title: Surgical site infections in liver recipients in the early posttransplantation period: etiological agents and susceptibility profiles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the frequency of microbial isolates and their susceptibility profiles from cultures at the surgical site of 83 liver recipients in the early posttransplantation period.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively collected microbiologic culture data on 83 adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) using standard procedures and commercially available tests. Susceptibility of the strains to antibacterial agents was performed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were followed prospectively for the first 4 weeks after surgery. Among 284 microbial isolates from clinical surgical site samples in 80 liver recipients, cultures were positive in 110 samples. The most commonly isolated species were: Gram-positive cocci (n = 222 isolates, 78%) with dominance of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS; 42%) and high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci (HLAR strains; 24.3%). Gram-negative bacteria were identified in 21.5% of positive cultures, including 30 strains (24%) from the Enterobacteriaceae family, with 13.3% of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers [ESBL(+)]. Significant differences (P = .0012) were observed during the analysis of changes in the occurrence of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from the surgical site in the first week versus the second to the end of the fourth week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gram-positive bacteria predominated as 78% of isolates.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. dkawecki@o2.pl
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kawecki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chmura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacholczyk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lagiewska
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adadynski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wasiak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malkowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawicka-Grzelak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rokosz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szymanowska
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Swoboda-Kopec
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wroblewska
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rowinski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durlik
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luczak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents