title: A new variation in the promoter region, the -604 C>T, and the Leu72Met polymorphism of the ghrelin gene are associated with protection to insulin resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies suggested that polymorphisms in the coding region of the preproghrelin were involved in the etiology of obesity and might modulate glucose-induced insulin secretion. We evaluated the association of a new variation, -604C>T, in the promoter region of the ghrelin gene, of Leu72Met (247C>A) and of Gln90Leu (265A>T), all haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with measures of insulin sensitivity in 1420 adult individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three SNPs were genotyped using ABI PRISM 7900 HT Sequence Detection System. We used multiple linear regression analysis for quantitative traits and THESIAS software for haplotype analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a protective effect exerted by Met72 variant of Leu72Met SNP on insulin resistance parameters; a significant decreasing trend from Leu/Leu to Leu/Met and to Met/Met homozygous subjects in triglycerides, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR index (P=0.02, 0.01 and 0.003, respectively), and, consistently, an increase in ghrelin levels (P=0.003) was found. A significant decrease from CC to TC and to TT genotypes in insulin levels and HOMA-IR index was also detected (P=0.00l for both), but only in subjects homozygous for Leu72, where the protective effect of Met72 was not present. The haplotype analysis results supported the data obtained by the evaluation of each single SNP, showing the highest value of insulin levels and HOMA-IR index in the -604(c)247(c) haplotype intermediate value in -604(T)247(C) and lowest value in -604(C)247(A).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations suggest a protective role of the Met72 variant and of -604 T allele in modulating insulin resistance. These SNPs or an unknown functional variant in linkage disequilibrium could increase ghrelin levels and probably insulin sensitivity.
authors: Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Rome Sapienza, Polo Pontino, Rome, Italy.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Zavarella
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Petrone
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Zampetti
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gueorguiev
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Spoletini
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Mein
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Leto
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Korbonits
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Buzzetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides