title: Clinical and biological significance of vascular endothelial growth factor in endometrial cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is critical for angiogenesis and tumor progression; however, its role in endometrial cancer is not fully known. Therefore, we examined the clinical and therapeutic significance of VEGF in endometrial carcinoma using patient samples and an endometrioid orthotopic mouse model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following Institutional Review Board approval, VEGF expression and microvessel density (MVD) counts were evaluated using immunohistochemistry in 111 invasive endometrioid endometrial cancers by two independent investigators. Results were correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics. For the animal model, Ishikawa or Hec-1A cancer cell lines were injected directly into the uterine horn. Therapy experiments with bevacizumab alone or in combination with docetaxel were done and samples were analyzed for markers of angiogenesis and proliferation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 111 endometrial cancers, high expression of VEGF was seen in 56% of tumors. There was a strong correlation between VEGF expression and MVD (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, stage (P = 0.04), grade (P = 0.003), VEGF levels (P = 0.03), and MVD (P = 0.037) were independent predictors of shorter disease-specific survival. In the murine model, whereas docetaxel and bevacizumab alone resulted in 61% to 77% tumor growth inhibition over controls, combination therapy had the greatest efficacy (85-97% inhibition over controls; P < 0.01) in both models. In treated tumors, combination therapy significantly reduced MVD counts (50-70% reduction over controls; P < 0.01) and percent proliferation (39% reduction over controls; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased levels of VEGF and angiogenic markers are associated with poor outcome in endometrioid endometrial cancer patients. Using a novel orthotopic model of endometrioid endometrial cancer, we showed that combination of antivascular therapy with docetaxel is highly efficacious and should be considered for future clinical trials.
authors: Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA.
authors: Aparna A
authors: AA
authors: Kamat
authors: William M
authors: WM
authors: Merritt
authors: Donna
authors: D
authors: Coffey
authors: Yvonne G
authors: YG
authors: Lin
authors: Pooja R
authors: PR
authors: Patel
authors: Russell
authors: R
authors: Broaddus
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Nugent
authors: Liz Y
authors: LY
authors: Han
authors: Charles N
authors: CN
authors: Landen
authors: Whitney A
authors: WA
authors: Spannuth
authors: Chunhua
authors: C
authors: Lu
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Coleman
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Gershenson
authors: Anil K
authors: AK
authors: Sood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D000077143:Docetaxel; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D043823:Taxoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D043823:Taxoids; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000077143:Docetaxel; D000068258:Bevacizumab