Effect of focus of attention and age on motor acquisition, retention, and transfer: a randomized trial.
OBJECTIVE
Adult participants benefit more from external focus than internal focus when learning a new motor skill. Because learners from different age groups use different learning strategies, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the effect of attention focus varies among children and adults.


METHODS
Thirty-four children and 32 adults were randomly assigned to internal or external focus-of-attention practice groups. Throwing darts toward a static target, participants performed 50 acquisition trials, 20 retention trials, and 20 transfer trials.


RESULTS
The results indicate that focus of attention varies between children and adults in accuracy and variability in the acquisition phase and in accuracy in the transfer phase. No interactions were found in the retention phase.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that external focus is more effective than internal focus in adults; therefore, physical therapists should instruct adult clients to focus their attention externally to facilitate motor learning. Physical therapists working with children should perhaps direct the client's attention internally; however, further study is needed.
Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Michal
M
Emanuel
Tal
T
Jarus
Orit
O
Bart
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis