Non-traditional risk factors predict coronary calcification in chronic kidney disease in a population-based cohort.
The increased burden of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease cannot be explained by traditional risk factors alone. Here, we evaluated the impact of non-traditional factors on the association of chronic kidney disease with coronary artery calcification using logistic regression among 2672 Dallas Heart Study patients of whom 220 had chronic kidney disease. The prevalence of coronary calcification significantly increased across all chronic kidney disease stages and this remained independently associated with coronary calcification after adjusting for traditional factors. The calcium x phosphorus product, homocysteine, and osteoprotegerin each diminished the magnitude of association between kidney disease and coronary calcification. After adjustment for these, the association between kidney disease and coronary calcification was no longer significant with the effects most prominent in the stages 3-5 subgroup. Our study has identified three non-traditional independent predictors of coronary calcification that diminished the association between chronic kidney disease and coronary calcification. These factors may represent novel mechanistic links warranting further investigation.
Baber
U
U
Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
de Lemos
J A
JA
Khera
A
A
McGuire
D K
DK
Omland
T
T
Toto
R D
RD
Hedayati
S S
SS
D000328:Adult; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology