title: Iodine deficiency in urban slums of Bhubaneswar.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed at assessing the population prevalence of goiter and iodine deficiency in school children of 6-12 yr living in urban slums of Bhubaneswer, the capital city of Orissa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed using the 30-cluster sampling methodology and surveillance methods for iodine deficiency as recommended by WHO/ICCIDD/UNICEF. The total goitre rate (n=1248), urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (n=411) and iodine content of edible salt (n=368) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The goitre prevalence was 23.6% (grade 1=18.9%, grade 2=4.7%) with no significant gender variation. Goitre prevalence was significantly higher in children of 10-12 yr (P=0.012) and scheduled caste and tribe (P=0.003). Median urinary iodine concentration was 50.0 microg/l with 85.7% of children having values less than 100 microg/l, indicating as biochemical iodine deficiency. Median UIC was inversely in association with gradations of goitre. Children of 10-12 yr and scheduled caste/tribe communities had significantly higher median UIC (P=0.001) than their counterpart peers. About 51% of children were consuming salt having stipulated iodine content of 15 ppm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study indicates moderate iodine deficiency in the population, despite a mandatory salt iodization programme in Orissa that has been in force since 1989. There is a need to improve the situation through enforcing monitoring of salt iodization to ensure quality and increasing the level of awareness about the iodized salt for sustainable prevention and control of iodine deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India.
authors.forename: P G S
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Sethy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bulliyya
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mallick
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kar
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006043:Goiter, Endemic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D008297:Male; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012923:Social Class; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000600:supply & distribution; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine