title: Determination of the modulus of elasticity of the human cornea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the material behavior of the human cornea in the form of simple relationships between the modulus of elasticity and intraocular pressure (IOP) and to establish the effect of age on the material behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human corneal specimens with age between 50 and 95 years were tested under inflation conditions to determine their behavior. The corneas were subjected to two extreme load rates to represent dynamic and static loading conditions. The pressure-deformation results were analyzed using shell theory to derive the relationship between the modulus of elasticity and IOP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The corneas demonstrated a nonlinear hyperelastic behavior pattern with an initial low stiffness stage and a final high stiffness stage. Despite the nonlinearity of the pressure deformation results, the relationship between the modulus of elasticity and the applied pressure was almost linear. A considerable increase was noted in the values of the modulus of elasticity associated with both age and load rate. General equations were derived to calculate the values of the secant and tangent moduli of elasticity in terms of IOP for any age greater than 50 years, and these equations are presented in a simple form suitable for use in numerical simulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adequate representation of corneal material behavior is essential for the accurate predictive modeling of corneal biomechanics. The material models developed in this work could be implemented in numerical simulations of refractive surgery procedures, corneal shape changes due to contact lens wear, and other applications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Civil Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom. a.i.h.elsheikh@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elsheikh
authors.forename: Defu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pye
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology*; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical