title: Long-term effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae--and associated interactions with Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae colonization--in HIV-Infected and HIV-uninfected children.
abstract: After a primary series of 3 doses, it was found that a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine no longer reduces nasopharyngeal colonization by vaccine serotypes in children 5.3 years of age. In addition, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children (n=81) had a higher prevalence of colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (71.6% and 74.1%, respectively) than did HIV-uninfected children (n=271; 50.9% and 52.0%, respectively), suggesting that increased colonization may contribute to the greater burden of pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected children. Inverse associations between colonization by S. pneumoniae and colonization by Staphylococcus aureus and between colonization by S. aureus and colonization by H. influenzae were observed only in HIV-uninfected children, possibly as a result of suboptimal adaptive immunity after previous colonization in HIV-infected children.
authors.affiliation: University of the Witwatersrand/Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Bertsham, South Africa. madhis@hivsa.com
authors.forename: Shabir A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Madhi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adrian
authors.forename: Locadiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuwanda
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cutland
authors.forename: Werner C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Albrich
authors.forename: Keith P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Klugman
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015995:Prevalence; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013997:Time Factors; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate