title: Synergistic effect between EGF and TGF-beta1 in inducing oncogenic properties of intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 has a biphasic effect on rat intestinal epithelial (RIE) cells. By itself, TGF-beta1 functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the growth, migration and invasion of RIE cells. We show in this study that in conjunction with epidermal growth factor (EGF), TGF-beta1 helped to augment migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth (AIG) compared to that by EGF alone. EGF plus TGF-beta1 induced a dramatic morphological change characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mechanism for this enhanced effect of TGF-beta1 and EGF on oncogenic properties was explored by analysis of EGF- and TGF-beta1-mediated signaling pathways and complementary DNA arrays. TGF-beta1 augmented EGF-mediated signaling of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT by enhancing and prolonging the activation of the former and prolonging the activation of the latter. Inhibition of MAPK, but not phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), abolished TGF-beta1 plus EGF-induced EMT and downregulation of E-cadherin at mRNA and protein levels. By contrast, cell migration and invasion were sensitive to inhibition of either MAPK or PI3 kinase. TGF-beta1 plus EGF-induced AIG was significantly more resistant to inhibition of PI3K and MAPK compared to that induced by EGF alone. EGF and TGF-beta1 synergistically induced the expression of a series of proteases including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 (collagenase), MMP3, MMP9, MMP10, MMP14 and cathepsin. Among them, the expression of MMP1, MMP3, MMP9 and MMP10 was MAPK dependent. Inhibition of the MMPs or cathepsin significantly blocked EGF plus TGF-beta1-induced invasion, but had no effect on colony formation. Phospholipase C (PLC) and Cox2 induced by EGF plus TGF-beta1 also played a significant role in invasion, whereas PLC was also important for colony formation. Our study reveals specific signaling functions and induction of genes differentially required for enhanced effect of EGF- and TGF-beta1-induced oncogenic properties, and helps to explain the tumor-promoting effect of TGF-beta1 in human cancer with elevated expression or activation of TGF-beta1 and receptor protein tyrosine kinases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uttamsingh
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhanot
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: J L-K
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: L-H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D002403:Cathepsins; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases