title: Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of enamel and dentin surfaces after Er:YAG laser preparation and laser conditioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to observe and evaluate the micro-morphology of enamel and dentin surfaces after Er:YAG laser preparation and conditioning.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Information regarding micro-morphologic changes of tooth substance as a result of a change of Er:YAG laser parameters for cavity preparation is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human enamel and dentin surfaces were irradiated with an Er:YAG laser with the following parameters : (1) energy output: 200 mJ, 250 mJ, 300 mJ, 350 mJ, and 400 mJ; (2) repetition rate: 5 Hz and 10 Hz; (3) pulse duration: 100 mus/VSP (very short pulse); (4) 5 and 10 passes over the surface at a distance of 7 mm, speed: 4 mm/s using a non-contact delivery tip; (5) water cooling: 5 mL/min. The hand piece was fixed in a power driven x-y moving table. Subsequently, half of the samples were laser-conditioned at 100 mJ, 10 Hz, 250 mus/SP (short pulse) for enamel, and 80 mJ, 10 Hz, SP for dentin at a distance of 10 mm. Surface morphology and surface alterations were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SEM evaluation showed the characteristics of Er:YAG-lased enamel and dentin surfaces: irregular enamel surfaces with typical keyhole shaped prisms and rods, and protrusion of dentinal tubules with a cuff-like appearance. Laser conditioning rounded off the sharp edges on the enamel irregularities and dentin surface structures. First signs of vitrification were seen at 250 mJ for enamel samples and 300 mJ for dentin samples. Increase of the pulse repetition rate from 5 Hz to 10 Hz did not result in changes of surface morphology. Laser conditioning did not result in additional vitrification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Gent Dental Laser Center, Dental School, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Katleen Ilse Maria
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Delmé
authors.forename: Roeland Jozef Gentil
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: De Moor
mesh_terms: D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003804:Dentin / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000528:radiation effects