title: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan: treatment complexity and XDR-TB among treatment failures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A pilot programme to treat multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) was implemented in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan in 2003. This region has particularly high levels of MDR-TB, with 13% and 40% among new and previously treated cases, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study describes the treatment process and outcomes for the first cohort of patients enrolled in the programme, between October 2003 and January 2005. Confirmed MDR-TB cases were treated with an individualised, second-line drug regimen based on drug susceptibility test results, while suspected MDR-TB cases were treated with a standardised regimen pending susceptibility results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 108 MDR-TB patients, 87 were started on treatment during the study period. Of these, 33 (38%) were infected with strains resistant to at least one second-line drug at baseline, but none had initial ofloxacin resistance. Treatment was successful for 54 (62%) patients, with 13 (15%) dying during treatment, 12 (14%) defaulting and 8 (8%) failing treatment. Poor clinical condition and baseline second-line resistance contributed to treatment failure or death. Treatment regimens were changed in 71 (82%) patients due to severe adverse events or drug resistance. Adverse events were most commonly attributed to cycloserine, ethionamide and p-aminosalicylic acid. Extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB) was found among 4 of the 6 patients who failed treatment and were still alive in November 2006.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While acceptable treatment success was achieved, the complexity of treatment and the development of XDR-TB among treatment failures are important issues to be addressed when considering scaling up MDR-TB treatment.
authors.affiliation: Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Stobdan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalon
authors.forename: Sholpan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allamuratova
authors.forename: Vinciane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sizaire
authors.forename: Zinaida N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Tigay
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rüsch-Gerdes
authors.forename: Hamraev A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Karimovich
authors.forename: Yared
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kebede
authors.forename: Clair
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014610:Uzbekistan
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents