International Space Station medical standards and certification for space flight participants.
BACKGROUND
The medical community of the International Space Station (ISS) has developed joint medical standards and evaluation requirements for Space Flight Participants ("space tourists") which are used by the ISS medical certification board to determine medical eligibility of individuals other than professional astronauts (cosmonauts) for short-duration space flight to the ISS. These individuals are generally fare-paying passengers without operational responsibilities.
By means of this publication, the medical standards and evaluation requirements for the ISS Space Flight Participants are offered to the aerospace medicine and commercial spaceflight communities for reference purposes. It is emphasized that the criteria applied to the ISS spaceflight participant candidates are substantially less stringent than those for professional astronauts and/or crewmembers of visiting and long-duration missions to the ISS.


CONCLUSIONS
These medical standards are released by the government space agencies to facilitate the development of robust medical screening and medical risk assessment approaches in the context of the evolving commercial human spaceflight industry.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States (NASA), USA.
Valery V
VV
Bogomolov
Filippo
F
Castrucci
Jean-Marc
JM
Comtois
Volker
V
Damann
Jeffrey R
JR
Davis
J Michael
JM
Duncan
Smith L
SL
Johnston
Gary W
GW
Gray
Anatoly I
AI
Grigoriev
Yu
Y
Koike
Paul
P
Kuklinski
Vladimir P
VP
Matveyev
Valery V
VV
Morgun
Vladimir I
VI
Pochuev
Ashot E
AE
Sargsyan
Kazuhito
K
Shimada
Ulrich
U
Straube
Shoichi
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Tachibana
Yuri V
YV
Voronkov
Richard S
RS
Williams
D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000592:standards; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012449:Safety; D013026:Space Flight / Q000592:standards*