title: Evaluation of the effect of ethanol's toxic metabolite acetaldehyde on the gastrointestinal oligopeptide transporter, PEPT1: in vitro and in vivo studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of alcohol consumption and its subsequent metabolism on drug transport, absorption and pharmacokinetics are poorly understood. This study examines the effects of the ethanol metabolite, acetaldehyde, on the clinically relevant drug transporter, PEPT1. The metabolism of ethanol and the following acetaldehyde formation is thought to modulate the uptake capacity of PEPT1 within the gastrointestinal tract for a variety of clinically important peptidomimetic drug compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glycylsarcosine ([(3)H]-GlySar), a nonhydrolysable PEPT1 specific substrate was used in our studies. In vitro uptake studies were performed in the Caco-2 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-hPEPT1 cell models, measuring cellular uptake of labeled compound against increasing levels of unlabeled compound in the presence of acetaldehyde. In vivo absorption of [(3)H]-GlySar was measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats that were treated with oral dose of ethanol/disulfiram (5 g/kg / 100 mg/kg) for 6 days. These results were compared to control rats treated with saline, ethanol alone or disulfiram alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro uptake of [(3)H]-GlySar in CHO-hPEPT1 cells treated with 1 mM acetaldehyde was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) as compared to untreated controls. The uptake of [(3)H]-GlySar in Caco-2 cell monolayers treated with 1 mM acetaldehyde was also significantly decreased as compared to the untreated control cells. In vivo absorption of [(3)H]-GlySar in ethanol treated rats, as measured by AUC(0-12 hours) were decreased by approximately 50% versus the control rat group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of acetaldehyde due to consumption of ethanol on the uptake and bioavailability of therapeutic drug compounds transported by the PEPT1 oligopeptide transporter have not been documented. In the present studies, we demonstrate that acetaldehyde significantly modulates PEPT1 function and, thereby, affects drug bioavailability. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of an ethanol metabolite on substrate absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, rather than interactions in the liver, which is an under-represented area of research in alcohol pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Insong J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Swaan
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Eddington
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D016466:CHO Cells; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D006834:Hydrazines; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D000074011:Peptide Transporter 1; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D027981:Symporters / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D006834:Hydrazines; D000074011:Peptide Transporter 1; C082186:SLC15A1 protein, human; C489940:Slc15a1 protein, rat; D027981:Symporters; C446799:dinitrophenylhydrazine; C004194:glycylsarcosine; D000431:Ethanol; D000079:Acetaldehyde