title: Gene expression-based molecular diagnostic system for malignant gliomas is superior to histological diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current morphology-based glioma classification methods do not adequately reflect the complex biology of gliomas, thus limiting their prognostic ability. In this study, we focused on anaplastic oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma, which typically follow distinct clinical courses. Our goal was to construct a clinically useful molecular diagnostic system based on gene expression profiling.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of 3,456 genes in 32 patients, 12 and 20 of whom had prognostically distinct anaplastic oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma, respectively, was measured by PCR array. Next to unsupervised methods, we did supervised analysis using a weighted voting algorithm to construct a diagnostic system discriminating anaplastic oligodendroglioma from glioblastoma. The diagnostic accuracy of this system was evaluated by leave-one-out cross-validation. The clinical utility was tested on a microarray-based data set of 50 malignant gliomas from a previous study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unsupervised analysis showed divergent global gene expression patterns between the two tumor classes. A supervised binary classification model showed 100% (95% confidence interval, 89.4-100%) diagnostic accuracy by leave-one-out cross-validation using 168 diagnostic genes. Applied to a gene expression data set from a previous study, our model correlated better with outcome than histologic diagnosis, and also displayed 96.6% (28 of 29) consistency with the molecular classification scheme used for these histologically controversial gliomas in the original article. Furthermore, we observed that histologically diagnosed glioblastoma samples that shared anaplastic oligodendroglioma molecular characteristics tended to be associated with longer survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our molecular diagnostic system showed reproducible clinical utility and prognostic ability superior to traditional histopathologic diagnosis for malignant glioma.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Mitsuaki
authors: M
authors: Shirahata
authors: Kyoko
authors: K
authors: Iwao-Koizumi
authors: Sakae
authors: S
authors: Saito
authors: Noriko
authors: N
authors: Ueno
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Oda
authors: Nobuo
authors: N
authors: Hashimoto
authors: Jun A
authors: JA
authors: Takahashi
authors: Kikuya
authors: K
authors: Kato
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D009837:Oligodendroglioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity