title: Occupational exposure to cold thermal environments: a field study in Portugal.
abstract: The present work is essentially dedicated to the study of cold thermal environments. The analysis includes 32 industrial units from 6 activity sectors and the measurements were carried out in 101 workplaces. Different environmental conditions were identified and a clear relationship with the different types of workplaces was established. The work environments were thus allocated to three typical exposure categories corresponding to freezing and refrigerating cold stores and free-running or controlled air temperature manufacturing workplaces. In order to characterize the level of cold exposure, the method proposed by ISO/TR 11079, Technical Report, 1st edn, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva (1993) was adopted. The results for each activity sector demonstrate that a significant percentage of workers are repeatedly exposed to extreme conditions with insufficient clothing insulation. A value between 20 and 40% corresponds to the most critical situation, where the selected clothing ensemble does not provide adequate insulation (I (clr) < IREQ (min)). The ideal scenario, represented by I (clr) values between IREQ (min) and IREQ (neutral), shows the lowest percentages with an overall result of only 10%. When all the sectors are considered together, from a total of 3,667 workers, about one-third (1,151) are exposed to the cold. Among the workplaces under analysis, 14 are characterized by a continuous exposure greater than the DLE (neutral). Those who work under such conditions, on average, have a time shift 60 min longer than the calculated DLE value.
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pólo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal. avfmo@mail.isec.pt
authors: A Virgílio M
authors: AV
authors: Oliveira
authors: Adélio R
authors: AR
authors: Gaspar
authors: Divo A
authors: DA
authors: Quintela
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D003020:Clothing; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005525:Food-Processing Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008660:Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013696:Temperature