title: Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients developing resistance to lamivudine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of long-term adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy or combination of adefovir and lamivudine in hepatitis B e antigen (HBe-Ag)-negative lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is still under investigation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety and efficacy of the long-term adefovir treatment alone or in combination with lamivudine in HBe-Ag-negative CHB patients who had developed breakthrough because of lamivudine-resistant mutants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine patients received combination therapy, while 23 switched to adefovir alone after a 3-month course of combination therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up after adefovir's onset was 31 (18-40) months. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. At 12 and 24 months, 69% and 89% of patients receiving combination therapy and 73% and 82% of patients receiving adefovir monotherapy had serum HBV-DNA <10(4) copies/mL (P > 0.5). Normalization of alanine aminotransferase levels occurred in 81% and 79% of patients receiving combination vs. 61% and 53% receiving adefovir monotherapy at 12 and 24 months, respectively (P > 0.50). Virological breakthroughs because of adefovir-resistant mutants occurred in five patients under adefovir monotherapy and in none receiving combination therapy (P = 0.001). No one developed decompensated liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma during follow-up. Re-introduction of lamivudine in adefovir-resistant patients achieved reduction in HBV-DNA and biochemical remission, but re-emergence of lamivudine mutants was observed in one patient after 7.5 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HBe-Ag-negative CHB patients with lamivudine resistance, adding adefovir to continuing lamivudine therapy maximizes anti-viral efficacy because of absence of viral resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Polyclinic General Hospital, Athens, Greece. spilios1@otenet.gr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manolakopoulos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bethanis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koutsounas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goulis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vlachogiannakos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Christias
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saveriadis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pavlidis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Triantos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christidou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Papatheodoridis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karamanolis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tzourmakliotis
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens; D063065:Organophosphonates; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019259:Lamivudine; D000225:Adenine; C106812:adefovir dipivoxil