title: Heat injury prevention practices in high school football.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To survey high school American football programs regarding current prevention measures for reducing heat injuries during the football season.
  
  
  METHODS
  Web-based survey of 27 questions based on consensus statement guidelines by the American College of Sports Medicine on reducing heat injury risk in youth football.
  
  
  METHODS
  National (United States) and community-based.
  
  
  METHODS
  High school programs receiving survey distribution from their state athletic association and the National Federation of State High School Associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Responses (percentage and incidence) to questions on preseason acclimatization procedures, practice modification protocols, preparticipation risk factors, hydration management strategies, rest period strategies, heat injury education and policies, and preparation for heat-related emergency care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 540 high school football programs from 26 states completed the survey. The reported number of preseason heat injuries per program (1.38+/-2.08) was greater (P<0.001) compared to during the regular season (0.98+/-1.84). Programs modified equipment configurations during preseason (no helmets or pads, 31.3%; just helmets, 57.0%; helmets and shoulder pads only, 33.5%) or altered the practice schedule when there was excessive heat. Hydration management, education, and preparation for dealing with an acute heat injury varied among programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater implementation of effective prevention measures to reduce the incidence of heat-related injury and death in high school American football is needed. Strategies should focus on modifying practices appropriately on a day-to-day basis to minimize heat strain and optimize hydration, identifying and educating at-risk individuals during the preparticipation period, and developing an emergency action plan for effectively managing heat injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0728, USA. lukea@orthosurg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005538:Football; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D018883:Heat Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012574:Schools; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States