title: In vivo imaging of 64Cu-labeled polymer nanoparticles targeted to the lung endothelium.
abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) targeting the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) hold promise as a mean of delivering therapeutics to the pulmonary endothelium in patients with acute and chronic respiratory diseases. As these new materials become available, strategies are needed to understand their behavior in vivo. We have evaluated the use of (64)Cu and PET to noninvasively image the lung uptake and distribution of NPs coated with an anti-ICAM antibody.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model fluorescent NPs were coated with a mixture of an anti-ICAM antibody (or nonspecific IgG) and (64)Cu-DOTA-IgG (where DOTA is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid). Biodistribution and small-animal PET and CT studies were performed in healthy mice and in mice pretreated with lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Metabolism studies were also performed to evaluate the stability of (64)Cu-labeled NPs in lungs in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lungs of mice administered anti-ICAM NPs labeled with (64)Cu were clearly imaged by small-animal PET 1, 4, and 24 h after administration. Both biodistribution and small-animal imaging showed a 3- to 4-fold higher uptake in the lungs of mice injected with ICAM-targeted NPs relative to that of the control group. Lung uptake was further enhanced by pretreating the mice with LPS, presumably because of ICAM-1 upregulation. However, an approximately 2-fold decrease in lung signal was observed in each experimental group over 24 h. Metabolism studies in lung tissues harvested from mice injected with (64)Cu-labeled anti-ICAM NPs showed considerable release of a small (64)Cu-radiometabolite from the NPs beginning as early as 1 h after injection. A decrease in lung fluorescence was also observed, most likely reflecting partial release of NPs from the lungs in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of small-animal PET to track (64)Cu-labeled nanostructures in vivo shows potential as a strategy for the preclinical screening of new NP drug delivery agents targeting the lung endothelium and other tissues. Future design optimization to prolong the stability of the radiolabel in vivo will further improve this promising approach.
authors: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. raffaella.rossin@philips.com
authors: Raffaella
authors: R
authors: Rossin
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Muro
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Welch
authors: Vladimir R
authors: VR
authors: Muzykantov
authors: Daniel P
authors: DP
authors: Schuster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004727:Endothelium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053758:Nanoparticles; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013388:Succinimides; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; C502492:DOTA-NHS; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D011108:Polymers; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013388:Succinimides; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1