title: One-year monthly quantitative survey of noroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in wastewater collected from six plants in Japan.
abstract: Sewerage systems are important nodes to monitor human enteric pathogens transmitted via water. A quantitative virus survey was performed once a month for a year to understand the seasonal profiles of noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in sewerage systems. A total of 72 samples of influent, secondary-treated wastewater before chlorination and effluent were collected from six wastewater treatment plants in Japan. Viruses were successfully recovered from 100ml of influent and 1000ml of the secondary-treated wastewater and effluent using the acid rinse method. Viruses were determined by the RT-PCR or PCR method to obtain the most probable number for each sample. All the samples were also assayed for fecal coliforms (FCs) by a double-layer method. The seasonal profiles of noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2 in influent were very similar, i.e. they were abundant in winter (from November to March) at a geometric mean value of 190 and 200 RT-PCR units/ml, respectively, and less frequent in summer (from June to September), at 4.9 and 9.1 RT-PCR units/ml, respectively. The concentrations of enteroviruses and adenoviruses were mostly constant all the year round, 17 RT-PCR units/ml and 320 PCR units/ml in influent, and 0.044 RT-PCR units/ml and 7.0 PCR units/ml in effluent, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. katayama@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haramoto
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oguma
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.forename: Hideichiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohgaki
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003625:Data Collection; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007564:Japan; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014871:Water Microbiology