title: RNA editing in regulating gene expression in the brain.
abstract: Adenosine to inosine RNA editing, catalyzed by Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs), represents an evolutionary conserved post-transcriptional mechanism which harnesses RNA structures to produce proteins that are not literally encoded in the genome. The species-specific alteration of functionally important residues in a multitude of neuronal ion channels and pre-synaptic proteins through RNA editing has been shown to have profound importance for normal nervous system function in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms. ADARs have also been shown to regulate neuronal gene expression through a remarkable variety of disparate processes, including modulation of the RNAi pathway, the creation of alternative splice sites, and the abolition of stop codons. In addition, ADARs have recently been revealed to have a novel role in the primate lineage: the widespread editing of Alu elements, which comprise approximately 10% of the human genome. Thus, as well as enabling the cell-specific regulation of RNAi and selfish genetic elements, the unshackling of the proteome from the constraints of the genome through RNA editing may have been fundamental to the evolution of complex behavior.
authors: Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, SFH Life Sciences Building, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. James_E_Jepson@brown.edu
authors: James E C
authors: JE
authors: Jepson
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Reenan
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000502:physiology*; D020087:Alu Elements; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D007288:Inosine / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D017393:RNA Editing / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D034622:RNA Interference; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D007288:Inosine; C567955:ADARB1 protein, human; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; D000241:Adenosine