title: Naturally occurring radionuclides in materials derived from urban water treatment plants in southeast Queensland, Australia.
abstract: An assessment of radiologically enhanced residual materials generated during treatment of domestic water supplies in southeast Queensland, Australia, was conducted. Radioactivity concentrations of U-238, Th-232, Ra-226, Rn-222, and Po-210 in water, sourced from both surface water catchments and groundwater resources were examined both pre- and post-treatment under typical water treatment operations. Surface water treatment processes included sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation and filtration, while the groundwater was treated using cation exchange, reverse osmosis, activated charcoal or methods similar to surface water treatment. Waste products generated as a result of treatment included sediments and sludges, filtration media, exhausted ion exchange resin, backwash and wastewaters. Elevated residual concentrations of radionuclides were identified in these waste products. The waste product activity concentrations were used to model the radiological impact of the materials when either utilised for beneficial purposes, or upon disposal. The results indicate that, under current water resource exploitation programs, reuse or disposal of the treatment wastes from large scale urban water treatment plants in Australia do not pose a significant radiological risk.
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia. ross_kleinschmidt@health.qld.gov.au
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kleinschmidt
authors.forename: Riaz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akber
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011059:Polonium / Q000032:analysis; D011793:Queensland; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis; D011886:Radon / Q000032:analysis; D013910:Thorium / Q000032:analysis; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D014501:Uranium; D013910:Thorium; D011059:Polonium; D011886:Radon; D011883:Radium