title: The impact of rumination on memory for self-referent material.
abstract: Previous findings have linked rumination to the enhanced retrieval of negative memories (Lyubormirsky, Caldwell, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998) and overgeneral autobiographical memories (Watkins & Teasdale, 2004) in depression. However, little is known of the impact of rumination on the encoding of information, and in particular, self-referent information. This study examined the impact of rumination on self-referent encoding in high (BDI-II>or=13) and low (BDI-II<or=5) dysphoric participants. Participants were randomly allocated to a rumination or distraction condition, and then completed the experimental task in which they rated a series of adjectives (positive, negative) as either self- or other-descriptive, and later received a memory test for the adjectives. Not surprisingly, high-dysphoric participants endorsed more negative and less positive adjectives as self-descriptive. Counter to our prediction, high-dysphoric participants allocated to the rumination condition did not endorse more negative adjectives as self-referent. However, consistent with our hypothesis, high-dysphoric participants who ruminated recalled more negative self-referent words, after controlling for the proportion of words endorsed as self-descriptive. The findings demonstrate that rumination results in enhanced memory for negative, self-related material, and raises the possibility that this may serve as another pathway via which the negative evaluations of the self observed clinically in depression are maintained.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. m.moulds@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Moulds
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kandris
authors.forename: Alishia D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007439:Introversion, Psychological; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013850:Thinking