title: French maritime pine bark extract inhibits viral replication and prevents development of viral myocarditis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) revealed diverse anti-inflammatory actions by an inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression. The aim of this study was to determine whether Pycnogenol had a beneficial effect on viral myocarditis in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-week-old inbred male DBA/2 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10 plaque-forming units (pfu) of the encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Pycnogenol was administered orally at a dose of 1 or 10 mg/kg per day for the histologic study, and 10 or 100 mg/kg for the gene expression study, beginning on the day of viral inoculation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area of myocardial infiltration and necrosis on day 7 was significantly smaller in the hearts of mice treated with Pycnogenol 10 mg/kg (16.2 +/- 8.9% and 19.2 +/- 9.7%, respectively, n = 10, mean +/- SEM) compared with controls (27.6 +/- 15.0% and 30.1 +/- 15.7%, respectively, n = 10, P < .05). There was a nonsignificant trend for less myocardial infiltration in the Pycnogenol 1 mg/kg group. Myocardial virus concentration on day 7 was 8.4 +/- 0.3 x 10(3) pfu/mg in mice treated with 1 mg/kg of Pycnogenol, and 2.7 +/- 0.6 x 10(4) pfu/mg in control mice, and the difference was statistically significant (P < .05). Gene expressions of tumor necrosis factor, type-I procollagen, stem cell factor, and mast cell tryptase were significantly suppressed in the hearts of mice treated with Pycnogenol 100 mg/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Pycnogenol exerts its beneficial effects on viral myocarditis by decreasing virus replication, and by suppressing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, genes related to cardiac remodeling, and mast cell-related genes in the hearts of mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsumori
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects; D004686:Encephalomyocarditis virus / Q000187:drug effects*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011347:Procollagen / Q000187:drug effects; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011347:Procollagen; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C024070:pycnogenols