title: An adherent Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm persists on the vaginal epithelium after standard therapy with oral metronidazole.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of standard treatment with oral metronidazole in the eradication of the bacterial vaginosis biofilm.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an interventional follow-up study in which 18 patients with bacterial vaginosis were treated with oral metronidazole during 1 week and subsequently had a single random follow-up assessment at 1-week intervals, up to 5 weeks, with 3 patients representing each point in time. Follow-up assessment included conventional scoring of the vaginal microflora and determination of bacterial biofilm characteristics on a vaginal biopsy through bacterial 16/23S recombinant DNA-based fluorescence in-situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although all patients recovered, we consistently observed the resurgence with treatment cessation of a dense and active bacterial biofilm on the vaginal mucosa, primarily consisting of Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large reservoir of the core bacteria to bacterial vaginosis persists as a biofilm after metronidazole treatment.
authors.affiliation: Molekulargenetisches Labor für polymikrobielle Infektionen und bakterielle Biofilme, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swidsinski
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mendling
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Loening-Baucke
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swidsinski
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dörffel
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scholze
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lochs
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verstraelen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006194:Gardnerella vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D008795:Metronidazole