title: SOX1 antibodies are markers of paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reported that 43% of patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) had an antibody called anti-glial nuclear antibody (AGNA), defined by the immunoreaction with the nuclei of the Bergmann glia of the cerebellum. This study was undertaken to identify the antigen recognized by AGNA and to confirm the association with paraneoplastic LEMS in a larger series.
  
  
  METHODS
  We probed a fetal brain cDNA library with AGNA-positive sera. The presence of antibodies against the isolated antigen was detected by immunoblot of phage plaques from two positive clones. We studied 105 patients with LEMS (55 with SCLC), 50 with paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes, SCLC, and Hu antibodies, and 50 with only SCLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Probing of the fetal brain expression library with AGNA sera resulted in the isolation of SOX1, a highly immunogenic tumor antigen in SCLC. IgG eluted from SOX1 clones produced the same cerebellar immunoreactivity as of AGNA sera. SOX1 antibodies were present in 64% of patients with LEMS and SCLC but in none of the 50 with idiopathic LEMS (p < 0.0001). Compared with paraneoplastic LEMS, the frequency of SOX1 antibodies was significantly lower in patients with Hu antibodies (32%, p = 0.002) and in those with only SCLC (22%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SOX1 is the antigen recognized by anti-glial nuclear antibody-positive sera. The detection of SOX1 antibodies in patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) predicts the presence of small cell lung cancer and may be used to follow more closely those LEMS patients with no evidence of cancer at the initial workup.
authors.affiliation: Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut d' Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sabater
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Titulaer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saiz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verschuuren
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Güre
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Graus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000276:immunology; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D015624:Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000276:immunology; D010257:Paraneoplastic Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D051381:Rats; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015220:Calcium Channels; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; C490906:SOX1 protein, human; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors