title: Sex ratio in the offspring of parents with chronic radiation exposure from nuclear testing in Kazakhstan.
abstract: The former Soviet Union conducted a nuclear test program in the Semipalatinsk region of northeastern Kazakhstan in 1949-1989. The population in the vicinity of the test site was chronically exposed to radiation fallout, especially from above-ground tests during 1949-1956. Male:female sex ratio has been proposed as a measure of reproductive health, with some reports suggesting an alteration in the sex ratio of offspring of parents exposed to radiation. We investigated the impact of radiation exposure and other factors on the sex ratio in the population inhabiting the exposed region. A total of 11,464 singleton births of 3,992 mothers exposed to radiation during 1949-1956 were analyzed. The overall sex ratio was 1.07, similar to the current sex ratio in Kazakhstan (1.06). The sex ratio increased from 1.04 where mothers received <20.0 cSv to 1.12 where mothers received > or =60.0 cSv. However, the linear trend across exposures was not significant (P = 0.42). No consistent association was found between the sex ratio and the time since parental radiation exposure, parental age at exposure, or year of birth. Sex ratio was significantly associated with maternal age, birth order and possibly ethnicity but not with paternal age, parental educational level or season. In conclusion, no significant association was found between radiation exposure level and sex ratio, but some previously suggested demographic factors were positively associated with sex ratio.
authors.affiliation: Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK. nadejda.mudie@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nadejda Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Mudie
authors.forename: Boris I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Gusev
authors.forename: Ludmila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pivina
authors.forename: Minouk J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schoemaker
authors.forename: Oksana N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Rijinkova
authors.forename: Kazbek N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Apsalikov
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Swerdlow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000398:Air Pollution, Radioactive / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009689:Nuclear Warfare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012744:Sex Ratio