title: A human norovirus-like particle vaccine adjuvanted with ISCOM or mLT induces cytokine and antibody responses and protection to the homologous GII.4 human norovirus in a gnotobiotic pig disease model.
abstract: We inoculated gnotobiotic pigs orally/intranasally with human norovirus GII.4 HS66 strain virus-like particles (VLP) and immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM) or mutant E. coli LT toxin (mLT, R192G) as mucosal adjuvants, then assessed intestinal and systemic antibody and cytokine responses and homologous protection. Both vaccines induced high rates of seroconversion (100%) and coproconversion (75-100%). The VLP+mLT vaccine induced Th1/Th2 serum cytokines and cytokine secreting cells, whereas the VLP+ISCOM vaccine induced Th2 biased responses with significantly elevated IgM, IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells in intestine. Nevertheless, both vaccines induced increased protection rates against viral shedding and diarrhea (75-100%) compared to controls; however, only 57% of controls shed virus.
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States.
authors.forename: Menira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: Marli S P
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Saif
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D006801:Humans; D016882:ISCOMs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007114:Immunization; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D009154:Mutation; D029322:Norovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D013552:Swine; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D014771:Virion / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D016207:Cytokines; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D016882:ISCOMs; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli