Literature review. Outcomes associated with postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via breast milk.
Forty years ago manufacturers commonly used polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a wide variety of products. In the late 1970s, following research demonstrating neurotoxicity in animals, even at low levels, PCBs were banned internationally. Today PCBs are widespread environmental contaminants and may be isolated from breast milk of women worldwide. This article provides an overview of the current research on the relationship between PCBs in breast milk and their effects on breastfed children with regard to neurological effects, growth and maturity, potential mitigating effects of breastfeeding, and immunologic effects. The vast majority of results from this body of research indicate that despite higher PCB loads, breastfed children continue to fare better than their formula-fed peers. At this point, there is no evidence of a threshold among the general population beyond which the risks of breastfeeding outweigh the benefits, nor is there any evidence demonstrating a clinically significant negative effect of postnatal exposure to PCBs via breast milk. To date the majority of studies conclude that despite substantially higher PCB loads among breastfed infants, breastfeeding is still preferable to formula feeding.
University of California, Department of Family Health Care Nursing, San Francisco, USA. joanne_jorissen@yahoo.com
Joanne
J
Jorissen
D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls