title: Association between cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Initiative.
abstract: The evidence linking cigarette smoking to the risk of colorectal cancer is inconsistent. We investigated the associations between active and passive smoking and colorectal cancer among 146,877 Women's Health Initiative participants. Women reported detailed smoking histories at enrollment. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between smoking and overall and site-specific risk of colorectal cancer. Invasive colorectal cancer was diagnosed in 1242 women over an average of 7.8 years (range = 0.003-11.2 years) of follow-up. In adjusted analyses, statistically significant positive associations were observed between most measures of cigarette smoking and risk of invasive colorectal cancer. Site-specific analyses indicated that current smokers had a statistically significantly increased risk of rectal cancer (HR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.10 to 3.47) but not colon cancer (HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.77 to 1.38), compared with never smokers. Passive smoke exposure was not associated with colorectal cancer in adjusted analyses. Thus, active exposure to cigarette smoking appears to be a risk factor for rectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Sciences, Center for Population Health and Health Disparities, and School of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. electra.paskett@osumc.edu
authors.forename: Electra D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Paskett
authors.forename: Katherine W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Carla D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Catherine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Whitlock
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hunt
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution