title: Inflammatory cytokines in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammation has been described in several studies. The aim of this study was to search for the presence of low-grade inflammation in a special group of insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes, and to investigate a possible correlation between inflammation and obesity, glucose homeostasis and insulin requirement (IU insulin/kg body weight, BW).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 85 subjects with type 2 diabetes that were receiving insulin treatment (group A) and 32 receiving sulfonylurea treatment (group B), and 57 subjects without diabetes (group C). Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the soluble TNF-alpha receptors sTNFR-60 and sTNFR-80 were measured in serum samples taken from all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean serum cytokine levels in group A vs. group B were: IL-6, 8.54+/-11 vs. 2.71+/-1.9 pg/ml (p=0.000); TNF-alpha, 14.33+/-24 vs. 5.12+/-15 pg/ml (p=0.016); sTNFR60, 3.9+/-2.8 vs. 2.36+/-1.4 ng/ml (p=0.000); and sTNFR80, 11.9+/-7 vs. 9.4+/-6 ng/ml (p=0.080). The mean serum cytokine levels in group A vs. group C were: IL-6, 8.54+/-11 vs. 4.74+/-7 pg/ml (p=0.017); TNF-alpha, 14.33+/-24 vs. 5.94+/-3.4 pg/ml (p=0.003); sTNFR60, 3.9+/-2.8 vs. 2.54+/-1.4 ng/ml (p=0.000); and sTNFR80, 11.9+/-7 vs. 10.85+/-8 ng/ml (p=0.470). A positive association between waist circumference and IL-6 (r=0.165, p=0.030) and sTNFR-60 (r=0.276, p=0.000) was detected. A significant correlation coefficient was observed between haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and both IL-6 (r=0.278, p=0.000) and sTNFR-60 (r=0.293, p=0.000), when the groups were studied as one. No correlation between inflammation and units of insulin/kg BW was found. In conclusion, low-grade chronic inflammation, as estimated by the relative levels of inflammatory cytokines, was present in patients with type 2 diabetes that were receiving insulin treatment, with significantly higher cytokine levels recorded compared to sulfonylurea-treated patients. In addition, an association between inflammation and both obesity and glucose homeostasis was detected.
authors.affiliation: B' Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital O Agios Dimitrios, Thessaloniki, Greece. koskgeo@otenet.gr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mavridis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Souliou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diza
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Symeonidis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pastore
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vassiliou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karamitsos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012995:Solubility; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha