title: The robotic approach to complex hepatobiliary anomalies in children: preliminary report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Robotic technology allows surgeons to perform complex procedures which may be difficult with standard laparoscopic instruments. We believe that complex hepatobiliary procedures are ideally suited for robotic surgery in children and present our experience with Kasai portoenterostomy and excision of choledochal cysts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed 4 complex hepatobiliary procedures in children using the Da Vinci surgical robot (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA): 2 Kasai portoenterostomies and 2 choledochal cyst resections. Both Kasais had the Roux-en-Y jejunojejunostomy performed extracorporeally through the 12 mm umbilical trocar site. Both choledochal cysts had the Roux-En-Y jejunojejunostomy performed intracorporeally. All patients had their hepatobiliary to enteric anastomosis performed intracorporeally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total average time was 6 hours and 12 minutes for the Kasai and 7 hours and 38 minutes for the choledochal cysts. The average robotic console time for all cases was 6 hours. No intraoperative or perioperative complications occurred. Average length of hospital stay was 4 days. Both choledochal cyst patients were doing well after 9 and 12 months with no complications. One Kasai patient is doing well 14 months after Kasai with a normal bilirubin. The other Kasai patient did well for a year with a normal bilirubin. However, the patient slowly developed intrahepatic bile lakes despite a normal bilirubin and a well draining Kasai as demonstrated by hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HDA) scan. He began having recurrent episodes of cholangitis and we referred him for liver transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimally invasive robotic complex hepatobiliary surgery is safe and effective in children. The 3-dimensional imaging and improved articulations make these procedures particularly suited for robotics over standard laparoscopy.
authors: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. john-j-meehan@uiowa.edu
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: Meehan
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Elliott
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Sandler
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D000713:Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y; D001656:Biliary Atresia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods; D015529:Choledochal Cyst / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D011171:Portoenterostomy, Hepatic / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012371:Robotics; D016896:Treatment Outcome