title: Insecure attachment is associated with the alpha-EEG anomaly during sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The alpha-EEG anomaly during sleep, originally associated with chronic pain, is noted in several psychiatric and medical conditions and is also present in some normal subjects. The exact significance of the alpha-EEG anomaly is uncertain, but it has been suggested to be a nonspecific response to a variety of noxious stimuli. We propose that attachment insecurity, which is often associated with a state of hypervigilance during wakefulness, may be associated with the alpha-EEG anomaly during sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty one consecutive patients referred to a Sleep Disorders Clinic for clinical assessment of sleep complaints underwent standard polysomnographic recording. The degree of alpha activity in polysomnographs was scored visually according to standard criteria. Attachment insecurity was measured with the Experience in Close Relationships - Revised questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attachment anxiety was significantly associated with the proportion of sleep in which alpha waves were present (df = 1, F = 5.01, p = 0.03). The relationship between the alpha-EEG anomaly and attachment anxiety was not explained by the distribution of sleep and mood diagnoses, medications, anxiety symptoms or depression symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpersonal style in close relationships may be related to sleep physiology. Further research to determine the nature of the relationship between attachment, sleep and other factors that are related to each of these, such as a history of personal adversity, is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Medicine Project, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada. esloan@mtsinai.on.ca
authors.forename: Eileen P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Maunder
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moldofsky