title: Fibrinogen synthesized by cancer cells augments the proliferative effect of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 is a critical growth factor in normal and malignant cell proliferation and tumor-associated angiogenesis. Fibrinogen and fibrin bind to FGF-2 and modulate FGF-2 functions. Furthermore, we have shown that extrahepatic epithelial cells are capable of endogenous production of fibrinogen.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Herein we examined the role of fibrinogen and FGF-2 interactions on prostate and lung adenocarcinoma cell growth in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell proliferation was measured by (3)H-thymidine uptake and the specificity of FGF-2-fibrinogen interactions was measured using wild-type and mutant FGF-2s, fibrinogen gamma-chain (FGG) RNAi and co-immunoprecipitation. Metabolic labeling, immunopurification and fluorography demonstrated de novo fibrinogen production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FGF-2 stimulated DU-145 cell proliferation, whereas neither FGF-2 nor fibrinogen affected the growth of PC-3 or A549 cells. Fibrinogen augmented the proliferative effect of FGF-2 on DU-145 cells. The role of fibrinogen in FGF-2-enhanced DNA synthesis was confirmed using an FGF-2 mutant that exhibits no binding affinity for fibrinogen. FGG transcripts were present in PC-3, A549 and DU-145 cells, but only PC-3 and A549 cells produced detectable levels of intact protein. RNAi-mediated knockdown of FGG expression resulted in decreased production of fibrinogen protein and inhibited (3)H-thymidine uptake in A549 and PC-3 cells by 60%, which was restored by exogenously added fibrinogen. FGF-2 and fibrinogen secreted by the cells were present in the medium as a soluble complex, as determined by coimmunoprecipitation studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that endogenously synthesized fibrinogen promotes the growth of lung and prostate cancer cells through interaction with FGF-2.
authors.affiliation: Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. abha_sahni@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahni
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Simpson-Haidaris
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sahni
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Vaday
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C027539:fibrinopeptides gamma; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D005340:Fibrinogen