Retinopathy of prematurity: the disease process, classifications, screening, treatment, and outcomes.
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the cessation of normal eye development and subsequent abnormal vessel growth that occurs exclusively in premature infants. ROP was first discovered in the 1940s and was for two decades the leading cause of blindness in children. Currently, the disease causes about 500 new cases of blindness per year. The severity of the disease increases with decreasing gestational age. The pathogenesis of ROP involves disruption of normal retinal vascularization. Vessel endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and oxygen play important roles in its development. ROP is classified using an international classification system that provides direction for screening and treatment of premature infants. Examinations are performed by ophthalmologists, who identify the scope of vascularization, the degree of abnormal vessel growth, and the amount of the eye that is affected. Treatment modalities include cryosurgery and laser photocoagulation. Long-term outcomes include both structural and functional vision problems.
Harrell
Sallie Nash
SN
Women's Hospital, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA. sallie.harrell@duke.edu
Brandon
Debra Huffman
DH
D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015984:Causality; D003452:Cryosurgery; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D017283:Neonatal Nursing; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D012591:Scleral Buckling; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014821:Vitrectomy