title: The Dickkopf-homolog 3 is expressed in tumor endothelial cells and supports capillary formation.
abstract: A critical event in tumor growth and progression is the upregulation of angiogenesis. Thus, targeting angiogenesis has become an attractive treatment modality in cancer medicine. Our study analyzed various solid tumor types for the expression of Dkk-3, a cystein-rich, N-glycosylated secreted member of the Dickkopf protein family that has been proposed as a tumor suppressor gene. Tissue microarrays of gliomas (n = 30), high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL, n = 80), colorectal cancer (n = 35) and melanoma (n = 30) were immunohistochemically analyzed for Dkk-3 and CD31 expression. Moreover, the effects of Dkk-3 were studied in vitro in primary endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC) and in vivo in a mouse melanoma model. In comparison to normal tissue, the number of blood vessels expressing Dkk-3 was increased in glioma, high-grade NHL, melanoma and colorectal carcinoma. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that Dkk-3 vesicles localized also in Weibel Palade bodies. In vitro cell proliferation and migration of ECFC was not significantly affected by adenoviral overexpression or siRNA-mediated downregulation of Dkk-3. Interestingly, tube formation in matrigel decreased after downregulation of Dkk-3 and increased after adenoviral overexpression. Stable overexpression of murine Dkk-3 in B16F10 cells significantly increased microvessel density in the C57/BL6 melanoma model. Thus, we postulate a novel function of Dkk-3 in endothelial cells as a differentiation factor involved in remodeling the tumor vasculature.
authors.affiliation: Tumor Biology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria. gerold.untergasser@i-med.ac.at
authors.forename: Gerold
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Untergasser
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steurer
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amberger
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gastl
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gunsilius
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002196:Capillaries / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005910:Glioma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation; D020302:Weibel-Palade Bodies
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D018925:Chemokines; C498624:DKK3 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering