To what extent do educational interventions impact medical trainees' attitudes and behaviors regarding industry-trainee and industry-physician relationships?
BACKGROUND
Recently, academic medical centers have been asked to take the lead in voluntarily instituting more stringent regulations regarding pharmaceutical industry interactions not only with physicians but also with medical trainees.


OBJECTIVE
Our goal was to summarize the recent literature regarding the impact of educational interventions and regulatory policies on trainee perceptions of pharmaceutical industry interactions and/or pharmaceutical industry-related trainee behavior.


METHODS
We searched Medline and the bibliographies of review articles for relevant studies. Articles published before the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education standards for commercial support of continuing medical education were issued in 1991 were excluded. Two reviewers selected empiric studies that (1) reported empiric data about educational interventions that were meant to shape trainee knowledge, attitudes, or practices concerning the pharmaceutical industry or (2) evaluated the impact of regulatory policies on trainee attitudes or behaviors.


RESULTS
From 247 identified articles, 12 met the inclusion criteria. In 2 of these studies, the impact of regulatory policies on trainee attitudes and/or behaviors was assessed. In the remaining 10 studies, the impact of various educational interventions developed by training programs or schools to shape trainee knowledge, attitudes, or practices concerning the pharmaceutical industry were evaluated.


CONCLUSIONS
Although modest in size, a body of empirical research exists that might inform medical educators. Beyond institutional policy that excludes the pharmaceutical industry, the evidence reviewed suggests that well-designed seminars, role playing, and focused curricula can affect trainee attitudes and behavior, although it is not entirely clear whether these changes are sustainable over the long-term.
Carroll
Aaron E
AE
Children's Health Services Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. aaecarro@iupui.edu
Vreeman
Rachel C
RC
Buddenbaum
Jennifer
J
Inui
Thomas S
TS
D004345:Drug Industry / Q000193:education*; D004501:Education, Medical; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D010820:Physicians; D013339:Students, Pharmacy