title: Assessment of cerebral autoregulation with transcranial Doppler sonography in poor bone windows using constant infusion of an ultrasound contrast agent.
abstract: Cerebral autoregulation is an important pathophysiological and prognostic parameter for a variety of neurologic conditions. It can be assessed quickly and safely using transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). In elderly patients, poor insonation conditions decrease the number of examinable patients and can cause a systematic bias in autoregulation parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a constant infusion of an ultrasound contrast agent (Levovist((R))) can counteract these effects. We examined two cohorts of unselected neurologic patients. In 45 patients with good insonation windows (cohort 1), we used a thin aluminium foil between the skin and the TCD probe to artificially decrease the insonation quality. We determined two parameters of cerebral autoregulation (phase difference [PD] and a cross-correlation coefficient [Mx]) in native patients, with aluminium foil and with aluminium foil and a constant infusion of Levovist. In 30 patients with poor insonation windows (cohort 2), we measured the autoregulation twice, with and without an infusion of Levovist, to assess the reproducibility of the autoregulation parameters. In cohort 1, the foil model significantly decreased the Doppler signal quality, i.e., the mean spectrum energy decreased from 33.9 +/- 2.7 dB to 26.3 +/- 2.4 dB (p < 0.001). This introduced a significant bias to all autoregulation parameters (PD: decreased from 38.2 +/- 10.0 degrees to 27.9 +/- 12.5 degrees (p < 0.001); Mx: decreased from 0.308 +/- 0.170 to 0.254 +/- 0.162 (p < 0.01)). Both effects were compensated largely by a constant infusion of Levovist (300 mg/min). In cohort 2, infusion of the contrast agent at the same rate increased insonation quality, too, but to a lesser degree (27.4 +/- 2.4 dB to 32.0 +/- 3.7 dB, p < 0.001). This smaller increase did not cause a significant change in the autoregulation parameters, but the reproducibility of the PD was significantly improved (intraclass coefficient coefficient [ICC] 0.76, 95% confidence interval [0.59-0.87] in native poor bone window compared with ICC 0.90, 95% confidence interval [0.81-0.95] with infusion of the contrast agent). Our data show that constant infusion of an ultrasound contrast agent during the assessment of cerebral autoregulation can avoid potential bias introduced by poor insonation conditions. Furthermore, infusion of the contrast agent can improve reproducibility and contribute to the credibility of autoregulation assessment in the elderly. (E-mail: matthias.lorenz@em.uni-frankfurt.de).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. matthias.lorenz@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: Matthias W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thoelen
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Loesel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lienerth
authors.forename: Marilen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Humpich
authors.forename: Waltraud
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Roelz
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sitzer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508