title: Single-dose tenofovir and emtricitabine for reduction of viral resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs in women given intrapartum nevirapine for perinatal HIV prevention: an open-label randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine are essential components of perinatal HIV prevention in resource-constrained settings, but can induce resistance to other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs. We aimed to investigate whether this complication would be reduced with a single peripartum intervention of tenofovir and emtricitabine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 400 HIV-infected pregnant women who sought care at two public-sector primary health facilities in Lusaka, Zambia. One was excluded, 200 were assigned to receive a single oral dose of 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with 200 mg emtricitabine under direct observation, and 199 to receive no study drug. Short-course zidovudine and intrapartum nevirapine were offered to all HIV-infected women, according to the local standard of care. Women who met national criteria for antiretroviral therapy were referred for care and not enrolled. Our primary study outcome was resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors at 6 weeks after delivery. We used standard population sequencing to determine HIV genotypes. Analysis was per protocol. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00204308.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 200 women who were randomly assigned to the intervention, 14 were lost to follow-up or withdrew from the study, two did not take study drug according to protocol, and one specimen was lost; 23 of 199 controls were lost to follow-up or withdrew from the study, and three specimens were lost. Women given the intervention were 53% less likely than controls to have a mutation that conferred resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors at 6 weeks after delivery (20/173 [12%] vs 41/166 [25%]; risk ratio [RR] 0.47, 95% CI 0.29-0.76). We noted postpartum anaemia, the most common serious adverse event in mothers, in four women in each group. 20 of 198 (10%) infants in the intervention group and 23 of 199 (12%) controls had a serious adverse event, mostly due to septicaemia (n=22) or pneumonia (n=8); these events did not differ between groups, and none were judged to be caused by the study intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single dose of tenofovir and emtricitabine at delivery reduced resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors at 6 weeks after delivery by half; therefore this treatment should be considered as an adjuvant to intrapartum nevirapine.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. bchi@uab.edu
authors.forename: Benjamin H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sinkala
authors.forename: Felistas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mbewe
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cantrell
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Namwinga
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chintu
authors.forename: Grace M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Aldrovandi
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: Chipepo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kankasa
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Safrit
authors.forename: Jeffrey S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000187:drug effects*; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068698:Tenofovir; D015024:Zambia
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D019829:Nevirapine; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D000225:Adenine