title: Different brain responses to hypoglycemia induced by equipotent doses of the long-acting insulin analog detemir and human regular insulin in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The acylated long-acting insulin analog detemir is more lipophilic than human insulin and likely crosses the blood-to-brain barrier more easily than does human insulin. The aim of these studies was to assess the brain/hypothalamus responses to euglycemia and hypoglycemia in humans during intravenous infusion of equipotent doses of detemir and human insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten normal, nondiabetic subjects (six men, age 36+/-7 years, and BMI 22.9+/-2.6 kg/m(2)) were studied on four occasions at random during intravenous infusion of either detemir or human insulin in euglycemia (plasma glucose 90 mg/dl) or during stepped hypoglycemia (plasma glucose 90, 78, 66, 54, and 42 mg/dl steps).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma counterregulatory hormone response to hypoglycemia did not differ between detemir and human insulin. The glycemic thresholds for adrenergic symptoms were higher with detemir (51 +/- 7.7 mg/dl) versus human insulin (56 +/- 7.8 mg/dl) (P = 0.029). However, maximal responses were greater with detemir versus human insulin for adrenergic (3 +/- 2.5 vs. 2.4 +/- 1.8) and neuroglycopenic (4 +/- 3.9 vs. 2.7+/-2.5) symptoms (score, P < 0.05). Glycemic thresholds for onset of cognitive dysfunction were lower with detemir versus human insulin (51 +/- 8.1 vs. 47 +/- 3.6 mg/dl, P = 0.031), and cognitive function was more deteriorated with detemir versus human insulin (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with human insulin, responses to hypoglycemia with detemir resulted in higher glycemic thresholds for adrenergic symptoms and greater maximal responses for adrenergic and neuroglycopenic symptoms, with an earlier and greater impairment of cognitive function. Additional studies are needed to establish the effects of detemir on responses to hypoglycemia in subjects with diabetes.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Perugia, Via E. Dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Rossetti
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Porcellati
authors: Natalia Busciantella
authors: NB
authors: Ricci
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Candeloro
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Cioli
authors: Geremia B
authors: GB
authors: Bolli
authors: Carmine G
authors: CG
authors: Fanelli
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000409:Alanine / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005990:Glycerol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D005947:Glucose; D000409:Alanine; D005990:Glycerol; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid