Effects of the marine toxins okadaic acid and palytoxin on mussel phagocytosis.
The present study analyzes the effects of the marine toxins okadaic acid (OA) and palytoxin (PTX) on the phagocytic activity of immunocytes from the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. In particular, we describe how the effects of the two biotoxins are influenced by the temperature and experimental stress applied before hemolymph withdrawal. The collected data indicate that OA increases phagocytic activity only when hemolymph incubation is performed at 25 degrees C, but not at 20 degrees C, suggesting a certain degree of dependence of OA effects from the status of mussel immunocytes. Conversely, PTX plays an active role in immunocyte signalling transduction pathways, increases the phagocytic activity and markedly promotes the involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in phagocytosis. Overall, we conclude that both OA and PTX influence mussel phagocytic activity, and the toxic effects may depend on both the mollusc conditions and the activation of specific signalling pathways.
Malagoli
Davide
D
Department of Animal Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, Modena, Italy.
Casarini
Livio
L
Ottaviani
Enzo
E
D000178:Acrylamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D015151:Immunoblotting / Q000662:veterinary; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects*; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
D000178:Acrylamides; D000906:Antibodies; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007093:Imidazoles; D008387:Marine Toxins; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D011725:Pyridines; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C010272:palytoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins; C093642:SB 203580; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one