title: CT urography: definition, indications and techniques. A guideline for clinical practice.
abstract: The aim was to develop clinical guidelines for multidetector computed tomography urography (CTU) by a group of experts from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). Peer-reviewed papers and reviews were systematically scrutinized. A summary document was produced and discussed at the ESUR 2006 and ECR 2007 meetings with the goal to reach consensus. True evidence-based guidelines could not be formulated, but expert guidelines on indications and CTU examination technique were produced. CTU is justified as a first-line test for patients with macroscopic haematuria, at high-risk for urothelial cancer. Otherwise, CTU may be used as a problem-solving examination. A differential approach using a one-, two- or three-phase protocol is proposed, whereby the clinical indication and the patient population will determine which CTU protocol is employed. Either a combined nephrographic-excretory phase following a split-bolus intravenous injection of contrast medium, or separate nephrographic and excretory phases following a single-bolus injection can be used. Lower dose (CTDIvol 5-6 mGy) is used for benign conditions and normal dose (CTDIvol 9-12 mGy) for potential malignant disease. A low-dose (CTDIvol 2-3 mGy) unenhanced series can be added on indication. The expert-based CTU guidelines provide recommendations to optimize techniques and to unify the radiologist's approach to CTU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology C-2S, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands. molen@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Aart J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Van Der Molen
authors.forename: Nigel C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Ullrich G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Mueller-Lisse
authors.forename: Claus C A
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Nolte-Ernsting
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Cohan
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media