title: Cost effectiveness of itraconazole in the prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive fungal infections in neutropenic patients treated for haematological malignancies are associated with a high mortality rate and, therefore, require early treatment. As the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections is difficult, effective antifungal prophylaxis is desirable. So far, fluconazole has been the most commonly used.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost effectiveness of itraconazole compared with both fluconazole and no prophylaxis for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in haematological patients, mean age 51 years, in Germany and The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a probabilistic decision model to fully incorporate the uncertainty associated with the risk estimates of acquiring an invasive fungal infection. These risk estimates were extracted from two meta-analyses, evaluating the effectiveness of fluconazole and itraconazole and no prophylaxis. The perspective of the analysis was that of the healthcare sector; only medical costs were taken into account. All costs were reported in euro, year 2004 values.Cost effectiveness was expressed as net costs per invasive fungal infection averted. No discounting was performed, as the model followed patients during their neutropenic period, which was assumed to be less than 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to our probabilistic decision model, the monetary benefits of averted healthcare exceed the costs of itraconazole prophylaxis under baseline assumptions (95% CI: from cost-saving to euro 5000 per invasive fungal infection averted). Compared with fluconazole, itraconazole is estimated to be both more effective and more economically favourable, with a probability of almost 98%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In specific groups of neutropenic patients treated for haematological malignancies, itraconazole prophylaxis could potentially reduce overall healthcare expenditure, without harming effectiveness, in settings where fluconazole is common practice in the prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections.
authors: Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. robin.de.vries@rug.nl
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: de Vries
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Daenen
authors: Keith
authors: K
authors: Tolley
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Glasmacher
authors: Archie
authors: A
authors: Prentice
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Howells
authors: Hariette
authors: H
authors: Christopherson
authors: Lolkje T W
authors: LT
authors: de Jong-van den Berg
authors: Maarten J
authors: MJ
authors: Postma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005858:Germany; D017048:Health Care Costs; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009426:Netherlands; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000150:complications; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D015725:Fluconazole