title: Mercury exposure in young children living in New York City.
abstract: Residential exposure to vapor from current or previous cultural use of mercury could harm children living in rental (apartment) homes. That concern prompted the following agencies to conduct a study to assess pediatric mercury exposure in New York City communities by measuring urine mercury levels: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's (NYCDOHMH) Bureau of Environmental Surveillance and Policy, New York State Department of Health/Center for Environmental Health (NYSDOHCEH), Wadsworth Center's Biomonitoring Program/Trace Elements Laboratory (WC-TEL), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A previous study indicated that people could obtain mercury for ritualistic use from botanicas located in Brooklyn, Manhattan, and the Bronx. Working closely with local community partners, we concentrated our recruiting efforts through health clinics located in potentially affected neighborhoods. We developed posters to advertise the study, conducted active outreach through local partners, and, as compensation for participation in the study, we offered a food gift certificate redeemable at a local grocer. We collected 460 urine specimens and analyzed them for total mercury. Overall, geometric mean urine total mercury was 0.31 microg mercury/l urine. One sample was 24 microg mercury/l urine, which exceeded the (20 microg mercury/l urine) NYSDOH Heavy Metal Registry reporting threshold for urine mercury exposure. Geometric mean urine mercury levels were uniformly low and did not differ by neighborhood or with any clinical significance by children's ethnicity. Few parents reported the presence of mercury at home, in a charm, or other item (e.g., skin-lightening creams and soaps), and we found no association between these potential sources of exposure and a child's urinary mercury levels. All pediatric mercury levels measured in this study were well below a level considered to be of medical concern. This study found neither self-reported nor measured evidence of significant mercury use or exposure among participating children. Because some participants were aware of the possibility that they could acquire and use mercury for cultural or ritualistic purposes, community education about the health hazards of mercury should continue.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 1600 Clifton Rd MS D76, Chamblee, GA 30341, USA. hhs0@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kieszak
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spliethoff
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eadon
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D002562:Ceremonial Behavior; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017669:Mercury Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D009519:New York City; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014900:West Indies / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D017669:Mercury Compounds