title: Stem cell markers in the human posterior limbus and corneal endothelium of unwounded and wounded corneas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of cells in the posterior cornea that is responsible for maintaining a clear cornea. Corneal endothelial cells may be induced to divide, but it has been held that they do not divide in the normal cornea of an adult human. Some studies have suggested that a stem cell population for the corneal endothelium exists. This population could give rise to mature corneal endothelial cells and may reside either in the peripheral corneal endothelium or in the adjacent posterior limbus. This study was initiated to demonstrate the presence of such stem cells in the region of the posterior limbus and to show the response of these cells to corneal wounding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unwounded and wounded corneas with their attached limbal sections were analyzed by immunofluorescence for the presence of nestin, telomerase, Oct-3/4, Pax-6, Wnt-1, and Sox-2. Alkaline phosphatase activity was observed with an enzyme-based reaction that produced a fluorescent product.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the unwounded cornea, stem cell markers nestin, alkaline phosphatase, and telomerase were found in the trabecular meshwork (TM) and in the transition zone between the TM and the corneal endothelial periphery (including Schwalbe's line). Telomerase was also present in the peripheral corneal endothelium. When wounded corneas and their attached limbii were tested, the same markers were found. However, after wounding, additional stem cell markers, Oct-3/4 (in the TM) and Wnt-1 (in both the TM and the transition zone), appeared. Moreover, the differentiation markers Pax-6 and Sox-2 were seen. Pax-6 and Sox-2 were also manifest in the peripheral endothelium post-wounding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Well documented specific stem cell markers were found in the TM and the transition zone of the human posterior limbus. Wounding of the corneas activated the production of two additional stem cell markers (Oct-3/4, Wnt-1) as well as two differentiation markers (Pax-6, Sox-2), the latter of which also appeared in the corneal endothelial periphery. It is suggested that stem cells reside in the posterior limbus and respond to corneal wounding to initiate an endothelial repair process. The stem cells may also contribute to a normal, slow replacement of corneal endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vision Sciences, Vision Science Research Center, School of Optometry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: Henry F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Edelhauser
authors.forename: Roswell R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Whikehart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology; D065306:Corneal Injuries; D004728:Endothelium, Corneal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016850:Limbus Corneae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry*; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers