title: Mismatch repair expression in testicular cancer predicts recurrence and survival.
abstract: We investigated mismatch repair (MMR) gene expression in testicular cancer as a molecular marker for clinical outcome (recurrence, response to chemotherapy and death) using protein expression and specific genetic alterations associated with the presence or absence of MMR activity. One hundred sixty-two cases of paraffin-embedded testis cancer specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody for MLH1 and MSH2 MMR proteins and genetic analysis using specific polymorphic markers. The degree of MMR immunoreactivity and genetic instability in the form of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and/or microsatellite instability (MSI) were determined by comparing matched normal and tumor tissue. The degree of immunohistochemical staining for MMR expression was associated with a shorter time to tumor recurrence, resistance to chemotherapy and death. Furthermore, clinical relapse and cancer specific death was also associated with tumors exhibiting a high degree of MSI, p = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively. In contrast, LOH was not associated with recurrence, resistance to chemotherapy or death. Therefore, MMR expression defines testis cancers with distinct molecular properties and clinical behavior, such that tumors with decreased MMR immunostaining and/or increased frequency of MSI have a shorter time to recurrence and death despite chemotherapy.
authors: Department of Urology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. avelasco@csm.cl
authors: Alfredo
authors: A
authors: Velasco
authors: Alejandro
authors: A
authors: Corvalan
authors: Ignacio I
authors: II
authors: Wistuba
authors: Erick
authors: E
authors: Riquelme
authors: Rodrigo
authors: R
authors: Chuaqui
authors: Alejandro
authors: A
authors: Majerson
authors: Fredrick S
authors: FS
authors: Leach
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053843:DNA Mismatch Repair; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008297:Male; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017671:Platinum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D017671:Platinum Compounds; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein