title: Increased arterial stiffness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a mechanism for increased cardiovascular risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a 2-3-fold increase in the risk of ischaemic heart disease, stroke and sudden death. The mechanisms responsible for this association are not clear and appear to be independent of smoking history.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We test the hypothesis that patients with COPD have increased arterial stiffness and blood pressure in comparison with age and smoking matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective case control study, we recruited 102 patients with COPD and 103 healthy controls matched for age and smoking status. Patients were assessed by clinical history and spirometry, with arterial stiffness and blood pressure determined using radial artery applanation tonometry and sphygmomanometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with COPD had increased arterial stiffness compared with matched controls, with elevated augmentation pressure (17 (1) vs 14 (1) mm Hg; p = 0.005) and a reduced time to wave reflection (131 (1) vs 137 (2) ms; p = 0.004). These differences were associated with increases in both diastolic (82 (1) vs 78 (1) mm Hg; p = 0.005) and systolic blood pressure (147 (2) vs 132 (2) mm Hg; p<0.001). Serum C reactive protein concentrations were threefold higher in patients (6.1 (0.9) vs 2.3 (0.4) mg/l; p = 0.001). Data are presented as mean (SEM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with COPD have increased arterial stiffness and blood pressure in comparison with controls matched for age and smoking status. We speculate that increased systemic inflammation and vascular dysfunction could potentially explain the excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Frazer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McEniery
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Newby
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Macnee
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011674:Pulse; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology