title: Evaluation of RT-PCR and reverse line blot hybridization for detection and genotyping F+ RNA coliphages from estuarine waters and molluscan shellfish.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a PCR-based detection and typing method for faecal indicator viruses (F+ RNA coliphages) in water and shellfish, and apply the method for better understanding of the ecology and microbial source tracking potential of these viruses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Water and shellfish samples were collected over 3 years at nine estuaries in the East, West and Gulf Coasts of the USA, providing 1033 F+ RNA coliphage isolates. F+ RNA coliphage genotyping rates by reverse transcriptase-PCR-reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization ranged from 94.7% to 100% among estuaries, and were not significantly different in oysters, clams, mussels or water (P = 0.8427). Twenty samples negative by RLB were nucleotide sequenced for confirmation, and to refine RLB probes. More F+ RNA coliphages were genotyped from colder water than warmer waters, while the water salinity did not affect F+ RNA coliphage levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT-PCR-RLB was a robust method for detecting and genotyping F+ RNA coliphages from diverse coastal areas, which provided new information on the ecology of F+ RNA coliphages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This performance-validated F+ RNA coliphage method can be used for faecal indicator monitoring and microbial source tracking, to protect recreational bathers and shellfish consumers from exposure to pathogenic virus and their disease risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. dlove@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinjé
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Lovelace
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sobsey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003090:Coliphages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D008974:Mollusca / Q000821:virology*; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D010802:Phylogeny; D012317:RNA Phages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States; D014871:Water Microbiology