Short-wavelength light sensitivity of circadian, pupillary, and visual awareness in humans lacking an outer retina.
As the ear has dual functions for audition and balance, the eye has a dual role in detecting light for a wide range of behavioral and physiological functions separate from sight. These responses are driven primarily by stimulation of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) that are most sensitive to short-wavelength ( approximately 480 nm) blue light and remain functional in the absence of rods and cones. We examined the spectral sensitivity of non-image-forming responses in two profoundly blind subjects lacking functional rods and cones (one male, 56 yr old; one female, 87 yr old). In the male subject, we found that short-wavelength light preferentially suppressed melatonin, reset the circadian pacemaker, and directly enhanced alertness compared to 555 nm exposure, which is the peak sensitivity of the photopic visual system. In an action spectrum for pupillary constriction, the female subject exhibited a peak spectral sensitivity (lambda(max)) of 480 nm, matching that of the pRGCs but not that of the rods and cones. This subject was also able to correctly report a threshold short-wavelength stimulus ( approximately 480 nm) but not other wavelengths. Collectively these data show that pRGCs contribute to both circadian physiology and rudimentary visual awareness in humans and challenge the assumption that rod- and cone-based photoreception mediate all "visual" responses to light.
Zaidi
Farhan H
FH
Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, United Kingdom.
Hull
Joseph T
JT
Peirson
Stuart N
SN
Wulff
Katharina
K
Aeschbach
Daniel
D
Gooley
Joshua J
JJ
Brainard
George C
GC
Gregory-Evans
Kevin
K
Rizzo
Joseph F
JF
Czeisler
Charles A
CA
Foster
Russell G
RG
Moseley
Merrick J
MJ
Lockley
Steven W
SW
D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D001766:Blindness / Q000503:physiopathology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000002:abnormalities; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology*