title: Detection of Clostridium difficile in stool samples from patients in the early period after liver transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the frequency of detection of Clostridium difficile (CD) toxins compared with the recovery of C. difficile in stool specimen cultures among orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) patients with nosocomial diarrhea in the early period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included stool samples obtained during the first 30 days after OLT in adults who were suspected of CD-associated diseases. The identification of cultured CD strains was performed by standard microbiological methods. The presence of CD toxins was assayed using a commercial immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were followed prospectively for CD infections from the date of OLT for the first 4 weeks after surgery. Among 54 samples, 16.7% were culture-positive for CD. CD toxins were tested on 54 samples, yielding 63% toxin-positive samples and 30% toxin- and culture-negative results. In the first week after OLT, samples from 19 patients were subjected to CD investigation. Among 19 samples positive for toxin, 52.6% of all samples were culture-negative. We analyzed 35 samples from the second to the fourth week after OLT in 31 recipients. Among 35 samples, 68.6% and 25.7% were positive for CD toxin and for culture, while 20% of samples were negative for toxin and culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, 63% of samples were toxin-positive with 16.7% yielding growth of CD and 30% being negative for toxins and cultures.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. dkawecki@o2.pl
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kawecki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chmura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacholczyk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lagiewska
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adadynski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wasiak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malkowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawicka-Grzelak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rokosz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szymanowska
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Swoboda-Kopec
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wroblewska
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rowinski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durlik
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paczek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luczak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins