title: Activated protein C, an anticoagulant polypeptide, ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis via regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim was to investigate the changes of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) by activated protein C (APC) treatment in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), and relate them to changes in SAP severity, thus providing evidence for developing clinical therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intravenous injection of saline (SAP group), APC (50 microg/kg or 10 microg/kg), or CNI1493 just before SAP induction. One group of rats underwent a sham operation (control group). Experimental samples were harvested 16 h after SAP induction. The gene expression of pancreatic MAPKs was evaluated by cDNA microarrays. The mRNA and protein/phosphorylated protein levels of p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta were determined in pancreatic tissue. The severity of disease was evaluated by pancreatic histology, the pancreatic wet/dry weight ratio, and the serum amylase level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rats treated with APC (50 microg/kg) or CNI1493, the severity of pancreatitis and expression of pancreatic TNF-alpha and IL-1beta proteins were attenuated by the decreased expression and activity of p38 MAPK and JNK (vs. the SAP group, P < 0.01). The expression and activity of ERK1/2 were increased in APC-treated rats, especially in the group treated with APC 50 microg/kg (vs. the SAP or CNI1493-treated group, P < 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of expression of pancreatic p38 MAPK and JNK and upregulation of ERK1/2 expression by APC treatment may protect against pancreatic injury, thus ameliorating severity of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yongping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Minmin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Yaozong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology; D019283:Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011486:Protein C / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000813:Anilides; D006146:Guanidines
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000925:Anticoagulants; D006835:Hydrazones; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D011486:Protein C; D011506:Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C097256:semapimod; D000813:Anilides; D006146:Guanidines