title: Mechanical behavior and failure analysis of prosthetic retaining screws after long-term use in vivo. Part 1: Characterization of adhesive wear and structure of retaining screws.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The general aim of this study and those presented in Parts 2-4 of this series was to characterize the structure, properties, wear, and fracture of prosthetic retaining screws in fixed detachable hybrid prostheses after long-term use in vivo. This part of the overall investigation addresses whether there are differences in thread wear between the screws closest to the fulcrum and those that are farthest from the fulcrum in fixed detachable hybrid prostheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The total number of prosthetic retaining screws used in this study was 100 (10 new and 90 used). New screws (controls) from Nobel Biocare (NB) were divided into Group 1 (slotted) and Group 2 (hexed). Ninety used screws (in service 18-120 months) were retrieved from fixed detachable hybrid prostheses in 18 patients (5 screws from each patient, 60 from NB and 30 from Sterngold). The used screws were divided into 18 groups. Additionally, each group was subdivided into A and B categories. Category A contained the middle three prosthetic screws, which were considered the farthest screws from the fulcrum line. Category B contained the most posterior two screws, which were considered the screws closest to the fulcrum line. All 100 screws were subjected to thorough, nondestructive testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Light and scanning electron microscopic examination of all used screws for each group revealed surface deterioration of the active profile of the screw threads consistent with adhesive wear. The observed thread profile deterioration ranged from mild to severe. The wear was aggressive enough to cause galling, which led to thinning of the threads and, in severe cases, to knife-edges at thread crests. In ten groups, the most anterior three screws exhibited more wear than the most posterior two screws. In addition to thread wear, severe plastic deformation was detected on the bottom part of each screw for three groups, and a long external longitudinal crack was detected in one screw of Group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study and those presented in Parts 2-4 demonstrate that different retaining screws from the same manufacturer and/or from different manufacturers have different geometrical design, microstructures, major alloy constituents, and microhardness, and that these differences influence their preload and fractured load values. In this part of the overall investigation, the occurrence of galling as a result of wear involving prosthetic retaining screws appears to be an inevitable and unavoidable consequence of long-term use in vivo in fixed detachable hybrid prostheses regardless of the intended/original preload value. The galling rate is greater on the middle three screws compared to the most posterior two screws in fixed detachable hybrid prostheses. The wear pattern is consistent with an adhesive wear mechanism; however, this study does not provide enough data to support a definitive analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontic Dental Sciences, King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. youssef14@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Youssef S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Al Jabbari
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fournelle
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ziebert
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Iacopino
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D019554:Dental Restoration Wear; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011861:Radiography, Dental; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys