title: Predictors of survival after haemorrhagic stroke in a multi-ethnic population: the South London Stroke Register (SLSR).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the predictors of long-term survival after haemorrhagic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected within the population-based South London Stroke Register covering a multiethnic source population of 271,817 inhabitants (2001) in South London. Death data were collected at post-stroke follow-up. The impact of patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, ethnic origin, pre-stroke risk factors and acute treatment on long-term survival were investigated. Survival methods included Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox's proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between January 1995 and December 2004, a total of 566 patients with first-ever haemorrhagic stroke (395 primary intracerebral haemorrhage; 171 subarachnoid haemorrhage) were registered. Mean age was 62.3 years; 365 (64.5%) were white, 132 (23.3%) were black and 69 (12.2%) were other or unknown ethnic origin; there were 1340 person-years of follow-up. After multivariable adjustment, age (p<0.001) and having diabetes (hazard ratio (HR), 1.69; 95% CI 1.06-2.70) were associated with increased risk of death. Patients with severe stroke (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <9) had an increased risk of death (HR 6.5; 95% CI 4.68 to 8.90) compared with those with mild stroke (GCS >12). Treatment on a stroke unit reduced the long-term risk of death (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.98). Black patients had a reduced risk of death (HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.92) compared with white patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age, diabetes, stroke severity and stroke unit care influenced the long-term risk of death after haemorrhagic stroke. An independent survival advantage was observed in black patients. These factors can be utilised for clinical predictions but the cause of the observations in black patients remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Division of Health and Social Care Research, Capital House, 42 Weston Street, London SE1 3QD, UK. shah_jalal.sarker@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sarker
authors.forename: P U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Heuschmann
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: C D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rudd
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Smeeton
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Toschke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D015984:Causality; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D044465:White People