title: Antidepressant-associated switches from depression to mania in severe bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether switching from depression to mania is part of the natural history of bipolar illness or results from antidepressant (AD) treatment by examining bipolar patients with psychosis early in their illness course.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-facility cohort of 123 first-admission inpatients, aged 15-60 years, with DSM-IV bipolar disorder (BD) with psychotic features, was followed for four years, and 76 individuals experienced at least one episode of depression. Frequency of and risk factors for switches from depression to mania, time to switch, and duration of the subsequent manic episode were examined in relation to AD use (with anti-manic and/or antipsychotic medications).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 76 respondents experienced 113 depressive episodes. Those prescribed ADs had more depressive episodes and spent more time depressed than non-users. A total of 23 depressive episodes in 17 respondents ended in a manic/hypomanic/mixed episode (20%). The time to switch and duration of the subsequent manic episode were not significantly different for the seven respondents and nine episodes involving AD treatment versus the 10 respondents and 14 episodes without ADs. None of the risk factors (age of onset <or=18 years, childhood psychopathology, depressive first episode, substance abuse at index admission, bipolar family history, type of AD used) was associated with switching.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample with severe BD, switching from depression to mania was not associated with AD treatment. Respondents who experienced switching appeared to have a more relentless form of BD. In only a few did ADs appear to be responsible for the switch.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8790, USA. gabrielle.carlson@stonybrook.edu
authors: Gabrielle A
authors: GA
authors: Carlson
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Finch
authors: Laura J
authors: LJ
authors: Fochtmann
authors: Qing
authors: Q
authors: Ye
authors: Qing
authors: Q
authors: Wang
authors: Bushra
authors: B
authors: Naz
authors: Evelyn J
authors: EJ
authors: Bromet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents