title: Systemic glucose level changes with a carbohydrate-restricted and higher protein diet combined with exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors' purpose in this study was to compare the effects of macronutrient intake on systemic glucose levels in previously sedentary participants who followed 1 of 4 diets that were either higher protein or high carbohydrate, while initiating an exercise program.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors randomly assigned 94 sedentary participants to 1 of 4 diet groups consisting of Diet 1 (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein), Diet 2 (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein and caloric restriction), Diet 3 (40% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 25% protein), and Diet 4 (40% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 25% protein and caloric restriction) and followed recommended aerobic exercise prescriptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant time factor (p=.021) but no significant differences between diet groups (p=.207). A trend was evident in the higher protein groups, with a 5.2% decrease in glucose levels with Diet 3 and 5.0% with Diet 4. Although glucose levels changed over time with the greatest changes in the 2 higher protein diets, levels were not significantly different within participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study indicate that systemic glucose availability was affected by higher protein consumption in Diet 3 participants, with the same trend in Diet 4 participants, although nonsignificant. These findings demonstrate that consuming a lower carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks can possibly change systemic glucose levels.
authors.affiliation: Baylor University's Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Center for Exercise, Waco, TX 76798, USA. Rodney_Bowden@baylor.edu
authors.forename: Rodney G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lanning
authors.forename: Eva I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Becky
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Slonaker
authors.forename: Holly M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Georgene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scanes
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014495:Universities
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins