title: Abrupt emergence of diverse species B adenoviruses at US military recruit training centers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenoviruses (Ads) cause continuous outbreaks of acute respiratory disease (ARD) in US military training facilities. In 1996, the loss of vaccines targeting the dominant recruit-associated serotypes precipitated the reemergence of Ads in these populations. Between 1999 and 2002, serotype 4 accounted for >95% of Ads isolated from recruits and for >50% of ARD cases in training facilities (15,000 cases/year).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ads (n=1867) collected between 2002 and 2006 from recruits with ARD at 8 military training facilities in the United States were serotyped by serum neutralization and polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dominance of Ad4 continued through 2005, followed by a simultaneous emergence of diverse species B serotypes at the majority of sites. This included the subspecies B1 serotypes 3, 7, and 21 and the subspecies B2 serotype 14. Ad14 was the most prevalent species B serotype, appearing in high numbers at 3 sites and becoming dominant at 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subspecies B2 Ads have rarely been associated with ARD, and only in Eurasia. This survey represents the first report of AdB2-associated ARD in the Western Hemisphere. The simultaneous emergence of several species B Ads suggests a common external source (the civilian population) and a decrease in preexisting immunity to species B Ads.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Department of Defense Center for Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92186, USA. david.metzgar@med.navy.mil
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Metzgar
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osuna
authors.forename: Adriana E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kajon
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hawksworth
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000258:Adenovirus Infections, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral