Visualization and interpretation of birth defects data using linked micromap plots.
BACKGROUND
Many states have implemented birth defects surveillance systems to monitor and disseminate information regarding birth defects. However, many of these states rely on tabular methods to disseminate statistical birth defects summaries. An innovative presentation technique for birth defect data that portrays the information in a joint geographical and statistical context is the linked micromap (LM) plot.


METHODS
LM plots were generated for oral cleft data at two geographical resolutions-USA states and counties of Utah. The LM plots also included demographic and behavioral risk data.


RESULTS
A LM plot for the USA reveals spatial patterns indicating higher oral cleft occurrence in the southwest and the midwest and lower occurrence in the east. The LM plot also indicates relationships between oral cleft occurrence and maternal smoking rates and the proportion of American Indians and Alaskan Natives. In particular, the five states with the highest oral cleft occurrence had a higher proportion of American Indians and Alaskan Natives. Among the 15 states with the highest oral cleft occurrence, nine had a smoking rate of 16% or higher while among the 15 states with the lowest oral cleft occurrence only one state had a smoking rate greater than 16%. The LM plot for the state of Utah shows no clear geographic pattern, due perhaps to a relatively small number of cases in a limited geographic area.


CONCLUSIONS
LM plots are effective in representing complex and large volume birth defects data. Integration to birth defects surveillance systems will improve both presentation and interpretation.
Gebreab
Samson Y
SY
Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-5210, USA.
Gillies
Robert R
RR
Munger
Ronald G
RG
Symanzik
Jürgen
J
D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States