title: The analgesic effect of inhalational Entonox for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
abstract: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a non-invasive procedure that allows urinary stones to be fragmented using acoustic shock waves. The impact of the shock waves causes transient stinging pain at the entry site as well as deep visceral discomfort, requiring analgesia during the procedure. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of Entonox and pethidine for pain relief during outpatient ESWL. We randomized 150 outpatients undergoing elective ESWL into three groups of 50 patients, each group receiving inhalational Entonox, intravenous pethidine, or inhalational compressed air during ESWL. Quantitative evaluation of pain was performed according to a visual analogue scale (VAS), before and after the intervention. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t tests were used to compare VAS scores in the three groups, before and after the intervention. Entonox and pethidine decreased the pain score significantly, while compressed air did not. There was no significant difference between pain relief by Entonox and pethidine. This study demonstrates for the first time that inhalational Entonox is an effective analgesic regimen for ESWL. Entonox can be regarded as an appropriate alternative to analgesics like opioids in relieving pain during ESWL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan Medical University, Isfahan, Iran. mazdak@med.mui.ac.ir
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mazdak
authors.forename: Parvaneh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abazari
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghassami
authors.forename: Shekoofeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Najafipour
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010045:Outpatients; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; C001147:Entonox; D008614:Meperidine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010100:Oxygen