title: A collaborative virtual reality environment for neurosurgical planning and training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have developed a highly interactive virtual environment that enables collaborative examination of stereoscopic three-dimensional (3-D) medical imaging data for planning, discussing, or teaching neurosurgical approaches and strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The system consists of an interactive console with which the user manipulates 3-D data using hand-held and tracked devices within a 3-D virtual workspace and a stereoscopic projection system. The projection system displays the 3-D data on a large screen while the user is working with it. This setup allows users to interact intuitively with complex 3-D data while sharing this information with a larger audience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have been using this system on a routine clinical basis and during neurosurgical training courses to collaboratively plan and discuss neurosurgical procedures with 3-D reconstructions of patient-specific magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging data or with a virtual model of the temporal bone. Working collaboratively with the 3-D information of a large, interactive, stereoscopic projection provides an unambiguous way to analyze and understand the anatomic spatial relationships of different surgical corridors. In our experience, the system creates a unique forum for open and precise discussion of neurosurgical approaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe the system provides a highly effective way to work with 3-D data in a group, and it significantly enhances teaching of neurosurgical anatomy and operative strategies.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany. kockro@yahoo.com
authors: Ralf A
authors: RA
authors: Kockro
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Stadie
authors: Eike
authors: E
authors: Schwandt
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Reisch
authors: Cleopatra
authors: C
authors: Charalampaki
authors: Ivan
authors: I
authors: Ng
authors: Tseng Tsai
authors: TT
authors: Yeo
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Hwang
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Serra
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Perneczky
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D018961:Educational Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods