title: Tetranor PGDM, an abundant urinary metabolite reflects biosynthesis of prostaglandin D2 in mice and humans.
abstract: Prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) is a cyclooxygenase (COX) product of arachidonic acid that activates D prostanoid receptors to modulate vascular, platelet, and leukocyte function in vitro. However, little is known about its enzymatic origin or its formation in vivo in cardiovascular or inflammatory disease. 11,15-dioxo-9alpha-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetranorprostan-1,20-dioic acid (tetranor PGDM) was identified by mass spectrometry as a metabolite of infused PGD(2) that is detectable in mouse and human urine. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, tetranor PGDM was much more abundant than the PGD(2) metabolites, 11beta-PGF(2alpha) and 2,3-dinor-11beta-PGF(2alpha), in human urine and was the only endogenous metabolite detectable in mouse urine. Infusion of PGD(2) dose dependently increased urinary tetranor PGDM > 2,3-dinor-11beta-PGF(2alpha) > 11beta-PGF(2alpha) in mice. Deletion of either lipocalin-type or hemopoietic PGD synthase enzymes decreased urinary tetranor PGDM. Deletion or knockdown of COX-1, but not deletion of COX-2, decreased urinary tetranor PGDM in mice. Correspondingly, both PGDM and 2,3-dinor-11beta-PGF(2alpha) were suppressed by inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2, but not by selective inhibition of COX-2 in humans. PGD(2) has been implicated in both the development and resolution of inflammation. Administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide coordinately elevated tetranor PGDM and 2,3-dinor-11beta-PGF(2alpha) in volunteers, coincident with a pyrexial and systemic inflammatory response, but both metabolites fell during the resolution phase. Niacin increased tetranor PGDM and 2,3-dinor-11beta-PGF(2alpha) in humans coincident with facial flushing. Tetranor PGDM is an abundant metabolite in urine that reflects modulated biosynthesis of PGD(2) in humans and mice.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Wen-Liang
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ricciotti
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fries
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Tilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grosser
authors.forename: Muredach
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: Garret A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019281:Dimerization; D006801:Humans; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000652:urine; D011466:Prostanoic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C527346:11,15-dioxo-9-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetranorprostan-1,20-dioic acid; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D054834:Lipocalins; D011466:Prostanoic Acids; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C022466:prostaglandin R2 D-isomerase; D015230:Prostaglandin D2