title: Fetoscopic closure of punctured fetal membranes with acellular human amnion plugs in a rabbit model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore a surgical plug formed from decellularized term human amnion membrane for fetoscopic closure of iatrogenic defects in fetal membranes in a rabbit model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in eight rabbit does. Punctures were created at midgestational day 23 by 14-gauge needle fetoscopy on surgically exposed rabbit amniotic sacs. The entry sites were fetoscopically plugged either with decellularized term human amnion membrane (n=10) or previously successful commercial collagen matrix foil (n=10), followed by their primary fixation with fibrin glue and myometrial suturing. Seven punctured sacs without any plugging and 31 sacs without any manipulation served as two reference groups. Amniotic integrity and fetal parameters were assessed at gestational day 30.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We established a facile method to prepare sheets of decellularized term human amnion membrane and verified its nontoxicity and cell compatibility in vitro. Decellularized term human amnion membrane sheets could be delivered precisely and controlled by fetoscopy as compact plugs into amniotic defects. The surgical handling characteristics of decellularized term human amnion membrane were better than the commercial collagen matrix foil. Treatment with human decellularized term human amnion membrane was comparable to treatment with the collagen matrix with regard to efficiency in restoring amniotic integrity. Seventy-five percent and 71.4% of amniotic sacs treated with decellularized term human amnion membrane or the commercial collagen matrix foil, respectively, showed amniotic integrity, compared with 25% in the left-open study group. Histology at the 1 week experimental endpoint showed no evidence for inflammation or beginning of anatomic healing of grafted, decellularized term human amnion membrane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetoscopic delivery of plugs made of decellularized term human amnion membrane presents a potentially practical surgical method to restore amniotic integrity of punctured fetal membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ajit S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mallik
authors.forename: Max A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fichter
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rieder
authors.forename: Grozdana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bilic
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stergioula
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henke
authors.forename: Karl-Theo M
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Juozas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurmanavicius
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biemer
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Andreas H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zisch
authors.forename: Nikolaos A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Papadopulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000650:Amnion; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005332:Fetoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D023421:Models, Animal; D011247:Pregnancy; D011817:Rabbits; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D014014:Tissue Adhesives