title: Atrophy rates accelerate in amnestic mild cognitive impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We tested if rates of brain atrophy accelerate in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) as they progress to typical late onset Alzheimer disease (AD). We included comparisons to subjects with aMCI who did not progress (labeled aMCI-S) and also to cognitively normal elderly subjects (CN).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 46 subjects with aMCI who progressed to AD (labeled aMCI-P), 46 CN, and 23 aMCI-S. All subjects must have had three or more serial MRI scans. Rates of brain shrinkage and ventricular expansion were measured across all available serial MRI scans in each subject. Change in volumes relative to the point at which subjects progressed to a clinical diagnosis of AD (the index date) was modeled in aMCI-P. Change in volumes relative to age was modeled in all three clinical groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In aMCI-P the change in pre to post index rate (i.e., acceleration) of ventricular expansion was 1.7 cm(3)/year, and acceleration in brain shrinkage was 5.3 cm(3)/year. Brain volume declined and ventricular volume increased in all three groups with age. Volume changes decelerated with increasing age in aMCI-P, and to a lesser extent in aMCI-S, but were linear in the matched CN. Among all subjects with aMCI, rates of atrophy were greater in apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 carriers than noncarriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of atrophy accelerate as individuals progress from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to typical late onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Rates of atrophy are greater in younger than older subjects with aMCI who progressed to AD and subjects with aMCI who did not progress. We did not find that atrophy rates varied with age in 70- to 90-year-old cognitively normal subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. jack.clifford@mayo.edu
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Weigand
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shiung
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Przybelski
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gunter
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Knopman
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Boeve
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000647:Amnesia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020547:Lateral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors