title: Social disparities in the burden of occupational exposures: results of a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most occupational studies evaluate a single exposure in relation to a particular disease. However, workers typically experience multiple exposures simultaneously. There is also increasing evidence of disparities in health by sociodemographic characteristics, mostly related to social position such as gender, race/ethnicity, immigration status, income, and education. Little information exists on the worker experience of multiple occupational exposures as they vary among social groups. The objectives of this article were to: assess the burden of exposures reported within 1 year by a socially diverse population working in a range of industries; and evaluate whether sociodemographic characteristics affected the patterns of these exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were from 14 unionized worksites in meat processing, electrical lighting manufacturing, retail grocery stores, and school bus driving. A cross-sectional study design used a self-administered, computer-assisted questionnaire (English and Spanish) to assess sociodemographic characteristics and nine workplace exposures, within the past year. An interviewer-administered job history also was collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve hundred eighty-two workers (72%) completed the survey: 36% women, 23% Latino, 39% black, 24% white, and 48% born outside the US. The prevalence of high exposures ranged from 21% (chemicals) to 39% (neck strain). Forty-six percent reported three or more high exposures. Exposure reporting varied among sociodemographic groups. Some of the disparities were explained by the jobs held by different groups, but after statistically controlling for job, many disparities remained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sociodemographic characteristics should be considered when conducting exposure assessments using questionnaires. More research is needed to understand how social characteristics may influence exposures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA. margaret.quinn@uml.edu
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sembajwe
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kriebel
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.forename: Glorian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naishadham
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Barbeau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016272:Occupational Health; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012935:Social Justice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires