title: The anatomy of surgical approaches to the cervical spine.
abstract: The authors present the anatomical basis of surgical approaches to the cervical spine. The posterior, anterior, and transpharyngeal approaches are described, with particular attention to orientation structures, incisions, surgical dissection, and anatomical considerations regarding various hazards encountered during surgery of the cervical spine.
authors.affiliation: Zakład Anatomii Prawidłowej, Akademia Medyczna, Warszawa; Szpital Praski, Warszawa.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Glinkowski
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ciszek