title: Transplantation: current developments and future directions; the future of clinical islet transplantation as a cure for diabetes.
abstract: Islet transplantation is now a therapeutic option for patients with unstable type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with hypoglycemic unawareness. The benefits of this treatment include improvement in metabolic control with normalization of A1c and prevention of severe hypoglycemia. Insulin independence and improved quality of life can be reproducibly obtained by transplanting adequate islet numbers. Current obstacles to the widespread application of beta-cell replacement therapies include limited islet availability and the need for chronic immunosuppression. The emergence of promising interventions may be of assistance in improving islet recovery and favoring engraftment of smaller islet masses with comparable or better efficacy. In the future, regenerative efforts will contribute to overcoming this limitation as well. Combining these approaches with the development of safe immune interventions to induce self tolerance or to induce the permanent acceptance of transplanted tissues will be necessary to achieve long-term success. The steady progress and promising results of recent clinical trials justifies a great optimism toward the widespread application of beta-cell replacement as a treatment of choice for patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Institute and the Division of Cellular Transplantation, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pileggi
authors.forename: Camillo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ricordi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007328:Insulin