title: Iontophoretic transport across a multiple membrane system.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to investigate the iontophoretic transport behavior across multiple membranes of different barrier properties. Spectra/Por(R) (SP) and Ionac membranes were the synthetic membranes and sclera was the biomembrane in this model study. The barrier properties of SP membranes were determined individually in passive and iontophoresis transport experiments with tetraethylammonium ion (TEA), chloride ion (Cl), and mannitol as the model permeants. Passive and iontophoretic transport experiments were then conducted with an assembly of SP membranes. The contribution of electroosmosis to iontophoresis was assessed using the mannitol data. Model analysis was performed to study the contribution of diffusion and electromigration to electrotransport across the multiple membrane system. The effects of membrane barrier thickness upon ion-exchange membrane-enhanced iontophoresis were examined with Ionac, SP, and sclera. The present study shows that iontophoretic transport of TEA across the membrane system was related to the thicknesses and permeability coefficients of the membranes and the electromobilities of the permeant across the individual membranes in the assembly. Model analysis suggests significant contribution of diffusion within the membranes across the membrane system, and this mechanism is relatively independent of the current density applied across the system in iontophoresis dominant transport.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. s.a.molokhia@utah.edu
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Molokhia
authors.forename: Yanhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: William I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: S Kevin
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004058:Diffusion; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004586:Electrophoresis; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007474:Ion Exchange; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008353:Mannitol / Q000737:chemistry; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009995:Osmosis; D010539:Permeability; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D019789:Tetraethylammonium / Q000737:chemistry; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008353:Mannitol; D019789:Tetraethylammonium; D014508:Urea; D012964:Sodium