title: Surgical factors influencing mesiodistal implant angulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this experimental study was to identify relevant surgical parameters influencing the mesiodistal angular deviation of dental implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pilot drillings of 2 mm diameter were performed in bovine ribs with a parallelometer. The subsequent preparation of the implant socket was performed freehand. Utilizing six different implant systems, at least 80 drillings per system of different diameters were performed. The pilot drillings were marked with 2 mm steel pins and cephalometric radiographs were taken. The mesiodistal angle between the longitudinal implant axis and the marked pilot drillings was measured and evaluated by a blinded investigator. To evaluate the influence of the surgeons' experience, their drillings were compared with those of a group of unexperienced surgeons. Additionally, the influence of drilling speed and size of bur steps on drilling accuracy were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference between the lowest value of 0.91 degrees of mesiodistal angular deviation found for 3i implants and the highest of 1.36 degrees for Ankylos implants was of low statistical significance (P=0.065). Drillings of experienced surgeons showed less deviation compared with those of a beginners group (P<0.0001). Higher deviations were measured when a bur size was skipped. Drillings performed at high speed showed significantly higher deviations than those with fewer rewinds per minute.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to achieve precise implant angulation, all bur diameters available should be used. Utilizing low drilling speeds results in less mesiodistal deviation. The surgeon's experience seems to be the most relevant factor in precise implant placement.
authors: Department of Oral Surgery and Radiology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Payer
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Kirmeier
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Jakse
authors: Christof
authors: C
authors: Pertl
authors: Walther
authors: W
authors: Wegscheider
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Lorenzoni
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003754:Dental High-Speed Equipment; D003755:Dental High-Speed Technique / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D012272:Ribs / Q000601:surgery; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants