title: Dose-response effects of free fatty acids on amino acid metabolism and ureagenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Free fatty acids (FFAs) are important fuels and have vital protein-sparing effects, particularly during conditions of metabolic stress and fasting. However, it is uncertain whether these beneficial effects are evident throughout the physiological range or only occur at very high FFA concentrations. It is also unclear whether secondary alterations in hormone levels and ketogenesis play a role. We therefore aimed at describing dose-response relationships between amino acid metabolism and circulating FFA concentrations at clamped hormone levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy men were studied on four occasions (6 h basal, 2 h glucose clamp). Endogenous lipolysis was blocked with acipimox and Intralipid was infused at varying rates (0, 3, 6 or 12 microL kg(-1) min(-1)) to obtain four different levels of circulating FFAs. Endogenous growth hormone, insulin and glucagon secretion was blocked by somatostatin (300 microg h(-1)) and replaced exogenously. 15N-phenylalanine, 2H4-tyrosine and 13C-urea were infused continuously to assess protein turnover and ureagenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained four distinct levels of FFA concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 2.1 mmol L(-1) and 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations from 10 to 360 micromol L(-1). Whole-body phenylalanine turnover and phenylalanine-to-tyrosine degradation decreased with increasing FFA levels as did insulin-stimulated forearm fluxes of phenylalanine. Phenylalanine, tyrosine and urea concentrations also decreased progressively, whereas urea turnover was unperturbed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating FFAs decrease amino acid concentrations and inhibit whole-body phenylalanine fluxes and phenylalanine-to-tyrosine conversion. Our data cover FFA concentrations from 0 to 2 mmol L(-1) and indicate that FFAs exert their protein conserving effects in the upper physiological range (>1.5 mmol L(-1)).
authors.affiliation: Medical Department M (Endocrinology & Diabetes), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. lars.christian.gormsen@ki.au.dk
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gormsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gjedsted
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gjedde
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nørrelund
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: J O L
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Møller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism*; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D011719:Pyrazines; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D014443:Tyrosine; D010649:Phenylalanine; D013004:Somatostatin; D014508:Urea; D006493:Heparin; C027696:acipimox