title: Identification of ritual blood in African artifacts using TOF-SIMS and synchrotron radiation microspectroscopies.
abstract: A new protocol is implemented to demonstrate the presence of blood in the patina of African art objects from Mali. Divided into three steps, the protocol first consists in demonstrating the presence of proteins and localizing them in the sample's cross sections using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and synchrotron-based infrared microspectrometry (microFT-IR). In a second time, TOF-SIMS is used to investigate heme, which is a blood marker. If heme is missing, which could mean that it is too degraded to be detected, X-ray microfluorescence (microXRF) and X-ray absorption near-edge microspectroscopy (microXANES) are used to prove the presence of iron in the protein area and to get a fingerprint of its chemical environment. This permits us thus to demonstrate that iron is indeed linked with proteins and not with mineral phases of the sample. Coupled with the ritual context of the objects, this constitutes a proof of the use of blood. Thanks to this protocol, which has the major advantage of avoiding false positive results, the presence of blood has been demonstrated in seven out of the eight studied samples.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), CNRS UMR 171, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14, quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mazel
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richardin
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Debois
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Touboul
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cotte
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brunelle
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Laprévote
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D016477:Artifacts; D001769:Blood; D006418:Heme / Q000032:analysis; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D008302:Mali; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D018629:Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D006418:Heme; D007501:Iron