title: Effect of supramicron roughness characteristics produced by 1- and 2-step acid etching on the osseointegration capability of titanium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the osteoblastic and osteogenic responses to titanium surfaces roughened by 1-step and 2-step acid etching.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium surfaces created by 1-step (AE1) and 2-step (AE2) acid-etching processes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and an optical interferometry (OI). Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblastic cells were cultured on these 2 surfaces. Cell proliferation was evaluated by counting the cells, while gene expression was analyzed using a reverse transcriptase-polymerize chain reaction. The biomechanical establishment of osseointegration was assessed via an in vivo implant push-in test in rat femurs. Additionally, the 2 surfaces were evaluated for their mechanical interlocking capability by a push-out test of titanium rods embedded in a resin block.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AFM analysis on a small scale of 5 microm x 5 microm showed that the 2 surfaces were similar in topography, having comparable micron-level roughness. However, larger scale (1000 microm x 1000 microm) SEM and OI analyses revealed that the AE1 surface consisted of supramicron convexity structures ranging from 10 microm to 50 microm in size, while the AE2 was relatively flat. No differences were found between the 2 surfaces in regard to the number of the cells proliferated or the expression of the bone-related genes. The biomechanical fixation of implants at week 2 was 22.2 +/- 10.94 N and 25.4 +/- 4.56 N for AE1 and AE2, respectively, with no significant difference between the 2 groups. The in vitro push-out values were 26.8 +/- 7.85 N and 25.4 +/- 8.56 N for AE1 and AE2, respectively, with no significant difference between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different acid-etching procedures of titanium created similar micron-scale roughness profiles but distinct supramicron roughness characteristics. Osteoblastic function and in vivo osseointegration capacity, however, were not affected by this difference between the surfaces.
authors.affiliation: The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095-1668, USA. waelatt@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Wael
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Att
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsukimura
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D007368:Interferometry; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000032:analysis; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D003764:Dental Materials; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; D015675:Osteocalcin; D053495:Osteopontin; D014025:Titanium; C033158:sulfuric acid; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid