title: Coronary artery calcium scores and risk for cardiovascular events in women classified as "low risk" based on Framingham risk score: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and subsequent risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular (CVD) events among asymptomatic women judged to be at low risk by the Framingham risk score (FRS), a common approach for determining 10-year absolute risk for CHD. Based on population survey data, 95% of American women are considered at low risk based on FRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) included 3601 women aged 45 to 84 years at baseline. The CAC score was measured by coronary computed tomography. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the CHD and CVD risk associated with CAC score among women classified as "low risk" based on FRS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excluding women with diabetes and those older than 79 years, 90% of women in MESA (mean +/- SD age, 60 +/- 9 years) were classified as "low risk" based on FRS. The prevalence of CAC (CAC score > 0) in this low-risk subset was 32% (n = 870). Compared with women with no detectable CAC, low-risk women with a CAC score greater than 0 were at increased risk for CHD (hazard ratio, 6.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.6-16.4) and CVD events (hazard ratio, 5.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.5-10.8). In addition, advanced CAC (CAC score > or = 300) was highly predictive of future CHD and CVD events compared with women with nondetectable CAC and identified a group of low-risk women with a 6.7% and 8.6% absolute CHD and CVD risk, respectively, over a 3.75-year period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of CAC in women considered to be at low risk based on FRS was predictive of future CHD and CVD events. Advanced CAC identified a subset of low-risk women at higher risk based on current risk stratification strategies.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. slakoski@wfubmc.edu
authors: Susan G
authors: SG
authors: Lakoski
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Greenland
authors: Nathan D
authors: ND
authors: Wong
authors: Pamela J
authors: PJ
authors: Schreiner
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Herrington
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Kronmal
authors: Kiang
authors: K
authors: Liu
authors: Roger S
authors: RS
authors: Blumenthal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000378:metabolism*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium