title: The effects of drug abuse on pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present article is an update on the effects of drug abuse on pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substance abuse in pregnancy is on the increase worldwide. Simultaneously, there is great variability in prevalence rates in different countries, regions of countries and in different ethnic groups. In the United States nearly 90% of drug-abusing women are of reproductive age. Substances most commonly abused in pregnancy include cocaine, amphetamines, opioids, marijuana, ethanol, tobacco, caffeine, and toluene-based solvents. Polysubstance abuse is very common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substance abuse in pregnancy is associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity. Risk factors suggesting substance abuse in pregnancy include lack of prenatal care, history of premature labor, and cigarette smoking. In the United States the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has made multiple recommendations regarding management of parturients with drug abuse during pregnancy. Women who acknowledge use of illicit substance during pregnancy should be counseled and offered necessary treatment. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists also acknowledged that some states consider intrauterine fetal drug exposure to be a form of child neglect or abuse under the law.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92103-8770, USA. kkuczkowski@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Krzysztof M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kuczkowski
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology