title: Cost-effectiveness of antipsychotics for outpatients with chronic schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present analysis was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternative treatments for outpatients with chronic schizophrenia from the healthcare payer's perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision analysis was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the following antipsychotic drugs: amisulpride, aripiprazole, haloperidol (oral formulation), haloperidol (depot formulation), olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone (oral formulation), risperidone (depot formulation) and ziprazidone. Clinical and economic outcomes were modelled over 1-year time horizon. Effectiveness was measured as a percentage of patients in remission. Clinical parameters used in the model included compliance rates, rehospitalisation rates for compliant and non-compliant patients, duration and frequency of hospitalisation, and adverse event rates. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most effective treatment was treatment with olanzapine where 64.1% of patients remained in remission. The least effective treatment was treatment with quetiapine where 32.7% of patients remained in remission. Overall costs ranged from 3,726.78 Euro for haloperidol to 8,157.03 Euro for risperidone in depot formulation. Inpatient costs represented the major part of costs for most of antipsychotic drugs. Typical antipsychotic drugs had substantially smaller outpatient costs (6.5%) compared with atypical antipsychotics (37.9%). In the base case scenario the non-dominated treatment strategies were haloperidol, haloperidol decanoate and olanzapine. Additionally, risperidone can also be considered to be part of the efficient frontier based on the sensitivity analysis results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among second-generation antipsychotics, which have a better safety profile than first-generation antipsychotics, olanzapine and risperidone showed to be the most cost-effective treatment strategies for outpatient treatment of chronic schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obradovic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mrhar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kos
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000191:economics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents