The impact of haptic learning in telemanipulator-assisted surgery.
BACKGROUND
The use of a telemanipulator requires special training and surgical performance is associated with a learning curve. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential value of Haptic-Visual over Visual-Only passive Training in telemanipulator-assisted surgery.


METHODS
Two telemanipulator consoles (da Vinci, Intuitive Surgical) were linked through an Application Programer's Interface allowing the applicant at the training console to register the position and passively follow the motions of the instructor's master telemanipulators (MTMs) at the master console (Haptic-Visual Learning group, HVL). The applicant could not actively interfere with the MTM movements. Both the trainee and the instructor shared the same 3-dimensional vision. Alternatively, subjects received only standard visual training without touching the MTMs (Visual-Only Learning group, VL). A standardized demonstration of tasks and the system was given for both groups. Participants (n=20) without previous experience with telemanipulation performed a set of various tasks in a randomized order. Study end points were time and accuracy required to perform the different task.


RESULTS
The first task, with moving items to appropriate locations, showed differences in time to perform the task [mean: 4:06 min (HVL) vs. 5:16 min (VL) (P=0.2)] and accuracy differed among groups [mean number of errors 1.7 (VL) vs. 1.3 (HVL) P=0.38]. With more challenging tasks [cut out round figures (cut) and performing double dot suture lines (sti)] the number of errors was less in the HVL group [mean: 1.1 errors (cut) (P=0.05) and 1.8 errors (sti) (P=0.26)] compared with the VL group [mean: 1.8 errors (cut) and 2.3 errors (sti)]. In addition, the time to perform the tasks decreased in the HVL group with mean: 5.42 minutes (cut) (P=0.26) and 9.41 minutes (sti) (P=0.36) compared with the VL group with mean: 7.09 minutes (cut) and 11.43 minutes (sti).


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated the impact of haptic-visual passive learning in telemanipulator-assisted surgery which may alter the training for telemanipulator-assisted endoscopic procedures.
Jacobs
Stephan
S
Herzzentrum Leipzig, Department of Heartsurgery, University Leipzig, Germany. stjacobs@aol.com
Holzhey
David
D
Strauss
Gero
G
Burgert
Oliver
O
Falk
Volkmar
V
D004521:Educational Measurement; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008961:Models, Structural; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods*; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014741:Video Recording