title: The role of maternal education and nonmaternal care services in the prevention of children's physical aggression problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical violence is an important health problem, and low maternal education is a significant risk for the development of chronic physical aggression (PA). We hypothesized that nonmaternal care (NMC) services could prevent the development of childhood PA problems, depending on the age at which the services are initiated. Method Children who followed a trajectory of atypically frequent PA between 17 and 60 months of age among a population sample of 1691 Canadian families were identified. Maternal education and NMC were considered in predicting group membership while controlling for confounding family characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children of mothers with low education levels (ie, no high school diploma) were less likely to receive NMC. Those who did receive such care had significantly lower risk of a high PA trajectory. Results from logistic regressions indicated that NMC reduced the risk of high PA, especially when initiated before age 9 months (odds ratio, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.90). Children of mothers who graduated from high school were less at risk of PA problems, and NMC had no additional protective effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonmaternal care services to children of mothers with low levels of education could substantially reduce their risk of chronic PA, especially if provided soon after birth. Because children most likely to benefit from NMC services are less likely to receive them, special measures encouraging the use of NMC services among high-risk families are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada. sylvana.cote@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Sylvana M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Côté
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boivin
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Nagin
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Japel
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zoccolillo
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Junger
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tremblay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D002654:Child Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors