title: Detecting chronic kidney disease in older people; what are the implications?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  national policy is focused on early identification, referral and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to prevent both progression to endstage renal failure and cardiovascular disease. However, the significance of identifying CKD in older people is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to determine the frequency of CKD in older people using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and its associations with morbidity and functional measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  observational cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a large cluster randomised trial of health and social assessment of older people in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  included 53 general practices in Great Britain.
  
  
  METHODS
  subjects were people aged 75 and over, living in the community participating in the trial arm where systematic blood testing was undertaken.
  
  
  METHODS
  the response rate for participation at baseline assessment of those eligible was 73% (15,536/20,934), of whom 13,109 (86%) participants had a serum creatinine measured, and an eGFR derivable using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula (MDRD) in ml/min/1.73 m(2). Key outcomes were the prevalence of CKD stages and their associations with morbidity and functional status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  prevalence of CKD was 56.1% (95% CI 55.3-57.0) for eGFR < 60, 17.7% for eGFR < 45 (95% CI 17.1-18.4), and 2.7% (95% CI 2.4-2.9) for eGFR < 30. It was higher in older ages, females, and those with cardiovascular comorbidity and doctor-diagnosed hypertension but not with diabetes. The strength of the association with measures of morbidity and functional impairment increased as eGFR fell, especially once the eGFR was < 45. For example, the odds ratios in males for anaemia for an eGFR < 30, 30-44 and 45-59 versus reference GFR > 60 were 8.3 (5.1-13.7), 3.0 (2.1-4.2) and 1.2(0.8-1.7) respectively; similar figures for partial dependence on activities of daily living were 2.2 (1.4-3.3), 1.6 (1.2-2.1) and 1.0 (0.9-1.3) and for lack of physical activity 2.20 (1.39-3.48), 1.78 (1.37-2.32) and 1.10 (0.92-1.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  an eGFR < 60 is very common in older people. An eGFR < 45 identifies a smaller sub-group of older people with significant comorbidity, impaired functional state and a high risk of potentially reversible consequences such as anaemia. The benefits of identifying older people with an eGFR > 45 need to be determined.
authors: University of Southampton, Public Health Sciences and Medical Statistics, Southampton, UK. pjr@soton.ac.uk
authors: Paul J
authors: PJ
authors: Roderick
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Atkins
authors: Liam
authors: L
authors: Smeeth
authors: Dorothea M
authors: DM
authors: Nitsch
authors: Richard B
authors: RB
authors: Hubbard
authors: Astrid E
authors: AE
authors: Fletcher
authors: Astrid E
authors: AE
authors: Flectcher
authors: Chris J
authors: CJ
authors: Bulpitt
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012308:Risk Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine