title: Targeting the inverted CCAAT Box-2 of the topoisomerase IIalpha gene: DNA sequence selective recognition by a polyamide-intercalator as a staggered dimer.
abstract: The synthesis and DNA binding characteristics of a polyamide-intercalator conjugate, designed to inhibit NF-Y binding to the ICB-2 site of the topoisomerase IIalpha promoter and up-regulate the expression of the enzyme in confluent cells, are reported. Thermal denaturation and CD titration studies demonstrated binding to the cognate sequence (5'-AAGCTA-3'). Formation of ligand-induced CD bands at approximately 330 nm provided indication that the molecule interacts selectively in the minor groove of DNA. Intercalation was evidenced by a fivefold increase in emission of the intercalator moiety upon binding to the ICB-2 hairpin oligonucleotide. An increase in viscosity of a solution of calf-thymus DNA on addition of the conjugate provided further evidence. The binding affinity of the conjugate was ascertained using SPR (5.6x10(6) M(-1)), which according to a gel shift assay was capable of inhibiting the binding of NF-Y at a concentration of 50 microM. DNaseI footprinting, using the topoIIalpha promoter sequence, highlighted the specificity of the conjugate for the cognate site (5'-AAGCTA-3'). Finally, through Western blot analysis, confluent murine NIH 3T3 cells treated with conjugate were found to have enhanced expression of topoIIalpha. These results suggest that the conjugate can enter the nucleus, bind to its target site, presumably as a stacked dimer, and up-regulate the expression of topoIIalpha by blocking the binding of NF-Y.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jim S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: Minal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotecha
authors.forename: Binh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: W David
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kluza
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Savic
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Hare
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hochhauser
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hartley
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D023081:CCAAT-Binding Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004247:DNA; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D019281:Dimerization; D007364:Intercalating Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009757:Nylons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D023081:CCAAT-Binding Factor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007364:Intercalating Agents; D009757:Nylons; D014157:Transcription Factors; C402244:nuclear factor Y; D004247:DNA; C427203:calf thymus DNA; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II