title: Speciation of heavy metals in sediment by conventional, ultrasound and microwave assisted single extraction methods: a comparison with modified sequential extraction procedure.
abstract: Sequential extraction procedure proposed by the European Standards, Measurements and Testing (SM&T) Program, formerly the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), has been applied for the heavy metals (HMs) partitioning in fresh water lake sediment samples. The results obtained by conventional sequential extraction BCR method (SEB) for Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn were compared with those estimated from three alternative single extractions, conventional (CSE), ultrasonic (USE) and microwave assisted (MSE), using identical operating conditions applied in each individual BCR fraction and validated by the CRM BCR 701. Extractable HMs contents obtained by all compared methodologies were measured by atomic absorption spectrometery. With the use of compromised sonication and microwave conditions, steps 1-3 of the sequential extraction (excluding the hydrogen peroxide digestion in step 3) could be completed between 15-30 min using ultrasonic bath, while 60-120 s were required for MSE. The total extractable metal contents obtained by three single extractions ranged from 75.1% to 114.0% except Cr in first step, which was extracted (125.3%) by MSE method as compared to those obtained by SEB procedure. The precision of the proposed BCR single extraction methods (expressed as RSD%) was found in the range of (3.99-9.6%) for all metals.
authors: Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. bilal_ku2004@yahoo.com
authors: Muhammad B
authors: MB
authors: Arain
authors: Tasneem G
authors: TG
authors: Kazi
authors: Muhammad K
authors: MK
authors: Jamali
authors: Nusrat
authors: N
authors: Jalbani
authors: Hassan I
authors: HI
authors: Afridi
authors: Jameel A
authors: JA
authors: Baig
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D008872:Microwaves; D010154:Pakistan; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical