title: The muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1/MAFbx mediates statin-induced muscle toxicity.
abstract: Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, and are widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia. These drugs can lead to a number of side effects in muscle, including muscle fiber breakdown; however, the mechanisms of muscle injury by statins are poorly understood. We report that lovastatin induced the expression of atrogin-1, a key gene involved in skeletal muscle atrophy, in humans with statin myopathy, in zebrafish embryos, and in vitro in murine skeletal muscle cells. In cultured mouse myotubes, atrogin-1 induction following lovastatin treatment was accompanied by distinct morphological changes, largely absent in atrogin-1 null cells. In zebrafish embryos, lovastatin promoted muscle fiber damage, an effect that was closely mimicked by knockdown of zebrafish HMG-CoA reductase. Moreover, atrogin-1 knockdown in zebrafish embryos prevented lovastatin-induced muscle injury. Finally, overexpression of PGC-1alpha, a transcriptional coactivator that induces mitochondrial biogenesis and protects against the development of muscle atrophy, dramatically prevented lovastatin-induced muscle damage and abrogated atrogin-1 induction both in fish and in cultured mouse myotubes. Collectively, our human, animal, and in vitro findings shed light on the molecular mechanism of statin-induced myopathy and suggest that atrogin-1 may be a critical mediator of the muscle damage induced by statins.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanai
authors.forename: Peirang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tanksale
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koshimizu
authors.forename: Jinghui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.forename: Michiaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Vikas P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Sukhatme
authors.forename: Stewart H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lecker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D020966:Muscular Disorders, Atrophic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D002784:Cholesterol; D008148:Lovastatin; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; C440907:FBXO32 protein, human; C486691:Fbxo32 protein, mouse; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases