title: Dietary vitamin mix levels influence the ossification process in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae.
abstract: The influence of dietary vitamins on growth, survival, and morphogenesis was evaluated until day 38 of posthatching life in European sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax). A standard vitamin mix (VM), at double the concentration of the U.S. National Research Council's recommendations, was incorporated into larval feeds at 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 4.0%, and 8.0% to give treatments VM 0.5, VM 1.5, VM 2.5, VM 4.0, and VM 8.0, respectively. The group fed the VM 0.5 diet all died before day 30. At day 38, the larvae group fed VM 1.5 had 33% survival, while the other groups, with higher vitamin levels, showed at least 50% survival. The higher the percentage VM in the diet, the lower the percentage of column deformities. High dietary vitamin levels positively influenced the formation of mineralized bone in larvae: the higher the dietary vitamin level, the higher the ossification status. In the larvae group fed at the highest vitamin levels, we observed a temporal sequence of coordinated growth factor expression, in which the expression of bone morphometric protein (BMP-4) preceded the expression of IGF-1, which stimulated the maturation of osteoblasts (revealed by high osteocalcin expression levels). In groups fed lower proportions of vitamins, elevated proliferator peroxisome-activated receptors (PPAR-gamma) expression coincided with low BMP-4 expression. Our results suggest that high levels of PPAR-gamma transcripts in larvae-fed diets with a low VM content converted some osteoblasts into adipocytes during the first two weeks of life. This loss of osteoblasts is likely to have caused skeletal deformities.
authors.affiliation: Ifremer Marine Fish Nutrition Team, Nutrition Aquaculture and Genomics Research Unit, UMR 1067, Ifremer, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazurais
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Darias
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gouillou-Coustans
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Le Gall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huelvan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Desbruyères
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quazuguel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cahu
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zambonino-Infante
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001492:Bass / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D001846:Bone Development / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000235:genetics; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D047495:PPAR gamma; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha; D014815:Vitamins; D015675:Osteocalcin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I