title: A review of ocular manifestations in intracranial hypotension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracranial hypotension (ICH) can present with a wide variety of visual symptoms and findings. Deficits in visual acuity and visual fields as well as ophthalmoplegia due to cranial nerve dysfunction have been frequently described. The aim of this review was to identify the most commonly reported ocular manifestations associated with ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a review of the literature to date to identify all studies of patients with ICH and ocular manifestations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most commonly encountered cranial nerve deficit resulting from ICH (> 80% of reported cases) is an abducens nerve paresis, which may occur unilaterally or bilaterally. Although less common, oculomotor and trochlear nerve palsies have been reported as well. The optic nerve complex is frequently involved in ICH and may manifest as deficits in visual acuity and field cuts. Visual deficits and ophthalmoplegia improved following appropriate management in 97% of reported cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracranial hypotension can present with a wide spectrum of visual deficits, the causes of which are multifactorial. Cranial nerve paresis, especially of the abducens nerve, is frequently reported. The majority of symptoms and cranial nerve deficits reviewed respond favorably to conservative management, epidural blood patch administration, or in a minority of cases, surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. gzada@usc.edu
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zada
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Giannotta
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019585:Intracranial Hypotension / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D009886:Ophthalmoplegia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control