title: Lacrimal gland inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the botulinum toxin B-induced murine dry eye model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, induced by botulinum toxin-B (BTX-B), on the inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the lacrimal gland (LG). And to determine the effect of various topical anti-inflammatory agents on the resulting cytokine levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two mice (eight-week-old, female, CBA/J) were divided into six groups. Four groups were injected with BTX-B into both lacrimal glands, one group was injected with saline into both LG (Sal, n=7), and one group served as an uninjected control (Con, n=7). The four groups of BTX-B injected mice were then assigned to a treatment group: 1. no additional treatment (BTX), 2. artificial tear treatment (AT), 3. Cyclosporine A (CSA) treatment, and 4. fluorometholone (FM) treatment (n=7 in each group). Corneal fluorescein staining was evaluated one, two, and four weeks after injection. LGs were harvested after two weeks (groups Con, Sal, and BTX) and four weeks (groups AT, CSA, and FM) after injection. Gene microarray analysis for inflammatory cytokines and their receptors, real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunofluorescent staining with anti-mouse CD3e monoclonal antibody were then performed on LG tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BTX-B injection into the LG effectively induced dry eye in mice two and four weeks following injection. Microarray data identified the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-12, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and toll-interacting protein (Tollip) as candidates for validation by real time RT-PCR. MIF and IL-12 expression were elevated in BTX-B injected mice at weeks 2 and 4 regardless of treatment. Tollip and IL-1 expressions were increased in some groups after BTX-B injection regardless of the treatment type. Other cytokines showed no significant changes. LG structures were well maintained without significant T lymphocyte infiltration in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ocular surface change induced by BTX-B injection resulted in an altered expression of various inflammatory cytokines in our murine dry eye model. Alteration of the pathology-induced cytokine profile by topical therapy is reported.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Choul Yong
authors: CY
authors: Park
authors: Wenjuan
authors: W
authors: Zhuang
authors: Kaevalin
authors: K
authors: Lekhanont
authors: Cheng
authors: C
authors: Zhang
authors: Marisol
authors: M
authors: Cano
authors: Woo-Seok
authors: WS
authors: Lee
authors: Peter L
authors: PL
authors: Gehlbach
authors: Roy S
authors: RS
authors: Chuck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007375:Interleukin-1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; C485837:Tollip protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C096323:rimabotulinumtoxinB; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A