Heterodimerization of TLR2 with TLR1 or TLR6 expands the ligand spectrum but does not lead to differential signaling.
TLR are primary triggers of the innate immune system by recognizing various microorganisms through conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLR2 is the receptor for a functional recognition of bacterial lipopeptides (LP) and is up-regulated during various disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sepsis. This receptor is unique in its ability to form heteromers with TLR1 or TLR6 to mediate intracellular signaling. According to the fatty acid pattern as well as the assembling of the polypeptide tail, LP can signal through TLR2 in a TLR1- or TLR6-dependent manner. There are also di- and triacylated LP, which stimulate TLR1-deficient cells and TLR6-deficient cells. In this study, we investigated whether heterodimerization evolutionarily developed to broaden the ligand spectrum or to induce different immune responses. We analyzed the signal transduction pathways activated through the different TLR2 dimers using the three LP, palmitic acid (Pam)octanoic acid (Oct)(2)C-(VPGVG)(4)VPGKG, fibroblast-stimulating LP-1, and Pam(2)C-SK(4). Dominant-negative forms of signaling molecules, immunoblotting of MAPK, as well as microarray analysis indicate that all dimers use the same signaling cascade, leading to an identical pattern of gene activation. We conclude that heterodimerization of TLR2 with TLR1 or TLR6 evolutionarily developed to expand the ligand spectrum to enable the innate immune system to recognize the numerous, different structures of LP present in various pathogens. Thus, although mycoplasma and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria may activate different TLR2 dimers, the development of different signal pathways in response to different LP does not seem to be of vital significance for the innate defense system.
Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, Borstel, Germany.
Katja
K
Farhat
Sabine
S
Riekenberg
Holger
H
Heine
Jennifer
J
Debarry
Roland
R
Lang
Jörg
J
Mages
Ute
U
Buwitt-Beckmann
Kristina
K
Röschmann
Günther
G
Jung
Karl-Heinz
KH
Wiesmüller
Artur J
AJ
Ulmer
D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D019281:Dimerization; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney; D008024:Ligands; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013154:Spleen / Q000502:physiology; D051194:Toll-Like Receptor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051216:Toll-Like Receptor 6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
D008024:Ligands; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010455:Peptides; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495368:TLR6 protein, human; D051194:Toll-Like Receptor 1; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051216:Toll-Like Receptor 6