title: Male and female breast cancer--differences in DNA ploidy, p21 and p53 expression reinforce the possibility of distinct pathways of oncogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the immunohistochemical profile of cell cycle inhibitors of G1/S phase transition (p21, p53 and pRb), Ki-67 proliferation marker and DNA ploidy in male (MBC) and female breast cancer (FBC).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred patients (50 non-consecutive cases of FBC and an equal number of MBC) were selected according to homogeneous features regarding age, histological type, tumour grading, nodal status and absence of neoadjuvant therapy. The expression of p21, p53, pRb and Ki-67 was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and DNA ploidy was analysed by flow cytometry. Correlations between variables were evaluated using the chi(2) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of DNA aneuploid, p21-positive and p53-negative tumours was significantly higher in MBC than in FBC; pRb and Ki-67 revealed no statistically significant differences between the two entities. In MBC, high tumour grade correlated with aneuploidy, Ki-67 and pRb positivity; ploidy and p53 were also associated. In FBC, only ploidy and grade showed a strong correlation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant dissimilarities regarding DNA ploidy, p21 and p53 in these quite homogeneous groups of FBC and MBC point to different genomic instability and to differences in cell cycle proliferative control, reinforcing the view of somewhat distinct tumour oncogenesis.
authors: Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: Saudade
authors: S
authors: André
authors: António E
authors: AE
authors: Pinto
authors: Cátia
authors: C
authors: Laranjeira
authors: Manuela
authors: M
authors: Quaresma
authors: Jorge
authors: J
authors: Soares
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018567:Breast Neoplasms, Male / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011003:Ploidies; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C416925:EID1 protein, human; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53