title: The role of self-talk in the awareness of physiological state and physical performance.
abstract: Different studies have suggested that the majority of self-talk during exercise is either positive or neutral in character. The majority of 'thoughts' during low-intensity exercise have been described as being dissociative conversational chatter. However, with increasing exercise intensity, there is a greater percentage of associative and motivational thoughts, which includes thoughts about feeling and affect, body monitoring, command, instruction and pace monitoring. It has been suggested that self-talk is necessary for creating a time 'wedge' between the activity described by the self-talk, and the self-talk itself. The information redundancy created by this time-wedge allows the capacity for reflection about what is occurring, and self-awareness of the part played by the individual themselves in the activity being performed. Self-talk may be a discussion between a singular 'I' and a singular 'me', or may be a multi-party dialogue. There are anatomical correlates to self-talk, with neural activity in a number of brain areas related to the occurrence of both overt and subvocal self-talk, particularly in Broca's region in the left frontal cortex, and Wernicke's region in the left posterior superior temporal cortex. Whether specific training of self-talk can improve performance is controversial, although recent studies have suggested that task-specific self-talk appears to have a beneficial effect on physical performance. Further studies are required to assess the ability of physical or mental training to modify self-talk in a beneficial and permanent manner, and whether these changes affect an individual's exercise performance and sense of self.
authors.affiliation: Integrative Function Research Unit, School of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. a.stclairgibson@unn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: St Clair Gibson
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001364:Awareness; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D012653:Self Stimulation / Q000502:physiology*