title: Cerebral protection: sites of arterial cannulation and brain perfusion routes.
abstract: Brain perfusion for adequate cerebral protection has changed over the years. The limitations of the time during total circulatory arrest with deep hypotermia, the inefficient cerebral metabolism during retrograde perfusion and special care to prevent cerebral embolism during antegrade perfusion have resulted in the development of different methods of cerebral protection during the evolution of aortic arch operations. Antegrade cerebral perfusion associated with moderate hypothermia is today, considered the best option for cerebral protection.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute of the Hospital das Clínicas, Medicine School of the University of São Paulo. diasrr@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ricardo Ribeiro
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Isaac Azevedo
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Alfredo Inácio
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Fiorelli
authors.forename: Noedir Antonio Groppo
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Stolf
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery*; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D001366:Axillary Artery / Q000601:surgery; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000601:surgery