title: Laparoscopic management of ureteral calculi: a report of 123 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic surgery for the management of ureteral calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed 123 laparoscopic calculus removal in 103 men and 31 women. Indications for the procedure were extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy or transureteral lithotomy failure and large calculus. The mean age of the patients was 39.6 +/- 13.8 years. The calculi were between 1 and 5.6 cm and located in the upper, middle, and lower ureter in 90 (73.2%), 20 (16.3%), and 13 (10.5%) patients, respectively. Ureteral stent was used in 52 (42.3%) patients. We used 3 ports for camera and instruments. Intraperitoneal approach was used in 104 (84.6%) and extraperitoneal in 19 (15.4%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean operative time was 143.2 +/- 60.5 minutes. One hundred and nineteen patients (96.7%) became stone free. Minor complications occurred in 14 (11.4%) patients. Conversion to open surgery was required in 1 patient due to migration of the calculus to the peritoneum after removal from the ureter. Intra-abdominal hematoma led to reoperation 1 day after the surgery in 1 patient. Operative time was different significantly between extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal approaches (171.3 +/- 91.3 minutes and 137.3 +/- 52.2 minutes, respectively; P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic removal of ureteral calculi in selected groups of patients, taking the advantage of this minimally invasive procedure such as better cosmetic results and patient's satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shaheed Labbafinejad Medical University and Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran. simforoosh@iurtc.org.ir
authors.forename: Naser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simforoosh
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basiri
authors.forename: Abdol Karim
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Danesh
authors.forename: Seyed Amir Mohsen
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ziaee
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sharifiaghdas
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tabibi
authors.forename: Hamidreza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdi
authors.forename: Farhat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farrokhi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods