title: Emergency planning in school-based athletics: a national survey of athletic trainers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use nationally published guidelines to examine the preparedness of schools in the United States to respond to emergencies associated with school-based athletics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire, mailed to 1000 randomly selected members of the National Athletic Trainers' Association, included questions on the clinical background of the athletic trainer, the demographic features of their school, the preparedness of their school to manage life-threatening athletic emergencies, the presence of preventative measures to avoid potential sport-related emergencies, and the immediate availability of emergency equipment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 944 questionnaires delivered, 643 (68%) were returned; of these, 521 (81%) were eligible for analysis (55% usable response rate). Seventy percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 66-74) of schools have a Written Emergency Plan (WEP), although 36% (95% CI, 30-40) of schools with a WEP do not practice the plan. Thirty-four percent (95% CI, 30-38) of schools have an athletic trainer present during all athletic events. Sports previously noted to have higher rates of fatalities/injuries based on published literature, such as ice hockey and gymnastics, had, according to our data, less coverage by athletic trainers compared with other sports with lower rates of fatalities/injuries. Athletic trainers reported the immediate availability of the following during athletic events: cervical spine collar (62%, 95% CI, 58-66), automatic electronic defibrillator (61%, 95% CI, 57-65), epinephrine autoinjector (37%, 95% CI, 33-41), bronchodilator metered-dose inhaler (36%, 95% CI, 32-40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although schools are in compliance with many of the recommendations for school-based athletic emergency preparedness, specific areas for improvement include practicing the WEP several times a year, linking all areas of the school directly with emergency medical services, increasing the presence of athletic trainers at athletic events (especially sports with a higher rate of fatalities/injuries), regulating the care of and inspection of school facilities and fields, requiring the use of safety equipment (such as mouth guards and protective eye equipment), and increasing the availability of automatic electronic defibrillator in schools.
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Saint Barnabas Health Care System, Newark, NJ, USA. rolympia@hmc.psu.edu
authors: Robert P
authors: RP
authors: Olympia
authors: Trevor
authors: T
authors: Dixon
authors: Jodi
authors: J
authors: Brady
authors: Jeffrey R
authors: JR
authors: Avner
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D002568:Certification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D047548:Defibrillators; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States