Neuroendocrine tumor cell growth inhibition by ZM336372 through alterations in multiple signaling pathways.
BACKGROUND
We have shown previously that activation of the Raf-1/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway by ZM336372 inhibits carcinoid cells growth. In the present study, we further characterize the molecular details of the growth inhibition by the signaling-based compound ZM336372 in neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs).


METHODS
NEN cells were treated with ZM336372 (20 to 100 mumol/L) or carrier (DMSO). Western Blot was used to determine the activation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK, other pathways activation, and cellular bioactive hormone production.


RESULTS
ZM336372 in NEN cells resulted in increasing raf-1 activation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta) as measured by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and GSK-3beta, respectively. There was no alteration in the levels of phosphorylated Akt, an important mediator of the phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase pathway. Importantly, blocking of raf-1 pathway by U0126, a potent inhibitor, in the presence of ZM336372 did not reduce the levels of p-GSK-3beta, indicating that GSK-3beta inactivation is independent of raf-1 pathway activation. Moreover, the levels of chromogranin A and achaete-scute complex like-1 reductions were persistent even after blocking the raf-1 pathway. Treatment with ZM336372 in the presence of small interfering RNA against raf-1 resulted in an increase in Raf-1 production, suggesting that ZM336372 upregulates raf-1 at the transcriptional level.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first description of a novel compound ZM336372 that regulates multiple pathways in NEN cells.
Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. kunni@surgery.wisc.edu
Muthusamy
M
Kunnimalaiyaan
Mary
M
Ndiaye
Herbert
H
Chen
D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism
D001549:Benzamides; C121825:N-(5-(3-dimethylaminobenzamido)-2-methylphenyl)-4-hydroxybenzamide; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3