title: Treatment of primary and secondary osteoarthritis of the knee.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systematic review of outcomes of three treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee: intra-articular viscosupplementation; oral glucosamine, chondroitin or the combination; and arthroscopic lavage or debridement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We abstracted data from: 42 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of viscosupplementation, all but one synthesized among six meta-analyses; 21 RCTs of glucosamine/chondroitin, 16 synthesized among 6 meta-analyses; and 23 articles on arthroscopy. The search included foreign-language studies and relevant conference proceedings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review methods were defined prospectively in a written protocol. We sought systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and RCTs published in full or in abstract. Where randomized trials were few, we sought other study designs. We independently assessed the quality of all primary studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viscosupplementation trials generally report positive effects on pain and function scores compared to placebo, but the evidence on clinical benefit is uncertain, due to variable trial quality, potential publication bias, and unclear clinical significance of the changes reported. The Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT), a large (n=1,583), high-quality, National Institutes of Health-funded, multicenter RCT showed no significant difference compared to placebo. Glucosamine sulfate has been reported to be more effective than glucosamine hydrochloride, which was used in GAIT, but the evidence is not sufficient to draw conclusions. Clinical studies of glucosamine effect on glucose metabolism are short term, or if longer (e.g., 3 years), excluded patients with metabolic disorders. The best available evidence for arthroscopy, a single sham-controlled RCT (n=180), showed that arthroscopic lavage with or without debridement was equivalent to placebo. The main limitations of this trial are the use of a single surgeon and enrollment of patients at a single Veterans Affairs Medical Center. No studies reported separately on patients with secondary OA of the knee. The only comparative study was an underpowered, poor-quality trial comparing viscosupplementation to arthroscopy with debridement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteoarthritis of the knee is a common condition. The three interventions reviewed in this report are widely used in the treatment of OA of the knee, yet the best available evidence does not clearly demonstrate clinical benefit. Uncertainty regarding clinical benefit can be resolved only by rigorous, multicenter RCTs. In addition, given the public health impact of OA of the knee, research on new approaches to prevention and treatment should be given high priority.
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Samson
authors: Mark D
authors: MD
authors: Grant
authors: Thomas A
authors: TA
authors: Ratko
authors: Claudia J
authors: CJ
authors: Bonnell
authors: Kathleen M
authors: KM
authors: Ziegler
authors: Naomi
authors: N
authors: Aronson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D002807:Chondroitin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003646:Debridement; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D007717:Knee / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002807:Chondroitin; D005944:Glucosamine