title: Intrusion of multiradicular teeth and related root resorption with mini-screw implant anchorage: a radiographic evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mini-screw implants (MSIs) hold great potential for enhancing intrusive mechanics applied to multiradicular teeth. This experimental study used various force magnitudes to evaluate (1) the stability of immediately loaded MSIs, (2) the amounts of tooth intrusion produced, and (3) the amounts of root resorption produced.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using a split-mouth repeated-measures design, intrusive forces were applied for 98 days to the mandibular second (LPM2), third (LPM3), and fourth (LPM4) premolars of 8 mature beagle dogs (ages, 20-24 months). With 12 MSIs (IMTEC, Ardmore, Okla) placed in the lingual and buccal cortical plates of each dog, Sentalloy coil springs (GAC International, Bohemia, NY) applied constant intrusive forces of 50, 100, or 200 g per tooth. The intrusive forces were randomly assigned between pairs of teeth; LPM2 was loaded with 50 or 100 g, LPM3 with 100 or 200 g, and LPM4 with 50 or 200 g. Multilevel statistical procedures were used to model tooth movements and root resorption, based on 64 standardized radiographs per tooth taken at 14-day intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 1 of the 96 immediately loaded MSIs failed. Significant (P <.05) amounts of intrusion, from 1.2 to 3.3 mm, were obtained after 98 days of force application. The statistical models showed no significant differences in the amounts of tooth movement between pairs of teeth loaded with different force magnitudes. Root resorption at the furcation and apices was 0.1 mm or less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Constant intrusive forces from 50 to 200 g produce clinically significant amounts of intrusion with little or no root resorption, suggesting that immediately loaded MSIs hold great promise as fixed anchorage devices for intruding multiradicular teeth.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Department, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Dallas, Tex 75246, USA.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.forename: P Emile
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rossouw
authors.forename: Pedro F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Lynne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Opperman
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Buschang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001863:Bone Screws; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D008904:Miniaturization; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D011859:Radiography; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*