Virtual reality and paranoid ideations in people with an 'at-risk mental state' for psychosis.
BACKGROUND
Virtual reality provides a means of studying paranoid thinking in controlled laboratory conditions. However, this method has not been used with a clinical group.


OBJECTIVE
To establish the feasibility and safety of using virtual reality methodology in people with an at-risk mental state and to investigate the applicability of a cognitive model of paranoia to this group.


METHODS
Twenty-one participants with an at-risk mental state were assessed before and after entering a virtual reality environment depicting the inside of an underground train.


RESULTS
Virtual reality did not raise levels of distress at the time of testing or cause adverse experiences over the subsequent week. Individuals attributed mental states to virtual reality characters including hostile intent. Persecutory ideation in virtual reality was predicted by higher levels of trait paranoia, anxiety, stress, immersion in virtual reality, perseveration and interpersonal sensitivity.


CONCLUSIONS
Virtual reality is an acceptable experimental technique for use with individuals with at-risk mental states. Paranoia in virtual reality was understandable in terms of the cognitive model of persecutory delusions.
Valmaggia
Lucia R
LR
Department of Psychological Medicine, PO 67, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. L.Valmaggia@iop.kcl.ac.uk
Freeman
Daniel
D
Green
Catherine
C
Garety
Philippa
P
Swapp
David
D
Antley
Angus
A
Prescott
Corinne
C
Fowler
David
D
Kuipers
Elizabeth
E
Bebbington
Paul
P
Slater
Mel
M
Broome
Matthew
M
McGuire
Philip K
PK
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003702:Delusions / Q000523:psychology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D014584:User-Computer Interface