Estimating variability in placido-based topographic systems.
OBJECTIVE
To describe a new software tool for the detailed presentation of corneal topography measurements variability by means of color-coded maps.


METHODS
Software was developed in Visual Basic to analyze and process a series of 10 consecutive measurements obtained by a topographic system on calibration spheres, and individuals with emmetropic, low, high, and irregular astigmatic corneas. Corneal surface was segmented into 1200 segments and the coefficient of variance of each segment's keratometric dioptric power was used as the measure of variability. The results were presented graphically in color-coded maps (Variability Maps). Two topographic systems, the TechnoMed C-Scan and the TOMEY Topographic Modeling System (TMS-2N), were examined to demonstrate our method.


RESULTS
Graphic representation of coefficient of variance offered a detailed representation of examination variability both in calibration surfaces and human corneas. It was easy to recognize an increase in variability, as the irregularity of examination surfaces increased. In individuals with high and irregular astigmatism, a variability pattern correlated with the pattern of corneal topography: steeper corneal areas possessed higher variability values compared with flatter areas of the same cornea. Numerical data permitted direct comparisons and statistical analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
We propose a method that permits a detailed evaluation of the variability of corneal topography measurements. The representation of the results both graphically and quantitatively improves interpretability and facilitates a spatial correlation of variability maps with original topography maps. Given the popularity of topography based custom refractive ablations of the cornea, it is possible that variability maps may assist clinicians in the evaluation of corneal topography maps of patients with very irregular corneas, before custom ablation procedures.
Kounis
George A
GA
School of Medicine, Institute of Vision and Optics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. gkounis@med.uoc.gr
Tsilimbaris
Miltiadis K
MK
Kymionis
George D
GD
Ginis
Harilaos S
HS
Pallikaris
Ioannis G
IG
D001251:Astigmatism / Q000175:diagnosis; D003196:Computer Graphics; D019781:Corneal Topography / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software