title: Examination of geometric and dosimetric accuracies of gated step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy.
abstract: Due to the complicated technical nature of gated radiation therapy, electronic and mechanical limitations may affect the precision of delivery. The purpose of this study is to investigate the geometric and dosimetric accuracies of gated step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiation treatments (SS-IMRT). Unique segmental MLC plans are designed, which allow quantitative testing of the gating process. Both ungated and gated deliveries are investigated for different dose sizes, dose rates, and gating window times using a commercial treatment system (Varian Trilogy) together with a respiratory gating system [Varian Real-Time Position Management system]. Radiographic film measurements are used to study the geometric accuracy, where it is found that with both ungated and gated SS-IMRT deliveries the MLC leaf divergence away from planned is less than or equal to the MLC specified leaf tolerance value for all leafs (leaf tolerance being settable from 0.5-5 mm). Nevertheless, due to the MLC controller design, failure to define a specific leaf tolerance value suitable to the SS-IMRT plan can lead to undesired geometric effects, such as leaf motion of up to the maximum 5 mm leaf tolerance value occurring after the beam is turned on. In this case, gating may be advantageous over the ungated case, as it allows more time for the MLC to reach the intended leaf configuration. The dosimetric precision of gated SS-IMRT is investigated using ionization chamber methods. Compared with the ungated case, it is found that gating generally leads to increased dosimetric errors due to the interruption of the "overshoot phenomena." With gating the average timing deviation for intermediate segments is found to be 27 ms, compared to 18 ms for the ungated case. For a plan delivered at 600 MU/min this would correspond to an average segment dose error of approximately 0.27 MU and approximately 0.18 MU for gated and ungated deliveries, respectively. The maximum dosimetric errors for individual intermediate segments are found to deviate by up to approximately 0.64 MU from their planned value when delivered at 600 MU/min using gating, this compares to only approximately 0.32 MU for the ungated case.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5847, USA. r.wiersma@stanford.edu
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wiersma
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004867:Equipment Design; D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D007477:Ions