title: Rectal versus intravenous quinine for the treatment of childhood cerebral malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although artemesinin derivatives are promising for the treatment of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria, intravenous quinine remains the most affordable treatment. However, administration of intravenous quinine is often not feasible in rural areas in Africa because of the lack of simple equipment or trained staff. We compared the efficacy and safety of intrarectal quinine with those of intravenous quinine in the treatment of childhood cerebral malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blind clinical trial at Mulago Hospital (Kampala, Uganda), Uganda's national referral hospital, we studied 110 children aged 6 months to 5 years who had cerebral malaria. Patients were randomized to receive either intrarectal or intravenous quinine. Main outcome measures included parasite clearance time, fever clearance time, coma recovery time, time to sit unsupported, time to begin oral intake, time until oral quinine was tolerated, and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there was no difference in the clinical and parasitological outcomes between the 2 groups (data are mean+/-standard deviation, intrarectal quinine group vs. intravenous quinine group): coma recovery time, 19.4+/-18.1 h versus 17.0+/-12.1 h; fever clearance time, 26.7+/-16.1 h versus 29.9+/-18.1 h; and parasite clearance time, 43.2+/-14.2 h versus 41.9+/-15.2 h. Mortality was similar in both groups; 4 of 56 patients in the intrarectal quinine group died, and 5 of 54 patients in the intravenous quinine group died (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-5.2). Intrarectal quinine was well tolerated, and no major immediate adverse events occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrarectal quinine is efficacious and could be used as an alternative in the treatment of childhood cerebral malaria, especially in situations in which intravenous therapy is not feasible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Achan
authors.forename: Justus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Byarugaba
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barennes
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Tumwine
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016779:Malaria, Cerebral / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011803:Quinine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D011803:Quinine