title: Sonographic abnormalities of brainstem structures in restless legs syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS), the first morphological marker for restless legs syndrome (RLS), hypoechogenicity of the substantia nigra (SN) has been found. The aim of this study was to validate SN hypoechogenicity as a morphological marker for RLS in a large patient cohort and to investigate further RLS-associated brain abnormalities using TCS.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-three RLS patients (37 with symptomatic RLS) and 45 controls, matched for age and gender, underwent TCS by an experienced and independent rater who was blinded to clinical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The basal ganglia, ventricular system and cerebral lobes showed no RLS-specific abnormalities. SN hypoechogenicity correlated with a family history of RLS (p<0.001) and showed good sensitivity (82%), specificity (83%) and positive predictive value (94%). Red nucleus hyperechogenicity and brainstem raphe (BR) hypoechogenicity were more prevalent in RLS than in controls (both p<0.001) and correlated with reported periodic limb movements and depression, respectively (both p<0.001). Seventy-six percent of the patients (7% of controls) showed a co-occurrence of two or more sonographical abnormalities; 60% of symptomatic RLS patients showed the same sonographic features as the majority of RLS patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCS is a useful additional tool for diagnosing RLS and RLS-related disorders that demonstrate various brainstem abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. jana.godau@medizin.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Godau
authors.forename: Anne-Kathrin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wevers
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaenslen
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Santo
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Liepelt
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gasser
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004453:Echoencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012012:Red Nucleus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult