title: Cholinesterase activity as a biomarker of pesticide exposure in Allolobophora chlorotica earthworms living in apple orchards under different management strategies.
abstract: The present study used cholinesterase (ChE) activity in earthworms as a biomarker of pesticide exposure at 17 apple orchards using different pest protection strategies (organic, integrated pest management [IPM], conventional, and abandoned) located within a 300-km(2) subregion near Avignon in southeastern France). The most common earthworm species in the 17 orchards was Allolobophora chlorotica. We examined inherent variability in ChE activity that might be attributable to soil characteristics and found that differences in soil structure or type did not significantly influence ChE activity. Furthermore, there was no relation between ChE specific activity and earthworm weight, and thus activity does not require correction for weight. Ten earthworms were collected in two successive months (April and May 2003) from each of the 17 orchards. Compared to the activity in worms from the control abandoned orchards, ChE activity was significantly decreased in earthworms from half the IPM and conventional orchards in April and all these orchards in May. Notably, ChE activity was also lower in earthworms from three organic orchards during May. No relation was observed between ChE decrease and the number of treatments (total or only organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides). Cholinesterase activity in earthworms from abandoned orchards varied between the two collecting periods, illustrating the difficulty in obtaining reference values for the use of ChE as a biomarker in field studies.
authors.affiliation: Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse Ecologie des Invertébrés, Avignon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Denoyelle
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rault
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzia
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mascle
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Capowiez
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D058870:Food, Organic; D005602:France; D027845:Malus; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010575:Pesticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002802:Cholinesterases