title: Long-term danazol prophylaxis does not lead to increased carotid intima-media thickness in hereditary angioedema patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is characterized by episodic edematous attacks due to the deficiency of the C1-inhibitor (C1-INH). Recently, we have described that the long-term use of danazol affects lipid metabolism, resulting in decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, which might lead to accelerated, early atherosclerosis. Our aim in the present study was to investigate the impact of danazol treatment on the risk of atherosclerosis in HAE patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of vascular disease, as well as carotid intima-media thickness (IMT)--an objective marker of atherosclerosis--was determined in 32 HAE patients undergoing danazol prophylaxis, and compared to 25 HAE patients without danazol treatment, as well as to 20 healthy controls. Distinct atherosclerosis risk profiles were determined in addition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HAE patients with danazol prophylaxis had higher body mass index (p=0.0055 and 0.0020), creatinine (p=0.0001 and 0.0130), alanine aminotransferase (p=0.0298 and 0.0457), LDL (p=0.0060 and <0.0001) and decreased HDL (p<0.0001 and <0.0001) levels compared to both control groups. The prevalence of vascular diseases did not differ in the two patient groups. No significant differences were observed in mean (0.43 (0.37-0.50)mm vs. 0.40 (0.35-0.49)mm, p=0.5465) carotid IMT values, when comparing patients with or without long-term danazol prophylaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thickening of IMT due to danazol use was not observed in HAE patients. We hypothesize that the functional deficiency of C1-INH might confer protection against atherosclerosis in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kútvölgyi Clinical Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Róbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Szegedi
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Széplaki
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Prohászka
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Széplaki
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karádi
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Füst
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Farkas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D054179:Angioedemas, Hereditary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003613:Danazol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D003613:Danazol