title: Short-course nitrofurantoin for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a paucity of data on the efficacy of nitrofurantoin for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in regimens shorter than 7 days. Evidence-based use of this drug is increasingly important as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance among uropathogens increases.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the efficacy of nitrofurantoin vs trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 338 women aged 18 to 45 years with acute uncomplicated cystitis were randomized to open-label treatment with either trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1 double-strength tablet twice daily for 3 days, or nitrofurantoin, 100 mg twice daily for 5 days. Clinical cure 30 days after therapy was the main outcome measure. Secondary outcomes included clinical and microbiological cure rates 5 to 9 days after therapy and, for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-treated women, clinical cure stratified by the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole susceptibility of the uropathogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical cure was achieved in 79% of the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group and in 84% of the nitrofurantoin group, for a difference of -5% (95% confidence interval, -13% to 4%). Clinical and microbiological cure rates at the first follow-up visit were also equivalent between the 2 groups. In the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole arm, 7 of 17 women (41%) with a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-nonsusceptible isolate had a clinical cure compared with 84% of women with a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-susceptible isolate (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 5-day course of nitrofurantoin is equivalent clinically and microbiologically to a 3-day course of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and should be considered an effective fluoroquinolone-sparing alternative for the treatment of acute cystitis in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yale University and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA. Kalpana.gupta@yale.edu
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hooton
authors.forename: Pacita L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Walter E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Stamm
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003556:Cystitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009582:Nitrofurantoin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D009582:Nitrofurantoin