title: Motor coordination problems in children and adolescents with ADHD rated by parents and teachers: effects of age and gender.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  ADHD is frequently accompanied by motor coordination problems. However, the co-occurrence of poor motor performance has received less attention in research than other coexisting problems in ADHD. The underlying mechanisms of this association remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of motor coordination problems in a large sample of children with ADHD, and the relationship between motor coordination problems and inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. Furthermore, we assessed whether the association between ADHD and motor coordination problems was comparable across ages and was similar for both genders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 486 children with ADHD and 269 normal controls. Motor coordination problems were rated by parents (Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire) and teachers (Groningen Motor Observation Scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents and teachers reported motor coordination problems in about one third of children with ADHD. Problems of fine and gross motor skills, coordination skills and motor control were all related to inattentive rather than hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. Relative to controls, motor coordination problems in ADHD were still present in teenagers according to parents; the prevalence diminished somewhat according to teachers. Boys and girls with ADHD were comparably affected, but motor performance in controls was better in girls than in boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motor coordination problems were reported in one third of children with ADHD and affected both boys and girls. These problems were also apparent in adolescents with ADHD. Clinicians treating children with ADHD should pay attention to co-occurring motor coordination problems because of the high prevalence and the negative impact of motor coordination problems on daily life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fliers
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rommelse
authors.forename: S H H M
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altink
authors.forename: C J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Buschgens
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sergeant
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires