title: Activity of different phospholipids in attenuating hyperactivity in bladder irritation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of liposomes prepared from various natural and synthetic lipids in a rat bladder injury model in the absence or the presence of cholesterol and to elucidate the key structural elements necessary for the efficacy of liposomes required for alleviating bladder hyperactivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intravesical pressure was recorded using a transurethral catheter in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats anaesthetized with urethane (1.0 g/kg subcutaneously). Continuous cystometrograms (CMGs) were obtained by slowly filling the bladder with solutions of varying compositions after obtaining a baseline CMG with saline. Rat urothelium was injured with protamine sulphate (PS) and irritated by subsequent infusion of KCl (500 mm) for 1 h. Thereafter, liposomes prepared in KCl using several natural and synthetic phospholipids were infused for 2 h. The percentage reduction in bladder contraction frequency (BCF) was used as a comparative variable for judging the activity of different phospholipids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of rat bladder to sequential infusion of PS and KCl increased its BCF and empty liposomes of uncharged zwitterionic phospholipids markedly attenuated the PS-induced irritation and decreased the raised BCF. But empty liposomes prepared with either cationic or anionic charged lipids were not able to achieve the same effect. Addition of cholesterol did not significantly increase their efficacy. Optimal efficacy of liposomes was achieved with phosphatidylcholines with longer acyl chains and saturation in only one of the two acyl chains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These in vivo studies show that phospholipids attenuate the bladder irritation from KCl after PS-induced bladder injury.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: Pradeep
authors: P
authors: Tyagi
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Chancellor
authors: Naoki
authors: N
authors: Yoshimura
authors: Leaf
authors: L
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D008081:Liposomes; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011479:Protamines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010743:Phospholipids; D011479:Protamines; D011189:Potassium Chloride