title: Scholastic achievement at age 16 and risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses: a national cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is abundant evidence that schizophrenia is associated with cognitive deficits in childhood. However, previous studies investigating school performance have been inconclusive. Furthermore, there are several biological and social factors that could confound the association. We investigated whether school performance at age 16 is associated with risk of adult schizophrenia and other psychoses in a large national cohort, while controlling for multiple confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a national sample of 907 011 individuals born in Sweden between 1973 and 1983, we used Cox regression to assess whether scholastic achievement at age 15-16 predicted hospital admission for psychosis between ages 17 and 31, adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor school performance was associated with increased rates of schizophrenia [hazard ratio (HR) 3.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8-5.3], schizo-affective disorder (HR 4.2, 95% CI 1.9-9.1) and other psychoses (HR 3.0, 95% CI 2.3-4.0). Receiving the lowest (E) grade was significantly associated with risk for schizophrenia and other psychoses in every school subject. There was no evidence of confounding by migrant status, low birthweight, hypoxia, parental education level or socio-economic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor school performance across all domains is strongly associated with risk for schizophrenia and other psychoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK. james.maccabe@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: MacCabe
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lambe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cnattingius
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torrång
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Björk
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Sham
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hultman
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology