title: Intrauterine testicular torsion: a surgical emergency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrauterine torsion of testes (IUTT) is a very rare condition that is being recognized with increasing frequency. The exact cause of IUTT is not known, and controversies still continue regarding the need for urgent exploration as well as the necessity of contralateral orchidopexy. This is a review of our experience with 11 cases of IUTT, highlighting aspects of diagnosis and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1990 to 2005, we treated 11 newborns with IUTT. Their mean birth weight was 3.50 kg (range, 2.6-4.12 kg). Their age at presentation ranged from 2 hours to 10 days (mean, 45 hours). All underwent emergency exploration. There were 6 left-sided, 4 right-sided, and 1 bilateral torsion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, the affected testis was enlarged, tender, firm in consistency, and higher in position, and the overlying skin was dark red in color. Exploration revealed extravaginal torsion in all. In 1, there was partial torsion and the testis was enlarged, congested, but not gangrenous. Another child had complete torsion, but the testis was found enlarged, congested with hemorrhage, but not gangrenous. Both were treated with detorsion and preservation of testes and bilateral orchidopexy. On follow-up, both testes were viable, of good size, and in normal position. The patient with bilateral torsion had frankly necrotic left testis that was removed, but the right testis was smaller in size and ischemic but not frankly necrotic, so it was preserved, but on follow-up, it was found atrophic. One of our patients was evaluated few hours after delivery and found to have normal testes. On the second day, he was found to have enlarged, tender left testis. Emergency exploration revealed extravaginal torsion with slightly enlarged left testis that was ischemic but not frankly necrotic. This was preserved and bilateral orchidopexy was done. On follow-up, both testes were viable, of good size, and normal position. In the remaining 7 patients, the testes were frankly necrotic. They were treated with orchidectomy and contralateral orchidopexy. Histology of the removed testes was variable. In 6, the testes were totally necrotic without any viable testicular tissue, whereas in the remaining 2, there was preservation of some semineferous tubules and hemorrhage with ischemic infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrauterine torsion of testes should be treated as an emergency. To obviate the risk of anorchia, we advocate early recognition of IUTT, expeditious exploration and simultaneous contralateral orchidopexy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. ahalsalem@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ahmed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Al-Salem
mesh_terms: D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000151:congenital* / Q000601:surgery*; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome