title: Immunologic and clinical outcomes of a randomized phase II trial of two multipeptide vaccines for melanoma in the adjuvant setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human melanoma cells express shared antigens recognized by CD8(+) T lymphocytes, the most common of which are melanocytic differentiation proteins and cancer-testis antigens. However, peptide vaccines for melanoma usually target only one or two MHC class I-associated peptide antigens. Because melanomas commonly evade immune recognition by selective antigen loss, optimization of melanoma vaccines may require development of more complex multipeptide vaccines.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective randomized clinical trial, we have evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine containing a mixture of 12 peptides from melanocytic differentiation proteins and cancer-testis antigens, designed for human leukocyte antigen types that represent 80% of the melanoma patient population. This was compared with a four-peptide vaccine with only melanocytic differentiation peptides. Immune responses were assessed in peripheral blood and in vaccine-draining lymph nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These data show that (a) the 12-peptide mixture is immunogenic in all treated patients; (b) immunogenicity of individual peptides is maintained despite competition with additional peptides for binding to MHC molecules; (c) a broader and more robust immune response is induced by vaccination with the more complex 12-peptide mixture; and (d) clinical outcome in this peptide vaccine trial correlates with immune responses measured in the peripheral blood lymphocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support continued investigation of complex multipeptide vaccines for melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. cls8h@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Slingluff
authors.forename: Gina R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Petroni
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Chianese-Bullock
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Smolkin
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hibbitts
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Grosh
authors.forename: Galina V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Yamshchikov
authors.forename: Patrice Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Neese
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Patrice K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Rehm
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000939:Epitopes / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000737:chemistry; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000379:methods; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D000939:Epitopes; D006680:HLA Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D010455:Peptides; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit