title: Transcranial and direct cortical stimulation for motor evoked potential monitoring in intracerebral aneurysm surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the parallel use of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) and direct cortical stimulation (DCS) for eliciting muscle motor evoked potentials (MMEPs) in intracranial aneurysm surgery; to correlate permanent or transient TES- and/or DCS-MMEP changes with surgical maneuvers and clinical motor outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  TES and DCS were intraoperatively performed in 108 patients (51.5+/-14.7 years); MMEPs were obtained in muscles belonging to the vascular territory of interest. Monopolar, anodal stimulation was achieved with a train of five stimuli consisting of an individual pulse width of 0.5ms, an interstimulus interval of 4ms, a train repetition rate of 0.5-2Hz, and maximum stimulation intensities up to 200mA (TES) versus 25mA (DCS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 95/108 (88%) patients, no changes in MMEPs occurred and none of these patients suffered a permanent severe motor deficit. In 14/108 (12%) patients, we observed nine (64%) temporary changes, four (29%) permanent deteriorations and one (7%) permanent MMEP loss. Out of 14 MMEP changes, nine (64%) occurred with TES, compared to 13 (93%) with DCS (Fishers'p=0.165). Parallel changes in TES- and DCS-MMEPs occurred in 8/14 patients (57%), in which case a permanent loss was always followed by a permanent severe motor deficit. Sixty-seven percent of all permanent changes occurred with DCS-MMEPs, compared to 33% with TES-MMEPs (p=0.567, NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In aneurysm surgery, provided that close-to-motor-threshold stimulation and the most focal stimulating electrode montage are used, TES- and DCS-MMEPs do not differ in their capacity to detect an impending lesion of the motor cortex or its efferent pathways. TES stimulation can cause significant muscular contraction during surgery, potentially disrupting the operating surgeon. DCS maintains the singular advantage of stimulating a very focal and superficial motor cortex stimulation that does not result in patient movement.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, ZNN, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Haus 95, Am Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. A.Szelenyi@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Szelényi
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Langer
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Beck
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Raabe
authors: E S
authors: ES
authors: Flamm
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Seifert
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Deletis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome