title: Effects of phosphated titanium and enamel matrix derivatives on osteoblast behavior in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of phosphated titanium and enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) on osteoblast function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary rat osteoblasts were cultured on disks of either phosphated or nonphosphated titanium. In half of the samples 180 microg of EMD was immediately added. The medium was changed every 2 days for 28 days and then analyzed using transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy were used to evaluate nodule formation and mineralization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microscopic evaluation revealed no differences in osteoblast attachment between the 4 groups. Osteoblast nodule formation was observed in all groups. In the absence of mineralizing media, nodules on the nonphosphated titanium samples showed no evidence of mineralization. All nodules on the phosphated titanium had evidence of mineralization. ELISA revealed no significant differences in IL-1beta production between any of the groups. The EMD-treated osteoblasts produced significantly more TGF-beta1 than non-EMD-treated cells for up to 8 days, and osteoblasts on phosphated titanium produced significantly more TGF-beta1 at 8 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteoblast attachment appeared unaffected by surface treatment. EMD initiated early TGF-beta1 production, but production decreased to control levels within 10 days. Phosphated titanium increased TGF-beta1 production at 8 days and induced nodule mineralization even in the absence of mineralizing medium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
authors.forename: J Anthony
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dacy
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spears
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hallmon
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kerns
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivera-Hidalgo
authors.forename: Zoran S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Minevski
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Lynne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Opperman
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003470:Culture Media; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C109069:enamel matrix proteins; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); C036532:titanium phosphate; D014025:Titanium