title: The relationship between resting blood pressure and acute pain sensitivity: effects of chronic pain and alpha-2 adrenergic blockade.
abstract: This study tested for alpha-2 adrenergic mediation of the inverse relationship between resting blood pressure and acute pain sensitivity in healthy individuals. It also replicated limited prior work suggesting this inverse blood pressure/pain association is altered in chronic pain, and provided the first test of whether chronic pain-related changes in alpha-2 adrenergic function contribute to these alterations. Resting blood pressure was assessed in 32 healthy controls and 24 chronic low back pain participants prior to receiving placebo or an intravenous alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (yohimbine hydrochloride, 0.4 mg/kg) in a randomized crossover design. Participants experienced three acute pain tasks during both sessions. A significant Systolic Blood Pressure x Participant Type x Drug interaction on finger pressure McGill Pain Questionnaire-Sensory ratings (P < .05) reflected significant hyperalgesic effects of yohimbine in chronic pain participants with lower systolic blood pressures (P < .05) but not those with higher systolic pressures, and no significant effects of yohimbine in controls regardless of blood pressure level. A Drug x Systolic Blood Pressure interaction on finger pressure visual analog scale unpleasantness indicated the inverse blood pressure/pain association was significantly stronger under yohimbine relative to placebo (P < .05). Significant Participant Type x Systolic Blood Pressure interactions (P's < .05) were noted for finger pressure visual analog scale pain intensity and unpleasantness, ischemic pain threshold, and heat pain threshold, reflecting absence or reversal of inverse blood pressure/pain associations in chronic pain participants. Results suggest that blood pressure-related hypoalgesia can occur even when alpha-2 adrenergic systems are blocked. The possibility of upregulated alpha-2 adrenergic inhibitory function in chronic pain patients with lower blood pressure warrants further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 701 Medical Arts Building, 1211 Twenty-First Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA. Stephen.Bruehl@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bruehl
authors.forename: Ok Y
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diedrich
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diedrich
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011312:Pressure; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000502:physiology; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D015016:Yohimbine