The prevalence and degree of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to first-line antimalarial drugs: an in vitro study from a malaria endemic region in Yemen.
BACKGROUND
Unpublished studies on antimalarial drug efficacy have found low levels of chloroquine resistance in Yemen. This study was carried out to determine the current prevalence of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Yemen to the main anti-malarial drugs and to determine the effective concentration(EC) values.


METHODS
The WHO standard protocol was used for the selection of subjects, collection of blood samples, culture techniques, examination of post-culture blood slides and interpretation of results. The in vitro micro-test Mark III was used for assessing susceptibility of P. falciparum isolates.


RESULTS
The criteria for blood parasite density was met by 219 P. falciparum malaria patients. Chloroquine resistance was found in 47% of isolated P. falciparum schizonts. Mefloquine resistanfce was found in 5.2%. In addition, the EC50 and EC95 values in blood that inhibited schizont maturation in resistant isolates were higher than the normal therapeutic level of mefloquine. No resistance occurred against quinine or artemisinin, with no growth at hte cut-off level of quinine and inhibition of low concentrations of artemisinin.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study confirmed the occurrence of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum and a slow increase in the rate of this resistance; it is likely that resistance will increase further and spread over all the foci of malaria in Yemen. The low rate of mefloquine-resistant P. falciparum, was lower than that reported in Africa or Southeast Asia, but it is the first report of mefloquine resistance in Yemen. Finally, the isolates were sensitive to low-concentrations of quinine and artemisinin.
Al-Shamahy
Hassan
H
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Sana'a, Yemen. shmahe@yemen.net.ye
Al-Harazy
Abdullilah Hussein
AH
Harmal
Nabil S
NS
Al-Kabsi
Abdulgodos M
AM
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D015767:Mefloquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D011803:Quinine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015006:Yemen
D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D002738:Chloroquine; C031327:artemisinin; D011803:Quinine; D015767:Mefloquine