title: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is detectable in water samples from an endemic area by real-time PCR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to develop an assay for sensitive detection and quantification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in different types of water samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays with primers against ETEC enterotoxin genes estA (STh) estB (STp) and eltB (LT) were designed and the detection levels were determined to be three bacteria per PCR reaction. Gene copy numbers were estimated to be four (LT), two (STh) and one (STp) per bacteria. Twenty-six household and 13 environmental water samples from Bangladesh were filtered through 0.22-microm filters; DNA was extracted from the filters and analysed by real-time PCR. The results were compared with toxin GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in which colonies were tested for toxin production after cultivation of the filters. Out of the 39 samples tested, 18 household and 8 environmental samples were positive for ETEC in real-time PCR, but only 6 positive samples were found with GM1-ELISA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method allows for highly sensitive detection and quantification of ETEC based on detection of toxin DNA in water samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method facilitates detection and identification of ETEC in water and allows comparison between water contamination and incidence of ETEC diarrhoea in endemic areas.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Research on Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. asa.lothigius@microbio.gu.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lothigius
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janzon
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Begum
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sjöling
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qadri
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Svennerholm
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bölin
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D001459:Bangladesh; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D054307:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C034151:heat stable toxin (E coli); C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli