Parachute landing fall characteristics at three realistic vertical descent velocities.
BACKGROUND
Although parachute landing injuries are thought to be due in part to a lack of exposure of trainees to realistic descent velocities during parachute landing fall (PLF) training, no research has systematically investigated whether PLF technique is affected by different vertical descent conditions, with standardized and realistic conditions of horizontal drift. This study was designed to determine the effects of variations in vertical descent velocity on PLF technique.


METHODS
Kinematic, ground reaction force, and electromyographic data were collected and analyzed for 20 paratroopers while they performed parachute landings, using a custom-designed monorail apparatus, with a constant horizontal drift velocity (2.3 m x s(-1)) and at three realistic vertical descent velocities: slow (2.1 m x s(-1)), medium (3.3 m x s(-1)), and fast (4.6 m x s(-1)).


RESULTS
Most biomechanical variables characterizing PLF technique were significantly affected by descent velocity. For example, at the fast velocity, the subjects impacted the ground with 123 degrees of plantar flexion and generated ground reaction forces averaging 13.7 times body weight, compared to 106 degrees and 6.1 body weight, respectively, at the slow velocity. Furthermore, the subjects activated their antigravity extensor muscles earlier during the fast velocity condition to eccentrically control the impact absorption.


CONCLUSIONS
As vertical descent rates increased, the paratroopers displayed a significantly different strategy when performing the PLF. It is therefore recommended that PLF training programs include ground training activities with realistic vertical descent velocities to better prepare trainees to withstand the impact forces associated with initial aerial descents onto the Drop Zone and, ultimately, minimize the potential for injury.
Whitting
John W
JW
Biomechanics Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. jww50@uow.edu.au
Steele
Julie R
JR
Jaffrey
Mark A
MA
Munro
Bridget J
BJ
D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology; D001359:Aviation; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*