title: Inhalant use among incarcerated adolescents in the United States: prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize patterns and correlates of inhalant use among incarcerated youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents (N=723) of 27 Missouri Division of Youth Services facilities completed interviews assessing substance use, psychiatric symptoms, antisocial traits, trauma, suicidality, and criminality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants averaged 15.5 (S.D.=1.2) years of age, were ethnically diverse, and predominantly male. More than one-third (36.9%) reported lifetime inhalant use; 47.9% of users had tried four or more inhalant products. Comparatively high rates of use were observed for Hispanic and small town/rural youth. Commonly abused agents included gasoline (22%), permanent markers (15%), computer "air duster," (15%) and spray paint (12%). Inhalant users evidenced significantly higher levels of criminal behavior, antisocial attitudes, current psychiatric symptoms, earlier onset of offending and substance use, and more extensive histories of head injury, kidney disease, hormonal problems, mental illness, suicidality, trauma, and substance-related problems than nonusers. In multiple logistic regression models, race/ethnicity, geographic area of residence, fearlessness, suicidality, and polydrug use distinguished inhalant users and nonusers. Measures of cognitive impairment, impulsivity, fearlessness, blame externalization, polydrug use, and substance-related problems were positively associated with lifetime frequency of inhalant use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhalant use was widespread in this sample and associated with serious physical and mental health impairments.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, 325 Pittsboro, CB #3550, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. mohoward@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Matthew O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Balster
authors.forename: Linda B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Cottler
authors.forename: Li-Tzy
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vaughn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D011329:Prisoners; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012997:Solvents; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents