title: A blueprint for real-time functional mapping via human intracranial recordings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy is preceded by a pre-surgical evaluation period during which intracranial EEG recordings are performed to identify the epileptogenic network and provide a functional map of eloquent cerebral areas that need to be spared to minimize the risk of post-operative deficits. A growing body of research based on such invasive recordings indicates that cortical oscillations at various frequencies, especially in the gamma range (40 to 150 Hz), can provide efficient markers of task-related neural network activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we introduce a novel real-time investigation framework for mapping human brain functions based on online visualization of the spectral power of the ongoing intracranial activity. The results obtained with the first two implanted epilepsy patients who used the proposed online system illustrate its feasibility and utility both for clinical applications, as a complementary tool to electrical stimulation for presurgical mapping purposes, and for basic research, as an exploratory tool used to detect correlations between behavior and oscillatory power modulations. Furthermore, our findings suggest a putative role for high gamma oscillations in higher-order auditory processing involved in speech and music perception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed real-time setup is a promising tool for presurgical mapping, the investigation of functional brain dynamics, and possibly for neurofeedback training and brain computer interfaces.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U821, Lyon, F-69500, France. lachaux@lyon.inserm.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lachaux
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jerbi
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: Lorella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minotti
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schoendorff
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kahane
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008954:Models, Biological; D009415:Nerve Net; D009991:Oscillometry; D012984:Software; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D014741:Video Recording