title: Heart rate as a sympathetic marker during acute adrenergic challenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have shown that heart rate has a limited value in reflecting the chronic state of adrenergic overdrive characterizing several cardiovascular diseases. Whether this also applies to the ability of heart rate to reflect acute and generalized changes in sympathetic activity is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 20 healthy young subjects (age: 25.2 +/- 1.2 years, mean +/- SEM) we measured beat-to-beat blood pressure (Finapres), heart rate (HR, ECG), venous plasma norepinephrine (NE, high-performance liquid chromatography) and efferent postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve traffic (MSNA, microneurography) at rest and during a cold pressor test and two intravenous infusions of nitroprusside at increasing doses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both cold pressor test and nitroprusside infusions triggered marked and significant increases in HR, plasma NE and MSNA; blood pressure showing an increase with cold pressor test and a reduction with nitroprusside. The magnitude of the responses was greater with the higher than with the lower dose of nitroprusside. The HR changes induced by cold pressor test were not significantly related to the concomitant NE and MSNA changes (r = -0.08 and r = -0.18, P = NS). This was also the case for the lower and the higher dose of nitroprusside (NE: r = -0.11 and r = 0.08; MSNA: r = 0.01 and r = -0.11, P = NS for all). In contrast NE and MSNA changes induced by cold pressor test and by the lower and the higher dose of nitroprusside were significantly related to each other (r = 0.70, r = 0.89 and r = 0.79 respectively, P < 0.01 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a given individual, HR responses to sympathetic challenge do not quantitatively reflect the degree of acute and generalized adrenergic activation. Qualitative information on the acute adrenergic effects of given stimuli should thus be based on the assessment of NE and MSNA rather than on HR changes.
authors: Clinica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Prevenzione e Biotecnologie Sanitarie, Università Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Milan, Italy. guido.grassi@unimib.it
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Grassi
authors: Gino
authors: G
authors: Seravalle
authors: GianBattista
authors: G
authors: Bolla
authors: Fosca
authors: F
authors: Quarti-Trevano
authors: Raffaella
authors: R
authors: Dell'Oro
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Arenare
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Mancia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009599:Nitroprusside; D009638:Norepinephrine