title: Does bicarbonated mineral water rich in sodium change insulin sensitivity of postmenopausal women?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of drinking 0.5 L of two sodium-rich bicarbonated mineral waters (BMW-1 and 2), with a standard meal, on postprandial insulin and glucose changes. And to determine, if the effects vary depending on insulin resistance, measured by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 3-way randomized crossover study, 18 healthy postmenopausal women consumed two sodium-rich BMWs and a low-mineral water (LMW) with a standard fat-rich meal. Fasting and postprandial blood samples were taken at 30, 60 and 120 min. Serum glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triacylglycerols were determined. Insulin resistance was estimated by HOMA and insulin sensitivity was calculated by quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKY).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucose levels did not change. HOMA and QUICKY values were highly inversely correlated (r = -1,000; p < 0.0001). Insulin concentrations showed a significant time effect (p < 0.0001) and a significant water x time interaction (p < 0.021). At 120 min insulin levels with BMW-1 were significantly lower than with LMW (p = 0.022). Postprandial insulin concentrations showed significantly different patterns of mineral water intake depending on HOMA n-tiles (p = 0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggests an increase in insulin sensitivity after BMWs consumption. This effect is more marked in the women, who have higher HOMA values. These waters should be considered part of a healthy diet in order to prevent insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain. sschoppen@fjd.es
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schoppen
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Muniz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Granados
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gómez-Gerique
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarriá
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navas-Carretero
authors.forename: Ma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pilar Vaquero
mesh_terms: D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008875:Middle Aged; D008900:Mineral Waters / Q000032:analysis; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D008900:Mineral Waters; D012982:Sodium, Dietary