title: Analysis of a computer based simulator as an educational tool for cystoscopy: subjective and objective results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Resident education in cystoscopy has traditionally relied on clinical instruction. However, simulators are now available outside the clinical setting. We evaluated a simulator for flexible and rigid cystoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 30 novice and 27 expert cystoscopists on a computer based cystoscopic simulator (UroMentor, Simbionix, Lod, Israel). All subjects performed 5 trials of 3 basic cystoscopic tasks. The objective measurement was procedure time, and subjective measures were assessment of the simulator and individual tasks by the cystoscopist. Repeated measures analyses were performed using mixed effects regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference in median age between novice and expert cystoscopists at 46 (range 25 to 63) and 35 (range 28 to 68) years old, respectively (p = 0.014). Experts completed simulations significantly faster than novices in all trials. For the first trial median times (novice vs expert) were 300 vs 68 seconds (p <0.001) for guide wire placement, 650 vs 179 seconds (p <0.001) for bladder examination and 119 vs 71 seconds (p <0.001) for bladder lesion fulguration. At the fifth trial median times (novice vs expert) were 57 vs 31 seconds (p = 0.001) for guide wire placement, 164 vs 67 seconds (p <0.001) for bladder examination and 55 vs 40 seconds (p = 0.007) for bladder lesion fulguration. Subjective task evaluations were lower in novice subjects but improved after training. Subjective simulator evaluations were more favorable in novice subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Objectively, expert and novice performance of cystoscopic tasks can be distinguished with the UroMentor. Subjective assessments suggest ongoing refinement of the simulator as a learning tool for cystoscopic skills training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55906, USA. gettman.matthew@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gettman
authors.forename: Carter Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Laureano J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Slezak
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bergstralh
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Krambeck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*