title: The subcostal artery perforator flap; an anatomical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based on a previous clinical case report in which the pedicled subcostal artery perforator flap allowed for the closure of a large defect of the lumbar region, the present study was designed to investigate the anatomy of the subcostal artery perforator flap and to evaluate its potential for wider clinical use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 14 human cadavers was studied and 28 subcostal artery perforator flaps were dissected. The location of the perforator vessel was charted against anatomical landmarks. Measurements included the perforator calibre, pedicle length, and flap size following methylene blue injection. The findings were compared by Doppler sonography in 15 volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subcostal artery perforator was present in all dissected specimens and in all volunteers. Its calibre measured in mean 2mm. The location was constant at the lateral border of the latissimus dorsi muscle and between 1 and 3 cm below the lower rib end. The pedicle length reached a mean of 10.5 cm when dissected up to the border of the erector spinae musculature. The vascular supply covered a mean flap size of 10 x 14 cm. The in vivo investigations confirmed the constant perforator location from the anatomical landmarks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This anatomical study reveals a considerable potential for the clinical use of the subcostal artery perforator flap for defect coverage in the lumbar area, due to its constant and reliable anatomy. Doppler sonography can be helpful in preoperative assessment of the size and the position of the subcostal perforator, thus allowing for an optimal flap design.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zürich-Zollikon, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dominik L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Feinendegen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niederhäuser
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Susann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abderhalden
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vögelin
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banic
authors.forename: Mihai A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Constantinescu
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods