title: Adrenomedullin blood concentrations in infants subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass: correlation with monitoring parameters and prediction of poor neurological outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain injury is a major adverse event after cardiac surgery, especially when extracorporeal circuits are used. We evaluated whether cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) affects cerebrovascular resistance and plasma concentrations of adrenomedullin (AM), a vasoactive peptide regulating cerebral blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 50 infants (age <1 year) with congenital heart defects, matched according to a 2-year follow-up; 40 infants had no overt neurological injury, and 10 had brain damage. Blood samples were taken before surgery, during surgery before CPB, at the end of CPB, at the end of surgery, and at 12 h after surgery. Neurological outcome was evaluated before surgery, on postoperative day 7, and 2 years after surgery. We measured AM concentrations and used Doppler velocimetry to measure middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest MCA PI values and lowest AM concentrations occurred at the end of CPB and of the surgical procedure. Infants who developed abnormal neurologic sequelae had significantly (P <0.001 for both) higher MCA PI values and lower AM concentrations than patients with normal neurologic outcome at the end of CPB and after surgery. As single markers for predicting neurological abnormalities, AM (cutoff: 17.4 ng/L) achieved a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 73.0% and MCA PI (cutoff value: 1.8) a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 56.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AM concentrations and MCA PI patterns change during CPB, mainly in infants with brain damage, and may be useful for early identification of infants at risk for brain damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Florio
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abella
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marinoni
authors.forename: Romolo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Iorio
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Letizia
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meli
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petraglia
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cazzaniga
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giamberti
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frigiola
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gazzolo
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000097:blood*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009123:Muscle Hypotonia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D053607:Adrenomedullin