title: Urinalysis as a noninvasive health screening procedure in Falconidae.
abstract: Clinical signs of renal disorders in animals, including raptors, are not specific. Furthermore, serum or plasma biochemical parameters change only when 70% of kidney function is lost. In this study, reference values of urine variables were established in clinically healthy falcons. Urine samples were collected from 78 mature (> 1 year) and immature (6-12 months) male and female falcons belonging to 5 species. Droppings were assessed visually for urate color and consistency and color of the liquid urine. The liquid urine was collected by aspiration into a syringe and centrifuged, and the supernatant analyzed by commercial dipstick and by a wet chemistry analysis for alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, glucose, chloride, and total protein concentrations. Sex, age, and species did not affect results of biochemical urine values (P > .05). Urine biochemical values did not differ significantly between fasted and fed birds. Total protein levels in urine samples decreased after 24-hour storage at 4 degrees C. Reference ranges for clinically normal birds are reported.
authors: Dubai Falcon Hospital, PO Box 23919, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors: Rea
authors: R
authors: Tschopp
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Bailey
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Di Somma
authors: Christudas
authors: C
authors: Silvanose
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000652:urine*; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000652:urine / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000662:veterinary*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*