title: Anaemia in heart failure: a common interaction with renal insufficiency called the cardio-renal anaemia syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many studies have found a high prevalence of anaemia in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), few have carefully examined the relationship between the CHF and the prevalence of anaemia and chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Patients with advanced renal failure, significant anaemia, diffuse atherosclerosis, respiratory disease and more elderly patients have been systematically excluded from the great majority of the randomised clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both anaemia and renal insufficiency are very common associated diseases associated with increased mortality, morbidity and rate of hospitalisation in CHF patients. Impaired renal function is associated with adverse outcomes because it represents a marker of coexistent disease and more diffuse atherosclerosis. In patients with CHF, progressive renal dysfunction leads to a decrease in erythropoietin (EPO) levels with reduced erythrocyte production from bone marrow. This may explain the common association between CHF, anaemia and CRI in clinical practice. The normalisation of haemoglobin concentration by EPO in patients with CHF and CRI results in improved exercise capacity by increasing oxygen delivery and improving cardiac function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this review, we describe the mechanisms linking anaemic status, CRI and CHF, the prognostic relevance of each disease, treatment implications, and potential benefit of EPO administration.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Section of Cardiology, Le Scotte Hospital, Siena, Italy. palazzuoli2@unisi.it
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Palazzuoli
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gallotta
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Iovine
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Nuti
authors: D S
authors: DS
authors: Silverberg
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D004921:Erythropoietin; D007501:Iron