title: Enrollment and retention of HIV discordant couples in Lusaka, Zambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biased enrollment and attrition compromise the power of clinical trials and limit generalizability of findings. We identify predictors of enrollment and retention for HIV-discordant couples enrolled in prospective studies in Zambia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1995 discordant couples were invited to enroll. Predictors of nonenrollment, loss to follow-up, and missed appointments were evaluated using multivariate models. MF couples were more likely to be eligible and to enroll and less likely to be lost to follow-up than FM couples. Substantial losses to follow-up occurred between testing and enrollment (21.3% of MF and 28.1% of FM) and between enrollment and the first follow-up visit (24.9% of MF and 30.5% of FM). Among MF and FM couples, residence far from the clinic, younger age, and women's age at first intercourse </=17 years were predictive of attrition. No income, </=2 lifetime sex partners, no history of sexually transmitted infection in women, and recent extramarital contact in their male partners predicted attrition in FM couples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Discordant couples are critical to observational studies and clinical trials to prevent male-to-female and female-to-male transmission. Retention biases must be taken into account during analysis. Run-in designs that delay randomization may improve retention in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Mirjam-Colette
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kempf
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zulu
authors.forename: Nzali
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kancheya
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: Ilene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tichacek
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.forename: Elwyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chomba
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012747:Sexual Partners; D015024:Zambia