Parallel analysis of stimulants in saliva and urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: perspectives for "in competition" anti-doping analysis.
Stimulants are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) if used "in competition". Being the analysis of stimulants presently carried out on urine samples only, it might be useful, for a better interpretation of analytical data, to discriminate between an early intake of the substance and an administration specifically aimed to improve the sport performance. The purpose of the study was to investigate the differences, in terms of excretion/disappearance of drugs, between urine and oral fluid, a sample that can reflect plasmatic concentrations. Oral fluid and urine samples were collected following oral administration of the following stimulants: modafinil (100 mg), selegiline (10 mg), crotetamide/cropropamide (50 mg each), pentetrazol (100 mg), ephedrine (12 mg), sibutramine (10 mg), mate de coca (a dose containing about 3mg of cocaine); analysis of drugs/metabolites was carried out by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in both body fluids. Our results show that both the absolute concentrations and their variation as a function of time, in urine and in oral fluid, are generally markedly different, being the drugs eliminated from urine much more slowly than from oral fluid. Our results also suggest that the analysis of oral fluid could be used to successfully complement the data obtained from urine for "in competition" anti-doping tests; in all those cases in which the metabolite(s) concentration of a substance in urine is very low and the parent compound is not detected, it is indeed impossible, relying on urinary data only, to discriminate between recent administrations of small doses and remote administrations of higher doses.
Strano-Rossi
Sabina
S
Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico-Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome RM, Italy.
Colamonici
Cristiana
C
Botrè
Francesco
F
D000328:Adult; D000613:Aminobutyrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D002138:Calibration; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D003437:Crotonates / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D000077408:Modafinil; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012642:Selegiline / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
D000613:Aminobutyrates; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003437:Crotonates; D012642:Selegiline; C100196:prethcamide; C015090:crotetamide; D004809:Ephedrine; D003042:Cocaine; D000077408:Modafinil; C015089:cropropamide