Web-based infectious disease reporting using XML forms.
OBJECTIVE
Exploring solutions for infectious disease information sharing among hospital and public health information systems is imperative to the improvement of disease surveillance and emergent response. This paper aimed at developing a method to directly transmit real-time data of notifiable infectious diseases from hospital information systems to public health information systems on the Internet by using a standard eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format.


METHODS
The mechanism and work flow by which notifiable infectious disease data are created, reported and used at health agencies in China was evaluated. The capacity of all participating providers to use electronic data interchange to submit transactions of data required for the notifiable infectious disease reporting was assessed. The minimum data set at national level that is required for reporting for national notifiable infectious disease surveillance was determined. The standards and techniques available worldwide for electronic health data interchange, such as XML, HL7 messaging, CDA and ATSM CCR, etc. were reviewed and compared, and an XML implementation format needed for this purpose was defined for hospitals that are able to access the Internet to provide a complete infectious disease reporting.


RESULTS
There are 18,703 county or city hospitals in China. All of them have access to basic information infrastructures including computers, e-mail and the Internet. Nearly 10,000 hospitals possess hospital information systems used for electronically recording, retrieving and manipulating patients' information. These systems collect 23 data items required in the minimum data set for national notifiable infectious disease reporting. In order to transmit these data items to the disease surveillance system and local health information systems instantly and without duplication of data input, an XML schema and a set of standard data elements were developed to define the content, structure and semantics of the data set. These standards make it possible to view and analyse the data accurately outside the hospital information systems in many different document formats. The paper also identified other issues involved in notifiable disease reporting in the future, such as the adoption of approved vocabulary standards and implementation problems such as the route, secure transfer, parsing, and objective identifying of the XML message.


CONCLUSIONS
XML is an increasingly important standard for exchange and transmission of data between disparate applications and systems. As in its early stages of developing an interoperable health information system in China, the XML document structures could be a way to exchange the notifiable case information among interest parties on the web at present.
Institute for Health Informatics, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road 17#, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
Danhong
D
Liu
Xia
X
Wang
Feng
F
Pan
Yongyong
Y
Xu
Peng
P
Yang
Keqin
K
Rao
D002681:China; D003141:Communicable Diseases; D006751:Hospital Information Systems; D020407:Internet; D011381:Programming Languages; D011634:Public Health; D012660:Semantics; D018511:Systems Integration