title: Profiling sex-biased gene expression during parthenogenetic reproduction in Daphnia pulex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sexual reproduction is a core biological function that is conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution, yet breeding systems are extremely variable. Genome-wide comparative studies can be effectively used to identify genes and regulatory patterns that are constrained to preserve core functions from those that may help to account for the diversity of animal reproductive strategies. We use a custom microarray to investigate gene expression in males and two reproductive stages of females in the crustacean Daphnia pulex. Most Daphnia species reproduce by cyclical parthenogenesis, alternating between sexual and clonal reproduction. Both sex determination and the switch in their mode of reproduction is environmentally induced, making Daphnia an interesting comparative system for the study of sex-biased and reproductive genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patterns of gene expression in females and males reveal that 50% of assayed transcripts show some degree of sex-bias. Female-biased transcription is enriched for translation, metabolic and regulatory genes associated with development. Male-biased expression is enriched for cuticle and protease function. Comparison with well studied arthropods such as Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae suggests that female-biased patterns tend to be conserved, whereas male-biased genes are evolving faster in D. pulex. These findings are based on the proportion of female-biased, male-biased, and unbiased genes that share sequence similarity with proteins in other animal genomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some transcriptional differences between males and females appear to be conserved across Arthropoda, including the rapid evolution of male-biased genes which is observed in insects and now in a crustacean. Yet, novel patterns of male-biased gene expression are also uncovered. This study is an important first step towards a detailed understanding of the genetic basis and evolution of parthenogenesis, environmental sex determination, and adaptation to aquatic environments.
authors: The Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA. bdeads@indiana.edu
authors: Brian D
authors: BD
authors: Eads
authors: John K
authors: JK
authors: Colbourne
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Bohuski
authors: Justen
authors: J
authors: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003621:Daphnia / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017344:Genes, Insect; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010312:Parthenogenesis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic