title: A numerical simulation of tooth movement produced by molar uprighting spring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uprighting a tipped molar by using an uprighting spring is a fundamental orthodontic treatment technique. However, mechanical analyses have not been carried out for molar uprighting, and the mechanism of tooth movement has not been clarified. The purposes of this article were to clarify these mechanisms and to demonstrate the usefulness of mechanical simulations by which the effects of many factors on tooth movement can be estimated quantitatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-dimensional finite element method was used to simulate the uprighting of a second molar with a molar uprighting spring. The effects of a retainer and spring-arm bending on the tooth movements were shown quantitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The retainer was useful to reduce the movement of anchor teeth. The same effect could be achieved by bending the spring arm in the lingual direction, but the molar was greatly rotated in the occlusal plane and was tipped in the buccal direction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The usefulness of a mechanical simulation method to predict orthodontic tooth movement in clinical situations was demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan. kojima.yukio@nitech.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukui
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000502:physiology; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D003765:Models, Dental; D008963:Molar / Q000502:physiology*; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D018704:Orthodontic Retainers; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*