title: Chromium (D-phenylalanine)3 improves obesity-induced cardiac contractile defect in ob/ob mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low-molecular weight chromium compounds, such as chromium picolinate [Cr(pic)(3)], improve insulin sensitivity, although toxicity is a concern. We synthesized a novel chromium complex, chromium (d-phenylalanine)(3) [Cr(d-phe)(3)], in an attempt to improve insulin sensitivity with reduced toxicity. The aim of this study was to compare the two chromium compounds on cardiac contractile function in ob/ob obese mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL lean and ob/ob obese mice were randomly divided into three groups: H(2)O, Cr(d-phe)(3), or Cr(pic)(3) (45 mug/kg per day orally for 6 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The glucose tolerance test displayed improved glucose clearance by Cr(d-phe)(3) but not Cr(pic)(3). Myocytes from ob/ob mice exhibited depressed peak shortening (PS) and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (+/-dL/dt), prolonged time-to-PS and time-to-90% relengthening (TR90), reduced electrically stimulated rise in intracellular Ca(2+) (Deltafura-2 fluorescence intensity), and slowed intracellular Ca(2+) decay. Although a 3-month Cr(d-phe)(3) treatment for a separate group of ob/ob and lean 2-month-old mice only rectified reduced +/-dL/dt in ob/ob mice, all mechanical and intracellular Ca(2+) abnormalities were significantly attenuated or ablated by 6 months of Cr(d-phe)(3) but not Cr(pic)(3) treatment (except TR90). Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase activity and Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger expression were depressed in ob/ob mice, which were reversed by both Cr(d-phe)(3) and Cr(pic)(3), with a more pronounced effect from Cr(d-phe)(3). Cr(d-phe)(3) corrected reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and improved basal phosphorylation of Akt and insulin receptor, as well as insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and insulin receptor in ob/ob myocytes. Heart homogenates from ob/ob mice had enhanced oxidative stress and protein carbonyl formation compared with the lean group, which were attenuated by both Cr(d-phe)(3) and Cr(pic)(3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that the new Cr(d-phe)(3) compound possesses better cardio-protective and insulin-sensitizing properties against obesity.
authors: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine and Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Dong
authors: Xiaoping
authors: X
authors: Yang
authors: Nair
authors: N
authors: Sreejayan
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Ren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000378:metabolism; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000378:metabolism; D013851:Thinness / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010848:Picolinic Acids; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; C107836:Tlx2 protein, mouse; C512471:chromium (D-Phenylalanine)3; C079689:chromium tripicolinate; D010649:Phenylalanine; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D005947:Glucose