title: Prenatal methamphetamine use and neonatal neurobehavioral outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methamphetamine (MA) use among pregnant women is an increasing problem in the United States. How prenatal MA exposure affects neonatal neurobehavior is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the neurobehavioral effects of prenatal MA exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Infant Development, Environment and Lifestyle (IDEAL) study screened 13,808 subjects and 1632 were eligible and consented. 166 (n=74 exposed) were enrolled in a longitudinal follow-up. Exposure was determined by meconium assay and self-report with alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco present in both groups. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was administered within the first 5 days of life. Analyses conducted on NNNS summary scores included exposure group effects, heavy MA use effects, association with frequency of use by trimester, and dose-response relationships with amphetamine metabolites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for covariates, exposure to MA was associated with increased physiological stress. Heavy MA use was related to lower arousal, more lethargy, and increased physiological stress. First trimester MA use was related to elevated stress abstinence. Third trimester use was related to poorer quality of movement. Higher level of amphetamine metabolites in meconium was associated with increased CNS stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal MA exposure was associated with neurobehavioral patterns of decreased arousal, increased stress, and poor quality of movement. The dose-response relationships may represent neurotoxic effects from MA.
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen, School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrace, CA, USA. smith@labiomed.org
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lagasse
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derauf
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Rizwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arria
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huestis
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haning
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Sheri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Della Grotta
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fallone
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
mesh_terms: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine