title: Analysis of Schistosoma mansoni genes shared with Deuterostomia and with possible roles in host interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schistosoma mansoni is a blood helminth parasite that causes schistosomiasis, a disease that affects 200 million people in the world. Many orthologs of known mammalian genes have been discovered in this parasite and evidence is accumulating that some of these genes encode proteins linked to signaling pathways in the parasite that appear to be involved with growth or development, suggesting a complex co-evolutionary process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work we found 427 genes conserved in the Deuterostomia group that have orthologs in S. mansoni and no members in any nematodes and insects so far sequenced. Among these genes we have identified Insulin Induced Gene (INSIG), Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) and vasohibin orthologs, known to be involved in mammals in mevalonate metabolism, immune response and angiogenesis control, respectively. We have chosen these three genes for a more detailed characterization, which included extension of their cloned messages to obtain full-length sequences. Interestingly, SmINSIG showed a 10-fold higher expression in adult females as opposed to males, in accordance with its possible role in regulating egg production. SmIRF has a DNA binding domain, a tryptophan-rich N-terminal region and several predicted phosphorylation sites, usually important for IRF activity. Fourteen different alternatively spliced forms of the S. mansoni vasohibin (SmVASL) gene were detected that encode seven different protein isoforms including one with a complete C-terminal end, and other isoforms with shorter C-terminal portions. Using S. mansoni homologs, we have employed a parsimonious rationale to compute the total gene losses/gains in nematodes, arthropods and deuterostomes under either the Coelomata or the Ecdysozoa evolutionary hypotheses; our results show a lower losses/gains number under the latter hypothesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genes discussed which are conserved between S. mansoni and deuterostomes, probably have an ancient origin and were lost in Ecdysozoa, being still present in Lophotrochozoa. Given their known functions in Deuterostomia, it is possible that some of them have been co-opted to perform functions related (directly or indirectly) to host adaptation or interaction with host signaling processes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. venancio@iq.usp.br
authors.forename: Thiago M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Venancio
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DeMarco
authors.forename: Giulliana T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Katia C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: João C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Setubal
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verjovski-Almeida
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000845:Annelida / Q000469:parasitology*; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000235:genetics*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid