title: Flutamide metformin for post-menarcheal girls with preclinical ovarian androgen excess: evidence for differential response by androgen receptor genotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Addition of androgen receptor (AR) blockade (flutamide) to insulin-sensitising therapy (metformin) may confer synergistic benefits in girls with hyperinsulinaemic androgen excess. We hypothesised that girls with shorter AR gene CAG repeat alleles, and thus greater receptor sensitivity, might benefit more from the addition of low-dose flutamide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open randomised crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 32 post-menarcheal girls (mean age 12.1 years) with a history of low birth weight and precocious pubarche were subgrouped by CAG genotype ('short': CAG mean length 20, n=14; 'long': CAG >20, n=18). Within each subgroup, girls were 1:1 randomised to metformin alone (850 mg/day) or in combination with flutamide (62.5 mg/day) for 12 months. To allow comparisons with no treatment, long-CAG girls randomised to flutamide-metformin, and short-CAG girls randomised to metformin alone were observed for 12 months before treatment. Body composition by absorptiometry, fasting lipid profiles and levels of insulin, glucose and androgens were measured during the first 12 months on each treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all girls, 12 months flutamide-metformin lowered body fat and improved lipid profiles when compared with no treatment. Compared with metformin alone, flutamide-metformin achieved greater reductions in the percentage of body fat and abdominal fat mass in the short-CAG subgroup (P=0.001 to P<0.0001). In contrast, in the long-CAG subgroup, flutamide-metformin produced no further improvements when compared with metformin alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In young post-menarcheal girls with preclinical androgen excess, low-dose flutamide-metformin improved body composition and key endocrine-metabolic abnormalities. However, only those girls with genetic markers of greater AR sensitivity may benefit from the addition of flutamide above metformin alone.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge CB0 2QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Ken K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Zegher
authors.forename: Abel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Bermejo
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Dunger
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005485:Flutamide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017588:Hyperandrogenism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D008572:Menarche / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010049:Ovarian Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D005485:Flutamide; D008687:Metformin