title: Correlation between ceramics translucency and polymerization efficiency through ceramics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of curing with a high intensity curing unit for different exposure times, for different ceramic types, thicknesses and corresponding different ceramic translucencies. The relationship between ceramic translucency and hardness, as well as the critical translucency value for sufficient curing were also determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  All these effects were expressed in terms of Vickers hardness measured with an automatic micro hardness indenter on thin luting composite films (Variolink II), stored for 24h in distilled water at 37 degrees C. Two preliminary studies determined the time necessary to achieve maximum hardness in the luting composite, with and without an additional chemical catalyst. The main study aimed to estimate the effect on luting composite hardness, without an additional chemical catalyst, of the following parameters: curing time (5, 10 and 15s), ceramic thickness (0.5, 1, 2 and 3mm), ceramic type (two leucite-reinforced and two lithium disilicate glass-ceramics) and ceramic translucency (TP), measured using a reflection spectrophotometer as a function of wavelength.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum curing time necessary to achieve maximum hardness in the luting composite was 15s for both groups, with and without an additional chemical catalyst. However, dual curing caused a hardness enhancement of ca. 50%. The two leucite-reinforced glass-ceramics did not reduced the hardness of the luting composite up to a ceramic thickness of 2mm, whereas the more dense lithium disilicate glass-ceramics had already caused this effect at a thickness of 1mm. ANOVA analyses revealed that the greatest effect on the luting composite hardness resulted from the curing time (eta square=0.62) followed by translucency (eta square=0.32 TP650 nm and 0.28 for TP470 nm), ceramic type (eta square=0.17) and ceramic thickness (eta square=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-power curing units are not able to consistently reduce the exposure time. In both systems, at least 15s were necessary to properly cure the luting composite. Furthermore, the effect of light activation on the dual curing luting composite cannot be neglected.
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Goethestreet 70, 80336 Munich, Germany. nicoleta.ilie@dent.med.uni-muenchen.de <nicoleta.ilie@dent.med.uni-muenchen.de>
authors: Nicoleta
authors: N
authors: Ilie
authors: Reinhard
authors: R
authors: Hickel
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting / Q000295:instrumentation; D008422:Materials Testing; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C508050:IPS e.max Press; D011108:Polymers; C454801:ProCAD Ceramic; D019279:Resin Cements; C493120:lithia disilicate; D014867:Water; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C078519:leucite; C103502:Variolink