In vivo effect of the natural antioxidant hydroxytyrosol on cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in rats.
BACKGROUND
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is the first-line immunosuppressant used in transplant patients and in auto- immune diseases. Nephrotoxicity is the major limitation of CsA use. Although the mechanisms of nephrotoxicity have not been completely defined, some evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a causal role. The present study was designed to investigate in vivo effects of hydroxytyrosol (DOPET), a natural olive oil antioxidant, on oxidative stress, renal histology and haemodynamic alterations induced in rats by CsA treatment.


METHODS
Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were treated i.p. with CsA (15 mg/kg) alone or in combination with DOPET (20 mg/kg) for 3 weeks. At the end of the treatment, superoxide concentration within the cells of the abdominal aorta and renal artery was quantified from the oxidation of dihydroethidium (DHE) using fluorescence microscopic imaging analysis. In kidney tissues, lipid peroxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) assay, glutathione level was assessed enzymatically and the expression of haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene was evaluated by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Renal morphology was studied by classical histological techniques, while the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by inulin clearance. Systemic blood pressure was monitored by the tail method and through the catheterization of the carotid artery.


RESULTS
CsA administration increased superoxide concentration both in the aorta and in the renal artery, while DOPET completely prevented this effect. Higher levels of TBARS, a significant decrease in GSH and an upregulation of HO-1 mRNA were observed in the kidneys of CsA-treated rats. DOPET treatment reversed quantitatively these effects. However, CsA-dependent changes in renal histology were only partially reversed by DOPET. Finally, CsA induced a severe reduction in GFR and a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure; the DOPET treatment had no significant effect on these haemodynamic alterations.


CONCLUSIONS
The reported data indicate that effective DOPET protection from CsA-induced oxidative stress is associated with a mild effect on histological damages and does not affect the altered glomerular function and the hypertension, thus indicating that kidney injury by CsA is only in part dependent on oxidative stress.
Capasso
Giovambattista
G
Second University of Napoli, Padiglione 17 Policlinico Nuovo, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy. gb.capasso@unina2.it
Di Gennaro
Chiara Iolanda
CI
Della Ragione
Fulvio
F
Manna
Caterina
C
Ciarcia
Roberto
R
Florio
Salvatore
S
Perna
Angelica
A
Pollastro
Rosa Maria
RM
Damiano
Sara
S
Mazzoni
Orazio
O
Galletti
Patrizia
P
Zappia
Vincenzo
V
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004996:Ethidium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000975:Antioxidants; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C067883:dihydroethidium; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D012313:RNA; D016572:Cyclosporine; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D004996:Ethidium; D005978:Glutathione; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol