title: Relationship between staff perceptions of hospital norms and hospital-level end-of-life treatment intensity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are wide variations in hospital-level treatment intensity at the end of life that are not entirely explained by structural and market characteristics. Individual hospital microclimates must exist to perpetuate these practice variations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a closed-ended survey based upon staff perceptions of informal norms regarding life prolongation, palliation, collaborative decision-making, and patient-doctor familiarity can identify hospital microclimates and to assess whether these norms are related to variation in end-of-life treatment intensity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of hospital discharge data at 11 purposively sampled Pennsylvania hospitals linked to a self-administered survey of 139 administrative and clinical staff fielded during site visits in 2004; measurements included year 2000 and 2004 rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation (MV), and hemodialysis among terminal hospitalizations at each hospital; survey respondent demographics, role, experience, and perceptions of their hospital's context and norms of end-of-life decision-making and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The purposively sampled hospitals exhibited wide variation in rates of ICU admission (38.2%-84.4%), MV (13.7%-41.4%), and hemodialysis (0%-9.2%) among terminal admissions. All 139 administered surveys were returned for a response rate of 100%. For each of 4 factors created from 19 survey items, staff responses varied more between hospitals than within hospitals (p < or = 0.03). One factor, patient-doctor familiarity, was inversely correlated with terminal ICU admission (p < 0.001) and MV (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Discrimination of differences in microclimates related to norms of treatment intensity at the end of life is feasible, but greater specificity of measurement will be required to explain objective measures of terminal admission treatment intensity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. aeb2@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Amber E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barnato
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bost
authors.forename: Maxwell H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Judith R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lave
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Doris M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Angus
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003657:Decision Making; D017144:Focus Groups; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D010351:Patient Discharge; D010414:Pennsylvania; D010465:Perception; D012189:Retrospective Studies