title: Brain and whole-body imaging in nonhuman primates of [11C]PBR28, a promising PET radioligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are upregulated on activated microglia and are thereby biomarkers of neuroinflammation. We developed a PET ligand with an aryloxyanilide structure, [O-methyl-(11)C]N-acetyl-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2-phenoxy-5-pyridinamine ([(11)C]PBR28), to image PBRs. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate kinetics of brain uptake, and the influence of the peripheral binding on the arterial input function in rhesus monkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain (baseline: n=6, blocking: n=1) and whole-body PET imaging (baseline: n=3, blocking: n=1) of [(11)C]PBR28 were performed with the measurement of radiometabolite-corrected arterial input function in all brain and two whole body scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Saturating doses of nonradioactive PBR ligands markedly increased [(11)C]PBR28 in plasma (approximately 400% increase) and brain (approximately 200%) at 2 min by displacing radioligand from PBRs in peripheral organs. Brain uptake of radioactivity peaked in baseline scans at approximately 40 min after injection of [(11)C]PBR28 and was high (approximately 300% standardized uptake value). The images showed no receptor-free region that could be used for reference tissue analysis. Thus, quantitation of receptor density required measurement of parent radioligand in arterial plasma. Nondisplaceable uptake was estimated from the blocked scans and was only approximately 5% of total distribution volume measured under baseline conditions. Distribution volume of [(11)C]PBR28 was stably determined within 110 min of scanning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional brain uptake of [(11)C]PBR28 in monkey could be quantified as a value proportional to the density of receptors--namely, as equilibrium distribution volume. [(11)C]PBR28 had high levels of specific binding in brain and should provide a sensitive measure of changes in PBRs.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 31, Rm. B2B37, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2035, Bethesda, MD 20892-2035, USA.
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Briard
authors.forename: Sami S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zoghbi
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gourley
authors.forename: Jinsoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Yota
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Innis
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C526315:(methyl-(11)C)N-acetyl-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2-phenoxy-5-pyridinamine; D011743:Pyrimidines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A