title: Pharmacokinetics of perfluorobutane following intravenous bolus injection and continuous infusion of sonazoid in healthy volunteers and in patients with reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity.
abstract: The ultrasound contrast agent Sonazoidtrade mark was administered as an i.v. bolus injection of 0.6 microL microbubbles/kg body weight or as a continuous infusion over 30 min at a rate of 1.2 microL microbubbles/kg body weight to healthy volunteers and patients with reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity. Expired air and blood samples were collected from 32 subjects and perfluorobutane (PFB) gas was analyzed using validated gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods. Blood concentrations of PFB declined biphasicly with a distribution half-life (t(0.5 to 15)) of 2 to 3 min and an elimination half-life (t(15 to 120)) of 30 to 45 min. Area under the curve (AUC) values in patients with impaired gas diffusion were significantly larger than those in healthy volunteers. The exhalation kinetics were somewhat variable with a PFB elimination half-life (t(15 to 120)) of 28 to 111 min. Clearance of PFB was independent of study population and mode of administration. There were no deaths and no serious adverse events that resulted in the withdrawal of a subject from the study. With the exception that arthralgia predominated in healthy volunteers, healthy volunteers and diseased subjects did not show a different adverse event profile whether Sonazoid was administered as a bolus injection or as an infusion. Assessment of laboratory parameters (serum biochemistry, haematology and urinalysis), vital signs, oxygen saturation and electrocardiograms (ECGs) showed no changes which caused safety concern. (E-mail: Kristin.Landmark@ge.com).
authors: Research and Development, GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway. Kristin.Landmark@ge.com
authors: Kristin Eitrem
authors: KE
authors: Landmark
authors: Per Wiik
authors: PW
authors: Johansen
authors: Judith A
authors: JA
authors: Johnson
authors: Bjørn
authors: B
authors: Johansen
authors: Steinar
authors: S
authors: Uran
authors: Tore
authors: T
authors: Skotland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001944:Breath Tests; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011653:Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D012449:Safety; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D010087:Oxides; C069727:Sonazoid; D007501:Iron; C108042:perfluorobutane