title: Occupational and non-occupational injuries in the United States Army: focus on gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The differences in occupational and non-occupational injuries between military men and women have not been documented. This study compares occupational and non-occupational injuries between male and female United States Army soldiers by examining injury hospitalization rates and characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The U.S. Army's Total Army Injury and Health Outcomes Database was searched for hospitalizations with ICD-9-CM codes for injury (800-959.9) between 1992 and 2002. Injury rates were calculated using yearly U.S. Army population data and compared using rate ratios. Injury characteristics were compared among categories of the Trauma Code (on duty; off duty; scheduled training, schemes, and exercises), stratified by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Included in this analysis were 792 women for an injury hospitalization rate of 11.0 per 1000 individuals (95% confidence interval [CI]=8.5-13.5) and 4879 men for a rate of 15.5 per 1000 individuals (95% CI=14.0-16.9). While women had significantly more injuries during scheduled training, schemes, and exercises than men (p<0.0001), there were few differences in the cause of those injuries. Women had longer average hospital stays compared to men due to these injuries (9.3 days vs 7.4 days, p=0.002), although these injuries were not more severe (average Injury Severity Score=3.5 for men vs average ISS for women=3.5, p=0.79). There was no difference between the genders in the percent of injuries that occurred off duty; however, men were more likely to get injured due to sports and athletics (p=0.001) and due to fighting (p=0.017) while off duty compared to women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injury prevention messages for military personnel should focus on reducing risk factors for both on- and off-duty injuries.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA. htiesman@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Hope M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tiesman
authors.forename: Corinne L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Peek-Asa
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Zwerling
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Sprince
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Amoroso
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*