title: High prevalence of malnutrition and inflammation in undialyzed patients with chronic renal failure in developing countries: a single center experience from eastern India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malnutrition is common in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), and its prevalence before the initiation of dialysis is poorly characterized in these patients in developing countries. There is a paucity of data on the quantification of malnutrition and inflammation in undialyzed patients of CRF from India. This study analyzed the prevalence and causes of malnutrition in patients with CRF before the initiation of dialysis treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, assessments of nutritional and inflammatory status were carried out in patients with CRF. Serum albumin, body mass index (BMI), triceps skin fold thickness (TST), mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and subjective global assessment (SGA) scoring were used for assessment of nutritional parameters. Serum C-reactive protein and serum ferritin level were used to assess the inflammatory state of the patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and three (146 male, 57 female) patients with CRF were included in the study from August 2004 to April 2006. Overall, the prevalence of malnutrition was 65% (131/203). The age of malnourished patients (93 male, 38 female) ranged from 11-82, with mean age of 52 +/- 12.68 years. The mean serum total protein and albumin were also significantly lower in patients with malnutrition in comparison to non malnourished cases (5.50 +/- 0.40 gm/dL vs. 5.74 +/- 0.38 gm/dL; p < 0.05, and 3.18 +/- 0.58 gm/dL vs. 3.68 +/- 0.55 gm/dL; p < 0.05). The C-reactive protein and serum ferritin were significantly elevated in the malnourished group as compared to non-malnourished patients (63% vs. 33%; p < 0.05, and 301.2 +/- 127.1 mg/dL vs. 212.7 +/- 124.9 mg/dL; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, malnutrition was common in patients with CRF before the commencement of dialysis. These data indicate that an emphasis should be placed on the assessment and prevention or correction of malnutrition in patients with CRF because of its documented adverse effect on the outcome on maintenance dialysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. jaiprakashbhu@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Rubina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parekh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis