Microbial degradation of the benzonitrile herbicides dichlobenil, bromoxynil and ioxynil in soil and subsurface environments--insights into degradation pathways, persistent metabolites and involved degrader organisms.
The benzonitriles dichlobenil, bromoxynil and ioxynil are important broad-spectrum or selective herbicides used in agriculture, orchards and public areas worldwide. The dichlobenil metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide is the most frequently encountered groundwater contaminant in Denmark, which suggests that the environmental fate of these three structurally related benzonitrile herbicides should be addressed in detail. This review summarises the current knowledge on microbial degradation of dichlobenil, bromoxynil and ioxynil with particular focus on common features of degradation rates and pathways, accumulation of persistent metabolites and diversity of the involved degrader organisms.
Holtze
Maria S
MS
Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Sørensen
Sebastian R
SR
Sørensen
Jan
J
Aamand
Jens
J
D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001549:Benzamides / Q000032:analysis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003718:Denmark; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D007462:Iodobenzenes / Q000378:metabolism; D009570:Nitriles / Q000378:metabolism*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D014881:Water Supply
D001549:Benzamides; D006540:Herbicides; D007462:Iodobenzenes; D009570:Nitriles; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C008161:ioxynil; C014356:benzonitrile; C057454:2,6-dichlorobenzamide; C006826:bromoxynil; C055869:dichlobanil