title: Mitral annular calcification associated with impaired coronary microvascular function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitral annular calcification (MAC) has been shown to be associated with atherosclerosis, and is a predictor of cardiovascular events. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) determined by transthoracic echocardiography has been introduced as a reliable indicator for coronary microvascular function. In this study we sought to investigate CFR in patients with and without MAC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients (mean age, 68.2+/-6.6 years) who were free of coronary artery disease or diabetes mellitus were involved; 35 patients with MAC constituted the experimental group while 35 patients without MAC served as controls. Using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography coronary peak flow velocities were measured at baseline and after dipyridamole infusion. CFR was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to baseline diastolic peak flow velocities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical and demographic characteristics including age, sex, and traditional coronary risk factors did not differ between the groups (P>.05). The mean value of CFR was significantly lower in participants with mitral annular calcification than it was in controls (2.25+/-0.41 vs. 2.64+/-0.57; P<.0001). Multivariable regression analysis identified MAC (beta=-0.40, P=.004), smoking (beta=-0.36, P=.007), and C-reactive protein levels (beta=-0.28, P=.04) as the independent variables significantly associated with CFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that CFR is impaired in patients with mitral annular calcification suggesting that coronary microvascular-endothelial dysfunction, an early finding of atherosclerosis, is present in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey. hbozbas@gmail.com
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bozbas
authors.forename: Bahar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pirat
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yildirir
authors.forename: Vahide
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Simşek
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sade
authors.forename: Cihan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Altin
authors.forename: Haldun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Muderrisoglu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors