title: A brief history of tracheostomy and tracheal intubation, from the Bronze Age to the Space Age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a concise history of tracheostomy and tracheal intubation for the approximately forty centuries from their earliest description around 2000 BC until the middle of the twentieth century, at which time a proliferation of advances marked the beginning of the modern era of anesthesiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The colorful and checkered past of tracheostomy and tracheal intubation informs contemporary understanding of these procedures. Often, the decision whether to perform a life-saving tracheostomy or tracheal intubation has been as important as the technical ability to perform it. The dawn of modern airway management owes its existence to the historical development of increasingly effective airway devices and to regular contributions of research into the pathophysiology of the upper airway.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical School and Children's Medical Center at Dallas, Department of Anesthesiology, Dallas, TX 75235, USA. pszmuk@gmail.com
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Szmuk
authors.forename: Tiberiu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ezri
authors.forename: Shmuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Evron
authors.forename: Yehudah
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000266:history*; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000266:history*