Multiphoton imaging can be used for microscopic examination of intact human gastrointestinal mucosa ex vivo.
OBJECTIVE
The ability to observe cellular and subcellular detail during routine endoscopy is a major goal in the development of new endoscopic imaging techniques. Multiphoton microscopy, which relies on nonlinear infrared optical processes, has the potential to identify cellular details by excitation of endogenous fluorescent molecules. We examined the feasibility of using multiphoton microscopy to characterize mucosal histology in the human gastrointestinal tract.


METHODS
A multiphoton microscope was used to determine the optimal excitation wavelength for examination of gastrointestinal mucosa. Fresh, unfixed, and unstained biopsy specimens obtained during routine endoscopy in human subjects then were examined by confocal microscopy and multiphoton microscopy. Multiphoton images also were compared with standard H&E images obtained from paired biopsy specimens. A prototype miniaturized multiphoton probe was used to examine intact rat colon.


RESULTS
Peak multiphoton autofluorescence intensity was detected in mucosa excited at 735 nm. Multiphoton microscopic examination of unstained biopsy specimens revealed improved cellular detail relative to either unstained or stained specimens examined by confocal imaging. Resolution of structures such as epithelial nuclei, goblet cells, and interstitial fibers and cells was comparable with what was obtained using standard H&E histology. Similar findings were observed when using a prototype miniaturized multiphoton probe.


CONCLUSIONS
Multiphoton microscopy can be used to examine gastrointestinal mucosa at the cellular level, without the need for fluorescent dyes. The construction of a multiphoton endomicroscope therefore could provide a practical means of performing virtual biopsies during the course of routine endoscopy, with advantages over currently available endomicroscopy technologies.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8019, USA.
Jason N
JN
Rogart
Jun
J
Nagata
Caroline S
CS
Loeser
Robert D
RD
Roorda
Harry
H
Aslanian
Marie E
ME
Robert
Warren R
WR
Zipfel
Michael H
MH
Nathanson
D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; D051381:Rats; D013194:Staining and Labeling