title: Botulinum toxin in the treatment of orofacial tardive dyskinesia: a single blind study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orofacial tardive dyskinesia (OTD) is difficult to treat and Botulinium Toxin A (BTA) may be an option.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a single blind (raters were blind) study (N=12, duration 33 weeks) OTD was treated with Botulinum Toxin A in three consecutive sessions with increasing dosages. The severity was measured with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall there was a non-significant reduction in the severity of OTD (p=0.15). However, in the patients with no change in their antipsychotic medication (N=8) the reduction was significant (p=0.035). After the study, 50% of the patients preferred to continue the Botulinum Toxin A treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BTA was well tolerated and showed a non-significant improvement for OTD. A larger double blind study is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Mangostraat 15, NL-2552 KS The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christina W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Slotema
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: van Harten
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruggeman
authors.forename: Hans W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hoek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010808:Physical Examination; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A