title: AICAR inhibits proliferation and induced S-phase arrest, and promotes apoptosis in CaSki cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside (AICAR) on proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in the human epithelial cervical cancer cell line CaSki cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell count and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay were used to determine cell proliferation and viability. Hoechst 33258 staining was conducted to distinguish the apoptotic cells. Cell cycle and Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). A Western blot assay was used to evaluate the expression of AKT (also known as protein kinase B), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p53, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK).
  
  
  RESULTS
  AICAR (500 micromol/L) significantly inhibited the proliferation of CaSki cells treated for 24, 48, and 72 h as determined by cell count. The cells at the G1 and G2 phases were dramatically decreased while cells at the S phase were increased in response to AICAR treatment for 24, 48, and 72 h. The MTT assay showed less viable cells and Hoechst fluorescent staining showed more apoptotic cells upon AICAR stimulation. The results of the Annexin-V staining demonstrated a time-dependent increase of apoptosis in cells treated with AICAR for 24, 36, and 48 h. Furthermore, AICAR activated caspase-3 in a time-dependent manner. It was also found that AICAR inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR, which are important kinases regulating cell growth and survival. AICAR stimulation obviously increased the expression of the tumor suppressor p53 and the phosphorylation of ERK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AICAR inhibited proliferation and induced S phase arrest and promoted apoptosis in CaSki cells, which might be mediated by the downregulation of the AKT/mTOR pathway and the upregulation of the p53/ERK pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, The School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
authors.forename: Tong-ju
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Feng-jin
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Jian-hai
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: You-yi
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D012265:Ribonucleotides; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; C031143:AICA ribonucleotide