title: Nitric oxide synthase and NMDA receptor expressions in cavernoma tissues with epileptogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) and the glutamate systems to epileptogenicity of cavernoma (CA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using immunohistochemistry we examined NO synthases (NOS; neuronal, inducible and endothelial) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits 1(NR1) and 2A/B (NR2A/B) in tissues, with and without hemosiderin deposits, adjacent to CA resected from temporal (seven patients) and frontal (one patient) lobes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All isoforms of NOS, especially iNOS expression, was significantly upregulated in company with NR2A/B expression, not only in declining neuronal cells but also in reactive astrocytes in the tissue, with hemosiderin deposits, adjacent to CA and moreover the degree of iNOS expression was significantly correlated with seizure frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results sustain a speculation that excessive NO may generate in the tissue surrounding CA with repeated microhaemorrhaging and seizures. The neuronal loss and reactive glial proliferation induced by iron or NO may play a role in epileptogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita, Japan. kamida@med.oita-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujiki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005911:Gliosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006485:Hemosiderin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C120997:NR2A NMDA receptor; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006485:Hemosiderin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II