title: Effects of preoperative carbohydrate loading on glucose metabolism and gastric contents in patients undergoing moderate surgery: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite contrary evidence, the practice of overnight fasting before elective surgery maintains its place in tradition. However, prolonged starvation, by its catabolic action, may increase the detrimental effects of surgery. In this study, we evaluated the effects of preoperative carbohydrate loading on the gastric contents of patients and perioperative metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients scheduled for cholecystectomy or thyroidectomy randomly were assigned to the treatment or control group. Patients in the treatment group (n = 34) received 800 mL of a carbohydrate-rich fluid on the evening before surgery and 400 mL of the same fluid 2 h preoperatively. Conversely, control patients (n = 36) underwent overnight fasting. Plasma glucose and serum insulin levels were obtained across the perioperative period and during anesthesia induction. The volume and pH of preoperative residual gastric contents also were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative plasma glucose levels were found to remain significantly higher in patients who had received the carbohydrate-rich fluid. Serum insulin levels that were elevated initially in the study group returned to control levels by the time of anesthesia induction. There was no statistical difference between the two groups with respect to gastric residue contents or gastric fluid pH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preoperative intake of carbohydrate-rich fluids does not appear to alter the amount or pH of gastric contents, suggesting that this is a safe procedure, in terms of aspiration risk. Furthermore, the intake of such fluid might prevent energy malnutrition.
authors: Department of Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey. gyagci@gata.edu.tr
authors: Gokhan
authors: G
authors: Yagci
authors: Mehmet Fatih
authors: MF
authors: Can
authors: Erkan
authors: E
authors: Ozturk
authors: Birgul
authors: B
authors: Dag
authors: Taner
authors: T
authors: Ozgurtas
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Cosar
authors: Turgut
authors: T
authors: Tufan
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004326:Drinking; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000517:prevention & control; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013965:Thyroidectomy
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin