title: [High pressure neurological syndrome].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pressure is a thermodynamic variable that, like temperature, affects the states of matter. High pressure is an environmental characteristic of the deep sea. Immersion to depth brings about an increase in pressure of 0.1 MPa (1 atm) for each 10 m of seawater. Humans exposed to high pressure, mostly professional divers, suffer effects that are proportional to their exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nervous system is one of the most sensitive targets of high pressure. The high pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS) begins to show signs at about 1.3 MPa (120 m) and its effects intensify at greater depths. HPNS starts with tremor at the distal extremities, nausea, or moderate psychomotor and cognitive disturbances. More severe consequences are proximal tremor, vomit, hyperreflexia, sleepiness, and psychomotor or cognitive compromise. Fasciculations and myoclonia may occur during severe HPNS. Extreme cases may show psychosis bouts, and focalized or generalized convulsive seizures. Electrophysiological studies during HPNS display an EEG characterized by reduction of high frequency activity (alpha and beta waves) and increased slow activity, modification of evoked potentials of various modalities (auditory, visual, somatosensory), reduced nerve conduction velocity and changes in latency. Studies using experimental animals have shown that these signs and symptoms are progressive and directly dependent on the pressure. HPNS features at neuronal and network levels are depression of synaptic transmission and paradoxical hyperexcitability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPNS is associated with exposure to high pressure and its related technological means. Experimental findings suggest etiological hypotheses, prevention and therapeutic approaches for this syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Retziusvägen 8, Stockholm, Sweden. adolfo.talpalar@ki.se
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Talpalar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects; D006610:High Pressure Neurological Syndrome / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels