title: The value of clinical features in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical assessment of patients with suspected pulmonary embolus (PE) is used to estimate the probability of PE and determine what (if any) diagnostic testing is required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to estimate the diagnostic value of individual clinical features used to determine the pre-test probability of acute PE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched electronic databases (1966 to May 2007) and the bibliographies of retrieved articles for any article that reported the diagnostic performance of clinical features compared to a reference standard diagnostic test in patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Likelihood ratios were calculated for each feature and pooled using a random effects model, as implemented by MetaDiSc statistical software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 18 studies for inclusion with a total of 5997 patients. The most useful features (pooled likelihood ratio) for ruling in PE were syncope (2.38), shock (4.07), thrombophlebitis (2.20), current DVT (2.05), leg swelling (2.11), sudden dyspnoea (1.83), active cancer (1.74), recent surgery (1.63), haemoptysis (1.62) and leg pain (1.60); while the most useful features for ruling out PE were the absence of sudden dyspnoea (0.430), any dyspnoea (0.521) and tachypnea (0.561). All other clinical features had likelihood ratios near to one. Many of the analyses involved pooling results that had significant heterogeneity, so these estimates should be used with caution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual clinical features only slightly raise or lower the probability of PE. In isolation, they have limited diagnostic value and none can be used to rule in or rule out PE without further testing.
authors: Medical Care Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, UK.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: West
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Goodacre
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Sampson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors