title: Pharmacokinetics of oral fenretinide in neuroblastoma patients: indications for optimal dose and dosing schedule also with respect to the active metabolite 4-oxo-fenretinide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacokinetic data on fenretinide (4-HPR) are scant, thus limiting the rational use of the drug. We investigated the pharmacokinetics of 4-HPR and its active metabolite 4-oxo-fenretinide (4-oxo-4-HPR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacokinetics were assessed in 18 children (3 for each dose) with neuroblastoma who received oral 4-HPR once daily for 28 days at the doses of 100, 300, 400, 600, 1,700 and 4,000 mg/m(2)/day. 4-HPR and 4-oxo-4-HPR were determined by HPLC in plasma collected up to 48 h after the first and 28th administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After single administration, 4-HPR mean C (max) ranged from 0.9 to 6.6 microM and these concentrations roughly doubled at steady state (range 1.6-14.5 microM). 4-HPR mean t (1/2) was 22 h. 4-HPR pharmacokinetics were linear in the dose range 100-1,700 mg/m(2); less than dose-proportional increase in exposure was found at 4,000 mg/m(2). At steady state, pharmacologically relevant plasma concentrations (range 0.7-10 microM and 0.4-5 microM for 4-HPR and 4-oxo-4-HPR, respectively) were maintained during the 24 h dosing interval in the dose range 300-4,000 mg/m(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4-HPR pharmacokinetics supports once-daily dosing. Steady state concentrations of 4-HPR and 4-oxo-4-HPR in children with neuroblastoma are in line with those found to have in vitro growth inhibitory effects in neuroblastoma cells.
authors: Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy. franca.formelli@istitutotumori.mi.it
authors: Franca
authors: F
authors: Formelli
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Cavadini
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Luksch
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Garaventa
authors: Maria Grazia
authors: MG
authors: Villani
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Appierto
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Persiani
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C494898:4-oxofenretinide; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017313:Fenretinide