title: Effects of raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy on serum Th2 and Th3 type cytokine concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since sex hormones are reported to have important roles in the regulation of immune function, this study was designed to investigate the effects hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and raloxifene (RAL) on serum cytokine concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three healthy postmenopausal women were randomly assigned and treated by RAL (Group I, [RAL 60 mg daily and continuously], n = 16), HRT (Group II, [2 mg estradiol valerat + 2 mg dienogest, continuously] n = 18) or placebo (Group III, n = 19). Two fasting morning blood samples were obtained from each participant before and 3 months after the treatments. Serum concentration of interleukin (IL)-4 (as a Th2 cytokine) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)1 (as a Th3 cytokine), were measured by using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Tests were used as necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the beginning of the study, the chronological ages, menopausal ages, years of amenorrhea, weights, body mass indexes, and blood pressures were not significantly different between groups (P < 0.05). RAL treatment caused a significant decrease on serum IL-4 concentration (P < 0.001). Although HRT caused a 14% decrease in serum IL-4 concentration, this decrease was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Serum TGF-beta1 concentrations were significantly decreased by HRT when compared to basal value (P < 0.001), and to control (P < 0.05). RAL treatment has no significant effect on serum TGF-beta1 concentration (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that RAL treatment might cause a decrease in serum IL-4 concentration while valerate plus dienogest treatment as HRT seems to cause a Th3 tendency in healthy postmenopausal women.
authors: Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Firat University Medical School, 23 119 Elazig, Turkey. skumru@firat.edu.tr
authors: Selahattin
authors: S
authors: Kumru
authors: Fahrettin M
authors: FM
authors: Yildiz
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Godekmerdan
authors: Selim
authors: S
authors: Kutlu
authors: Bayram
authors: B
authors: Yilmaz
authors: Bilgin
authors: B
authors: Gurates
mesh_terms: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000502:physiology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000502:physiology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C454300:estradiol valerate-dienogest; D015847:Interleukin-4; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D004958:Estradiol; D009277:Nandrolone