title: Dynamic activity dependence of in vivo normal knee kinematics.
abstract: Dynamic knee kinematics were analyzed for normal knees in three activities, including two different types of maximum knee flexion. Continuous X-ray images of kneel, squat, and stair climb motions were taken using a large flat panel detector. CT-derived bone models were used for model registration-based 3D kinematic measurement. Three-dimensional joint kinematics and contact locations were determined using three methods: bone-fixed coordinate systems, interrogation of CT-based bone model surfaces, and interrogation of MR-based articular cartilage model surfaces. The femur exhibited gradual external rotation throughout the flexion range. Tibiofemoral contact exhibited external rotation, with contact locations translating posterior while maintaining 15 degrees to 20 degrees external rotation from 20 degrees to 80 degrees of flexion. From 80 degrees to maximum flexion, contact locations showed a medial pivot pattern. Kinematics based on bone-fixed coordinate systems differed from kinematics based on interrogation of CT and MR surfaces. Knee kinematics varied significantly by activity, especially in deep flexion. No posterior subluxation occurred for either femoral condyle in maximum knee flexion. Normal knees accommodate a range of motions during various activities while maintaining geometric joint congruency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, 318 MAE-A, Mail Stop 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Taka-aki
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Moro-oka
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamai
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimoto
authors.forename: Hidehiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Fregly
authors.forename: Yukihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Banks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography