title: The transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator functions as an estrogen receptor beta-selective coactivator, and its recruitment to alternative pathways mediates antiestrogenic effects of dioxin.
abstract: The biological effects of dioxins are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its dimerization partner, the AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT), and include interference with hormonal signaling pathways like the response to estrogens. The effects of estrogens are mediated by two estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms, ERalpha and ERbeta, which belong to the family of nuclear receptors. We have previously shown that ARNT can act as coactivator of the ERs. In this study, we show that recruitment of ARNT to AhR or hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathways as well as small interfering RNA-mediated down-regulation of ARNT levels lead to a reduction in ER transcriptional activity. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrate that this decrease coincides with reduced recruitment of ARNT to estradiol-regulated promoters. We show further that coactivation by ARNT as well as inhibition by dioxin acts stronger on ERbeta than on ERalpha activity. Additionally, we demonstrate that the effects of ARNT are dependent on the A/B domain of the ERs with the A/B domain of ERbeta being considerably stronger in mediating the coactivating effects of ARNT. Taken together, our studies show that recruitment of ARNT to the AhR after dioxin treatment can account for the antiestrogenic effect of dioxins. Moreover, we show for the first time that the inhibitory effects of dioxin are more pronounced on ERbeta than on ERalpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rüegg
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Swedenborg
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wahlström
authors.forename: Aurelie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Escande
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balaguer
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: Ingemar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pongratz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019281:Dimerization; D004147:Dioxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004147:Dioxins; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; D004958:Estradiol