title: Responses of nontransformed human hepatocytes to conditional expression of full-length hepatitis C virus open reading frame.
abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. To study the effects of HCV protein expression on host cells, we established conditional expression of the full-length open reading frame (ORF) of an infectious cDNA clone of HCV (genotype 1a, H77 strain) in the nontransformed human hepatocyte line cell HH4 using the ecdysone receptor regulatory system. Treatment with the ecdysone analog ponasterone-A induced tightly regulated and dose-dependent full-length HCV ORF expression and properly processed HCV proteins. HCV Core, NS3, and NS5A colocalized in perinuclear regions and associated with the early endosomal protein EEA1. HCV ORF expression caused marked growth inhibition, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, up-regulation of glutamate-l-cysteine ligase activity, increased glutathione level, and activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Although it was not directly cytotoxic, HCV ORF expression sensitized HH4 cells to Fas at certain concentrations but not to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. HCV ORF expression in HH4 cells up-regulated genes involved in innate immune response/inflammation and oxidative stress responses and down-regulated cell growth-related genes. Expression of HCV ORF in host cells may contribute to HCV pathogenesis by producing oxidative stress and increasing the expression of genes related to the innate immune response and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, K078 Health Sciences Building, Box 357705, Seattle, WA 98195-7705, USA.
authors.forename: Weiliang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lázaro
authors.forename: Jean S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: W Tony
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Katze
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fausto
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000235:genetics; D004441:Ecdysterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D020815:Polyproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D020815:Polyproteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D019014:fas Receptor; D004441:Ecdysterone; C008999:ponasterone A; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase