title: Health issues in dialysis-dependent female patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reproductive health issues in women with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are often neglected. Data on these issues are also limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We set out to describe the reproductive health issues in women being treated with either hemodialysis (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  All adult female patients on chronic dialysis in Hospital Seremban from January 1991 to December 2001 were included in our study. Patients (or their spouses or children) were interviewed regarding the menstrual status of the patient, gynecologic screening tests administered to the patient, and the patient's use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recruited 137 women into the study. Of those women, 52.6% were on HD; the rest were on CAPD. Mean age at diagnosis of ESRD was 46.5 +/- 14.1 years (range: 14 - 82 years), and mean duration on dialysis was 33.3 months (range: 2 months - 18 years). Responses about menstrual status were obtained for 118 patients. Of those 118 patients, 55 (46.6%) were postmenopausal at dialysis initiation. Average age at menopause had been 48.5 +/- 4.9 years. Another 19 patients (16.1%) had still been menstruating at dialysis initiation, but subsequently entered menopause. Their average age at menopause had been 45.1 +/- 10.3 years. The remaining 44 patients (37.3%) were still menstruating at an average age of 35.7 years (range: 15 - 49 years). Only 3 of 73 responders were on HRT; 63% had undergone a Pap smear; and 54% had had a breast examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with ESRD tend to experience premature menopause. Not all dialysis patients are amenorrheic. Despite frequent contact between dialysis patients and hospital staff, gynecologic screening and use of HRT in those patients are still very low.
authors.affiliation: Hemodialysis/CAPD Unit, Hospital Seremban, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kulamthaivel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shanmugavadivoo
authors.forename: Wan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shaariah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult