title: Global metabolic effects of glycerol kinase overexpression in rat hepatoma cells.
abstract: Glycerol kinase has several diverse activities in mammalian cells. Glycerol kinase deficiency is a complex, single-gene, inborn error of metabolism wherein no genotype-phenotype correlation has been established. Since glycerol kinase has been suggested to exhibit additional activities than glycerol phosphorylation, expression level perturbation in this enzyme may affect cellular physiology globally. To investigate this possibility, we conducted metabolic investigations of wild-type and two glycerol kinase-overexpressing H4IIE rat hepatoma cell lines constructed in this study. The glycerol kinase-overexpressing cell lines exhibited a significantly higher consumption of carbon sources per cell, suggesting excess carbon expenditure. Furthermore, we quantified intracellular metabolic fluxes by employing stable isotope 13C labeling with a mathematically designed substrate mixture, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and comprehensive isotopomer balancing. This flux analysis revealed that the pentose phosphate pathway flux in the glycerol kinase-overexpressing cell lines was 2-fold higher than that in the wild-type, in addition to subtler flux changes in other pathways of carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, the activity and transcript level of the lipogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, were also about 2-fold higher than that of the wild-type; these data corroborate the flux analysis results. This study shows that glycerol kinase affects carbon metabolism globally, possibly through its additional functions, and highlights glycerol kinase's multifaceted role in cellular physiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Gonda 5506B, 695 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sriram
authors.forename: Lola
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rahib
authors.forename: Jian-Sen
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Allison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Lilly S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Parr
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Katrina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dipple
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015870:Gene Expression; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005991:Glycerol Kinase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; D005991:Glycerol Kinase