title: Item response analysis of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Statistical models based on item response theory were used to examine (a) the performance of individual Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) items and their options, (b) the effectiveness of various subscales to discriminate among individual differences in symptom severity, and (c) the appropriateness of cutoff scores recently recommended by Andreasen and her colleagues (2005) to establish symptom remission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Option characteristic curves were estimated using a nonparametric item response model to examine the probability of endorsing each of 7 options within each of 30 PANSS items as a function of standardized, overall symptom severity. Our data were baseline PANSS scores from 9205 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were enrolled between 1995 and 2003 in either a large, naturalistic, observational study or else in 1 of 12 randomized, double-blind, clinical trials comparing olanzapine to other antipsychotic drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our analyses show that the majority of items forming the Positive and Negative subscales of the PANSS perform very well. We also identified key areas for improvement or revision in items and options within the General Psychopathology subscale. The Positive and Negative subscale scores are not only more discriminating of individual differences in symptom severity than the General Psychopathology subscale score, but are also more efficient on average than the 30-item total score. Of the 8 items recently recommended to establish symptom remission, 1 performed markedly different from the 7 others and should either be deleted or rescored requiring that patients achieve a lower score of 2 (rather than 3) to signal remission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This first item response analysis of the PANSS supports its sound psychometric properties; most PANSS items were either very good or good at assessing overall severity of illness. These analyses did identify some items which might be further improved for measuring individual severity differences or for defining remission thresholds. Findings also suggest that the Positive and Negative subscales are more sensitive to change than the PANSS total score and, thus, may constitute a "mini PANSS" that may be more reliable, require shorter administration and training time, and possibly reduce sample sizes needed for future research.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, and The Provincial Centre of Excellence for Child and Youth Mental Health, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. dsantor@uottawa.ca
authors.forename: Darcy A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Santor
authors.forename: Haya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ascher-Svanum
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lindenmayer
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Obenchain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000077152:Olanzapine