title: Postoperative course in the cardiac intensive care unit following the first stage of Norwood reconstruction.
abstract: The medical records of all patients born between 1 September, 2000, and 31 August, 2002, and undergoing the first stage of Norwood reconstruction, were retrospectively reviewed for details of the perioperative course. We found 99 consecutive patients who met the criterions for inclusion. Hospital mortality for the entire cohort was 15.2%, but was 7.3%, with 4 of 55 dying, in the setting of a "standard" risk profile, as opposed to 25.0% for those with a "high" risk profile, 11 of 44 patients dying in this group. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was utilized in 7 patients, with 6 deaths. Median postoperative length of stay in the hospital was 14 days, with a range from 2 to 85 days, and stay in the cardiac intensive care unit was 11 days, with a range from 2 to 85 days. Delayed sternal closure was performed in 18.2%, with a median of 1 day until closure, with a range from zero to 5 days. Excluding isolated delayed sternal closure, and cannulation and decannulation for extracorporeal support, 24 patients underwent 33 cardiothoracic reoperations, including exploration for bleeding in 12, diaphragmatic plication in 4; shunt revision in 4, and other procedures in 13. The median duration of total mechanical ventilation was 4.0 days, with a range from 0.7 to 80.5 days. Excluding those who died, the median total duration of mechanical ventilation was 3.8 days, with a range from 0.9 to 46.3 days. Reintubation for cardiorespiratory failure or upper airway obstruction was performed in 31 patients. Postoperative electroencephalographic and/or clinical seizures occurred in 13 patients, with 7 discharged on anti-convulsant medications. Postoperative renal failure, defined as a level of creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dl, was present in 13 patients. Eleven had significant thrombocytopenia, with fewer than 20,000 platelets per microl, and injury to the vocal cords was identified in eight patients. Risk factors for longer length of stay included lower Apgar scores, preoperative intubation, early reoperations, reintubation and sepsis, but not weight at birth, genetic syndromes, the specific surgeon, or the duration of surgery. Although mortality rates after the first stage of reconstruction continue to fall, the course in the intensive care unit is remarkable for significant morbidity, especially involving the cardiac, pulmonary and central nervous systems. These patients utilize significant resources during the first hospitalization. Further studies are necessary to stratify the risks faced by patients with hypoplasia of the left heart in whom the first stage of Norwood reconstruction is planned, to determine methods to reduce perioperative morbidity, and to determine the long-term implications of short-term complications, such as diaphragmatic paresis, injury to the vocal cords, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and postoperative seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. wernovsky@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wernovsky
authors.forename: Marijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuijpers
authors.forename: Maaike C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Van Rossem
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Chitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ravishankar
authors.forename: Troy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: Rodolfo I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Godinez
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dodds
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Ittenbach
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.forename: Geoffrey L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: J William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spray
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabbutt
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D003325:Coronary Care Units; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends