title: Blue-jean button nickel: prevalence and prevention of its release from buttons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nickel is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis and is associated with metal buttons and snaps on blue jeans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of nickel-positive metal buttons on blue jeans and the efficacy of nail polish in the prevention of nickel release.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected 62 pairs of new and preworn blue jeans. The metal buttons were tested for nickel with a dimethylglyoxime test kit, and one coat of clear nail polish was applied to nickel-positive buttons. Painted buttons were dried for 24 hours, and the jeans were washed on delicate cycle and retested for nickel. The jeans underwent a second wash/dry cycle and were retested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of nickel-positive metal buttons on blue jeans was 16%. Ten pairs of jeans tested positive for nickel. All 10 pairs tested negative for nickel after the application of one coat of clear nail polish. Of these 10 pairs, seven pairs underwent two wash/dry cycles, and all seven tested negative for nickel after each cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of nickel-positive blue-jean buttons is greater in new jeans than in preworn jeans. One clear coat of nail polish can prevent nickel release through two wash/dry cycles in a test environment.
authors.affiliation: Denver Dermatology Consultants, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suneja
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: Dee Anna
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Glaser
mesh_terms: D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods; D003020:Clothing; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010091:Oximes; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D010091:Oximes; C013501:dimethylglyoxime; D009532:Nickel