title: Akt is transferred to the nucleus of cells treated with apoptin, and it participates in apoptin-induced cell death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway is well known for the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, and some metabolic routes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we document a novel role for the PI3-K/Akt pathway during cell death induced by apoptin, a tumour-selective inducer of apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show for the first time that apoptin interacts with the p85 regulatory subunit, leading to constitutive activation of PI3-K. The inhibition of PI3-K activation either by chemical inhibitors or by genetic approaches severely impairs cell death induced by apoptin. Downstream of PI3-K, Akt is activated and translocated to the nucleus together with apoptin. Direct interaction between apoptin and Akt is documented. Co-expression of nuclear Akt significantly potentiates cell death induced by apoptin. Thus, apoptin-facilitated nuclear Akt, in contrast to when in its cytoplasmic pool, appears to be a positive regulator, rather than repressor of apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations indicate that PI3-K/Akt pathways have a dual role in both survival and cell death processes depending on the stimulus. Nuclear Akt acts as apoptosis stimulator rather than as a repressor, as it likely gains access to a new set of substrates in the nucleus. The implicated link between survival and cell death pathways during apoptosis opens new pharmacological opportunities to modulate apoptosis in cancer, for example through the manipulation of Akt's cellular localization.
authors.affiliation: Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maddika
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Bay
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kroczak
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ande
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maddika
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wiechec
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Los
mesh_terms: D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; C091717:VP3 protein, Chicken anemia virus; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt