Gender and non-medical use of prescription opioids: results from a national US survey.
OBJECTIVE
Gender differences exist regarding alcohol and illicit drug use disorders in the United States. Little is known about the gender-related factors associated with non-medical use of prescription opioids.


METHODS
Using data from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we examined risk factors for past-year non-medical use of prescription opioids stratified by gender.


METHODS
Non-institutionalized US residences. Participants Civilian, non-institutionalized US citizens aged 12 years and older.


METHODS
Self-reported alcohol and drug use, focusing specifically on past-year non-medical use of prescription opioids.


RESULTS
Among 55 023 respondents, 4.8% reported past-year, non-medical use of prescription opioids. For both women and men, alcohol abuse/dependence and marijuana, hallucinogen, cocaine, non-medical stimulant and sedative/tranquilizer use were associated with past-year non-medical use of prescription opioids. Among women but not men, first use of illicit drugs beginning at 24 years or older [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) 1.90, 95% CI 1.05-3.44], serious mental illness (AOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.29-2.17) and cigarette smoking (AOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.68) were associated with past-year non-medical use of prescription opioids. Among men but not women, past-year inhalant use (AOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.28-2.92) was associated with the outcome.


CONCLUSIONS
For both women and men, illicit drug use is associated with the non-medical use of prescription opioids. Additionally, certain factors associated with the non-medical use of prescription opioids are notably gender-specific. Clinicians should recognize that patients with a history of illicit substance use or misuse of other prescription medications are at increased risk for non-medical use of prescription opioids, and that gender-specific factors can help to identify individuals at greatest risk.
Tetrault
Jeanette M
JM
Veterans Affairs Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, West Haven, CT, USA. jeanette.tetrault@yale.edu
Desai
Rani A
RA
Becker
William C
WC
Fiellin
David A
DA
Concato
John
J
Sullivan
Lynn E
LE
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D013287:Illicit Drugs