title: Daytime Ayahuasca administration modulates REM and slow-wave sleep in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ayahuasca is a traditional South American psychoactive beverage and the central sacrament of Brazilian-based religious groups, with followers in Europe and the United States. The tea contains the psychedelic indole N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and beta-carboline alkaloids with monoamine oxidase-inhibiting properties that render DMT orally active. DMT interacts with serotonergic neurotransmission acting as a partial agonist at 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor sites. Given the role played by serotonin in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle, we investigated the effects of daytime ayahuasca consumption in sleep parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjective sleep quality, polysomnography (PSG), and spectral analysis were assessed in a group of 22 healthy male volunteers after the administration of a placebo, an ayahuasca dose equivalent to 1 mg DMT kg(-1) body weight, and 20 mg d-amphetamine, a proaminergic drug, as a positive control. Results show that ayahuasca did not induce any subjectively perceived deterioration of sleep quality or PSG-measured disruptions of sleep initiation or maintenance, in contrast with d-amphetamine, which delayed sleep initiation, disrupted sleep maintenance, induced a predominance of 'light' vs 'deep' sleep and significantly impaired subjective sleep quality. PSG analysis also showed that similarly to d-amphetamine, ayahuasca inhibits rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, decreasing its duration, both in absolute values and as a percentage of total sleep time, and shows a trend increase in its onset latency. Spectral analysis showed that d-amphetamine and ayahuasca increased power in the high frequency range, mainly during stage 2. Remarkably, whereas slow-wave sleep (SWS) power in the first night cycle, an indicator of sleep pressure, was decreased by d-amphetamine, ayahuasca enhanced power in this frequency band.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show that daytime serotonergic psychedelic drug administration leads to measurable changes in PSG and sleep power spectrum and suggest an interaction between these drugs and brain circuits modulating REM and SWS.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Investigació del Medicament, Institut de Recerca, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. mbarbanoj@santpau.es
authors.forename: Manel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barbanoj
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giménez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grasa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romero
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D031581:Banisteriopsis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004130:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D003913:Dextroamphetamine; D004130:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine