Effects of depression and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use on adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy and on clinical outcomes in HIV-infected patients.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of depression on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence and clinical measures and investigate if selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) improve these measures.


METHODS
Retrospective cohort study.


METHODS
In 2 large health maintenance organizations, we measured the effects of depression (with and without SSRI use) on adherence and changes in viral and immunologic control among HIV-infected patients starting a new HAART regimen. HAART adherence, HIV RNA levels, and changes in CD4 T-cell counts through 12 months were measured.


RESULTS
A total of 3359 patients were evaluated; 42% had a depression diagnosis, and 15% used SSRIs during HAART. Depression without SSRI use was associated with significantly decreased odds of achieving > or =90% adherence to HAART (odds ratio [OR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70 to 0.98; P = 0.03). Depression was associated with significantly lower odds of an HIV RNA level <500 copies/mL (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.95; P = 0.02). Depressed patients compliant with SSRI medication (>80% adherence to SSRI) had HAART adherence and viral control statistically similar to nondepressed HIV-infected patients taking HAART. Comparing depressed with nondepressed HIV-infected patients, CD4 T-cell responses were statistically similar; among depressed patients, those compliant with SSRI had statistically greater increases in CD4 cell responses.


CONCLUSIONS
Depression significantly worsens HAART adherence and HIV viral control. Compliant SSRI use is associated with improved HIV adherence and laboratory parameters.
Horberg
Michael Alan
MA
HIV Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. michael.horberg@kp.org
Silverberg
Michael Jonah
MJ
Hurley
Leo Bartemeier
LB
Towner
William James
WJ
Klein
Daniel Benjamin
DB
Bersoff-Matcha
Susan
S
Weinberg
Winkler Gabriel
WG
Antoniskis
Diana
D
Mogyoros
Miguel
M
Dodge
Wayne Thomas
WT
Dobrinich
Robert
R
Quesenberry
Charles Price
CP
Kovach
Drew Anthony
DA
D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D012367:RNA, Viral; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors