title: Zero end-digit preference in recorded blood pressure and its impact on classification of patients for pharmacologic management in primary care - PREDICT-CVD-6.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most blood pressure recordings end with a zero end-digit despite guidelines recommending measurement to the nearest 2 mmHg. The impact of rounding on management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document the use of rounding to zero end-digit and assess its potential impact on eligibility for pharmacologic management of CVD risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 23,676 patients having opportunistic CVD risk assessment in primary care practices in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  To simulate rounding in practice, for patients with systolic blood pressures recorded without a zero end-digit, a second blood pressure measure was generated by arithmetically rounding to the nearest zero end-digit. A 10-year Framingham CVD risk score was estimated using actual and rounded blood pressures. Eligibility for pharmacologic treatment was then determined using the Joint British Societies' JBS2 and the British Hypertension Society BHS-IV guidelines based on actual and rounded blood pressure values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zero end-digits were recorded in 64% of systolic and 62% of diastolic blood pressures. When eligibility for drug treatment was based only on a Framingham 10year CVD risk threshold of 20% or more, rounding misclassified one in 41 of all those patients subject to this error. Under the two guidelines which use different combinations of CVD risk and blood pressure thresholds, one in 19 would be misclassified under JBS2 and one in 12 under the BHS-IV guidelines mostly towards increased treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zero end-digit preference significantly increases a patient's likelihood of being classified as eligible for drug treatment. Guidelines that base treatment decisions primarily on absolute CVD risk are less susceptible to these errors.
authors.affiliation: Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, New Zealand. j.broad@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Broad
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000592:standards*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000592:standards*; D018570:Risk Assessment