title: Synthesis and evaluation of xanomeline analogs--probing the wash-resistant phenomenon at the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
abstract: A series of xanomeline analogs were synthesized and evaluated for binding at the M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M(1) receptor). Specifically, compounds that substitute the O-hexyl chain of xanomeline with polar, ionizable, or conformationally restricted moieties were assessed for their ability to bind to the M(1) receptor in a wash-resistant manner (persistent binding). From our screen, several novel ligands that persistently bind to the M(1) receptor with greater affinity than xanomeline were discovered. Results indicate that persistent binding may arise not only from hydrophobic interactions but also from ionic interactions with a secondary M(1) receptor binding site. Herein, a qualitative model that accounts for both binding scenarios is proposed and applied to understand the structural basis to wash-resistant binding and long-acting effects of xanomeline-based compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Marianne K O
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Esam E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: El-Fakahany
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011725:Pyridines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013830:Thiadiazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D011725:Pyridines; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1; D013830:Thiadiazoles; C075257:xanomeline