Trends in energy and nutrient intake and risk of inadequate intakes in Catalonia, Spain (1992-2003).
OBJECTIVE
To analyse trends in energy and nutrient intakes and nutritional adequacy from 1992 to 2003.


METHODS
Two consecutive cross-sectional studies carried out on random samples of the Catalan population ENCAT 1992-93 and ENCAT 2002-03. Dietary intake was assessed by means of two 24-hour recalls on non-consecutive days. Spanish food consumption tables were used. Energy and nutrient data were adjusted for intraindividual variability, and the Spanish recommend nutrient intakes (RNIs) were used in the analysis.


METHODS
Catalonia region, North Eastern Spain.


METHODS
Analysis is based on a total of 4701 individuals; 2641 from ENCAT 1992-93 (1210 men and 1431 women) and 2060 from ENCAT 2002-03 (954 men and 1106 women), aged 10-75 years.


RESULTS
No relevant changes in energy intake trends were observed, although a decrease was observed in the daily consumption of proteins (-7 g), cholesterol (-56 mg), potassium (-245 mg), vitamin A (-283 RE microg), retinoids (-71 microg), carotenoids (-1520 microg), niacin (-29 mg), folates (-15 microg), vitamin B12 (-1.6 microg) vitamin D (-0.5 microg), fibre and iron, and an increase in the consumption of calcium (+57 mg) and a slight increase in lipids and fatty acids (% energy). In general, the most outstanding trends were those of vitamin A (as a result of the decreased consumption of offal), proteins, vitamin D and B12 (due to the decreased consumption of meat and fish) and calcium (as a consequence of the increased consumption of dairy products).


CONCLUSIONS
No changes were observed in the energy intake of males or females; therefore, the obesity changes may possibly be attributed to changes in physical activity patterns. However, an increase in energy sources of a poorer nutritional profile has been identified, especially for between meal snacks.
Serra-Majem
Lluís
L
Community Nutrition Research Centre, University of Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 4, Torre D 4A1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. lserra@dcc.ulpgc.es
Ribas-Barba
Lourdes
L
Salvador
Gemma
G
Jover
Lluís
L
Raidó
Blanca
B
Ngo
Joy
J
Plasencia
Antoni
A
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009753:Nutritive Value; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011634:Public Health; D013030:Spain
D018977:Micronutrients