title: Deep brain stimulation and cognition: moving from animal to patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain electrical stimulation has been proposed as a strategy to improve chronically impaired cognitive function. This brief review places a small number of recent studies into a broader historical context and identifies important challenges for further development of this area of research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioral improvements following severe brain injury with central thalamic deep brain stimulation were observed in experimental studies conducted in rodents and a report on a single human. These findings suggest that this technique warrants further study as a method to modulate cognitive function in the setting of acquired brain injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This area of research offers the promise of new avenues to engage patients with nonprogressive brain injuries who, at present, have rather limited therapeutic options. These efforts, however, will require careful attention to issues of research and clinical ethics and study design.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA. nds2001@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D020646:Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology