title: Functional MRI activation in children with and without dyslexia during pseudoword aural repeat and visual decode: before and after treatment.
abstract: Children without dyslexia (n=10) received nonphonological treatment, and those with dyslexia received phonological (n=11) or nonphonological (n=9) treatment. Before and after treatment they performed aural repeat, visual decode, and aural match pseudoword tasks during functional MRI scanning that separated stimulus input from response production. Group map analysis indicated that children with dyslexia overactivated compared with good readers during the aural-repeat/aural-match contrast in bilateral frontal (Brodmann's area [BA] 3, 4, 5, 6, 9), left parietal (BA 2, 3), left temporal (BA 38), and right temporal (BA 20, 21, 37) regions (stimulus input) and underactivated in right frontal (BA 24, 32) and right insula (BA 48) regions (response production); they underactivated in BA 19/V5 during the visual-decode/aural-match contrast (response production). Individual brain analysis for children with dyslexia revealed that during the aural-repeat/aural-match contrast (stimulus input), phonological treatment decreased and normalized activation in left supramarginal gyrus and postcentral gyrus. Nonphonological treatment increased and normalized activation during the visual-decode/aural-match contrast (response production) in BA19/V5 and changed activation in the same direction as good readers during aural-repeat/aural-match contrast (stimulus input) in left postcentral gyrus. The significance of the findings for competing theories of dyslexia is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. toddr@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berninger
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Winn
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muse
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maravilla
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007807:Language Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010700:Phonetics; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen