title: Bicultural stress and adolescent risk behaviors in a community sample of Latinos and non-Latino European Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study examined the relation between adolescent risk behaviors and bicultural stress due to discrimination, immigration, and acculturation factors. We hypothesized bicultural stress would be related to increased risk behavior and depressive symptoms independent of socioeconomic status, ethnic self-identification, and acculturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Middle school student participants (n=519; median age 14) completed a self-report questionnaire on their risk behaviors, psychosocial antecedents, and socio-demographic factors. Latino (304) and non-Latino European American (215) students were surveyed through a large, urban, West Coast US school district.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More bicultural stress was significantly related to reports of all risk behaviors (i.e. smoking, drinking, drug use, and violence) and depressive symptoms. Further, bicultural stress was a robust explanatory variable across sub-groups, and appears largely independent from depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypotheses were supported. Bicultural stress appears to be an important underlying factor for health disparities among US adolescents. Future research may consider promoting well-being in majority, as well as minority adolescents, through targeting sources of bicultural stressors or examining ways to moderate their effects on adolescent risk behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Mexican American Studies & Research Center, Department of Psychology, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0023, USA. romeroa@u.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Carvajal
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000293:Adolescent; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012933:Social Identification; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*