title: Effects of a calm companion on fear reactions in naive test horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In fear-eliciting situations, horses tend to show flight reactions that can be dangerous for both horse and man. Finding appropriate methods for reducing fearfulness in horses has important practical implications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the presence of a calm companion horse influences fear reactions in naive subject horses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The presence of a habituated (calm) companion horse in a fear-eliciting situation can reduce fear reactions in naive subject horses, compared to subject horses with a nonhabituated companion (control).
  
  
  METHODS
  Minimally handled (n = 36), 2-year-old stallions were used, 18 as subjects and 18 as companions. Companion horses (n = 9) were habituated to an otherwise frightening, standardised test stimulus (calm companions), whereas the rest (n = 9) of the companion horses remained nonhabituated (control companions). During the test, unique pairs of companion and subject horses were exposed to the test stimulus while heart rate and behavioural responses were registered. Subsequently, subject horses were exposed to the stimulus on their own (post test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subject horses, paired with a calm companion horse, showed less fear-related behaviour and lower heart rate responses compared to subject horses with control companions. Results from the post test suggest that the difference between treatment groups remained in the subsequent absence of companion horses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears possible to reduce fear reactions in young, naive horses by allowing them to interact with a calm companion horse in fear-eliciting situations.
authors: Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Tjele, Denmark.
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Christensen
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Malmkvist
authors: B L
authors: BL
authors: Nielsen
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Keeling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D012449:Safety; D012919:Social Behavior; D013997:Time Factors