title: Pregnancy intentions and happiness among pregnant black women at high risk for adverse infant health outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unintended pregnancy is associated with risk behaviors and increased morbidity or mortality for mothers and infants, but a woman's feelings about pregnancy may be more predictive of risk and health outcomes than her intentions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 1,044 black women who were at increased risk were enrolled at prenatal care clinics in the District of Columbia in 2001-2003. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed associations between pregnancy intentions or level of happiness about being pregnant and multiple psychosocial and behavioral risk factors, and identified correlates of happiness to be pregnant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnancy intentions and happiness were strongly associated, but happiness was the better predictor of risk. Unhappy women had higher odds than happy women of smoking, being depressed, experiencing intimate partner violence, drinking and using illicit drugs (odds ratios, 1.7-2.6). The odds of being happy were reduced among women who had other children or a child younger than two, who were single or did not have a current partner, who had had more than one sexual partner in the past year and who reported that the baby's father did not want the pregnancy (0.3-0.6). In contrast, the odds of being happy were elevated among women who had better coping strategies (1.03), who had not used birth control at conception (1.6) and who had 1-2 household members, rather than five or more (2.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional psychosocial screening for happiness about being pregnant and for partner characteristics, particularly the father's desire to have this child, may help improve prenatal care services and prevent adverse health outcomes.
authors: Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. Smblake@gwu.edu
authors: Susan M
authors: SM
authors: Blake
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Kiely
authors: Charlotte C
authors: CC
authors: Gard
authors: Ayman A E
authors: AA
authors: El-Mohandes
authors: M Nabil
authors: MN
authors: El-Khorazaty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D011275:Pregnancy, Unwanted / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012648:Self Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000208:ethnology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology