title: A randomized pilot validation of educational measures in teaching shoulder arthroscopy to surgical residents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injuries to the shoulder joint commonly require the attention of an orthopedic surgeon. Shoulder arthroscopy plays an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and repair of shoulder pathology; however, the most effective manner in which to teach orthopedic residents fundamental knowledge of diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy before entering the operating room is unclear. We aimed to compare the existing cadaver-based teaching of diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy knowledge with a method that combines model- and video-based teaching to orthopedic surgery residents in a randomized pilot trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A composite (model/video teaching) method was designed, using prepared teaching videos and the commercially available ALEX shoulder arthroscopy model. First- and second-year orthopedic surgery residents from the University of Calgary were consented, surveyed for their arthroscopy experience and randomized to either cadaver or composite teaching. Subjects wrote a pretest before their teaching session and a posttest afterwards to assess their knowledge of diagnostic arthroscopy. The tests were multiple choice, containing text and pictorial-based questions. The posttest was modified to minimize recall bias. Subjects were also surveyed for their comments regarding the teaching sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of 10 subjects increased their test scores after the teaching sessions, with 4 of 5 in the cadaver-based and 5 of 5 in the composite groups. There were no differences between the teaching groups on their mean pre- or posttest scores. The composite group, but not the cadaver-based group, had a statistically significant increase in posttest scores. When the text- and pictorial-based question sections were analyzed separately, both groups significantly improved their mean text-based score, whereas only the composite group increased their mean pictorial-based questions score. Surveying the residents elicited positive comments regarding both manners of teaching.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot trial suggests that a composite teaching curriculum is at least as effective as a cadaver-based environment for teaching orthopedic surgery residents fundamental knowledge of diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Peter J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ceponis
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Boorman
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.forename: Nicholas G H
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Mohtadi
mesh_terms: D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D002102:Cadaver; D002170:Canada; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D013663:Teaching / Q000592:standards*