Mortality and physician supply: does region hold the key to the paradox?
OBJECTIVE
. To determine if the supply of physicians has a consistent relationship with mortality across regions.


METHODS
County-level data describing the supply of physicians, mortality, and socioeconomic conditions of the population as provided in the Area Resource File (BHPr, HRSA) and the Compressed Mortality File (NCHS, CDC).


METHODS
Ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression models with age-adjusted all-cause and disease-specific mortality as the dependent variables were specified using pooled data from 1996 to 2000 to test for the relationship with primary care and specialist physician-population ratios. The residuals from the OLS models were mapped and examined for potential clustering. A series of geographically weighted regression models were run for all 3,070 counties and the z-scores and significance of the models mapped.


RESULTS
The association between primary care physician supply and mortality was not observed in contrast to other studies; mapping the residuals of those models suggested regional clustering. When weighted geographically, the relationship between primary care and specialist physician supply and mortality presents a mixed pattern. The results show strong regional patterns that may explain the lack of a consistent national association. Primary care physicians are associated with decreased mortality on the east coast and upper midwest, but that correlation disappears or is reversed in the west (with the exception of Washington State) and south central states.


CONCLUSIONS
We find evidence that there are regionally focused association between physician supply and mortality, holding constant population characteristics that reflect the influence of social and economic characteristics. However, these relationships are not consistent across the United States; there are regions where there are stronger and weaker associations between type of practitioner and mortality and other regions where no association is apparent. This suggests that the direction for further analysis lies in the understanding of the regional differences and whether there are policy alternatives to address these different patterns.
Ricketts
Thomas C
TC
Sheps Center for Health Services Research, The University of North Carolina, 725 M.L. King, Jr. Blvd CB 7590, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7590, USA.
Holmes
George M
GM
D003710:Demography; D005843:Geography; D006291:Health Policy; D006306:Health Surveys; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D010820:Physicians / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011365:Professional Practice Location / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013038:Specialization; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology