title: Beyond-brand effect of television food advertisements on food choice in children: the effects of weight status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of television food advertising on children's food intake, specifically whether childhood obesity is related to a greater susceptibility to food promotion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a within-subject, counterbalanced design. The children were tested on two occasions separated by two weeks. One condition involved the children viewing food advertisements followed by a cartoon, in the other condition the children viewed non-food adverts followed by the same cartoon. Following the cartoon, their food intake and choice was assessed in a standard paradigm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in Liverpool, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine children (32 male, 27 female) aged 9-11 years were recruited from a UK school to participate in the study. Thirty-three children were normal-weight (NW), 15 overweight (OW) and 11 obese (OB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to food adverts produced substantial and significant increases in energy intake in all children (P < 0.001). The increase in intake was largest in the obese children (P = 0.04). All children increased their consumption of high-fat and/or sweet energy-dense snacks in response to the adverts (P < 0.001). In the food advert condition, total intake and the intake of these specific snack items correlated with the children's modified age- and gender-specific body mass index score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that obese and overweight children are indeed more responsive to food promotion, which specifically stimulates the intake of energy-dense snacks.
authors.affiliation: Kissileff Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behaviour, School of Psychology, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK. j.c.g.halford@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jason Cg
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Halford
authors.forename: Emma J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boyland
authors.forename: Georgina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McKean
authors.forename: Terence M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Dovey
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002359:Cartoons as Topic; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002755:Choice Behavior; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing / Q000379:methods*; D008402:Mass Media; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D002666:Psychology, Child; D013690:Television; D013851:Thinness / Q000523:psychology