title: Practical issues in the implementation of image-guided radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer within a UK department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the feasibility of using implanted gold seeds in combination with a commercial software system for daily localisation of the prostate gland during conformal radiotherapy, and to assess the effect this may have on departmental workload.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients had three gold radio-opaque seeds implanted into the prostate gland before starting a course of radiotherapy. The seeds were identified on daily portal images and an automated online system provided immediate vector analysis of discrepancies between the planned and actual daily position of the intraprostatic seeds. In total, 138 interfractional displacements were analysed. The workload impact for the department was assessed using the basic treatment equivalence model, by comparing measurements of daily treatment session durations with a control group of patients receiving standard conformal radiotherapy, matched for treatment complexity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No acute complications of seed insertion were observed. A number of developmental issues required solutions to be identified before clinical implementation was possible. The standard deviations of the set-up and organ motion systematic errors in the left-right, superior-inferior and anterior-posterior directions were 2.4, 3.0 and 2.5 mm, respectively. The standard deviations of the set-up and organ motion random errors calculated were 2.5, 2.9 and 3.7 mm. The mean treatment session duration with this daily prostate localisation system was increased by 3 min compared with matched controls using standard imaging practice. If all radical prostate patients in our department were to receive image-guided radiotherapy in this way, this would increase machine workload time by 2.2 h/day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation of this image-guided system is feasible. No additional linear accelerator modification is required and standard imaging devices can be used. It would be a useful addition to any department's image-guided radiotherapy developmental strategy.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. yvonne.rimmer@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Rimmer
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Burnet
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Routsis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Twyman
authors.forename: A C F
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hoole
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treeby
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Welford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fairfoul
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: 'Aho
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Vowler
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D006046:Gold