title: Social problem solving and noncardiac chest pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate differences in social problem solving (SPS) between individuals with noncardiac chest pain (NCCP) and persons with chest pain who tested positive for underlying cardiac disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The major design involved a matched case-control methodology and compared a group of patients with NCCP (n = 53) with a group of patients with cardiac disease-related chest pain (n = 53) with regard to a battery of psychological distress, stress, and pain measures as well as a multidimensional measure of SPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial analyses found no differences between the groups regarding reported levels of chest pain intensity or frequency. However, patients with NCCP, as compared with their matched counterparts, reported significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and anger. In the analysis that addressed SPS differences between groups, general negative affectivity and prior history of cardiac disease served as covariates and revealed that individuals with NCCP were characterized by less effective problem solving on three of five dimensions assessed as compared with their matched counterparts. Moreover, the relationship between SPS and pain among patients with NCCP was found to be above and beyond that related to general negative affectivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings both support and add to the literature regarding psychosocial correlates of NCCP and identify SPS as a potentially important factor in its pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, MS 515, Drexel University, 245 N. 15 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA. amn23@drexel.edu
authors.forename: Arthur M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nezu
authors.forename: Christine Maguth
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nezu
authors.forename: Diwakar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Melissa Shepanski
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Xanthopoulos
authors.forename: Travis A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cos
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Minsun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000786:Anger; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011340:Problem Solving; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications