Quantum noise limits on frequency and timing for optical pulses in a linear high-gain amplifier.
Frequency and timing noise added in a linear optical amplifier of gain G grows as (G-1)/G. Provided that the pulse is initially in a coherent state, the output frequency and timing noise cannot exceed twice the input value. It is also shown that, in a transmission line with zero net gain and loss, the frequency and timing noise added in the lossy medium is equal to or larger than the noise added in the amplifier.
Kozlov
Victor V
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