Biomechanical evaluation of vertebroplasty using calcium sulfate cement for thoracolumbar burst fractures.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the biomechanical performance of vertebroplasty using calcium sulfate cement for thoracolumbar burst fractures.


METHODS
Sixteen bovine thoracolumbar spines (T11-L1) were divided into 4 groups (A,B,C and D). After burst-fracture model was created, 12 vertebral bodies in Groups A, B and C were augmented with calcium sulfate cement (CSC), calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, respectively. Each anterior vertebral body height was measured with a caliper at 4 time points: intact conditions (HInt), post-fracture (HFr), post-reduction (HRe) and post-vertebroplasty (HVP). The filling volume of 3 different bone cements was also measured. Each vertebral body was compressed at 0.5 mm/s using a hinged plating system on a materials testing machine to 50% of the post-vertebroplasty height to determine strength and stiffness. Difference was checked using t test or One-way ANOVA.


RESULTS
The average strike energy was 66.2 J. Vertebroplasty with different cements could sustain vertebral height. The average filling volume of bone cement in 3 groups was 4.35 ml (CSC), 3.72 ml (CPC) and 3.95 ml (PMMA), respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference among them (P larger than 0.05). Vertebroplasty with PMMA completely restored strength (116%) and stiffness (105%). CSC or CPC partly recovered vertebral strength and stiffness. However, greater strength restoration was got with CSC (1659 N) as compared with CPC (1011N, P less than 0.01). Regarding stiffness, differences between CSC (140 N/mm+/-40 N/mm)and the other two bone cements (CPC:148 N/mm+/-33 N/mm, PMMA:236 N/mm+/-97 N/mm) were not significant (P larger than 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
For a burst-fracture of calf spine, use of CSC for vertebroplasty yields similar vertebral stiffness as compared with PMMA or CPC. Although augmentation with CSC partly obtains the normal strength, this treatment still can be applied in thoracolumbar burst fractures with other instrumental devices in light of its bioactivation.
Wu
Xiao-tao
XT
Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
Jiang
Xing-jie
XJ
Zhang
Shao-dong
SD
Yang
Hui-lin
HL
D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002417:Cattle; D008297:Male; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D054854:Vertebroplasty
D001843:Bone Cements; D002133:Calcium Sulfate