title: Reach performance and postural adjustments during standing in children with severe spastic diplegia using dynamic ankle-foot orthoses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the co-ordination between reaching, ground reaction forces and muscle activity in standing children with severe spastic diplegia wearing dynamic ankle-foot orthoses compared with typically developing children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six children with spastic diplegia (Gross Motor Function Classification System level III-IV) and 6 controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ground reaction forces (AMTI force plates), ankle muscle activity (electromyography and displacement of the hand (ELITE systems) were investigated while reaching for an object.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the children with severe spastic diplegia who were wearing dynamic ankle-foot orthoses, co-ordination between upward and forward reach velocity differed regarding the temporal sequencing and amplitude of velocity peaks. During reaching, these children lacked interplay of pushing force beneath the reach leg and braking force beneath the non-reach leg and co-ordinated ankle muscle activity, compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest differences in reach performance and postural adjustments for balance control during a reaching movement in standing between children with spastic diplegia Gross Motor Function Classification System level III-IV, wearing dynamic ankle-foot orthoses compared with typically developing children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Division of Health and Rehabilitation, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden. annika.naslund@ltu.se
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Näslund
authors.forename: Gunnevi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundelin
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirschfeld
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology