title: CD8+ T cells from SIV elite controller macaques recognize Mamu-B*08-bound epitopes and select for widespread viral variation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is generally accepted that CD8+ T cell responses play an important role in control of immunodeficiency virus replication. The association of HLA-B27 and -B57 with control of viremia supports this conclusion. However, specific correlates of viral control in individuals expressing these alleles have been difficult to define. We recently reported that transient in vivo CD8+ cell depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected elite controller (EC) macaques resulted in a brief period of viral recrudescence. SIV replication was rapidly controlled with the reappearance of CD8+ cells, implicating that these cells actively suppress viral replication in ECs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show that three ECs in that study made at least seven robust CD8+ T cell responses directed against novel epitopes in Vif, Rev, and Nef restricted by the MHC class I molecule Mamu-B*08. Two of these Mamu-B*08-positive animals subsequently lost control of SIV replication. Their breakthrough virus harbored substitutions in multiple Mamu-B*08-restricted epitopes. Indeed, we found evidence for selection pressure mediated by Mamu-B*08-restricted CD8+ T cells in all of the newly identified epitopes in a cohort of chronically infected macaques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, our data suggest that Mamu-B*08-restricted CD8+ T cell responses effectively control replication of pathogenic SIV(mac)239. All seven regions encoding Mamu-B*08-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes also exhibit amino acid replacements typically seen only in the presence of Mamu-B*08, suggesting that the variation we observe is indeed selected by CD8+ T cell responses. SIV(mac)239 infection of Indian rhesus macaques expressing Mamu-B*08 may therefore provide an animal model for understanding CD8+ T cell-mediated control of HIV replication in humans.
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America. loffredo@primate.wisc.edu
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Loffredo
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Enrique J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: Jason J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Stephany
authors.forename: Denise S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Alex T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Bean
authors.forename: Dominic R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Beal
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Burwitz
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rudersdorf
authors.forename: Lyle T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Shari M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Piaskowski
authors.forename: Gemma E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sidney
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gostick
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Esper G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Kallas
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Piontkivska
authors.forename: Austin L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sette
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D000939:Epitopes; D012367:RNA, Viral