title: Adjuvant radiation therapy in gall bladder cancers: 10 years experience at Tata Memorial Hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In gall bladder cancers, even after curative surgery, survivals are dismal and loco-regional failure accounts for 40-86%. Although these are considered radio-resistant, adjuvant radiation, with or without chemotherapy, has been tried to improve loco-regional control and overall survival rates. With an aim to evaluate the natural history of gall bladder cancers, role of radiation therapy (RT) and prognostication, a retrospective analysis was undertaken.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1991-2000, 60 patients with gall bladder cancer, treated with radical intent, were evaluated. Patients details including history, physical examination, liver function tests, ultrasonography of the abdomen and chest X-ray; and CT scan Abdomen if done, were noted. In patients who underwent surgery, surgical details, histopathology and pathological staging, were recorded. The details of post-operative adjuvant treatment, including radiation therapy details, as well as chemotherapeutic agents, number of cycles and type of infusion [bolus/infusion], were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty patients underwent surgery. On histopathological staging, 28 patients (46.5%) had stage II, 19 (32%) had stage III, 12 (20%) had stage-I and 1 patient had stage IV disease. Thirteen (21%) patents did not receive any adjuvant treatment, 32 (53%) patients received adjuvant RT alone, 8(14%) received post-operative CT+RT and 7 (12%) patients received CT alone. With a median follow-up of 18 months (12-124 months), 27 (45%) patients were disease free, 11 (19%) had local failures, 7 (11%) had loco-regional, 7 (11%) loco-regional+distant, 4 (7%) distant and 4 (7%) patients had local+distant failures. The Overall Disease Free Survival (DFS) and overall survival was 30% and 25%, at 5 years, respectively. Stage grouping ('P' = 0.007), Pathological T ('P' = 0.01) had significant impact on DFS on univariate analysis, where as histological grade ('P' = 0.06) showed trend towards significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gall bladder cancers are aggressive and lethal. Early diagnosis and curative surgery, followed by appropriate adjuvant radiation therapy, may improve survivals, with no established consensus till date. Following curative surgery, pathological T stage and stage grouping, are the significant prognostic factors for outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India. drumeshm@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Umesh M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Mahantshetty
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Palled
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engineer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Homkar
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Shukla
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents