title: Telomerase-specific T-cell immunity in breast cancer: effect of vaccination on tumor immunosurveillance.
abstract: The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is nearly universally overexpressed in human cancer, contributes critically to oncogenesis, and is recognized by cytotoxic T cells that lyse tumors. CD8+ T cells specific for hTERT naturally occur in certain populations of cancer patients in remission, but it remains poorly understood whether such T cells could contribute to tumor immunosurveillance. To address this issue, we induced hTERT-specific T cells in vivo via peptide vaccination in 19 patients with metastatic breast cancer who otherwise had no measurable T-cell responses to hTERT at baseline. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were evident after, but not before vaccination, with 4% to 13% of postvaccine CD8+ TIL specific for the immunizing hTERT peptide. Induction of TIL manifested clinically with tumor site pain and pruritus and pathologically with alterations in the tumor microenvironment, featuring histiocytic accumulation and widespread tumor necrosis. hTERT-specific CD8+ T cells were also evident after vaccination in the peripheral blood of patients and exhibited effector functions in vitro including proliferation, IFN-gamma production, and tumor lysis. An exploratory landmark analysis revealed that median overall survival was significantly longer in those patients who achieved an immune response to hTERT peptide compared with patients who did not. Immune response to a control cytomegalovirus peptide in the vaccine did not correlate with survival. These results suggest that hTERT-specific T cells could contribute to the immunosurveillance of breast cancer and suggest novel opportunities for both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine strategies for cancer.
authors.affiliation: Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Domchek
authors.forename: Adri
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Recio
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mick
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Erica L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: DeMichele
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schuchter
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Leibowitz
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wexler
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Vance
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Beatty
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Veloso
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Vonderheide
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; C509186:TERT protein, human; D019098:Telomerase