title: What should be the optimal cut points for mild, moderate, and severe pain?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Grouping patients' rating of pain intensity from 0 to 10 into categories of mild, moderate, and severe pain is useful for informing treatment decisions, interpreting study outcomes, as well as aiding policy or clinical practice guidelines development. In 1995, Serlin and colleagues developed a technique to establish the cut points for mild, moderate, and severe pain by grading pain intensity with functional interference. Since then, a number of studies attempted to confirm these findings in similar or different populations but had different results. Such inconsistencies in the literature prompt for more research to establish the definition of mild, moderate and severe pain. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to identify optimal cut points (CP) of the three pain severity categories for worst, average, and current pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population (n = 199) was patients with symptomatic bone metastases referred to a palliative radiotherapy clinic. Using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), patients reported their worst, average, and current pain intensity, as well as the degree of functional interference due to pain. All possible combinations for the CPs, between 2 and 8, were created and related to the set of 7 interference items from the BPI using the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The criteria used to determine the optimal set of cut points for mild, moderate and severe pain was a MANOVA among pain severity categories that yielded the largest F ratio for the between-category effect on the 7 interference items as indicated by Pillai's trace, Wilk's lambda, and Hotelling's trace F statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results confirmed a non-linear relationship between cancer pain severity and functional interference. The optimal CP for worst and average pain was CP4, 6 (mild = 1-4, moderate = 5-6, and severe = 7-10), confirming Serlin and colleagues's findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are pivotal in further understanding the meaning of pain intensity levels and the assessment of pain in patients with metastatic cancer. However, further research in alternative methods of defining the optimal CP and clinically important change should be considered.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Kathy K
authors: KK
authors: Li
authors: Kristin
authors: K
authors: Harris
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Hadi
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Chow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index