title: A delicate balance: risk factors for acquisition of bacterial vaginosis include sexual activity, absence of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, black race, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiology of bacterial vaginosis (BV) is poorly understood, but better definition of the risk factors associated with its acquisition should improve our understanding of this complex disease entity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort study of young sexually active women was conducted to identify variables associated with BV acquisition. Seven hundred seventy-three women without BV at enrollment were followed at 4-month intervals for 1 year. At each visit, demographic and behavioral interview data, a vaginal smear for the Gram stain diagnosis of BV, and a serum sample for detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 type-specific antibodies were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of BV acquisition was 36 cases/100 woman-years (223 acquisitions of BV during 619 woman-years of follow-up). Acquisition of BV was independently associated with black race, cigarette smoking, vaginal intercourse, receptive anal sex before vaginal intercourse, sex with an uncircumcised male partner, lack of vaginal H2O2-producing lactobacilli, and the detection of HSV-2 serum antibodies at the visit before BV acquisition. Longitudinal analyses revealed that HSV-2 serum antibodies were independently associated with loss of H2O2-producing lactobacilli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that multiple and diverse risk factors can contribute to BV acquisition. They also illustrate why a more complete understanding of BV pathogenesis and the formulation of effective BV prevention strategies have been elusive. Further work will be needed to determine the specific effects of HSV-2 infection on vaginal flora composition and the acquisition of BV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. rsitc@mwri.magee.edu
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Cherpes
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Meyn
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Marijane A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Krohn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000276:immunology; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D015994:Incidence; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide