title: Meal composition affects insulin secretion in women with type 2 diabetes: a comparison with healthy controls. The Hoorn prandial study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early insulin secretion following a meal is representative for normal physiology and may depend on meal composition. To compare the effects of a fat-rich and a carbohydrate-rich mixed meal on insulinogenic index as a measure of early insulin secretion in normoglycemic women (NGM) and in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and to assess the relationship of anthropometric and metabolic factors with insulinogenic index.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postmenopausal women, 76 with NGM and 64 with DM2, received a fat-rich meal and a carbohydrate-rich meal on separate occasions. Early insulin response was estimated as insulinogenic index ( big up tri, Deltainsulin(0-30 min)/ big up tri, Deltaglucose(0-30 min)) for each meal. Associations of fasting and postprandial triglycerides, body mass index, waist and hip circumference and alanine aminotransferase with insulinogenic indices were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with NGM present with higher insulinogenic index than women with DM2. The insulinogenic index following the fat-rich meal ( big up tri, DeltaI(30)/ big up tri, DeltaG(30) (fat)) was higher than the index following the carbohydrate-rich meal (big up tri, DeltaI(30)/ big up tri, DeltaG(30) (CH)) (P<0.05 in women with DM2, and not significant in women with NGM). In women with DM2, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance was positively associated with big up tri, DeltaI(30)/ big up tri, DeltaG(30) (CH). In women with NGM, waist circumference was independently and inversely associated with big up tri, DeltaI(30)/ big up tri, DeltaG(30) (fat) and with big up tri, DeltaI(30)/ big up tri, DeltaG(30) (CH); hip circumference was positively associated with big up tri, DeltaI(30)/ big up tri, DeltaG(30) (fat).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The insulinogenic index following the fat-rich meal was higher than following the isocaloric carbohydrate-rich meal, which might favorably affect postprandial glucose excursions, especially in women with DM2. The association between a larger waist circumference and a lower meal-induced insulinogenic index in women with NGM requires further mechanistic studies.
authors.affiliation: EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.alssema@vumc.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alssema
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schindhelm
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rijkelijkhuizen
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kostense
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teerlink
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D019518:Postprandial Period; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin