title: Abnormal brain development in newborns with congenital heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital heart disease in newborns is associated with global impairment in development. We characterized brain metabolism and microstructure, as measures of brain maturation, in newborns with congenital heart disease before they underwent heart surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 41 term newborns with congenital heart disease--29 who had transposition of the great arteries and 12 who had single-ventricle physiology--with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) before cardiac surgery. We calculated the ratio of N-acetylaspartate to choline (which increases with brain maturation), the ratio of lactate to choline (which decreases with maturation), average diffusivity (which decreases with maturation), and fractional anisotropy of white-matter tracts (which increases with maturation). We compared these findings with those in 16 control newborns of a similar gestational age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared with control newborns, those with congenital heart disease had a decrease of 10% in the ratio of N-acetylaspartate to choline (P=0.003), an increase of 28% in the ratio of lactate to choline (P=0.08), an increase of 4% in average diffusivity (P<0.001), and a decrease of 12% in white-matter fractional anisotropy (P<0.001). Preoperative brain injury, as seen on MRI, was not significantly associated with findings on MRS or DTI. White-matter injury was observed in 13 newborns with congenital heart disease (32%) and in no control newborns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Term newborns with congenital heart disease have widespread brain abnormalities before they undergo cardiac surgery. The imaging findings in such newborns are similar to those in premature newborns and may reflect abnormal brain development in utero.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. smiller6@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: McQuillen
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamrick
authors.forename: Duan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Glidden
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azakie
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ferriero
authors.forename: A James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barkovich
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Vigneron
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000150:complications