title: The European Working Time Directive: effect on education and clinical care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2009 the European Working Time Directive limits the weekly working hours to an average of 48 in all European Union member states. The recent published effects on education and patient care are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In European Union member states with traditional long working hours for hospital doctors the reduced working hours led to a decrease in trainee case loads. A negative effect on patients care is only suspected, but not yet measured. In particular, British anesthetists started a discussion about the required changes in training and assessment to counterbalance the lack of practice. European Surgical Disciplines demand for 48 h working time and 12 h teaching and education time per week for trainees. So far many member states have delayed the implementation of European laws in national laws.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are less measured clinical facts than political statements published. The actual working time directives in the European Union member states are inconsistent and further political development on this topic across the European Union remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany. waurick@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waurick
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bröking
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Aken
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education*; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005060:Europe; D005062:European Union; D006078:Government Programs; D006801:Humans; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000458:organization & administration; D013997:Time Factors; D016526:Workload / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*