title: Orbital and adnexal sarcoidosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the clinical features and management in a series of patients with orbital and adnexal sarcoidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This multicenter retrospective study included patients with biopsy-proven noncaseating granuloma involving the orbit or adnexa and evidence of systemic sarcoidosis. Clinical records were reviewed for initial examination findings, radiological findings, treatment modalities, and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 26 patients (19 female, 7 male; mean age, 52 years). The most common feature at the first examination was a palpable periocular mass followed by discomfort, proptosis, ptosis, dry eye, diplopia, and decreased vision. The disease affected the lacrimal gland (42.3%), orbit (38.5%), eyelid (11.5%), and lacrimal sac (7.7%). Among orbital lesions, the antero-inferior quadrant was preferentially involved. Treatment modalities included steroids, surgical debulking, and methotrexate. During a mean follow-up of 18.75 months, 84.6% of patients showed a complete response to the treatment, but 19.2% of patients developed further signs of sarcoidosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orbital soft tissue involvement is more common in patients older than 50 years and in women. The anterior inferior quadrants of the orbits appear to be preferentially affected. Although a good response to treatment with oral steroids is seen, long-term follow-up is recommended because active systemic disease can develop months to years later.
authors: South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. eye@health.sa.gov.au
authors: Venkatesh C
authors: VC
authors: Prabhakaran
authors: Perooz
authors: P
authors: Saeed
authors: Bita
authors: B
authors: Esmaeli
authors: Timothy J
authors: TJ
authors: Sullivan
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: McNab
authors: Garry
authors: G
authors: Davis
authors: Alejandra
authors: A
authors: Valenzuela
authors: Igal
authors: I
authors: Leibovitch
authors: Anat
authors: A
authors: Kesler
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Sivak-Callcott
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: Hoyama
authors: Dinesh
authors: D
authors: Selva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003646:Debridement; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids