Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses.
In homeostasis, cellular processes are in a dynamic equilibrium. Perturbation of homeostasis causes stress. In this review I summarize how perturbation of three major functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells -- protein folding, lipid and sterol biosynthesis, and storing intracellular Ca(2+) -- causes ER stress and activates signaling pathways collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). I discuss how the UPR reestablishes homeostasis, and summarize our current understanding of how the transition from protective to apoptotic UPR signaling is controlled, and how the UPR induces inflammatory signaling.
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. martin.schroeder@durham.ac.uk
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D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D017510:Protein Folding; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
D011506:Proteins