title: Early exercise advances the maturation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage in the horse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Training at a very young age may influence the characteristics of the collagen network of articular cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) in horses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether increasing workload of foals results in significant changes in the biochemical composition of articular cartilage ECM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thoroughbred foals (n = 33) were divided into 2 different exercise groups from age 10 days-18 months. One group (PASTEX; n = 15) was reared at pasture; the other (CONDEX; n = 18) underwent a specific additional training programme that increased workload by 30%. At mean age 18 months, 6 animals from each group were subjected to euthanasia. The proximal articular surface of the proximal phalanx of the right hindlimb was examined for the presence of damage using the cartilage degeneration index (CDI). Samples were taken from 2 sites with known different loading patterns. Slices were analysed for DNA, glycosaminoglycans (GAG), collagen and post translational modifications of collagen (formation of hydroxylysylpyridinoline [HP] and pentosidine crosslinks, and hydroxylysine [Hyl]), and exercise groups and different sites compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in CDI between PASTEX and CONDEX animals, indicating the absence of extra joint damage due to the exercise regimen. There were site-related differences for most biochemical variables, corroborating earlier reports. All biochemical variables showed differences between PASTEX and CONDEX groups at one of the sites, and some at both. GAG and collagen levels were lower in the CONDEX group whereas Hyl, HP crosslinks and pentosidine crosslinks were higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A measurable effect of the conditioning exercise was demonstrated. The margin between too much and too little work when training foals may be narrower than intuitively presumed.
authors: Global Equine Research Alliance/Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: van Weeren
authors: E C
authors: EC
authors: Firth
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Brommer
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Hyttinen
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Helminen
authors: C W
authors: CW
authors: Rogers
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Degroot
authors: P A J
authors: PA
authors: Brama
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006736:Horses / Q000254:growth & development / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D007596:Joints / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013177:Sports
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D003094:Collagen