title: Effect of cryotherapy devices in the postoperative setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sophisticated methods of cryotherapy, such as application of a water-circulating device, have recently been popularized to provide a constant or intermittent therapeutic source in the foot and ankle postoperative setting. In this study, the efficacy and safety of three selected cryotherapy devices (Iceman, EBIce, and Ankle Cryo/Cuff) were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each cryotherapy unit, in the coldest setting, was applied over standard surgical dressings in group I, over one layer of Jones compression bandage in group II, and over two layers of Jones compression bandage in group III on four individuals in excellent overall health. The skin temperature was then recorded every 15 min for 180 min in each trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group I, the Iceman was the only device that required discontinuation in one subject, and the EBIce and Cryo/Cuff were tolerated in all of the subjects. However, the temperatures in all of the devices continued to decrease at the end of the trials. In group II, all of the cryotherapy devices controlled temperatures between 20 degrees C (68 degrees F) and 30 degrees C (86 degrees F). In group III, no device significantly lowered the initial surface skin temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We achieved the safe and effective temperature range when the cryotherapy devices were applied over one layer of Jones compression dressing. The cryotherapy devices resulted in less predictable temperature declination when applied over the thinner surgical dressing. When the devices were applied over two layers of Jones compression dressing, surface skin temperature declination was minimal.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics/Podiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Theresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Schinke
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: Gerard V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001458:Bandages; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012881:Skin Temperature