title: Forecasting non-stationary diarrhea, acute respiratory infection, and malaria time-series in Niono, Mali.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much of the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, exhibits high levels of morbidity and mortality associated with diarrhea, acute respiratory infection, and malaria. With the increasing awareness that the aforementioned infectious diseases impose an enormous burden on developing countries, public health programs therein could benefit from parsimonious general-purpose forecasting methods to enhance infectious disease intervention. Unfortunately, these disease time-series often i) suffer from non-stationarity; ii) exhibit large inter-annual plus seasonal fluctuations; and, iii) require disease-specific tailoring of forecasting methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this longitudinal retrospective (01/1996-06/2004) investigation, diarrhea, acute respiratory infection of the lower tract, and malaria consultation time-series are fitted with a general-purpose econometric method, namely the multiplicative Holt-Winters, to produce contemporaneous on-line forecasts for the district of Niono, Mali. This method accommodates seasonal, as well as inter-annual, fluctuations and produces reasonably accurate median 2- and 3-month horizon forecasts for these non-stationary time-series, i.e., 92% of the 24 time-series forecasts generated (2 forecast horizons, 3 diseases, and 4 age categories = 24 time-series forecasts) have mean absolute percentage errors circa 25%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The multiplicative Holt-Winters forecasting method: i) performs well across diseases with dramatically distinct transmission modes and hence it is a strong general-purpose forecasting method candidate for non-stationary epidemiological time-series; ii) obliquely captures prior non-linear interactions between climate and the aforementioned disease dynamics thus, obviating the need for more complex disease-specific climate-based parametric forecasting methods in the district of Niono; furthermore, iii) readily decomposes time-series into seasonal components thereby potentially assisting with programming of public health interventions, as well as monitoring of disease dynamics modification. Therefore, these forecasts could improve infectious diseases management in the district of Niono, Mali, and elsewhere in the Sahel.
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Sally E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Findley
authors.forename: Boubacar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guindo
authors.forename: Seydou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doumbia
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008302:Mali / Q000453:epidemiology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons