title: Fluoride-induced IL-8 release in human epithelial lung cells: relationship to EGF-receptor-, SRC- and MAP-kinase activation.
abstract: Exposure of human epithelial lung cells to fluorides is known to induce a marked increase in the release of interleukin (IL)-8, a chemokine involved in neutrophil recruitment. In the present study, the involvement of mitogen-activating protein kinases (MAPKs), the role of upstream activation of Src family kinases (SFKs), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation and the interrelationships between these pathways in fluoride-induced IL-8 were examined in a human epithelial lung cell line (A549). Sodium fluoride strongly activated MAPK, in particular JNK1/2 and p38. The ERK1/2-inhibitor PD98059, the p38-inhibitor SB202190 and the JNK1/2-inhibitor SP600125 partially inhibited the fluoride-induced IL-8 response. Combinations of these inhibitors reduced the responses nearly to basal levels. Treatment with siRNA against JNK2 also reduced the IL-8 response to fluoride. Furthermore, fluoride activated SFKs, which was abolished by the SFK-inhibitor PP2. PP2 substantially inhibited the increased levels of IL-8, and partially reduced the fluoride-induced activation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK1/2. Fluoride exposure also led to a phosphorylation of the EGFR, that was partially inhibited by PP2. AG1478, an EGFR-inhibitor, partially reduced the fluoride-induced IL-8 response and the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and ERK1/2, but less the phosphorylation of p38. The effects of AG1478 were less than that of PP2. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the fluoride-induced IL-8 release involves the combined activation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38, and that the phosphorylation of these kinases, and in particular JNK1/2 and ERK1/2, partly, is mediated via a SFK-dependent EGFR-linked pathway. SFK-dependent, but EGFR-independent mechanisms seem important, and especially for phosphorylation of p38.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway. magne.refsnes@fhi.no
authors.forename: Magne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Refsnes
authors.forename: Tonje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skuland
authors.forename: Per E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Øvrevik
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Låg
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D005459:Fluorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005459:Fluorides