Context matters: the benefits and costs of expressing positive emotion among survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
Positive emotions promote adjustment to aversive life events. However, evolutionary theory and empirical research on trauma disclosure suggest that in the context of stigmatized events, expressing positive emotions might incur social costs. To test this thesis, the authors coded genuine (Duchenne) smiling and laughter and also non-Duchenne smiling from videotapes of late-adolescent and young adult women, approximately half with documented histories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), as they described the most distressing event of their lives. Consistent with previous studies, genuine positive emotional expression was generally associated with better social adjustment two years later. However, as anticipated, CSA survivors who expressed positive emotion in the context of describing a past CSA experience had poorer long-term social adjustment, whereas CSA survivors who expressed positive emotion while describing a nonabuse experience had improved social adjustment. These findings suggest that the benefits of positive emotional expression may often be context specific.
Bonanno
George A
GA
Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. gab38@columbia.edu
Colak
Deniz M
DM
Keltner
Dacher
D
Shiota
Michelle N
MN
Papa
Anthony
A
Noll
Jennie G
JG
Putnam
Frank W
FW
Trickett
Penelope K
PK
D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007845:Laughter; D008297:Male; D012904:Smiling; D012917:Social Adjustment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*