title: Receptor binding characteristics of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A for the human nuclear estrogen-related receptor gamma. Chief and corroborative hydrogen bonds of the bisphenol A phenol-hydroxyl group with Arg316 and Glu275 residues.
abstract: Bisphenol A, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, is an estrogenic endocrine disruptor that influences various physiological functions at very low doses, even though bisphenol A itself is ineffectual as a ligand for the estrogen receptor. We recently demonstrated that bisphenol A binds strongly to human estrogen-related receptor gamma, one of 48 human nuclear receptors. Bisphenol A functions as an inverse antagonist of estrogen-related receptor gamma to sustain the high basal constitutive activity of the latter and to reverse the deactivating inverse agonist activity of 4-hydroxytamoxifen. However, the intrinsic binding mode of bisphenol A remains to be clarified. In the present study, we report the binding potentials between the phenol-hydroxyl group of bisphenol A and estrogen-related receptor gamma residues Glu275 and Arg316 in the ligand-binding domain. By inducing mutations in other amino acids, we evaluated the change in receptor binding capability of bisphenol A. Wild-type estrogen-related receptor gamma-ligand-binding domain showed a strong binding ability (K(D) = 5.70 nm) for tritium-labeled [(3)H]bisphenol A. Simultaneous mutation to Ala at positions 275 and 316 resulted in an absolute inability to capture bisphenol A. However, individual substitutions revealed different degrees in activity reduction, indicating the chief importance of phenol-hydroxyl<-->Arg316 hydrogen bonding and the corroborative role of phenol-hydroxyl<-->Glu275 hydrogen bonding. The data obtained with other characteristic mutations suggested that these hydrogen bonds are conducive to the recruitment of phenol compounds by estrogen-related receptor gamma. These results clearly indicate that estrogen-related receptor gamma forms an appropriate structure presumably to adopt an unidentified endogenous ligand.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ayami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: Kaname
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isozaki
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimohigashi
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001120:Arginine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014316:Tritium; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D000409:Alanine; D001120:Arginine; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D050505:Mutant Proteins; D010636:Phenols; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D014316:Tritium; C490917:ESRRG protein, human; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds