title: In vivo confocal laser laparoscopy allows real time subsurface microscopy in animal models of liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Histopathology is essential in the diagnostic workup of most liver diseases. However, biopsy sampling might carry risks, is subject to sampling error, and does not provide dynamic tissue imaging. Therefore a newly developed miniaturised confocal probe was evaluated for in vivo microscopic imaging in rodent models of human liver diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The handheld laparoscopy probe used a 488nm single line laser for fluorophore excitation. Optical slice thickness was 7 microm, lateral resolution 0.7 microm. Imaging depth was 0-250 microm below the tissue surface. Imaging using different fluorescent staining protocols was performed in healthy mice, IFN-gamma- and IL-12-induced hepatitis, after bile duct ligation, and in ob/ob mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confocal imaging permitted microscopic imaging of the liver in vivo at high resolution. Landmarks of liver diseases such as inflammatory infiltration, steatosis, bile duct proliferation, pericellular fibrosis and perfusion anomalies could be characterised, localised and differentiated in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo confocal microscopy with this newly developed probe allows real-time subsurface imaging and characterisation of normal and pathologic liver tissue at high resolution. Since this technology is suited for laparoscopy in humans, it has the potential to impact on the diagnostic workup of liver diseases and to permit dynamic monitoring of (patho-)physiologic events in vivo.
authors.affiliation: I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany. mgoetz@mail.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vieth
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanzler
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Galle
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: Markus F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Neurath
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kiesslich
mesh_terms: D000167:Acriflavine; D000818:Animals; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000633:toxicity; D003911:Dextrans; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010535:Laparoscopy; D020738:Leptin / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D008026:Ligation; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D003911:Dextrans; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D020738:Leptin; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D000167:Acriflavine; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate