title: Can a modified interspinous spacer prevent instability in axial rotation and lateral bending? A biomechanical in vitro study resulting in a new idea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interspinous spacers are mainly used to treat lumbar spinal stenosis and facet arthrosis. Biomechanically, they stabilise in extension but do not compensate instability in axial rotation and lateral bending. It would therefore be desirable to have an interspinous spacer available, which provides for more stability also in these two planes. At the same time, the intervertebral disc should not completely be unloaded to keep it viable. To meet these requirements, a new version of the Coflex interspinous implant was developed, called "Coflex rivet", which can be more rigidly attached to the spinous processes. The aim was to investigate whether this new implant compensates instability but still allows some load to be transferred through the disc.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve human lumbar spine segments were equally divided into two groups, one for Coflex rivet and one for the original Coflex implant. The specimens were tested for flexibility under pure moment loads in the three main planes. These tests were carried out in the intact condition, after creation of a destabilising defect and after insertion of either of the two implants. Before implantation, the interspinous spacers were equipped with strain gauges to measure the load transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the defect condition, both implants had a strong stabilising effect in extension (P<0.05). Coflex rivet also strongly stabilised in flexion and to a smaller degree in lateral bending and axial rotation (P<0.05). In contrast, in these three loading directions, the original Coflex implant could not compensate the destabilising effect of the defect (P>0.05). The bending moments transferred through the implants were highest in extension and flexion. Yet, they were no more than 1.2 Nm in median.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new Coflex rivet seems be a suitable option to compensate instability. Its biomechanical characteristics might even make it suitable as an adjunct to fusion, which would be a new indication for this type of implant.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 14, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drumm
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haeussler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wilke
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013314:Stress, Mechanical