title: Adenosine increases calcium sensitivity via receptor-independent activation of the p38/MK2 pathway in mesenteric arteries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adenosine (Ado) restores desensitized angiotensin II-induced contractions in the renal arterioles via an intracellular, receptor-independent mechanisms including the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In the present study we test the hypothesis that MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) mediates the Ado effect downstream from p38 MAPK resulting in an increased phosphorylation of the regulatory unit of the myosin light chain (MLC(20)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contraction experiments were performed in rings of mesenteric arteries under isometric conditions in C57BL6 and MK2 knock out mice (MK2-/-). Ado pretreatment (10(-5) mol L(-1)) strongly increased Ang II sensitivity, calcium sensitivity and the phosphorylation of MLC(20). Treatment with Ado (3 x 10(-6) or 10(-5) mol L(-1) in between successive Ang II applications) enhanced the desensitized Ang II responses (second to fifth application). Ca(2+) transients were not effected by Ado. Further, blockade of type 1 and type 2 Ado receptors during treatment did not influence the effect. Type 3 receptor activation by inosine instead of Ado had no effect. Conversely, inhibition of nitrobenzylthioinosine-sensitive Ado transporters prevented the effects of Ado. Inhibition of p38 MAPK as well as use of MK2-/- mice prevented contractile Ado effects on the mesenteric arteries and the phosphorylation of MLC(20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that Ado activates the p38 MAPK/MK2 pathway in vascular smooth muscle via an intracellular action, which results in an increased MLC(20) phosphorylation in concert with increased calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. This mechanism can significantly contribute to the regulation of vascular tone, e.g. under post-ischaemic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Vegetative Physiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. peter.martinka@charite.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martinka
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fähling
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gaestel
authors.forename: A E G
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patzak
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018994:Myosin Light Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000502:physiology; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018994:Myosin Light Chains; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000804:Angiotensin II; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000241:Adenosine; D002118:Calcium