title: Evaluation of the sclerotherapeutic efficacy of ethanol, polidocanol, and OK-432 using an in vitro model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sclerosants are used to treat vascular malformations. Owing to variations in the flow, the injected concentrations and the duration of exposure of these sclerosants are altered. Therefore, the clinical effectiveness of sclerotherapy is variable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to evaluate the differences in clinical response, usually observed among ethanol, polidocanol, and OK-432, using an in vitro sclerotherapy model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endothelial cells were cultured and exposed to different concentrations of the sclerosants for 5 seconds and the remaining viable cells were counted using a MTT assay kit. Dyes were used to visualize the morphologic changes. Precipitant formation in blood was also evaluated. Finally, the degree of ICAM-1 expression, after exposure to lower concentrations of these sclerosants, was studied using immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only ethanol causes precipitant formation and kills almost all cells from 30% concentration. Polidocanol begins to disrupt the cell membrane from 0.0125% onward. Only OK-432 induces ICAM-1 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethanol's strong precipitant-forming effect may induce thromboembolism, thus enhancing sclerosis. Polidocanol's endothelial cell-lysing effect was clearly documented. OK-432 may mediate its effect by inducing inflammatory response of the endothelium via ICAM-1 expression. This in vitro model may be useful in evaluating other sclerosants as well.
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Hokkaido at Sapporo, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Mol
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Furukawa
authors: Satoru
authors: S
authors: Sasaki
authors: Utano
authors: U
authors: Tomaru
authors: Toshihiko
authors: T
authors: Hayashi
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Saito
authors: Munetomo
authors: M
authors: Nagao
authors: Noriko
authors: N
authors: Saito
authors: Shinya
authors: S
authors: Hata
authors: Yuhei
authors: Y
authors: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008954:Models, Biological; D010844:Picibanil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D000077423:Polidocanol; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D010844:Picibanil; D000431:Ethanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols