title: Macro-porosity and leaching of atrazine in tilled and orchard loamy soils.
abstract: Atrazine is the most commonly detected herbicide in the groundwater. Leaching of atrazine largely depends on soil management practices. The aim of this study was to examine leaching of atrazine in tilled and orchard silty loam soils. The experimental objects included: conventionally tilled field (CT) with main tillage operations including pre-plow (10 cm)+harrowing, mouldboard ploughing (20 cm), and a 35 year-old apple orchard (OR) with a permanent sward. To determine leaching of atrazine soil columns of undisturbed structure were taken with steel cylinders of 21.5 cm diameter and 20 cm high from the depth of 0-20 cm. All columns were equilibrated at water content corresponding to field capacity (0.21 kg kg(-1)). Atrazine suspended in distilled water was dripped uniformly onto the surface of each column. Then water was infiltrated and breakthrough times of leachates were recorded. Atrazine concentration in the leachates was determined by means of HPLC Waters. Macro-porosity and percolation rate were higher in OR than CT soil. Cumulative recovery % of the atrazine applied was 1.267% for OR and approximately one third more from the CT soil but the rate of leaching (per unit of time) was greater from the OR soil. The lower leaching under OR than CT can be due to a greater SOM and the presence of earthworm burrows with organic burrow linings that could adsorb atrazine and contribute to preferential flow allowing solutes to bypass parts whereas the greater rate of leaching due to a greater infiltration rate. The results indicate potential of management practices for minimizing atrazine leaching.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 201, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siczek
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kotowska
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipiec
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nosalewicz
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D016062:Porosity; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001280:Atrazine