title: Assessment of executive functions: review of instruments and identification of critical issues.
abstract: "Executive functions" is an umbrella term for functions such as planning, working memory, inhibition, mental flexibility, as well as the initiation and monitoring of action. The impairment of executive functions in various clinical groups is a topic of much debate, as are recent attempts to formulate the corresponding intervention and rehabilitation regimes of these dysfunctions. This article reviewed current theories of executive functions and their associated assessment instruments. In addition, it identified issues that are imperative for more accurate, sensitive, and specific assessment of various components of this construct. It is concluded that more research is needed to fractionate the executive system by assessing a wide range of functions and to verify their neuroanatomical correlates. Recently developed measurement models and technology may also facilitate a more ecologically and ethologically valid assessment for the specific needs of different individuals.
authors: Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. rckchan@psych.ac.cn
authors: Raymond C K
authors: RC
authors: Chan
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Shum
authors: Timothea
authors: T
authors: Toulopoulou
authors: Eric Y H
authors: EY
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results