title: Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antibiotic prophylaxis is given to children at risk for urinary tract infection. However, evidence concerning its effectiveness in grade I to III vesicoureteral reflux is lacking. The objective of this study was to determine whether antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the incidence of urinary tract infection in young children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children 1 month to 3 years old with grade I to III vesicoureteral reflux were assigned randomly to receive daily cotrimoxazole or no treatment, and followed for 18 months. A urinary tract infection constituted an exit criterion. Infection-free survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 225 children were enrolled in the study. Distribution of gender, age at inclusion and reflux grade were similar between the 2 groups. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of urinary tract infection between the 2 groups (17% vs 26%, p = 0.2). However, a significant association was found between treatment and patient gender (p = 0.017). Prophylaxis significantly reduced urinary tract infection in boys (p = 0.013), most notably in boys with grade III vesicoureteral reflux (p = 0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that antibiotic prophylaxis does not reduce the overall incidence of urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux. However, such a strategy may prevent further urinary tract infection in boys with grade III reflux.
authors: Medical Pediatric Clinic, Hospital Center and University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Roussey-Kesler
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Gadjos
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Idres
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Horen
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Ichay
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Leclair
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Raymond
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Grellier
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Hazart
authors: L
authors: L
authors: de Parscau
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Salomon
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Champion
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Leroy
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Guigonis
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Siret
authors: J B
authors: JB
authors: Palcoux
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Taque
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Lemoigne
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Nguyen
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Guyot
mesh_terms: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination