title: Induction of cytokines and nitric oxide in murine macrophages stimulated with enzymatically digested lactobacillus strains.
abstract: Based on observations that lactic acid bacteria have the ability to activate macrophages, we assessed the potential effects of eight different Lactobacillus strains treated with gastrointestinal enzymes on the production of nitric oxide and various cytokines in macrophages. RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells were cultured with either precipitates or supernatants of Lactobacillus strains digested with pepsin followed by pancreatin. The increased production of nitric oxide and interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were observed when cultured with precipitates, and this effect was largely strain-dependent. In contrast, the exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to supernatants produced weaker or nearly undetectable effects in comparison to the effects of exposure to precipitates. The induction of nitric oxide appeared to be unaffected. These results demonstrate that nitric oxide and cytokines were effectively induced when the bacterial precipitate was treated with macrophages. The results of the present study also indicate that Lactobacillus strains treated with digestive enzymes are capable of stimulating the production of nitric oxide and cytokines in macrophages, which may modulate the gastrointestinal immune function of the host when it is given as a feed additive.
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, Republic of Korea. dwkim@rda.go.kr
authors.forename: Dong Woon
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Back
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Cheol Heui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Ha Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Wan Tae
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Chang Weon
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hyun Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: In Sik
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Guk Hyun
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Sang Suk
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Byong Seak
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018664:Interleukin-12; D009569:Nitric Oxide