Impact of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction on glucose regulation in healthy, normal-weight middle-aged men and women.
An unresolved issue in the field of diet and health is if and how changes in meal frequency affect energy metabolism in humans. We therefore evaluated the influence of reduced meal frequency without a reduction in energy intake on glucose metabolism in normal-weight, healthy male and female subjects. The study was a randomized crossover design, with two 8-week treatment periods (with an intervening 11-week off-diet period) in which subjects consumed all of their calories for weight maintenance distributed in either 3 meals or 1 meal per day (consumed between 4:00 pm and 8:00 pm). Energy metabolism was evaluated at designated time points throughout the study by performing morning oral glucose tolerance tests and measuring levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Subjects consuming 1 meal per day exhibited higher morning fasting plasma glucose levels, greater and more sustained elevations of plasma glucose concentrations, and a delayed insulin response in the oral glucose tolerance test compared with subjects consuming 3 meals per day. Levels of ghrelin were elevated in response to the 1-meal-per-day regimen. Fasting levels of insulin, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin, and BDNF were not significantly affected by meal frequency. Subjects consuming a single large daily meal exhibit elevated fasting glucose levels and impaired morning glucose tolerance associated with a delayed insulin response during a 2-month diet period compared with those consuming 3 meals per day. The impaired glucose tolerance was reversible and was not associated with alterations in the levels of adipokines or BDNF.
Carlson
Olga
O
Diabetes Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Martin
Bronwen
B
Stote
Kim S
KS
Golden
Erin
E
Maudsley
Stuart
S
Najjar
Samer S
SS
Ferrucci
Luigi
L
Ingram
Donald K
DK
Longo
Dan L
DL
Rumpler
William V
WV
Baer
David J
DJ
Egan
Josephine
J
Mattson
Mark P
MP
D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052243:Resistin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D052243:Resistin; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose