Putative cancer chemopreventive agents of dietary origin-how safe are they?
As cancer chemopreventive agents are intended for use by healthy individuals as prophylactics to prevent or retard the development of cancer, they must be amenable to ingestion over prolonged periods without toxicity. Therefore, putative chemopreventive agents need to undergo stringent testing to ensure their safety with regard to chronic exposure in humans. The diet is thought to be a source of chemopreventive agents, and dietary compounds are generally considered to be of low hazard, albeit this notion has not often been put to the test. Here the safety information available for 5 dietary putative chemopreventive compounds, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), curcumin, quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and capsaicin is reviewed. For these agents, normal dietary intake, doses used in clinical trials, efficacious doses in rodents, and where available, toxic doses are compared. For curcumin, quercetin and capsaicin, toxicological data is only available from studies in rodents. Information on long-term effects in animals beyond 28 or 90 days is lacking for EGCG. Capsaicin and quercetin are suspected carcinogens. I3C and quercetin can modulate the absorption of other drugs given concomitantly. Without further investigation of their toxicology, it is difficult to recommend any of these agents for long-term use in the healthy population.
Verschoyle
Richard D
RD
Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX.
Steward
William P
WP
Gescher
Andreas J
AJ
D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002392:Catechin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018890:Chemoprevention; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003474:Curcumin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018675:Toxicity Tests
D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D007211:Indoles; D002392:Catechin; D011794:Quercetin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate; C016517:indole-3-carbinol; D003474:Curcumin; D002211:Capsaicin