title: Synergistic regulation of COX-2 expression by bombesin and transforming growth factor-beta.
abstract: Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible enzyme regulating prostaglandin release, is mechanistically linked to the development, growth, and spread of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. GI peptide bombesin (BBS) was reported to stimulate COX-2 gene expression. Here we show that TGF-beta1 dramatically enhances the BBS-induced expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein, and the release of PGE2 in the model rat intestinal epithelial cell (RIE-1) line. The synergistic increase in COX-2 levels results from a combination of enhanced COX-2 transcription and reduced mRNA degradation. BBS, but not TGF-beta1, stimulated COX-2 promoter activity, and TGF-beta1 enhanced COX-2 mRNA stability through a p38(MAPK)-dependent pathway. The synergistic regulation of COX-2 expression by TGF-beta1 and BBS may contribute to the upregulation of COX-2 in GI cancers.
authors: Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0722, USA. yguo@utmb.edu
authors: Yan-Shi
authors: YS
authors: Guo
authors: Zihong
authors: Z
authors: Chen
authors: Xiao-Dong
authors: XD
authors: Wen
authors: Tien C
authors: TC
authors: Ko
authors: Courtney M
authors: CM
authors: Townsend
authors: Mark R
authors: MR
authors: Hellmich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001839:Bombesin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D034622:RNA Interference; D020871:RNA Stability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone; C093642:SB 203580; D001839:Bombesin