title: Heterogeneous expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid-associated receptors and transporters in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
abstract: The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the primary mammalian circadian clock that regulates rhythmic physiology and behavior. The SCN is composed of a diverse set of neurons arranged in a tight intrinsic network. In the rat, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-containing neurons are the dominant cell phenotypes of the ventral SCN, and these cells receive photic information from the retina and the intergeniculate leaflet. Neurons expressing vasopressin (VP) are concentrated in the dorsal and medial aspects of the SCN. Although the VIP/GRP and VP cell groups are concentrated in different regions of the SCN, the separation of these cell groups is not absolute. The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is expressed in most SCN neurons irrespective of their location or peptidergic phenotype. In the present study, immunoperoxidase labeling, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry were used to examine the spatial distribution of several markers associated with SCN GABAergic neurons. Glutamate decarboxylase, a marker of GABA synthesis, and vesicular GABA transporter were more prominently observed in the ventral SCN. KCC2, a K(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter, was highly expressed in the ventral SCN in association with VIP- and GRP-producing neurons, whereas VP neurons in the dorsal SCN were devoid of KCC2. On the other hand, GABA(B) receptors were observed predominantly in VPergic neurons dorsally, whereas, in the ventral SCN, GABA(B) receptors were associated almost exclusively with retinal afferent fibers and terminals. The differential expression of GABAergic markers within the SCN suggests that GABA may play dissimilar roles in different SCN neuronal phenotypes.
authors: Department of Cell/Animal Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904 Israel. michaelb@vms.huji.ac.il
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Belenky
authors: Yosef
authors: Y
authors: Yarom
authors: Gary E
authors: GE
authors: Pickard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000378:metabolism*; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D027981:Symporters / Q000378:metabolism; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D050495:Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000096922:K Cl- Cotransporters
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B; D027981:Symporters; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D050495:Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000096922:K Cl- Cotransporters; C493406:vesicular GABA transporter