title: Enhanced efficiency and ergonomics of an intraoperative automated prostate brachytherapy delivery technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2003, the Tom Baker Cancer Centre started a prostate brachytherapy program using Iodine-125 seeds, intraoperative treatment planning, and an automated remote afterloader, the seedSelectron. Over a 3-month period in 2004-2005, technologic changes were implemented with the intent of reducing the time spent in the operating room and improving ergonomics for the radiation oncologist/surgeon. New commercial software including inverse planning was installed, concurrent needle insertion and seed train building was implemented, and additional hardware (a slave monitor) was connected to the system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate that, with these enhancements, dosimetry is not compromised, whereas efficiency is significantly improved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interactive inverse planning was used to create the treatment plans in the operating room. Seed-spacer trains were built concurrently with each needle's insertion guided by rotating the ultrasound probe to the correct sagittal plane using the Needle Navigator feature. Needles were built, inserted, and delivered one needle at a time. Needle coordinate and insert positions were verified on the live ultrasound image displayed on both the slave monitor positioned above the patient's pelvis and the operator console. Dosimetry parameters (D(90) and V(100)), numbers of seeds, and OR times were compared for 20 patients before and 11 patients after the implementation of the concurrent insertion and build protocol combined with inverse planning and the slave monitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operating room (OR) times (probe in to probe out) were reduced by 33 min and the number of seeds per unit volume by 3% on an average. The majority of the decrease in time is due to the concurrent building and insertion of needles. Before and after the new technique, average postplan D(90) and V(100) values at 4 weeks after the implant were the same to within 4 Gy and 0.1%, respectively. The range (max-min) of D(90) decreased by 20% of the mean dose and the V(100) range decreased by 6% with the new technique. Adding the slave monitor improved quality assurance of the delivery process and ergonomics for physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concurrent insertion and build protocol, together with inverse planning and the slave monitor, have decreased OR times with greater consistency in the delivered dose distribution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Dee-Ann.Radford@cancerboard.ab.ca
authors.forename: Dee-Ann
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Radford Evans
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Angyalfi
authors.forename: Siraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dunscombe
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000458:organization & administration; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes