Problem solving in diabetes self-management and control: a systematic review of the literature.
The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the published literature on problem solving and its associations with diabetes self-management and control, as the state of evidence exists.



PubMed, PsychINFO, and ERIC electronic databases were searched for the years 1990 to the present and for English-language articles, and reference lists from included studies were reviewed to capture additional studies.



Quantitative and qualitative studies that addressed problem solving as a process or strategy for diabetes self-management were included. Fifty-two studies met the criteria for inclusion.



Study design, sample characteristics, measures, and results were reviewed.



Thirty-six studies were quantitative; 16 were conceptual or qualitative. Studies were classified as addressing the problem-solving definition/framework, assessment, intervention, or health care professional issues.



Problem solving is a multidimensional construct encompassing verbal reasoning/rational problem solving, quantitative problem solving, and coping. Aspects of problem solving can be assessed using newly developed diabetes-specific problem-solving measures for children/adolescents and adults. Cross-sectional studies in adults, but not children/adolescents, provide consistent evidence of associations between problem solving and A1C level. Only 25% of problem-solving intervention studies with children/adolescents and 50% of interventions with adults reported improvement in A1C. Most intervention studies reported an improvement in behaviors, most commonly global adherence in children/adolescents and dietary behavior in adults. Methodological limitations (noninclusion of problem-solving measures, inadequate descriptions of problem-solving interventions, homogenous samples) need to be addressed in future research to clarify the effect of problem solving on diabetes outcomes, identify characteristics of effective interventions, and determine the utility across age and racial/ethnic groups.
The Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr HillBriggs)|The Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Hill-Briggs)
Felicia
F
Hill-Briggs
VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System (Ms Gemmell)
Leigh
L
Gemmell
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D011340:Problem Solving; D012648:Self Care
D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin