title: Diffuse esophageal spasm.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to review the clinical features, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of patients with diffuse esophageal spasm (DES). The PubMed database was searched with a focus on recent publications, using keywords "DES," plus "epidemiology," "prevalence," "diagnosis," "pathogenesis," "calcium channel blocker," "nitrates," "botulinum toxin," "antidepressants," "dilation," and "myotomy." The reference lists of papers identified in the initial PubMed search were reviewed for further relevant publications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grübel
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borovicka
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwizer
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hebbard
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015155:Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans