title: Historical review of attempts to decrease subjectivity in species identification, with particular regard to algae.
abstract: The goal of a taxonomist should be to contribute to the construction of a framework that expresses interrelationships among taxa and provides pegs to which information from all possible sources may be attached. It is essential that this information be attached to the correct peg. Throughout the history of taxonomy, attempts have been made to reduce the subjectivity involved in determining the correct peg. Illustrations, which initially were relied on to produce accurate determinations, have maintained their importance, keeping pace with miraculous advances in the technologies of microscopy, electronics, graphics, and communication. The type method was introduced to provide an anchor for each name in a sea of ever-changing circumscriptions. The physical nature of types has kept pace with advances in taxonomic methodology and now includes the possibility of designating a living culture as type if it is preserved in a metabolically inactive state. The number of characters associated with a name has been greatly increased by studying organisms in culture, by using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and by nucleotide sequence analysis. A marked increase in the number of discriminatory characters has resulted in greater assurance that the correct peg has been chosen on which to hang accumulated information. Integration of molecular and morphological data should theoretically strengthen the certainty of identification, but this certainty will always be tempered by some degree of subjectivity. Taxonomists form opinions on the basis of data that are reputedly objective, but that in fact are subject to varying interpretations. Genomic analysis is a very important taxonomic tool, but its application should not be assumed to be free of subjectivity.
authors.affiliation: Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465, USA. psilvia@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D002965:Classification / Q000379:methods*; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology*; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design