Psychosocial factors and venous thromboembolism: a long-term follow-up study of Swedish men.
BACKGROUND
The link between psychosocial factors and coronary heart disease is well established, but although effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis variables may be implicated, no population-based study has sought to determine whether venous thromboembolism is similarly related to psychosocial factors.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) is related to psychosocial factors.


METHODS
A stress questionnaire was filled in by 6958 men at baseline from 1970 to 1973, participants in a cardiovascular intervention trial. Their occupation was used to determine socio-economic status.


RESULTS
After a maximum follow-up of 28.8 years, 358 cases of deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism were identified through the Swedish hospital discharge and cause-specific death registries. In comparison with men who, at baseline, had no or moderate stress, men with persistent stress had increased risk of pulmonary embolism [hazard ratio (HR)=1.80, 95% CI: 1.21-2.67]. After multivariable adjustment, the HR decreased slightly to 1.66 (95% CI: 1.12-2.48). When compared with manual workers, men with white-collar jobs at intermediate or high level and professionals showed an inverse relationship between occupational class and pulmonary embolism (multiple-adjusted HR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.39-0.83). Deep vein thrombosis was not significantly related to either stress or occupational class.


CONCLUSIONS
Both persistent stress and low occupational class were independently related to future pulmonary embolism. The mechanisms are unknown, but effects on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors are likely.
Rosengren
A
A
Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Göteborg, Sweden. annika.rosengren@gu.se
Fredén
M
M
Hansson
P-O
PO
Wilhelmsen
L
L
Wedel
H
H
Eriksson
H
H
D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology