title: Evaluation of apoptosis in nasal and buccal cells of septic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibition of lung cell apoptosis in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of septic patients may have a prognostic value for the severity of sepsis. The present study evaluated apoptosis in the nasal and buccal mucosa of septic patients as an alternative and less invasive approach for studying the cells involved in bronchial inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was designed. Nasal and buccal mucosa brushings were obtained from 20 consecutive septic patients who were admitted to two intensive care units. Twenty-four patients scheduled to undergo surgery for colorectal cancer or laparascopic cholocystectomy were the control group. Apoptosis was evaluated using a TUNEL assay, while BCL-2 and BAX expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly reduced apoptosis in the nasal mucosa of septic patients compared to the control group (p=0.043) was detected only by the TUNEL assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced apoptosis was found during sepsis in the nasal mucosa in accordance with the reduced apoptosis in the lungs of septic patients. In contrast to septic lungs the underlying mechanism leading to apoptosis in the nasal mucosa was unrelated to the expression of two apoptosis-related genes BCL-2 and BAX.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Attikon Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vassiliou
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yapijakis
authors.forename: Spyridoula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Derka
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Papakosta
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Psyrri
authors.forename: Pantelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Antonakis
authors.forename: Lambros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goutzanis
authors.forename: Manousos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konstadoulakis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Androulakis
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vairaktaris
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis; D002610:Cheek; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2