title: Effects of cryoprotectants and cryopreservation on germinal vesicle-stage cumulus-oocyte complexes of rhesus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect on rhesus germinal vesicle-stage oocytes enclosed within cumulus cells (COCs) of cryopreservation either by slow, equilibrium cooling or by rapid, non-equilibrium cooling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University primate research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve female rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monkeys were stimulated with recombinant FSH, and COCs were aspirated from follicles by an ultrasound-guided procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rhesus COCs were examined by confocal microscopy to evaluate integrity of microtubules and intactness of transzonal processes between cumulus cells and the oocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to 1.5 mol/L propylene glycol + 0.3 mol/L sucrose caused disruption of microtubules in all but 1 of 24 COCs and of transzonal processes in more than half of the COCs. Cryopreservation of 11 COCs by slow freezing disrupted microtubules and transzonal processes in all of them. Exposure alone to 2.7 mol/L ethylene glycol + 2.2 mol/L dimethylsulfoxide + 0.5 mol/L sucrose caused disruption of microtubules and transzonal processes in 7 of 19 COCs. Cryopreservation of COCs by rapid, non-equilibrium cooling caused disruption of microtubules and transzonal processes in 14 of 20 complexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maturation of rhesus COCs at the germinal vesicle stage may be seriously impaired because intracytoplasmic microtubules and transzonal processes are likely to be irreversibly damaged by cryopreservation.
authors.affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Vandevoort
authors.forename: Cynthia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Shirley
authors.forename: Dana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Leibo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D054885:Cumulus Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents