title: Techniques and outcomes of total upper and lower eyelid reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe techniques used for reconstruction of the eyelids following total loss of the upper and lower eyelids and to describe visual and functional outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, retrospective, interventional case series of all of the patients requiring unilateral reconstruction of both the upper and lower eyelids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six cases were identified, 1 following trauma and 5 following tumor excision (4 with basal cell carcinoma and 1 with melanoma). The median age was 69 years (range, 18-90 years). Primary repair using preserved tissue was carried out in the case of traumatic avulsion. Following tumor excision, bilamellar repair was performed using composite grafts for the posterior lamella and skin-muscle flaps for the anterior lamella. Graft necrosis occurred in 3 cases (50%). In all of the cases, the reconstructed eyelids were stiff and immobile. Lagophthalmos (6 cases [100%]), ptosis (3 cases [50%]), lower eyelid retraction (3 cases [50%]), and ectropion (2 cases [33%]) were common. Useful vision was retained in all of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total eyelid defects are rare and often unanticipated. Adequate corneal protection can be achieved using lamellar repair principles and local tissues; however, poor vascularity demands careful planning, with vascularized flaps favored over free grafts. Reconstructed eyelids have poor function in the setting of total upper and lower eyelid loss, and revision surgery is often required to improve eyelid structure and function.
authors: Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia.
authors: Jean-Louis
authors: JL
authors: deSousa
authors: Igal
authors: I
authors: Leibovitch
authors: Raman
authors: R
authors: Malhotra
authors: Brett
authors: B
authors: O'Donnell
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Sullivan
authors: Dinesh
authors: D
authors: Selva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000637:transplantation; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000637:transplantation; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000637:transplantation; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity