Nursing interventions to promote dignified dying in four countries.
OBJECTIVE
To describe nursing interventions to promote dignified dying as identified by nurses in four countries.


METHODS
Cross-sectional survey design.


METHODS
Hospitals and clinics in Ethiopia, India, Kenya, and the United States.


METHODS
A convenience sample of 560 nurses who cared for dying patients in Ethiopia (n = 14), India (n = 229), Kenya (n = 36), and the United States (n = 281).


METHODS
Nurses who agreed to participate completed the International Classification for Nursing Practice Dignified Dying Survey. Responses to an open-ended survey question about the interventions nurses use to promote dignified dying were analyzed qualitatively.


METHODS
Nursing interventions.


RESULTS
The Dignity-Conserving Care Model provided a framework to analyze nursing interventions used to promote dignified dying. Although some variation was found in the interventions used, nurses from all four countries identified interventions representing each of the three major categories of the model: illness-related concerns, a dignity-conserving repertoire, and a social-dignity inventory.


CONCLUSIONS
Nurses identified the holistic nature of the dying experience and the multiple interventions needed to promote dignity for dying patients and their family members. Palliative care is an area of practice that crosses healthcare settings, specialties, countries, and cultures.


CONCLUSIONS
This study begins to identify specific interventions for future research and applies the Dignity-Conserving Care Model to further understand dignified dying from an international nursing perspective.
Coenen
Amy
A
The College of Nursing, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA. coenena@uwm.edu
Doorenbos
Ardith Z
AZ
Wilson
Sarah A
SA
D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005002:Ethiopia; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007630:Kenya; D009729:Nursing; D012297:Right to Die; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States