Disease proportions attributable to environment.
Population disease proportions attributable to various causal agents are popular as they present a simplified view of the contribution of each agent to the disease load. However they are only summary figures that may be easily misinterpreted or over-interpreted even when the causal link between an exposure and an effect is well established. This commentary discusses several issues surrounding the estimation of attributable proportions, particularly with reference to environmental causes of cancers, and critically examines two recently published papers. These issues encompass potential biases as well as the very definition of environment and of environmental agent. The latter aspect is not just a semantic question but carries implications for the focus of preventive actions, whether centred on the material and social environment or on single individuals.
Imperial College London, St, Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place W2 1PG, London, UK. saracci@hotmail.com
Rodolfo
R
Saracci
Paolo
P
Vineis
D015982:Bias; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015984:Causality; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D009626:Terminology as Topic
D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D004785:Environmental Pollutants