Assessment of the effects of environmental radiation on wind chill equivalent temperatures.
Combinations of wind-driven convection and environmental radiation in cold weather, make the environment "feel" colder. The relative contributions of these mechanisms, which form the basis for estimating wind chill equivalent temperatures (WCETs), are studied over a wide range of environmental conditions. Distinction is made between direct solar radiation and environmental radiation. Solar radiation, which is not included in the analysis, has beneficial effects, as it counters and offsets some of the effects due to wind and low air temperatures. Environmental radiation effects, which are included, have detrimental effects in enhancing heat loss from the human body, thus affecting the overall thermal sensation due to the environment. The analysis is performed by a simple, steady-state analytical model of human-environment thermal interaction using upper and lower bounds of environmental radiation heat exchange. It is shown that, over a wide range of relevant air temperatures and reported wind speeds, convection heat losses dominate over environmental radiation. At low wind speeds radiation contributes up to about 23% of the overall heat loss from exposed skin areas. Its relative contributions reduce considerably as the time of the exposure prolongs and exposed skin temperatures drop. At still higher wind speeds, environmental radiation effects become much smaller contributing about 5% of the total heat loss. These values fall well within the uncertainties associated with the parameter values assumed in the computation of WCETs. It is also shown that environmental radiation effects may be accommodated by adjusting reported wind speeds slightly above their reported values.
Shitzer
Avraham
A
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel. mersasa@tx.technion.ac.il
D000398:Air Pollution, Radioactive / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000465:Algorithms; D003080:Cold Temperature; D018481:Convection; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013697:Thermosensing / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014919:Wind