title: Neonatal facial movements in the first minutes of life--eye opening and tongue thrust: an observational study.
abstract: Infants born by caesarean section (CS) near or at term were observed to display spontaneous facial movements in their first minutes. We hypothesized that those are reproducible. Up to now, nothing was known about the significance, frequency, and determinants of such facial activity. Repetitive eye opening (EO) and tongue thrust (TT) actions were documented during 1 to 5 minutes, 5 to 10 minutes, and 1 to 15 minutes in 102 infants. In addition, 32 infants were recorded on video from minute 2 to minute 10. Infant- and maternal- influencing factors were noted and videos analyzed using Interact (Version 7.1, Mangold International, Arnstorf, Germany). According to our results, 99 of 102 newborns (gestational age, 33 to 42 weeks) performed EO or TT during the first 15 minutes. Preterm and infants with lower Apgar scores and infants born under general anesthesia showed less EO. Infants of smoking mothers, newborns admitted to special care, and infants with lower umbilical artery pH had significantly fewer TT episodes. Within a "normal" population of newborns of > 37 weeks at delivery (n = 57), 97% showed EO and 95% showed TT. In the filmed 32 newborns, infants began EO at 2:40 and TT at 2:34 minutes of life on average. Crying had no influence, but suctioning/intervention reduced EO frequency. In conclusion, EO and TT are occurring regularly during neonatal adaptation. TT seems to be an inborn automatic behavior; numerous occurrences of EO argue for neurological well-being. Both facial actions may initiate maternal-infant attachment.
authors.affiliation: Saarland University Children's Hospital, General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hentschel
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruff
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Juette
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gontard
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gortner
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001034:Apgar Score; D002585:Cesarean Section; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013396:Suction; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology*; D014469:Umbilical Arteries; D014741:Video Recording