title: Unequal quality of cancer pain management: disparity in perceived control and proposed solutions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine poverty-related and racial and ethnic disparity in cancer pain management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published articles, conference proceedings, testimony, and clinical case studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disparity in the quality of cancer pain management exists resulting from interactions among patient, provider, and environmental factors. Irrespective of etiology, disparity results in inadequate management of cancer pain for vulnerable populations (poor patients, ethnic and racial group members, older adults) and is unacceptable in cancer care. Inadequate symptom management affects cancer treatment tolerance, exacerbating disparity in treatment outcomes and affecting end-of-life care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence-based solutions include a systems approach, quality-improvement and quality-assurance processes that expose disparities and enforce evidence-based treatment per national guidelines, and statewide comprehensive cancer planning to target pain management outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncology nurses and interdisciplinary teams must be aware of disparities in cancer pain management for vulnerable groups, intervene to empower patients through customized educational approaches, and simultaneously implement systemwide strategies to ensure effective pain management and targeted monitoring for high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: The University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX, USA. mcneill@uiwtx.edu
authors.forename: Jeanette A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ney
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D014481:United States