An arms race: innate antiviral responses and counteracting viral strategies.
Viral recognition is mediated by different classes of PRRs (pattern-recognition receptors) among which the TLRs (Toll-like receptors) and the RLHs [RIG (retinoic-acid-inducible)-like helicases] play major roles. The detection of PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) by these PRRs leads to the initiation of signalling pathways that ultimately result in the activation of transcription factors such as NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) and IRF-3 [IFN (interferon) regulatory factor-3] and IRF-7 and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs. Viruses have evolved a fine-tuned mechanism to evade detection by the immune system or to interfere with the resulting signalling pathways. Here, we discuss viral evasion proteins that specifically interfere with TLR and/or RLH signalling.
Schröder
M
M
Viral Immune Evasion Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. schrodem@tcd.ie
Bowie
A G
AG
D000818:Animals; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D020365:RNA Helicases / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000276:immunology*
D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014764:Viral Proteins; D020365:RNA Helicases