title: Pay for performance for antibiotic timing in pneumonia: caveat emptor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care practitioners and hospital administrators have focused on a performance measure regarding antibiotic timing for patients with community-acquired pneumonia in anticipation of a pay-for-performance program through the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and private payers.
  Early antibiotic administration is associated with improved outcomes, even after adjusting for severity. Yet although some patients may benefit through the early administration of antibiotics, there is a risk to other patients who are treated concurrently. Some patients' care may be delayed because they may not receive the same priority as patients with suspected pneumonia. Other patients may receive inappropriate antibiotics for suspected pneumonia to shorten the time to administration.
  Attempts to address the performance measure are probably dependent on how well the emergency department functions and the level of crowding. Patients with a suspected pneumonia may be empirically covered with antibiotics before radiographic diagnosis, which should increase the rate of antibiotic administration for antibiotic-nonresponsive conditions and contribute to antibiotic resistance. The answer is to find measures of system throughput and/or work flow that are associated with improved patient care outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. pinesjes@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Jesse M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pines
authors.forename: Judd E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Datner
authors.forename: Joshua P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Metlay
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D014487:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents