title: The impact of pay-for-performance on diabetes care in a large network of community health centers.
abstract: Pay-for-performance programs are being developed to improve quality of care despite limited empirical evidence demonstrating their effectiveness, especially in underserved communities. Using data on 1,166 patients treated by 46 primary care physicians, this paper examines the effect of an innovative pay-for-performance program implemented in 2004 at the nation's largest federally qualified health center on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing and HbA1c scores. Univariate analysis and logistic regression results show that the pay-for-performance program significantly increased the likelihood that patients received two HbA1c tests per year as recommended by the American Diabetes Association. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression results reveal that physicians' baseline performance was positively related to performance after program implementation. Finally, OLS regression results suggest that the program did not contribute to improved blood sugar control. The pay-for-performance program appeared to improve compliance with HbA1c testing recommendations, but a more comprehensive strategy, including increased patient support, may be necessary to improve health outcomes in disadvantaged populations.
authors.affiliation: MacColl Institute for Healthcare Innovation at the Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative in Seattle, WA, USA. coleman.cf@ghc.org
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fulwiler
mesh_terms: D002641:Chicago; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D019058:Community Networks / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D010816:Physician Incentive Plans; D011203:Poverty; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive; D035862:Vulnerable Populations
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin