title: An assessment of the application factor used to derive the saltwater acute ambient water quality copper criterion.
abstract: The basis for all US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) acute ambient water quality criteria is the chemical specific final acute value (FAV; an estimate of the concentration of the chemical corresponding to a cumulative probability of 0.05 of acute toxicity values for all genera with which acceptable acute tests have been conducted). The acute criterion for all chemicals is equal to the chemical's FAV divided by an application factor of 2. The intention of dividing the FAV by a factor of 2 is to convert the acute toxicity value to an incipient acute toxicity value, resulting in an acute criterion concentration that will protect against toxic effects to aquatic organisms. In the case of copper (Cu) in saltwater, the FAV is reduced from the normal 0.05 probability to equal to the genus mean acute value (GMAV; the geometric mean of copper effect concentration 50% [EC50] values) of the economically important marine bivalves of the genus Mytilus. Analyses to determine an application factor specific to Mytilus and copper were performed to assess the adequacy of the application factor of 2. An estimate of a dissolved copper application factor that is specific to and protective of Mytilus was determined using the results of sixty-four 48-h embryo survival and shell development copper toxicity tests of natural water samples collected from sites around the United States. A variety of point-estimate effects concentrations (EC1, EC5, EC10, EC20, and chronic values [ChV]) and statistical toxic-effect endpoints (no observed effect concentration [NOEC] and lowest observed effect concentration [LOEC]) were derived from the test results and compared. The most similar toxic effect endpoint estimates were EC1 approximately equal to NOEC, EC10 approximately equal to ChV, and EC20 approximately equal to LOEC. Probabilistic methods were used to determine a specific application factor with a high probability of providing protection. This analysis suggests that an application factor of 1.5 (rather than 2) is adequate to provide a high degree of protection against acute effects of dissolved copper to Mytilus. In context, this translates to an acute saltwater dissolved copper criterion of 6.4 microg Cu/L compared to the current acute criterion of 4.8 microg Cu/L.
authors.affiliation: Copper Development Association Inc., 260 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA. rarnold@cda.copper.org
authors.forename: W Ray
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cotsifas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000592:standards* / Q000633:toxicity; D049878:Mytilus; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D012016:Reference Values; D012623:Seawater; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000592:standards* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper