title: Central chemoreflex sensitivity and sympathetic neural outflow in elite breath-hold divers.
abstract: Repeated hypoxemia in obstructive sleep apnea patients increases sympathetic activity, thereby promoting arterial hypertension. Elite breath-holding divers are exposed to similar apneic episodes and hypoxemia. We hypothesized that trained divers would have increased resting sympathetic activity and blood pressure, as well as an excessive sympathetic nervous system response to hypercapnia. We recruited 11 experienced divers and 9 control subjects. During the diving season preceding the study, divers participated in 7.3 +/- 1.2 diving fish-catching competitions and 76.4 +/- 14.6 apnea training sessions with the last apnea 3-5 days before testing. We monitored beat-by-beat blood pressure, heart rate, femoral artery blood flow, respiration, end-tidal CO(2), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). After a baseline period, subjects began to rebreathe a hyperoxic gas mixture to raise end-tidal CO(2) to 60 Torr. Baseline MSNA frequency was 31 +/- 11 bursts/min in divers and 33 +/- 13 bursts/min in control subjects. Total MSNA activity was 1.8 +/- 1.5 AU/min in divers and 1.8 +/- 1.3 AU/min in control subjects. Arterial oxygen saturation did not change during rebreathing, whereas end-tidal CO(2) increased continuously. The slope of the hypercapnic ventilatory and MSNA response was similar in both groups. We conclude that repeated bouts of hypoxemia in elite, healthy breath-holding divers do not lead to sustained sympathetic activation or arterial hypertension. Repeated episodes of hypoxemia may not be sufficient to drive an increase in resting sympathetic activity in the absence of additional comorbidities.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia. zdujic@bsb.mefst.hr
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dujic
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ivancev
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heusser
authors.forename: Gordan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dzamonja
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Palada
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Valic
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tank
authors.forename: Ante
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obad
authors.forename: Darija
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bakovic
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diedrich
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001049:Apnea / Q000503:physiopathology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004242:Diving; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001239:Inhalation; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012125:Respiratory Center / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013147:Spirometry; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen