title: Inflammatory cytokines promote inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated DNA damage in hamster gallbladder epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the link between chronic biliary inflammation and carcinogenesis using hamster gallbladder epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gallbladder epithelial cells were isolated from hamsters and cultured with a mixture of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1beta, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, nitric oxide (NO) generation, and DNA damage were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NO generation was increased significantly following cytokine stimulation, and suppressed by an iNOS inhibitor. iNOS mRNA expression was demonstrated in the gallbladder epithelial cells during exposure to inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, NO-dependent DNA damage, estimated by the comet assay, was significantly increased by cytokines, and decreased to control levels by an iNOS inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokine stimulation induced iNOS expression and NO generation in normal hamster gallbladder epithelial cells, which was sufficient to cause DNA damage. These results indicate that NO-mediated genotoxicity induced by inflammatory cytokines through activation of iNOS may be involved in the process of biliary carcinogenesis in response to chronic inflammation of the biliary tree.
authors: Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan. a-kit@bg8.so-net.ne.jp
authors: Amane
authors: A
authors: Kitasato
authors: Yoshitsugu
authors: Y
authors: Tajima
authors: Tamotsu
authors: T
authors: Kuroki
authors: Ryuji
authors: R
authors: Tsutsumi
authors: Tomohiko
authors: T
authors: Adachi
authors: Takehiro
authors: T
authors: Mishima
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Kanematsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020552:Comet Assay; D006224:Cricetinae; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II