title: Vertebral endplate morphology follows bone remodeling principles.
abstract: METHODS
  A finite element model coupled with an iterative bone remodeling algorithm was used to optimize the morphology of the lumbar vertebrae.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To theoretically predict the optimal vertebral density and thickness of the vertebral cortex and endplates.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Regional bone density variations have been reported. Both density and thickness of the endplate have been shown to increase toward the vertebral periphery. This study sought to address the possibility that the subchondral bone seeks an optimal morphology based on the principles of bone remodeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  An adaptive remodeling algorithm, driven by strain energy density, was applied to a previously validated 3D, nonlinear finite element model of an intact ligamentous L3-L5 segment. Both internal and external remodeling changes were considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The density of the vertebral cortex approached that of cortical bone, whereas the thickness of the anterior cortex exceeded that of the posterior shell and either endplate. The endplates thinned regionally over- and underlying the nucleus, increasing in thickness toward the periphery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The similarities between the models of the present investigation and various experimental reports indicate that the changes in the morphology of vertebral bone as the result of a mechanical adaptive process may be described via an adaptive bone remodeling theory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. nicole-grosland@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Grosland
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Goel
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015519:Bone Density; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D016474:Weight-Bearing