title: Quality control of blood irradiation with a teletherapy unit: damage to stored red blood cells after cobalt-60 gamma irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous publications have documented the damage caused to red blood cells (RBCs) irradiated with X-rays produced by a linear accelerator and with gamma rays derived from a 137Cs source. The biologic effects on RBCs of gamma rays from a 60Co source, however, have not been characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated the effect of 3000 and 4000 cGy on the in vitro properties of RBCs preserved with preservative solution and irradiated with a cobalt teletherapy unit. A thermal device equipped with a data acquisition system was used to maintain and monitor the blood temperature during irradiation. The device was rotated at 2 r.p.m. in the irradiation beam by means of an automated system. The spatial distribution of the absorbed dose over the irradiated volume was obtained with phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). Levels of Hb, K+, and Cl(-) were assessed by spectrophotometric techniques over a period of 45 days. The change in the topology of the RBC membrane was investigated by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irradiation caused significant changes in the extracellular levels of K+ and Hb and in the organizational structure of the phospholipid bilayer of the RBC membrane. Blood temperature ranged from 2 to 4 degrees C during irradiation. Rotation at 2 r.p.m. distributed the dose homogeneously (92%-104%) and did not damage the RBCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method used to store the blood bags during irradiation guaranteed that all damage caused to the cells was exclusively due to the action of radiation at the doses applied. It was demonstrated that prolonged storage of 60Co-irradiated RBCs results in loss of membrane phospholipids asymmetry, exposing phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cells' surface with a time and dose dependence, which can reduce the in vivo recovery of these cells. A time- and dose-dependence effect on the extracellular K+ and plasma-free Hb levels was also observed. The magnitude of all these effects, however, seems not to be clinically important and can support the storage of irradiated RBC units for at last 28 days.
authors.affiliation: Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. eggoes@terra.com.br <eggoes@terra.com.br>
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Góes
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ottoboni
authors.forename: P V B
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pelá
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Covas
mesh_terms: D002712:Chlorides / Q000097:blood; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000528:radiation effects; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011786:Quality Control; D011867:Radioisotope Teletherapy
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D006454:Hemoglobins; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D010743:Phospholipids; D011188:Potassium