title: Overlapping neurologic and cognitive phenotypes in patients with TSC1 or TSC2 mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the associations between different TSC1 and TSC2 mutations and the neurologic and cognitive phenotype in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mutation analysis was performed in 58 patients with TSC. Epilepsy variables, including EEG, were classified. A cognition index was determined based on a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. On three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR images, an automated tuber segmentation program detected and calculated the number of tubers and the proportion of total brain volume occupied by tubers (tuber/brain proportion [TBP]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a group, patients with a TSC2 mutation had earlier age at seizure onset, lower cognition index, more tubers, and a greater TBP than those with a TSC1 mutation, but the ranges overlapped considerably. Familial cases were older at seizure onset and had a higher cognition index than nonfamilial cases. Patients with a mutation deleting or directly inactivating the tuberin GTPase activating protein (GAP) domain had more tubers and a greater TBP than those with an intact GAP domain. Patients with a truncating TSC1 or TSC2 mutation differed from those with nontruncating mutations in seizure types only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although patients with a TSC1 mutation are more likely to have a less severe neurologic and cognitive phenotype than those with a TSC2 mutation, the considerable overlap between both aspects of the phenotype implies that prediction of the neurologic and cognitive phenotypes in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex should not be based on their particular TSC1 or TSC2 mutation.
authors.affiliation: Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Child Neurology, University Medical Centre, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. f.e.jansen@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Braams
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Vincken
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Algra
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anbeek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jennekens-Schinkel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Halley
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Zonnenberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Ouweland
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Huffelen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: van Nieuwenhuizen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nellist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000235:genetics; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C000624650:TSC1 protein, human; C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins