title: Improving tuberculosis case detection rate with a lay informant questionnaire: an experience from the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In many countries, the tuberculosis (TB) annual case detection rate is below the target of 70%. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 2005, it did not exceed 55%
  
  
  METHODS
  The DOTS strategy promotes passive case detection of TB. In order to increase the detection rate, we validated a questionnaire targeting lay informants at village level to notify patients with chronic cough and assessed the relevance for TB case-finding. A three-item questionnaire was sent through the district health departments to all villages in six districts in six provinces. The village headmen were asked to notify chronic cough patients. Answers were validated in a door-to-door survey (20 villages/district). In a sub-sample (four villages/district) all confirmed patients were screened for TB and paragonimiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attapeu, Luang Namtha, Luang Prabang, Saravane, Savanakhet and Vientiane provinces in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lay informant questionnaires sent from district health offices to villages are cost-effective and foster interaction between the health services and remote and underserved communities. Although the correct detection of patients is highly dependent on direct respondents, a substantial number of new TB and paragonimiasis cases were consistently diagnosed in chronic cough patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Out of 456 questionnaires, 295 were returned (65%). Return rates were highly variable between districts (48-87%), questionnaires' sensitivity (56-98%), positive predictive value (34-88%) and correlation between number of notified and confirmed patients (r: 0.26-0.78). In sub-sampled villages (13,541 population) 19 (5.1%) TB and 26 (7.0%) paragonimiasis cases were detected in 374 chronic cough patients. This quick questionnaire approach proved motivating for district authorities and village key informants, although no incentives were provided. The highly operator-dependent approach yielded a consistent detection rate of TB and paragonimiasis cases. This approach brings health services and populations in need in close contact, which is particularly crucial in remote and underserved areas.
authors.affiliation: Institut de la Francophonie pour la médecine tropicale, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic. peter.odermatt@unibas.ch
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Odermatt
authors.forename: Sayphone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanthaphone
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barennes
authors.forename: Khamsay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chanthavysouk
authors.forename: Duc-Si
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Bounsou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kosanouvong
authors.forename: Siamphay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keola
authors.forename: Phetsamone
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mathouchanh
authors.forename: Khamloune
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choumlivong
authors.forename: Valy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Keoluangkhot
authors.forename: Niranh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Phoumindr
authors.forename: Sixomxay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanthanavone
authors.forename: Souraxay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phrommala
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Degrémont
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strobel
mesh_terms: D023801:Directly Observed Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007812:Laos / Q000453:epidemiology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology