title: Comparison between early and late carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to oxidized low-density lipoprotein and plaque vulnerability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although carotid endarterectomy (CEA), the gold standard in stroke prevention, has been performed in the late stage after the insult, its optimal timing remains unclear. Using biomarkers in plaque and plasma, we evaluated oxidative stress and plaque vulnerability between early and late CEA in symptomatic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared symptomatic stroke patients who underwent early CEA within 4 weeks of the last insult (group A; n = 15) with those who received CEA in the late stage beyond 4 weeks from the last symptom (group B; n = 57). They were divided into vulnerable (group Av, n = 13; group Bv, n = 33) and stable (group As, n = 2; group Bs, n = 24) subgroups according to the pathologic findings on their plaques. We studied the relationships among their primary symptoms, clinical findings, oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels, and gelatinase A (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-9) activity in their plaques and plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group A had a variety of symptoms; there was no difference in the outcome of CEA between groups A and B. The plaque and plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels were higher in group A than in group B (P < .05). The incidence of pathologically vulnerable plaque was higher in group A than in group B. Plaque oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels and MMP-9 activity were similar in group Av and group Bv and were higher in those groups than in group As and Bs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We first demonstrated that vulnerable plaques in patients subjected to early CEA manifested a remarkable increase in oxidized low-density lipoprotein and MMP-9 activation. Our findings suggest that early CEA may be beneficial in the aspect of oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuhiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzue
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: Keiko T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kitazato
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagahiro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9