title: Human beta-defensin-1 and -2 and matrix metalloproteinase-25 and -26 expression in chronic and aggressive periodontitis and in peri-implantitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aberrant matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and human beta-defensin (HBD) functions have been found in inflammatory diseases. The objectives of this study were to investigate the immunolocalisation, mRNA expression and molecular forms of MMP-25, MMP-26, HBD-1 and HBD-2 in chronic and aggressive periodontitis and in peri-implantitis. The expression of MMP-25 by cultured human plasmacytoma cells and macrophages, and the effects of MMP-26 and Porphyromonas gingivalis trypsin-like proteinase on HBD-1 and -2 were also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescent analysis, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting were used to assess localisation, mRNA expression and molecular forms of MMP-25, MMP-26, HBD-1 and HBD-2. HBD degradation by MMP-26 and P. gingivalis proteinase was studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP-25 was present in plasma cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and MMP-26 was present in oral and sulcular basement membrane zones. HBD-1 was distributed perivasculary in gingival connective tissue and in oral and sulcular epithelium, and HBD-2 was found to a lesser extent in the perivascular space. Low MMP-25, MMP-26, HBD-1 and HBD-2 mRNA expression was found. Immunoblot revealed 29-57-kDa MMP-25 in myeloma cell lysates, but not in macrophages, and partly activated MMP-25 and -26 in diseased gingival crevicular fluid and peri-implant sulcular fluid. P. gingivalis trypsin-like proteinase degraded HBD-1 and -2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both MMP-25 and -26 were expressed more strongly in extensively inflamed gingiva compared with healthy gingiva. The expression of HBD-1 was stronger than that of HBD-2 in periodontitis and peri-implantitis. De-novo expression of MMP-25 and -26 is associated with periodontal and peri-implant inflammation. Furthermore, P. gingivalis trypsin-like proteinase, but not MMP-26, can degrade HBD-1 and -2, which could lead to a weakened innate immune response.
authors.affiliation: Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. heidi.kuula@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuula
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pirilä
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagström
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luomanen
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Fernandez
authors.forename: Georgios E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Romanos
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sorsa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015921:Dental Implants; D023083:beta-Defensins; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases