The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States of America.
OBJECTIVE
To review the iodine status of women as assessed through National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1971 to 2002.


METHODS
National normative estimates of iodine status of the civilian, non-institutionalized population in the United States of America.


METHODS
Women of reproductive age and pregnant women.


RESULTS
In the United States of America, iodine began to be added to the diet in the 1920s. An excessive iodine intake was documented by the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) in the 1970s which reported a median urinary iodine (UI) concentration of 320 microg l-1. In the NHANES III survey, conducted between 1988 and 1994, the median UI concentration had decreased to 145 microg l-1, while 14.9% of women aged 15-44 years and 6.9% of pregnant women had a UI concentration 50 microg l-1. The concentrations of serum T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone of women with a low UI concentration did not, however, indicate an iodine deficiency.


CONCLUSIONS
Further studies of the association between iodine excretion and biochemical and physiological changes should be undertaken to better understand women's needs for iodine and to develop criteria to monitor them in pregnancy. Because of the potential harm caused by iodine deficiency during pregnancy, we support the use of iodine supplements for all pregnancies while these data are being collected.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, Kansas City, Kansas 66049, USA. jgh3@mindspring.com
Joseph G
JG
Hollowell
James E
JE
Haddow
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D011634:Public Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D015415:Biomarkers; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D013972:Thyrotropin; D007455:Iodine