title: Adaptation and impairment of DNA repair function in pollen of Betula verrucosa and seeds of Oenothera biennis from differently radionuclide-contaminated sites of Chernobyl.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The plants that have remained in the contaminated areas around Chernobyl since 1986 encapsulate the effects of radiation. Such plants are chronically exposed to radionuclides that they have accumulated internally as well as to alpha-, beta- and gamma-emitting radionuclides from external sources and from the soil. This radiation leads to genetic damage that can be countered by DNA repair systems. The objective of this study is to follow DNA repair and adaptation in haploid cells (birch pollen) and diploid cells (seed embryos of the evening primrose) from plants that have been growing in situ in different radionuclide fall-out sites in monitored regions surrounding the Chernobyl explosion of 1986.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radionuclide levels in soil were detected using gamma-spectroscopy and radiochemistry. DNA repair assays included measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis, electrophoretic determination of single-strand DNA breaks and image analysis of rDNA repeats after repair intervals. Nucleosome levels were established using an ELISA kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Birch pollen collected in 1987 failed to perform unscheduled DNA synthesis, but pollen at gamma/beta-emitter sites has now recovered this ability. At a site with high levels of combined alpha- and gamma/beta-emitters, pollen still exhibits hidden damage, as shown by reduced unscheduled DNA synthesis and failure to repair lesions in rDNA repeats properly. Evening primrose seed embryos generated on plants at the same gamma/beta-emitter sites now show an improved DNA repair capacity and ability to germinate under abiotic stresses (salinity and accelerated ageing). Again those from combined alpha- and gamma/beta-contaminated site do not show this improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic irradiation at gamma/beta-emitter sites has provided opportunities for plant cells (both pollen and embryo cells) to adapt to ionizing irradiation and other environmental stresses. This may be explained by facilitation of DNA repair function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. ivan.boubriak@bioch.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Boubriak
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Grodzinsky
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Polischuk
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Naumenko
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Gushcha
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Micheev
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: McCready
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D029662:Betula / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D047852:Chernobyl Nuclear Accident; D053904:DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D031665:Oenothera biennis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D011058:Pollen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D009707:Nucleosomes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes