title: Ligament fibre recruitment of the elbow joint during gravity-loaded passive motion: an experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of elbow collateral ligament length during passive motion is essential in understanding ligament physiology and pathology, such as tightness and instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five anatomical unembalmed specimens were passively placed in six flexion positions together with three forearm rotations, using equipment with gravity as motion force. These 18 positions were recorded using CT-scan. Three-dimensional data of ligament insertions were obtained through anatomical millimetre sections. Ligament length was measured in each position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In neutral rotation, the lateral collateral ligament was long between 0 degrees and 30 degrees as well as at 90 degrees, and short between about 60 degrees and 120 degrees of flexion. In pronation, it was long at about 0 degrees and between 60 degrees and 120 degrees, short at about 30 degrees of flexion. In supination, it was long at about 30 degrees and 90 degrees and short between 120 degrees and 150 degrees of flexion. In any forearm rotation, the highest length of the anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament was measured at about 90 degrees, its smallest length between 120 degrees and 150 degrees of flexion, position at which the posterior bundle length was greatest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 60 degrees of flexion, the collateral ligaments were slackened in any forearm rotations. Forearm rotation plays an indirect role in the posterolateral stability of elbow as it changes length of the lateral collateral ligament. This ligament can be tested passively at 90 degrees of flexion in supination, the anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament between 0 degrees and 30 degrees in neutral rotation and the posterior bundle between 120 degrees and 150 degrees in neutral rotation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Henri Warembourg, University of Lille2, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upper limb Surgery Unit, Roger Salengro Hospital, Emile Laine Street, 59037 Lille cedex, France. gwavreille@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wavreille
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seraphin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chantelot
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Marchandise
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fontaine
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed