title: Carotenoid and vitamin intake, von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations and sporadic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether dietary carotenoid and vitamin intake and supplemental vitamin use were inversely associated with RCC risk and with Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-gene mutations in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (NLCS) includes 120,852 persons, who completed a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire in 1986. After 11.3 years of follow-up, 284 cases and a random sample of 4,095 persons (subcohort) with complete data were included in multivariable analyses using a case-cohort approach. VHL gene mutational analysis was complete for 225 cases. Rate ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models, while adjusting for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, and a history of hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed no association for dietary carotenoid and vitamin intake and RCC risk, and a somewhat increased risk with supplemental vitamin E, AD, and multivitamin use. Results were suggestive of higher RRs for alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, folate, and supplemental vitamin C and multivitamin intake for wildtype VHL tumors compared to VHL-mutated tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no association of carotenoid, vitamin or supplemental vitamin intake and RCC risk. These associations should be investigated by others to confirm the current observations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. b.vandijk@akc.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Boukje A C
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Leo J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: Egbert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oosterwijk
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hulsbergen-van de Kaa
authors.forename: Lambertus A L M
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.forename: R Alexandra
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Goldbohm
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schalken
authors.forename: Piet A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van den Brandt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006623:von Hippel-Lindau Disease / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D002338:Carotenoids