title: Effects of a human milk-derived human milk fortifier on the antibacterial actions of human milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of a human breastmilk-derived fortifier on the antibacterial activity of milk obtained from lactating mothers delivering prematurely with the effects of a powdered fortifier on the same milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human milk samples were obtained after the first week of postnatal life from 10 lactating mothers, who had delivered prematurely. A bovine milk-based powdered fortifier and a human breastmilk-based frozen fortifier were evaluated. All mothers were healthy and they were not on any medications, although they were taking prenatal vitamins during lactation. The effects of each fortifier on the antimicrobial activity of milk toward Enterobacter sakazaki (ES), Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile (CD), and Shigella soneii (SS) were evaluated by both the filter paper method and the growth inhibition method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human milk inhibited the growth of all of the test organisms. This antibacterial activity was almost totally inhibited by the addition of the bovine protein-based human milk fortifier, while it remained unaffected by the addition of the human breastmilk-based fortifier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breastmilk from women who have delivered preterm has antibacterial activity that can be affected by the addition of bovine-based fortifier, but not by the addition of a human breastmilk-based fortifier.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors: Gary M
authors: GM
authors: Chan
authors: Martin L
authors: ML
authors: Lee
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Rechtman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000254:growth & development; D044083:Cronobacter sakazakii / Q000254:growth & development; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000276:immunology; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D012764:Shigella sonnei / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D008894:Milk Proteins