title: Cytokine expression in response to bacterial antigens in preterm and term infant cord blood monocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonatal susceptibility to bacterial infection is associated with an immature immune system, but the role of different bacterial antigens in specific responses is largely unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate differences in intracellular cytokine response to physiologically relevant bacterial antigens in term and preterm infants as compared with adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cord blood samples from preterm and term neonates and adult peripheral blood samples were cultured ex vivo with and without whole heat-killed bacteria. Intracellular leukocyte production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-8 responses was assessed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monocytes were the primary producers of all mediators. Escherichia coli was the most potent stimulant. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v activated fewer monocytes as compared with E. coli for all responses (p < 0.05), except for IL-12 in term neonates. IL-6 response to Staphylococcus epidermidis was lower in both groups of neonates as compared with adults (p = 0.023 and p = 0.001). IL-8 response to S. epidermidis was lower in term as compared with preterm neonates and adults (p = 0.003). IL-10 response to group B streptococci was lower in term neonates as compared with adults and higher in preterm as compared with term neonates (p = 0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monocytes from term neonates compared to preterm neonates show a downregulated anti-inflammatory response to specific bacteria. High neonatal response to pathogenic E. coli in the preterm infant could cause uncontrolled inflammatory response, while lower IL-6 response to S. epidermidis in neonates may indicate a basis for vulnerability to S. epidermidis infection.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Host Defenses Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, Manhasset, NY 10021, USA.
authors: A M Francesca
authors: AM
authors: Tatad
authors: Mirjana
authors: M
authors: Nesin
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Peoples
authors: Sandy
authors: S
authors: Cheung
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Lin
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Sison
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Perlman
authors: Susanna
authors: S
authors: Cunningham-Rundles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D048191:Lactiplantibacillus plantarum / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12