title: Amnestic syndrome of the medial temporal type identifies prodromal AD: a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the power of tests assessing different cognitive domains for the identification of prodromal Alzheimer disease (AD) among patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Given the early involvement of the medial temporal lobe, a precocious and specific pattern of memory disorders might be expected for the identification of prodromal AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 251 patients with MCI were tested at baseline by a standardized neuropsychological battery, which included the Free and Cued Selective Recall Reminding Test (FCSRT) for verbal episodic memory; the Benton Visual Retention Test for visual memory; the Deno 100 and verbal fluency for language; a serial digit learning test and the double task of Baddeley for working memory; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) similarities for conceptual elaboration; and the Stroop test, the Trail Making test, and the WAIS digit symbol test for executive functions. The patients were followed at 6-month intervals for up to 3 years in order to identify those who converted to AD vs those who remained stable over time. Statistical analyses were based on receiver operating characteristic curve and Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 59 subjects converted to AD dementia. The most sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of prodromal AD was the FCSRT. Significant cutoff for the diagnosis was 17/48 for free recall, 40/48 for total recall, and below 71% for index of sensitivity of cueing (% of efficacy of semantic cues for retrieval).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amnestic syndrome of the medial temporal type, defined by the Free and Cued Selective Recall Reminding Test, is able to distinguish patients at an early stage of Alzheimer disease from mild cognitive impairment non-converters.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U 610 and Centre des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France. marie.sarazin@psl.aphp.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarazin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Rotrou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fabrigoule
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasquier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Legrain
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volteau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Touchon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verny
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dubois
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D000647:Amnesia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D020534:Parahippocampal Gyrus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*