title: Evidence of lethal and sublethal injury in food-borne bacterial pathogens exposed to high-intensity pulsed-plasma gas discharges.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To apply scanning electron microscopy, image analysis and a fluorescent viability stain to assess lethal and sublethal injury in food-borne bacteria exposed to pulsed-plasma gas discharges (PPGD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fluorescent redox probe 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) was used for enumerating actively respiring cells of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium that were suspended in sterile water at 4 degrees C and exposed to separate PPGD and heat treatments. While there was good agreement between use of respiratory staining (RS) and direct-selective agar plate counting (PC) for enumerating untreated bacteria, there were c. 1 and 3 log-unit differences in surviving cell numbers per millilitre for test organisms subjected to PPGD and heat treatments respectively, when enumerated by these different viability indicators. PPGD-treated bacteria were markedly altered at the cellular level when examined by scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of this RS method revealed that substantial subpopulations of test bacteria rendered incapable of forming colonies by separate PPGD and heat treatments may remain metabolically active.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of this RS method offers interesting perspectives on assessing established and novel microbial inactivation methods, and may also provide a better understanding of mechanisms involved in microbial inactivation induced by high-intensity PPGD treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing and Health Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Ireland. nrowan@ait.ie
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Espie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harrower
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marsili
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: MacGregor
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes