A qualitative analysis of how advanced practice nurses use clinical decision support systems.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to generate a grounded theory that will reflect the experiences of advanced practice nurses (APNs) working as critical care nurse practitioners (NPs) and clinical nurse specialists (CNS) with computer-based decision-making systems.


METHODS
A study design using grounded theory qualitative research methods and convenience sampling was employed in this study. Twenty-three APNs (13 CNS and 10 NPs) were recruited from 16 critical care units located in six large urban medical centers in the U.S. Midwest. Single-structured in-depth interviews with open-ended audio-taped questions were conducted with each APN. Through this process, APNs defined what they consider to be relevant themes and patterns of clinical decision system use in their critical care practices, and they identified the interrelatedness of the conceptual categories that emerged from the results. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative analysis method of qualitative research.


CONCLUSIONS
APN participants were predominantly female, white/non-Hispanic, had a history of access to the clinical decision system used in their critical care settings for an average of 14 months, and had attended a formal training program to learn how to use clinical decision systems. "Forecasting decision outcomes," which was defined as the voluntary process employed to forecast the outcomes of patient care decisions in critical care prior to actual decision making, was the core variable describing system use that emerged from the responses. This variable consisted of four user constructs or components: (a) users' perceptions of their initial system learning experience, (b) users' sense of how well they understand how system technology works, (c) users' understanding of how system inferences are created or derived, and (d) users' relative trust of system-derived data. Each of these categories was further described through the grounded theory research process, and the relationships between the categories were identified.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study suggest that the main reason critical care APNs choose to integrate clinical decision systems into their practices is to provide an objective, scientifically derived, technology-based backup for human forecasting of the outcomes of patient care decisions prior to their actual decision making. Implications for nursing, health care, and technology research are presented.
Nursing Education Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. webersjm@pitt.edu
Scott
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Weber
D018806:APACHE; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D002568:Certification; D003197:Computer Literacy; D003200:Computer User Training; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009720:Nurse Clinicians / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology*; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology*; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011361:Professional Competence; D011379:Prognosis; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires