title: In vitro exposure of jurkat T-cells to industrially important organic solvents in binary combination: interaction analysis.
abstract: Humans are frequently exposed to mixtures of environmental pollutants at low levels over prolonged periods of time yet most toxicity studies deal with acute exposure to high concentrations of single chemicals. Investigation of the biological effects and possible toxic interactions during long-term exposure to such mixtures is warranted. Here Jurkat T-cells were exposed to toluene, n-hexane and methyl ethyl ketone in binary combination. Concentration ranges were centered on thresholds at which the individual agents caused cell toxicity under otherwise similar conditions, and concentrations were confirmed by headspace gas chromatography. After 5 days cells were harvested and toxicity measured in terms of membrane damage (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] leakage), perturbations in [Ca(2+)](i) and changes in glutathione redox status. Data for all three endpoints were subjected to isobolographic analysis to test for interaction between components of the solvent mixture. Almost all combinations of toluene and n-hexane elicited greater than additive toxicity in terms of each of the three endpoints, as did methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)/n-hexane and MEK/toluene combinations for the LDH and glutathione endpoints. The main exceptions were the two combinations involving MEK, which caused less than additive effects on perturbations of [Ca(2+)](i). It is concluded that toxicity in immune-derived T cells may exhibit greater than additive effects when there is coexposure to organic solvents. This may have implications for risk assessment of environmental exposure to these agents.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Ireland
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allshire
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Pelt
authors.forename: James J A
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Heffron
mesh_terms: D002074:Butanones / Q000633:toxicity*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006586:Hexanes / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014050:Toluene / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002074:Butanones; D006586:Hexanes; D007220:Industrial Waste; D012997:Solvents; C026385:n-hexane; D014050:Toluene; C005222:methylethyl ketone; D005978:Glutathione