Effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibition on end-organ protection: can we do better?
BACKGROUND
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major regulator of blood pressure (BP) and vascular response to injury. There is increasing evidence that RAS inhibition may provide end-organ protection independent of BP lowering. Two drug classes directly target angiotensin II through complementary mechanisms. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to the active peptide angiotensin II and increase the availability of bradykinin. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) selectively antagonize angiotensin II at AT 1 receptors and may also increase activation of the AT 2 receptor and modulate the effects of angiotensin II breakdown products.


OBJECTIVE
This paper presents an overview of clinical data supporting the use of RAS inhibitors (ACE inhibitors and ARBs) as monotherapy or combination therapy based on the known role of the RAS in BP regulation and the vascular response to injury, and considers the implications of the data for future treatment.


METHODS
Relevant experimental and clinical studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (1969-June 30, 2007) using the primary search terms renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blocker, and dual RAS blockade. Trials included in the review were large (>200 patients), prospective, randomized controlled studies evaluating the effect of RAS inhibition on end-organ protection in various high-risk populations.


RESULTS
Eleven clinical trials each were identified that evaluated the effect of ACE-inhibitor and ARB monotherapy on end-organ protection. Five trials were identified that evaluated the effects of combination therapy with an ACE inhibitor and an ARB compared with treatment with either agent alone in different patient populations using different end points. In hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria, combination ACE-inhibitor/ARB therapy resulted in better BP control than either agent alone (mean difference, 11.2 mm Hg systolic [P = 0.002], 5.9 mm Hg diastolic [P = 0.003]), as well as greater reductions in microalbuminuria (mean difference in albumin:creatinine ratio, 34%; P = 0.04). Compared with monotherapy, dual RAS inhibition reduced the occurrence of a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration or end-stage renal disease by 60% to 62% in patients with nondiabetic renal disease (P = 0.018 vs ACE inhibitor alone; P = 0.016 vs ARB alone). A recently published study reported a nonsignificant benefit for combination therapy over monotherapy only in a subset of hypertensive patients with high levels of microalbuminuria at baseline (58.1% vs 43.4% reduction, respectively). In patients with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction </=40%, the relative risk for cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure was reduced by 15% in those who received an ARB added to an ACE inhibitor compared with those who received placebo added to an ACE inhibitor (P = 0.011). Another study found no benefit on mortality or cardiovascular end points with combination therapy compared with ACE-inhibitor monotherapy. Ongoing studies are investigating dual RAS blockade in patients at high risk for end-organ damage, as well as the most effective doses for use in combination regimens.


CONCLUSIONS
There is accumulating evidence that antihypertensive regimens that inhibit the RAS may provide incremental end-organ protection. Combining ACE inhibitors and ARBs to provide more extensive RAS inhibition may provide greater antihypertensive efficacy and end-organ protection than use of either class alone. Future strategies for treating high-risk patients will focus on early interventions that prevent or delay end-organ damage.
Weir
Matthew R
MR
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medidne, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1595, USA. mweir@medicine.umaryland.edu
D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents