title: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b: a new target of breast tumor kinase/protein tyrosine kinase 6.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are mediators of cytokine and growth factor signaling. In recent years, STAT5b has emerged as a key regulator of tumorigenesis. STAT5b phosphorylation and activation is mediated by several kinases known to be overexpressed in breast cancer, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, HER2, and c-Src. Breast tumor kinase (Brk), also known as protein tyrosine kinase 6, is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase expressed in more than 60% of breast cancers. Only a few substrates of the Brk tyrosine kinase have been identified, the most recent being STAT3. In the present article we investigate the potential role of Brk in the phosphorylation and activation STAT5b.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether Brk can phosphorylate STAT5b, transient transfection and in vitro kinase assays were performed. Luciferase reporter assays were used to measure Brk-induced STAT5b transcriptional activity. siRNA technology was utilized to investigate the biological significance of Brk-induced activation of STAT5b in breast cancer cell models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phosphospecific antibodies, mutational analysis, and in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that Brk specifically mediated STAT5b phosphorylation at the activating tyrosine, Y699. Transient transfection of Brk into the Brk-negative BT-549 breast cancer cell line enhanced STAT5b transcriptional activity, as measured by a STAT5-specific luciferase reporter. Furthermore, overexpression of kinase active c-Src enhanced Brk-induced STAT5b transcriptional activity. In Brk-positive breast cancer cell lines BT-20 and SKBr3, knockdown of Brk protein or of STAT5b protein using siRNA methodology resulted in a decrease in DNA synthesis. Knockdown of Brk and STAT5b together did not further decrease DNA synthesis compared with each alone, suggesting that Brk and STAT5b converge on the same pathway, ultimately leading to cellular proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies demonstrate that Brk phosphorylates STAT5b on Y699, leading to increased STAT5b transcriptional activity. Furthermore, analysis of DNA synthesis suggests that STAT5b and Brk are converging upon the same proproliferative signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. We propose that Brk, like other tyrosine kinases, signals downstream to STAT5b to mediate proliferation of breast cancer cells. These results further establish STAT5b as well as Brk as potential targets for breast cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Corinne M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081247:CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014162:Transfection; D019061:src-Family Kinases
chemical_list: D049408:Luminescent Agents; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; C494095:STAT5B protein, human; D008156:Luciferases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000081247:CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; C088375:PTK6 protein, human; D019061:src-Family Kinases; C000631346:CSK protein, human