title: In vitro bioavailability of iron and sensory qualities of iron-fortified wheat biscuits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because biscuits are a popular snack item and are consumed frequently by the younger population, fortification of biscuits with iron can be beneficial in preventing iron-deficiency anemia, which is widely prevalent in developing countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the bioavailability of iron from biscuits fortified with either ferrous sulfate or sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaFeEDTA) equivalent to 8.8 mg of iron per 100 g of flour in combination with either citric and tartaric acids at 60, 80, or 100 mg/100 g levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved analysis of physical characteristics, total and ionizable iron of biscuits, and sensory qualities. The ionizable iron value was used to calculate bioavailable iron. The biscuits were evaluated for sensory attributes by 30 panelists with the help of a scorecard specially developed for biscuits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amount of bioavailable iron in biscuits increased over that in controls by about 27% after the addition of ferrous sulfate and 83.8% after the addition of NaFeEDTA. The addition of citric acid (80 mg/100 g) along with ferrous sulfate increased bioavailability by about 104% over that in controls. The maximum increase was seen on addition of tartaric acid (100 mg/100g). The amount of bioavailable iron increased by 117% after the addition of NaFeEDTA with 80 mg/100 g of citric acid and by 338% after the addition of NaFeEDTA with 100 mg/100 g of tartaric acid. Sensory evaluation tests indicated that NaFeEDTA-fortified biscuits were more acceptable than ferrous sulfate-fortified biscuits and that biscuits fortified with NaFeEDTA along with tartaric acid were similar to control biscuits in all sensory attributes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From both the subjective and the objective evaluation of biscuits, it can be concluded that the addition of NaFeEDTA along with either citric acid (80 mg/100 g) or tartaric acid (100 mg/100 g) results in improved iron bioavailability with an organoleptically acceptable product.
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India.
authors.forename: Thara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Govindaraj
authors.forename: Leelavathi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: KrishnaRau
authors.forename: Jamuna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prakash
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001682:Biological Availability; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013644:Tartrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D013644:Tartrates; D019343:Citric Acid; D004492:Edetic Acid; C029768:tartaric acid