title: Antitumor triptycene analogs directly interact with isolated mitochondria to rapidly trigger markers of permeability transition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substituted triptycenes (TT code number), which block nucleoside transport, macromolecule syntheses and DNA topoisomerase activities, induce cytochrome c release and apoptotic DNA fragmentation, inhibit the proliferation of drug-sensitive and -resistant tumor cells in the nM range in vitro and rapidly trigger the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential in cell and cell-free systems. Because mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) requires more than depolarization, antitumor TTs were tested for their ability to directly trigger specific markers of MPT in isolated mitochondria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large amplitude swelling and Ca2+ release were assayed in isolated mitochondria to demonstrate TT-induced MPT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antitumor TTs interact with isolated mitochondria in a concentration- and time-dependent manner to rapidly cause large amplitude swelling and Ca2+ release in relation with their antiproliferative activities in L1210, HL-60 and LL/2 tumor cells in vitro. The ability of 4-10 uM TT15, TT16 and TT24 to maximally induce mitochondrial swelling and Ca2+ release within 20 min is similar to that of classic MPT inducers, such as 5 microg/ml alamethicin, 200 microM atractyloside, 5 microM phenylarsine oxide, 100 microM arsenic trioxide and a 100 microM Ca2+ overload. TT15 requires a priming concentration of 20 microM Ca2+ to trigger mitochondrial swelling and Ca2+ release and these 0.1 microM ruthenium red-sensitive MPT events are abolished by 1 microM cyclosporin A, 2 mM ADP and 20 microM bongkrekic acid, which block components of the permeability transition pore (PTP), and by 50-100 microM of various ubiquinones, which interact with the quinone binding site of the PTP and raise the Ca2+ load required for PTP opening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antitumor TTs that trigger MPT in isolated mitochondria might interact with components of the PTP to boost its Ca2+-sensitive transition from the closed to the open state and might be valuable to develop mitochondriotoxic drugs that directly activate early components of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Anti-Cancer Drug Laboratory, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA.
authors.forename: Elisabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Perchellet
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kaiyan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Huiping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Srinivas K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Battina
authors.forename: Duy H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre H
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Perchellet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000188:drug therapy; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007939:Leukemia L1210 / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011809:Quinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000095622:Benzoisochromanequinones
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002118:Calcium; D011809:Quinones; C447411:triptycene bisquinone; D000095622:Benzoisochromanequinones