title: The atmospheric background of perfluorocarbon compounds used as tracers.
abstract: There are seven cyclic perfluoroalkane compounds, which can be detected in extremely low concentrations, that are used to track mass movement and transfer in a variety of research and practical applications. They are used in leak detection in underground storage and pipelines and in atmospheric transport and diffusion research on local, regional, and continental scales. They are likely to be a used globally for monitoring carbon sequestration in geological formations. The atmospheric background levels of these compounds must be accurately known, and trends in their concentrations determined for these compounds to be effective in monitoring CO2 reservoirs and because there are environmental concerns about their release. Results of measurements of perfluorocarbon background concentrations from two recent field programs are presented, and trends in these values examined using data collected over the last 25 years. The current atmospheric concentrations of these compounds are in the low parts per quadrillion levels, and their annual atmospheric growth rate is less than 1 part per quadrillion per year. The environmental effects of these compounds are examined and found to be negligible at current release rates.
authors.affiliation: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA. twatson@bnl.gov
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: Russell N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heiser
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalb
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons