title: Proteomic analysis of pycnogenol effects in RAW 264.7 macrophage reveals induction of cathepsin D expression and enhancement of phagocytosis.
abstract: Pycnogenol, polyphenolic compounds extracted from the pine bark, is beneficial for human health. To understand more of its effects, the present study is to explore the protein expression pattern induced by pycnogenol in RAW 264.7 cells. Global analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that treatment with pycnogenol induces upregulation of four proteins, whose identities were revealed by mass spectrometry as cathepsin D, keratinocyte lipid-binding protein, proteasome subunit alpha type 1, and annexin IV. The pycnogenol effect displayed a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Unlike pycnogenol, N-acetyl cysteine and vitamin C had no effect on cathepsin D expression. Further studies showed that cathepsin D induction is correlated with an increase of lysosomal staining and enhancement of phagocytosis. These results reveal the novel effects of pycnogenol on protein expression and phagocytic functions and illustrate the advantage of proteomics-based strategy in unveiling the molecular basis of phytochemicals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University, 1 Nan-Tai Street, Yung Kang City, Tainan County, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ting-Feng
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chiung-Yueh
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Huei-Sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Siao-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Hung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017314:Annexin A4; D002402:Cathepsin D / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D008264:Macrophages; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts; D021122:Protein Subunits; D040901:Proteomics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017314:Annexin A4; C082667:Fabp5 protein, mouse; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D005419:Flavonoids; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D021122:Protein Subunits; C024070:pycnogenols; D002402:Cathepsin D