title: Characteristics at haematoxylin and eosin staining of ruptures of the long head of the biceps tendon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relative prevalence of histological changes that have been found to be associated with the process of tendinopathy in lesions of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii and to evaluate the reliability of histopathological evaluation of tendon tissue in lesions of the tendon of the long head of the biceps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tendon samples were taken from 51 patients (31 men, 20 women; mean age 63.2 years) who underwent arthroscopic release of the long head of the biceps tendon because of refractory biceps tendinopathy and from 5 male patients who died of cardiovascular events (mean age 69.6 years). Histological examination was performed using haematoxylin and eosin staining of sections, which were interpreted using a semiquantitative grading scale assessing fibre structure and arrangement, rounding of the nuclei, regional variations in cellularity, increased vascularity, decreased collagen staining and hyalinisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) pathological sum score of ruptured tendons was greater than that of control tendons (15.76 (3.11) vs 3.4 (1.9), p<0.001). Within each specific category of tendon abnormalities, the chi(2) test showed significant differences between the control and ruptured tendons; all the variables were significantly different (Mann-Whitney U test 0.05, p<0.001). Using the kappa statistic, the agreement between the two readings ranged from 0.53 to 0.85.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unruptured tendons of the long head of the biceps, even at an advanced age and ruptured tendons of the long head of the biceps are clearly part of two distinct populations.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy.
authors: U G
authors: UG
authors: Longo
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Franceschi
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Ruzzini
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Rabitti
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Morini
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Maffulli
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Denaro
mesh_terms: D003094:Collagen; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006416:Hematoxylin; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D012421:Rupture / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D003094:Collagen; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D006416:Hematoxylin