title: Association between urokinase haplotypes and outcome from infection-associated acute lung injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alterations in coagulation, including elevated pulmonary and systemic concentrations of urokinase, are frequent in patients with acute lung injury (ALI). Urokinase potentiates neutrophil activation and contributes to the severity of pulmonary injury in preclinical models of ALI. The objective of this study was to examine associations between polymorphisms and haplotypes of urokinase with risk for and outcomes from ALI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohorts of healthy European-American adults and those with infection-associated ALI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical centers participating in NIH funded studies of low tidal volume ventilation for ALI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controls were 175 healthy European-American subjects. Patients were 252 individuals with infection-associated ALI, prospectively followed for 60 days for mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genetic polymorphisms and haplotypes in the urokinase gene were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six polymorphisms, rs1916341, rs2227562, rs2227564, rs2227566, rs2227571, and rs4065, defining 98% of all urokinase haplotypes, were analyzed. There were no statistically significant associations between any single urokinase polymorphism or haplotype and risk for developing ALI. In contrast, there was a statistically significant relationship between the CGCCCC haplotype and both 60-day mortality and ventilator-free days that remained present in a multivariate analysis controlling for age and sex (p=0.033 for 60-day mortality and <0.001 for ventilator-free days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results identify a specific urokinase haplotype as a genetic risk factor for higher mortality and more severe clinical outcome in patients with infection-associated ALI.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado at Denver, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arcaroli
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sankoff
authors.forename: Nianjun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maloney
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator