title: Simvastatin induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells in a NFkappaB-dependent manner and abolishes the anti-apoptotic signaling of TF/FVIIa and TF/FVIIa/FXa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Statins have benefits independent of the plasma cholesterol properties among cancer patients and tissue factor (TF)/FVIIa induce PI3-kinase/AKT dependent anti-apoptosis during serum starvation. We analyzed how simvastatin induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells and the influence of FVIIa and/or FXa on the proposed apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  MDA-MB-231 cells were serum starved or treated with 5 microM simvastatin and incubated with 10 and 100 nM FVIIa or 5/130 nM FVIIa/FX. RhoA was analyzed by confocal microscopy and caspase-3, nuclear fragmentation, and NFkappaB translocation were measured using the ArrayScan microscope. mRNA for BCL-2, AKT1 and TF were analyzed with RT-PCR or TaqMan. Protein levels and phosphorylation of PKB/AKT were determined by western blotting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simvastatin-induced apoptosis was recorded at 48 h in the MDA-MB-231 cells. Addition of FVIIa to the cells induced PKB/AKT phosphorylation at 24 h and rescued serum-deprived cells from apoptosis. However, in the presence of simvastatin we were unable to report any phosphorylation of PKB/AKT or anti-apoptotic effect mediated by the TF/FVIIa or TF/FVIIa/FXa complexes. This was due to a RhoA-dependent retention of NFkappaB to the cytosol at 12 h which led to a transcriptional down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 as well as reduced AKT1 mRNA production at 24 h and thus diminished levels of PKB/AKT protein. A transcriptional down-regulation of TF at 12 h possibly also contributed to the absent anti-apoptotic signaling. These results thereby support a role for simvastatin in cancer treatment and emphasize the importance of PKB/AKT in TF-signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Akademiska Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aberg
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wickström
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siegbahn
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015942:Factor VIIa / Q000378:metabolism*; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D013925:Thromboplastin; D019821:Simvastatin; D015942:Factor VIIa; D015951:Factor Xa