title: Voices of Asian American youth: important characteristics of clinicians and clinical sites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to explore clinician and site characteristics that are important to Chinese and Vietnamese immigrant and first-generation youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-stage mixed qualitative-quantitative design consisting of exploratory focus groups, a survey, and explanatory focus groups was used to ensure that all of the ideas were generated, prioritized, and explained by youth. Adolescents of Chinese and/or Vietnamese descent and aged 13 to 18 years were recruited in community centers and schools. In stage 1, 55 adolescents in 8 focus groups shared their views on factors that attract or deter them from seeking care. In stage 2, youth responded to a survey including 27 teen-generated items regarding clinicians and sites. In stage 3, 87 teens in 11 groups explained the top-rated items and offered suggestions on how to meet their needs. All of the stages were conducted in English, Mandarin Chinese, and Vietnamese.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the 245 survey respondents (77%) were born in Asia, and 70% had lived in the United States for <3 years. The 27 items were divided into 6 priority ranks by the marginal homogeneity test. Clinician cleanliness and experience shared first rank. Second rank was shared by Asian teens being treated like other teens, site cleanliness, clinician honesty, and clinician friendliness and attitude. The third rank was shared by respect, privacy, completeness, clinicians explaining their actions, and lower health care costs. Interspersed among ranks 5 and 6 were items specific to the needs of Asian youth: the clinician would offer more explanation because Asian families might not ask questions; the clinician would not assume that Asian teens are drug and sex free; the clinician would understand that Asian families may use traditional healing; the clinician would not assume that Asians do not know English; adolescents would not translate for parents; and the teen would be able to choose an Asian clinician. There was little variation in ratings by age, gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. However, 11 of 27 items differed by acculturation. Examples include the greater importance ascribed by more acculturated youth to not being judged, to not having to translate, and to the clinician addressing behavioral issues. Acculturation also affected the youths' views regarding confidentiality and translation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asian American adolescents value the same concerns as all adolescents: respect, honesty, competency, cleanliness, privacy, and nonjudgmental service. However, they also have unique perspectives, and youth at varying levels of acculturation differ in some of their views.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 505 Parnassus Ave, Room M691, San Francisco, CA 94143-0110, USA. dzung@alumni.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Dzung X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Vo
authors.forename: Olivia Lee
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Pate
authors.forename: Huaqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001213:Asian; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014744:Vietnam / Q000208:ethnology