title: Determination of torque-limits for human and cat lumbar spine specimens during displacement-controlled physiological motions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quadruped animal models have been validated and used as biomechanical models for the lumbar spine. The biomechanics of the cat lumbar spine has not been well characterized, even though it is a common model used in neuromechanical studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Compare the physiological ranges of motion and determine torque-limits for cat and human lumbar spine specimens during physiological motions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanics study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cat and human lumbar spine specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intervertebral angle (IVA), joint moment, yield point, torque-limit, and correlation coefficients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cat (L2-sacrum) and human (T12-sacrum) lumbar spine specimens were mechanically tested to failure during displacement-controlled extension (E), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR). Single trials consisted of 10 cycles (10mm/s or 5 degrees /s) to a target displacement where the magnitude of the target displacement was increased for subsequent trials until failure occurred. Whole-lumbar stiffness, torque at yield point, and joint stiffness were determined. Scaling relationships were established using equations analogous to those that describe the load response of elliptically shaped beams.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IVA magnitudes for cat and human lumbar spines were similar during physiological motions. Human whole-lumbar and joint stiffness magnitudes were significantly greater than those for cat spine specimens (p<.05). Torque-limits were also greater for humans compared with cats. Scaling relationships with high correlation (R(2) greater than 0.77) were established during later LB and AR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study defined "physiological ranges of movement" for human and cat lumbar spine specimens during displacement-controlled testing, and should be observed in future biomechanical studies conducted under displacement control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. aianuzzi@exponent.com
authors.forename: Allyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ianuzzi
authors.forename: Joel G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Pickar
authors.forename: Partap S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Khalsa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002415:Cats; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque