title: Release of endogenous opioids following transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in an experimental model of acute inflammatory pain.
abstract: Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a noninvasive treatment used in physiotherapy practice to promote analgesia in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the action mechanism of TENS at high (HF: 130 Hz) and low (LF: 10 Hz) frequencies in an inflammation model produced by the injection of carrageenan in rat paws (Cg; 250 microg). After carrageenan administration (0 time), either HF or LF TENS was applied to the inflamed paw of rats for 20 minutes, and hyperalgesia was assessed hourly using the modified Randall-Selitto method (1957). HF and LF TENS inhibited the carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia by 100%. Pretreatment of animals with intraplantar naltrexone (Nx; 50 microg) reversed the analgesic effect of the LF TENS but did not alter the effect of HF TENS. The application of HF and LF TENS to the contralateral paw reversed the hyperalgesia of the inflamed paw similar to that observed when TENS was applied to the inflamed paw. However, LF TENS presented a longer-lasting analgesic effect than HF TENS. Our data demonstrate that HF and LF TENS induced antihyperalgesia. We also report that the antihyperalgesia provoked by LF TENS is partially due to the local release of endogenous opioids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study offers important information about physiotherapy practices aimed at pain relieving. TENS is a noninvasive treatment that promotes analgesia in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Scientists, patients, and the general population may benefit from this knowledge.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sabino
authors.forename: Cristiane M F
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Janetti N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Francischi
authors.forename: Marcos Antônio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Resende
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000633:toxicity; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced; D059408:Pain Management; D051381:Rats; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D009270:Naloxone; D002351:Carrageenan