title: The impact of treatment on 3 years' outcome for heroin dependence: findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of treatment for heroin dependence on drug use, injection-related risk-taking, health problems, criminality and general physical and mental health over 3 years among heroin-dependent Australians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 615 heroin users enrolled in the Australian Treatment Outcome Study; 94.5% of the sample completed at least one follow-up interview over 36-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion who reported using heroin in the preceding month continued to decrease significantly from baseline to 24-month follow-up (99% versus 35%), with this rate remaining stable to 36-month follow-up. The reduction in heroin use was accompanied by reductions in other drug use. There were also substantial reductions in risk-taking, crime, injection-related health problems and improvements in general physical and mental health. Positive outcomes were associated with more time in maintenance therapies and residential rehabilitation and fewer treatment episodes. Time spent in detoxification was not associated with positive outcomes. Major depression was also associated consistently with poorer outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 3 years, there were impressive reductions in drug use, criminality, psychopathology and injection-related health problems following treatment exposure.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia. m.teesson@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Maree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teesson
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darke
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Alys
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Havard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D016485:Needle Sharing; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome