Developmental sources of implicit attitudes.
Explanations for implicit and explicit attitude dissociation have largely focused on causes of explicit attitudes. By contrast, this article examines developmental experiences as potential sources of implicit (more than explicit) attitudes, using attitudes toward smoking and body weight, which have shown dissociation with self-reports. In Study 1, smokers' implicit and explicit attitudes toward smoking were uniquely predicted by their early and recent experiences with smoking, respectively. In Study 2, participants' childhood and current weight uniquely predicted implicit and explicit body weight attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, being raised primarily by a beloved, heavyweight mother predicted proheavy implicit (but not explicit) attitudes. In Study 3, people's reports of pleasant dreams in childhood (but not currently) predicted their implicit attitudes toward dreams. In concert, results provide support for theorizing that implicit and explicit attitudes may stem from different sources of information and are, therefore, conceptually distinct.
Rudman
Laurie A
LA
Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8040, USA. rudman@rci.rutgers.edu
Phelan
Julie E
JE
Heppen
Jessica B
JB
D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001835:Body Weight; D004325:Dreams; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014167:Transference, Psychology; D014481:United States