title: Enzyme hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation of liquid hot water and AFEX pretreated distillers' grains at high-solids loadings.
abstract: The dry milling ethanol industry produces distiller's grains as major co-products, which are composed of unhydrolyzed and unfermented polymeric sugars. Utilization of the distiller's grains as an additional source of fermentable sugars has the potential to increase overall ethanol yields in current dry grind processes. In this study, controlled pH liquid hot water pretreatment (LHW) and ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) treatment have been applied to enhance enzymatic digestibility of the distiller's grains. Both pretreatment methods significantly increased the hydrolysis rate of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) over unpretreated material, resulting in 90% cellulose conversion to glucose within 24h of hydrolysis at an enzyme loading of 15FPU cellulase and 40 IU beta-glucosidase per gram of glucan and a solids loading of 5% DDGS. Hydrolysis of the pretreated wet distiller's grains at 13-15% (wt of dry distiller's grains per wt of total mixture) solids loading at the same enzyme reduced cellulose conversion to 70% and increased conversion time to 72h for both LHW and AFEX pretreatments. However, when the cellulase was supplemented with xylanase and feruloyl esterase, the pretreated wet distiller's grains at 15% or 20% solids (w/w) gave 80% glucose and 50% xylose yields. The rationale for supplementation of cellulases with non-cellulolytic enzymes is given by Dien et al., later in this journal volume. Fermentation of the hydrolyzed wet distiller's grains by glucose fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4124 strain resulted in 100% theoretical ethanol yields for both LHW and AFEX pretreated wet distiller's grains. The solids remaining after fermentation had significantly higher protein content and are representative of a protein-enhanced wet DG that would result in enhanced DDGS. Enhanced DDGS refers to the solid product of a modified dry grind process in which the distiller's grains are recycled and processed further to extract the unutilized polymeric sugars. Compositional changes of the laboratory generated enhanced DDGS are also presented and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Potter Engineering Center, 500 Central Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, United States.
authors.forename: Youngmi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hendrickson
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Mosier
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ladisch
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bals
authors.forename: Venkatesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balan
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Dale
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000641:Ammonia / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000821:Animal Feed; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014867:Water / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014990:Xylans / Q000378:metabolism; D014994:Xylose / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004798:Enzymes; D005936:Glucans; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014990:Xylans; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; D000641:Ammonia; D014994:Xylose; D005947:Glucose