title: Thalamic deep brain stimulation for writer's cramp.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Writer's cramp is a type of idiopathic focal hand dystonia characterized by muscle cramps that accompany execution of the writing task specifically. In this report, the authors describe the clinical outcome after thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy in patients with writer's cramp and present an illustrative case with which they compare the effects of pallidal and thalamic stimulation. In addition to these results for the clinical effectiveness, they also examine the best point and pattern for therapeutic stimulation of the motor thalamus, including the nucleus ventrooralis (VO) and the ventralis intermedius nucleus (VIM), for writer's cramp.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors applied thalamic DBS in five patients with writer's cramp. The inclusion criteria for the DBS trial in this disorder were a diagnosis of idiopathic writer's cramp and the absence of a positive response to medication. The exclusion criteria included significant cognitive dysfunction, active psychiatric symptoms, and evidence of other central nervous system diseases or other medical disorders. In one of the cases, DBS leads were implanted into both the globus pallidus internus and the VO/VIM, and test stimulation was performed for 1 week. The authors thus had an opportunity to compare the effects of pallidal and thalamic stimulation in this patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immediately after the initiation of thalamic stimulation, the neurological deficits associated with writer's cramp were improved in all five cases. Postoperatively all preoperative scale scores indicating the seriousness of the writer's cramp were significantly lower (p < 0.001). In the patient in whom two DBS leads were implanted, the clinical effect of thalamic stimulation was better than that of pallidal stimulation. During the thalamic stimulation, the maximum effect was obtained when stimulation was applied to both the VO and the VIM widely, compared with being applied only within the VO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors successfully treated patients with writer's cramp by thalamic DBS. Insofar as they are aware, this is the first series in which writer's cramp has been treated with DBS. Thalamic stimulation appears to be a safe and valuable therapeutic option for writer's cramp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Division of Applied System Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan. chikashi@med.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Chikashi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fukaya
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagaoka
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Takamitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013788:Thalamus / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome