title: Noninvasive detection of testicular carcinoma in situ in semen using OCT3/4.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is accepted as the precursor of the germ cell tumors of the adult testis. CIS cells are located within the seminiferous tubules and can be exfoliated into semen. We performed a study to detect CIS cells in semen using the highly specific immunohistochemical marker OCT3/4, potentially a method for noninvasive diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2006, 41 men at risk for CIS of the testis were found eligible for this study. Indications for inclusions were a suspicious lesion on scrotal ultrasound investigation (n=14), patients on surveillance after a history of a testicular tumor (n=14), and 13 patients with bilateral testicular microlithiasis (TM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of the 13 men (23%) who underwent testicular biopsies for bilateral TM were histologically diagnosed with CIS (two bilateral), and their semen showed OCT3/4-positive cells in all cases. Twelve of the 14 patients (86%) with a solid mass were diagnosed with a TGCT with adjacent CIS in the parenchyma, and in 9 cases (75%) OCT3/4-positive cells were present in the semen. No OCT3/4-positive cells were found in patients with biopsies who did not show any evidence of malignancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that OCT3/4-positive cells can be found in semen from the majority of patients with CIS. The observations indicate that there is probably a time window in which the CIS cells are exfoliated, which gives an opportunity for early detection of CIS cells in semen of men at risk for TGCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section Andrology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Niels J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: van Casteren
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stoop
authors.forename: Gert R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Dohle
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: J Wolter
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Oosterhuis
authors.forename: Leendert H J
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Looijenga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001706:Biopsy; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000032:analysis*; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012661:Semen; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494173:POU5F1 protein, human