title: Genotoxic effects of acrylamide and glycidamide in mouse lymphoma cells.
abstract: In addition to occupational exposures to acrylamide (AA), concerns about AA health risks for the general population have been recently raised due to the finding of AA in food. In this study, we evaluated the genotoxicity of AA and its metabolite glycidamide (GA) in L5178Y/Tk(+/-) mouse lymphoma cells. The cells were treated with 2-18 mM of AA or 0.125-4 mM of GA for 4 h without metabolic activation. The DNA adducts, mutant frequencies and the types of mutations for the treated cells were examined. Within the dose range tested, GA induced DNA adducts of adenine and guanine [N3-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-adenine and N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-guanine] in a linear dose-dependent manner. The levels of guanine adducts were consistently about 60-fold higher across the dose range than those of adenine. In contrast, no GA-derived DNA adducts were found in the cells treated with any concentrations of AA, consistent with a lack of metabolic conversion of AA to GA. However, the mutant frequency was significantly increased by AA at concentrations of 12 mM and higher. GA was mutagenic starting with the 2mM dose, suggesting that GA is much more mutagenic than AA. The mutant frequencies were increased with increasing concentrations of AA and GA, mainly due to an increase of proportion of small colony mutants. To elucidate the underlying mutagenic mechanism, we examined the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at four microsatellite loci spanning the entire chromosome 11 for mutants induced by AA or GA. Compared to GA induced mutations, AA induced more mutants whose LOH extended to D11Mit22 and D11Mit74, an alteration of DNA larger than half of the chromosome. Statistical analysis of the mutational spectra revealed a significant difference between the types of mutations induced by AA and GA treatments (P=0.018). These results suggest that although both AA and GA generate mutations through a clastogenic mode of action in mouse lymphoma cells, GA induces mutations via a DNA adduct mechanism whereas AA induces mutations by a mechanism not involving the formation of GA adducts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States. nan.mei@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: Jiaxiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Mona I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Churchwell
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Doerge
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity / Q000187:drug effects*; D008223:Lymphoma; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D009153:Mutagens; D020106:Acrylamide; C071834:glycidamide