title: Characterisation of the host inflammatory response to Staphylococcus epidermidis in neonatal whole blood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most prevalent pathogens causing late-onset sepsis, and gestational age is the most important risk factor for these infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterise innate immune responses to S epidermidis by assessment of whole blood in vitro cytokine production in a large group of preterm and term infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The S epidermidis-induced in vitro production of proinflammatory cytokines such as intracytoplasmic interleukin (IL) 6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha in cord blood samples was found to be dependent on gestational age (R = 0.279, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.44, p = 0.002; R = 0.251, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.41, p = 0.005, respectively; n = 121). In contrast, the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL10 and transforming growth factor beta was not associated with gestational age. When different stimulation strategies were compared, a strong correlation was noted for cytokine responses after lipopolysaccharide and S epidermidis exposure--that is, IL6 (R = 0.431, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.55, p<0.001, n = 161) and IL10 (R = 0.332, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.47, p<0.001, n = 161). In addition, a lower IL6 production was found in supernatants of whole blood cultures infected with a clinically isolated IcaABD-positive (biofilm production) strain compared with a control IcaABD-negative ATCC strain (p = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These in vitro data suggest that proinflammatory responses to S epidermidis are dependent on gestational age in preterm infants, whereas the counteracting anti-inflammatory response to S epidermidis may not be directly related to gestational age. Individual host factors may have a role as well as bacterial determinants, such as biofilm production. Further studies are encouraged to investigate the different aspects of innate immune responses to CoNS in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany. haertel@paedia.ukl.mu-luebeck.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Härtel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Osthues
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rupp
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Röder
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Göpel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herting
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schultz
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines