title: The significance of compliance and persistence in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review studies of patient compliance/persistence with cardiovascular or antidiabetic medication published since the year 2000; to compare the methods used to measure compliance/persistence across studies; to compare reported compliance/persistence rates across therapeutic classes and to assess whether compliance/persistence correlates with clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  English language papers published between January 2000 and November 2005 investigating patient compliance/persistence with cardiovascular or antidiabetic medication were identified through searches of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Definitions and measurements of compliance/persistence were compared across therapeutic areas using contingency tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 139 studies analysed, 32% focused on hypertension, 27% on diabetes and 13% on dyslipidaemia. The remainder covered coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in general. The most frequently reported measure of compliance was the 12-month medication possession ratio (MPR). The overall mean MPR was 72%, and the MPR did not differ significantly between treatment classes (range: 67-76%). The average proportion of patients with an MPR of >80% was 59% overall, 64% for antihypertensives, 58% for oral antidiabetics, 51% for lipid-lowering agents and 69% in studies of multiple treatments, again with no significant difference between treatment classes. The average 12-month persistence rate was 63% and was similar across therapeutic classes. Good compliance had a positive effect on outcome in 73% of the studies examining clinical outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-compliance with cardiovascular and antidiabetic medication is a significant problem, with around 30% of days 'on therapy' not covered by medication and only 59% of patients taking medication for more than 80% of their days 'on therapy' in a year. Good compliance has a positive effect on clinical outcome, suggesting that the management of CVD may be improved by improving patient compliance.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT 06516-2770, USA. joyce.cramer@yale.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muszbek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keskinaslan
authors.forename: Z M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents