title: Activation of glucose transport and AMP-activated protein kinase during muscle contraction in adenylate kinase-1 knockout mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently it was reported that adenylate kinase-1 knockout mice (AK(-/-)) exhibit elevated rates of glucose uptake following repeated contractions and hypoxia, but the mechanism was not investigated. The purpose of the present study was to measure the changes in glucose transport and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation/activity following repeated contractions in isolated muscles from AK(-/-) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extensor digitorum longus muscles underwent an intense stimulation protocol that decreased force to less than 10% of initial by the end of 10 min. Glucose uptake was measured with 2-deoxy-D-[1,2-(3)H]glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle glucose uptake in the basal state was identical between control and AK(-/-) mice and increased twofold in both groups during contraction. The general antioxidant: N-acetylcysteine, decreased contraction-mediated glucose uptake by 30% in both groups. AMPK activity and phosphorylation were similar in the two groups in the basal state and, surprisingly, after contraction as well (approximately threefold increase). Both groups exhibited marked decreases in adenosine triphosphate following contraction (60-70% depletion), which coincided with stoichiometric increases in the content of inosine monophosphate, an indirect marker of AMP production. Adenylate kinase activity averaged 2081 +/- 106 micromol min(-1) (g dry wt)(-1) for control and 37 +/- 10 for AK(-/-) muscles; the activity in the AK(-/-) muscle is likely accounted for by isoforms other than AK1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, AK(-/-) mice have a normal capacity for contraction-mediated glucose uptake. This appears to occur via increases in AMP and reactive oxygen species that result in the activation of AMPK.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: S-J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sandström
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westerblad
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wieringa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000263:Adenylate Kinase; C110939:adenylate kinase 1; D005947:Glucose; D000111:Acetylcysteine