title: The ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes in European populations: evidence from an updated meta-analysis in 42,042 subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional studies suggest that the nonsynonymous K121Q polymorphism in the ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) may confer susceptibility to insulin resistance; genetic evidence on its effect on type 2 diabetes, however, has been conflicting. We therefore conducted a new meta-analysis that includes novel unpublished data from the ENPP1 Consortium and recent negative findings from large association studies to address the contribution of K121Q to type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a systematic review of the literature, we evaluated the effect of ENPP1 K121Q on diabetes risk under three genetic models using a random-effects approach. Our primary analysis consisted of 30 studies comprising 15,801 case and 26,241 control subjects. Due to considerable heterogeneity and large differences in allele frequencies across populations, we limited our meta-analysis to those of self-reported European descent and, when available, included BMI as a covariate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a modest increase in risk of type 2 diabetes for QQ homozygotes in white populations (combined odds ratio [OR] 1.38 [95% CI 1.10-1.74], P = 0.005). There was no evidence of publication bias, but we noted significant residual heterogeneity among studies (P = 0.02). On meta-regression, 16% of the effect was accounted for by the mean BMI of control subjects. This association was stronger in studies in which control subjects were leaner but disappeared after adjustment for mean control BMI (combined OR 0.93 [95% CI 0.75-1.15], P = 0.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ENPP1 Q121 variant increases risk of type 2 diabetes under a recessive model of inheritance in whites, an effect that appears to be modulated by BMI.
authors: Diabetes Unit/Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors: Jarred B
authors: JB
authors: McAteer
authors: Sabrina
authors: S
authors: Prudente
authors: Simonetta
authors: S
authors: Bacci
authors: Helen N
authors: HN
authors: Lyon
authors: Joel N
authors: JN
authors: Hirschhorn
authors: Vincenzo
authors: V
authors: Trischitta
authors: Jose C
authors: JC
authors: Florez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005808:Genes, Recessive; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; C065962:ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1; D011755:Pyrophosphatases