Traveling young injection drug users at high risk for acquisition and transmission of viral infections.
BACKGROUND
Young injection drug users (IDU) are highly mobile. It is not known how mobility affects their risk of acquiring and transmitting viral infections.


METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study of young (under age 30) IDU in San Francisco (2004-2006). Participants completed a semi-structured interview and testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV infection. We examined whether travel was independently associated with drug, alcohol, sexual risk behaviors, and infection status, after adjusting for demographic characteristics and years injecting.


RESULTS
Two-thirds (62%) reported past (3 months) travel outside of San Francisco (n=355). Travelers, as compared to non-travelers, were more likely to be under age 20, female, and planned to leave San Francisco in the coming months. Travel was independently associated with heavy alcohol consumption, drinking alcohol until blackout, poly-substance use, more sexual and injecting partners, and receptive needle/syringe sharing, sharing drug preparation equipment, backloading syringes and pooling money to buy drugs. In an analysis of interactions with travel, younger travelers were more likely to be HCV positive than younger non-travelers.


CONCLUSIONS
Traveling young IDU are at exceptionally high risk for acquiring and transmitting viral infections, while their mobility makes it challenging to effectively deliver interventions.
Hahn
Judith A
JA
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. jhahn@epi-center.ucsf.edu
Page-Shafer
Kimberly
K
Ford
Jamye
J
Paciorek
Alan
A
Lum
Paula J
PJ
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012747:Sexual Partners; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014195:Travel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014761:Viral Hepatitis Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage
D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D014761:Viral Hepatitis Vaccines