title: Norepinephrine signaling through beta-adrenergic receptors is critical for expression of cocaine-induced anxiety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocaine is a widely abused psychostimulant that has both rewarding and aversive properties. While the mechanisms underlying cocaine's rewarding effects have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to the unpleasant behavioral states induced by cocaine, such as anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we evaluated the performance of dopamine beta-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-) mice, which lack norepinephrine (NE), in the elevated plus maze (EPM) to examine the contribution of noradrenergic signaling to cocaine-induced anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that cocaine dose-dependently increased anxiety-like behavior in control (Dbh +/-) mice, as measured by a decrease in open arm exploration. The Dbh -/- mice had normal baseline performance in the EPM but were completely resistant to the anxiogenic effects of cocaine. Cocaine-induced anxiety was also attenuated in Dbh +/- mice following administration of disulfiram, a dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitor. In experiments using specific adrenergic antagonists, we found that pretreatment with the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol blocked cocaine-induced anxiety-like behavior in Dbh +/- and wild-type C57BL6/J mice, while the alpha(1) antagonist prazosin and the alpha(2) antagonist yohimbine had no effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that noradrenergic signaling via beta-adrenergic receptors is required for cocaine-induced anxiety in mice.
authors: Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors: Jesse R
authors: JR
authors: Schank
authors: L Cameron
authors: LC
authors: Liles
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Weinshenker
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003042:Cocaine; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004221:Disulfiram / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase / Q000172:deficiency; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D011433:Propranolol; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; D003042:Cocaine; D004221:Disulfiram; D009638:Norepinephrine