title: Low proportion of male births and low birth weight of sons of flour mill worker fathers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Washington State Department of Health has collected and coded parental occupation information on birth certificates since 1980. We used these data to search for possible effects of parental occupational exposures on birth outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tabulated sex ratio, birth weight, and proportions of multiple births, still births, and malformations by mothers' and fathers' occupations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 59 births (22 boys and 37 girls) where the father's occupation was specified as flour mill worker. The sex ratio of 0.373 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.261-0.500) was lower than the mean sex ratio of 0.512. The mean birth weight for flour mill workers' boy babies was 3,180 g (95% CI: 2,971-3,389), compared to an overall mean of 3,511 g for all boy babies. The mean birth weight of flour mill workers' girl babies was 3,602 (95% CI: 3,380-3,824), compared to an overall mean of 3,389 for all girl babies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low prevalence of male infants born to fathers of flour mill workers in Washington State suggests that fumigants that they are exposed to are causing testicular dysfunction. The very low birth weight seen in the male infants of flour mill fathers is unprecedented and may be another genotoxic endpoint.
authors.affiliation: smilham@dc.rr.com
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milham
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ossiander
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012744:Sex Ratio; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology