title: Association analysis of podocyte slit diaphragm genes as candidates for diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The slit diaphragm is an adhesion and signalling protein complex linking the interdigitating podocyte foot processes in the kidney glomerulus, and mutations in slit diaphragm-associated genes result in severe proteinuria. Here we report a genetic association analysis of four slit diaphragm genes, LRRC7, KIRREL, NPHS2 and ACTN4, in a Finnish diabetic nephropathy cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 1103 patients with type 1 diabetes. The patients were classified according to their renal status, and the genotype data were analysed in a cross-sectional case-control setting. To confirm positive associations, four SNPs were genotyped in 1,025 additional patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No associations with diabetic nephropathy were observed for any of the analysed SNPs. The SNPs were not associated with the time from the onset of diabetes to the diagnosis of nephropathy or with glomerular filtration rate or AER as quantitative variables. In a sex-specific sub-analysis, the variants rs979972 and rs749701 in the first intron of ACTN4 were nominally associated with diabetic nephropathy in females, with odds ratios of 1.81 (95% CI 1.18-2.79, p = 0.007) and 1.93 (95% CI 1.26-2.96, p = 0.003) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study has not found any evidence that common variants in LRRC7, KIRREL, NPHS2 and ACTN4 contribute to susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Finnish patients with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ihalmo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wessman
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kaunisto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kilpikari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parkkonen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsblom
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holthöfer
authors.forename: P-H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
mesh_terms: D000185:Actinin / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D050199:Podocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C111453:ACTN4 protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C431137:KIRREL1 protein, human; C504461:LRRC7 protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C407223:NPHS2 protein; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D000185:Actinin