title: The effect of induced hindlimb lameness on thoracolumbar kinematics during treadmill locomotion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no detailed studies describing a relationship between hindlimb lameness and altered motion of the back.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the effect of induced subtle hindlimb lameness on thoracolumbar kinematics in the horse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinematics of 6 riding horses were measured during walk and trot on a treadmill before and during application of pressure on the sole of the left hindlimb using a well-established sole pressure model. Reflective markers were located at anatomical landmarks on the limbs, back, head and neck for kinematic recordings. Ground reaction forces (GRF) in individual limbs were calculated from kinematics to detect changes in loading of the limbs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When pressure on the sole of the hindlimb was present, horses were judged as lame (grade 2 on the AAEP scale 1-5) by an experienced clinician. No significant unloading of this limb was found in the group of horses (unloading was observed in 4 animals, but was not detectable in the other 2), but statistically significant effects on back kinematics were detected. The overall flexion-extension (FE) range of motion (ROM) of the vertebral column was increased at walk, especially in the thoracic segments. Axial rotation (AR) ROM of the pelvis was also increased. At trot, the FE ROM was decreased only in the segment L3-L5-S3. During the stance phase of the lame limb, the segment T6-T10-T13 was more flexed and the neck was lowered at both gaits; the thoracolumbar segments were more extended at walk and trot. There were no significant changes in the stride length or protraction-retraction angles in any of the limbs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subtle hindlimb lameness provoked slight but detectable changes in thoracolumbar kinematics. The subtle lameness induced in this study resulted in hyperextension and increased ROM of the thoracolumbar back, but also in decreased ROM of the lumbosacral segment and rotational motion changes of the pelvis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even subtle lameness can result in changes in back kinematics, which emphasises the intricate link between limb function and thoracolumbar motion. It may be surmised that, when chronically present, subtle lameness induces back dysfunction.
authors: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: C B
authors: CB
authors: Gomez Alvarez
authors: M F
authors: MF
authors: Bobbert
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Lamers
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Johnston
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Back
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: van Weeren
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000662:veterinary; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006736:Horses; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008124:Locomotion; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D016474:Weight-Bearing