title: Patterns of airway inflammation and MMP-12 expression in smokers and ex-smokers with COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking activates and recruits inflammatory cells and proteases to the airways. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 may be a key mediator in smoke induced emphysema. However, the influence of smoking and its cessation on airway inflammation and MMP-12 expression during COPD is still unknown. We aimed to analyse airway inflammatory cell patterns in induced sputum (IS) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from COPD patients who are active smokers and who have ceased smoking >2 years ago.
  
  
  METHODS
  39 COPD outpatients - smokers (n = 22) and ex-smokers (n = 17) were studied. 8 'healthy' smokers and 11 healthy never-smokers were tested as the control groups. IS and BAL samples were obtained for differential and MMP-12+-macrophages count analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of IS neutrophils was higher in both COPD groups compared to both controls. The amount of BAL neutrophils was higher in COPD smokers compared to healthy never-smokers. The number of BAL MMP-12+-macrophages was higher in COPD smokers (1.6 +/- 0.3 x 106/ml) compared to COPD ex-smokers, 'healthy' smokers and healthy never-smokers (0.9 +/- 0.4, 0.4 +/- 0.2, 0.2 +/- 0.1 x 106/ml respectively, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lower amount of BAL neutrophils in COPD ex-smokers, compared to COPD smokers, suggests positive alterations in alveolar compartment after smoking cessation. Smoking and disease itself may stimulate MMP-12 expression in airway compartments (IS and BAL) from COPD patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pulmonology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 4, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania. agne.babusyte@gmail.com
authors.forename: Agne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Babusyte
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stravinskaite
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeroch
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lötvall
authors.forename: Raimundas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakalauskas
authors.forename: Brigita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sitkauskiene
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D053508:Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D053508:Matrix Metalloproteinase 12