title: Focal atrial tachycardia arising from the right atrial appendage: electrophysiologic and electrocardiographic characteristics and catheter ablation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Focal atrial tachycardia (AT) arising from the crista terminalis, pulmonary veins, para-Hisian region, tricuspid annulus and coronary sinus ostium regions are well described. Less information exists regarding AT arising from the right atrial appendage (RAA).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was done to characterise the electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic features and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of focal AT arising from the RAA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients of a consecutive series of 250 patients undergoing RFA for focal AT are reported. Mapping was performed during tachycardia or frequent atrial ectopy to identify the earliest activation in the atria. Atrial appendage angiography was performed to identify the origin in the RAA after RFA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the six (2.4%) patients (four women; mean age 26 +/- 11 years) had tachycardia originating from RAA. The tachycardia demonstrated a characteristic P-wave morphology and endocardial activation pattern. P-wave morphology was upright in I, II, III and aVF, inverted in aVR, inverted or isoelectric in aVL. Lead V1 showed a negative component and lead V4-V6 showed an upright component in all the patients. The earliest endocardial activity occurred at the high right atria in all the patients. The earliest endocardial activation at the successful RFA site occurred 48 +/- 18 ms before the onset of the P wave. RFA was highly successful in all the six patients. Long-term success was achieved in six of the six patients over a mean follow-up of 24 +/- 5 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RAA is an uncommon site of origin for focal AT 2.4%. There is consistent P-wave morphology and endocardial activation associated with this type of AT. Using mapping targeted to anatomic structures achieved a high success rate for ablation. Irrigated-tip catheter may be helpful for patients who had a recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: X-B
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J-X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: H-C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D013612:Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult