title: Type of mutation and surgical procedure affect long-term quality of life for women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by different mutations, feminizing surgery is mostly performed in childhood, and many patients are lost to follow-up.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A follow-up study on 62 CAH women aged 18-63 yr and 62 age-matched controls to correlate findings of both operative method and mutation was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semistructured interviews were performed in cases and controls, as well as a gynecological examination in the cases. The results were correlated with disease-causing mutations and earlier surgical procedures if performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at university hospital referral clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gynecological examination in all cases correlated to previous surgery (n = 49), type of mutation, and questionnaire responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Half of the CAH women claimed that the disease affected their sex life. The women were less satisfied with their genitals, whether operated or not. Clitoris size and functions were affected by the surgical method. Five women had a clinically evident vaginal stenosis on examination. However, almost half of patients experienced a narrow vagina. The overall psychosexual aspects of life were affected in these patients with later sexual debut, fewer pregnancies and children, and an increased incidence of homosexuality. These quality of life factors were correlated to the severity of the mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall quality of life in adult women with CAH is affected both by the type of mutation and operative procedure. Indications for clitoroplasty should be restrictive. Medical, surgical, and psychological treatment should be centralized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. agneta.nordenskjold@ki.se
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordenskjöld
authors.forename: Gundela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holmdahl
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frisén
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Falhammar
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Filipsson
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thorén
authors.forename: Per Olof
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hagenfeldt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002987:Clitoris / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011606:Psychosexual Development; D011788:Quality of Life; D013255:Steroid 21-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics*; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D013255:Steroid 21-Hydroxylase