title: Broad and specific caspase inhibitor-induced acute repression of apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions evaluated by radiolabeled annexin A5 imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of caspase inhibitors on acute resolution of apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions as evaluated by imaging with annexin A5.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Extensive apoptosis of macrophages has been reported at the site of plaque rupture in patients dying of acute coronary syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 31 New Zealand White atherosclerotic rabbits, 6 received broad caspase, 3 received caspase-1, 3 received caspase-3, 3 received caspase-8, and 4 received caspase-9 inhibitors; 12 animals did not receive any caspase inhibitors (treatment control group). Six unmanipulated rabbits were used for comparison (disease control group). Technetium-99m-labeled annexin A5 was used for imaging atherosclerotic lesions; 6 of the 12 uninhibited atherosclerotic rabbits received (99m)Tc-labeled mutant annexin A5 (radiotracer control group). Gamma images were obtained, and quantitative radiotracer uptake was compared with pathologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atherosclerotic lesions were best visible in untreated atherosclerotic rabbits. Quantitative annexin uptake, defined as the percent of injected dose per g of abdominal aorta tissue, was significantly higher in untreated atherosclerotic animals (mean +/- SD = 0.0515 +/- 0.0099) compared with the normal rabbits (0.0065 +/- 0.0008; p < 0.0001) or atherosclerotic rabbits receiving mutant annexin (0.014 +/- 0.0024; p < 0.0001). Among all caspase inhibitor-treated rabbits, uptake was 39% lower (0.0314 +/- 0.0151) than in untreated atherosclerotic animals (p < 0.01). Uptake was also significantly lower in rabbits receiving broad caspase (0.0206 +/- 0.0058; p < 0.0001) or caspase-1, -3, or -9 (0.0272 +/- 0.0088, p < 0.01; 0.0286 +/- 0.0095, p < 0.01; 0.0300 +/- 0.0021, p < 0.01, respectively) inhibitors. Caspase-8 inhibitor did not affect apoptosis (0.0618 +/- 0.0047; p = NS). Upon histologic characterization, a substantial decrease in macrophage apoptosis was observed in caspase-inhibited animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Molecular imaging, using radiolabeled annexin A5, allows the detection of acute resolution of apoptosis as a result of caspase inhibition in experimental atherosclerosis. If proven clinically, this may allow development of novel intervention strategies in acute vascular events.
authors: University of California, Irvine, California.
authors: Masayoshi
authors: M
authors: Sarai
authors: Dagmar
authors: D
authors: Hartung
authors: Artiom
authors: A
authors: Petrov
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Zhou
authors: Navneet
authors: N
authors: Narula
authors: Leo
authors: L
authors: Hofstra
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Kolodgie
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Isobe
authors: Shinichiro
authors: S
authors: Fujimoto
authors: Jean-Luc
authors: JL
authors: Vanderheyden
authors: Renu
authors: R
authors: Virmani
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Reutelingsperger
authors: Nathan D
authors: ND
authors: Wong
authors: Sudhir
authors: S
authors: Gupta
authors: Jagat
authors: J
authors: Narula
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m