title: Comfort level of emergency medical service providers in responding to weapons of mass destruction events: impact of training and equipment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have suggested that emergency medical services (EMS) providers are ill-prepared in the areas of training and equipment for response to events due to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and other public health emergencies (epidemics, etc.).
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative sample of basic and paramedic EMS providers in the United States was surveyed to assess whether they had received training in WMD and/or public health emergencies as part of their initial provider training and as continuing medical education within the past 24 months. Providers also were surveyed as to whether their primary EMS agency had the necessary specialty equipment to respond to these specific events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than half of EMS providers had some training in WMD response. Hands-on training was associated with EMS provider comfort in responding to chemical, biological, and/or radiological events and public health emergencies (odds ratio (OR) = 3.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1, 3.3). Only 18.1% of providers surveyed indicated that their agencies had the necessary equipment to respond to a WMD event. Emergency medical service providers who only received WMD training reported higher comfort levels than those who had equipment, but no training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of training and education as well as the lack of necessary equipment to respond to WMD events is associated with decreased comfort among emergency medical services providers in responding to chemical, biological, and/or radiological incidents. Better training and access to appropriate equipment may increase provider comfort in responding to these types of incidents.
authors.affiliation: Center for Disaster Medicine, New York Medical College, School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA. michael_reilly@nymc.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Markenson
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DiMaggio
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D011635:Public Health Administration; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D023481:Terrorism; D014481:United States; D054044:Weapons of Mass Destruction