title: Sacrospinous ligament fixation for neovaginal prolapse prevention in male-to-female surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our experiences of vaginal sacrospinous ligament fixation after vaginoplasty in male transsexual patients with the aim of preventing its postoperative prolapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  From August 1997 through November 2005, a total of 62 male transsexual patients (mean age 26 years, range 18 to 58) underwent sacrospinous ligament fixation for neovaginal prolapse during male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. The neovagina was created from a penile skin tube flap combined with a urethral flap. A deep and wide perineal cavity between the urethra, bladder, and rectum was created by dissection of the tendineous center and rectourethral muscle. The right pararectal space was opened by penetrating the right pararectal fascia (rectal pillar) and right ischial spine was palpated. Using the ischial spine as a prominent landmark, the sacrospinous ligament was palpated. Long-handled Deschamps ligature was used to pierce the ligament medially to the ischial spine. Vaginopexy to the sacrospinous ligament was performed, and the neovagina was placed deep in the perineal cavity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up was 32 months (range 7 to 102). Sacrospinous ligament fixation was successfully performed in all patients. The mean vaginal length was 10.7 cm (range 9.5 to 16). Of the 62 patients, 42 (76%) were able to have normal sexual intercourse. The appearance of the neovagina was aesthetically acceptable in 52 patients. In 3 cases, a minor bulge of the anterior vaginal wall was easily resolved by simple excision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaginal sacrospinous fixation is feasible in male transsexuals for neovaginal prolapse prevention. However, extensive experience with male pelvic surgery is required to avoid possible complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Dusan S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Stanojevic
authors.forename: Miroslav L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Djordjevic
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milosevic
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sansalone
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Slavkovic
authors.forename: Sinisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ducic
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vujovic
authors.forename: Sava V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Perovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014189:Transsexualism / Q000601:surgery*; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery*