title: Prevalence and associated factors of minor neuromotor dysfunctions at age 5 years in prematurely born children: the EPIPAGE Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency of minor neuromotor dysfunctions (MNDs) at age 5 years according to gestational age, to test their association with behavioral and learning difficulties, and to find determining neonatal factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population-based cohort study of children born in 1997 and followed up from birth to age 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  All maternity wards in 9 regions of France.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1662 children born before 33 completed weeks of gestation and 2 control groups including 245 children born at 33 to 34 weeks and 332 children born at 39 to 40 weeks. Main Exposure Birth before 33 weeks. Main Outcome Measure Short version of the Touwen neurological examination classifying children as healthy, having mild MND (MND-1), or having moderate MND (MND-2) depending on the number of abnormal neuromotor signs found.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of children born before 33 weeks, 41.4% had MND-1 and 3.0% had MND-2. These proportions were 30.8% and 0.5%, respectively, for children born at 33 to 34 weeks and 22.0% and 0.7%, respectively, for children born at 39 to 40 weeks. Minor neuromotor dysfunction was independently associated with learning difficulties at age 5 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.2). In very preterm children, factors associated with MND-1 were postnatal corticotherapy (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.6), multiple births (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-0.9), and, in singletons, breastfeeding (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6-0.99). Being a boy (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.5-6.4), having had acute fetal distress (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.4-5.5) or severe abnormalities on early cranial ultrasonography (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-6.2), and having had postnatal corticotherapy (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-6.1) increased the risk of MND-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high rate of MNDs and their association with an increased risk for learning difficulties justify their screening in case of (even moderate) prematurity.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 558, Research Unit on Perinatal Epidemiology, Child Health, and Development, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France. carnaud@cict.fr
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arnaud
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Daubisse-Marliac
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: White-Koning
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pierrat
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larroque
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grandjean
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alberge
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marret
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burguet
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Ancel
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Supernant
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaminski
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies