title: Efficacy and safety of chitosan HEP-40 in the management of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of a 12-week treatment regimen with HEP-40 low-molecular weight chitosan given at daily doses of 1,200 mg, 1,600 mg, and 2,400 mg in reducing serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with low-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a 16-week, multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Eligible patients were treatment-naive for lipid-lowering medications. Patients were randomly assigned to HEP-40 at the following doses: 400 mg three times daily, 800 mg twice daily, 800 mg three times daily, 2,400 mg once daily, or placebo for 12 weeks. The main outcome measure was the percent change in LDL-C after four weeks of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 283 patients screened, 105 (37.1%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and 95 (90.4%) completed the study. The mean (SD) age was 53 (11) years and 62.3 percent were male. The majority of patients (82.9%) were at low 10-year risk for CVD. The results showed an overall treatment effect (p=0.040) with the highest difference from the placebo group observed for the HEP-40 2,400-mg once daily group (-16.9%, p=0.002), followed by 400 mg three times daily (-11.1%, p=0.054), 800 mg three times daily (-9.7%, p=0.065), and 800 mg twice daily (-8.7%, p=0.101). There were 29 predominantly mild adverse events reported by 24 (23%) patients related to the study treatment, most frequently constipation (3.0%) and diarrhea (3.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HEP-40 low-molecular weight chitosan, although not as effective as statins, is efficacious and safe in lowering LDL-C concentrations in treatment-naive patients with low-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia.
authors: Internal Medicine, Delta Hospital, Delta, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: Shahin
authors: S
authors: Jaffer
authors: John S
authors: JS
authors: Sampalis
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; C528559:HEP-40; D048271:Chitosan