title: Managing uncertainty in diabetes: an intervention for older African American women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One out of four older African American women (OAAW) may develop diabetes. The disproportionate number of complications suffered by OAAW with diabetes may be due in part to uncertainty about how to manage diabetes and prevent or manage complications. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of an individualized psychoeducational diabetes uncertainty management intervention (DM-UMI) directed at managing diabetes-related uncertainties and delivered by a nurse via telephone to OAAW.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight participants with diabetes were randomly assigned to an experimental or a control group. Participants in the experimental group received the DM-UMI, which was delivered for four weeks. The DM-UMI was composed of four strategies (intervention variables): improving diabetes knowledge, patient-provider communication, problem-solving and cognitive reframing, which were expected to reduce diabetes-related uncertainty (outcome variable). The control group received their usual care. Measurement occurred at two time points for all participants: at Time 1: baseline and at Time 2: 6 weeks post baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite improvement in all intervention variables only problem-solving (P < .001) was significantly related to decrease in uncertainty (P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests that teaching problem-solving skills and assisting OAAW to apply these skills, via an individualized telephone intervention, may reduce ambiguities about diabetes care.
authors.affiliation: Adult/Gerontological Nurse Practitioner Program, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro School of Nursing, 410 Moore Building, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA. emelia_amoako@uncg.edu
authors.forename: Emelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amoako
authors.forename: Anne H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Skelly
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000628:therapy; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012648:Self Care; D013685:Telecommunications; D035501:Uncertainty