title: Tumors established with cell lines selected for oxaliplatin resistance respond to oxaliplatin if combined with cetuximab.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether cetuximab, a chimeric IgG1 antibody targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, has the potential to restore responsiveness to oxaliplatin in preclinical cancer models, as has been shown with irinotecan in irinotecan refractory metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of cetuximab and oxaliplatin, alone or in combination, were tested in vitro and in vivo using human colorectal cancer cell lines selected for oxaliplatin resistance, as well as parental control cell lines. Evaluations were made of subcutaneous xenograft tumor growth in nu/nu athymic mice, as well as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and AKT, expression of DNA repair genes, density of apurinic/apyrimidinic DNA damage, and accumulation of platinum-DNA adducts in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxaliplatin + cetuximab efficacy in murine subcutaneous xenograft models was greater than that of monotherapies and independent of the responsiveness to oxaliplatin monotherapy. In vitro, cetuximab reduced expression of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 and XPF, which are key components of the nucleotide excision repair pathway involved in the excision of platinum-DNA adducts. In addition, cetuximab reduced expression of XRCC1, a component of the base excision repair pathway responsible for the repair of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites. Effects of cetuximab on DNA repair protein levels were downstream to effects on mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT pathway activation. In line with effects on DNA repair protein expression, cetuximab increased the accumulation of platinum and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites on DNA during oxaliplatin treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cetuximab has the potential to salvage the benefits of oxaliplatin in oxaliplatin-resistant colorectal cancer patients by reducing DNA repair capacity.
authors: Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, ImClone Systems Incorporated, New York, NY 10014, USA. marie.prewett@imclone.com
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Prewett
authors: Dhanvanthri S
authors: DS
authors: Deevi
authors: Rajiv
authors: R
authors: Bassi
authors: Fan
authors: F
authors: Fan
authors: Lee M
authors: LM
authors: Ellis
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Hicklin
authors: James R
authors: JR
authors: Tonra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000068818:Cetuximab; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000187:drug effects; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000187:drug effects; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018736:DNA Adducts; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; C000619371:XRCC1 protein, human; C000619352:Xrcc1 protein, mouse; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D000068818:Cetuximab