title: Anatomy of heat waves and mortality in Toronto: lessons for public health protection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periods of unusually hot weather, especially in temperate climates, carry with them a burden of morbidity and mortality, particularly in urban areas. With lessening debate on its origins, and signs of global warming already apparent, it is becoming imperative for public health practitioners to recognize and predict the risks of "heat waves", and to develop protective community responses to them. This study makes use of historical data and a methodology developed previously to examine the pattern of hot weather experienced over the last five decades in the City of Toronto, and to assess the associated burden of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synoptic classification of air masses based on meteorological data for Toronto was used, to assign the annual mean burden of illness (in terms of elevated mortality) associated with hot weather and air pollution. Then, coefficients relating daily mortality risk to historical daily weather and air quality data were determined with a model system that (for each air mass) assessed the factors that contributed to day-to-day variability in mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the period of study, there were 120 (95% CI: 105-135) heat-related deaths on average per year, with great variability from year to year, reflecting the variability of hot weather. Mortality was greatest in July and August, when the greatest number of multi-day heat episodes occurred. Furthermore, the longer the episode, the greater was the daily risk for mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method can be used to forecast the risk of heat-related mortality, and to facilitate the development of public health responses to mitigate that risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.
authors.forename: L David
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Pengelly
authors.forename: Monica E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Chad S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gingrich
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D002980:Climate; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005544:Forecasting; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018883:Heat Stroke / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011635:Public Health Administration; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons