title: Atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients: traditional and nontraditional risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the significance of the relationship between some traditional risk factors (age, arterial hypertension, smoking, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides) and some nontraditional risk factors (lipoprotein[a], apolipoprotein A, apolipoprotein B, homocysteine, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone) and asymptomatic atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one hemodialysis patients were included in the study. Using B-mode ultrasonography, we measured intima-media thickness and plaque occurrence in the carotid arteries in these patients. Biochemical parameters were determined in all participants according to standard laboratory procedure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured, and information on smoking habits was obtained by questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A correlation between intima-media thickness and age of the hemodialysis patients was found. Intima-media thickness values also correlated with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B. Compared to those without plaques, patients with plaques were statistically significantly older; had higher concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B; and had lower concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The number of plaques correlated with age, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B. Using multivariate models (linear or logistic regression) of traditional and nontraditional risk factors, a relationship was found between intima-media thickness, plaque occurrence, number of plaques, and age of the hemodialysis patients. With the same multivariate statistical analysis of nontraditional risk factors, a relationship was found only between intima-media thickness, plaque occurrence, number of plaques and apolipoprotein B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that hemodialysis patients showed advanced atherosclerosis that is associated with traditional as well as nontraditional risk factors such as apolipoprotein B.
authors.affiliation: Clin. Dept. of Internal Medicine, Dept. of Nephrology, Maribor Teaching Hospital, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Sebastijan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bevc
authors.forename: Radovan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hojs
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ekart
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hojs-Fabjan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D002784:Cholesterol