title: Contextual implementation model: a framework for assisting clinical information system implementations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents a multiple perspectives model of clinical information system implementation, the CONTEXTual Implementation Model (CIM). Although other implementation models have been developed, few are grounded in data and others fail to take adequate account of the clinical environment and users' requirements.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CIM arose from qualitative data collected from four clinical units in two large Australian teaching hospitals. The aim of the study was to explore physicians' test management work practices associated with the compulsory use of a hospital-wide, mandatory computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system.(1) The dataset consisted of non-participatory observations of physicians using CPOE (n=55 sessions) and interviews with health professionals (n=28) about test management work practices. Data were analyzed by two researchers independently using an iterative grounded approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A core underlying theme of 'contextual differences' emerged which explained physicians' use of the CPOE system in the sites. The CIM focuses attention on diversity at three contextual levels: the organizational level; the clinical or departmental level, and the individual level. Within each of these levels there are dimensions for consideration (for example, organizational culture, leadership and diverse ways of working) which affect physicians' attitudes to, and use of, CPOE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CIM provides a contextual differences perspective which can be used to facilitate the implementation of clinical information systems. Developing a clinical information system implementation model serves as a framework to guide future implementations to ensure their safe and efficient use and also improve the likelihood of uptake by physicians.
authors: Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, PO Box 170, Lidcombe, NSW. j.callen@usyd.edu.au
authors: Joanne L
authors: JL
authors: Callen
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Braithwaite
authors: Johanna I
authors: JI
authors: Westbrook
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D001315:Australia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006284:Health Plan Implementation; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007257:Information Theory; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D017146:Models, Organizational; D015279:Organizational Culture; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010934:Planning Techniques; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'