title: Outcome of gram-positive and gram-negative peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a single-center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spectrum of bacterial peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in India may be different from that seen in developed countries because of differences in culture and in social, environmental, financial, and educational status. We analyzed our data regarding the incidence and outcome of monomicrobial peritonitis in our CAPD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of 225 patients on CAPD to retrieve data concerning demographics, peritonitis rate, organism isolated, and outcome. Polymicrobial and fungal peritonitis were excluded from the outcome analysis because of their different outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 168 episodes of peritonitis (range: 1 - 6 episodes per patient). Of the 168 episodes, 106 (63.1%) episodes were culture-positive. Total duration of CAPD was 264.16 patient-years. The overall peritonitis rate was 0.63 episodes per patient-CAPD year. The rates of gram-negative, gram-positive, polymicrobial, and fungal peritonitis were 0.17, 0.11, 0.04, 0.09 episodes per patient-year, respectively. Among the 75 episodes of monomicrobial peritonitis, gram-negative episodes [n = 45 (60%)] were significantly more frequent than gram-positive episodes [n = 30 (40%), p = 0.03]. Escherichia coli was the most commonly seen organism. Organisms of fecal origin (40/75) were significantly more frequent than those of skin origin (21/75, p = 0.0016). Catheter loss (17/45 vs 5/20, p = 0.04), hospitalization (31/45 vs 13/30, p = 0.03), death [9/45 vs 3/30, p = nonsignificant (NS)], switch to hemodialysis (8.9% vs 3.3%, p = NS), and reimplantation of the catheter (6.6% vs 3.3%, p = NS) were all more frequent in gram-negative episodes than in gram-positive episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gram-negative peritonitis is more frequent than gram-positive peritonitis in our CAPD population in India and is associated with worse outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Kashi N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: Ajay P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies