Assessment of recent HIV-1 infection by a line immunoassay for HIV-1/2 confirmation.
BACKGROUND
Knowledge of the number of recent HIV infections is important for epidemiologic surveillance. Over the past decade approaches have been developed to estimate this number by testing HIV-seropositive specimens with assays that discriminate the lower concentration and avidity of HIV antibodies in early infection. We have investigated whether this "recency" information can also be gained from an HIV confirmatory assay.


RESULTS
The ability of a line immunoassay (INNO-LIA HIV I/II Score, Innogenetics) to distinguish recent from older HIV-1 infection was evaluated in comparison with the Calypte HIV-1 BED Incidence enzyme immunoassay (BED-EIA). Both tests were conducted prospectively in all HIV infections newly diagnosed in Switzerland from July 2005 to June 2006. Clinical and laboratory information indicative of recent or older infection was obtained from physicians at the time of HIV diagnosis and used as the reference standard. BED-EIA and various recency algorithms utilizing the antibody reaction to INNO-LIA's five HIV-1 antigen bands were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. A total of 765 HIV-1 infections, 748 (97.8%) with complete test results, were newly diagnosed during the study. A negative or indeterminate HIV antibody assay at diagnosis, symptoms of primary HIV infection, or a negative HIV test during the past 12 mo classified 195 infections (26.1%) as recent (< or = 12 mo). Symptoms of CDC stages B or C classified 161 infections as older (21.5%), and 392 patients with no symptoms remained unclassified. BED-EIA ruled 65% of the 195 recent infections as recent and 80% of the 161 older infections as older. Two INNO-LIA algorithms showed 50% and 40% sensitivity combined with 95% and 99% specificity, respectively. Estimation of recent infection in the entire study population, based on actual results of the three tests and adjusted for a test's sensitivity and specificity, yielded 37% for BED-EIA compared to 35% and 33% for the two INNO-LIA algorithms. Window-based estimation with BED-EIA yielded 41% (95% confidence interval 36%-46%).


CONCLUSIONS
Recency information can be extracted from INNO-LIA-based confirmatory testing at no additional costs. This method should improve epidemiologic surveillance in countries that routinely use INNO-LIA for HIV confirmation.
Schüpbach
Jörg
J
University of Zurich, Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Zurich, Switzerland. jorg.schupbach@access.uzh.ch
Gebhardt
Martin D
MD
Tomasik
Zuzana
Z
Niederhauser
Christoph
C
Yerly
Sabine
S
Bürgisser
Philippe
P
Matter
Lukas
L
Gorgievski
Meri
M
Dubs
Rolf
R
Schultze
Detlev
D
Steffen
Ingrid
I
Andreutti
Corinne
C
Martinetti
Gladys
G
Güntert
Bruno
B
Staub
Roger
R
Daneel
Synove
S
Vernazza
Pietro
P
D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D000465:Algorithms; D000915:Antibody Affinity; D000937:Antigen-Antibody Reactions; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
D015483:HIV Antibodies