title: Quality of life 2-7 years after major trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to assess potential long-term reduction in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adult trauma patients 2-7 years after discharge from an intensive care unit (ICU), and to study possible determinants of the HRQOL reduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up study of a cohort of 341 trauma patients admitted to the ICU of a university hospital during 1998-2003. Of the 228 eligible patients, 210 (92%) completed the study. A telephone interview using the EuroQol 5-D (EQ-5D) was conducted. Patients reported their HRQOL both at present and before trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before trauma 88% reported in retrospect no problem in any EQ-5D dimension, compared with 20% at follow-up. After trauma (median 4.0 years) 58% suffered pain/discomfort, 44% reported alterations in usual activities, 40% reduced mobility, 35% anxiety/depression, and 15% limited autonomy. A total of 74% experienced reduction in HRQOL. Severe problems were reported by 16%. Women experienced more anxiety/depression than men. Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II and Injury Severity Score (ISS) were significantly associated with impaired HRQOL, while age was not. Patients with severe head injury reported better HRQOL than those without severe head injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than 2 years post-injury, 74% reported impaired HRQOL but only 16% had severe problems. The majority still suffered pain/discomfort, indicating that pain management is a key factor in improving long-term outcome after severe trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. atle.ulvik@helse-bergen.no
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ulvik
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kvåle
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wentzel-Larsen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Flaatten
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003422:Critical Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012737:Sex Factors; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013997:Time Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*