title: Differential Apaf-1 levels allow cytochrome c to induce apoptosis in brain tumors but not in normal neural tissues.
abstract: Brain tumors are typically resistant to conventional chemotherapeutics, most of which initiate apoptosis upstream of mitochondrial cytochrome c release. In this study, we demonstrate that directly activating apoptosis downstream of the mitochondria, with cytosolic cytochrome c, kills brain tumor cells but not normal brain tissue. Specifically, cytosolic cytochrome c is sufficient to induce apoptosis in glioblastoma and medulloblastoma cell lines. In contrast, primary neurons from the cerebellum and cortex are remarkably resistant to cytosolic cytochrome c. Importantly, tumor tissue from mouse models of both high-grade astrocytoma and medulloblastoma display hypersensitivity to cytochrome c when compared with surrounding brain tissue. This differential sensitivity to cytochrome c is attributed to high Apaf-1 levels in the tumor tissue compared with low Apaf-1 levels in the adjacent brain tissue. These differences in Apaf-1 abundance correlate with differences in the levels of E2F1, a previously identified activator of Apaf-1 transcription. ChIP assays reveal that E2F1 binds the Apaf-1 promoter specifically in tumor tissue, suggesting that E2F1 contributes to the expression of Apaf-1 in brain tumors. Together, these results demonstrate an unexpected sensitivity of brain tumors to postmitochondrial induction of apoptosis. Moreover, they raise the possibility that this phenomenon could be exploited therapeutically to selectively kill brain cancer cells while sparing the surrounding brain parenchyma.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors: Carrie E
authors: CE
authors: Johnson
authors: Yolanda Y
authors: YY
authors: Huang
authors: Amanda B
authors: AB
authors: Parrish
authors: Michelle I
authors: MI
authors: Smith
authors: Allyson E
authors: AE
authors: Vaughn
authors: Qian
authors: Q
authors: Zhang
authors: Kevin M
authors: KM
authors: Wright
authors: Terry
authors: T
authors: Van Dyke
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Wechsler-Reya
authors: Sally
authors: S
authors: Kornbluth
authors: Mohanish
authors: M
authors: Deshmukh
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor / Q000737:chemistry; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C506592:APAF1 protein, human; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D045304:Cytochromes c; D020169:Caspases