Effects of object roughness on partially coherent image formation.
Phase perturbations in the object plane of a partially coherent imaging system are found to produce artifacts in the aerial image. It is demonstrated that phase perturbations of as little as lambda/30 rms can produce visible deformation in the final image for modest coherence factors, such as sigma(c) = 0.4. A combination of simulation and experiment is used to demonstrate the effects. Application to line-edge roughness in lithography is described.
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Beaudry
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Milster