title: Nuclear exclusion of forkhead box O and Elk1 and activation of nuclear factor-kappaB are required for C2C12-RasV12C40 myoblast differentiation.
abstract: Activating ras point mutations are frequently found in skeletal muscle tumors such as rhabdomyosarcomas. In this study we investigated the impact of two different H-ras mutants in skeletal muscle differentiation: RasV12, a constitutively active form, and RasV12C40, a mutant deficient in Raf1 activation. Stably transfected C2C12-RasV12 myoblasts actively proliferated as indicated by the sustained expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and retinoblastoma at the hyperphosphorylated state and failed to express differentiation markers. This differentiation-defective phenotype was a consequence of the chronic p44/p42MAPK phosphorylation and the inability of the cells to activate AKT. Moreover, we observed that p44/p42MAPK activation in C2C12-RasV12 myoblasts phosphorylated the ETS-like transcription factor (ELK) 1, which translocates to the nuclei and seemed to be involved in maintaining myoblast proliferation. C2C12-RasV12C40 myoblasts cultured in low serum repressed phosphorylation of p44/p42MAPK and ELK1, resulting in cell cycle arrest and myogenic differentiation. Under this condition, activation of AKT, p70S6K, and p38MAPK was produced, leading to formation of myotubes in 3 d, 1 d earlier than in control C2C12-AU5 cells. Moreover, the expression of muscle-specific proteins, mainly the terminal differentiation markers caveolin-3 and myosin heavy chain, also occurred 1 d earlier than in control cells. Furthermore, AKT activation produced phosphorylation of Forkhead box O that led to nuclear exclusion and inactivation, allowing myogenesis. In addition, we found an induction of nuclear factor-kappaB activity in the nucleus in C2C12-RasV12C40 myotubes attributed to p38MAPK activation. Accordingly, muscle differentiation is associated with a pattern of transcription factors that involves nuclear exclusion ELK1 and Forkhead box O and the increase in nuclear factor-kappaB DNA binding.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. mlorenzo@farm.ucm.es.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Alvaro
authors.forename: Iria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nieto-Vazquez
authors.forename: Jose Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology; D016296:Mutagenesis; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494113:Elk1 protein, mouse; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C467200:Foxo1 protein, mouse; D016328:NF-kappa B; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C495971:Hras protein, mouse; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)