title: Lower early mortality rates among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment at clinics offering cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in Malawi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether Malawi antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinics providing cotrimoxazole (CTX) prophylaxis had lower early mortality rates compared with clinics not providing CTX.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study of eleven ART clinics in Malawi that were or were not providing CTX. Medical record abstraction was performed for all patients (N = 1295) initiating ART between July 1 and December 15, 2005. At 5 ART sites, CTX was given to patients dosed at 960 mg daily or 480 mg twice a day (according to national guidelines).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When all defaults (patients lost to follow-up for >90 days) were excluded from the analysis, the 6-month mortality rate was 10.7% in patients receiving ART at CTX clinics compared with 18.0% in those not at CTX clinics (6-month mortality risk reduction = 40.7%; P = 0.0013). Kaplan-Meier survival curves for patients receiving CTX and patients not receiving CTX were significantly different; survival differences were apparent as early as 40 to 45 days after initiation of ART.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients receiving ART in Malawi at clinics offering CTX prophylaxis had significantly reduced mortality during the first 6 months of ART. This additional intervention may have the potential to improve the lives of patients on ART, because CTX is readily available and relatively inexpensive and can, in principle, be easily introduced into ART delivery programs.
authors.affiliation: HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Branch, Global AIDS Program, Us centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA. dv19@cdc.gov
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lowrance
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makombe
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harries
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Joh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aberle-Grasse
authors.forename: Odette
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Eiger
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marston
authors.forename: Tedd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ellerbrock
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Libamba
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination