Incidence of extracerebral paradoxical embolisms in patients with intracardiac shunts.
BACKGROUND
Although extracerebral embolism accounts for 5-10% of all paradoxical embolisms, it still remains a ghostlike entity in cardiovascular pathophysiology. The aim of this brief report was to analyze the profile of patients with paradoxical extracerebral embolism and intracardiac shunts, and the role of shunt closure on the recurrence of extracerebral paradoxical embolism (EPE) in a population of patients evaluated for patent foramen ovale (PFO)/atrial septal defect (ASD) transcatheter closure.


METHODS
From July 2003 to December 2006, 150 patients (mean age 51.4+/-15.1 years, range13-78 years, M/F=49/101) were planned for transcatheter closure of PFO/ASD at our institutional program of Adult Congenital Heart Disease Management. Clinical history and medical records of all patients were reviewed searching for association of PFO/ASD, stroke, and presumptive EPE.


RESULTS
Association of PFO with presumptive EPE was found in nine patients (6%, mean age 40.1+/-14 years, M/F=3/6). Five patients had ST-elevation myocardial infarction (mean value of troponin was 15.3+/-2.1 ng/ml), while four patients had inferior limb acute ischemia. In patients with coronary embolism, coronary angiography was performed immediately after chest pain onset revealing normal coronary artery and only a mild hypokinesia. In patients with peripheral acute ischemia, early (>4 h from symptoms onset) angiography demonstrated normal main peripheral vessel and an embolic closure of popliteal artery (one patient), distal tibial artery (two patients), or peroneal artery (one patient) that normalized with heparin therapy in a few hours except in one patient. Migraine with aura was present in seven of nine patients. Cerebral MRI revealed previous ischemic areas in four of nine patients. Coagulation disorders were detected in six of nine patients. Echocardiography demonstrated a large to medium PFO in seven patients and a cribrosus ASD in two patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Although a large study is required to assess optimal diagnosis and clinical implications of EPE, the clinical profile emerging from our study may help to identify some easy criteria of diagnosis in order to improve diagnosis and decrease the recurrence of such probably underestimated manifestations of PFO/ASD.
Rigatelli
Gianluca
G
Adult Congenital Heart Disease Management Program, Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Endoluminal Interventions Unit, Rovigo General Hospital, Rovigo, Italy.
Giordan
Massimo
M
Braggion
Gabriele
G
Aggio
Silvio
S
Chinaglia
Mauro
M
Zattoni
Luca
L
Milan
Tranquillo
T
Cardaioli
Paolo
P
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004617:Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors