title: Cardiac effects of momentary assessed worry episodes and stressful events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To hypothesize that increased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) occurs not only during stressful events but also during episodes in which stress is cognitively represented, but not necessarily present, i.e., during worry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory HR and HRV of 73 female and male teachers were recorded for 4 days, during which they reported, on an hourly basis using computerized diaries, the number and characteristics of worry episodes and stressful events. Multilevel regression models were used, controlling for biobehavioral variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with neutral periods, worry episodes and stressful events had independent effects on HR (2.00 beats/min and 2.75 beats/min, respectively) and HRV (-1.07 ms and -1.05, respectively). Neither psychological traits nor biobehavioral variables influenced these results. Effects were most pronounced for work-related worry on HR (9.16 beats/min) and HRV (-1.19 ms), and for worry about anticipated future stress on HR (4.79 beats/min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Worry in daily life might have substantial cardiac effects in addition to the effects of stressful events, especially in the form of work-related and anticipatory stress, the latter being a type of stress that has been largely neglected in stress research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RB Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Jos F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brosschot
authors.forename: Rien
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Leeden
authors.forename: Julian F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Thayer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012718:Set, Psychology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology