title: Genomic sequence of chorioallantois vaccinia virus Ankara, the ancestor of modified vaccinia virus Ankara.
abstract: Chorioallantois vaccinia virus Ankara (CVA) is the parental virus of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), which was derived from CVA by more than 570 passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). MVA became severely host-cell-restricted to avian cells and has strongly diminished virulence in mammalian hosts, while maintaining good immunogenicity. We determined the complete coding sequence of the parental CVA and mapped the exact positions of the six major deletions that emerged in the MVA genome. All six major deletions occurred in regions of the CVA genome where one or more truncated or fragmented open reading frames (ORFs) pre-existed. The CVA genome contains 229 ORFs of which 51 are fragments of full-length orthopoxvirus (OPV) genes, including fragmented orthologues of C9L and M1L (encoding two well-conserved ankyrin-like proteins), A39R (encoding a semaphorin-like protein) and A55R (encoding a kelch-like protein). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that MVA was most closely related to CVA, followed by the vaccinia virus (VACV) strain DUKE, a patient-derived isolate of the Dryvax vaccine virus. Loss or mutation of genes outside the six major deletions are assumed to contribute to the restricted host range phenotype of MVA. In support of this notion, deletions, insertions and non-synonymous mutations were found in 122 of the 195 ORFs remaining in MVA when compared with their CVA counterparts. Thus, detailed knowledge of the CVA genomic sequence is a prerequisite to further dissect the genetic basis of the MVA host range phenotype as well as the particular immunological properties of MVA.
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger-Henschel
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lukassen
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linke
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konietzny
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goesmann
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howley
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chaplin
authors.affiliation: University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.|Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hausmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D017353:Gene Deletion; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D012692:Serial Passage; D014421:Turkey; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000235:genetics*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C120124:C9L protein, cowpox virus; D014764:Viral Proteins