title: Transarterial embolization for intractable oronasal hemorrhage associated with craniofacial trauma: evaluation of prognostic factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study analyzed the outcomes for clinical application of transarterial embolization (TAE) to treat intractable posttraumatic oronasal hemorrhage in patients who suffered from craniofacial injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts and radiologic and operative records of 34 patients from January 2002 to December 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria focused on the patients whose intractable posttraumatic oronasal hemorrhage associated with craniofacial trauma required TAE treatment. The patients' survival was correlated with prognostic factors with Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to analyze the differences between the severity of shock before and after TAE, and Fisher's exact test was used to analyze unvaried factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TAE successfully stopped the posttraumatic oronasal hemorrhage in 27 of 34 patients (79.4%). The internal maxillary artery was the most common hemorrhaging vessel requiring embolization. Successful hemostasis by TAE significantly contributed to patient survival (p = 0.001). In addition, higher Glasgow Coma Scale score (>/=8) at presentation, lower shock index (calculated as heart rate/systolic blood pressure; </=1.1 and 0.8, before and after TAE, respectively), and injury severity score </=32 positively contributed to the patients' higher survival rate (p < 0.05). During the acute treatment of posttraumatic oronasal hemorrhage, need for craniotomy was not correlated with patient survival, but need for laparotomy to treat the second abdominal hemorrhagic source decreased the rate of patient survival (p = 0.023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TAE may stop intractable posttraumatic oronasal hemorrhage when conventional packing fails to achieve hemostasis. Glasgow Coma Scale score at presentation, shock index before and after TAE, injury severity score, and need for emergent laparotomy can be used to predict the patient prognosis.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery and Traumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China. liao2901@adm.cgmh.org.tw
authors: Cheng-Chih
authors: CC
authors: Liao
authors: Yu-Pao
authors: YP
authors: Hsu
authors: Chien-Tzung
authors: CT
authors: Chen
authors: Yuan-Yun
authors: YY
authors: Tseng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome