title: Influence of glucosamine sulphate on oxidative stress in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes: effects on HO-1, p22(Phox) and iNOS expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major determinants in the alteration of articular cartilage. Among protective cellular mechanisms, the inducible isoform of haem oxygenase (HO-1) plays a particularly relevant role. On the other hand, the enzymatic activity of the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) system could contribute to the generation of ROS. Glucosamine sulphate (GS) is one of the drugs used in the treatment of osteoarthritis; however, its mechanism of action is still largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of GS on primary human chondrocytes in vitro, in particular with regard to HO-1, p22(Phox) (a subunit of NADPH complex) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human chondrocytes were treated with different concentrations of GS; gene expression of HO-1, p22(Phox) and iNOS was assessed by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method. In a separate set of experiments, the cells were stimulated with human recombinant interleukin (IL)-1beta and simultaneously treated with GS. Moreover, HO-1 protein and total nitrite production were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HO-1 gene expression was up-regulated (+40% with respect to the controls, P < 0.001) by 10 mmol/l GS at 24 h, while p22(Phox) gene expression was down-regulated by 10 mmol/l GS with a maximum inhibitory effect observed after 48 h treatment. IL-1beta stimulation induced expression of iNOS reverted by 1 and 10 mmol/l GS. Moreover, HO-1 gene expression was down-regulated by IL-1beta and 10 mmol/l GS restored baseline values. These data were confirmed by evaluating HO-1 protein level and nitrite production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The influence of GS on oxidative stress observed in this study discloses a possible new mechanism of action and seems to be in keeping with a potential protective effect on chondrocyte population.
authors: Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2-35128 Padova, Italy.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Valvason
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Musacchio
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Pozzuoli
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Ramonda
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Aldegheri
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Punzi
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004336:Drug Antagonism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000473:pathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C086986:CYBA protein, human; D005944:Glucosamine