title: Onychomycosis: Clinico-mycologic study of 130 patients from Himachal Pradesh, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Onychomycosis is a common nail infection caused by dermatophytes, yeast or other nondermatophyte molds and has diverse clinical presentations. Although common in this part of the country, no significant clinico-mycologic data is available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was carried out to document the clinico-mycologic pattern of onychomycosis in Himachal Pradesh (India).
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive patients of onychomycosis diagnosed clinically during March 2005 to February 2006 were studied for clinical forms, number of nails involved and severity of infection. The clippings from the most severely affected nails were subjected to potassium hydroxide (KOH) mounts for direct microscopy and fungal culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These 130 patients (M:F 98:32) were between 8-76 years of age (mean 41.35 +/- 14.98 years). The prevalence of onychomycosis was higher among farmers and office workers (20% each). Finger or toe nails were exclusively involved in 56.9 and 32.3% patients respectively while these were involved concurrently in the rest of the 10.8% patients. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis seen in 73.1% of the specimens was the most common clinical type. KOH- and culture-positivity were recorded in 59.2 and 37.6% cases respectively. Dermatophytes and yeast (Candida albicans) were isolated in 40.8% each of the cultured nail specimens while nondermatophytic molds (NDM) were cultured in 18.6% of the samples. Various dermatophytes cultured were Trichophyton rubrum (32.6%), T. mentagrophytes (6.1%) and T. verrucosum (2.1%) respectively. Aspergillus spp. (6.1%) was the most commonly isolated NDM while other detected molds were Acremonium spp, Fusarium spp,, Scopulariopsis spp, Curvularia spp. and Penicillium marneffei. Peripheral vascular disorders (7.69%), occupational trauma (13.8%), close association with animals (60.78%) and a family history of onychomycosis (26.15%) were a few of the predisposing factors identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Onychomycosis is not uncommon in this part of the country and has similar clinico-mycologic profiles in the different cases detected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, India.
authors.forename: Mudita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Nand Lal
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kanga
authors.forename: Vikram K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: Gita Ram
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Tegta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D009790:Occupations; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology