title: Tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in low-income and high-income countries.
abstract: We examined the incidence of and risk factors for tuberculosis during the first year of highly active antiretroviral therapy in low-income (4540 patients) and high-income (22,217 patients) countries. Although incidence was much higher in low-income countries, the reduction in the incidence of tuberculosis associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy was similar: the rate ratio for months 7-12 versus months 1-3 was 0.48 (95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.64) in low-income countries and 0.36 (95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.50) in high-income countries. A low CD4 cell count at the start of therapy was the most important risk factor in both settings.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Berne, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin W G
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Brinkhof
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boulle
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosseinipour
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sprinz
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braitstein
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dabis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bangsberg
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rickenbach
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miro
authors.forename: Landon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Myer
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mocroft
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Keiser
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pascoe
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van der Borght
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schechter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000191:economics; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents