International Space Station medical standards and certification for space flight participants.
BACKGROUND
The medical community of the International Space Station (ISS) has developed joint medical standards and evaluation requirements for Space Flight Participants ("space tourists") which are used by the ISS medical certification board to determine medical eligibility of individuals other than professional astronauts (cosmonauts) for short-duration space flight to the ISS. These individuals are generally fare-paying passengers without operational responsibilities.
By means of this publication, the medical standards and evaluation requirements for the ISS Space Flight Participants are offered to the aerospace medicine and commercial spaceflight communities for reference purposes. It is emphasized that the criteria applied to the ISS spaceflight participant candidates are substantially less stringent than those for professional astronauts and/or crewmembers of visiting and long-duration missions to the ISS.


CONCLUSIONS
These medical standards are released by the government space agencies to facilitate the development of robust medical screening and medical risk assessment approaches in the context of the evolving commercial human spaceflight industry.
Bogomolov
Valery V
VV
National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States (NASA), USA.
Castrucci
Filippo
F
Comtois
Jean-Marc
JM
Damann
Volker
V
Davis
Jeffrey R
JR
Duncan
J Michael
JM
Johnston
Smith L
SL
Gray
Gary W
GW
Grigoriev
Anatoly I
AI
Koike
Yu
Y
Kuklinski
Paul
P
Matveyev
Vladimir P
VP
Morgun
Valery V
VV
Pochuev
Vladimir I
VI
Sargsyan
Ashot E
AE
Shimada
Kazuhito
K
Straube
Ulrich
U
Tachibana
Shoichi
S
Voronkov
Yuri V
YV
Williams
Richard S
RS
D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000592:standards; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012449:Safety; D013026:Space Flight / Q000592:standards*