title: Karapandzic flap for reconstruction of lip defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systematic evaluation of the Karapandzic flap in the reconstruction of lip defects after ablative surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had a Karapandzic flap to reconstruct lip defects were analyzed with reference to demographic details, histology and location of the tumor, and dimensions of resection. The functional aspects of the reconstruction were assessed in terms of the size of the oral stoma, preservation of oral competence, and facial expression, in addition to speech, diet and ease of cutlery, and denture usage. The esthetic outcome was assessed with a 4-point scale and in addition the symmetry of the commissure at rest and function, preservation of the philtrum, and lip projection also were assessed. The complications were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients underwent Karapandzic flap reconstruction (4 males, 3 females) with an age range of 43 to 98 years. Three tumors were located in the upper lip, 4 in the lower lip, and there were 5 squamous and 2 basal cell carcinomas. The lip defects ranged from 40% to 75% of the lip circumference. The oral stoma was of a reduced circumference in all cases but did not lead to any functional compromise in terms of oral competence, facial expression, speech, diet, denture and cutlery usage, and sensation. There were no wound complications in our series. The esthetic outcome was considered excellent/good in 85% of cases. The commissure was symmetrical in all except 1 patient, the philtrum was preserved in all cases of lower lip reconstruction, and the projection of the lip was reduced in edentulous patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Karapandzic flap is a reliable technique that offers consistently good functional and esthetic outcomes after reconstruction of lip defects.
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Unit, St Richard's Hospital, Chichester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Madanagopalan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ethunandan
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Macpherson
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Santhanam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D008048:Lip Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome