title: Cationic bis-cyclometallated iridium(III) phenanthroline complexes with pendant fluorenyl substituents: synthesis, redox, photophysical properties and light-emitting cells.
abstract: We report the synthesis, characterisation, photophysical and electrochemical properties of a series of cationic cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes of general formula [Ir(ppy)(2)(phen)]PF(6) (ppy=2-phenylpyridine, phen=a substituted phenanthroline). A feature of these complexes is that the phen ligands are substituted with one or two 9,9-dihexylfluorenyl substituents to provide extended pi conjugation, for example, the 3-[2-(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl)]phenanthroline and 3,8-bis[2-(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl)]phenanthroline ligands afford complexes 6 and 9, respectively. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of a related complex 18 containing the 3,8-bis(4-iodophenyl)phenanthroline ligand, revealed an octahedral coordination of the Ir atom, in which the metallated C atoms of the ppy ligands occupy cis positions. The complexes 6 and 9 displayed reversible oxidation waves in cyclic voltammetric studies (E(ox)(1/2)=+1.18 and +1.20 V, respectively, versus Ag/Ag(+) in CH(2)Cl(2)) assigned to the metal-centred Ir(III)/Ir(IV) couple. The complexes exhibit strong absorption in the UV region in solution spectra, due to spin-allowed ligand-centred (LC) (1)pi-pi* transitions; moderately intense bands occur at approximately 360-390 nm which are red-shifted with increased ligand length. The photoluminescence spectra of all the complexes were characterised by a broad band at lambda(max) approximately 595 nm assigned to a combination of (3)MLCT and (3)pi-->pi* states. The long emission lifetimes (in the microsecond time-scale) are indicative of phosphorescence: the increased ligand conjugation length in complexes 9 and 17 leads to increased lifetimes for the complexes (tau=2.56 and 2.57 micros in MeCN, respectively) compared to monofluorenyl analogues 6 and 15 (tau=1.43 and 1.39 micros, respectively). DFT calculations of the geometries and electronic structures of complexes 6', 9' (for both singlet ground state (S(0)) and triplet first excited (T(1)) states) and 18 have been performed. In the singlet ground state (S(0)) HOMO orbitals in the complexes are spread between the Ir atom and benzene rings of the phenylpyridine ligand, whereas the LUMO is mainly located on the phenanthroline ligand. Analysis of orbital localisations for the first excited (T(1)) state have been performed and compared with spectroscopic data. Spin-coated light-emitting cells (LECs) have been fabricated with the device structures ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Ir complex/Al, or Ba capped with Al (ITO=indium tin oxide, PEDOT=poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PSS=poly(styrene) sulfonate). A maximum brightness efficiency of 9 cd A(-1) has been attained at a bias of 9 V for 17 with a Ba/Al cathode. The devices operated in air with no reduction in efficiency after storage for one week in air.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
authors.forename: Xianshun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavasli
authors.forename: Igor F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Perepichka
authors.forename: Andrei S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Batsanov
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bryce
authors.forename: Chien-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rothe
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Monkman
mesh_terms: D002412:Cations / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004563:Electrochemistry; D007495:Iridium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008024:Ligands; D049449:Luminescence; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010618:Phenanthrolines / Q000737:chemistry*; D010777:Photochemistry; D011789:Quantum Theory
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D008024:Ligands; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010618:Phenanthrolines; D007495:Iridium