title: Hair analysis for cocaine: factors in laboratory contamination studies and their relevance to proficiency sample preparation and hair testing practices.
abstract: Hair samples were contaminated by rubbing with cocaine (COC) followed by sweat application, multiple shampoo treatments and storage. The samples were then washed with isopropanol for 15min, followed by sequential aqueous washes totaling 3.5h. The amount of drug in the last wash was used to calculate a wash criterion to determine whether samples were positive due to use or contamination. Analyses of cocaine and metabolites were done by LC/MS/MS. These procedures were applied to samples produced by a U.S. government-sponsored cooperative study, in which this laboratory participated, and to samples in a parallel in-house study. All contaminated samples in both studies were correctly identified as contaminated by cutoff, benzoylecgonine (BE) presence, BE ratio, and/or the wash criterion. A method for determining hair porosity was applied to samples in both studies, and porosity characteristics of hair are discussed as they relate to experimental and real-world contamination of hair, preparation of proficiency survey samples, and analysis of unknown hair samples.
authors.affiliation: Psychemedics Corporation, 5832 Uplander Way, Culver City, CA 90230, USA. virginiah@psychemedics.com
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaffer
mesh_terms: D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis*; D003902:Detergents; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis*; D004340:Drug Contamination; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue; D016062:Porosity; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D013542:Sweat
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D003042:Cocaine; D008751:Methylene Blue