title: The evolution of surgical training: perspectives on educational models from the past to the future.
abstract: Surgical education and training have progressed through the centuries, with the most commonly used model being the apprentice model. With advances in medical knowledge and practice, the apprentice model has evolved and competing models have arisen. However, the apprentice model remains the gold standard today, but for future use, further evolutionary changes will need to be made to the apprentice model if it is to continue to remain an effective education paradigm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. cfranzese@ent.umsmed.edu
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Franzese
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D000068:Accreditation; D005544:Forecasting; D005602:France; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education* / Q000266:history*; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000266:history* / Q000639:trends*; D008611:Mentors; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States