title: Arsenite-induced thymus atrophy is mediated by cell cycle arrest: a characteristic downregulation of E2F-related genes revealed by a microarray approach.
abstract: Thymus atrophy is induced by a variety of chemicals, including environmental contaminants and is used as a sensitive index to detect their adverse effects on lymphocytes. In the present study we adopted a toxicogenomics approach to identify the pathways that mediate the atrophy induced by arsenite. We also analyzed gene expression changes observed in the course of thymus atrophy by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), dexamethasone (DEX), and estradiol (E2), to determine whether arsenite induces atrophy by activating an arsenite-specific pathway or the same pathways as other chemicals. These compounds were intraperitoneally administered to C57BL/6 mice at doses that reduce thymus weight by approximately 30% within 3 days, and gene expression changes in the thymus 24 h after the administration were analyzed by using microarrays and real-time PCR. The microarray analysis showed that arsenite specifically downregulates a variety of E2F target genes that are involved in cell cycle progression. The same genes were also downregulated when mouse B-cell lymphoma A20 cells were exposed to arsenite. Arsenite exposure of the A20 cells was confirmed to induce cell cycle arrest, mainly in the G(1) phase, and reduce cell number. Cell cycle arrest in the G(1) phase was also confirmed to occur in the thymocytes of the arsenite-exposed mice. These results indicate that arsenite induces thymus atrophy through E2F-dependent cell cycle arrest. The results of this study also show that analysis of gene expression in thymuses is a useful method of obtaining clues to the pathways that mediate the effects of atrophy-inducing chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan. keikon@nies.go.jp
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nohara
authors.forename: Kana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ao
authors.forename: Yoshimi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Takehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.forename: Yukiyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tateishi
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omura
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tohyama
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D018053:Arsenites / Q000633:toxicity*; D001284:Atrophy; D001665:Binding Sites; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D043922:Toxicogenetics
chemical_list: D018053:Arsenites; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D017670:Sodium Compounds; C017947:sodium arsenite