title: Infant-feeding methods and childhood sleep-disordered breathing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Childhood sleep-disordered breathing has an adverse impact on cognitive development, behavior, quality of life, and use of health care resources. Early viral infections and other immune-mediated responses may contribute to development of the chronic inflammation of the upper airway and hypertrophic upper airway lymphadenoid tissues underlying childhood sleep-disordered breathing. Breastfeeding provides immunologic protection against such early exposures. Therefore, we sought to explore whether sleep-disordered breathing severity would differ for children who were breastfed as infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The parents or guardians of 196 habitually snoring children (mean +/- SD: 6.7 +/- 2.9 years old) who were undergoing overnight polysomnography at Kosair Children's Hospital Sleep Medicine and Apnea Center completed a retrospective survey on the method(s) used to feed the child as an infant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among habitually snoring children, those who were fed breast milk for at least 2 months had significantly reduced sleep-disordered breathing severity on every measure assessed, including apnea-hypopnea index, oxyhemoglobin desaturation nadir, and respiratory arousal index. Breastfeeding for longer than 5 months did not contribute additional benefits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the notion that breastfeeding may provide long-term protection against the severity of childhood sleep-disordered breathing. Future research should explore mechanism(s) whereby infant-feeding methods may affect the pathophysiology of development of childhood sleep-disordered breathing.
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University, Department of Psychology, 1124 Life Sciences Building, PO Box 6040, Morgantown, WV 26506-6040, USA. hawley.montgomery-downs@mail.wvu.edu
authors.forename: Hawley Evelyn
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Montgomery-Downs
authors.forename: Valerie McLaughlin
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Crabtree
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sans Capdevila
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gozal
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control