title: A noninvasive continence management system: development and evaluation of a novel toileting device for women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper describes a project to develop and clinically evaluate a novel toileting device for women called the Non-Invasive Continence Management System (NICMS). The NICMS device is designed to provide an alternative toileting facility that overcomes problems some women experience when using conventional female urinals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single product evaluation was completed; participants used the same device with 1 or 2 interface variants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty women from 6 countries who were either mobile or wheelchair dependent evaluated the product over a 15-month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The device was found to be useful in some circumstances for women and their caregivers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant further development is required for it to work reliably and to provide an acceptable device in terms of reliability, size, weight, noise, and aesthetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics & Bioengineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom. m.macaulay@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macaulay
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Felicity
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jowitt
authors.forename: Sinead
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clarke-O'Neill
authors.forename: Przemyslaw
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kardas
authors.forename: Nienke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blijham
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leander
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fader
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cottenden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006804:Ergonomics; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D016496:Incontinence Pads / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012656:Self-Help Devices / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014038:Toilet Facilities / Q000592:standards*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*