title: Androgenic endocrine disruptors in wastewater treatment plant effluents in India: their influence on reproductive processes and systemic toxicity in male rats.
abstract: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) are linked to human health and diseases as they mimic or block the normal functioning of endogenous hormones. The present work dealt with a comparative study of the androgenic potential of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influents and effluents in Northern region of India, well known for its polluted water. Water samples were screened for their androgenic potential using the Hershberger assay and when they were found positive for androgenicity, we studied their mode of action in intact rats. The data showed a significant change in the weight and structure of sex accessory tissues (SATs) of castrated and intact rats. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated a significant change in the expression patterns of the major steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal and testis: cytochrome P450(SCC), cytochrome P450(C17), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. This was further supported by increased enzymatic activities measured in vitro spectrophotometrically. Serum hormone profile showed a decreased level of gonadotrophic hormones and increased testosterone level. Further, increase in the serum level of alkaline phosphatase, SGPT and SGOT and histopathological changes in kidney and liver of treated animals, confirmed the toxic effects of contaminating chemicals. Analysis of water samples using HPLC and GC-MS showed the presence of various compounds and from them, four prominent aromatic compounds viz. nonylphenol, hexachlorobenzene and two testosterone equivalents, were identified. Our data suggest that despite rigorous treatment, the final treated effluent from WWTP still has enough androgenic and toxic compounds to affect general health.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Ajanta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Gunda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viswanath
authors.forename: Partha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D000728:Androgens / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013737:Testis / Q000201:enzymology; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases