title: Changes in the relative thickness of individual subcutaneous adipose tissue layers in growing pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer is an important parameter at all stages of pig production. It is used to inform decisions on dietary requirements to optimize growth, in gilts to promote longevity and finally to assist in the calculation of payments to producers that allow for general adiposity. Currently for reasons of tradition and ease, total adipose thickness measurements are made at one or multiple sites although it has been long recognized that up to three well defined layers (outer (L1), middle (L2), and inner (L3)) may be present to make up the total. Various features and properties of these layers have been described. This paper examines the contribution of each layer to total adipose thickness at three time points and describes the change in thickness of each layer per unit change in body weight in normal growing pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of nine pigs was examined using 14 MHz linear array transducer on three separate occasions. The average weight was 51, 94 and 124 kg for each successive scan. The time between scanning was approximately 4 weeks. The proportion of each layer to total thickness was modeled statistically with scan session as a variable and the change in absolute thickness of each layer per unit change in body weight was modeled in a random regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant change in ratios between scans for the middle and inner layers (P < 0.001). The significant changes were seen between the first and second, and between the first and final, scan sessions. The change in thickness per unit change in body weight was greatest for L2, followed by L1 and L3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that subcutaneous adipose layers grow at different rates relative to each other and to change in body weight and indicate that ultrasound can be used to track these differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 32 Dyrlaegevej, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark. fme@life.ku.dk
authors.forename: Fintan J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.forename: Anders B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Strathe
authors.forename: Mads T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Eiliv
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svalastoga
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D015430:Weight Gain