title: Moulds, bacteria and cancer among Finns: an occupational cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some environmental moulds and bacteria produce carcinogenic toxins.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study associations between work-related exposure to moulds and bacteria and cancers in Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of all economically active Finns in the population census in 1970 were followed-up for 30 million person-years. Subsequent cancer cases were identified through record linkage with the Finnish Cancer Registry. Observed and expected numbers of cancer cases were calculated by occupation, sex, birth cohort and period of observation. Exposures to moulds of agricultural and industrial origin and to bacteria of non-human origin were estimated with the Finnish Job-Exposure Matrix.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with the highest mould and bacterial exposure had a reduced relative risk for lung cancer (RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6 to 0.9 for moulds and RR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.0 for bacteria). Women in the highest mould and bacterial exposure category had RRs of 3.1 (95% CI 1.0 to 9.2) and 2.6 (95% CI 1.5 to 4.7) for cervical cancer, respectively. The respective RRs for lip cancer were 2.4 (95% CI 1.2 to 5.1) and 1.6 (95% CI 1.2 to 2.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposures at the investigated concentrations to either moulds or bacteria are unlikely to be major risk factors of cancer, although suggestions of risk increases were observed for some cancer types. It has been suggested previously that the decreased risk for lung cancer is due to the protective effect of endotoxins.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland. aarne.laakkonen@kolumbus.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laakkonen
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Verkasalo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kauppinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kyyrönen
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Pukkala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000633:toxicity*; D001419:Bacteria; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005658:Fungi; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008048:Lip Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009790:Occupations; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational