title: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection correlates strongly with herpes simplex virus-2 (genital herpes) seropositivity in South African and United States blood donations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In South Africa, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection correlates with herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2; genital herpes) seropositivity in genitourinary disease clinic attendees. HSV-2 infection may be a marker for risk behavior and/or directly facilitate HIV-1 transmission. The rate of HSV-2 infection in HIV-infected South African and US blood donations was assessed, and whether the infections were correlated in donors screened and found negative for high-risk behavior by predonation interview was questioned.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 625 South African and 393 US HIV-1-infected repository samples previously characterized for longstanding or recent HIV-1 infection were tested with two commercially available HSV-2-specific assays. The prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies in South Africa was further assessed in 106 HIV-1-infected and 106 HIV-1-negative donors matched for sex, race, and donation history, as well as 200 random HIV-1-negative donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 52.2 percent of US and 69.3 percent of South African HIV-1-infected donations were HSV-2-seropositive. Age, race, and sex were independent risk factors for HSV-2 antibody prevalence in HIV-1-infected South African donors, who were more likely to be HSV-2 antibody-reactive than random HIV-1-negative donors (72.6% vs. 8.5%: odds ratio [OR], 28.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.5-55) or matched donors (71.6% vs. 19.6%: OR, 10.3; 95% CI, 5.4-19.8). HIV-1 infection and HSV-2 seropositivity correlated in white and black populations when analyzed by age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-1 infection correlates strongly with HSV-2 seropositivity in US and South African blood donors. Our data describe the characteristics of HSV-2 antibody testing as a surrogate marker for HIV-1 infection and support a facilitating role for HSV-2 infection in HIV-1 transmission.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Services, Medical Office, American Red Cross, Washington, DC 20006, USA. BenjaminR@usa.redcross.org
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Chyang T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Notari
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puren
authors.forename: Barry D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Schoub
authors.forename: Leslie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Tobler
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hogrefe
authors.forename: Anthon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: du P Heyns
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Stramer
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Crookes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D001782:Blood Donors; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000097:blood* / Q000821:virology*; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013019:South Africa; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral