Pluripotency of embryonic stem cells.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from pre-implantation embryos have the potential to differentiate into any cell type derived from the three germ layers of ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nerves), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood), and endoderm (liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, lungs), including fetal and adult cells. Alone, these cells do not develop into a viable fetus or adult animal because they do not retain the potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue, and in vitro, they lack spatial and temporal signaling cues essential to normal in vivo development. The basis of pluripotentiality resides in conserved regulatory networks composed of numerous transcription factors and multiple signaling cascades. Together, these regulatory networks maintain ES cells in a pluripotent and undifferentiated form; however, alterations in the stoichiometry of these signals promote differentiation. By taking advantage of this differentiation capacity in vitro, ES cells have clearly been shown to possess the potential to generate multipotent stem and progenitor cells capable of differentiating into a limited number of cell fates. These latter types of cells may prove to be therapeutically viable, but perhaps more importantly, the studies of these cells have led to a greater understanding of mammalian development.
Yamanaka
Satoshi
S
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Li
Jinliang
J
Kania
Gabriela
G
Elliott
Steve
S
Wersto
Robert P
RP
Van Eyk
Jennifer
J
Wobus
Anna M
AM
Boheler
Kenneth R
KR
D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000187:drug effects; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005855:Germ Layers / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism; D044967:Serum; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D020543:Proteome; D014157:Transcription Factors