title: Engineering of a straighter septum: numerical model of mechanical stress relaxation in laser-heated septal cartilage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Successful application of laser cartilage reshaping (LCR) for the in-situ treatment of structural deformities in the nasal septum has generated increasing clinical interest, because septoplasty is among the top five most common operations performed. However, few studies have investigated stress fields existing in the nasal septal cartilage during LCR of septal deviations. The objectives of this study were to: (1) formulate a finite-element model describing stress fields in mechanically straightened septum, (2) calculate stress fields in the septum after a given pattern of laser irradiation produced thermally induced stress relaxation in selected sites, and (3) investigate the dependence of the overall stress relaxation in a straightened septum as a function of the number, location and size of laser irradiation sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cartilagenous nasal septum was modeled as 24 x 24 x 1.5 mm slab. The deviation was represented as a bulge in the center of the septum with a maximum elevation above the surface of 2 mm. A straightening deformation was represented in form of displacement boundary condition applied to the bulge. Laser irradiation applied in a rectangular pattern of several spots was assumed. The effect of thermally induced stress relaxation was modeled as a simultaneous change in the cartilage mechanical properties and reduction of strain occurring within irradiated spots according to the heating history. The finite-element method was used to calculate stress fields within the straightened septum and the force of reaction to the straightening deformation before and after laser irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Straightening deformation produced a highly non-homogeneous stress field with both regions of tension and compression present. Reaction force decreased with increasing number of irradiation sites and delivered laser energy. The model predicts that laser irradiation reducing reaction force by approximately 95% results in approximately 50% thermal damage to septal cartilage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A numerical model of stress fields in laser-reshaped deviated septum has been developed. The model shows highly non-homogeneous stress distributions before and after laser treatment. The model predicts that sufficiently high reduction of reaction force can be obtained with a localized laser treatment.
authors.forename: Dmitriy E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Protsenko
authors.forename: Brian J F
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D002356:Cartilage / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014783:Viscosity