title: Residual risk in statin-treated patients: future therapeutic options.
abstract: Statin therapy for aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, even on maximal statin therapy, high-risk patients have substantial residual risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Certain subgroups, such as individuals with diabetes mellitus, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), metabolic syndrome, or other comorbidities, have a particularly high residual risk. Patients at high risk for future CHD events often require multiple aggressive risk-reduction therapies (eg, antiplatelet agents, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, beta-blockade, cholesterol and/or diabetes management, and lifestyle interventions) to further lower their overall cardiovascular risk. For cholesterol management, combination therapy may be required to attain optimal levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, and non-HDL-C.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Preventive Cardiology Center, Blalock 524C, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Roger S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000187:drug effects; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors