title: Efficacy of low-dose ketoconazole in hormone refractory prostate cancer patients at the National Cancer Centre and The Cancer Institute, Singapore.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The advent of prostate specific antigen (PSA) has resulted in an increased incidence of early detection of prostate cancer recurrence. Patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) become hormone-resistant after 18 to 24 months. In patients with biochemical failure, where there is a rise in PSA but no objective evidence of metastases, or in whom there are small volume metastases but who are asymptomatic, there is no standard of care after ADT. Ketoconazole, an antimycotic which affects the synthesis of androgens and other steroids, has shown direct cytotoxic effects in prostate cancer cell lines in in-vitro studies. This study describes our experience with ketoconazole treatment for hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of HRPC patients given ketoconazole at the National Cancer Centre and The Cancer Institute from 2004 to 2005 was performed. All eligible patients had histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate and a rising PSA level despite ADT with orchidectomy or luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist therapy. All patients received 200 mg of ketoconazole thrice daily. Response was defined as a decline in PSA of at least 50% from the pre-treatment level and confirmed by a second PSA value 4 or more weeks later. The endpoints evaluated were the presence and duration of a response and the toxicity profile of the treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 32 patients with HRPC were treated with ketoconazole. Twelve (38%) of the 32 patients had a greater than 50% decrease in their PSA values. The median duration of response was 6.75 months. The median time to reach PSA nadir was 3.5 months. Five patients continue to exhibit progression-free response at the time of writing. Ketoconazole was generally well tolerated. Eighteen (56%) patients recorded mild toxicities related to ketoconazole. There were no grade 3 or 4 toxicities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose ketoconazole bridges the gap in the continuum of treatment for patients who have failed ADT and in whom cytotoxic chemotherapy would have a significant impact on the quality of life. Its good toxicity profile, low cost and ease of administration makes it a viable option for this group of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lynette S M
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Angeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Alvin S C
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Miah Hiang
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tay
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000728:Androgens / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D007654:Ketoconazole