Continuous exposure to Plasmodium results in decreased susceptibility and transcriptomic divergence of the Anopheles gambiae immune system.
BACKGROUND
Plasmodium infection has been shown to compromise the fitness of the mosquito vector, reducing its fecundity and longevity. However, from an evolutionary perspective, the impact of Plasmodium infection as a selective pressure on the mosquito is largely unknown.


RESULTS
In the present study we have addressed the effect of a continuous Plasmodium berghei infection on the resistance to infection and global gene expression in Anopheles gambiae. Exposure of A. gambiae to P. berghei-infected blood and infection for 16 generations resulted in a decreased susceptibility to infection, altered constitutive expression levels for approximately 2.4% of the mosquito's total transcriptome and a lower basal level of immune genes expression, including several anti-Plasmodium factors. The infection-responsiveness for several defense genes was elevated in the P. berghei exposed mosquito colonies.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study establishes the existence of a selective pressure exerted by the parasite P. berghei on the malaria vector A. gambiae that results in a decreased permissiveness to infection and changes in the mosquito transcriptome regulation that suggest a decreased constitutive immune gene activity but a more potent immune response upon Plasmodium challenge.
Aguilar
Ruth
R
W, Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615N, Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179, USA. ruth.aguilar@creisb.cat
Das
Suchismita
S
Dong
Yuemei
Y
Dimopoulos
George
G
D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017344:Genes, Insect; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008288:Malaria / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
D019476:Insect Proteins