title: Is beta2-microglobulin-related amyloidosis of hemodialysis patients a multifactorial disease? A new pathogenetic approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Beta2-microglobulin amyloidosis (Abeta(2)M) is one of the main long-term complications of dialysis treatment. The incidence and the onset of Abeta(2)M has been related to membrane composition and/or dialysis technique, with non-homogeneous results. This study was carried out to detect: i) the incidence of bone cysts and CTS from Abeta(2)M; ii) the difference in Abeta(2)M onset between cellulosic and synthetic membranes; iii) other risk factors besides the membrane.
  
  
  METHODS
  480 HD patients were selected between 1986 to 2005 and grouped according to the 4 types of membranes used (cellulose, synthetically modified cellulose, synthetic low-flux, synthetic high-flux). The patients were analyzed before and after 1995, when the reverse osmosis treatment for dialysis water was started at our center, and the incidence of Abeta(2)M was compared between the two periods. Routine plain radiography, computer tomography (CT) and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as electromyography were used to investigate the clinical symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone cysts occurred in 29.2% of patients before 1995 vs. 12.2% after 1995 (p<0.0001). CTS occurred in 24% of patients before 1995 vs. 7.1% after 1995 (p<0.0001). Bone cysts and CTS occurred in older patients, who began dialysis at a late age, with high CRP, low albumin, low residual GFR, and low Hb. Cox regression analysis showed that the risk factor for bone cysts was high CRP (RR 1.3, p<0.01), while albumin (RR 0.14, p<0.0001) and residual GFR (RR 0.81, p<0.0001) were revealed to be protective factors. Cox analysis for CTS confirmed CRP as a risk factor (RR 1.2, p<0.01), and albumin (RR 0.59, p<0.0001) and residual GFR (RR 0.75, p<0.0001) as protective factors. The comparison obtained between membranes did not suggest any protective effect on Abeta(2)M.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings that the inflammatory status as well as low albumin and the residual GFR of the uremic patient are predictive of Abeta(2)M lesions suggests that Abeta(2)M has a multifactorial origin rather than being solely a membrane- or technique-related side effect.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cianciolo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Colí
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Manna
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Addio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comai
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dormi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wratten
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feliciangeli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stefoni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000418:Albumins / Q000502:physiology; D000686:Amyloidosis / Q000209:etiology*; D001845:Bone Cysts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000502:physiology; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011859:Radiography; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002482:Cellulose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein