title: Modeling and testing of reactive contaminant transport in drinking water pipes: chlorine response and implications for online contaminant detection.
abstract: A modified one-dimensional Danckwerts convection-dispersion-reaction (CDR) model is numerically simulated to explain the observed chlorine residual loss for a "slug" of reactive contaminants instantaneously introduced into a drinking water pipe of assumed no or negligible wall demand. In response to longitudinal dispersion, a contaminant propagates into the bulk phase where it reacts with disinfectants in the water. This process generates a U-shaped pattern of chlorine residual loss in a time-series concentration plot. Numerical modeling indicates that the residual loss curve geometry (i.e., slope, depth, and width) is a function of several variables such as axial Péclet number, reaction rate constants, molar fraction of the fast- and slow-reacting contaminants, and the quasi-steady-state chlorine decay inside the "slug" which serves as a boundary condition of the CDR model. Longitudinal dispersion becomes dominant for less reactive contaminants. Pilot-scale pipe flow experiments for a non-reactive sodium fluoride tracer and the fast-reacting aldicarb, a pesticide, were conducted under turbulent flow conditions (Re=9020 and 25,000). Both the experimental results and the CDR modeling are in agreement showing a close relationship among the aldicarb contaminant "slug", chlorine residual loss and its variations, and a concentration increase of chloride as the final reaction product. Based on these findings, the residual loss curve and its geometry are useful tools to identify the presence of a contaminant "slug" and infer its reactive properties in adaptive contaminant detections.
authors.affiliation: Water Supply and Water Resources Division, US EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA. yang.jeff@epa.gov
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jeffrey Yang
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Goodrich
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Sylvana Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants; D002713:Chlorine