used to stabilize peptide conformations, our conclusions can be useful for peptide, peptidomimetic, and protein design, and may even extend to other chemical cross-links.
Santiveri
Clara M
CM
Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
León
Esther
E
Rico
Manuel
M
Jiménez
M Angeles
MA
D003198:Computer Simulation; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D013816:Thermodynamics
D004220:Disulfides; D010455:Peptides