title: Observation of gastric variceal flow characteristics by endoscopic ultrasonography using color Doppler.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the endoscopic color Doppler ultrasonography (ECDUS) findings of gastric varices and to determine the role of ECDUS in the diagnosis of gastric varices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using ECDUS, we evaluated 114 patients with gastric varices found consecutively by routine upper endoscopy. We monitored the color flow images of gastric varices and perigastric collateral veins. We measured the blood flow velocity of gastric varices and the thickness of the gastric wall to submucosal gastric varices with this technique, and investigated the usefulness of ECDUS in evaluating the hemodynamics of gastric varices. Endoscopic findings of gastric varices were evaluated according to the grading system of the Japanese Research Committee on Portal Hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Color flow images of gastric varices and perigastric veins were delineated in all 114 patients with ECDUS. Evaluation of blood flow velocity in the 114 gastric varices revealed velocities of 7.7-35.7 cm/s (mean 18.2 +/- 5.9 cm/s). The velocities (23.7 +/- 6.4 cm/s, N = 21) of large, coil-shaped (F3)-type gastric varices were significantly higher than those (16.7 +/- 4.9 cm/s, N = 93) of enlarged tortuous (F2)-type varices (P < 0.0001). The 114 gastric varices were at 1.0-2.2 mm (1.6 +/- 0.3 mm) of gastric wall thickness. The thickness (1.2 +/- 0.1 mm, N = 22) for red color sign (RC)- or erosion-positive varices was significantly less than that (1.7 +/- 0.2 mm, N = 92) for the negative cases (P < 0.0001). The mean velocity was 28.0 +/- 6.1 cm/s in bleeding cases (N = 4) and 17.6 +/- 5.5 cm/s in nonbleeding cases (N = 110), and the velocities of the bleeding cases were significantly higher than those of the nonbleeding cases (P < 0.001). The mean thickness of the gastric wall was 1.2 +/- 0.2 mm for bleeding cases and 1.6 +/- 0.3 mm for nonbleeding cases, and the mean wall thickness in the bleeding cases was significantly less than in the nonbleeding cases (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECDUS is a useful modality for diagnosis of the hemodynamics of gastric varices and may allow the prediction of a high risk for hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan, USA.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Katsu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Jouji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toyota
authors.forename: Yoshiyasu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Karino
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohmura
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akaike
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D019160:Endosonography; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013270:Stomach / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color