title: Persistence of duplicated PAC1 receptors in the teleost, Sparus auratus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  : Duplicated genes are common in vertebrate genomes. Their persistence is assumed to be either a consequence of gain of novel function (neofunctionalisation) or partitioning of the function of the ancestral molecule (sub-functionalisation). Surprisingly few studies have evaluated the extent of such modifications despite the numerous duplicated receptor and ligand genes identified in vertebrate genomes to date. In order to study the importance of function in the maintenance of duplicated genes, sea bream (Sparus auratus) PAC1 receptors, sequence homologues of the mammalian receptor specific for PACAP (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide), were studied. These receptors belong to family 2 GPCRs and most of their members are duplicated in teleosts although the reason why both persist in the genome is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Duplicate sea bream PACAP receptor genes (sbPAC1A and sbPAC1B), members of family 2 GPCRs, were isolated and share 77% amino acid sequence identity. RT-PCR with specific primers for each gene revealed that they have a differential tissue distribution which overlaps with the distribution of the single mammalian receptor. Furthermore, in common with mammals, the teleost genes undergo alternative splicing and a PAC1Ahop1 isoform has been characterised. Duplicated orthologous receptors have also been identified in other teleost genomes and their distribution profile suggests that function may be species specific. Functional analysis of the paralogue sbPAC1s in Cos7 cells revealed that they are strongly stimulated in the presence of mammalian PACAP27 and PACAP38 and far less with VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide). The sbPAC1 receptors are equally stimulated (LOGEC50 values for maximal cAMP production) in the presence of PACAP27 (-8.74 +/- 0.29 M and -9.15 +/- 0.21 M, respectively for sbPAC1A and sbPAC1B, P > 0.05) and PACAP38 (-8.54 +/- 0.18 M and -8.92 +/- 0.24 M, respectively for sbPAC1A and sbPAC1B, P > 0.05). Human VIP was found to stimulate sbPAC1A (-7.23 +/- 0.20 M) more strongly than sbPAC1B (-6.57 +/- 0.14 M, P < 0.05) and human secretin (SCT), which has not so far been identified in fish genomes, caused negligible stimulation of both receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : The existence of functionally divergent duplicate sbPAC1 receptors is in line with previously proposed theories about the origin and maintenance of duplicated genes. Sea bream PAC1 duplicate receptors resemble the typical mammalian PAC1, and PACAP peptides were found to be more effective than VIP in stimulating cAMP production, although sbPAC1A was more responsive for VIP than sbPAC1B. These results together with the highly divergent pattern of tissue distribution suggest that a process involving neofunctionalisation occurred after receptor duplication within the fish lineage and probably accounts for their persistence in the genome. The characterisation of further duplicated receptors and their ligands should provide insights into the evolution and function of novel protein-protein interactions associated with the vertebrate radiation.
authors.affiliation: CCMAR, Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. jccardo@ualg.pt
authors.forename: João C R
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Edwin C J M
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: de Vet
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Louro
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elgar
authors.forename: Melody S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Power
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D015723:Gene Library; D020131:Genes, Duplicate; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I / Q000235:genetics*; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I; D000242:Cyclic AMP