title: Covariation of adolescent physical activity and dietary behaviors over 12 months.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined covariation among changes in dietary, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors over 12 months among adolescents participating in a health behavior intervention. Evidence of covariation among behaviors would suggest multi-behavior interventions could have synergistic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective analyses were conducted with baseline and 12-month assessments from a randomized controlled trial to promote improved diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors (experimental condition) or SUN protection behaviors (comparison condition). Participants were adolescent girls and boys (N = 878) aged 11-15 years on entry. The main outcomes were: diet, based on multiple 24-hour recalls (total fat, grams of fiber, servings of fruit and vegetables, total calories); average daily energy expenditure (kcals/kg) based on 7-day physical activity recall interviews; daily minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity minutes from accelerometery; and self-reported daily hours of sedentary behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Covariation was found between fat and calories (r = .16), fiber and calories (r = .53), fiber and fruit/vegetables (r = .53), calories and fruit/vegetables (r = .34), and fruit and vegetables and sedentary behavior (r = -.12) for the total sample (all p values < .01). The pattern of findings was similar for most subgroups defined by gender and study condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strongest covariation was observed for diet variables that are inherently related (calories and fat, fiber, and fruit/vegetables). Little covariation was detected within or between other diet, physical activity and sedentary behavior domains suggesting that interventions to improve these behaviors in adolescents need to include specific program components for each target behavior of interest.
authors.affiliation: San Diego State University and University of California-San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California, USA. drosenberg@paceproject.org
authors.forename: Dori E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sallis
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Calfas
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patrick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors