title: Neuromodulation of thoracic intraspinal visceroreceptive transmission by electrical stimulation of spinal dorsal column and somatic afferents in rats.
abstract: Clinical studies have shown that neuromodulation therapies, such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), reduce symptoms of chronic neuropathic and visceral pain. The neural mechanisms underlying SCS and TENS therapy are poorly understood. The present study was designed to compare the effects of SCS and TENS on spinal neuronal responses to noxious stimuli applied to the heart and esophagus. Direct stimulation of an intercostal nerve (ICNS) was used to simulate the effects of TENS. Extracellular potentials of left thoracic (T3) spinal neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated male rats. SCS (50 Hz, 0.2 ms, 3-5 minutes) at a clinical relevant intensity (90% of motor threshold) was applied on the C1-C2 or C8-T1 ipsilateral spinal segments. Intercostal nerve stimulation (ICNS) at T3 spinal level was performed using the same parameters as SCS. Intrapericardial injection of bradykinin (IB, 10 microg/mL, 0.2 mL, 1 minute) was used as the noxious cardiac stimulus. Noxious thoracic esophageal distension (ED, 0.4 mL, 20 seconds) was produced by water inflation of a latex balloon. C1-C2 SCS suppressed excitatory responses of 16/22 T3 spinal neurons to IB and 25/30 neurons to ED. C8-T1 SCS suppressed excitatory responses of 10/15 spinal neurons to IB and 17/23 neurons to ED. ICNS suppressed excitatory responses of 9/12 spinal neurons to IB and 17/22 neurons to ED. These data showed that SCS and ICNS modulated excitatory responses of T3 spinal neurons to noxious stimulation of the heart and esophagus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuromodulation of noxious cardiac and esophageal inputs onto thoracic spinal neurons by spinal cord and intercostal nerves stimulation observed in the present study may help account for therapeutic effects on thoracic visceral pain by activating the spinal dorsal column or somatic afferents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73910, USA. chao-qin@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Jay P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linderoth
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Foreman
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059408:Pain Management; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D017833:Visceral Afferents / Q000502:physiology*