title: Comparison of fundamental frequency nasalance between trained singers and nonsingers for sung vowels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vocal training on fundamental frequency nasalance measures under selected vowel and frequency conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fundamental frequency nasalance measures were reported for 2 groups of women: 36 trained singers and 36 nonsingers. Each group sang and sustained the vowels (/i/, /ae/, /u/, /a/) for 6 seconds' duration at 3 frequency levels. A 3-second segment from the middle of each vowel was measured to generate fundamental frequency nasalance scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found in the mean fundamental frequency nasalance scores between the trained singers and the nonsingers. The fundamental frequency nasalance scores were significantly higher for front vowels for both groups. Additionally, both groups displayed a pattern of producing significantly higher fundamental frequency nasalance scores at lower fundamental frequencies than at higher fundamental frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the practice of training singers to elevate the velum when singing at high frequencies but not when singing at low ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Disorders, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA.
authors.forename: Linda P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D010700:Phonetics; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D013065:Speech Intelligibility / Q000502:physiology*; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014834:Voice Training