title: Systemic reperfusion therapy in acute ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental and clinical studies indicate that early reperfusion of occluded brain-supplying arteries reduces the size of injury and improves outcome. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is the only drug approved for systemic reperfusion in acute ischemic stroke. However, the use of intravenous t-PA is currently limited by its narrow therapeutic window.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the approaches to extending systemic reperfusion in cerebral ischemia currently under investigation in human clinical studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strategies to expand the systemic reperfusion include: a better use of conventional t-PA; to extend the intravenous rt-PA window to 270 min; new fibrinolytic agents (tenecteplase, microplasmin, desmoteplase, V10153); combination of lytics and antithrombotics (t-PA + tirofibran, t-PA + abciximab, reteplase + abciximab, t-PA + eptifibatide and t-PA + eptifibatide + aspirin + tinzaparin); combination of lytics and neuroprotectans; externally applied ultrasound to enhance enzymatic fibrinolysis, and improving patient selection with multimodal imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is considerable opportunity to explore safe strategies to expand systemic reperfusion therapy which could further benefit stroke outcome.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martínez-Sánchez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Díez-Tejedor
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ortega-Casarrubios
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hacke
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015424:Reperfusion / Q000379:methods*; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*