Increased toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 expression in monocytes from patients with type 1 diabetes: further evidence of a proinflammatory state.
BACKGROUND
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. It is a pro-inflammatory state as evidenced by increased circulating biomarkers and monocyte activity. The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors, expressed abundantly on monocytes. TLR2 and TLR4 are important in atherosclerosis. However, there is a paucity of data examining TLR2 and TLR4 expression in T1DM and examining its contribution to the proinflammatory state.


OBJECTIVE
Thus, we examined TLR2 and TLR4 expression in monocytes from T1DM patients compared with controls (n = 31 per group).


METHODS
The study was performed at the University of California Davis Medical Center.


METHODS
Healthy controls (n = 31) and T1DM patients (n = 31) were included in the study.


RESULTS
TLR2 and TLR4 surface expression and mRNA were significantly increased in T1DM monocytes compared with controls. Downstream targets of TLR, nuclear factor kappaB, myeloid differentiation factor 88, Trif, and phosphorylated IL-1 receptor-associated kinase were significantly up-regulated in T1DM. Finally, the release of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha was significantly increased in monocytes from T1DM compared with controls and correlated with TLR2 and TLR4 expression (P < 0.005). In addition, TLR2 and TLR4 expression was significantly correlated to glycosylated hemoglobin, carboxymethyllysine, and nuclear factor kappaB (P < 0.02).


CONCLUSIONS
Thus, we make the novel observation that TLR2 and TLR4 expression and signaling are increased in T1DM and contribute to the proinflammatory state.
Devaraj
Sridevi
S
Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
Dasu
Mohan R
MR
Rockwood
Jason
J
Winter
William
W
Griffen
Steven C
SC
Jialal
Ishwarlal
I
D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases