title: Robotic fundoplication in children: resident teaching and a single institutional review of our first 50 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robotic surgery is a new technology that may eventually replace laparoscopy in treating many surgical issues in children. Resident education using robotic surgery has been a concern for many institutions. We present our first 50 consecutive robotic fundoplications in children and our teaching experience with this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-arm surgical robot was used to create a Nissen fundoplication with 1 additional port for liver retraction. Although there were exceptions, a 12-mm 3-dimensional camera was used in most patients greater than 10 kg, and a 5-mm 2-dimensional camera if less than 10 kg. Robotic instruments were either 8 or 5 mm. An accessory port was used for liver retraction. The console surgeon was either an attending surgeon or a fourth-year general surgery resident. The general surgery residents had limited prior minimally invasive experience consisting of cholecystectomies, appendectomies, and a few other procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average age was 5.1 years (range, 1 month to 16 years). Average weight was 19.5 kg (range, 2.7-96.4 kg). No open conversions or intraoperative complications occurred. Postoperative complications included ileus (4%), dysphagia (4%), a G-tube site wound infection (2%), gas bloat syndrome (2%), and 1 wrap breakdown 3 years after the initial procedure (2%). Operative times for staff surgeons were down to 90 minutes after 5 fundoplications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic fundoplication is an acceptable method to perform minimally invasive antireflux surgery in children. Resident education and teaching can be readily accomplished using the robot and the learning curve is relatively short and steep.
authors: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. john-j-meehan@uiowa.edu
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: Meehan
authors: Tammy D
authors: TD
authors: Meehan
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Sandler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012371:Robotics; D016896:Treatment Outcome