title: In vitro investigation of biomechanical changes of the hip after Salter pelvic osteotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salter innominate osteotomy of the pelvis is widely used to improve the coverage of the femoral head in developmental dysplasia of the hip, but the biomechanical and geometric changes after this osteotomy are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A CT dataset of an 8-year-old child with severe dysplasia of both hips was used to create a polyamide model of the left hemipelvis and proximal femur. The hemipelvis was mounted to a holding device and the proximal femur attached to a sensor guided industrial robot. The robot was programmed to apply joint forces and torques based on single-leg stance. Two major muscles were represented by wires connected to hydraulic cylinders; muscle forces were adjusted to balance the joint moments. Resulting joint forces were measured using a pressure measuring sensor before and after Salter osteotomy of the hip. Geometric changes were recorded using a three-dimensional ultrasound measurement system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preoperative hip joint resultant force was 583N (270% body weight), while after the operation a mean force of 266N (120% body weight) was measured. Postoperative muscle forces were roughly half the preoperative values. The hip joint was translated medially and caudally. Postoperatively, the length of gluteus medius and maximus muscles increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preoperative value of the resultant hip joint force is comparable to values reported in the literature. The results suggest that Salter innominate osteotomy leads to a reduction of hip joint and muscle forces in addition to increasing joint contact area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Anna-von-Borries-Str. 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hurschler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ostermeier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Windhagen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pressel
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006618:Hip Dislocation, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016474:Weight-Bearing