title: Changes in intra-abdominal pressure, hemodynamics, and peak inspiratory pressure during gastroscopy in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this experimental study was to assess the effect of gastric insufflation on intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and associated hemodynamic and respiratory changes during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements were taken from pigs under general anesthesia with controlled ventilation. Gastroscopy was carried out with continuous insufflation of air by a standard endoscopic light source/insufflator. The cardiac index and global end-diastolic volume index (GEDVI; reflecting preload) were measured by transpulmonary thermodilution. IAP, heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure, systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI; reflecting afterload), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and oxygenation (SaO (2)) were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 266 paired measurements (at the time of transpulmonary thermodilution) were taken from 14 animals. During air insufflation, we observed a significant rise in IAP in all animals up to intermittent values of 22 mm Hg. IAP and PIP correlated well (r = 0.666, P < 0.001), with the latter reaching values as high as 45 mbar in one pig, leading to respiratory compromise. Only marginal changes in heart rate, and a continuous, almost significant rise in MAP (due to a significant increase in SVRI) were recorded. We observed a slight increase in GEDVI, predominantly during the initial phase of air insufflation. The cardiac index showed no substantial changes. There were no episodes of hemodynamic instability, nor a decline in SaO (2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Air insufflation during gastroscopy resulted in a significant increase in IAP. The main clinically relevant finding was a steady increase in SVRI. Major increments in PIP suggest a role of intra-abdominal hypertension in otherwise unexplained respiratory compromise during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Medical Department, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany. stefan_ruckert@yahoo.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Delius
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karagianni
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Preissel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meining
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frimberger
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D034841:Abdominal Cavity / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D020699:Gastroscopes; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013552:Swine