title: "Could this be something serious?" Reassurance, uncertainty, and empathy in response to patients' expressions of worry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous work suggests that exploration and validation of patients' concerns is associated with greater patient trust, lower health care costs, improved counseling, and more guideline-concordant care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe physicians' responses to patients' worries, how their responses varied according to clinical context (straightforward versus medically unexplained symptoms [MUS]) and associations between their responses and patients' ratings of interpersonal aspects of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multimethod study. For each physician, we surveyed 50 current patients and covertly audiorecorded 2 unannounced standardized patient (SP) visits. SPs expressed worry about "something serious" in 2 scenarios: straightforward gastroesophageal reflux or poorly characterized chest pain with MUS.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred primary care physicians and 4,746 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient surveys measuring interpersonal aspects of care (trust, physician knowledge of the patient, satisfaction, and patient activation). Qualitative coding of 189 transcripts followed by descriptive, multivariate, and lag-sequential analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physicians offered a mean of 3.1 responses to each of 613 SP prompts. Biomedical inquiry and explanations, action, nonspecific acknowledgment, and reassurance were common, whereas empathy, expressions of uncertainty, and exploration of psychosocial factors and emotions were uncommon. Empathy expressed during SP visits was associated with higher patient ratings of interpersonal aspects of care. After adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, the association was only statistically significant for the MUS role. Empathy was most likely to occur if expressed at the beginning of the conversational sequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Empathy is associated with higher patient ratings of interpersonal care, especially when expressed in situations involving ambiguity. Empathy should be expressed early after patient expressions of worry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA. ronald_epstein@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Taj
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadee
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Sean C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Meldrum
authors.forename: Judi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lardner
authors.forename: Cleveland G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Shields
mesh_terms: D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000523:psychology*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards; D035502:Trust; D035501:Uncertainty