title: Choroid plexus cyst, intracardiac echogenic focus, hyperechogenic bowel and hydronephrosis in screening for trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential value of choroid plexus cyst, intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis and hyperechogenic bowel as markers of trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined three-dimensional volumes from 228 fetuses with trisomy 21 and 797 chromosomally normal fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. We looked for choroid plexus cysts with a minimum diameter of 1.5 mm, intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis with a minimum anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis of 1.5 mm and hyperechogenic bowel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis and hyperechogenic bowel was significantly higher in trisomy 21 than in normal fetuses (9.6% vs. 1.5%, 17.1% vs. 5.3% and 11.4% vs. 2.4%, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the prevalence of choroid plexus cysts (7.5% vs. 5.0%). There were no significant differences in crown-rump length or nuchal translucency thickness in either chromosomally normal or trisomy 21 fetuses between those with and those without any one of the markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks the prevalence of intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis and hyperechogenic bowel is higher in trisomy 21 than in chromosomally normal fetuses. As there is no significant association between the presence of these markers and nuchal translucency thickness, they could be included in the assessment of risk to improve accuracy of screening.
authors: Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital Medical School, Denmark Hill, London, UK.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Dagklis
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Plasencia
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Maiz
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Duarte
authors: K H
authors: KH
authors: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D018568:Crown-Rump Length; D003560:Cysts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D008875:Middle Aged; D048208:Nuchal Translucency Measurement; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal