title: Disruption of the FA/BRCA pathway in bladder cancer.
abstract: Bladder carcinomas frequently show extensive deletions of chromosomes 9p and/or 9q, potentially including the loci of the Fanconi anemia (FA) genes FANCC and FANCG. FA is a rare recessive disease due to defects in anyone of 13 FANC genes manifesting with genetic instability and increased risk of neoplasia. FA cells are hypersensitive towards DNA crosslinking agents such as mitomycin C and cisplatin that are commonly employed in the chemotherapy of bladder cancers. These observations suggest the possibility of disruption of the FA/BRCA DNA repair pathway in bladder tumors. However, mutations in FANCC or FANCG could not be detected in any of 23 bladder carcinoma cell lines and ten surgical tumor specimens by LOH analysis or by FANCD2 immunoblotting assessing proficiency of the pathway. Only a single cell line, BFTC909, proved defective for FANCD2 monoubiquitination and was highly sensitive towards mitomycin C. This increased sensitivity was restored specifically by transfer of the FANCF gene. Sequencing of FANCF in BFTC909 failed to identify mutations, but methylation of cytosine residues in the FANCF promoter region was demonstrated by methylation-specific PCR, HpaII restriction and bisulfite DNA sequencing. Methylation-specific PCR uncovered only a single instance of FANCF promoter hypermethylation in surgical specimens of further 41 bladder carcinomas. These low proportions suggest that in contrast to other types of tumors silencing of FANCF is a rare event in bladder cancer and that an intact FA/BRCA pathway might be advantageous for tumor progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University of WürzburgBiozentrum, B107, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neveling
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalb
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Florl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herterich
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Friedl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoehn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hader
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steinlein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tonnies
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hanenberg
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schindler
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D017931:DNA Primers; D052218:Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C Protein / Q000235:genetics; D052241:Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group G Protein / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C497651:FANCC protein, human; C499909:FANCG protein, human; D052218:Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C Protein; D052241:Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group G Protein