Nod1 and Nod2 in innate immunity and human inflammatory disorders.
Nod (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) 1 and Nod2 are intracellular PRMs (pattern-recognition molecules) of the NLR (Nod-like receptor) family. These proteins are implicated in the detection of bacterial peptidoglycan and regulate pro-inflammatory pathways in response to bacteria by inducing signalling pathways such as NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) and MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases). The Nod proteins act independently of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) cascade, but potently synergize with the latter to trigger innate immune responses to microbes. Most importantly, mutations in Nod2 have been shown to confer susceptibility to several chronic inflammatory disorders, including Crohn's disease, Blau syndrome and early-onset sarcoidosis, underscoring the role of Nod2 in inflammatory homoeostasis. This review summarizes the most recent findings in the field of Nod1 and Nod2 research.
Le Bourhis
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Department of Immunology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
Benko
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Girardin
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D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D009154:Mutation; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000276:immunology; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D013577:Syndrome
C119067:NOD1 protein, human; C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D010457:Peptidoglycan