title: A systematic review of the effectiveness of bone collectors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bone collectors are used to harvest bone debris for grafting procedures during implant surgery. The particulate bone debris gathered through filtration has been frequently used in minor regenerative surgical procedures. Nevertheless, the biological potency of such grafts is still unclear. The objective of this study was to systematically review the use of bone collectors in implant dentistry, focusing on the quantity, quality, and bacterial contamination of the bone collected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following the production of a detailed protocol, screening and quality assessment of the literature were conducted in duplicate and independently. The outcome measures that were assessed were: (1) quantity of collected debris, (2) quality of the collected bone debris, and (3) bacterial contamination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a limited amount of information on the nature of bone obtained through collectors. Eleven studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Bone collectors are able to retain a small amount of bone for minor surgical procedures. The presence of vital bone cells has not been demonstrated routinely, while consistent bacterial contamination has been observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone collected through bone filters appears to be sufficient for small regenerative procedures. Clinicians should bear in mind that presence of bacterial pathogens is always shown with the use of bone collectors. Presurgical chlorhexidine oral rinsing and a strict aspiration protocol must be used to minimize the bacterial contamination of the debris collected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although bone collectors are capable of amassing small amounts of bone, the vitality of this bone could not be consistently demonstrated and the collected debris was always contaminated by bacteria. Therefore, the bone debris amassed in bone collectors is not an ideal grafting material and should be utilized with caution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Oral Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy. f.graziani@med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Graziani
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cei
authors.forename: Saso
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ivanovski
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: La Ferla
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gabriele
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000382:microbiology; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000295:instrumentation*