title: Use of beta blockers and the risk of death in hospitalised patients with acute exacerbations of COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and predicts hospitalisation for acute exacerbation, in-hospital death and post-discharge mortality. Although beta blockers improve cardiovascular outcomes, patients with COPD often do not receive them owing to concerns about possible adverse pulmonary effects. There are no published data about beta blocker use among inpatients with COPD exacerbations. A study was undertaken to identify factors associated with beta blocker use in this setting and to determine whether their use is associated with decreased in-hospital mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Administrative data from the University of Alabama Hospital were reviewed and patients admitted between October 1999 and September 2006 with an acute exacerbation of COPD as a primary diagnosis or as a secondary diagnosis with a primary diagnosis of acute respiratory failure were identified. Demographic data, co-morbidities and medication use were recorded and subjects receiving beta blockers were compared with those who did not. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of in-hospital death after controlling for known covariates and the propensity to receive beta blockers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  825 patients met the inclusion criteria. In-hospital mortality was 5.2%. Those receiving beta blockers (n = 142) were older and more frequently had cardiovascular disease than those who did not. In multivariate analysis adjusting for potential confounders including the propensity score, beta blocker use was associated with reduced mortality (OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.99). Age, length of stay, number of prior exacerbations, the presence of respiratory failure, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease or liver disease also predicted in-hospital mortality (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of beta blockers by inpatients with exacerbations of COPD is well tolerated and may be associated with reduced mortality. The potential protective effect of beta blockers in this population warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Blvd, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA. mdransfield99@msn.com
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Dransfield
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Gerald
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists