title: Anterior translation at the glenohumeral joint: a cause of axillary artery compression?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lesions to the axillary artery are reported in overhead athletes. One speculated cause is repeated transient compression by the humeral head due to excessive laxity at the glenohumeral joint.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) Anterior translation of the glenohumeral joint alters axillary artery diameter and blood flow characteristics, and (2) individuals demonstrating inducible axillary artery compression with the arm in an overhead position (as indicated by diameter and blood flow characteristics) will demonstrate greater magnitudes of anterior translation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  After receiving ethical approval and screening for problematic conditions/injuries, 26 subjects were tested (10 men and 16 women; mean age [standard deviation], 25 years [4]). Axillary artery diameter and peak systolic velocity were measured with B-mode and Doppler ultrasound before, during, and after glenohumeral anterior translation at 90 degrees of abduction, 60 degrees of external rotation, and 30 degrees of horizontal flexion, and at baseline and a simulated overhead throwing position (120 degrees of abduction, 90 degrees of external rotation, and 30 degrees of horizontal extension). The magnitude of anterior translation was captured with B-mode ultrasound using a posterior transverse approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application of the glide resulted in a significant (F(2,21) = 9.965, P = .001) reduction in axillary artery diameter and a significant increase in peak systolic velocity (F(2,21) = 5.286, P = .014). Subjects demonstrating clinically significant levels of axillary artery compression ( > 50% reduction in vessel diameter with the arm in the overhead throwing position) exhibited significantly (t = -2.260, P = .040) greater ranges of anterior translation at the glenohumeral joint than the 9 subjects who exhibited < 10% reduction in arterial diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation provides the first empirical support for the clinical opinion that glenohumeral anterior translation could be a mechanism for inducible axillary artery compression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The response of axillary artery hemodynamics in normal, healthy individuals is the first step in the process of determining whether the finding of inducible axillary artery compression in overhead athletes with arterial pathology is related to glenohumeral translation.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom. c.stapleton@2005.ljmu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Claire H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herrington
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001366:Axillary Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*