title: Influence of imidacloprid seed treatments on rice germination and early seedling growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seed treatments with the chloronicotinyl insecticide imidacloprid (Gaucho 600 FS) were evaluated to determine whether differences in concentration and exposure regime influence the germination and early growth of rice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous exposure to imidacloprid (4 days at 2000 mg AI L(-1)) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced normal germination by an average of 18% across the 15 cultivars examined. Nine days after sowing, plants showed no adverse effects from continuous imidacloprid treatment during germination, with shoot lengths and root system dry weights equalling, or occasionally exceeding (P < 0.05), those of untreated plants. Short-term imidacloprid exposure (2 h at 2000 mg L(-1)) at initial seed wetting did not affect germination (P > 0.05), and short-term (1 h) exposure of 48 h pregerminated seed to imidacloprid (2000 mg L(-1)) similarly had no significant effect on early subsequent growth. Plants arising from 48 h pregerminated seed exposed to imidacloprid (1 h) at concentrations up to 4000 mg L(-1) immediately before sowing were not significantly different from control plants at either 9 or 25 days post-sowing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show that imidacloprid will have no adverse effects on plant growth if applied to pregerminated rice shortly before sowing. Continuous exposure of seed during germination had more pronounced effects, and the initial response of different cultivars was highly variable. Cultivars with high levels of sensitivity (such as IR72) require further testing before continuous exposure to imidacloprid during germination can be recommended.
authors: EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Yanco Agricultural Institute, Private Mail Bag, Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia. mark.stevens@dpi.nsw.gov.au
authors: Mark M
authors: MM
authors: Stevens
authors: Russell F
authors: RF
authors: Reinke
authors: Neil E
authors: NE
authors: Coombes
authors: Stuart
authors: S
authors: Helliwell
authors: Jianhua
authors: J
authors: Mo
mesh_terms: D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid