title: Influence of albuminuria on cardiovascular risk in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with chronic kidney disease are at increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We assessed the association between albuminuria and the risks for death and cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied patients enrolled in the Prevention of Events with an ACE inhibitor (PEACE) trial, in which patients with chronic stable coronary disease and preserved systolic function were randomized to trandolapril or placebo and followed up for a median of 4.8 years. The urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) assessed in a core laboratory in 2977 patients at baseline and in 1339 patients at follow-up (mean 34 months) was related to estimated glomerular filtration rate and outcomes. The majority of patients (73%) had a baseline ACR within the normal range (<17 mug/mg for men and <25 mug/mg for women). Independent of the estimated glomerular filtration rate and other baseline covariates, a higher ACR, even within the normal range, was associated with increased risks for all-cause mortality (P<0.001) and cardiovascular death (P=0.01). The effect of trandolapril therapy on outcomes was not modified significantly by the level of albuminuria. Nevertheless, trandolapril therapy was associated with a significantly lower mean follow-up ACR (12.5 versus 14.6 mug/mg, P=0.0002), after adjustment for baseline ACR, time between collections, and other covariates. An increase in ACR over time was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death (hazard ratio per log ACR 1.74, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Albuminuria, even in low levels within the normal range, is an independent predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ssolomon@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Caren G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jablonski
authors.forename: Madeline Murguia
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steffes
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Domanski
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: Bernard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gersh
authors.forename: J Malcolm O
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Braunwald
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003643:Death; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; C052035:trandolapril; D003404:Creatinine