Anatomical and technical aspects of harvesting the auricle as a neurovascular facial subunit transplant in humans.
BACKGROUND
Auricular transplants from cadaveric sources may be a viable alternative for difficult auricular reconstruction once immunologic problems are largely solved. The authors report on the neurovascular anatomy and technical details of harvesting the auricle as a single facial subunit.


METHODS
Nine auricles were studied in latex-injected (n = 5) and fresh cadaveric heads (n = 4). In latex-injected heads, dissection in the neck and auricular region and microdissection within the substance of the auricle were performed under loupe magnification. The arterial network was exposed and measurements were taken, including the size, length, and diameters of vessels. The number of branches supplying the entire auricle was noted. Methylene blue dye was injected into fresh cadaveric heads through the posterior auricular (n = 2) or superficial temporal arteries (n = 2) to assess the territory supplied by each arterial system.


RESULTS
Dye injected into the superficial temporal artery stained the upper two-thirds of the anterior and posterior auricular regions; all anterior cartilaginous eminences, except the antitragus, were homogenously stained. Dye injected into the posterior auricular artery stained the lobule, posterior auricular skin, and the depressed anterior auricular regions, including the cavum conchae, scapha, and triangular fossa. Neither the superficial temporal nor the posterior auricular arteries could adequately nourish the entire auricle as single pedicles. The auriculotemporal and great auricular nerves can be included in the transplant for sensation. The temporoparietal scalp can also be reliably included to meet reconstructive requirements.


CONCLUSIONS
The auricle can be reliably elevated as a transplant when nourished by both the superficial temporal and posterior auricular arterial systems. The external jugular vein and external carotid artery can therefore be used as the vascular pedicle for auricular transplantation.
Ulusal
Betul Gozel
BG
Taipei, Taiwan; and Singapore From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College, Chang Gung University, and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital.
Ulusal
Ali Engin
AE
Lin
Jeng-Yee
JY
Tan
Bien-Keem
BK
Wong
Chin-Ho
CH
Song
Colin
C
Wei
Fu-Chan
FC
D002102:Cadaver; D054644:Ear Auricle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D054445:Facial Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*