title: Pancreatic beta-cell function as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and costs: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore relationships between beta-cell function and incident cardiovascular events, death, and medical costs among elderly individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, population-based cohort of 4555 elderly individuals, we examined the effect of beta-cell function on incident cardiovascular events and mortality. We also examined costs for 3715 of these individuals. We used the computer-based homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) to calculate indices of beta-cell function (HOMA-%B) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-%S) using baseline fasting glucose and insulin levels. All subjects were followed from 1992/1993 for 6 years or until death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Discrete-time survival model of the effects of beta-cell function on incident cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality; and semiparametric estimators for calculations of mean 6-year costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for HOMA-%S, a 20% decrease in HOMA-%B was associated with increased odds of incident cardiovascular events (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.14) and death (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07-1.14). The relationships persisted after controlling for clinical and sociodemographic confounders. A 20% decrease in HOMA-%B was also associated with increased costs (cost ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05). The significant association did not persist after controlling for confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sample comprises relatively healthy elderly individuals and is based on data from 1992 through 1999, which may not reflect current experience. The measure of beta-cell function is an estimate generated from single measures of glucose and insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beta-cell function as measured by HOMA-%B is a significant predictor of incident cardiovascular events and mortality but not of costs, controlling for HOMA-%S and sociodemographic and clinical confounders.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Genetic Economics, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27715, USA. lesley.curtis@duke.edu
authors.forename: Lesley H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Bradley G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hammill
authors.forename: M Angelyn
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bethel
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anstrom
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gottdiener
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schulman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality