title: Spinal release of the amino acids with a time course in a rat model of postoperative pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms underlying postoperative pain remain unclear. Neurotransmitters of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids play an important role in the transmission and modulation of pain in the spinal dorsal horn. This study aimed to investigate the changes of release of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the spinal cord during postoperative pain and to provide a novel theoretical basis for postoperative pain management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Loop microdialysis catheters were implanted subarachnoidally via the atlanto-occipital membrane in 16 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. All rats without neural deficits were divided into two groups, Group A and Group B, following 5 days of recovery. The tubes for microdialysis were connected and 25 microl microdialysate sample for baseline value was collected after one-hour washout in each rat. A plantar incision in the right hind paws of rats in Group A were performed under 1.2% isoflurane. All rats in Group B were only anesthetized by 1.2% isoflurane for the same duration. The microdialysate samples were collected at 3 hours, 1 day, 2 days and 3 days after the incision (or isoflurane anesthesia in Group B) in both groups. The cumulative pain scores were also assessed at the above time-points. The amino acids in the microdialysate samples were tested using high performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within Group A, the release of aspartate and glutamate at 3 hours after the incision was significantly higher than the baseline values and the release of glycine at 1 day after the incision significantly increased compared with the baseline values (P < 0.01). Within Group B, the release of neurotransmitters at each time point had no significant difference compared with the baseline values (P > 0.05). The release of aspartate and glutamate at 3 hours after the incision in Group A was significantly higher than that in Group B (P < 0.01). The release of glycine at 1 day after the incision in Group A significantly increased compared with Group B (P < 0.01). The cumulative pain scores at 3 hours, 1 day and 2 days after the incision in Group A were significantly higher than those in Group B (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The release of the excitatory amino acids occurs in the early phase of postoperative pain and might not be involved in the maintenance of pain in a rat model of incision pain. The release of inhibitory glycine lagged behind the excitatory amino acids. The implication of inhibitory glycine release remained to be established further.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Yue
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Shi
authors: An-shi
authors: AS
authors: Wu
authors: Chun-sheng
authors: CS
authors: Feng
authors: Cheng
authors: C
authors: Ni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005998:Glycine