title: Executive function impairments in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: do they differ between school and home environments?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary purpose of this study was to compare parent and teacher reports of executive function (EF), as measured by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), on a sample of children who had been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). If differences were found, the secondary purpose was to explore these differences by determining which of the 8 BRIEF scales, each representing a different EF, would best predict symptoms of ADHD by the 2 proxy reporters.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a secondary data analysis on the assessment information pertaining to 240 children, aged 5 to 15 years, accessing services at an urban Toronto psychiatric program specializing in ADHD. We compared parent and teacher ratings and applied logistical binary regressions to predict the probability of a child's meeting the criteria for clinically significant inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity on the ADHD Rating Scale-IV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, teachers reported more variety and severity of EF impairments than did parents. In addition, teachers used inhibition, organization of materials, and planning and organizing as predictors of ADHD symptoms, whereas parents relied predominantly on inhibition, working memory, and planning and organizing as the risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with the current theory, EF impairments, particularly in inhibition, appear to underlie the behavioural manifestation of ADHD. However, parents and teachers do not always agree when reporting EF impairments at home and in school. Thus information from both types of informants is essential for understanding and treating children with this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Toronto Catholic District School Board, School Based Student Support Services-West, Etobicoke, Ontario. daniela.mares@tcdsb.org
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mares
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McLuckie
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012574:Schools; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires