title: Gene expression profiling from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumors of pediatric glioblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gene expression profiling has proved crucial for understanding the biology of cancer. In rare diseases, including pediatric glioblastoma (pGBM), the lack of readily available fresh frozen (FF) material limits the feasibility of this analysis, as well as its validation, on independent data sets, a step needed to ensure relevance, mandating the use of alternate RNA sources. To overcome the limitation of material number and to validate results we obtained on FF pGBM, we did microarray analysis on RNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival samples from pGBM and control brains, wherein we had no control on the fixation process.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNA from 16 pGBM and 3 control brains was extracted and linearly amplified. Reverse transcription-PCR on housekeeping and formerly identified tumor-associated genes and microarray analysis were done on this RNA source. Results were validated by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite extensive RNA degradation, microarray analysis was possible on 16 of 19 samples and reproduced the pattern of results obtained on FF pGBM. Gene lists and ontology subgrouping were highly concordant in both sample types. Similar to the findings on FF samples, we were able to identify two subsets of pGBM based on their association/lack of association with evidence consistent with an active Ras pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues are an invaluable resource as they are the most widely available materials often accessible in conjunction with clinical and follow-up data. Gene expression profiling on this material is feasible and may represent a significant advance for understanding the biology of rare human diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematooncology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Takrima
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Faury
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez-Aguilar
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Miklós
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garami
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hanzély
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bognár
authors.forename: Rolando F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Del Maestro
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nantel
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jabado
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010232:Paraffin / Q000737:chemistry*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005557:Formaldehyde; D010232:Paraffin