title: The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: an updated review of the contraceptive and noncontraceptive uses.
abstract: The levonorgestrel containing intrauterine system is an effective and safe form of long-term yet reversible birth control. Intrauterine contraception use in the United States fell dramatically after early studies reported an association between intrauterine contraception use and later tubal infertility. Subsequent evaluation suggests that these early studies were biased. Users often experience menstrual disturbances. Informing patients of these common side effects is important to improve compliance. In addition to its contraceptive effect, the levonorgestrel intrauterine system offers potential therapeutic benefits in other clinical contexts, including menorrhagia, symptomatic fibroids, endometriosis, and endometrial suppression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Camaryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chrisman
authors.forename: Pricilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Vanessa K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D008595:Menorrhagia / Q000188:drug therapy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors