title: Blockade of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis: effects on components of rheumatoid cachexia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is accompanied by increased resting energy expenditure (REE) and decreased fat-free mass (FFM). This is referred to as rheumatoid cachexia and is attributed to high levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). This study aimed to investigate the effects of anti-TNF-alpha therapy on REE, body composition, physical activity and protein intake in RA patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty RA patients [50% female; age: (mean +/- s.d.) 61.1 +/- 6.8 yrs; body mass index (BMI): 28.3 +/- 3.7 kg/m2] and 12 age-sex-BMI-matched healthy controls were assessed. REE (indirect calorimetry), body composition (bioelectrical impedance), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), diet, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), disease activity [disease activity score 28 (DAS28), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein] and serum TNF-alpha were measured before (Baseline) as well as 2 weeks (Time-1) and 12 weeks (Time-2) after initiation of anti-TNF-alpha treatment. Controls were only assessed at Baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RA patients had significantly higher REE than controls at Baseline (1799.4 +/- 292.0 vs 1502.9 +/- 114.5 kcal/day, P = 0.002). Within the RA group, REE increased significantly between Time-1 and Time-2 (P = 0.001) but not between Baseline and Time-2. Sustained significant increases were observed in IPAQ (P = 0.001) and protein intake (P = 0.001). There were no significant changes in FFM or body fat. ESR (P = 0.002), DAS28 (P < 0.001), HAQ (P < 0.001) and TNF-alpha (P = 0.024) improved significantly. Physical activity (P = 0.001) and protein intake (P = 0.024) were significant between-subject factors for the elevation of REE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 12 weeks of anti-TNF-alpha therapy, there were significant improvements in disease activity and physical function, as well as physical activity and protein intake, but no significant changes in REE or FFM. There is a need for longer-term studies in this field.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Midlands, UK. gm@wlv.ac.uk
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Metsios
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou
authors.forename: K M J
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koutedakis
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nevill
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Panoulas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kitas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002100:Cachexia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha