title: Ventilatory long-term facilitation in mice can be observed during both sleep and wake periods and depends on orexin.
abstract: Respiratory long-term facilitation (LTF) is a long-lasting (>1 h) augmentation of respiratory motor output that occurs even after cessation of hypoxic stimuli, is serotonin-dependent, and is thought to prevent sleep-disordered breathing such as sleep apnea. Raphe nuclei, which modulate several physiological functions through serotonin, receive dense projections from orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus. We examined possible contributions of orexin to ventilatory LTF by measuring respiration in freely moving prepro-orexin knockout mice (ORX-KO) and wild-type (WT) littermates before, during, and after exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH; 5 x 5 min at 10% O2), sustained hypoxia (SH; 25 min at 10% O2), or sham stimulation. Respiratory data during quiet wakefulness (QW), slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid-eye-movement sleep were separately calculated. Baseline ventilation before hypoxic stimulation and acute responses during stimulation did not differ between the ORX-KO and WT mice, although ventilation depended on vigilance state. Whereas the WT showed augmented minute ventilation (by 20.0 +/- 4.5% during QW and 26.5 +/- 5.3% during SWS; n = 8) for 2 h following IH, ORX-KO showed no significant increase (by -3.1 +/- 4.6% during QW and 0.3 +/- 5.2% during SWS; n = 8). Both genotypes showed no LTF after SH or sham stimulation. Sleep apnea indexes did not change following IH, even when LTF appeared in the WT mice. We conclude that LTF occurs during both sleep and wake periods, that orexin is necessary for eliciting LTF, and that LTF cannot prevent sleep apnea, at least in mice.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Chiba Univ. Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yanagisawa
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuriyama
authors.forename: Yasuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuwaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation; D008168:Lung / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068797:Orexins; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012890:Sleep; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins