title: In vitro and in vivo analysis of expression cassettes designed for vascular gene transfer.
abstract: Increasing the level and duration of transgene expression and restricting expression to vascular cells are important goals for clinically useful gene therapy vectors. We evaluated several promoters, enhancers and introns in endothelial, smooth muscle and liver cells in tissue culture and in vivo, comparing local delivery to the carotid artery with intravenous delivery to the liver. A 1800-bp fragment of the oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1) promoter showed highest in vivo activity in the carotid artery, achieving 39% the activity of the reference cytomegalovirus promoter, with 188-fold greater specificity for carotid artery over liver. An enhancer from the Tie2 gene in combination with the intracellular adhesion molecule-2 promoter improved endothelial specificity of plasmid vectors, increased the expression from adenoviral vectors in cultured endothelial cells and doubled the specificity for carotid artery over liver in vivo. Adding a short intron to expression cassettes increased expression in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro; however, the eNOS enhancer failed to consistently increase the expression or endothelial specificity of the vector. In conclusion, elements from the LOX-1 promoter and Tie2 enhancer together with an intron can be used to improve vectors for vascular gene transfer.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. steve.white@bris.ac.uk
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: E A L
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Biessen
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Newby
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D015870:Gene Expression; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D016014:Linear Models; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000235:genetics; D051127:Scavenger Receptors, Class E / Q000235:genetics; D014161:Transduction, Genetic / Q000379:methods; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: C495137:OLR1 protein, human; D051127:Scavenger Receptors, Class E; D008156:Luciferases; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2