title: Lowering blood pressure with beta-blockers in combination with other renin-angiotensin system blockers in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: results from the GEMINI Trial.
abstract: The effects of beta-blockade in addition to more specific renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers on blood pressure (BP) in patients with diabetes are described. After washout of medications other than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, patients were titrated to a BP level <130/80 mm Hg using therapy with carvedilol 6.25 to 25 mg bid (n=498) or metoprolol tartrate 50 to 200 mg bid (n=737). At the end of the beta-blocker titration period, a BP level <130/80 mm Hg was achieved in 37% of carvedilol-treated and 36% of metoprolol-treated participants who continued to receive a renin-angiotensin system blocker. In the approximately 60% of participants in whom a BP level <130/80 mm Hg was not attained with renin-angiotensin system blockade plus beta-blockade, hydrochlorothiazide was added in 43% and 44% of carvedilol and metoprolol groups, respectively; 25% (both arms) also required a calcium channel blocker. Among those in whom goal BP was not achieved, 42% of carvedilol- and 40% of metoprolol-treated participants were not titrated to the highest dose of beta-blocker. The use of carvedilol compared with metoprolol did not effect glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. jackson.wright@case.edu
authors.forename: Jackson T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bakris
authors.forename: David S H
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Katholi
authors.forename: Janet B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: Franz H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Messerli
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raskin
authors.forename: Fred K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Holdbrook
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lukas
authors.forename: Malini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iyengar
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002227:Carbazoles; D004232:Diuretics; D011412:Propanolamines; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D000077261:Carvedilol; D008790:Metoprolol