title: Applicability of tools to assess pain in elderly patients after cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-operatively, elderly patients with impaired vision and cognitive dysfunction may experience difficulties understanding standard pain assessment tools such as the 10-cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS). Thus, there is a need to identify more feasible post-operative pain assessments for elderly patients. With this goal in mind, we compared the VAS and VRS with two more expressive tools: the 50-cm Red Wedge Scale (RWS) and the Facial Pain Scale (FPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac surgery patients (73 +/- 5 years, mean +/- SD) were allocated to an RWS (n=80) or an FPS (n=80) group. Pain was assessed at rest and after movement during the first 4 days after tracheal extubation. The RWS or FPS assessments were repeated after 10 min. All patients completed the VRS and VAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rates of successful pain measurement on study day 1 were: VRS 86%, VAS 62%, RWS 78%, and FPS 60%. Pain measurements with the RWS correlated with the VAS (r=0.758, P<0.001) and weaker with the VRS (r=0.666, P<0.001) measurements. Pain measurements with the FPS correlated well with the VAS (r=0.873, P<0.001) and weaker with the VRS (r=0.583, P<0.001) measurements. With all scales, success rates improved during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In elderly patients, immediately after cardiac surgery, the VRS is the most feasible pain scale, followed by the RWS. The traditional 10-cm VAS is unsuitable for pain measurement in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Anne.Pesonen@hus.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pesonen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suojaranta-Ylinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tarkkila
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005145:Face; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012146:Rest; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014705:Verbal Behavior