title: Heterogeneity in primary structure, post-translational modifications, and germline gene usage of nine full-length amyloidogenic kappa1 immunoglobulin light chains.
abstract: Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease in which a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain (LC) with a critically folded beta-conformation self-aggregates to form highly ordered, nonbranching amyloid fibrils. The insoluble nature of amyloid fibrils ultimately results in the extracellular deposition of the LC in tissues and organs throughout the body. Structural features that confer amyloidogenic properties on an Ig LC likely include amino acid sequence variations and post-translational modifications, but the specific natures of these changes remain to be defined. As part of an exploration of the effective range of amyloidogenic modifications, this study details the structural and genetic analyses of nine kappa1 LC proteins. Urinary LCs were purified by size exclusion chromatography using FPLC, and structural analyses were performed by electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and tandem mass spectrometry. RT-PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the monoclonal LC genes were accomplished using bone marrow-derived mRNA. Clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. Characterization of the urinary kappa1 LCs revealed extensive post-translational modification in all proteins, in addition to somatic mutations expected on the basis of results from genetic analyses. Post-translational modifications included disulfide-linked dimerization, S-cysteinylation, glycosylation, fragmentation, S-sulfonation, and 3-chlorotyrosine formation. Genetic analyses showed that several LC variable region germline gene donors were represented including O18/O8, O12/O2, L15, and L5. Clinical features included soft tissue, cardiac, renal, and hepatic involvement. This study demonstrated the extensive heterogeneity in primary structure, post-translational modifications, and germline gene usage that occurred in nine amyloidogenic kappa1 LC proteins.
authors.affiliation: Alan and Sandra Gerry Amyloid Research Laboratory in the Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. lconnors@bu.edu
authors.forename: Lawreen H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Budnik
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Théberge
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Prokaeva
authors.forename: Kip L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bodi
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Seldin
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000686:Amyloidosis / Q000378:metabolism; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007145:Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D007145:Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains