title: The mental status of 1090 heroin addicts at entry into treatment: should depression be considered a 'dual diagnosis'?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mental symptoms are common in heroin addiction and may arise from issues of addiction and withdrawal, raising doubts about the patients truly having co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the mental status of 1090 heroin addicts (831 males and 259 females aged between 16 and 51 years) at the beginning of treatment, and its relationship to relevant demographic and clinical data through the use of standardised instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 506 (46.42%) heroin addicts showed depressive-anxious symptomatology, 421 (38.62%) had psychomotor excitement and 163 (14.95%) demonstrated a psychotic state. Patients with depressive-anxious symptomatology on the whole had a less severe addictive illness compared to those demonstrating excited and psychotic symptoms. The presence of depressive-anxious features was felt to not necessarily be indicative of the presence of a dual diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of depressive-anxious symptomatology in the clinical presentation in heroin addicts appears to be unrelated to 'dual diagnosis'.
authors.affiliation: Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Group, Santa Chiara University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry PNB, University of Pisa, Italy. maremman@med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Icro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maremmani
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacini
authors.forename: Pier Paolo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Pani
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perugi
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deltito
authors.forename: Hagop
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiskal