title: Accumulation of phosphorylated I kappaB alpha and activated IKK in nodes of Ranvier.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is an ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that modulates inducible gene transcription crucial for the regulation of immunity, inflammatory processes, and cell survival. In the mammalian nervous system, constitutive NF-kappaB activation is considered to promote neuronal cell survival by preventing apoptosis. Increasing evidence suggests a critical role for NF-kappaB activation in acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, a striking enrichment of phosphorylated I kappaB alpha (pI kappaB alpha) and activated I KappaB Kinase (IKK), two key components of the NF-kappaB activation pathway, was demonstrated in the axon initial segment (AIS) of neurons. As the AIS shares fundamental features with nodes of Ranvier (NR), we examined whether pI kappaB alpha and activated IKK are also enriched in NR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-immunofluorescence labelling was performed with vibratome sections of the rodent central and peripheral nervous system. Sections were analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and preembedding electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we report a remarkable accumulation of pI kappaB alpha and activated IKK in NR in the central and peripheral nervous system. Immunolabelling for both proteins extended from NR into the adjacent paranode. pI kappaB alpha predominantly accumulated within the cytoplasm and was associated with fasciculated microtubules. This association was confirmed by electron microscopy. By comparison, activated IKK preferentially clustered beneath the cytoplasmic membrane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the coincident accumulation of pI kappaB alpha and activated IKK in AIS and NR suggests that these specific axonal compartments contribute to neuronal NF-kappaB activation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Politi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Del Turco
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sie
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Golinski
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tegeder
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deller
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schultz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011901:Ranvier's Nodes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D051550:I-kappa B Kinase