title: Evidence-based assessment of pediatric pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct an evidence-based review of pediatric pain measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen measures were examined, spanning pain intensity self-report, questionnaires and diaries, and behavioral observations. Measures were classified as "Well-established," "Approaching well-established," or "Promising" according to established criteria. Information was highlighted to help professionals evaluate the instruments for particular purposes (e.g., research, clinical work).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven measures met criteria for "Well-established," six "Approaching well-established," and zero were classified as "Promising."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are a number of strong measures for assessing children's pain, which allows professionals options to meet their particular needs. Future directions in pain assessment are identified, such as highlighting culture and the impact of pain on functioning. This review examines the research and characteristics of some of the commonly used pain tools in hopes that the reader will be able to use this evidence-based approach and the information in future selection of assessment devices for pediatric pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-5010, USA. llcohen@gsu.edu
authors.forename: Lindsey L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lemanek
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Blount
authors.forename: Lynnda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dahlquist
authors.forename: Crystal S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Tonya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: Kristine D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D002666:Psychology, Child; D015203:Reproducibility of Results