title: [The cardio-renal anemia syndrome].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The problem of anemia in congestive heart failure and chronic kidney disease was thought to be insignificant for a long period of time. Recent investigations pointed out that the problem of anemia should be defined in the context of the cardio-renal anemia syndrome. A positive feedback mechanism indicates that cardio-renal anemia syndrome is due to an interaction between congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure and anemia. The aim of the study was to present the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of this syndrome, epidemiological characteristics and therapeutic results of the former investigations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the retrospective and prospective controlled trails have shown that management of anemia with subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin together with intravenous iron infusion for at least 3-6 months lead to: relief of symptoms (improved NYHA functional class), increased left ventricular ejection fraction; reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; reduced number of rehospitalizations; reduced requirements for usual therapeutic agents (especially diuretics); and improved renal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with heart and kidney disease anemia should be routinely identified and appropriately treated. Subcutaneous recombinant erythropoietin and intravenous iron may significantly improve overall survival and quality of life of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Klinicko-bolnicki centar Zvezdara, Beograd Centar za kardiovaskularne bolesti. drsini@Eunet.yu
authors.forename: Sinisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dimković
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dimkovic
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D013577:Syndrome