title: Determinants of salivary cotinine level: a population-based study in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted to assess, in active smokers, the relationship of number of cigarettes smoked and other characteristics to salivary cotinine concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of active smokers aged 15 years or older was selected using a stepwise cluster sample strategy, in the year 2000 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study included 401 subjects. Salivary cotinine concentration was determined using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. A standard questionnaire was used to collect demographic and smoking behavioral data. The relation between the number of cigarettes smoked in the last 24h and cotinine level was examined by means of a nonparametric fitting technique of robust locally weighted regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly (p<0.05) higher adjusted mean cotinine levels were found in subjects smoking their first cigarette within five minutes after waking up, and in those smoking 1-20 cigarettes in the last 24h who reported inhaling more than (1/2) the time. In those smoking 1-20 cigarettes, the slope was significantly higher for those subjects waiting for more than five minutes before smoking their first cigarette after waking up, and those smoking "light" cigarettes when compared with their counterparts. These heterogeneities became negligible and non-significant when subjects with cotinine >40 ng/mL per cigarette were excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was found a positive association between self-reporting smoking five minutes after waking up, and inhaling more than (1/2) the time are consistent and higher cotinine levels. These can be markers of dependence and higher nicotine intake. Salivary cotinine proved to be a useful biomarker of recent smoking and can be used in epidemiological studies and smoking cessation programs.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia e Vigilância, Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. valeska@inca.gov.br
authors.forename: Valeska Carvalho
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: Moyses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szklo
authors.forename: André Salem
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Szklo
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benowitz
authors.forename: José Azevedo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lozana
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003367:Cotinine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003367:Cotinine