Why the way we consider the body matters - reflections on four bioethical perspectives on the human body.
BACKGROUND
Within the context of applied bioethical reasoning, various conceptions of the human body are focused upon by the author in relation to normative notions of autonomy.


RESULTS
The author begins by descriptively exploring some main positions in bioethics from which the "body" is conceptualized. Such positions conflict: the body is that which is constitutive of the individual's experience and perception, or it is conceived of materially or mechanistically; or as a constructed locus, always historically and culturally transformed. The author goes on to suggest a methodological approach that dialectically considers embodiment from four different perspectives: as bodily self-determination, as respect for the bodily unavailability of the other, as care for bodily individuality; and lastly, as acknowledgement of bodily-constituted communities. These four perspectives encompass autonomy in two of its main interpretations: as the capability of a person to act independent of external forces, and as the moral ideal of pursuing individual wishes by means of role distance, self-limitation and universalization. Various bioethical cases are utilized to show how the four perspectives on the body can complement one another.


CONCLUSIONS
The way we consider the body matters. The author's dialectical method allows a premise-critical identification and exploration of bioethical problems concerning the body. The method is potentially applicable to other bioethical problems.
Schicktanz
Silke
S
University of Göttingen, Dept. of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Humboldtallee 36, 37073 Göttingen, Germany. silke.schicktanz@medizin.uni-goettingen.de
D026688:Bioethical Issues; D018594:Human Body; D006801:Humans; D026684:Personal Autonomy