Surgical cephalometrics: applications and developments.
OBJECTIVE
After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the historical origins of modern cephalometry. 2. Identify common landmark points on the lateral cephalogram. 3. Describe multiple common clinical uses for cephalometry. 4. Exhibit knowledge of developments in imaging and analysis alternatives.


BACKGROUND
Interest in the dimensions of the human head has been present since antiquity. Proportional analysis and measures from cadaveric specimens led to the development of radiologic image capture and analysis on living subjects. These techniques were originally applied to establishing normative values, documenting growth, and diagnosing dentofacial disharmonies. This article reviews the origins of cephalometric methodology and current developments and applications.


METHODS
The authors conducted a MEDLINE search and review of all English language articles using the keywords "cephalometric" and "cephalometrics."


RESULTS
Cephalometrics have undergone substantial use and development since the introduction of radiologic imaging on living human subjects in 1931. Although frequently associated with orthognathic surgery, cephalometrics have been applied to a number of conditions involving altered craniofacial morphology. Advances in imaging and computing have led to increased interest in three-dimensional and non-x-ray-based assessment of the human head. Mathematical models have been applied to standard cephalometric information to increase the descriptive accuracy of the complex shapes involved.


CONCLUSIONS
Cephalometric techniques and analyses are versatile tools that can be applied to a wide variety of clinical scenarios involving the craniofacial region. New technologies and expanded applications promise to continue the development and use of this well-established methodology.
Hurst
Craig A
CA
Indianapolis, Ind. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine.
Eppley
Barry L
BL
Havlik
Robert J
RJ
Sadove
A Michael
AM
D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D003949:Diagnostic Techniques, Surgical; D006801:Humans