title: Transplantation of cells from eye-like structures differentiated from embryonic stem cells in vitro and in vivo regeneration of retinal ganglion-like cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived eye-like structure, made up of neural retinal lineage cells, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and lens cells was constructed in our laboratory. We have shown that cells from these eye-like structures can be integrated into the developing optic vesicle of chicks. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the cells from these eye-like structures can differentiate into retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) when transplanted into the vitreous of an injured adult mouse retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  ES cells were induced to differentiate into eye-like structures in vitro for 6 or 11 days. Recipient mouse eyes were injected with NMDA to injure the RGCs prior to the transplantation. Sham-treated eyes received the same amount of carrier vehicle. Cells were extracted from the eye-like structures and transplanted into the vitreous of damaged and control eyes. The host eyes were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively by immunohistochemistry 10 days or 8 weeks after transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells from the ES cell-derived eye-like structures were integrated into the RGC layer, and differentiated into neurons when transplanted into control (non-NMDA-treated) adult eyes. However, they rarely expressed RGC markers. When they were transplanted into NMDA-treated eyes, the cells spread on the surface of the retina and covered a relatively large area of the host RGC layer that had been injured by the NMDA. The cells from the ES cell-derived eye cells frequently differentiated into cells expressing RGC-specific markers, and formed a new RGC layer. In addition, a small number of these ES cell-derived cells were observed to extend axon-like processes toward the optic disc of the host. However, visually evoked responses could not be recorded from the visual cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that ES cell-derived eye-like structures contain cells that can differentiate into RG-like cells and regenerate a new RGC layer. These cells also appeared to be integrated into the retina and extend axon-like processes toward the optic nerve head.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Motohashi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunisada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D016202:N-Methylaspartate