title: The role of efflux pumps in drug-resistant metastatic breast cancer: new insights and treatment strategies.
abstract: Chemotherapy plays a vital role in the treatment and management of breast cancer and is associated with significant improvements in survival. Regimens such as CMF (cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil) and, more recently, TAC (docetaxel/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide) have been used with good response rates and complete remissions achieved in approximately 15% of cases. However, a significant proportion of women experience a recurrence of metastatic disease, with an average survival between 1-2 years. The monoclonal antibody trastuzumab is used in the treatment of HER2/neu-positive breast cancer. Although such targeted agents have heralded an exciting new era in cancer therapy, they are limited by the fact that only a subset of patients can benefit from treatment and by the emergence of resistance. Thus, the pursuit of a strategy that modulates resistance to standard chemotherapeutics remains valid. Accumulating evidence indicates that a number of mechanisms known to contribute to clinical drug resistance might be relevant to breast cancer. Tumor cell drug resistance might arise as a result of systemic pharmacologic factors, changes in the tumor microenvironment (eg, pH), cellular pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism and detoxification, drug target modifications, DNA repair, and apoptotic mechanisms. The adenotriphosphate-binding cassette membrane transporter family contributes to clinical drug resistance, especially in breast cancer. The most frequently described of this family is P-glycoprotein, followed by multidrug resistance protein-1. This review describes the factors thought to play a role in clinical breast cancer drug resistance and describes potential methods by which it might be circumvented.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. tfojo@helix.nih.gov
authors.forename: Tito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fojo
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Coley
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins