title: In vivo efficacy of laparoscopic assisted percutaneous renal cryotherapy: evidence based guidelines for the practicing urologist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The treatment of small renal tumors continues to evolve in parallel with advances in ablative technology. We compared the lesion geometry of 3, 17 gauge cryoneedles to determine the most effective distance and configuration of the cryoneedles in an in vivo porcine kidney model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Argon gas based renal cryoablation was performed in 6 pigs using a laparoscopically assisted percutaneous approach. Cryoablation using a single cryoneedle and a template of 3 cryoneedles with various ice ball shapes, including elliptical, bulb-shaped and standard 17 gauge cryoneedles (Galil Medical, Plymouth Meadow, Pennsylvania) was performed in 3 pigs. Three additional pigs underwent renal cryoablation using elliptical cryoneedles in 3 triangular template configurations with the cryoneedles spaced 1, 1.5 and 2 cm apart, respectively. The animals were sacrificed a minimum of 2 weeks following treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elliptical cryoneedles achieved the largest area of necrosis when used in single and template configurations. When used in a template configuration of 3 needles 1, 1.5 and 2 cm apart from each other the calculated volume of necrosis was 4.3 x 4.5 x 2.5, 4.9 x 4.1 x 2.5 and 4.0 x 4.5 x 2.5 cm, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a single 17 gauge cryoneedle is inadequate for treating most small renal tumors. Cryoneedles with an elliptical ice ball are most effective for achieving consistent and reliable tissue destruction. The 1.5 cm template configuration generated the largest area of necrosis. Our data suggest that with the current technology renal cryoablation should be limited to lesions not greater than 4 cm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. abreda@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breda
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Leppert
authors.forename: Dorina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Schulam
authors.forename: Arie S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Belldegrun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009339:Needles; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013552:Swine; D014572:Urology / Q000592:standards