title: Breath-hold time during cold water immersion: effects of habituation with psychological training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The loss of the conscious control of respiration on whole body cold water immersion (CWI) can result in the aspiration of water and drowning. Repeated CWI reduces the respiratory drive evoked by CWI and should prolong breath-hold time on CWI (BHmax(CWI)). Psychological skills training (PST) can also increase BHmax(CWI) by improving the ability of individuals to consciously suppress the drive to breathe. This study tested the hypothesis that combining PST and repeated CWI would extend BHmax(CWI) beyond that seen following only repeated CWI.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 20 male subjects who completed two 2.5-min, head-out breath-hold CWI (BH1 and BH2) in water at 12 degrees C. Following BH1, subjects were matched on BHmax(CWI) and allocated to a habituation (HAB) group or a habituation plus PST group (H+PST). Between BH1 and BH2 both experimental groups undertook five 2.5-min CWI on separate days, during which they breathed freely. The H+PST also received psychological training to help tolerate cold and suppress the drive to breathe on immersion to extend BHmax(CWI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During BH1, mean BHmax(CWI) (+/- SD) in the HAB group was 22.00 (10.33) s and 22.38 (10.65) s in the H+PST. After the five free-breathing CWI, both groups had a longer BHmax(CWI) in BH2. The HAB group improved by 14.13 (20.21) s, an increase of 73%. H+PST improved by 26.86 (24.70) s, a 120% increase. No significant differences were identified between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Habituation significantly increases BHmax on CWI, the addition of PST did not result in statistically significant improvements in BHmax(CWI), but may have practical significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK. martin.barwood@port.ac.uk
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barwood
authors.forename: Avijit K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Thelwell
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tipton
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004242:Diving; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012119:Respiration; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water