Induction of parkinsonian resting tremor by stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus: a clinical study.
BACKGROUND
We hypothesise that parkinsonian tremor arises when the caudal zona incerta (cZI) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) are deprived of dopamine and become increasingly responsive to motor cortical alpha and beta frequency oscillations. These oscillations are synchronised and amplified through the basal ganglia thalamocortical loop and entrained into the cerebello-thalamocortical loop via the cZI. On receiving potent gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic alpha and beta frequency oscillations in cZI afferents, ventrolateral (VL) thalamocortical neurons become hyperpolarised and rebound burst fire, generating 4-6 Hz tremor oscillations. We test this hypothesis by stimulating the cZI at alpha and beta frequencies using deep brain stimulation (DBS) in non-tremulous parkinsonian patients to see whether a 4-6 Hz tremor can be induced.


METHODS
This study included 11 patients with non-tremulous Parkinson's disease (PD), who had DBS leads implanted in a range of targets, including the cZI, STN, VL nucleus, globus pallidus internus (GPi), centromedian and parafascicular nucleus (CM/Pf), and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). All patients underwent stimulation of active contacts within their respective targets at a standard pulse width, with frequencies ranging from 5 to 80 Hz up to a maximum tolerated voltage. The frequency of the tremor induced in the hands was recorded by accelerometry.


RESULTS
Resting tremor in the 4-6 Hz range could be readily induced following stimulation of the cZI and the VL nucleus between 5 and 40 Hz. Tremor was also seen following STN stimulation; however, this was only at high stimulation voltages (>5 volts). No tremor could be induced following CM/Pf, PPN or GPi stimulation.


CONCLUSIONS
We discuss the implications of these findings and argue that resting tremor in PD is generated in the cortico-ZI-VL-thalamocortical loop rather than in the cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamocortical loop.
Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK.
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D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D003344:Cortical Synchronization; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020646:Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D045042:Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology; D020530:Subthalamus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014202:Tremor / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D020651:Ventral Thalamic Nuclei / Q000503:physiopathology