title: Early life and current determinants of bone in South African children of mixed ancestral origin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of early life factors on the bone mineral density of children has been identified, however the contribution of these determinants may vary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study investigated determinants of bone mineral content (BMC) in South African children of mixed ancestral origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early life data including birth weight, maternal alcohol consumption and smoking during pregnancy were collected on 9-year-old children of mixed ancestral origin (n = 64). Grip strength was measured, and physical activity, housing density and dietary data were collected. Whole body BMC (WB BMC), fat-free soft tissue and fat tissue were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy was associated with WB BMC, however after adjusting for possible confounders, this was no longer significant. When combined with gender, gestational age and maternal BMC in a multiple regression, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy could explain 20% of the variance in the WB BMC, however when current height was included in the model, the contribution of the other factors was insignificant. There was however a significant correlation between current height and birth weight (r = 0.34; p < 0.01) and alcohol consumption during pregnancy (r = 0.34; p < 0.05). A model consisting of current factors such as age, weight, gender, grip strength and calcium intake was able to explain 81.5% of the variance. Housing density was negatively correlated with WB BMC (r =-0.11; p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that although early life factors may contribute indirectly to the bone mass of children of mixed ancestral origin, the contribution of current factors is greater. In addition, environmental factors such as housing density have a direct effect on bone mass, independent of body size.
authors: Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, Cape Town, South Africa. lisam@sports.uct.ac.za
authors: L K
authors: LK
authors: Micklesfield
authors: N S
authors: NS
authors: Levitt
authors: M T
authors: MT
authors: Carstens
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Dhansay
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Norris
authors: E V
authors: EV
authors: Lambert
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D001724:Birth Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D002648:Child; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D012923:Social Class; D013019:South Africa