title: Susceptibility to thiamethoxam of Musca domestica from Danish livestock farms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonicotinoid baits are currently replacing anticholinesterase baits for control of adult houseflies (Musca domestica L.). Introduction of new insecticides includes evaluation of their cross-resistance potential, which was assessed for thiamethoxam in field populations from Denmark.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In feeding bioassay with a susceptible strain, thiamethoxam LC(50) at 72 h was 1.7 microg thiamethoxam g(-1) sugar, making it 19-fold, 11-fold and threefold more toxic to houseflies than azamethiphos, methomyl and spinosad respectively. The field populations were 6-76-fold resistant to thiamethoxam. There was no correlation between the toxicities of thiamethoxam and spinosad, dimethoate, methomyl, bioresmethrin or azamethiphos. The toxicity in feeding bioassay at 72 h of imidacloprid in a susceptible strain was 32 microg imidacloprid g(-1) sugar at LC(50), making it 19-fold less toxic to houseflies than thiamethoxam. There was a strong significant correlation between the toxicities of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in field populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonicotinoid-resistant houseflies were present at a detectable and noticeable level before thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were introduced for housefly control in Denmark. The toxicity of thiamethoxam is explained by other parameters than the toxicities of spinosad, dimethoate, methomyl, bioresmethrin or azamethiphos. The cross-resistance between thiamethoxam and imidacloprid indicates a coincidence of mechanism of the toxicity and resistance in the field populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Pest Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark. michael.kristensen@agrsci.dk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: Jørgen B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jespersen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D002417:Cattle; D003718:Denmark; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006793:Houseflies / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C082359:imidacloprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam