title: Exercise-induced increases in oxidized low-density lipoprotein are associated with adverse outcomes in chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress is an important pathophysiologic feature in chronic heart failure (CHF) and may in part result from the inability to counteract acute surges of circulating oxidant products. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is an emerging prognostic marker in CHF. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of exercise-induced oxidative stress on circulating levels of oxLDL and its association with clinical outcomes in CHF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of oxLDL and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were measured at rest and after maximal exercise in 48 subjects with CHF and 12 healthy controls. Subjects with CHF had a higher baseline oxLDL (77.7 +/- 3.2 U/L vs 57.9 +/- 5.0 U/L, P = .01) and a higher baseline oxLDL/LDL-c ratio (0.87 +/- 0.04 vs 0.49 +/- 0.04, P < or = .001). Exercise induced an increase in oxLDL in subjects with CHF (77.7 +/- 3.2 U/L to 85.3 +/- 3.0 U/L, P < or = .001) but not in controls (57.9 +/- 5.0 to 61.4 +/- 5.5, P = .17). In 39 subjects for whom follow-up data were available, an increase in oxLDL of more than 11.0 U/L was associated with an increased risk to meet a combined end point of death and need for ventricular assist device or heart transplant during a 19-month follow-up period (hazard ratio 8.6; 95% confidence interval 1.0-73.8, P = .05); this remained significant when adjusted for peak oxygen consumption, left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association class, sex, and age (hazard ratio 46.6, 95% confidence interval 1.5-1438.1, P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma oxLDL and the oxLDL/LDL-c ratio are elevated in subjects with CHF. Whether assessment of oxLDL during maximal exercise allows early identification of subjects at highest risk for adverse outcomes should be systematically investigated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ulrich P
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Jorde
authors.forename: Paolo C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Kartikya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: Alhakam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hudaihed
authors.forename: Duygu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Onat
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hirsh
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Chi-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Vittorio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005609:Free Radicals