title: Flow-mediated dilation and gender in patients with coronary artery disease: arterial size influences gender differences in flow-mediated dilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of atherosclerosis and its complications differs between male and female subjects. This is probably associated with gender differences in endothelial function as reflected by endothelium-dependent vasodilation. The aim of the study was to compare flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in males and females with coronary artery disease (CAD), and to determine factors that might potentially influence FMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-six patients with stable CAD (CCS II-III): 76 males (mean age: 57.7 +/- 10 years) and 20 postmenopausal females (mean age: 60.1 +/- 10 years) were included into the study. Clinical data, pharmacotherapy, concomitant diseases, and FMD were all assessed. FMD was measured with high-resolution ultrasound as the percent change of brachial artery diameter (BAd) after a 3-minute occlusion (%FMD), and following the administration of 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin (%NTG-MD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of FMD was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and BAd was significantly larger (P < 0.001) in males as compared to females. Clinical data, pharmacotherapy, and concomitant diseases were comparable in the study groups. In all subjects examined, %FMD was related to BAd (r =-0.415, P < 0.001) and the percentage of ejection fraction (EF%) (r = 0.325, P < 0.01) in the univariate analysis, and to BAd only (r =-0.343, P < 0.01) in the multivariate analysis. The percentage of nitroglycerine-mediated vasodilatation (NTG-MD) correlated negatively with BAd (r =-0.430, P < 0.001), and positively with EF% (r = 0.334, P < 0.01) in the univariate analysis, and with BAd (r =-0.288, P < 0.05) in the multivariate analysis. Index %FMD x BAd was comparable for male and female subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Males and postmenopausal females with CAD show differences in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation that seem to secondarily result from differences in the BAd. Objective comparison of %FMD is only possible between patients with the same brachial artery size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. kmizia@op.pl
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizia-Stec
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gasior
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizia
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haberka
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holecki
authors.forename: Weronika
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zwolińska
authors.forename: Kańczuga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katarzyna
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skowerski
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010991:Plethysmography; D017698:Postmenopause; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*