title: Sulforaphane suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression through the modulation of multiple targets in COX-2 gene promoter.
abstract: Sulforaphane is a natural, biologically active compound extracted from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage. It possesses potent anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties. The mechanism by which sulforaphane suppresses COX-2 expression remains poorly understood. In the present report, we investigated the effect of sulforaphane on the expression of COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated Raw 264.7 cells. Sulforaphane significantly suppressed the LPS-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. The ability of sulforaphane to suppress the expression of the COX-2 was investigated using luciferase reporters controlled by various cis-elements in COX-2 promoter region. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) verified that NF-kappaB, C/EBP, CREB and AP-1 were identified as responsible for the sulforaphane-mediated COX-2 down-regulation. In addition, we demonstrated the signal transduction pathway of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) in LPS-induced COX-2 expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that sulforaphane effectively suppressed the LPS-induced COX-2 protein via modulation of multiple core promoter elements (NF-kappaB, C/EBP, CREB and AP-1) in the COX-2 transcriptional regulation. These results will provide new insights into the anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties of sulforaphane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 194 DongSan-Dong Jung-Gu, Taegu, 700-712, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Taeg Kyu
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C016766:sulforaphane