title: Analysis of fungal flora in indoor dust by ribosomal DNA sequence analysis, quantitative PCR, and culture.
abstract: In recent years increasing attention has been given to the potential health effects of fungal exposure in indoor environments. We used large-scale sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA to describe the mycoflora of two office buildings over the four seasons. DNA sequencing was complemented by cultivation, ergosterol determination, and quantitative PCR analyses. Sequences of 1,339 clones were clustered into 394 nonredundant fungal operational taxonomical units containing sequences from 18 fungal subclasses. The observed flora differed markedly from that recovered by cultivation, the major differences being the near absence of several typical indoor mold genera such as Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. and a high prevalence of basidiomycetes in clone libraries. A total of 55% of the total diversity constituted of unidentifiable ITS sequences, some of which may represent novel fungal species. Dominant species were Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. herbarum, Cryptococcus victoriae, Leptosphaerulina americana and L. chartarum, Aureobasidium pullulans, Thekopsora areolata, Phaeococcomyces nigricans, Macrophoma sp., and several Malassezia species. Seasonal differences were observed for community composition, with ascomycetous molds and basidiomycetous yeasts predominating in the winter and spring and Agaricomycetidae basidiomycetes predominating in the fall. The comparison of methods suggested that the cloning, cultivation, and quantitative PCR methods complemented each other, generating a more comprehensive picture of fungal flora than any of the methods would give alone. The current restrictions of the methods are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. miia.pitkaranta@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitkäranta
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meklin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyvärinen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paulin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auvinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rintala
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004391:Dust; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000032:analysis; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012621:Seasons; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D004391:Dust; D004875:Ergosterol