title: Attenuation of counterregulatory responses to recurrent hypoglycemia by active thalamic inhibition: a mechanism for hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypoglycemia, the limiting factor in the glycemic management of diabetes, is the result of the interplay of therapeutic insulin excess and compromised glycemic defenses. The key feature of the latter is an attenuated sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemia that typically follows an episode of recent antecedent iatrogenic hypoglycemia, a phenomenon termed hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) in diabetes. We investigated the role of cerebral mechanisms in HAAF by measuring regional brain activation during recurrent hypoglycemia with attenuated counterregulatory responses and comparing it with initial hypoglycemia in healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used [(15)O]water and positron emission tomography to measure regional cerebral blood flow as a marker of brain synaptic activity during hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamps (55 mg/dl [3.0 mmol/l]) in the naïve condition (day 1) and after approximately 24 h of interval interprandial hypoglycemia (day 2) in nine healthy adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interval hypoglycemia produced attenuated sympathoadrenal, symptomatic, and other counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on day 2, a model of HAAF. Synaptic activity in the dorsal midline thalamus during hypoglycemia was significantly greater on day 2 than day 1 (P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater synaptic activity associated with attenuated counterregulatory responses indicates that the dorsal midline thalamus plays an active inhibitory role in reducing sympathoadrenal and symptomatic responses to hypoglycemia when previous hypoglycemia has occurred, the key feature of HAAF in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Campus box 8127, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Arbelaez
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Tom O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Videen
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Cryer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012008:Recurrence; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D007328:Insulin; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D005947:Glucose