title: Herbicides, glyphosate resistance and acute mammalian toxicity: simulating an environmental effect of glyphosate-resistant weeds in the USA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the emergence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, the environmental consequences of alternatives to GR technology are of increasing importance. A well-known acute mammalian toxicity measure, the LD(50) dose for rats, is used to assess one potential environmental impact of the loss of GR technology. A new dataset with this index is used to estimate and simulate the effects for corn, soybeans and cotton.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With conventional tillage it is found that the use of GR seeds reduces the number of LD(50) doses applied per hectare by 17-98% depending on crop. With no-till, the use of GR seeds reduces LD(50) doses only in corn. If farmers switch to conventional seeds because of GR weeds but maintain the same tillage practice, the present simulations suggest that LD(50) doses could increase by as much as 100 LD(50) doses per hectare in soybeans, and 500 LD(50) doses per hectare in cotton, or 11.4 and 19.8% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to use field-level data to assess GR technology with a mammalian toxicity environmental indicator. It has been found that GR crops have a positive environmental effect, and that alternatives to GR technology increase toxicity.
authors: School of Agribusiness and Agriscience, Middle Tennessee State University, 207 Stark Agribusiness and Agriscience Center, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA. jggardne@mtsu.edu
authors: Justin G
authors: JG
authors: Gardner
authors: Gerald C
authors: GC
authors: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D053209:Herbicide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008957:Models, Genetic; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D051381:Rats; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D000097797:Glyphosate