title: Reappraisal of Vipera aspis venom neurotoxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The variation of venom composition with geography is an important aspect of intraspecific variability in the Vipera genus, although causes of this variability remain unclear. The diversity of snake venom is important both for our understanding of venomous snake evolution and for the preparation of relevant antivenoms to treat envenomations. A geographic intraspecific variation in snake venom composition was recently reported for Vipera aspis aspis venom in France. Since 1992, cases of human envenomation after Vipera aspis aspis bites in south-east France involving unexpected neurological signs were regularly reported. The presence of genes encoding PLA(2) neurotoxins in the Vaa snake genome led us to investigate any neurological symptom associated with snake bites in other regions of France and in neighboring countries. In parallel, we used several approaches to characterize the venom PLA(2) composition of the snakes captured in the same areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted an epidemiological survey of snake bites in various regions of France. In parallel, we carried out the analysis of the genes and the transcripts encoding venom PLA(2)s. We used SELDI technology to study the diversity of PLA(2) in various venom samples. Neurological signs (mainly cranial nerve disturbances) were reported after snake bites in three regions of France: Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Genomes of Vipera aspis snakes from south-east France were shown to contain ammodytoxin isoforms never described in the genome of Vipera aspis from other French regions. Surprisingly, transcripts encoding venom neurotoxic PLA(2)s were found in snakes of Massif Central region. Accordingly, SELDI analysis of PLA(2) venom composition confirmed the existence of population of neurotoxic Vipera aspis snakes in the west part of the Massif Central mountains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of epidemiological studies to genetic, biochemical and immunochemical analyses of snake venoms allowed a good evaluation of the potential neurotoxicity of snake bites. A correlation was found between the expression of neurological symptoms in humans and the intensity of the cross-reaction of venoms with anti-ammodytoxin antibodies, which is correlated with the level of neurotoxin (vaspin and/or ammodytoxin) expression in the venom. The origin of the two recently identified neurotoxic snake populations is discussed according to venom PLA(2) genome and transcriptome data.
authors.affiliation: Unité des Venins, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferquel
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Haro
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jan
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guillemin
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jourdain
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teynié
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: d'Alayer
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Choumet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D009498:Neurotoxins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014757:Viper Venoms; D054467:Phospholipases A2