Identifying indigenous peoples for health research in a global context: a review of perspectives and challenges.
OBJECTIVE
Identifying Indigenous Peoples globally is complex and contested despite there being an estimated 370 million living in 70 countries. The specific context and use of locally relevant and clear definitions or characterizations of Indigenous Peoples is important for recognizing unique health risks Indigenous Peoples face, for understanding local Indigenous health aspirations and for reflecting on the need for culturally disaggregated data to plan meaningful research and health improvement programs. This paper explores perspectives on defining Indigenous Peoples and reflects on challenges in identifying Indigenous Peoples.


METHODS
Literature reviews and Internet searches were conducted, and some key experts were consulted.


RESULTS
Pragmatic and political definitions by international institutions, including the United Nations, are presented as well as characterizations of Indigenous Peoples by governments and academic researchers. Assertions that Indigenous Peoples have about definitions of indigeneity are often related to maintenance of cultural integrity and sustainability of lifestyles. Described here are existing definitions and interests served by defining (or leaving undefined) such definitions, why there is no unified definition and implications of "too restrictive" a definition. Selected indigenous identities and dynamics are presented for North America, the Arctic, Australia and New Zealand, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and Africa.


CONCLUSIONS
While health researchers need to understand the Indigenous Peoples with whom they work, ultimately, indigenous groups themselves best define how they wish to be viewed and identified for research purposes.
Bartlett
Judith G
JG
Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba Metis Federation, Canada. bartlet0@cc.umanitoba.ca
Madariaga-Vignudo
Lucia
L
O'Neil
John D
JD
Kuhnlein
Harriet V
HV
D035843:Biomedical Research; D006801:Humans; D044382:Population Groups