title: Hypermetropia and esotropia in myotonic dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review detailed ophthalmic examinations of myotonic dystrophy patients especially with regard to refractive error and ocular alignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of detailed ophthalmic examinations of 32 patients (27 children and 5 adults) with myotonic dystrophy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority (86%) of eyes were hypermetropic. The average degree of hypermetropia was +6.0 D for children and +2.10 D for adults: 56% of children had esotropia; 22% had amblyopia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with myotonic dystrophy should receive detailed eye examinations with emphasis placed on recognition and management of hypermetropia and strabismus.
authors.affiliation: Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bollinger
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kattouf
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: Avery H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kivlin
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Constance E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kipp
authors.forename: Elias I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Traboulsi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D004948:Esotropia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009223:Myotonic Dystrophy / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index