title: Schizophrenia outcome measures in the wider international community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outcome of schizophrenia has been described as favourable in low- and middle-income countries. Recently, researchers have questioned these findings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the outcome studies carried out in different countries specifically looking at those from low- and middle-income countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-term course and outcome studies in schizophrenia were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A wide variety of outcome measures are used. The most frequent are clinical symptoms, hospitalisation and mortality (direct indicators), and social/occupational functioning, marriage, social support and burden of care (indirect indicators). Areas such as cognitive function, duration of untreated psychosis, quality of life and effect of medication have not been widely studied in low- and middle-income countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome of schizophrenia appears to be better in low- and middle-income countries. A host of sociocultural factors have been cited as contributing to this but future research should aim to understand this better outcome. There is a need for more culture-specific instruments to measure outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Community, Culture and Mental Health Unit, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Fremantle, Australia. Mohan.Isaac@uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isaac
authors.forename: Prabhat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chand
authors.forename: Pratima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murthy
mesh_terms: D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000592:standards; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012923:Social Class; D016896:Treatment Outcome