title: Alcohol and drug use following traumatic brain injury: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish pre-morbid alcohol and drug use in persons with TBI, relative to controls, investigate how patterns of substance use change over time following TBI and identify factors associated with heavy post-injury substance use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification test (AUDIT) and Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) was completed by 121 hospital inpatients with TBI, documenting pre-injury alcohol and drug use, and 133 demographically similar controls. Participants with TBI completed these measures and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) again 1 and 2 years post-injury and 76 also completed them at 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with TBI showed similar levels of drug and alcohol use to controls pre-injury, with 31.4% of the TBI group and 29.3% of controls drinking at hazardous levels. Alcohol and drug use declined in the first year post-injury, but increased by 2 years post-injury, with only 21.4% of participants with TBI reporting abstinence from alcohol and 25.4% drinking at hazardous levels. Only 9% showed a drug problem, but 24% had returned to some drug use. Those showing heavy alcohol use post-injury were young, male and heavy drinkers pre-injury. Drug and alcohol use was similar at 3 years post-injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More active intervention is needed to reduce alcohol and drug use following TBI.
authors: Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Richmond, VA, Australia. jennie.ponsford@med.monash.edu.au
authors: Jennie
authors: J
authors: Ponsford
authors: Rochelle
authors: R
authors: Whelan-Goodinson
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Bahar-Fuchs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires