title: Fitness and dissemination of disinfectant-selected multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in chickens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to determine whether strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium which had acquired low-level multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) through repeated exposure to farm disinfectants were able to colonize and transmit between chicks as easily as the parent strain and, if such strains were less susceptible to fluoroquinolones, would high-level resistance be selected after fluoroquinolone treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two mutants were compared with the isogenic parent. In the first experiment, day-old chicks were co-infected with both the parent and a mutant to determine their relative fitness. In the second experiment, parent and mutant strains (in separate groups of chicks) were assessed for their ability to transmit from infected (contact) to non-infected (naive) birds and with respect to their susceptibility to fluoroquinolone treatment. Birds were regularly monitored for the presence of Salmonella in caecal contents. Replica plating was used to monitor for the selection of antibiotic-resistant strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The parent strain was shown to be significantly fitter than the two mutants and was more rapidly disseminated to naive birds. Antibiotic treatment did not preferentially select for the two mutants or for resistant strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The disinfectant-exposed strains, although MAR, were less fit, less able to disseminate than the parent strain and were not preferentially selected by therapeutic antibiotic treatment. As such, these strains are unlikely to present a greater problem than other salmonellae in chickens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK. l.randall@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk
authors.forename: Luke P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bagnall
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Karatzas
authors.forename: Nick C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Coldham
authors.forename: Laura J V
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Piddock
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Woodward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002645:Chickens; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009154:Mutation; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D024841:Fluoroquinolones