title: Dosimetric comparison of conventional radiograph- and three-dimensional computed tomography-based planning using dose volume indices for partial breast intraoperative implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The dosimetric outcomes of radiograph- and computed tomography-based plans generated with various optimisation strategies were compared using dose volume indices for partial breast intraoperative implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients with early stage breast cancer underwent conventional orthogonal radiograph and computed tomography to generate dosimetric data. Catheter reconstruction and delineation of the lumpectomy cavity, the planning target volume (PTV) and the ipsilateral breast were carried out on computed tomography images. For each patient, geometrically optimised plans (P(xray) and P(CT)) were generated using the active loading length based on the PTV defined from radiographs (PTV(xray)) and computed tomography (PTV(CT)). The plan P(CT) was further optimised graphically and yielded P(graphical). Plans were compared using the coverage index (CI), the external volume index (EI), the dose homogeneity index (DHI), the overdose volume index (OI) and the conformal index (COIN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean CI of the lumpectomy cavity estimated from P(xray), P(CT) and P(graphical) was 0.80, 0.82 and 0.92, respectively. The corresponding values for PTV(CT) were 0.69, 0.71 and 0.85. P(graphical) showed an increase in CI by 23 and 19% with respect to P(xray) and P(CT) (P<0.001 in all) with a decrease in DHI from 0.81 to 0.71 (P<0.001) and increase in OI from 0.041 to 0.087 (P<0.001). The EI was highest in P(xray) (mean 44 cm(3)) as compared with 25 cm(3) in P(CT) and 30 cm(3) in P(graphical). A significant improvement in COIN was observed in P(graphical) (mean 0.68) compared with P(xray) (0.48) and P(CT) (0.58) (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Objective dosimetric evaluation on three-dimensional computed tomography confirms its superiority over conventional two-dimensional radiograph-based planning in terms of a reduction in normal breast irradiated with the prescription dose and improvement in conformity. Interactive graphical optimisation based on the target volume in computed tomography further improves conformity with a reduction in dose homogeneity. The use of dose volume indices allows the comparison of different plans and can be used as a tool to correlate dosimetric with clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India. shamu_d@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Budrukkar
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Upreti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munshi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jalali
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Deshpande
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001918:Brachytherapy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed