title: In vivo effects of insulin and free fatty acids on matrix metalloproteinases in rat aorta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA), and increased risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD). A part of this increased risk may be due to enhanced activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Here, we have examined the effects of physiologically elevated levels of insulin and FFA on three MMPs and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of MMP [TIMPs]) in aortic tissue of male rats during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-hour euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with infusion of saline/glycerol, lipid/heparin, or insulin with or without lipid/heparin were performed in alert unrestrained male rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperinsulinemia increased MMP-2 ( approximately 6-fold), MMP-9 ( approximately 13-fold), membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP; approximately 8-fold) (all Western blots), and gelatinolytic activity (zymography) of MMP-2 (2-fold), while not affecting TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Insulin increased IRS-1-associated PI 3-kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), and c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) (by Western blots with phospho-specific antibodies). FFA augmented the insulin-mediated increases in MMP-2 (from approximately 6- to approximately 11-fold), MMP-9 (from approximately 3- to approximately 23-fold), MT1-MMP (from approximately 8- to approximately 20-fold), MMP-2 gelatinolytic activity (from 2- to 3-fold), and JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities but decreased insulin-mediated activation of PI3K and ERK1/2. Raising FFA without raising insulin affected neither MMPs nor TIMPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FFA augmented insulin stimulation of the MMP/TIMP balance of three proatherogenic MMPs and increased activities of two MAPKs (JNK and p38 MAPK), both of which are known to stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This may, over time, increase degradation of extracellular matrix and together with inflammatory changes promote development of ASVD.
authors.affiliation: Temple University Hospital, 3401 North Broad St., Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. bodengh@tuhs.temple.edu
authors.forename: Guenther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boden
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pashko
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kresge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases