title: Enhanced expression and activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors distinguish aneurysmal from atherosclerotic aorta: IL-6- and IL-8-dominated inflammatory responses prevail in the human aneurysm.
abstract: Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of an AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm); however, the nature of the inflammatory factors and cellular response(s) involved in AAA growth is controversial. In the present study, we set out to determine the aortic levels of inflammatory cytokines in relation to downstream inflammatory transcription factors and cellular responses. A comparison of AAA wall samples with atherosclerotic wall samples taken from the same aortic region allowed AAA-specific inflammatory parameters to be identified that distinguish AAAs from ASD (aortic atherosclerotic disease). RT-PCR (real-time PCR), ELISA, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were combined to assess cytokines and transcription factors at the mRNA and protein level, and their activation status. Compared with ASD, inflammatory parameters associated with Th1-type [T-bet, IL (interleukin)-2, IFN-gamma (interferon-gamma), TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha), IL-1alpha and cytotoxic T-cells] and Th2-type [GATA3, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and B-cells] responses were all increased in AAA samples. Evaluation of major downstream inflammatory transcription factors revealed higher baseline levels of C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) alpha, beta and delta in the AAA samples. Baseline p65 NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) and c-Jun [AP-1 (activator protein-1)] levels were comparable, but their activated forms were strongly increased in the AAA samples. Downstream target genes of p65 NF-kappaB, c-Jun, IL-6 and IL-8 were hyperexpressed. Molecular and cellular processes associated with IL-6 and IL-8 hyperactivation were enhanced in the AAA samples, i.e. the expression of phospho-STAT-3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-3) and perforin were elevated, and the content of plasma cells, neutrophils and vasa vasorum was increased. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that an AAA is a general inflammatory condition which is characterized by enhanced expression and activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, accompanied by IL-6 and IL-8 hyperexpression and exaggerated downstream cellular responses, which together clearly distinguish an AAA from ASD.
authors: Department of Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. Lindeman@LUMC.nl
authors: Jan H N
authors: JH
authors: Lindeman
authors: Hazem
authors: H
authors: Abdul-Hussien
authors: Alexander F M
authors: AF
authors: Schaapherder
authors: J Hajo
authors: JH
authors: Van Bockel
authors: Jan H
authors: JH
authors: Von der Thüsen
authors: Dave L
authors: DL
authors: Roelen
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Kleemann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000502:physiology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014157:Transcription Factors