title: Enhanced case management to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Northern Plains communities.
abstract: Women proven to be extremely high risk for drinking during pregnancy were provided case management (CM) enhanced with strategies derived from motivational interviewing (MI) as a part of a comprehensive Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) epidemiology and prevention program in four American Indian communities in Northern Plains states. Data on the first women enrolled (n=131) revealed that they have extreme issues with alcohol abuse to overcome. Sixty-five percent of these women have experienced extensive alcohol use within their immediate family. At intake, 24% of CM clients reported binge drinking one or more days in the preceding week. Heavy drinking resulted in estimated blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) as high as .576 using the BACCUS methodology. Project staff has attempted to actively engage each of these women in CM. Clients have been in CM an average of 17.2 months (SD=16.6). The mean number of significant contacts (face-to-face or telephone MI sessions) was 19. Thirty-one percent of the women entered some type of formal alcohol or drug treatment while in CM. Data were collected at 6 month intervals from 6 to 72 months after enrollment. Consumption of alcohol, as measured by both quantity and frequency measures, was reduced at 6 months. Thirty-eight percent of enrolled women reported complete abstinence from alcohol use at 6 months, and the number of binges while drinking in CM declined significantly from 15 at baseline to 4.3 at 6 months. However, mean peak BACs for the heavy drinking sessions were still problematic for those who continued to drink. They ranged from .234 to .275 from baseline to 12 month follow-up, but the total number of binges was reduced substantially at 12 months as well. Furthermore, the most important outcomes are the status of the children born while in CM. One hundred and forty nine pregnancies have occurred among these women, and 76% of those pregnancies have resulted in normal deliveries, and only two children born in CM are suspected of having some form of severe FASD. At 6, 12, 18, and 24 month follow-up milestones, 70% of the women who were not currently pregnant were protected from having a child with FAS by not drinking, using birth control, or both. Other measures of CM success include enrolling in school, regaining custody of children, completing substance abuse treatment, probation from the criminal justice system, substantial periods of abstinence, enrolling in programs to improve life skills, and employment.
authors.affiliation: Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions (CASAA), The University of New Mexico, 2650 Yale Blvd., SE Suite 100, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA. pmay@unm.edu
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Goodhart
authors.forename: Olivia R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Maestas
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Phyllis M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Trujillo
authors.forename: J Phillip
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gossage
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D019090:Case Management; D003267:Contraception; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008427:Maternal Health Services; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult