title: A mechanism of benefit of soy genistein in asthma: inhibition of eosinophil p38-dependent leukotriene synthesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary intake of the soy isoflavone genistein is associated with reduced severity of asthma, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether genistein blocks eosinophil leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) synthesis and to evaluate the mechanism of this effect, and to assess the impact of a 4-week period of soy isoflavone dietary supplementation on indices of eosinophilic inflammation in asthma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human peripheral blood eosinophils were stimulated in the absence and presence of genistein, and LTC(4) synthesis was measured. 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) nuclear membrane translocation was assessed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation was determined by immunoblot. Human subjects with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma and minimal or no soy intake were given a soy isoflavone supplement (100 mg/day) for 4 weeks. The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)) and ex vivo eosinophil LTC(4) production were assessed before and after the soy isoflavone treatment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genistein inhibited eosinophil LTC(4) synthesis (IC(50) 80 nm), blocked phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and its downstream target MAPKAP-2, and reduced translocation of 5-LO to the nuclear membrane. In patients with asthma, following 4 weeks of dietary soy isoflavone supplementation, ex vivo eosinophil LTC(4) synthesis decreased by 33% (N=11, P=0.02) and FE(NO) decreased by 18% (N=13, P=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At physiologically relevant concentrations, genistein inhibits eosinophil LTC(4) synthesis in vitro, probably by blocking p38- and MAPKAP-2-dependent activation of 5-LO. In asthma patients, dietary soy isoflavone supplementation reduces eosinophil LTC(4) synthesis and eosinophilic airway inflammation. These results support a potential role for soy isoflavones in the treatment of asthma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. r-kalhan@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalhan
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nlend
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hixon
authors.forename: P H S
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Sporn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D001249:Asthma / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015289:Leukotrienes; D019833:Genistein; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases