title: Long-term effect of magnesium consumption on the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease among men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnesium deficiency can cause dyslipidemia and insulin hypersecretion, which may facilitate gallstone formation. However, the effect of long-term consumption of magnesium on the risk of gallstone disease is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied magnesium consumption and risk of gallstone disease in a cohort of 42,705 U.S. men from 1986 to 2002. Magnesium consumption was assessed using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Newly diagnosed gallstone disease was ascertained biennially.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We documented 2,195 incident cases of symptomatic gallstones during 560,810 person-years of follow-up. The age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for men with total magnesium intake and dietary magnesium, when the highest and lowest quintiles were compared, were 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-0.77, P for trend <0.0001) and 0.67 (CI 0.59-0.76, P for trend <0.0001), respectively. After adjusting for multiple potential confounding variables, when extreme quintiles were compared, the multivariate RR of total magnesium intake (RR 0.72, CI 0.61-0.86, P for trend = 0.006) and dietary magnesium (RR 0.68, CI 0.57-0.82, P for trend = 0.0006) remained significant with a dose-response relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest a protective role of magnesium consumption in the prevention of symptomatic gallstone disease among men.
authors: Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
authors: Chung-Jyi
authors: CJ
authors: Tsai
authors: Michael F
authors: MF
authors: Leitzmann
authors: Walter C
authors: WC
authors: Willett
authors: Edward L
authors: EL
authors: Giovannucci
mesh_terms: D042882:Gallstones / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium