The neuroendocrine effects of traumatic brain injury.
Neuroendocrine dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is under-diagnosed, under-treated, and may adversely affect the rate of recovery. Single or multiple pituitary-target hormone disruption occurs in up to two-thirds of persons with TBI, most commonly affecting the gonadal and growth hormone axes. The time course of decline in and recovery of pituitary function in relation to cognitive dysfunction and rehabilitation progress are not well described. This article reviews the clinical spectrum of neuroendocrine deficits after TBI and their underlying mechanisms. Future studies of the effects of hormonal replacement on recovery are recommended.
Rothman
Micol S
MS
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, USA.
Arciniegas
David B
DB
Filley
Christopher M
CM
Wierman
Margaret E
ME
D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000172:deficiency; D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000503:physiopathology; D010908:Pituitary Hormones, Anterior / Q000097:blood; D011388:Prolactin / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency
D010908:Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D011388:Prolactin; D013972:Thyrotropin