title: Differences in long-term survival in two lacunar stroke types: a 15-year follow-up study in 782 cerebral infarct patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality studies in lacunar (LAC) stroke are scarce and often characterized by short follow-up time, small patient groups and absence of a nonlacunar stroke group for comparison. Besides, there are no separate long-term prognostic data on LAC stroke subtypes. We performed a long-term mortality study in LAC stroke, subtyping two distinct phenotypes and including nonlacunar ischemic stroke for comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed cross-sectional follow-up, determining survival status, after a median of 15.0 years, in 333 first-ever atherothrombotic (AT), 184 cardioembolic (CE) and 265 LAC strokes, distinguishing LAC stroke with (type 2) or without (type 1) asymptomatic LAC lesions on CT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  End of follow-up mortality (in 30-day survivors) in LAC stroke (76.2%) was significantly lower than in CE (87.1%; OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.27-0.84), but not AT strokes (79.0%; OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.57-1.26), and was significantly lower in LAC type 1 than type 2 strokes (70.9 vs. 87.5%; OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.17-0.73). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed most favorable survival in LAC type 1 stroke. In the Cox regression analyses, LAC type 1 stroke appeared as an independent predictor of better survival versus LAC type 2, versus AT and versus CE strokes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LAC stroke in general cannot be considered a 'benign' stroke type: only long-term survival in patients without concomitant asymptomatic LAC lesions is better than in large-vessel stroke. This difference in long-term survival between the two LAC stroke subtypes should be taken into account in prognostic counselling of individual LAC stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. j.staals@neurologie.azm.nl
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Staals
authors.forename: Lisette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Raak
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lodder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D049292:Leukoaraiosis / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed