title: Bretylium abolishes neurotransmitter release without necessarily abolishing the nerve terminal action potential in sympathetic terminals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The antidysrhythmic bretylium is useful experimentally because it selectively abolishes neurotransmitter release from sympathetic peripheral nerve terminals. Its mechanism of action seemed settled, but recent results from optical monitoring of single terminals now suggests a new interpretation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthograde transport of a dextran-conjugated Ca(2+) indicator to monitor Ca(2+) in nerve terminals of mouse isolated vas deferens with a confocal microscope. In some experiments, local neurotransmitter release was detected by monitoring neuroeffector Ca(2+) transients (NCTs) in adjacent smooth muscles, a local measure of purinergic transmission. Sympathetic terminals were identified with catecholamine fluorescence (UV excitation) or post-experiment immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bretylium (10 microM) abolished NCTs at 60/61 junctions over the course of 2 h, indicating effective abolition of neurotransmitter release. However, bretylium did not abolish the field stimulus-induced Ca(2+) transient in most nerve terminals, but did increase both action potential delay (by 2+/-0.4 ms) and absolute refractory period (by 4+/-2 ms). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that 85-96% of terminals orthogradely filled with a dextran-conjugated fluorescent probe contained Neuropeptide Y (NPY). A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence (FAGLU) technique was modified to allow sympathetic terminals to be identified with a Ca(2+) indicator present. Most terminals contained catecholamines (based on FAGLU) or secrete ATP (as NCTs in adjacent smooth muscle cells are abolished).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bretylium can inhibit neurotransmitter release downstream of Ca(2+) influx without abolishing the nerve terminal action potential. Bretylium-induced increases in the absolute refractory period permit living sympathetic terminals to be identified.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. keith.brain@pharm.ox.ac.uk
authors: K L
authors: KL
authors: Brain
authors: T C
authors: TC
authors: Cunnane
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001949:Bretylium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000294:innervation*
chemical_list: D001949:Bretylium Compounds; D002395:Catecholamines; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C045166:bretylium