title: End-stage renal disease and chronic kidney disease in a cohort of African-American HIV-infected and at-risk HIV-seronegative participants followed between 1988 and 2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-infected African-Americans are at increased risk of end-stage renal disease requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the incidence of RRT in HIV-infected and HIV-seronegative African-Americans and describe temporal trends in RRT and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study in Baltimore including 4509 HIV-infected and 1746 HIV-seronegative African-Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident RRT was defined by matching participant identifiers with the US Renal Data System; CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min per 1.73m for >/= 3 months. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by indirect adjustment. Risk factors for RRT were assessed by person-time methods and Poisson regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RRT was initiated in 24 HIV-seronegative subjects over 13 415 person-years of follow-up (SIR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-3.4), in 51 HIV-infected participants without AIDS over 10 780 person-years (SIR, 6.9; 95% CI, 5.1-9.0), and in 125 participants with AIDS over 9833 person-years. SIR, 16.1; 95% CI, 13.4-19.2). In HIV-infected African-Americans, RRT incidences were 5.8 and 9.7/1000 person-years in the pre-HAART and HAART eras, respectively (adjusted rate ratio 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8-1.9). In supplementary analyses, CKD incidence declined significantly in the HAART era compared with pre-HAART, but the CKD period prevalence increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly 1% of HIV-infected African-Americans initiated RRT annually, a rate that was similar in the HAART and pre-HAART eras. While new cases of CKD decreased, the prevalence of CKD increased in the HAART era, primarily because survival in those with HIV-associated CKD has improved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Shruti H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Mohamed G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Atta
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Noya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galai
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D016263:AIDS-Associated Nephropathy / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors