title: Synthesis and biological evaluation of an albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin that is cleaved by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a PSA-positive orthotopic prostate carcinoma model (LNCaP).
abstract: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that is over-expressed in prostate carcinoma and represents a molecular target for selectively releasing an anticancer agent from a prodrug formulation. We have recently investigated a macromolecular prodrug strategy for improved cancer chemotherapy based on 2 features: (i) rapid and selective binding of thiol-reactive prodrugs to the cysteine-34 position of endogenous albumin after intravenous administration, and (ii) enzymatic release of the albumin-bound drug at the tumor site (Mansour et al., Cancer Res 2003, 63, 4062-4066). In this work, we describe an albumin-binding prodrug, EMC-Arg-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Tyr--Ser-Arg-DOXO [EMC: epsilon-Maleimidocaproic acid; DOXO = doxorubicin; X = amino acid] that is cleaved by PSA. Because of the incorporation of 2 arginine residues, the prodrug exhibited excellent water-solubility and was rapidly and selectively bound to endogenous albumin. Incubation studies with PSA and tumor homogenates from PSA-positive tumors (LNCaP) demonstrated that the albumin-bound form of the prodrug was efficiently cleaved by PSA at the P(1)-P' (1) scissile bond releasing the doxorubicin dipeptide H-Ser-Arg-DOXO, which was further degraded to doxorubicin as the final cleavage product. In cell culture experiments, the prodrug was approximately 100-fold less active against LNCaP cells than the free drug. In contrast, in a mouse model of human prostate cancer using luciferase transduced LNCaP cells orthotopically implanted in SCID mice, the prodrug showed enhanced antitumor efficacy when compared to doxorubicin. Doxorubicin treatment at a dose of 2 x 4 mg/kg caused significant weight loss and mortality (-25%), and did not result in a significant antitumor response at the end of the experiment. The prodrug at 3 x 12 mg/kg doxorubicin equivalents, however, was well tolerated and induced a significant reduction in tumor size of 62% (+/-25%, **p = 0.003) as well as a decrease of the metastatic burden in the lungs as detected in luciferase assays (-50%, SD +/- 115%, *p = 0.038).
authors.affiliation: ProQinase GmbH, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graeser
authors.forename: Da-Eun
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moor
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schächtele
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kratz
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D011355:Prodrugs; D004317:Doxorubicin; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen