title: Demographics of extra-articular calcaneal fractures: including a review of the literature on treatment and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extra-articular calcaneal fractures represent 25-40% of all calcaneal fractures and an even higher percentage of up to 60% is seen in children. A disproportionately small part of the literature on calcaneal fractures involves the extra-articular type. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of extra-articular calcaneal fractures in a Level 1 trauma centre, define the distribution of the various types of fractures and compare patient demographics between extra- and intra-articular calcaneal fractures. In addition the literature was reviewed for the most common types of extra-articular calcaneal fractures with regard to incidence, treatment and clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The radiological records between 2003 and 2005 were reviewed for intra- and extra-articular calcaneal fractures. Patient gender-distribution and age were compared. A literature search was conducted for the treatment of extra-articular calcaneal fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this 3-year study period a total of 49 patients with 50 extra-articular calcaneal fractures and 91 patients with 101 intra-articular fractures were identified. The median age for the first group was 32.7 years, and for the second group 40.3 years; P = 0.04. Male predominance was significantly less pronounced for extra-articular (63%) compared with intra-articular fractures (79%; P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One-third of all calcaneal fractures are extra-articular. Significant differences exist between the intra- and extra-articular groups, in terms of lower age and male-female ratio. The literature study shows inconsistencies in treatment options, but most extra-articular fractures are well manageable conservatively.
authors: Department of Surgery-Traumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. t.schepers@erasmusmc.nl
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Schepers
authors: Abida Z
authors: AZ
authors: Ginai
authors: Esther M M
authors: EM
authors: Van Lieshout
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Patka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome