title: Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B, protein A, and lipoteichoic acid stimulations in nasal polyps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence points toward a modifying role of Staphylococcus aureus and its products in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate cytokine and mediator production after stimulation with S aureus-derived proteins enterotoxin B, protein A, and lipoteichoic acid in nasal polyp and control inferior turbinate tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue fragments were stimulated with RPMI (negative control), enterotoxin B, protein A, and lipoteichoic acid for 30 minutes and 24 hours. Supernatants were measured by multiplex for proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) and T-cell and subset-related cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13). Histamine, TGF-beta1, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and prostaglandin D(2) were analyzed by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty minutes of protein A stimulation resulted in a significant increase of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandin D(2). Enterotoxin B stimulation over a period of 24 hours induced a significant increase of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 in both groups, with this increase significantly higher in nasal polyps compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We here show that S aureus products have various effects on mucosal tissues: surface protein A induces mast cell degranulation, whereas enterotoxins induce the release of cytokines, with a T(H)2-skewed pattern in nasal polyps, supporting the stimulatory role of superantigens in the development of this inflammatory disease.
authors.affiliation: Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Joke.Patou@Ugent.be
authors.forename: Joke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patou
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gevaert
authors.forename: Thibaut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Zele
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holtappels
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Cauwenberge
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bachert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013205:Staphylococcal Protein A / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014420:Turbinates / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004768:Enterotoxins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013205:Staphylococcal Protein A; D013682:Teichoic Acids; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; C009900:lipoteichoic acid