title: An evaluation of the current radiative forcing benefit of the Montreal Protocol at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch.
abstract: A combination of reconstructed histories, long-term time series and recent quasi-continuous observations of non-CO2 greenhouse gases at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch is used to assess their current global radiative forcing budget and the influence of regulations due to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in terms of climate change. Extrapolated atmospheric greenhouse gases trends from 1989 assuming a business-as-usual scenario, i.e. no Montreal Protocol restriction, are presented and compared to the observations. The largest differences between hypothetical business-as-usual mixing ratios and current atmospheric observations over the last 16 years were found for chlorinated species, in particular methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) at 167 to 203 ppt and chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12) at 121 to 254 ppt. These prevented increases were used to estimate the effects of their restrictions on the radiative forcing budget. The net direct effect due to the Montreal Protocol regulations reduces global warming and offsets about 14 to 30% of the positive greenhouse effect related to the major greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O and also SF6, and about 12 to 22% of the hypothetical current radiative forcing increase without Montreal Protocol restrictions. Thus, the Montreal Protocol succeeded not only in reducing the atmospheric chlorine content in the atmosphere but also dampened global warming. Nevertheless, the Montreal Protocol controlled species still add to global warming.
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH - 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland. martin.steinbacher@empa.ch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinbacher
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Vollmer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buchmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reimann
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000531:Altitude; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D007391:International Cooperation; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008697:Methane