title: Molecular correlates of host specialization in Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of Staphylococcus aureus isolates that are recovered from either serious infections in humans or from mastitis in cattle represent genetically distinct sets of clonal groups. Moreover, population genetic analyses have provided strong evidence of host specialization among S. aureus clonal groups associated with human and ruminant infection. However, the molecular basis of host specialization in S. aureus is not understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We sequenced the genome of strain ET3-1, a representative isolate of a common bovine mastitis-causing S. aureus clone. Strain ET3-1 encodes several genomic elements that have not been previously identified in S. aureus, including homologs of virulence factors from other gram-positive pathogens. Relative to the other sequenced S. aureus associated with human infection, allelic variation in ET3-1 was high among virulence and surface-associated genes involved in host colonization, toxin production, iron metabolism, antibiotic resistance, and gene regulation. Interestingly, a number of well-characterized S. aureus virulence factors, including protein A and clumping factor A, exist as pseudogenes in ET3-1. Whole-genome DNA microarray hybridization revealed considerable similarity in the gene content of highly successful S. aureus clones associated with bovine mastitis, but not among those clones that are only infrequently recovered from bovine hosts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses revealed a set of molecular genetic features that distinguish clones of highly successful bovine-associated S. aureus optimized for mastitis pathogenesis in cattle from those that infect human hosts or are only infrequently recovered from bovine sources. Further, the results suggest that modern bovine specialist clones diverged from a common ancestor resembling human-associated S. aureus clones through a combination of foreign DNA acquisition and gene decay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Pathobiology and Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herron-Olson
authors.forename: J Ross
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Musser
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kapur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016678:Genome; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D008413:Mastitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D013045:Species Specificity; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors