title: Microglial activation in white matter lesions and nonlesional white matter of ageing brains.
abstract: White matter lesions (WML), a common feature in brain ageing, are classified as periventricular (PVL) or deep subcortical (DSCL), depending on their anatomical location. Microglial activation is implicated in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, but the microglial response in WML is poorly characterized and its role in pathogenesis unknown. We have characterized the microglial response in WML and control white matter using immunohistochemistry to markers of microglial activation and of proliferation. WML of brains from an unbiased population-based autopsy cohort (Medical Research Council's Cognitive Function and Ageing Study) were identified by post mortem magnetic resonance imaging and sampled for histology. PVL contain significantly more activated microglia, expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and the costimulatory molecules B7-2 and CD40, than either control white matter (WM) or DSCL. Furthermore, we show that significantly more microglia express the replication licensing protein minichromosome maintenance protein 2 within PVL, suggesting this is a more proliferation-permissive environment than DSCL. Although microglial activation occurs in both PVL and DSCL, our findings suggest a difference in pathogenesis between these lesion-types: the ramified, activated microglia associated with PVL may reflect immune activation resulting from disruption of the blood brain barrier, while the microglia within DSCL may reflect an innate, amoeboid phagocytic phenotype. We also show that microglia in control WM from lesional cases express significantly more MHC II than control WM from nonlesional ageing brain, suggesting that WML occur in a 'field-effect' of abnormal WM.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Pathology, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ince
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Higham
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gelsthorpe
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Kalaria
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brayne
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stoeber
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wharton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D023201:CD40 Ligand