title: Histone deacetylase 7 associates with Runx2 and represses its activity during osteoblast maturation in a deacetylation-independent manner.
abstract: HDAC7 associates with Runx2 and represses Runx2 transcriptional activity in a deacetylase-independent manner. HDAC7 suppression accelerates osteoblast maturation. Thus, HDAC7 is a novel Runx2 co-repressor that regulates osteoblast differentiation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Runx2 is a key regulator of gene expression in osteoblasts and can activate or repress transcription depending on interactions with various co-factors. Based on previous observations that several histone deacetylases (HDACs) repress Runx2 activity and that HDAC inhibitors accelerate osteoblast differentiation in vitro, we hypothesized that additional HDACs may also affect Runx2 activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of HDACs was screened for repressors of Runx2 activity. Immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, GST-pulldowns, and chromatin immunoprecipitations were used to characterize the interactions between Runx2 and HDAC7. Expression of osteoblast markers was examined in a C2C12 cell osteoblast differentiation model in which HDAC7 levels were reduced by RNAi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Runx2 activity was repressed by HDAC7 but not by HDAC9, HDRP, HDAC10, or HDAC11. HDAC7 and Runx2 were found co-localized in nuclei and associated with Runx2-responsive promoter elements in osseous cells. A carboxy-terminal domain of Runx2 associated with multiple regions of HDAC7. Although direct interactions with Runx2 were confined to the carboxy terminus of HDAC7, this region was dispensable for repression. In contrast, the amino terminus of HDAC7 bound Runx2 indirectly and was necessary and sufficient for transcriptional repression. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors did not decrease inhibition by HDAC7, indicating that HDAC7 repressed Runx2 by deacetylation-independent mechanism(s). Suppression of HDAC7 expression in C2C12 multipotent cells by RNAi accelerated their BMP2-dependent osteoblast differentiation program. Consistent with this observation, BMP2 decreased nuclear localization of HDAC7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results establish HDAC7 as a regulator of Runx2's transcriptional activity and suggest that HDAC7 may be an important regulator of the timing and/or rate of osteoblast maturation.
authors.affiliation: The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Tania M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Jaclyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Rajaram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnan
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Westendorf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020218:Response Elements / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C493709:RUNX2 protein, human; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C447828:HDAC10 protein, human; C462506:HDAC11 protein, human; C543273:HDAC7 protein, human; C486544:HDAC9 protein, human; D006655:Histone Deacetylases