title: Navigating murky waters: a modern treatment algorithm for nipple discharge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many women with nipple discharge undergo operative duct excision with few actually having carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all patients with nipple discharge at our institution from 2001 to 2005. Clinical findings were analyzed to determine an appropriate treatment algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nipple discharge was present in 204 patients. Carcinoma was identified in 7 patients (3% of all, 9% of those undergoing biopsy). Age > or = 50 years, abnormal mammography, and abnormal sonography were the only significant predictors of carcinoma. Among patients with unilateral, spontaneous, bloody, or serous discharge with a negative mammogram, the carcinoma risk was 3%. Among patients with unilateral, spontaneous, bloody, or serous discharge with a negative mammogram and subareolar ultrasound, the carcinoma risk was 0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with nipple discharge can be divided into risk groups by combining clinical and radiologic findings. Low-risk patients can be offered close clinical follow-up rather than operation. A recommended management algorithm is presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA. gray.richard@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Pockaj
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Karstaedt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001826:Body Fluids; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity