title: Citicoline reduces upregulated clusterin following kainic acid injection in the rat retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of citicoline on upregulated clusterin and retinal damage induced by kainic acid (KA).
  
  
  METHODS
  KA was injected into the vitreous of rats. Effects of systemic citicoline treatments were estimated by measuring the thickness of the various retinal layers, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One day after KA injection, the immunoreactivity of clusterin increased significantly. In rats treated with KA plus citicoline, clusterin immunoreactivity was markedly reduced compared to KA-treated rats. Western blot analysis showed that clusterin protein levels were increased in KA-treated rats, but decreased in KA plus citicoline-treated rats. Apoptotic cell death was determined by TUNEL method. Citicoline reduced the expression of clusterin, as well as the expression of TUNEL after KA injection in the rat retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased expression of clusterin following KA injection in the rat retina suggests the presence of neurodegenerative events; citicoline may provide neuroprotection against neuronal cell damage.
authors: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University, Gyungnam, South Korea.
authors: Chang Hwan
authors: CH
authors: Park
authors: Yoon Sook
authors: YS
authors: Kim
authors: Ho Kyung
authors: HK
authors: Lee
authors: Young Hee
authors: YH
authors: Kim
authors: Mee Young
authors: MY
authors: Choi
authors: Dhong Eun
authors: DE
authors: Jung
authors: Ji Myong
authors: JM
authors: Yoo
authors: Sang Soo
authors: SS
authors: Kang
authors: Wan Sung
authors: WS
authors: Choi
authors: Gyeong Jae
authors: GJ
authors: Cho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051152:Clusterin / Q000378:metabolism*; D003566:Cytidine Diphosphate Choline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007267:Injections; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D051152:Clusterin; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D003566:Cytidine Diphosphate Choline; D007608:Kainic Acid