TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 expression after traumatic human spinal cord injury.
METHODS
Immunohistochemical investigation in control and lesioned human spinal cords.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the spatial and temporal expression patterns of transforming growth factor-beta1 and -beta2 (TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2) in the human spinal cord after traumatic injury.


METHODS
Germany, Aachen, Aachen University Hospital.


METHODS
Sections from human spinal cords from 4 control patients and from 14 patients who died at different time points after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) were investigated immunohistochemically.


RESULTS
In control cases, TGF-beta1 was confined to occasional blood vessels, intravascular monocytes and some motoneurons, whereas TGF-beta2 was only found in intravascular monocytes. After traumatic SCI, TGF-beta1 immunoreactivity was dramatically upregulated by 2 days after injury (the earliest survival time investigated) and was detected within neurons, astrocytes and invading macrophages. The staining was most intense over the first weeks after injury but gradually declined by 1 year. TGF-beta2 immunoreactivity was first detected 24 days after injury. It was located in macrophages and astrocytes and remained elevated for up to 1 year. In white matter tracts undergoing Wallerian degeneration, there was no induction of either isoform.


CONCLUSIONS
The early induction of TGF-beta1 at the point of SCI suggests a role in the acute inflammatory response and formation of the glial scar, while the later induction of TGF-beta2 may indicate a role in the maintenance of the scar. Neither of these TGF-beta isoforms appears to contribute to the astrocytic scar formation in nerve fibre tracts undergoing Wallerian degeneration.
Buss
A
A
Department of Neurology, Aachen University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany. abuss@ukaachen.de
Pech
K
K
Kakulas
B A
BA
Martin
D
D
Schoenen
J
J
Noth
J
J
Brook
G A
GA
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000276:immunology; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005911:Gliosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009187:Myelitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2