title: The erosive potential of soft drinks on enamel surface substrate: an in vitro scanning electron microscopy investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using scanning electron and light microscopy, this study qualitatively evaluated the erosive potential of carbonated cola beverages as well as sports and high-energy drinks on enamel surface substrate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beverages used in this study included: Coca Cola Classic, Diet Coke, Gatorade sports drink, Red Bull high-energy drink, and tap water (control). Extracted human permanent molars free of hypocalcification and/or caries were used in this study. The coronal portion of each tooth was removed and sectioned longitudinally from the buccal to the lingual surface. The crown sections were embedded in acrylic resin, leaving the enamel surfaces exposed. Following finishing and polishing of all surfaces, one side was covered with red nail varnish while the remaining side was exposed to individual beverage immersion for 14 days, 24 hours per day, at 37 degrees C. The specimens were evaluated for enamel surface changes using scanning electron and light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enamel specimens exhibited visual surface changes following immersion in the test beverages with Red Bull and Gatorade revealing the most striking surface morphological changes. Specimens subjected to Coca Cola Classic and Diet Coke immersion also displayed irregular post-treatment surface morphology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As verified by microscopic evaluation, all test beverages displayed enamel dissolution in the following order: Red Bull>Gatorade>Coca-Cola Classic>Diet Coke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Tennessee, College of Dentistry, 875 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. bowens@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitchens
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003747:Dental Enamel Solubility; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008963:Molar; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D019343:Citric Acid