title: Abnormal conduction and morphology in the atrioventricular node of mice with atrioventricular canal targeted deletion of Alk3/Bmpr1a receptor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The atrioventricular (AV) node is essential for the sequential excitation and optimized contraction of the adult multichambered heart; however, relatively little is known about its formation from the embryonic AV canal. A recent study demonstrated that signaling by Alk3, the type 1a receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins, in the myocardium of the AV canal was required for the development of both the AV valves and annulus fibrosus. To test the hypothesis that bone morphogenetic protein signaling also plays a role in AV node formation, we investigated conduction system function and AV node morphology in adult mice with conditional deletion of Alk3 in the AV canal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-resolution optical mapping with correlative histological analysis of 28 mutant hearts revealed 4 basic phenotypic classes based on electrical activation patterns and volume-conducted ECGs. The frequency of AV node conduction and morphological abnormalities increased from no detectable anomalies (class I) to severe defects (class IV), which included the presence of bypass tracts, abnormal ventricular activation patterns, fibrosis of the AV node, and twin AV nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings demonstrate that bone morphogenetic protein signaling is required in the myocardium of the AV canal for proper AV junction development, including the AV node.
authors.affiliation: Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Dina Myers
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stroud
authors.forename: Vinciane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gaussin
authors.forename: John B E
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mishina
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Glenn I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Morley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping; D052005:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D005838:Genotype; D006327:Heart Block; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D052005:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I