title: Solar disinfection of MODS mycobacterial cultures in resource-poor settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Safe disposal of TB culture material in which the infectious burden of clinical samples has been greatly amplified is an important challenge in resource-limited settings. The bactericidal capacity of solar cookers has been demonstrated previously for conventional bacteria and contaminated clinical waste. We investigated the use of a simple solar cooker for the sterilization of mycobacterial broth cultures from the microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay (MODS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulated TB culture materials were prepared by inoculating 24-well MODS plates with 500 microL of a known concentration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. In a series of experiments, samples were simultaneously placed inside a box-type solar cooker and control box and removed at timepoints between 15 minutes and 6 hours. Quantitative cultures were performed using retrieved samples to determine sterilization effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cultures from the control box were positive at or within 1-4 logs of inoculation concentration. Simulated culture plates at concentrations from 10(3) colony-forming-units (CFU)/ml to 10(7) CFU/ml were completely sterilized after only one hour of cooker exposure, at temperatures between 50-102 degrees C. At 10(9) CFU/ml (far in excess of diagnostic cultures), it was only possible to recover mycobacterial growth in plates removed after 15 minutes. By 30 minutes all plates were effectively sterilized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Solar disinfection provides a very effective, safe and low-cost alternative to conventional equipment used for disposal of mycobacterial culture material. Effect of climatic conditions and optimal operating procedure remain to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. rrn01@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ruvandhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nathavitharana
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coronel
authors.forename: David A J
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004203:Disinfection / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D004867:Equipment Design; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000737:chemistry; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D016082:Solar System; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013234:Stem Cells; D013472:Sunlight; D013997:Time Factors; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents