title: Organochlorine contaminants in cormorant, darter, egret, and ibis eggs from South Africa.
abstract: During the last 15 years, no research has been published on the levels of pesticides in bird eggs from South Africa, despite the high levels found previously. We analysed eggs from African darter, cattle egret, reed cormorant, African sacred ibis, as well as single eggs from some other species, and found HCB, DDTs, HCHs, chlordanes and PCBs at detectable levels. The presence of mirex in all species was unexpected, since this compound was never registered in South Africa. It also seemed as if terrestrial feeding birds had higher DDE:PCB ratios when compared with aquatic feeding birds. Except for chlordane, the African darter eggs had the highest levels of all other compounds (mean 370 and 300 ng g(-1) ww Sigma pesticides and Sigma PCBs, respectively). Multivariate analysis clearly distinguished the aquatic and terrestrially feeding birds on pollution profile. The African darter (aquatic feeding) and the cattle egret (terrestrial feeding) would be good indicator candidates. Eggshell thinning was detected in the African darter, and was associated with most of the compounds, including DDE and PCBs. We raise a concern that generally longer living birds in warmer climates, laying fewer eggs per clutch, might be at increased risk when compared with trophically similar birds exposed to equivalent levels of pollution in colder climates. Given the scarcity of water and the high biodiversity in Southern Africa, climate change will exert strong pressure, and any additional anthropogenic contamination at levels that can cause subtle behavioural, developmental and reproductive changes, can have serious effects.
authors.affiliation: School for Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, P. Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. henk.bouwman@nwu.ac.za <henk.bouwman@nwu.ac.za>
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bouwman
authors.forename: Anuschka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polder
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Venter
authors.forename: Janneche U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Skaare
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001717:Birds; D002417:Cattle; D002980:Climate; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides