title: A heuristic indication and warning staging model for detection and assessment of biological events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents a model designed to enable rapid detection and assessment of biological threats that may require swift intervention by the international public health community.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized Strauss' grounded theory to develop an expanded model of social disruption due to biological events based on retrospective and prospective case studies. We then applied this model to the temporal domain and propose a heuristic staging model, the Wilson-Collmann Scale for assessing biological event evolution.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively and manually examined hard copy archival local media reports in the native vernacular for three biological events associated with substantial social disruption. The model was then tested prospectively through media harvesting based on keywords corresponding to the model parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our heuristic staging model provides valuable information about the features of a biological event that can be used to determine the level of concern warranted, such as whether the pathogen in question is responding to established public health disease control measures, including the use of antimicrobials or vaccines; whether the public health and medical infrastructure of the country involved is adequate to mount the necessary response; whether the country's officials are providing an appropriate level of information to international public health authorities; and whether the event poses a international threat. The approach is applicable for monitoring open-source (public-domain) media for indications and warnings of such events, and specifically for markers of the social disruption that commonly occur as these events unfold. These indications and warnings can then be used as the basis for staging the biological threat in the same manner that the United States National Weather Service currently uses storm warning models (such as the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) to detect and assess threatening weather conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Used as a complement to current epidemiological surveillance methods, our approach could aid global public health officials and national political leaders in responding to biological threats of international public health significance.
authors: Argus Research Operations Center, Division of Integrated Biodefense, Imaging Science and Information System Center, Georgetown University, 2115 Wisconsin Ave, Suite 603, Washington, DC 20007, USA. Wilson@isis.georgetown.edu
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Wilson
authors: Marat G
authors: MG
authors: Polyak
authors: Jane W
authors: JW
authors: Blake
authors: Jeff
authors: J
authors: Collmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000850:Anomie; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004685:Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / Q000453:epidemiology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012295:Rift Valley Fever / Q000453:epidemiology; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology