title: Dual-chamber epicardial pacing in neonates with congenital heart block.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review evaluates the outcome of a treatment strategy using dual-chamber pacemakers for neonates with congenital heart block.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1989 to 2006, 10 neonates had dual-chamber epicardial pacemaker placement for congenital heart block. Mean age and weight were 4.4 +/- 5.6 days and 2.8 +/- 0.6 kg. Four patients had heterotaxy syndrome and required concomitant cardiac procedures. One patient had fetal hydrops, myocarditis, and cardiomyopathy. Five patients had structurally normal hearts. Sternotomy (2 partial, 8 full) and unipolar leads (2 non-steroid eluting, 18 steroid-eluting) were used in all. Generators were placed in submuscular bilateral rectus sheath pockets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful atrioventricular synchrony was established in all patients. Mean P-wave sensing was 4.7 +/- 2.6 mV and atrial voltage threshold was 0.8 +/- 0.3 V. Mean R-wave sensing was 13.0 +/- 5.7 mV and ventricular voltage threshold 0.9 +/- 0.5 V. There were no wound complications or acute lead failures. Median postoperative stay was 14 days. Three of the 4 patients with heterotaxy died at 3 days, 14 days, and 15 months postoperatively. The patient with cardiomyopathy died suddenly at 6 months of acute myocarditis. No patient with a structurally normal heart died (P < .05). Mean follow-up interval in survivors is 6.1 +/- 7.1 years with 1 patient lost to follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implantation of a dual-chamber epicardial pacemaker in neonates with congenital heart block is technically feasible and results in excellent outcomes in patients with structurally normal hearts. System longevity at 6 years is excellent. Patients with congenital heart block and heterotaxy syndrome have a poor prognosis despite dual-chamber pacing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Ill 60614, USA.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kelle
authors.forename: Carl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Wayne H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Deal
authors.forename: Constantine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mavroudis
mesh_terms: D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006327:Heart Block / Q000151:congenital / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010496:Pericardium; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome