title: Male urethritis with and without discharge: relation to microbiological findings and polymorphonuclear counts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the relation between the presence or absence of urethral discharge, urethral pathogens, and polymorphonuclear (PMN) counts on Gram stained urethral smears in men with symptomatic urethritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population was composed of 630 sexually active heterosexual men (aged 18-45 years) who had urethral symptoms and signs (discharge, dysuria or urethral discomfort). Participants were divided into two groups: the first (n=320) was comprised of men with urethral discharge confirmed on examination, while the other (n=310) was composed of patients with urethral symptoms but without discharge. Urethral swabs for Gram stained smears and microbiological analyses (N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis and U. urealyticum) were taken from all study participants. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) on Gram-stained urethral smears were counted in 5 oil immersion x1000 PMN per high power fields (phpf). Urethritis was defined as the presence of > or =5 PMN/hpf.
  
  
  RESULTS
  N. gonorrhoeae was isolated only in men with urethritis accompanied by discharge. The prevalence of T. vaginalis, C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum was significantly higher (F=8.854, P<0.01) in urethral swabs of urethritis patients with discharge compared to patients with no discharge. The most common urethral pathogen in both groups of patients was T. vaginalis (31.56% and 26.45%, respectively). One or more microorganisms were isolated in 258 (81%) subjects with urethritis with discharge, and in 166 (53.5%) urethritis patients without discharge. There was a positive correlation between the significant number of PMN in Gram stained urethral smears and positive microbiological findings in men with urethritis both with and without urethral discharge (Spearmanns coefficients rho=0.986 and rho=0.993, respectively; P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study found a relatively high prevalence of T. vaginalis among our men with urethritis irrespective of the presence or absence of urethral discharge, and showed that taking into account both discharge found on examination, and relevant PMN counts on Gram stained urethral smears fails to detect only 4.2% of oligosymptomatic urethritis patients who are infected with one of the strict urethral pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dermatovenereology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vesić
authors.forename: Jelica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vukićević
authors.forename: Zorana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Daković
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomović
authors.forename: Danijela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dobrosavljević
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Medenica
authors.forename: Miloc D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pavlović
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020010:Heterosexuality; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013492:Suppuration / Q000382:microbiology; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014526:Urethritis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology