title: Clinical light exposure, photoreceptor degeneration, and AP-1 activation: a cell death or cell survival signal in the rhodopsin mutant retina?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The T4R RHO mutant dog retina shows retinal degeneration with exposures to light comparable to those used in clinical eye examinations of patients. To define the molecular mechanisms of the degeneration, AP-1 DNA-binding activity, composition, posttranslational modification of the protein complex, and modulation of ERK/MAPK signaling pathways were examined in light-exposed mutant retinas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dark-adapted retinas were exposed to short-duration light flashes from a retinal camera used clinically for retinal photography and were collected at different time points after exposure. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), supershift EMSA, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry were used to examine AP-1 signaling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to light of mutant retinas significantly increased AP-1 DNA-binding activity by 1 hour after exposure, and levels remained elevated for 6 hours. Shielded mutant retinas had similar AP-1 levels to shielded or exposed wild-type retinas. The parallel phosphorylation of c-Fos and activation of ERK1/2 was detected only in exposed mutant retinas. Exposure to light changed the composition of the AP-1 protein complex in the mutant retina from c-Jun/Fra-1/c-Fos to JunB/c-Fos. Immunohistochemistry showed that the components of activated AP-1 (JunB, and phosphorylated c-Fos, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 isoforms) were localized in Müller cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inner nuclear layer/Müller cell localization of the key proteins induced by light exposure raises the question of the direct involvement of AP-1 in mediating photoreceptor cell death in this model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.
authors.affiliation: Section of Ophthalmology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Danian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Beltran
authors.forename: Zexiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Acland
authors.forename: Gustavo D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Aguirre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016923:Cell Death; D002470:Cell Survival; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008027:Light; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D004247:DNA; D012243:Rhodopsin; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3