Blood pressure and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.
Elevated blood pressure has been implicated as a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but prospective studies were confined to men and did not consider the effect of antihypertensive medication. The authors examined the relation among blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, and RCC in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Blood pressure was measured in 296,638 women and men, recruited in eight European countries during 1992-1998, 254,935 of whom provided information on antihypertensive medication. During a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 250 cases of RCC were identified. Blood pressure was independently associated with risk of RCC. The relative risks for the highest versus the lowest category of systolic (>/=160 mmHg vs. <120 mmHg) and diastolic (>/=100 mmHg vs. <80 mmHg) blood pressures were 2.48 (95% confidence interval: 1.53, 4.02) and 2.34 (95% confidence interval: 1.54, 3.55). Risk estimates did not significantly differ according to sex or use of antihypertensive medication. Individuals taking antihypertensive drugs were not at a significantly increased risk unless blood pressure was poorly controlled. These results support the hypothesis that hypertension, rather than its medications, increases the risk of RCC in both sexes, while effective blood pressure control may lower the risk.
Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany. steffen.weikert@charite.de
Steffen
S
Weikert
Heiner
H
Boeing
Tobias
T
Pischon
Cornelia
C
Weikert
Anja
A
Olsen
Anne
A
Tjonneland
Kim
K
Overvad
Nikolaus
N
Becker
Jakob
J
Linseisen
Antonia
A
Trichopoulou
Theodore
T
Mountokalakis
Dimitrios
D
Trichopoulos
Sabina
S
Sieri
Domenico
D
Palli
Paolo
P
Vineis
Salvatore
S
Panico
Petra H M
PH
Peeters
H Bas
HB
Bueno-de-Mesquita
W M Monique
WM
Verschuren
Borje
B
Ljungberg
Goran
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Hallmans
Goran
G
Berglund
Carlos A
CA
González
Miren
M
Dorronsoro
Aurelio
A
Barricarte
M J
MJ
Tormo
Naomi
N
Allen
Andrew
A
Roddam
Sheila
S
Bingham
Kay-Tee
KT
Khaw
Sabina
S
Rinaldi
Pietro
P
Ferrari
Teresa
T
Norat
Elio
E
Riboli
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005062:European Union / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires