title: Size at birth and motor activity during stress in children aged 7 to 9 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Small size at birth is linked with metabolic and cardiovascular disease. There is increasing evidence that it is also linked with physiologic stress responses and abnormal behavior, in particular, symptoms of hyperactivity. Therefore, we investigated associations between size at birth and motor activity during psychosocial stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 123 children aged 7 to 9 years, we examined the relations of birth weight, head circumference, length, and ponderal index at birth with motor activity on exposure to both stress and nonstress situations. Videos were recorded while the children performed a story and a math task in front of an audience (stress) and watched a movie (nonstress); motor activity was defined as lifting or tilting of a foot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who had had a smaller head circumference at birth demonstrated greater motor activity during the stress test. There were marked gender differences in the results. In boys, lower birth weight, head circumference, and ponderal index were associated with greater motor activity during the stress test but not associated with motor activity during the nonstress situation. The findings remained significant when potential confounding variables were controlled for. There were no associations in girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest long-term effects of an adverse fetal environment on the behavioral stress response in boys and parallel similar gender-specific effects on different stress response systems in humans and animals. The results could reflect permanent alterations of dopaminergic neurotransmission and have implications for the etiology of clinical hyperactivity.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom. ws@mrc.soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Wolff
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlotz
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Naomi M M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: David I W
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology