title: Vigorous exercise and diabetic, hypertensive, and hypercholesterolemia medication use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalences of diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol all decrease with increased levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Whether these reductions extend beyond contemporary guideline activity levels and whether fitness affects medication use independent of activity, remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analyses of 62,291 male and 45,041 female runners, of whom 496 used antidiabetic, 3738 used antihypertension, and 2360 used low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering medications. Cardiorespiratory fitness was reported as speed (m x s(-1)) during a 10-km foot race.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medication use was significantly inversely associated with activity and fitness (P < 0.001, except LDL-C-lowering versus women's fitness). Compared with < or = 16 km x wk(-1) (guideline levels), the odds in men and women who ran > 64 km x wk(-1) were, respectively, 69% and 55% lower for antidiabetic, 48% and 52% lower for antihypertension, and 64% and 51% lower for LDL-C-lowering medication use. Compared with the least-fit men (< 3.25 m x s(-1)) and women (< 2.8 m x s(-1)), the odds for those who were most fit (men > 4.75 m x s(-1); women > 4.0 m x s(-1)) were 58% and 65% lower for antidiabetic, and 76% and 55% lower for antihypertensive medication use. Odds for LDL-C-lowering medication use were 87% lower in the fittest versus the least-fit men. Adjustment for activity only moderately diminished the inverse relationships of fitness with medication use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among individuals who exceed current guideline levels, antidiabetic, antihypertension, and LDL-C-lowering medications are inversely related to vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Lower odds of medication use with higher fitness occur independently of physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ptwilliams@lbl.gov
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012420:Running; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents