title: Incidence of deep vein thrombosis related to peripherally inserted central catheters in children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) in children and adolescents are being used with increasing frequency. We sought to determine the incidence and characterize risk factors of deep vein thrombosis associated with peripherally inserted central catheters in a pediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study involving consecutive patients referred to the radiology department of a tertiary care university-affiliated hospital for insertion of a peripherally inserted central catheter. We included patients aged 18 years or less who weighed more than 2.5 kg and had a peripherally inserted central catheter successfully inserted in his or her arm between June 2004 and November 2005. The primary outcome was the occurrence of partial or complete deep vein thrombosis evaluated by clinical examination, ultrasonography and venous angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 214 patients (101 girls, 113 boys) were included in the study. Partial or complete deep vein thrombosis occurred in 20 patients, for an incidence of 93.5 per 1000 patients and 3.85 per 1000 catheter-days. Only 1 of the cases was symptomatic. In the univariable analyses, the only variable significantly associated with deep vein thrombosis was the presence of factor II mutation G20210A (odds ratio 7.08, 95% confidence interval 1.11-45.15, p = 0.04), a genetic mutation that increases the risk of a blood clot and that was present in 5 (2.3%) of the 214 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of deep vein thrombosis related to peripherally inserted central catheters in our study was lower than the incidence related to centrally inserted venous catheters described in the pediatric literature (11%-50%).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Que. josee-dubois@ssss.gouv.qc.ca
authors.forename: Josée
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rypens
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garel
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gauvin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology