title: The role of neighborhood level socioeconomic characteristics in Salmonella infections in Michigan (1997-2007): assessment using geographic information system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of U.S. disease surveillance systems contain incomplete information regarding socioeconomic status (SES) indicators like household or family income and educational attainment in case reports, which reduces the usefulness of surveillance data for these parameters. We investigated the association between select SES attributes at the neighborhood level and Salmonella infections in the three most populated counties in Michigan using a geographic information system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained data on income, education, and race from the 2000 U.S. Census, and the aggregate number of laboratory-confirmed cases of salmonellosis (1997-2006) at the block group level from the Michigan Department of Community Health. We used ArcGIS to visualize the distribution, and Poisson regression analysis to study associations between potential predictor variables and Salmonella infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on data from 3,419 block groups, our final multivariate model revealed that block groups with lower educational attainment were less commonly represented among cases than their counterparts with higher education levels (< high school degree vs. > or = college degree: rate ratio (RR) = 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.63, 0.99; > or = and high school degree, but no college degree vs. > or = college degree: RR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.92). Levels of education also showed a dose-response relation with the outcome variable, i.e., decreasing years of education was associated with a decrease in Salmonella infections incidence at the block group level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Education plays a significant role in health-seeking behavior at the population level. It is conceivable that a reporting bias may exist due to a greater detection of Salmonella infections among high education block groups compared to low education block groups resulting from differential access to healthcare. In addition, individuals of higher education block groups who also have greater discretionary income may eat outside the home frequently and be more likely to own pets considered reservoirs of Salmonella, which increase the likelihood of contracting Salmonella infections compared to their counterparts with lower levels of education. Public health authorities should focus on improving the level of disease detection and reporting among communities with lower income and education and further evaluate the role of higher educational attainment in the predisposition for salmonellosis.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. younusmu@msu.edu
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Younus
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Hartwick
authors: Azfar A
authors: AA
authors: Siddiqi
authors: Melinda
authors: M
authors: Wilkins
authors: Herbert D
authors: HD
authors: Davies
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Rahbar
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Funk
authors: Mahdi
authors: M
authors: Saeed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class