title: Surgical management of major pancreatic injury in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major or complicated pancreatic trauma in children is uncommon and management strategies remain controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience with both early and delayed surgery in these pediatric cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a retrospective analysis of data of pediatric patients with major or complicated pancreatic injury operated on between January 1994 and December 2005 in our pediatric trauma center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen children (9 boys and 4 girls) with a mean age of 8.5 years (range 3 - 16 years) were operated for major or complicated pancreatic injury. The extent of injury was: grade II (major contusion without duct injury or tissue loss) in 4 children; grade III (distal transection) in 5 children and grade IV injury (proximal transection) in four patients. Pseudocyst developed in 8 children: 4 with grade II injury, 2 with grade III injury and 2 with grade IV injury (one with abdominal pseudocyst and one with an abdominal and a mediastinal pseudocyst). Early diagnosis and operation was achieved in 5 cases, while delayed diagnosis and operation occurred in 8. Three children underwent cystogastrostomy; 6 had a spleen-sparing distal pancreatectomy and 4 had resection with Roux-en-Y jejunostomy drainage. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) was the most useful diagnostic tool in assessing ductal injury. There were no deaths or long-term morbidity in our group of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the view that early operation is important in ductal pancreatic injury. We recommend transferring children with a suspected ductal injury to a tertiary center with experience in both pediatric ERCP and pancreatic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Charles University of Prague, 2nd Medical School, Teaching Hospital Motol, Institute of Postgraduate Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic. jiri.snajdauf@lfmotol.cuni.cz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Snajdauf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rygl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalousová
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kucera
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Petrů
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pýcha
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mixa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keil
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hríbal
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002767:Cholecystostomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007582:Jejunostomy / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010179:Pancreas / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D016896:Treatment Outcome