title: Impact of quality circles for improvement of asthma care: results of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quality circles (QCs) are well established as a means of aiding doctors. New quality improvement strategies include benchmarking activities. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the efficacy of QCs for asthma care working either with general feedback or with an open benchmark.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve QCs, involving 96 general practitioners, were organized in a randomized controlled trial. Six worked with traditional anonymous feedback and six with an open benchmark; both had guided discussion from a trained moderator. Forty-three primary care practices agreed to give out questionnaires to patients to evaluate the efficacy of QCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 256 patients participated in the survey, of whom 185 (72.3%) responded to the follow-up 1 year later. Use of inhaled steroids at baseline was high (69%) and self-management low (asthma education 27%, individual emergency plan 8%, and peak flow meter at home 21%). Guideline adherence in drug treatment increased (P = 0.19), and asthma steps improved (P = 0.02). Delivery of individual emergency plans increased (P = 0.008), and unscheduled emergency visits decreased (P = 0.064). There was no change in asthma education and peak flow meter usage. High medication guideline adherence was associated with reduced emergency visits (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.07-0.89). Use of theophylline was associated with hospitalization (OR 7.1; 95% CI 1.5-34.3) and emergency visits (OR 4.9; 95% CI 1.6-14.7). There was no difference between traditional and benchmarking QCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quality circles working with individualized feedback are effective at improving asthma care. The trial may have been underpowered to detect specific benchmarking effects. Further research is necessary to evaluate strategies for improving the self-management of asthma patients.
authors: Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. antonius.schneider@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors: Antonius
authors: A
authors: Schneider
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Wensing
authors: Kathrin
authors: K
authors: Biessecker
authors: Renate
authors: R
authors: Quinzler
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Kaufmann-Kolle
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Szecsenyi
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019985:Benchmarking; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005194:Family Practice; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008332:Management Quality Circles; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires