title: A cadaveric model for balloon-assisted endoscopic paranasal sinus dissection without fluoroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, balloon catheter (BC) dilatation of paranasal sinus ostia has been introduced. In this procedure, a balloon-tipped catheter is placed across a sinus ostium over a flexible wire under fluoroscopic guidance, and inflation of the balloon enlarges the ostium. Some rhinologists have criticized this procedure for its failure to remove tissue and bone, especially in the setting of sinonasal polyposis. This project seeks to develop strategies for incorporating BC technology into standard functional endoscopic sinus surgery procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic sinus dissection of three human cadaveric heads was performed with conventional instruments supplemented by lacrimal duct BCs (LacriCATH; Quest Medical, Allen, TX). No fluoroscopy was used. Each dissection was videotaped for later review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For frontal recess dissection, these steps were performed under endoscopic visualization: (1) passage of the BC between frontal recess partitions, (2) BC inflation, and (3) removal of fractured frontal recess partitions with conventional instruments. This approach was used successfully in each frontal recess. Under endoscopic visualization, a BC was passed into the sphenoid ostium and inflated; this maneuver successfully dilated each sphenoid ostium. It was not feasible to reliably pass the BC through the natural maxillary ostium. Each BC was inflated to 8 atm for 30 seconds. No evidence of orbital or skull base injury was noted. No fluoroscopy was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCs may be used as adjunctive instrumentation for endoscopic sinus dissection without fluoroscopy. This strategy warrants additional technical and clinical development.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic, Head and Neck Institute, Section of Nasal and Sinus Disorders, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. citardim@ccf.org
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Citardi
authors.forename: Seth J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kanowitz
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000473:pathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results