title: Adenotonsillectomy or watchful waiting in patients with mild to moderate symptoms of throat infections or adenotonsillar hypertrophy: a randomized comparison of costs and effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy compared with watchful waiting in Dutch children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Economic evaluation along with an open, randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, including 21 general and 3 university hospitals in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred children aged 2 to 8 years were selected for adenotonsillectomy according to routine medical practice. Excluded were children who had frequent throat infections and those with suspected obstructive sleep apnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incremental cost-effectiveness in terms of costs per episode of fever, throat infection, and upper respiratory tract infection avoided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual costs incurred in the adenotonsillectomy group were euro803 (the average exchange rate for the US dollar in 2002 was $1.00 = euro1.1, except toward the end of 2002 when $0.95 = euro100) and euro551 in the watchful waiting group (46% increase). During a median follow-up of 22 months, surgery compared with watchful waiting reduced the number of episodes of fever and throat infections by 0.21 per person-year (95% confidence interval, -0.12 to 0.54 and 0.06 to 0.36, respectively) and upper respiratory tract infections by 0.53 (95% confidence interval, 0.08 to 0.97) episodes. The incremental costs per episode avoided were euro1136, euro1187, and euro465, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children undergoing adenotonsillectomy because of mild to moderate symptoms of throat infections or adenotonsillar hypertrophy, surgery resulted in a significant increase in costs without realizing relevant clinical benefit. Subgroups of children in whom surgery would be cost-effective may be identified in further research. .
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. e.buskens@epi.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buskens
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Staaij
authors.forename: Jet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van den Akker
authors.forename: Arno W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hoes
authors.forename: Anne G M
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schilder
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy / Q000191:economics*; D000234:Adenoids / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D014068:Tonsillectomy / Q000191:economics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome