title: Prevalence of mutations associated with antimalarial drugs in Plasmodium falciparum isolates prior to the introduction of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine as first-line treatment in Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This work was carried out to assess the patterns and prevalence of resistance to chloroquine (CQ) and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of pfcrt K76T, pfmdr1 N86Y, pfdhfr N51I, C59R, S108N/T and I164L and codons S436F/A, A437G, K540E, A581E, and A613S/T in pfdhps genes were genotyped by PCR/RFLP methods in 206 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Chabahar and Sarbaz districts in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran, during 2003-2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All P. falciparum isolates carried the 108N, while 98.5% parasite isolates carried the 59R mutation. 98.5% of patients carried both 108N and 59R. The prevalence of pfdhps 437G mutation was 17% (Chabahar) and 33% (Sarbaz) isolates. 20.4% of samples presented the pfdhfr 108N, 59R with pfdhps 437G mutations. The frequency of allele pfcrt 76T was 98%, while 41.4% (Chabahar) and 27.7% (Sarbaz) isolates carried pfmdr1 86Y allele. Eight distinct haplotypes were identified in all 206 samples, while the most prevalent haplotype was T76/N86/N51R59N108/A437 among both study areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finding the fixed level of CQ resistance polymorphisms (pfcrt 76T) suggests that CQ must be withdrawn from the current treatment strategy in Iran, while SP may remain the treatment of choice for uncomplicated malaria.
authors.affiliation: Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, PO BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran. zakeris@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sedigheh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakeri
authors.forename: Mandana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afsharpad
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raeisi
authors.forename: Navid Dinparast
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Djadid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015995:Prevalence; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D002738:Chloroquine; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase; D004338:Drug Combinations; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D011739:Pyrimethamine; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; C513498:Mdr1 protein, Plasmodium falciparum; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination