title: Nocturnal blood pressure fall and metabolic syndrome score in hypertensive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data relating dipping status to metabolic syndrome (MS) scores are not available. The purpose of this study is to investigate any possible association of different dipping patterns to MS scores in untreated patients with essential hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 6256 consecutive, treatment-naive patients with essential hypertension who attended our outpatient clinics. All underwent repeated office blood pressure measurements, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and full clinical and laboratory evaluation. The diagnosis of MS was made according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and patients were classified into five groups: group I (hypertension), group II (hypertension+any one component), group III (hypertension+any two components), group IV (hypertension+any three components), and group V (all five components). Dipping pattern was defined as 'dippers' with nocturnal systolic blood pressure (NSBP) falling >or=10 but <20%, 'nondippers' with NSBP falling >or=0% but <10%, 'extreme dippers' with NSBP falling >or=20%, and 'reverse dippers' with NSBP increasing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertensive patients with MS (n=2573) had higher clinical and ambulatory blood pressure values (P<0.001), whereas the dominant dipping pattern in the non-MS group was nondippers (47.6%), and in the MS group, extreme dippers (37.8%). Furthermore, a considerable decrease in the prevalence of dippers was noticed with the increasing number of MS components (21.1 vs. 19.2 vs. 14.5 vs. 8.4 vs. 7.2%, P<0.001). In contrast, a significant rise in the prevalence of reverse dippers was observed with the increasing number of MS components (7.4 vs. 10.1 vs. 14.9 vs. 20.4 vs. 31.2%, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that hypertensive patients have an increased prevalence of abnormal dipping patterns as the number of MS components rises.
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit 1st Cardiology Clinic Athens University, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Vyssoulis
authors.forename: Eva A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Karpanou
authors.forename: Stella-Maria G
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kyvelou
authors.forename: Dionysios N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Adamopoulos
authors.forename: Alexandros D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Deligeorgis
authors.forename: Panagiotis G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Spanos
authors.forename: Panagiota G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Pietri
authors.forename: Dennis F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Cokkinos
authors.forename: Christodoulos I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*