title: Sedation with ketamine and low-dose midazolam for short-term procedures requiring pharyngeal manipulation in young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric intestinal biopsy procedures including considerable transpharyngeal manipulation of a wire-guided metal capsule require adequate sedation or anesthesia. This retrospective cohort study was designed to evaluate intravenous sedation with ketamine and low-dose midazolam in young children undergoing these procedures before and also after discharge from the hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 244 biopsy procedures in 217 children under the age of 16 years were evaluated. All anesthesia records were reviewed according to a defined study protocol and in 145 cases the parents were also interviewed by telephone to obtain further information on possible adverse effects before and after discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketamine and low-dose midazolam were carefully titrated by an experienced anesthesia team at an approximate dose ratio of 40 : 1 (total doses 2.3 and 0.05 mg.kg(-1)) in continuously monitored spontaneously breathing children. Possibly associated problems before discharge were salivation (5.7%), vomiting (4.9%), oxygen desaturation (3.3%), laryngospasm (2.5%) and rash (1.2%) according to the patient records and blurred vision (27%), nausea and vomiting (19%), vertigo (13%) and hallucinations or nightmares (3.5%) according to telephone interviews. Few, mild and transient problems remained after discharge from the hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful titration of ketamine and low-dose midazolam provides adequate sedation for nonsurgical pediatric short-term procedures also requiring considerable pharyngeal manipulation, particularly considering the low number of serious airway problems such as laryngospasm. The high incidence of late postoperative problems suggests that prospective studies should be designed for long-term follow-up of young children subjected to sedation or anesthesia.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: Novak
authors: Pia
authors: P
authors: Karlsland Akeson
authors: Jonas
authors: J
authors: Akeson
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D010614:Pharynx / Q000502:physiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam