title: Diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolated and nitrooxyethyl nitric oxide donor ester prodrugs of anti-inflammatory (E)-2-(aryl)-3-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)acrylic acids: synthesis, cyclooxygenase inhibition, and nitric oxide release studies.
abstract: A new group of hybrid nitric oxide-releasing anti-inflammatory drugs wherein an O(2)-acetoxymethyl-1-(N-ethyl-N-methylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (11a-d), or 2-nitrooxyethyl (12a-d), (*)NO-donor moiety is attached directly to the carboxylic acid group of (E)-3-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-2-(phenyl)acrylic acids were synthesized. The 2-nitrooxyethyl ester prodrugs (12a-d) all exhibited in vitro inhibitory activity against the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isozyme (IC(50)=0.07-2.8 microM range). All compounds released a low amount of (*)NO upon incubation with phosphate buffer (PBS) at pH 7.4 (1.0-4.8% range). In comparison, the percentage (*)NO released was significantly higher (76.2-83.0% range) when the diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate ester prodrugs were incubated in the presence of rat serum, or moderately higher (7.6-10.1% range) when the nitrooxyethyl ester prodrugs were incubated in the presence of L-cysteine. These incubation studies suggest that both (*)NO and the parent anti-inflammatory (E)-3-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-2-(phenyl)acrylic acid would be released upon in vivo cleavage by non-specific serum esterases in the case of the diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate esters (11a-d), or interaction with systemic thiols in the case of the nitrate esters (12a-d). O(2)-Acetoxymethyl-1-(N-ethyl-N-methylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (E)-3-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-2-phenylacrylate (11a) released 83% of the theoretical maximal release of 2 molecules of (*)NO/molecule of the parent hybrid ester prodrug upon incubation with rat serum. Hybrid ester anti-inflammatory/(*)NO donor prodrugs offer a potential drug design concept targeted toward the development of anti-inflammatory drugs that are devoid of adverse ulcerogenic and/or cardiovascular effects.
authors: Dentistry Pharmacy Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-118 Edmonton, Alta., Canada T6G 2N8.
authors: Khaled R A
authors: KR
authors: Abdellatif
authors: Morshed Alam
authors: MA
authors: Chowdhury
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Dong
authors: Qiao-Hong
authors: QH
authors: Chen
authors: Edward E
authors: EE
authors: Knaus
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D004952:Esters; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D011355:Prodrugs; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C036658:acrylic acid