Bone mineral density in collegiate female athletes: comparisons among sports.
BACKGROUND
Some female athletes may have decreased bone mineral density (BMD), which puts them at higher risk for stress fractures and future osteoporosis.


OBJECTIVE
To compare site-specific BMD among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I varsity female athletes and to determine predictor variables of BMD measurements.


METHODS
Between-groups design.


METHODS
University health care system.


METHODS
All women varsity athletes were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study. Of 12 sports, we obtained complete data from 99 women (mean age = 20.2 +/- 1.3 years) representing gymnastics, softball, cross-country, track, field hockey, soccer, crew, and swimming/diving.


METHODS
Each participant was weighed, measured, and questioned about her menstrual status. Using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, we measured total-body BMD and region-of-interest scores for lumbar spine, pelvis, and average leg (average from right and left leg measurements) BMD. Using analyses of covariance, we compared BMD measurements among sports at each site while controlling for menstrual status and mass, and we performed a stepwise regression analysis to determine significant predictors of BMD at each site.


RESULTS
Twenty-three athletes were oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic. Runners had the lowest total-body (1.079 +/- 0.055 g.cm (-2)) and site-specific ( P < .01) BMD values for every site except average leg score when compared with gymnasts and softball players. Swimmers and divers had significantly lower average leg BMD (1.117 +/- 0.086 g.cm (-2)) than athletes in every other sport except runners and rowers ( P < .01). Regression analysis revealed only mass and sport as significant predictors of total-body BMD.


CONCLUSIONS
Runners and swimmers and divers demonstrated some deficits in site-specific BMD values when compared with athletes in other sports. When treating a female varsity athlete, athletic trainers should consider her mass and sport type with regard to her bone health.
Mudd
Lanay M
LM
Michigan State University, Department of Kinesiology, 3 IM Circle, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. muddlana@msu.edu
Fornetti
Willa
W
Pivarnik
James M
JM
D000328:Adult; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013550:Swimming / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014142:Track and Field / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014495:Universities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*