title: Inhibition of endosome-lysosome system acidification enhances porcine circovirus 2 infection of porcine epithelial cells.
abstract: Recently, Misinzo et al. (G. Misinzo, P. Meerts, M. Bublot, J. Mast, H. M. Weingartl, and H. J. Nauwynck, J. Gen. Virol. 86:2057-2068, 2005) reported that inhibiting endosome-lysosome system acidification reduced porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection of monocytic 3D4/31 cells. The present study examined the effect of inhibiting endosome-lysosome system acidification in epithelial cells, since epithelial cells support PCV2 infection in vivo and are used in culturing PCV2 in vitro. Ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl), chloroquine diphosphate (CQ), and monensin were used to inhibit endosome-lysosome system acidification. NH(4)Cl, CQ, or monensin increased PCV2 (Stoon-1010) infection by 726% +/- 110%, 1,212% +/- 34%, and 1,100% +/- 179%, respectively, in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells; by 128% +/- 7%, 158% +/- 3%, and 142% +/- 11% in swine kidney cells; by 160% +/- 28%, 446% +/- 50%, and 162% +/- 56% in swine testicle (ST) cells; and by 313% +/- 25%, 611% +/- 86%, and 352% +/- 44% in primary kidney epithelial cells. Similarly, increased PCV2 infection was observed with six other PCV2 strains in PK-15 cells treated with endosome-lysosome system acidification inhibitors. The mechanism behind increased PCV2 infection was further investigated in PK-15 cells using CQ. PCV2 infection of PK-15 cells was increased only when CQ was added early during PCV2 infection. CQ did not affect PCV2 virus-like particle (VLP) attachment to PK-15 cells but increased the disassembly of internalized PCV2 VLPs. In untreated PK-15 cells, internalized PCV2 VLPs localized within the endosome-lysosome system. PCV2 infection of untreated 3D4/31 and PK-15 cells and CQ-treated PK-15 cells was blocked by a serine protease inhibitor [4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride] but not by aspartyl protease (pepstatin A), cysteine protease (E-64), and metalloprotease (phosphoramidon) inhibitors. These results suggest that serine protease-mediated PCV2 disassembly is enhanced in porcine epithelial cells but inhibited in monocytic cells after inhibition of endosome-lysosome system acidification.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Misinzo
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Delputte
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nauwynck
mesh_terms: D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D017925:Circovirus / Q000502:physiology*; D011992:Endosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000821:virology*; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D008985:Monensin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D053585:Virus Attachment / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007476:Ionophores; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; C023676:chloroquine diphosphate; D002738:Chloroquine; D008985:Monensin; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases