title: Effects of laparoscopic division of spermatic vessels on histological changes of testes: long-term observation in the model of prepubertal rat.
abstract: Laparoscopic Fowler-Stephens and Palomo procedures are now commonly performed in children with high positioned intra-abdominal cryptorchidism and varicocele, respectively. During the procedures, the spermatic vessels are ligated and therefore the question of risk related to testicular atrophy is often raised. The long-term follow-up of the histology after the procedures is rare. In this study, we simulated a laparoscopic spermatic vessels clipping and division (SVCD) in a prepubertal rat model, and examined the histological alterations of the testes with regard to spermatogenic arrest between prepuberty and middle age. Thirty-day-old Wistar rats divided randomly into three groups underwent laparoscopic sham operation, unilateral SVCD and unilateral SVCD with additional contralateral orchiectomy, respectively. Histological investigations observed on semithin and paraffin sections were performed at seven different postoperative intervals between day 9 and day 540. We defined partial, most and complete spermatogenic arrest of the seminiferous tubules to correspond with mild, severe spermatogenic arrest and atrophy, respectively. Laparoscopic SVCD induced testicular spermatogenic arrest in a total of 85% of the operated testes with different severity; 27% of operated testes with mild or severe spermatogenic arrest were seen between puberty and middle age (day 45-540 postoperative), and their size was only slightly reduced. Of the operated testes, 51% showed atrophic signs with a striking decrease in size, and their contralateral testes revealed in all cases mild or severe spermatogenic arrest started as early as day 45 postoperatively. Parallel to the spermatogenic arrest, Leydig cell hyperplasia developed frequently in impaired testes, especially in those without contralateral testes, finally reaching a typical adenoma size. Laparoscopic SVCD in prepubertal rats could disturb spermatogenesis with differing severity in most cases. This impairment could persist from peripuberty to middle age, and even involve the contralateral testes, in the case of operated testes and show complete spermatogenic arrest. This study showed that laparoscopic SVCD may have high risk in compromising the operated testis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhu Gan Xiang 57, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China. tangdx0206@sina.com
authors.forename: Daxing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gorgas
authors.forename: Zacharias
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zachariou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*