title: Chronic pain after Kugel inguinal hernia repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of chronic pain after Kugel herniorrhaphy is not well documented, since it was not used as a primary outcome measure in studies reporting on the Kugel technique. The aim of the present study was to report on the incidence and severity of chronic pain 1 year after Kugel herniorrhaphy and to identify the risk factors associated with the development of chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised all patients in our teaching hospital who underwent a Kugel inguinal hernia repair between January 2002 and June 2005. Postoperative complications, analgesia consumption and postoperative functional impairment were recorded during an outpatient clinic after 4-6 weeks. Chronic pain and cutaneous sensory changes were followed-up by means of a telephone questionnaire 1 year after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 1 year, 57 (15.1%) of 377 patients complained of mild to moderate pain. The incidence of mild and moderate chronic pain was 14.3 and 0.8%, respectively. None of the patients had severe chronic pain. Only one patient reported numbness in the groin area. Age and immediate postoperative pain were significant risk factors associated with chronic pain after Kugel inguinal herniorrhaphy. Although the difference was not significant, female patients seemed to be more prone to develop chronic pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Kugel inguinal hernia repair is associated with a low rate of postoperative chronic pain. The minimally invasive preperitoneal approach of the Kugel technique probably causes less nerve damage and subsequent neuropathic pain. Chronic pain seems to be more common in young female patients with immediate postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Abdominal Surgery, AZ Groeninge, Campus St-Niklaas, Houtmarkt 33, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium. roelhompes@gmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hompes
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vansteenkiste
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pottel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Devriendt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Rooy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires