title: Potential impact of host immunity on malaria treatment outcome in Tanzanian children infected with Plasmodium falciparum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In malaria endemic areas children may recover from malaria after chemotherapy in spite of harbouring genotypically drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. This phenomenon suggests that there is a synergy between drug treatment and acquired immunity. This hypothesis was examined in an area of moderately intense transmission of P. falciparum in Tanzania during a drug trail with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) or amodiaquine (AQ).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred children with uncomplicated malaria were treated with either SP or AQ and followed for 28 days. Mutations in parasite genes related to SP and AQ-resistance as well as human sickle cell trait and alpha-thalassaemia were determined using PCR and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SSOP-ELISA), and IgG antibody responses to a panel of P. falciparum antigens were assessed and related to treatment outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parasitological or clinical treatment failure (TF) was observed in 68% and 38% of children receiving SP or AQ, respectively. In those with adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) compared to children with TF, and for both treatment regimens, prevalence and levels of anti-Glutamate-rich Protein (GLURP)-specific IgG antibodies were significantly higher (P < 0.001), while prevalence of parasite haplotypes associated with SP and AQ resistance was lower (P = 0.02 and P = 0.07, respectively). Interestingly, anti-GLURP-IgG antibodies were more strongly associated with treatment outcome than parasite resistant haplotypes, while the IgG responses to none of the other 11 malaria antigens were not significantly associated with ACPR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that GLURP-specific IgG antibodies in this setting contribute to clearance of drug-resistant infections and support the hypothesis that acquired immunity enhances the clinical efficacy of drug therapy. The results should be confirmed in larger scale with greater sample size and with variation in transmission intensity.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. enevold@cmp.dk
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Enevold
authors.forename: Watoky M M M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Nkya
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theisen
authors.forename: Lasse S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Vestergaard
authors.forename: Anja Tr
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Staalsoe
authors.forename: Thor G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Theander
authors.forename: Ib C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Bygbjerg
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alifrangis
mesh_terms: D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007121:Immunocompetence; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013636:Tanzania; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C072492:glutamate-rich protein, Plasmodium; D000655:Amodiaquine; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D011739:Pyrimethamine