The total body burden of chromium associated with skin disease and smoking among cement workers.
BACKGROUND
Hand eczema and other skin diseases have been associated with the exposure of chromium among cement workers. Studies on skin disease and other factors associated with the body burden of chromium are limited.


OBJECTIVE
The present study investigated the role of skin disease and smoking in the association with body burden of chromium among cement workers.


METHODS
Forty-five workers (38 men and 7 women) were recruited for this study and interviewed to obtain information on demographic status, lifestyle, employment history, and affecting factors. Urine samples were collected to measure the urinary chromium concentration to represent the body burden of chromium.


RESULTS
The average urinary chromium concentration was approximately 6 times higher in non-smoking workers with hand eczema than in non-smoking workers with no skin disease (45.5 vs. 7.6 microg/L). The average chromium level increase to 87.0 microg/L for smokers with the disease. Compared with workers with no hand eczema, the odds ratio of having urinary chromium concentration exceeding the biological exposure index level significantly increased to 11.6 (95% CI=1.3-102.2) for non-smoking workers with skin disease, and to 48.0 (95% CI=4.5-510.8) for smoking workers with skin disease. The multiple regression analysis showed that the use of gloves may reduce significantly the chromium exposure.


CONCLUSIONS
Inadequate protection and personal behavior increase the internal dose of chromium in cement workers. Total body burden of chromium are higher among cement workers with skin disease and smoking habit. These workers deserve intervention education on personal hygiene to reduce the exposure of chromium.
Chen
Chiou-Jong
CJ
Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, No. 99 Lane 407, Heng-Ke Road, Shijr City, Taipei, Taiwan.
Shih
Tung-Sheng
TS
Chang
Ho-Yuan
HY
Yu
Hsin-Su
HS
Wu
Jyun-De
JD
Sheu
Shiann-Cherng
SC
Wu
Cheng-En
CE
Chou
Tzu-Chieh
TC
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001822:Body Burden; D002857:Chromium / Q000652:urine*; D003252:Construction Materials; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002857:Chromium