title: Wastewater-irrigated vegetables: market handling versus irrigation water quality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vegetables irrigated with untreated domestic wastewater were, at the time of harvest, analysed for the presence of the faecal indicator, Escherichia coli, and helminth eggs in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Vegetables from the same harvested batch were collected approximately 12 h later from the local market.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey found relatively low concentrations of E. coli (1.9 E. coli per gram), but relatively high concentrations of helminths (0.7 eggs per gram) on vegetables collected from agricultural fields. Higher concentration of both E. coli (14.3 E. coli per gram) and helminths (2.1 eggs per gram) were recovered from the vegetables collected from the market.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the survey suggest that unhygienic post harvest handling was the major source of produce contamination. Interventions at the market, such as the provision of clean water to wash produce in, are better ways to protect public health and more cost effective than wastewater treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. jeroen.ensink@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jeroen H J
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ensink
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D000723:Ancylostomatoidea; D000818:Animals; D017164:Ascaris lumbricoides; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage