title: Immediate CEA for symptomatic carotid disease preferably performed under local anaesthesia is safe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous general reservations against carotid endarterectomy (CEA) early after stroke, which were primarily based on concerns of postoperative intracerebral hemorrhage, are resolved. Moreover, a delay of surgery is proofed to be associated with a risk of recurrent cerebral ischemia. However, the complication rate of CEA seems to increase with less time interval to the onset of symptoms. The main purpose of this study was to assess the safety of very early CEA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients having a symptomatic high-grade (> 70%) internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis were referred by neurologists for CEA within different timeframes, so that they were later differentiated depending on whether surgery was performed within 2 days (immediate CEA = iCEA) or 2 weeks (urgent CEA = uCEA) after neurological deficits have occurred primarily. The perioperative complication rate in these groups was than evaluated and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January 2000 until August 2006 130 consecutive patients (median age 68 years, range: 42-90; 66% male, 34%female)presenting with an ipsilateral TIA (n = 80), stroke (n = 50) underwent iCEA (n = 40) or uCEA (n = 90). Demographic and clinical characteristics were equally distributed between treatment groups. Mostly (121/130), CEA was performed under local anaesthesia with selective shunt use which became necessary in 26%. Besides postoperative hemorrhage (n = 4), cardiac complications (n = 2) and temporary cranial nerve lesions (n = 2), new perioperative neurological deficits occurred in total in 8 patients of which 6 were temporary. The other 2 patients developed strokes of which one patient died. Therefore, the combined stroke- and mortality rate was 1.5% (2/130) for the whole study population. With regard to the timing of surgery, a single incident was observed after iCEA (1/40) which also was the only intracerebral hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that patients with a symptomatic high-grade ICA stenosis can undergo CEA particularly under local anaesthesia as soon as possible without anticipating an increased complication rate.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Clinic of Cologne, Germany. Marko.Aleksic@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aleksic
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rueger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sobesky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heckenkamp
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brunkwall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000601:surgery*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome