title: Effects of sulodexide in patients with type 2 diabetes and persistent albuminuria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary albumin excretion frequently persists in diabetic patients who are treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). Sulodexide, a glycosaminoglycan mixture of 80% heparan sulfate and 20% dermatan sulfate, has been hypothesized to reduce persistent albuminuria. We have conducted a multi-center randomized double-blind pilot study in order to determine the effect of 6 months' therapy with sulodexide on urinary albumin excretion and to address logistical issues for a full-scale trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 149 patients with type 2 diabetes and an albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) between 20 and 300 mg/g were randomized with equal allocation to either placebo, 200 mg of sulodexide or 400 mg of sulodexide. The primary endpoint was the achievement, at 6 months, of either 3(1) return to normoalbuminuria (ACR < 20 mg/g with a decrease of at least 25%) or (2) a decrease in ACR of at least 50% from the baseline value. All patients used a maximum tolerated recommended FDA approved dose of an ACEI or ARB for at least 60 days and had stable blood pressure prior to randomization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary efficacy endpoint was achieved in 25.3% of the patients in the two sulodexide groups combined versus 15.4% of the placebo-treated patients (P = 0.26). The primary endpoint was achieved in 33.3% (P = 0.075 for the comparison to placebo) in the sulodexide 200 mg group and 18.4% (P = 0.781) in the sulodexide 400 mg group. (No consistent patterns of side effects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the experience gained in this pilot study, one full-scale trial is currently being conducted to evaluate the effects of sulodexide on change in ACR in patients with persistent microalbuminuria, and a longer-term trial is underway to evaluate the effects of sulodexide on long-term renal disease progression in patients with overt proteinuria.
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan, 19713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. H.J.Lambers.Heerspink@med.umcg.nl
authors: Hiddo Lambers
authors: HL
authors: Heerspink
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Greene
authors: Julia B
authors: JB
authors: Lewis
authors: Itamar
authors: I
authors: Raz
authors: Richard D
authors: RD
authors: Rohde
authors: Lawrence G
authors: LG
authors: Hunsicker
authors: Sherwyn L
authors: SL
authors: Schwartz
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Aronoff
authors: Murray A
authors: MA
authors: Katz
authors: Gilbert M
authors: GM
authors: Eisner
authors: James H
authors: JH
authors: Mersey
authors: Thomas B
authors: TB
authors: Wiegmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C007858:glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate