title: Numerical analysis of survival of Listeria monocytogenes during in-package pasteurization of frankfurters by hot water immersion.
abstract: The objective of this research was to develop and validate a more accurate method to analyze and calculate the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in frankfurter packages during postlethality hot water immersion heating and the subsequent cooling processes. Finite difference analysis with implicit scheme was used to simulate the heat transfer process during in-package pasteurization of frankfurters. A volumetrically distributed simulation method was developed to calculate the lethality of the thermal treatment. The simulation method was validated using frankfurter packages inoculated with a 4-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes. Experimental results showed that the numerical analysis model could accurately simulate the heat transfer process during heating and cooling of frankfurter packages. The simulated temperatures on the surface or in the middle of the package matched very closely with the experimental observations. Using the simulated temperature distribution in the packages, the integrated lethality simulation method, based on the volumetric distribution of bacteria, could accurately predict the reduction in the bacterial counts. The calculation results were on average within 0.3 log(CFU/g) difference from the experimental observations, while the General Method systematically underestimated the bacterial reductions by approximately 0.9 log(CFU/g). The study shows that the integrated lethality method is more accurate than the General Method in calculating the lethality of thermal processes for conduction-heated foods.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA. lihan.huang@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Lihan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000379:methods*; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000254:growth & development*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water