title: Nursing interventions to promote dignified dying in four countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe nursing interventions to promote dignified dying as identified by nurses in four countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitals and clinics in Ethiopia, India, Kenya, and the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 560 nurses who cared for dying patients in Ethiopia (n = 14), India (n = 229), Kenya (n = 36), and the United States (n = 281).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurses who agreed to participate completed the International Classification for Nursing Practice Dignified Dying Survey. Responses to an open-ended survey question about the interventions nurses use to promote dignified dying were analyzed qualitatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nursing interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Dignity-Conserving Care Model provided a framework to analyze nursing interventions used to promote dignified dying. Although some variation was found in the interventions used, nurses from all four countries identified interventions representing each of the three major categories of the model: illness-related concerns, a dignity-conserving repertoire, and a social-dignity inventory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses identified the holistic nature of the dying experience and the multiple interventions needed to promote dignity for dying patients and their family members. Palliative care is an area of practice that crosses healthcare settings, specialties, countries, and cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study begins to identify specific interventions for future research and applies the Dignity-Conserving Care Model to further understand dignified dying from an international nursing perspective.
authors.affiliation: The College of Nursing, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA. coenena@uwm.edu
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coenen
authors.forename: Ardith Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Doorenbos
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005002:Ethiopia; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007630:Kenya; D009729:Nursing; D012297:Right to Die; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States