title: The influence of gender, patient volume and time on clinical diagnostic decision making in psychiatric emergency services.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of limited time and high patient pressures on the role of gender and other nonpsychiatric factors in diagnostic decision making in psychiatric emergency services (PES).
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of 1236 adult psychiatric patients treated by 75 clinicians (e.g., psychiatrists, social workers, nurses and psychologists) in an urban university and community PES in early 2000. Patient records were sampled according to each clinician's level of busyness and load, controlling for the average number of patients typically seen and the actual volume of patients seen by the particular clinician during that shift.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multinomial logistic regression analyses reveal that clinicians are more likely to make a bipolar diagnosis when under low patient load [odds ratio (OR)=1.738, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.186-2.546, P=.005] or when they have more time (OR=1.111, 95% CI=1.017-1.212, P<.019) and particularly when the patient is female (OR=0.286, 95% CI=0.1054-0.7785, P=.014). When clinicians are under high patient load, female patients are much more likely to receive a depressive disorder diagnosis (e.g., major depressive disorder and dysthymia) (OR=3.491, 95% CI=1.285-9.490, P=.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight the potential difficulty of clinicians to differentiate bipolar disorder from other mental disorders when evaluating female patients, especially under high patient load, when social stereotypes may be more influential. The results have important implications for the use of antidepressant medications with female patients.
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Social Work, Boston, MA 02446, USA. jmuroff@bu.edu
authors.forename: Jordana R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Muroff
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Carol T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Mowbray
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Himle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003657:Decision Making; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States