title: The effect of structured strength and balance training on cognitive function in frail, cognitive impaired elderly long-term care residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to assess the effect of structured strength and balance training on cognitive function in frail, geriatric, long-term care facility residents, aged 75 years or older, and additionally to evaluate the influence of training on various functional, physical and psychological parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to a training group or a control group. Physical training was performed three times a week for ten weeks in the training group. Muscle function was assessed by manual examination on a scale of 0-5. Cognitive function was tested with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). In addition, scores for activities of daily living, mobility and depression were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  30 subjects with a mean age of 86.8 years completed the study. After 10 weeks of intervention in the training group, muscle strength increased from a mean of 3.75 to 4.44 points (p<0.001) and the mean MMSE score increased from 20.9 to 23.9 points (p=0.023). In the training group, the change in the MMSE score correlated significantly with change in muscle function, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.750 (p=0.002). An increase in mean BMI from 23.8 to 25.0 kg/m2 (p=0.013) was also found in the training group, but no significant changes in scores for activities of daily living, mobility or depression. Compared with the control group, the change in the mean scores over the ten-week training period was significantly higher for the trained group with regard to muscle scores, BMI and lean body mass, but not for MMSE scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings reinforce the recommendation that structured strength and balance training should be implemented in long-term care facilities. Besides the well-known benefits of physical training, our findings showed that an improvement in cognitive function may also be possible.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University, Vienna, Austria. thomas.dorner@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dorner
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kranz
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zettl-Wiedner
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rieder
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gisinger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D004856:Postural Balance