title: How second-grade students internalize rules during teacher-student transactions: a case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vygotsky's theory of the internalization of signs provided the basis for this study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study tried to analyse the processes by which second-grade students internalize school rules.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethnographic data were collected on 102 lessons in a second-grade class (6-8 years) during 1 year. This study focused on three lessons (ethnographic data completed by video-recordings, post-lesson interviews with the teacher, and re-transcriptions of the verbal interactions of the lessons and interviews).
  
  
  METHODS
  The longitudinal observation data were broken down into discrete transactions, crossed with the recorded data, and analysed in a four-step procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the students' self-regulated actions (voluntary performance of prescribed actions) corresponded to the teacher's presentation of the rules, which was varied and personalized. She used explanation/justification, negotiation, persuasion, or imposition as a function of the situation and the students concerned. The results revealed: (a) Multiple actions of explanation/justification of the rules, negotiation and persuasion to the entire class, (b) Personalized actions of persuasion and rule imposition in instances of heteronomous actions by students, (c) Actions adjusted to the dynamics of the transactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates how closely the actions of teacher and students are linked. More than a linear process of rules internalization, education looks like a co-construction of rules between teacher and students. These results can serve as a basis for the tools of teacher teaching.
authors: GRIFEN, University Institute of Teacher Education, Nice, France. j.meard@wanadoo.fr
authors: Jacques
authors: J
authors: Méard
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Bertone
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Flavier
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D012951:Socialization; D013334:Students