title: Polychlorinated biphenyls 105 and 118 form thyroid hormone receptor agonists after cytochrome P4501A1 activation in rat pituitary GH3 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may interfere with thyroid hormone (TH) signaling by reducing TH levels in blood, by exerting direct effects on TH receptors (TRs), or both.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to identify individual PCBs that directly affect TH signaling by acting on the TR.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered a mixture of six PCB congeners based on their ortho substitution pattern, including PCBs 77 and 126 (non-ortho), PCBs 105 and 118 (mono-ortho), and PCBs 138 and 153 (di-ortho), to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats from gestational days (G) 6 to 16. This mixture, or various combinations of the components, was also evaluated in a transient transfection system using GH3 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mixture reduced serum TH levels in pregnant rats on G16 but simultaneously up-regulated the expression of malic enzyme in liver. It also functioned as a TR agonist in vitro; however, none of the individual PCB congeners comprising this mixture were active in this system. Using the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonist alpha-naphthoflavone, and the cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1 antagonist ellipticine, we show that the effect of the mixture on the thyroid hormone response element required AhR and CYP1A1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that PCB 126 induces CYP1A1 through the AhR in GH3 cells, and that CYP1A1 activates PCB 105 and/or 118 to a form a compound that acts as a TR agonist. These data suggest that some tissues may be especially vulnerable to PCBs interfering directly with TH signaling due to their capacity to express CYP1A1 in response to coplanar PCBs (or other dioxin-like molecules) if sufficient mono-ortho PCBs are present.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gauger
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giera
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sharlin
authors.forename: Ruby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iannacone
authors.forename: R Thomas
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Zoeller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005260:Female; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000819:agonists*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D014284:Triiodothyronine; C067940:2,3,3',4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl; C070055:2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D013974:Thyroxine