title: Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with levetiracetam in a transplant patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe successful treatment of tardive dyskinesia with levetiracetam.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Tardive dyskinesia is a late-onset movement disorder caused by exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents, most commonly neuroleptics. Metoclopramide is frequently used to treat gastrointestinal dysmotility. It has antidopaminergic properties, and is estimated to be responsible for two-thirds of drug-related movement disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 68-year-old woman presented with a history of intestinal transplantation (12 years ago; short gut syndrome related to bowel resection for rectal carcinoma) and renal transplantation (1 year ago; diabetes). She developed involuntary movements with stereotypic oro-buccal-lingual dyskinesias and right-sided choreiform movements. Her Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale score (AIMS) score was 27. She has been treated with metoclopramide for gastrointestinal dysmotility for more than 10 years and was diagnosed with tardive dyskinesia. Treatment with levetiracetam 250 mg orally b.i.d. led to a significant improvement of abnormal movements within a week. Her AIMS score decreased to 8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tardive dyskinesia may be quite disabling and options include withdrawal of offending medication, or use of tetrabenazine or reserpine. Several reports also suggested improvement of tardive movement disorders with levetiracetam. In our patient, levetiracetam relieved symptoms of tardive dyskinesia and allowed continuous use of metoclopramide. Larger studies are needed to confirm its efficacy.
authors.affiliation: VA Pittsburgh HCS, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA. zivkovics@upmc.edu
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zivković
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Abu-Elmagd
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000009:adverse effects; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000009:adverse effects; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000932:Antiemetics; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008787:Metoclopramide; D010889:Piracetam