title: Vertical nuclear proliferation.
abstract: All the nuclear-weapon states are working to develop new nuclear-weapon systems and upgrade their existing ones. Although the US Congress has recently blocked further development of small nuclear weapons and earth-penetrating nuclear weapons, the United States is planning a range of new warheads under the Reliable Replacement Warhead programme, and renewing its nuclear weapons infrastructure. The United Kingdom is spending 1 billion pounds sterling on updating the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston, and about 20 billion pounds sterling on replacing its Vanguard submarines and maintaining its Trident warhead stockpile. The US has withdrawn from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and plans to install missile defence systems in Poland and the Czech Republic; Russia threatens to upgrade its nuclear countermeasures. The nuclear-weapon states should comply with their obligations under Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, as summarised in the 13-point plan agreed at the 2000 NPT Review Conference, and they should negotiate a Nuclear Weapons Convention.
authors.affiliation: Montefiore Medical Centre and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. vsidel@igc.org
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Sidel
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D028681:Moral Obligations; D017008:Negotiating; D009689:Nuclear Warfare / Q000941:ethics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D054043:Nuclear Weapons / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011640:Public Policy; D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D012941:Social Responsibility; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D011847:Radioactive Fallout