title: A new echocardiographic approach for the detection of non-ischaemic fibrosis in hypertrophic myocardium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regional myocardial fibrosis detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using late enhancement (LE) indicates an unfavorable prognosis. We investigated in a prospective study whether regional non-ischaemic fibrosis in hypertrophic myocardium can also be detected by ultrasonic strain-rate imaging based on specific visual features of the myocardial deformation traces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This diagnostic study aimed to define left ventricular fibrotic segments in 30 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 10), severe aortic valve stenosis (n = 10), Fabry disease cardiomyopathy (n = 10), and 10 healthy controls. MRI and strain-rate imaging (=deformation imaging) was performed in all patients and controls to detect LE. In total, 42 segments showed LE according to MRI criteria. Using strain-rate imaging, all LE positive segments displayed a characteristic pattern consisting of a first peak in early systole followed by a rapid fall in strain rate close to zero and a second peak during isovolumetric relaxation. This 'double peak sign' was never seen in segments of healthy controls. However, it was detected in 10 segments without LE. These 'false-positive' segments belonged to Fabry patients who often develop a fast progressing fibrosis. In a follow-up MRI study after 2 years (available for 6/10 segments), all these segments had developed LE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 'double peak sign' in strain-rate imaging tracings seems to be a reliable tool to diagnose regional fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I/Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, Würzburg, Germany. weidemann_f@medizin.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Weidemann
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Margret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Störk
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: Meinrad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Breunig
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanner
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Voelker
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ertl
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bijnens
authors.forename: Joerg M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Strotmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D000795:Fabry Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged