title: Mechanism of sodium loss with muscle sodium deficiency in sodium supplemented and unsupplemented subjects during hypokinesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims at showing the effect of hypokinesia (HK) on sodium (Na+) loss with different muscle Na+ deficiency and different Na+ intake. Muscle Na+ content, plasma Na+ level and Na+ loss with and without Na+ supplementation were measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on 40 healthy male volunteers during a pre-experimental and an experimental period. Subjects were equally divided into four groups: unsupplemented active control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), supplemented active control subjects (SACS) and supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS). A daily supplementation of 3.21 mmol of sodium chloride (NaCl) per kg body weight was given to subjects in the SACS and SHKS groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle Na+ content levels decreased and plasma Na+ levels, and levels of Na+ loss in urine and feces increased (p<0.05) in the SHKS and UHKS groups compared to their pre-experimental values and the values in the respective active control groups (SACS and UACS). However, muscle Na+ content levels decreased more (p<0.05), and plasma Na+ levels and levels of Na+ loss in urine and feces increased more (p<0.05) in the SHKS group than in the UHKS group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greater muscle Na+ deficiency with higher than lower Na+ consumption shows that the risk of greater muscle Na+ deficiency is directly related to Na+ consumption. The higher Na+ loss with higher than lower muscle Na+ deficiency shows that the risk of greater muscle Na+ loss is directly related to muscle Na+ deficiency. It is concluded that muscle Na+ deficiency is more evident when Na+ consumption is higher and that muscle Na+ loss was more exacerbated with higher than lower muscle Na+ deficiency indicating that during prolonged HK the muscle Na+ deficiency is due to the inability of the body to use Na+, but not to Na+ shortage in diet.
authors.affiliation: Physiology Department, Higher Institute of Biochemistry, Gomel, Belarus.
authors.forename: Kyrill G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Deogenes
authors.forename: Costas B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Tsiamis
authors.forename: Kostas K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kakuris
authors.forename: Viktor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Deogenov
authors.forename: Kosmas B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Yerullis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012016:Reference Values; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000652:urine; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013177:Sports; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D012964:Sodium