title: Ketamine-propofol combination sedation for fracture reduction in the pediatric emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the time of onset and recovery from and the efficacy and safety of intravenous ketamine-propofol sedation for reduction of forearm fractures in the pediatric emergency department setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children presenting to an urban pediatric emergency department requiring sedation for closed reduction of forearm fractures received ketamine 0.5 mg/kg and propofol 1 mg/kg. We measured time intervals from drug administration to reduction, recovery, and attainment of discharge criteria, and obtained ratings of depth of sedation, pain, and ease of reduction. A follow-up survey elicited patient recall, parental satisfaction, and delayed complications. Complications were recorded during the procedure and by chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduction was successful in 19 of 20 patients with one requiring open reduction. Median time intervals measured from initiation of ketamine injection were 5 minutes to reduction completion, 10 minutes to first purposeful response, and 38 minutes to suitability for discharge. Three patients recalled reduction or casting, but in no case was reduction reported to be the most painful aspect of visit. Emergency physicians and orthopedic residents rated sedation and ease of reduction favorably. Complications included mild hypoxia, vomiting, and transient ataxia. No apnea, hemodynamic compromise, dysphoria, or injection pain occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pilot study, the combination of ketamine and propofol provided effective sedation with rapid recovery and no clinically significant complications for children requiring closed reduction of forearm fractures.
authors: Division of Emergency Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital and Health Center, 3020 Children's Way (MC 5075), San Diego, CA 92123-4282, USA. ghazalaqs@hotmail.com
authors: Ghazala Q
authors: GQ
authors: Sharieff
authors: Douglas R
authors: DR
authors: Trocinski
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: Kanegaye
authors: Brock
authors: B
authors: Fisher
authors: Jim R
authors: JR
authors: Harley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D054810:Deep Sedation; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005543:Forearm Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D015742:Propofol; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D007649:Ketamine; D015742:Propofol