title: Three methods to construct predictive models using logistic regression and likelihood ratios to facilitate adjustment for pretest probability give similar results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare three predictive models based on logistic regression to estimate adjusted likelihood ratios allowing for interdependency between diagnostic variables (tests).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a review of the theoretical basis, assumptions, and limitations of published models; and a statistical extension of methods and application to a case study of the diagnosis of obstructive airways disease based on history and clinical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Albert's method includes an offset term to estimate an adjusted likelihood ratio for combinations of tests. Spiegelhalter and Knill-Jones method uses the unadjusted likelihood ratio for each test as a predictor and computes shrinkage factors to allow for interdependence. Knottnerus' method differs from the other methods because it requires sequencing of tests, which limits its application to situations where there are few tests and substantial data. Although parameter estimates differed between the models, predicted "posttest" probabilities were generally similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Construction of predictive models using logistic regression is preferred to the independence Bayes' approach when it is important to adjust for dependency of tests errors. Methods to estimate adjusted likelihood ratios from predictive models should be considered in preference to a standard logistic regression model to facilitate ease of interpretation and application. Albert's method provides the most straightforward approach.
authors: Screening and Test Evaluation Program, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors: Siew Foong
authors: SF
authors: Chan
authors: Jonathan J
authors: JJ
authors: Deeks
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Macaskill
authors: Les
authors: L
authors: Irwig
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects