title: Calpain 1 and 2 are required for RNA replication of echovirus 1.
abstract: Calpains are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases that degrade cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins. We have studied the role of calpains in the life cycle of human echovirus 1 (EV1). The calpain inhibitors, including calpeptin, calpain inhibitor 1, and calpain inhibitor 2 as well as calpain 1 and calpain 2 short interfering RNAs, completely blocked EV1 infection in the host cells. The effect of the inhibitors was not specific for EV1, because they also inhibited infection by other picornaviruses, namely, human parechovirus 1 and coxsackievirus B3. The importance of the calpains in EV1 infection also was supported by the fact that EV1 increased calpain activity 3 h postinfection. Confocal microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy showed that the EV1/caveolin-1-positive vesicles also contain calpain 1 and 2. Our results indicate that calpains are not required for virus entry but that they are important at a later stage of infection. Calpain inhibitors blocked the production of EV1 particles after microinjection of EV1 RNA into the cells, and they effectively inhibited the synthesis of viral RNA in the host cells. Thus, both calpain 1 and calpain 2 are essential for the replication of EV1 RNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Upla
authors.forename: Varpu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marjomäki
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nissinen
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nylund
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waris
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hyypiä
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heino
mesh_terms: D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D022162:Cytoplasmic Vesicles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000821:virology; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D030061:Parechovirus / Q000502:physiology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D002154:Calpain; C484806:CAPN1 protein, human; C569870:CAPN2 protein, human