title: Cytokine genes and pain severity in lung cancer: exploring the influence of TNF-alpha-308 G/A IL6-174G/C and IL8-251T/A.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokines, aberrantly produced by cancer cells, have recently been implicated in the severity of cancer-related pain. We explored if polymorphisms in candidate cytokine genes could explain variability in self-reported pain in lung cancer patients of all stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain, clinical, and demographic variables were assessed at presentation and before any cancer treatment in 446 Whites, 125 African-Americans, and 35 Hispanics with newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer. We genotyped functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha -308 G/A), interleukin-6 (IL-6) -174G/C, and IL-8 -251T/A and determined their associations with pain severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More African-Americans (35.5%) reported severe pain (score > or = 7 on a 0-10 scale) relative to Hispanics (20%) and Whites (17%; P < 0.001). We did not observe any significant association between genotypes in TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 and severe pain for either African-Americans or Hispanics, possibly due to small sample sizes. However, we observed that IL-8 (TT, 13%; TA + AA, 87%; P = 0.04) was significantly associated with severe pain among White patients. Logistic regression analyses showed that after controlling for epidemiologic (age and sex), clinical (stage of disease, comorbidities), and symptom (depressed mood and fatigue) variables known to influence pain severity, variant alleles in IL-8 -251T/A [odds ratio (OR), 2.35; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.10-5.03; P = 0.03] persisted as a significant factor for severe pain for White patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this preliminary analysis, we found evidence of the influence of cytokine genes on pain in White patients with lung cancer. Additional larger studies are needed to validate our findings. The long-term application is to tailored pain therapies.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1340, 1155 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA. creyes@mdanderson.org
authors: Cielito C
authors: CC
authors: Reyes-Gibby
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Spitz
authors: Xifeng
authors: X
authors: Wu
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Merriman
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Etzel
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Bruera
authors: Razelle
authors: R
authors: Kurzrock
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Shete
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D010146:Pain / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha