title: Perineal outcomes and maternal comfort related to the application of perineal warm packs in the second stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perineal warm packs are widely used during childbirth in the belief that they reduce perineal trauma and increase comfort during late second stage of labor. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of applying warm packs to the perineum on perineal trauma and maternal comfort during the late second stage of labor.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial was undertaken. In the late second stage of labor, nulliparous women (n = 717) giving birth were randomly allocated to have warm packs (n = 360) applied to their perineum or to receive standard care (n = 357). Standard care was defined as any second-stage practice carried out by midwives that did not include the application of warm packs to the perineum. Analysis was on an intention-to-treat basis, and the primary outcome measures were requirement for perineal suturing and maternal comfort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference in the number of women who required suturing after birth was not significant. Women in the warm pack group had significantly fewer third- and fourth-degree tears and they had significantly lower perineal pain scores when giving birth and on "day 1" and "day 2" after the birth compared with the standard care group. At 3 months, they were significantly less likely to have urinary incontinence compared with women in the standard care group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of perineal warm packs in late second stage does not reduce the likelihood of nulliparous women requiring perineal suturing but significantly reduces third- and fourth-degree lacerations, pain during the birth and on days 1 and 2, and urinary incontinence. This simple, inexpensive practice should be incorporated into second stage labor care.
authors.affiliation: Sydney South Western Area Health Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Hannah G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Dahlen
authors.forename: Caroline S E
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Homer
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Alexis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.forename: Rosalie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brodrick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries*; D011247:Pregnancy