Overcoming apoptosis deficiency of melanoma-hope for new therapeutic approaches.
The increased incidence of malignant melanoma in the last decades, its high mortality and pronounced therapy resistance pose an enormous challenge. Important therapeutic targets for melanoma are the induction of apoptosis and suppression of survival pathways. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and of death receptor ligands to trigger apoptosis in melanoma cells. In the clinical setting, BH3 domain mimics and death receptor agonists are therefore considered as promising, specific novel treatments to add to the conventional pro-apoptotic strategies such as chemo- or radiotherapy. However, constitutively activated survival pathways, in particular the mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase B/Akt and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, all may work in concert to prevent effective therapy. Thus, selective biologicals developed with the aim to inhibit pro-survival signaling are currently tested in melanoma. For highly therapy-resistant tumors such as melanoma, development of novel drug combinations will be essential, and combinations of survival inhibitors and pro-apoptotic mediators appear most promising. The challenge of the near future will be to make a rational choice of the multiple possible combinations and protocols. This review gives a critical overview of proteins involved in melanoma chemoresistance, which are targets for current drug development leading to the best choice for future trials.
Eberle
Jürgen
J
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Charité, Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. juergen.eberle@charite.de
Kurbanov
Bahtier M
BM
Hossini
Amir M
AM
Trefzer
Uwe
U
Fecker
Lothar F
LF
D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009154:Mutation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D053218:Receptors, Death Domain / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D053218:Receptors, Death Domain; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D020169:Caspases