title: Protein kinase A-independent inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human thyroid cancer cells by 8-Cl-adenosine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein kinase A (PKA) affects cell proliferation in many cell types and is a potential target for cancer treatment. PKA activity is stimulated by cAMP and cAMP analogs. One such substance, 8-Cl-cAMP, and its metabolite 8-Cl-adenosine (8-Cl-ADO) are known inhibitors of cancer cell proliferation; however, their mechanism of action is controversial. We have investigated the antiproliferative effects of 8-Cl-cAMP and 8-CL-ADO on human thyroid cancer cells and determined PKA's involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed proliferation and apoptosis assays and PKA activity and cell cycle analysis to understand the effect of 8-Cl-ADO and 8-Cl-cAMP on human thyroid cancer and HeLa cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  8-Cl-ADO inhibited proliferation of all cells, an effect that lasted for at least 4 d. Proliferation was also inhibited by 8-Cl-cAMP, but this inhibition was reduced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine; both drugs stimulated apoptosis, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine drastically reduced 8-Cl-cAMP-induced cell death. 8-Cl-ADO induced cell accumulation in G1/S or G2/M cell cycle phases and differentially altered PKA activity and subunit levels. PKA stimulation or inhibition and adenosine receptor agonists or antagonists did not significantly affect proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  8-Cl-ADO and 8-Cl-cAMP inhibit proliferation, induce cell cycle phase accumulation, and stimulate apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells. The effect of 8-Cl-cAMP is likely due to its metabolite 8-Cl-ADO, and PKA does not appear to have direct involvement in the inhibition of proliferation by 8-Cl-ADO. 8-Cl-ADO may be a useful therapeutic agent to be explored in aggressive thyroid cancer.
authors: Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors: Audrey J
authors: AJ
authors: Robinson-White
authors: Hui-Pin
authors: HP
authors: Hsiao
authors: Wolfgang W
authors: WW
authors: Leitner
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Greene
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Bauer
authors: Nancy L
authors: NL
authors: Krett
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Nesterova
authors: Constantine A
authors: CA
authors: Stratakis
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015762:2-Chloroadenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015762:2-Chloroadenosine; D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate; C044258:8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; C075440:8-chloroadenosine; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine