title: Effects of alcohol and cigarette smoking on change in serum estrone levels in postmenopausal women randomly assigned to fixed doses of conjugated equine estrogens with or without a progestin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of alcohol and smoking on serum estrone levels among women assigned to hormone therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the data from 676 participants in the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those who consumed more than 5.5 g of alcohol daily demonstrated greater rises in serum estrone than those who drank less (>0 to < or =5.5 g/d) (P = 0.07) and those who were abstinent (P = 0.09). Current smokers had lesser gains in serum estrone compared with former smokers (P < 0.0001) and never smokers (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol consumption augmented and smoking diminished serum estrone levels achieved while women were taking hormone therapy.
authors.affiliation: The Cleveland Clinic, General Internal Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McDivit
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Greendale
authors.forename: Frank Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Stanczyk
authors.forename: Mei-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004970:Estrone / Q000097:blood*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D004970:Estrone; D000431:Ethanol; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate