title: Bootstrap exploration of the duration of surface electromyography sampling in relation to the precision of exposure estimation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effect of sampling duration, in units of work cycles, on the precision of estimates of exposure to forceful exertion obtained with surface electromyography (EMG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Recordings of the activity of the flexor digitorum superficialis, extensor digitorum, and upper trapezius muscles over 30 consecutive work cycles were obtained for a random sample of 25 manufacturing workers, each of whom was performing a unique production task representing a portion of the whole job. The mean root-mean-square amplitude and the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the distribution function of the amplitude probability were calculated for each cycle. Bootstrap analyses were used to examine the precision of the summary measures as the sampling duration increased incrementally from 1 to 30 work cycles. Precision was estimated by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV) of the bootstrap distributions at each sampling duration increment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average minimum sampling duration for a bootstrap distribution CV of 15% ranged from 2.0 (SD 1.5) cycles to 7.5 (SD 9.6) cycles, depending on muscle and summary measure. For a 5% CV, the average minimum sampling duration ranged from 11.9 (SD 9.0) to 20.9 (SD 10.5) cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that sampling as few as three work cycles was sufficient to obtain a bootstrap distribution CV of 15% for some of the muscles and summary measures examined in this study. While limited to machine-paced, cyclic manufacturing work, these results will assist the development of exposure assessment strategies in future epidemiologic studies of physical risk factors and musculoskeletal disorders.
authors.affiliation: [corrected] East Tennessee State University, [corrected] Johnson City, Tennessee, USA [corrected] nathan-fethke@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Nathan B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Fethke
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gerr
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D016552:Ergometry / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D014481:United States; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*