title: Effects of ezetimibe and/or simvastatin on LDL receptor protein expression and on LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase gene expression: a randomized trial in healthy men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The combination of simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and ezetimibe, an inhibitor of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein, decreases cholesterol synthesis and absorption and reduces circulating LDL-cholesterol concentrations. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pronounced lipid-lowering effects of this combination have not been fully elucidated in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One center, prospective, randomized, parallel three-group study in 72 healthy men (mean age 32+/-9 years, mean body mass index 25.7+/-3.2 kg/m(2)). Each group of twenty-four subjects received a 14-day treatment with either ezetimibe (10mg/day), simvastatin (40 mg/day) or their combination. Lipid levels, the ratio of non-cholesterol sterols to cholesterol concentrations (used as markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption), cell surface LDL receptor (LDLR) protein as well as LDLR and HMG-CoA reductase gene expression in mononuclear blood cells were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. LDL-C decreased in all groups. Simvastatin decreased, ezetimibe increased and their combination had no effect on HMG-CoA reductase activity. Simvastatin and the combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin increased the HMG-CoA reductase and LDLR gene expression while ezetimibe had no effect. The cell surface LDLR protein expression remained unchanged in all groups. The combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin increased the expression of the serine protease proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9), an enzyme shown to down-regulate LDLR protein levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The co-administration of ezetimibe and simvastatin abrogates the ezetimibe-induced increase in cholesterol synthesis and up-regulates the LDLR gene but not protein expression, an effect possibly mediated through a parallel upregulation of PCSK9 expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Cologne, Kerpener Street 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany. ioanna.berthold@uni-koeln.de
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gouni-Berthold
authors.forename: Heiner K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Berthold
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gylling
authors.forename: Maarit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallikainen
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giannakidou
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stier
authors.forename: Yon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Dilip
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Soutar
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Seedorf
authors.forename: Christos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
authors.forename: Jogchum
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plat
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Krone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001384:Azetidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D000069438:Ezetimibe; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000235:genetics*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008049:Lipase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D001384:Azetidines; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C410800:NPC1L1 protein, human; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D019821:Simvastatin; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; D008049:Lipase; C472125:PCSK9 protein, human; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D000069438:Ezetimibe