NAD+ and NADH in ischemic brain injury.
NAD+ and NADH have been emerging as the common mediators of energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions, calcium homeostasis, aging and cell death. NAD+ and NADH can affect cell death by various mechanisms, such as influencing energy metabolism, mitochondrial permeability transition pores, and apoptosis-inducing factor. Because energy failure, calcium disregulation and cell death are the key components in the tissue damaging cascade initiated by cerebral ischemia, it is likely that NAD+ and NADH play significant roles in ischemic brain damage. Many studies, including the findings that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 mediates ischemic brain injury and that NAD+ administration can decrease ischemic brain damage, have suggested significant roles of NAD+ and NADH in the debilitating illness. However, there is still distinct insufficiency of the information regarding the roles of NAD+ and NADH in ischemic brain injury. Because increasing evidence has indicated critical functions of NAD+ and NADH in various biological processes, future studies on the roles of NAD+ and NADH in cerebral ischemia may expose essential mechanisms underlying ischemic brain injury and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for the illness.
Ying
Weihai
W
Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. Weihai.Ying@ucsf.edu
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008954:Models, Biological; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism*; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000378:metabolism; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism
D009243:NAD; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases