title: Prospective study of serum vitamin D and cancer mortality in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D has been hypothesized to reduce cancer mortality through its effects on incidence and/or survival. Epidemiologic studies of the association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and the risk of cancer, however, have been largely limited to incident cancers at a few sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 16,818 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who were 17 years or older at enrollment were followed from 1988-1994 through 2000. Levels of serum 25(OH)D were measured at baseline by radioimmunoassay. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and total cancer mortality (in the entire population or according to race/ethnicity, sex, age, and retinol status) and mortality from specific cancers. Because serum was collected in the south in cooler months and the north in warmer months, we examined associations by collection season. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 536 cancer deaths in 146,578 person-years. Total cancer mortality was unrelated to baseline vitamin D status in the entire population, men, women, non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, and in persons younger than 70 or 70 years or older. We found no interaction between vitamin D and season or vitamin D and serum retinol. Colorectal cancer mortality was inversely related to serum 25(OH)D level, with levels 80 nmol/L or higher associated with a 72% risk reduction (95% confidence interval = 32% to 89%) compared with lower than 50 nmol/L, P(trend) = .02.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results do not support an association between 25(OH)D and total cancer mortality, although there was an inverse relationship between 25(OH)D levels and colorectal cancer mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Executive Plaza South Rm 7036, 6120 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA. mf101e@nih.gov
authors.forename: D Michal
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Looker
authors.forename: Shih-Chen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Graubard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D