title: Health profile of deaf Canadians: analysis of the Canada Community Health Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To profile the health of deaf and hard-of-hearing Canadians in relation to the population as a whole.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the Canada Community Health Survey 1.1, across-sectional survey conducted by Statistics Canada with a total of 131,535 respondents, a series of logistic regression models was fitted to estimate the odds, compared with the general population, of respondents classified as having hearing problems reporting the presence of various chronic health outcomes; of their utilizing the health care system; of their engaging in certain health promotion activities; and of their reporting certain perceptions about their overall health. For each odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals are provided. All analyses were adjusted for age and sex with some analyses being restricted to appropriate age ranges or having further adjustments made, depending on the outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In addition to indications of deafness or hearing loss, this study examined health care utilization, several commonly accepted health outcomes, engagement in health promotion activities, and perceptions of overall health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 4% of respondents in the cross-sectional survey were considered to have hearing problems. The prevalence of hearing problems increased with age, with males having a slightly higher prevalence of hearing problems compared with females (4.52% versus 3.53%). Respondents classified as having hearing problems, whether hearing loss or deafness, were more likely to report adverse health conditions and low levels of physical activity, and to experience higher rates of depression. Respondents classified as having hearing problems were not more likely to smoke or to drink excessively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Communication is essential to both health promotion and health care delivery. Deafness-both the disability and the culture-creates barriers to communication. Individual practitioners can and should consider the communication needs of individual patients with hearing loss or deafness to avoid barriers to optimal health.
authors: Ryerson University, School of Occupational and Public Health, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada. kathryn.woodcock@ryerson.ca
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Woodcock
authors: Jason D
authors: JD
authors: Pole
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003638:Deafness / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires