title: Combination of phenotype assessments and CYP2C9-VKORC1 polymorphisms in the determination of warfarin dose requirements in heavily medicated patients.
abstract: The relative contribution of phenotypic measures and CYP2C9-vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) polymorphisms to warfarin dose requirements at day 14 was determined in 132 hospitalized, heavily medicated patients. Phenotypic measures were (1) the urinary losartan metabolic ratio before the first dose of warfarin, (2) the S:R-warfarin ratio at day 1, and (3) a dose-adjusted international normalized ratio (INR) at day 4. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes were determined by gene chip analysis. In multivariate analyses, the dose-adjusted INR at day 4 explained 31% of variability observed in warfarin doses at day 14, whereas genotypic measures (CYP2C9-VKORC1) contributed 6.5%. When S:R-warfarin ratio was used, genotypes contributed more significantly (23.5%). Finally, urinary losartan metabolic ratio was of low predictive value. The best models obtained explained 51% of intersubject variability in warfarin dose requirements. Thus, combination of a phenotypic measure to CYP2C9-VKORC1 genotypes represents a useful strategy to predict warfarin doses in patients receiving multiple drugs (11+/-4 drugs/day).
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vanier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brouillette
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verret
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Taillon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gossard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Champagne
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Renaud
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ajami
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turgeon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012044:Regression Analysis; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C578523:VKORC1 protein, human; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases