title: A non-randomized [corrected] controlled trial of the active music engagement (AME) intervention on children with cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coping theorists argue that environmental factors affect how children perceive and respond to stressful events such as cancer. However, few studies have investigated how particular interventions can change coping behaviors. The active music engagement (AME) intervention was designed to counter stressful qualities of the in-patient hospital environment by introducing three forms of environmental support.
  
  
  METHODS
  The purpose of this multi-site randomized controlled trial was to determine the efficacy of the AME intervention on three coping-related behaviors (i.e. positive facial affect, active engagement, and initiation). Eighty-three participants, ages 4-7, were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: AME (n = 27), music listening (ML; n = 28), or audio storybooks (ASB; n = 28). Conditions were videotaped to facilitate behavioral data collection using time-sampling procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for baseline differences, repeated measure analyses indicated that AME participants had a significantly higher frequency of coping-related behaviors compared with ML or ASB. Positive facial affect and active engagement were significantly higher during AME compared with ML and ASB (p<0.0001). Initiation was significantly higher during AME than ASB (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the use of the AME intervention to encourage coping-related behaviors in hospitalized children aged 4-7 receiving cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. shrobb@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Sheri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.forename: Alicia A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Clair
authors.forename: Masayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Patrick O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Monahan
authors.forename: Faouzi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azzouz
authors.forename: Janice W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Stouffer
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebberts
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Darsie
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitmer
authors.forename: Joey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hanson-Abromeit
authors.forename: Deforia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hannan
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000339:Affect; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009147:Music Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D012803:Sick Role; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D016896:Treatment Outcome