title: Secondary analysis of time of day on simulated driving performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Age and gender are frequently controlled for in studies of driving performance, but the effects of time of day or circadian cycles on performance are often not considered. Previous research on time of day effects of simulated driving is contradictory and provides little guidance for understanding the impact of these variables on results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using driving simulator data from 79 subjects ages 18 to 65, this paper focuses on the impact of age, gender, and time of day on the simulated driving performance of subjects who self-selected the time of participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time of day effects were consistently evident for drivers' speed overall and across different simulated environments. Drivers in the late afternoon period consistently drove significantly slower than drivers in other time periods. Age and gender affected speed such that women and those participants 50 and older tended to drive more slowly. Time of day also had an effect on reaction time and on speed variability measures. Gender did not have significant effects on reaction time or variability measures, but age effects were present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the results suggest that time of day effects should be considered as part of simulated driving performance, and that interactions between time of day and other variables, notably age, should be controlled for as part of future research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implications of these findings on current efforts for older driver testing are discussed.
authors.affiliation: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AgeLab, RM. E40-291, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. reimer@mit.edu
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: D'Ambrosio
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Coughlin
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013995:Time