title: In-ear heart rate monitoring using a micro-optic reflective sensor.
abstract: Cardiovascular diseases are among the most common causes of death in western industrial nations. It is of great interest of both physician and patient to determine the cardiovascular risk factors early in order to take preventive measures. To assist the recognition of irregularities in a subject's cardiovascular system, we develop an optic 24/7 inear monitoring system (IN-MONIT). The central component is a micro-optic remission/reflection sensor (MORES), which is placed inside the auditory canal. There the pulsation of blood within the capillaries is measured by means of optical absorption. From the resulting photoplethysmographic curves (pulse plethysmogram, PPG), the heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate and higher order moments can be derived. The optical absorption data are processed locally using a microcontroller and the results are transferred wirelessly to a personal digital assistant (PDA) or PC for sophisticated classification. This paper introduces the IN-MONIT system and two algorithms for heart rate determination from ECG or PPG data. The performance of these algorithms was tested using annotated ECG data from the "MIT-BIH Normal Sinus Rhythm Database", synchronously recorded ECG and pulse oximeter data, and data acquired by the MORES sensor.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany. vogel@hia.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hülsbusch
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Starke
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leonhardt
mesh_terms: D004423:Ear; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008904:Miniaturization; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010092:Oximetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010783:Photometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation*