title: Child-rearing goals of Estonian, Finnish, and Swedish mothers.
abstract: In the present study, the child-rearing goals of mothers of 4- to 6-year-old children from Estonia, Finland, and Sweden were compared. The developed Child-Rearing Goals Questionnaire consisted of three different tasks: open-ended questions, item rating, and item ranking. All mothers were similar in valuing highly self-maximization, but differed in emphasis on traditional child-rearing goals (e.g., conformity, obedience, politeness, being hard-working, etc.). The Swedish mothers tended to stress the characteristics connected with self-maximization as well as self-confidence and children's happiness, but did not value the traditional child-rearing goals. The Estonian mothers attached a great significance both to the traditional characteristics and to self-maximization. The Finnish mothers also stressed both traditional and non-traditional values, but to a lesser extent than the Estonians. The Swedish and Finnish mothers' child-rearing goals were relatively homogeneous. In contrast, the Estonian mothers were generally less focused on any specific goal. Mothers with a lower level of education stressed traditional goals more than mothers with a higher level of education. The results are discussed in the light of the possible effect different cultural contexts have on maternal child-rearing goals: bringing up children in stable welfare societies (such as Sweden and Finland) in contrast to a rapidly changing society (such as Estonia).
authors.affiliation: University of Tartu, and Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Estonia. tiia.tulviste@ut.ee
authors.forename: Tiia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tulviste
authors.forename: Luule
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mizera
authors.forename: Boel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Geer
authors.forename: Marja-Terttu
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tryggvason
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004957:Estonia; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D013548:Sweden