title: Adolescents' pain experiences following acute blunt traumatic injury: struggle for internal control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although blunt trauma injury is a common cause for adolescent pain, little is known about the experience of pain as perceived by adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 adolescents following blunt trauma injury. Two age-appropriate valid measures (i.e., Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool and Temporal Dot Matrix) were incorporated into the interviews to elaborate their pain experiences. Grounded theory method was used to analyze data and build substantive theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents' behavioral and cognitive actions (i.e., "internal control") to manage and endure pain were influenced by their pain perceptions, physical losses, and clinicians' actions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses, family members, and peers have a crucial role in alleviating adolescents' distress and pain.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nursing Research, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA. margie.crandall@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Margie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crandall
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kools
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Savedra
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000298:Adolescent, Hospitalized / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002140:California; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications*