title: Sublingual immunization induces broad-based systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice.
abstract: The potential of sublingual (s.l.) delivery of vaccine was examined in mice. We show the existence of a dense network of dendritic cells (DCs) in the s.l. epithelium and a rapid and transient increase in the frequency of s.l. DCs after topical application of cholera toxin (CT) adjuvant under the tongue. S.l. immunization with ovalbumin and CT induced vigorous systemic and mucosal antibody responses. Such treatment promoted mixed Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses and induced cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells in lung tissues and in systemic lymphoid organs. S.l. immunization was comparable to intranasal immunization and was superior to oral immunization regarding the magnitude and anatomic dissemination of the induced immune responses. S.l. administration of live influenza virus at a dose lethal by the nasal route was well tolerated and did not redirect virus to the olfactory bulb. These features underscore the potential of the s.l. mucosa to serve as an alternative vaccine delivery route.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 721, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cuburu
authors.forename: Mi-Na
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kweon
authors.forename: Joo-Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hervouet
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luci
authors.forename: Jia-Bin
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmgren
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anjuère
authors.forename: Cecil
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Czerkinsky
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000921:Antibody-Producing Cells; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology*; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D010047:Ovalbumin; D002772:Cholera Toxin