title: Adaptive evolution of the symbiotic gene NORK is not correlated with shifts of rhizobial specificity in the genus Medicago.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The NODULATION RECEPTOR KINASE (NORK) gene encodes a Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR)-containing receptor-like protein and controls the infection by symbiotic rhizobia and endomycorrhizal fungi in Legumes. The occurrence of numerous amino acid changes driven by directional selection has been reported in this gene, using a limited number of messenger RNA sequences, but the functional reason of these changes remains obscure. The Medicago genus, where changes in rhizobial associations have been previously examined, is a good model to test whether the evolution of NORK is influenced by rhizobial interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We sequenced a region of 3610 nucleotides (encoding a 392 amino acid-long region of the NORK protein) in 32 Medicago species. We confirm that positive selection in NORK has occurred within the Medicago genus and find that the amino acid positions targeted by selection occur in sites outside of solvent-exposed regions in LRRs, and other sites in the N-terminal region of the protein. We tested if branches of the Medicago phylogeny where changes of rhizobial symbionts occurred displayed accelerated rates of amino acid substitutions. Only one branch out of five tested, leading to M. noeana, displays such a pattern. Among other branches, the most likely for having undergone positive selection is not associated with documented shift of rhizobial specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adaptive changes in the sequence of the NORK receptor have involved the LRRs, but targeted different sites than in most previous studies of LRR proteins evolution. The fact that positive selection in NORK tends not to be associated to changes in rhizobial specificity indicates that this gene was probably not involved in evolving rhizobial preferences. Other explanations (e.g. coevolutionary arms race) must be tested to explain the adaptive evolution of NORK.
authors.affiliation: UMR 1097 Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées - INRA Montpellier, France. demita@gmail.com
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Mita
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santoni
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ronfort
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bataillon
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D029902:Medicago / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010770:Phosphotransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D020579:Sinorhizobium / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D010770:Phosphotransferases