Comparison of health and social characteristics of people leaving New York City jails by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: implications for public health interventions.
OBJECTIVE
We compared health and social needs by gender, age, and race/ ethnicity of people leaving New York City jails and assessed the implication of these differences for the development of jail reentry programs.


METHODS
Surveys were completed with 1,946 individuals (536 men, 704 women, and 706 adolescent males) between 1997 and 2004. Structured questionnaires captured data on demographic, criminal justice, substance use, and health characteristics. Bivariate comparisons were performed to determine variations between men and women, men and male adolescents, and non-Latino black and Hispanic/Latino respondents.


RESULTS
The majority of participants were black and Hispanic/Latino, reported high levels of substance use, had high rates of recidivism, and experienced difficult living circumstances. Compared with men, women were more likely to be homeless, use illicit drugs, report drug charges at index arrest, have health problems, and be parents. Adolescent males were more likely than men to rely on illegal activities for income and to have used marijuana and alcohol recently, and were less likely to report homelessness or health problems. Ethnic/racial differences between black and Hispanic/Latino respondents within gender and age groups were smaller than differences among these groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Jails concentrate individuals with multifaceted health and social problems, providing opportunities to engage at-risk populations in comprehensive reentry programs. Gender, age, and ethnic/racial differences among incarcerated populations require that interventions be tailored to the specific needs of these different groups.
Urban Public Health, Hunter College, 425 E. 25th St., New York, NY 10010, USA. nfreuden@hunter.cuny.edu
Nicholas
N
Freudenberg
Jeanne
J
Moseley
Melissa
M
Labriola
Jessie
J
Daniels
Christopher
C
Murrill
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011329:Prisoners; D015980:Public Health Practice; D012737:Sex Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012944:Social Support; D012961:Sociology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires