title: Traumatic carotid cavernous fistula accompanying basilar skull fracture: a study on the incidence of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula in the patients with basilar skull fracture and the prognostic analysis about traumatic carotid cavernous fistula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic carotid cavernous fistula (TCCF) is a rare vascular complication of traumatic brain and facial injury. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence of this disorder in different types of basilar skull fracture, determine whether particular clinical factors impacted outcomes, and discuss ways of improving prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of cases with basilar skull fracture or angiography-confirmed TCCF in inpatients between 1999 and 2005, as well as an analysis of the incidence rate of TCCF in each type of basilar skull fracture. For patients diagnosed with TCCF, cases were divided into "disability" and "no disability" groups, and related clinical factors with potential impact on prognosis were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 312 inpatients with basilar skull fractures, an overall incidence of 3.8% for TCCF was observed, and the incidence of this disorder with anterior fossa fracture, middle fossa fracture, and posterior fossa fracture was 2.4%, 8.3%, and 1.7%, respectively. In this retrospective analysis, factors such as patients' age, gender, number of embolization procedures performed, and time from injury to first symptom onset did not significantly affect outcome (p > 0.05). However, the time from first symptom onset to endovascular embolization differed significantly between the disability and no disability groups (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A relatively high incidence of TCCF occurred in patients with middle fossa fractures, especially those with transverse or oblique fractures. Prompt diagnosis and intervention should be emphasized in the management of patients with TCCF, and noninvasive techniques for early detection of TCCF should be considered in cases of middle fossa fractures under certain conditions after brain or facial trauma to ensure positive outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 31003, PR China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiaofeng
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weiguo
authors.forename: Qiu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wusi
authors.forename: Shen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gang
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xuesheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D020216:Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D035262:Cranial Fossa, Anterior; D035301:Cranial Fossa, Middle; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020205:Skull Fracture, Basilar / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy