title: Patient-initiated device removal in intensive care units: a national prevalence study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Information is needed about patient-initiated device removal to guide quality initiatives addressing regulations aimed at minimizing physical restraint use. Research objectives were to determine the prevalence of device removal, describe patient contexts, examine unit-level adjusted risk factors, and describe consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective prevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total of 49 adult intensive care units (ICUs) from a random sample of 39 hospitals in five states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected daily for 49,482 patient-days by trained nurses and included unit census, ventilator days, restraint days, and days accounted for by men and by elderly. For each device removal episode, data were collected on demographic and clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients removed 1,623 devices on 1,097 occasions: overall rate, 22.1 episodes/1000 patient-days; range, 0-102.4. Surgical ICUs had lower rates (16.1 episodes) than general (23.6 episodes) and medical (23.4 episodes) ICUs. ICUs with fewer resources had fewer all-type device removal relative to ICUs with greater resources (relative risk, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.66-0.87) but higher self-extubation rates (relative risk, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.52). Men accounted for 57% of the episodes, 44% were restrained at the time, and 30% had not received any sedation, narcotic, or psychotropic drug in the previous 24 hrs. There was no association between rates of device removal with restraint rates, proportion of men, or elderly. Self-extubation rates were inversely associated with ventilator days (rs = -0.31, p = .03). Patient harm occurred in 250 (23%) episodes; ten incurred major harm. No deaths occurred. Reinsertion rates varied by device: 23.5% of surgical drains to 88.9% of monitor leads. Additional resources (e.g., radiography) were used in 58% of the episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Device removal by ICU patients is common, resulting in harm in one fourth of patients and significant resource expenditure. Further examination of patient-, unit-, and practitioner-level variables may help explain variation in rates and provide direction for further targeted interventions.
authors: Nursing Research and Geriatric Nursing, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. lmion@metrohealth.org
authors: Lorraine C
authors: LC
authors: Mion
authors: Ann F
authors: AF
authors: Minnick
authors: Rosanne
authors: R
authors: Leipzig
authors: Catherine D
authors: CD
authors: Catrambone
authors: Mary E
authors: ME
authors: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D020878:Device Removal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007440:Intubation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012307:Risk Factors; D012308:Risk Management; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology