title: Drotrecogin alfa (activated): diffusion from clinical trials to clinical practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the PROWESS trial demonstrated a mortality benefit, subsequent studies in different patient populations have not reproduced the effect. As a result, concerns have been expressed about the clinical effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated). Therefore the aim of this audit was to review the clinical impact of drotrecogin alfa (activated) when used outside clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of ICU charts and medical records of patients who had received drotrecogin alfa (activated) in the five largest users of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in England. Patients characteristics details at ICU admission and vital status at hospital discharge were recorded. The severity of illness was assessed by the APACHE II score (using first 24 h admission data) and the number of organ dysfunctions. Adverse incidents were recorded and any sequence effect explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 351 patients received drotrecogin alfa (activated) between December 2002 and November 2005. Of those, 201 (57.2%) were male, and 177 (50.4%) were admitted after recent surgery. The patients' average age was 61.8 yr. The mean admission APACHE II score was 23.3 and the average number of dysfunctional organs on admission was 3.3. The hospital mortality was 46.7% (164 deaths). The expected number of deaths calculated by using the APACHE II risk of death was 173 (49.3%) and by number of sepsis induced organ failures 210 (59.7%). Overall, there were 33 (9.4%) adverse incidents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expected mortality derived from both the APACHE II score and organ dysfunctions suggests that drotrecogin alfa (activated) does reduce mortality. Serious adverse incidents occurred in 5.1% patients; however, the direct contributing effect of drotrecogin alfa (activated) cannot be established from this type of audit.
authors.affiliation: Glan Clwyd Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Rhyl, Denbighshire, UK. saxon@ridley.waitrose.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ridley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lwin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wyncoll
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lippett
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gunning
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054869:Clinical Audit / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D011486:Protein C / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D011486:Protein C; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C421124:drotrecogin alfa activated