title: Esophageal injury associated with anterior cervical spine surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior cervical spinal surgery has been used to treat a variety of conditions including spondylosis, fracture, tumor, infection, trauma, and instability. Esophageal perforation, a rare and unusual complication of anterior cervical procedures, has been largely relegated to only incidental case reports with few large retrospective studies performed to determine true incidence, treatment, etiology, and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  More than 3000 anterior cervical spine surgeries conducted over a 30-year period by 5 active practicing surgeons were reviewed. There were 3 cases of esophageal injury identified with subsequent critical evaluation to determine presentation, diagnosis, risk factors, management, and outcomes. In addition, incidence rates were calculated based on overall occurrence and antecedent risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of the patients with esophageal injury had predisposing risk factors, including diverticula or cervical spine trauma. The third patient had no antecedent risk factors. Symptoms included axial spine pain, odynophagia, dysphagia, purulent spondylitis, and sepsis. Treatment consisted of one or more of the following: reoperation with exploration and repair, esophageal diversion, esophageal rest, antibiotic administration, and wound drainage. Functional outcomes were achieved in all cases with no deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal injury incidence based on overall occurrence in this study was 0.1%. Patients with no antecedent risk factors had an incidence of 0.03%. Our results compare favorably with those of the Cervical Spine Research Society survey from 1989, which predicted an incidence of 0.25% based on questionnaires filed by surgeons, representing 1 of only 2 reports that included more than 1000 patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgical, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA. patel.naresh@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Naresh P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: W Putnam
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Wolcott
authors.forename: J Patrick
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cambron
authors.forename: Marcial
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Batzdorf
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome