title: Millimetric laparoscopic surgery training on a physical trainer using rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the possibility of laparoscopic technique training and refinement at the millimetric level.
  
  
  METHODS
  A physical trainer and Winstar rats were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The training system is visually similar to pneumoperitoneum. The laparoscopic technique is perfected in a visual space illuminated by white light, with two-dimensional feedback and at a geometric level that allows for refinement of the technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to refine the technique at this geometric level at a low cost and without requiring laparoscopic equipment. In addition, optics tests indicate the possibility in the short term of refining the laparoscopic technique to the microanastomotic level.
authors.affiliation: Departamento Eléctrica, Sección Bioelectrónica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, N 2508, D.F., CP 07360, México.
authors.forename: Arturo Minor
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Alberto Chouleb
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kalach
authors.forename: Daniel Lorias
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Espinoza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D018961:Educational Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D008904:Miniaturization; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity