title: Thermal damage during thulium laser dissection of laryngeal soft tissue is reduced with air cooling: ex vivo calf model study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The 2-microm-wavelength thulium laser has recently been shown to be an effective cutting instrument in endolaryngeal surgery, although there is increased thermal trauma as compared with the carbon dioxide laser. This study investigated temperature changes and thermal trauma during thulium laser dissection of laryngeal tissue, with and without air cooling, in an ex vivo model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A continuous-wave thulium laser (400-microm fiber, 4-W continuous power, 4-second duration) was used to incise 10 calf vocal folds. Paired cooled and uncooled cuts were made in each fold with a dermatologic cooling device. A thermistor inserted into the glottic subepithelium was used to measure tissue temperatures. Thermal damage was analyzed histologically by measuring the depth of the zone of lactate dehydrogenase inactivation surrounding the mucosal incision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial vocal fold temperature averaged 24.3 degrees C without cooling and 4.4 degrees C with cooling. The peak temperature during cutting averaged 59.1 degrees C without cooling and 28.0 degrees C with cooling. The thermal damage zone surrounding the cooled incisions was approximately 27% less than that surrounding the uncooled incisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Air cooling can reduce the extent of thermal trauma associated with thulium laser surgery of the vocal folds, and the high-temperature plume generated during laser cutting is effectively cleared.
authors: Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Burns
authors: James B
authors: JB
authors: Kobler
authors: James T
authors: JT
authors: Heaton
authors: Gerardo
authors: G
authors: Lopez-Guerra
authors: R Rox
authors: RR
authors: Anderson
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Zeitels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005931:Glottis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007830:Larynx / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology