title: Detection of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens of gastric carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is regarded as one of the important tumor-related viruses, which are known to have a role in cervical carcinoma; however, there are few reports on HPV16 in gastric carcinoma (GC). Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between HPV16 and the occurrence of GC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liquid PCR (LPCR) and in-situ PCR (ISPCR) methods were carried out to detect the HPV16 oncogene E6 cell-type-specific enhancer in the long control region of HPV16 in 40 GCs and corresponding gastric adjacent normal mucosa (GANM). The patients were from Shaanxi Province in China; Helicobacter pylori (Hp) was detected by immunohistochemistry and by hematoxylin and eosin staining in their gastric tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HPV16 E6 gene was detected in 37.5% (15/40) of the GCs and 5% (2/40) of the GANMs with LPCR, as was the cell-type-specific enhancer; however, the positive rate of E6 was 27.5% (11/40) in GCs and 0% (0/40) in GANMs, respectively, with ISPCR. HPV16 DNA was mainly located in the nucleus of gastric glandular epithelium cells. The infection rate of HPV16 DNA in GCs was higher than that in GANMs (P=0.0004), and the HPV16 had no statistical correlations with sex, age, invasion, grading or lymph node metastasis (P>0.05). The infection rate of HPV16 in cardiac GCs was significantly higher than that in noncardiac ones (P=0.0136), and HPV16 had no correlation with Hp in GCs (P=0.0829). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis indicated that there was no statistical difference between the LPCR and ISPCR methods in our study through optimizing parameters in ISPCR procedures (P=0.768).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that HPV16 can infect gastric glandular epithelium cells and that viral infection might play a role in the occurrence of GCs independent of or without the cooperation of an Hp infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Microbiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Tian-You
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Wen-Kang
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yong-Lie
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Xiang-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Mei-Ping
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jian-Wu
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000821:virology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; C068651:E6 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D012097:Repressor Proteins