title: Identification of tissue-specific cis-regulatory modules based on interactions between transcription factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evolutionary conservation has been used successfully to help identify cis-acting DNA regions that are important in regulating tissue-specific gene expression. Motivated by increasing evidence that some DNA regulatory regions are not evolutionary conserved, we have developed an approach for cis-regulatory region identification that does not rely upon evolutionary sequence conservation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conservation-independent approach is based on an empirical potential energy between interacting transcription factors (TFs). In this analysis, the potential energy is defined as a function of the number of TF interactions in a genomic region and the strength of the interactions. By identifying sets of interacting TFs, the analysis locates regions enriched with the binding sites of these interacting TFs. We applied this approach to 30 human tissues and identified 6232 putative cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) regulating 2130 tissue-specific genes. Interestingly, some genes appear to be regulated by different CRMs in different tissues. Known regulatory regions are highly enriched in our predicted CRMs. In addition, DNase I hypersensitive sites, which tend to be associated with active regulatory regions, significantly overlap with the predicted CRMs, but not with more conserved regions. We also find that conserved and non-conserved CRMs regulate distinct gene groups. Conserved CRMs control more essential genes and genes involved in fundamental cellular activities such as transcription. In contrast, non-conserved CRMs, in general, regulate more non-essential genes, such as genes related to neural activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that identifying relevant sets of binding motifs can help in the mapping of DNA regulatory regions, and suggest that non-conserved CRMs play an important role in gene regulation.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. xyu15@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Xueping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Zack
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D050436:Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors