title: Pulse pressure amplification, adiposity and metabolic syndrome in subjects under chronic antihypertensive therapy: the role of heart rate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are increased in subjects chronically treated for hypertension. However, the relationships of BMI, WC and metabolic syndrome (MS) with central wave reflections and pulse pressure (PP) amplification have never been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 517 treated hypertensives was studied cross-sectionally as function of BMI, WC and presence of MS, the latter used as index of insulin resistance. In men and women, carotid wave reflections were evaluated using pulse wave analysis and augmentation index measurement. PP amplification between brachial and carotid arteries was determined as a vascular factor contributing to protect against an increased afterload.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared to their own controls, treated hypertensive subjects with increased BMI, WC or MS did not differ in terms of mean values of brachial and carotid blood pressure and augmentation index. However, they were characterized by increased heart rate (HR) and PP amplification. Such results were independent of age, drug treatment, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. After HR adjustment, the increased PP amplification observed in subjects with high WC or MS became non-significant in men, but remained unmodified in women. The presence of beta-blockade did not modify the result.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In treated hypertensive subjects, adiposity and insulin sensitivity influence independently PP amplification. The finding is observed mainly in women.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U557, INRA U1125CNAM EA3200, Iniv Paris 13, CRNH IdF, Bobigny, F-93017 France.
authors.forename: Anne Claire
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vergnaud
authors.forename: Athanase D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Protogerou
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Czernichow
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vesin
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blacher
authors.forename: Michel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Safar
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents