title: Loss of macroautophagy promotes or prevents fibroblast apoptosis depending on the death stimulus.
abstract: Macroautophagy has been implicated as a mechanism of cell death. However, the relationship between this degradative pathway and cell death is unclear as macroautophagy has been shown recently to protect against apoptosis. To better define the interplay between these two critical cellular processes, we determined whether inhibition of macroautophagy could have both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic effects in the same cell. Embryonic fibroblasts from mice with a knock-out of the essential macroautophagy gene atg5 were treated with activators of the extrinsic and intrinsic death pathways. Loss of macroautophagy sensitized these cells to caspase-dependent apoptosis from the death receptor ligands Fas and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Atg5-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts had increased activation of the mitochondrial death pathway in response to Fas/TNF-alpha in concert with decreased ATP levels. Fas/TNF-alpha treatment failed to up-regulate macroautophagy, and in fact, decreased activity at late time points. In contrast to their sensitization to Fas/TNF-alpha, Atg5-/- cells were resistant to death from menadione and UV light. In the absence of macroautophagy, an up-regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy induced resistance to these stressors. These results demonstrate that inhibition of macroautophagy can promote or prevent apoptosis in the same cell and that the response is governed by the nature of the death stimulus and compensatory changes in other forms of autophagy. Experimental findings that an inhibition of macroautophagy blocks apoptosis do not prove that autophagy mediates cell death as this effect may result from the protective up-regulation of other autophagic pathways such as chaperone-mediated autophagy.
authors: Department of Medicine, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors: Yongjun
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Rajat
authors: R
authors: Singh
authors: Ashish C
authors: AC
authors: Massey
authors: Saul S
authors: SS
authors: Kane
authors: Susmita
authors: S
authors: Kaushik
authors: Taneisha
authors: T
authors: Grant
authors: Youqing
authors: Y
authors: Xiang
authors: Ana Maria
authors: AM
authors: Cuervo
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Czaja
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D020169:Caspases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D024483:Vitamin K 3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C495773:Atg5 protein, mouse; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014815:Vitamins; D024483:Vitamin K 3; D020169:Caspases