title: Pulmonary vascular input impedance is a combined measure of pulmonary vascular resistance and stiffness and predicts clinical outcomes better than pulmonary vascular resistance alone in pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is the current standard for evaluating reactivity in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, PVR measures only the mean component of right ventricular afterload and neglects pulsatile effects. We recently developed and validated a method to measure pulmonary vascular input impedance, which revealed excellent correlation between the zero harmonic impedance value and PVR and suggested a correlation between higher-harmonic impedance values and pulmonary vascular stiffness. Here we show that input impedance can be measured routinely and easily in the catheterization laboratory, that impedance provides PVR and pulmonary vascular stiffness from a single measurement, and that impedance is a better predictor of disease outcomes compared with PVR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pressure and velocity waveforms within the main pulmonary artery were measured during right heart catheterization of patients with normal pulmonary artery hemodynamics (n = 14) and those with PAH undergoing reactivity evaluation (49 subjects, 95 conditions). A correction factor needed to transform velocity into flow was obtained by calibrating against cardiac output. Input impedance was obtained off-line by dividing Fourier-transformed pressure and flow waveforms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exceptional correlation was found between the indexed zero harmonic of impedance and indexed PVR (y = 1.095x + 1.381, R2 = 0.9620). In addition, the modulus sum of the first 2 harmonics of impedance was found to best correlate with indexed pulse pressure over stroke volume (y = 13.39x - 0.8058, R2 = 0.7962). Among a subset of patients with PAH (n = 25), cumulative logistic regression between outcomes to total indexed impedance was better (R(L)2 = 0.4012) than between outcomes and indexed PVR (R(L)2 = 0.3131).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Input impedance can be consistently and easily obtained from pulse-wave Doppler and a single catheter pressure measurement, provides comprehensive characterization of the main components of RV afterload, and better predicts patient outcomes compared with PVR alone.
authors: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA.
authors: Kendall S
authors: KS
authors: Hunter
authors: Po-Feng
authors: PF
authors: Lee
authors: Craig J
authors: CJ
authors: Lanning
authors: D Dunbar
authors: DD
authors: Ivy
authors: K Scott
authors: KS
authors: Kirby
authors: Lori R
authors: LR
authors: Claussen
authors: K Chen
authors: KC
authors: Chan
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: Shandas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014655:Vascular Resistance