Subsyndromal depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older persons with schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE
The objectives are to delineate the nature of subsyndromal depressive symptoms (SSD) in midlife and older patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder by: 1) describing the relationship of SSD with a number of other clinical features; and 2) examining which specific depressive symptoms are increased in patients broadly defined as having SSD.


METHODS
A total of 204 participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and SSD who entered a federally funded intervention study at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and University of Cincinnati were matched with schizophrenic and schizoaffective participants from the Geriatric Research Center at UCSD who had minimal or no depressive symptoms. The SSD and no depression groups were compared on a variety of clinical features including general psychopathology, positive and negative symptoms, medical and mental functioning, cognition, movement abnormalities, and specific depressive symptomatology.


RESULTS
SSD was associated with increases in overall psychopathology; positive and negative symptoms; severity of general medical conditions; impaired physical and mental functioning; possibly more severe akathisia; and more depressive symptoms throughout the spectrum of symptom clusters measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, including anxiety and suicidality.


CONCLUSIONS
SSD in middle aged and older patients with schizophrenia is an important clinical dimension that appears to be associated with substantial morbidity and distress. The findings suggest that is important for clinicians to look for and assess subsyndromal depressive symptoms in patients with chronic schizophrenia.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. szisook@ucsd.edu
Sidney
S
Zisook
Lori
L
Montross
John
J
Kasckow
Somaia
S
Mohamed
Barton W
BW
Palmer
Thomas L
TL
Patterson
Shahrokh
S
Golshan
Ian
I
Fellows
David
D
Lehman
Ellen
E
Solorzano
D000367:Age Factors; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015283:Citalopram / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D015283:Citalopram; D010919:Placebos; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors