title: Sources of variation of commonly measured serum analytes in 6 Asian cities and consideration of common reference intervals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous study to determine the feasibility of common reference intervals in Asia, we found significant differences among populations from 6 cities. In this study, we attempted to define the sources of these differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 580 healthy volunteers (279 men, 301 women, 20-62 years old), after a selection process that was based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, and used a lifestyle questionnaire. All sera were obtained at a basal state and frozen at -80 degrees C until the collective assay was done. We measured 21 basic chemical analytes and 10 serum proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used 3-level nested ANOVA to separate the variation (SD) into between-city (SD-city), between-sex (SD-sex), between-age (SD-age), and between-individual (SD-indiv) components. SD-indiv corresponds to one-quarter of the "pure" reference interval obtained after removing variations due to city, sex, and age. The SD-sex to SD-indiv ratio was >0.8 for creatinine, urate, retinol-binding protein, and transthyretin. We observed high SD-city to SD-indiv ratios, ranging from 0.4 to 0.7, for 11 analytes including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), electrolytes, IgG, and complement components and SD-age to SD-indiv ratios >0.4 for LDH, alkaline phosphatase, and total cholesterol. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated several other relevant sources of variation, including body mass index, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking, although their contributions were generally smaller than those for sex, region, or age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed unacceptably large regional differences in measured values of some analytes even after adjustment for age, sex, and lifestyle variables. Genetic and environmental factors may account for the residual differences.
authors: Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan. ichihara@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors: Kiyoshi
authors: K
authors: Ichihara
authors: Yoshihisa
authors: Y
authors: Itoh
authors: Christopher W K
authors: CW
authors: Lam
authors: Priscilla M K
authors: PM
authors: Poon
authors: Jeong-Ho
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Kyono
authors: Naning
authors: N
authors: Chandrawening
authors: Dewi
authors: D
authors: Muliaty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001208:Asia; D019963:Clinical Chemistry Tests / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D014505:Urban Population