title: Radiobiologic significance of response of intratumor quiescent cells in vivo to accelerated carbon ion beams compared with gamma-rays and reactor neutron beams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the radiosensitivity of intratumor quiescent cells in vivo to accelerated carbon ion beams and reactor neutron beams.
  
  
  METHODS
  Squamous cell carcinoma VII tumor-bearing mice were continuously given 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine to label all intratumor proliferating cells. Next, they received accelerated carbon ion or gamma-ray high-dose-rate (HDR) or reduced-dose-rate (RDR) irradiation. Other tumor-bearing mice received reactor thermal or epithermal neutrons with RDR irradiation. Immediately after HDR and RDR irradiation or 12 h after HDR irradiation, the response of quiescent cells was assessed in terms of the micronucleus frequency using immunofluorescence staining for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. The response of the total (proliferating plus quiescent) tumor cells was determined from the 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine nontreated tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference in radiosensitivity between the total and quiescent cell populations after gamma-ray irradiation was markedly reduced with reactor neutron beams or accelerated carbon ion beams, especially with a greater linear energy transfer (LET) value. Clearer repair in quiescent cells than in total cells through delayed assay or a decrease in the dose rate with gamma-ray irradiation was efficiently inhibited with carbon ion beams, especially with a greater LET. With RDR irradiation, the radiosensitivity to accelerated carbon ion beams with a greater LET was almost similar to that to reactor thermal and epithermal neutron beams.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In terms of tumor cell-killing effect as a whole, including quiescent cells, accelerated carbon ion beams, especially with greater LET values, are very useful for suppressing the dependency on the heterogeneity within solid tumors, as well as depositing the radiation dose precisely.
authors: Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka, Japan. smasuna@rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors: Shin-Ichiro
authors: S
authors: Masunaga
authors: Koichi
authors: K
authors: Ando
authors: Akiko
authors: A
authors: Uzawa
authors: Ryoichi
authors: R
authors: Hirayama
authors: Yoshiya
authors: Y
authors: Furusawa
authors: Sachiko
authors: S
authors: Koike
authors: Yoshinori
authors: Y
authors: Sakurai
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Nagata
authors: Minoru
authors: M
authors: Suzuki
authors: Genro
authors: G
authors: Kashino
authors: Yuko
authors: Y
authors: Kinashi
authors: Hiroki
authors: H
authors: Tanaka
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Maruhashi
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Ono
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002244:Carbon / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009502:Neutrons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D011853:Radiobiology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine