title: R-spondin2 expression in the apical ectodermal ridge is essential for outgrowth and patterning in mouse limb development.
abstract: Mouse R-spondin2 (Rspo2) is a member of the R-spondin protein family, which is characterized by furin-like cysteine-rich domains and a thrombospondin type 1 repeat. R-spondin is a secreted molecule that activates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Rspo2-deficient mice were generated to investigate the function of mouse Rspo2 during embryonic development. The homozygous mutant forelimb showed defects in distal phalanges and nail structures, and the digits were anomalous in shape. The homozygous mutant hindlimb showed more severe malformations, including lack of digits and zeugopod components. Rspo2 is expressed in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the developing limb. Fgf8 expression in the AER was significantly lower in the homozygous mutant forelimb than in the wild-type forelimb and it was disturbed along the dorsoventral axis. In the homozygous mutant hindlimb, Fgf8 and Fgf4 expression in the posterior AER and Sonic hedgehog expression in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) were reduced. The homozygous mutant hindlimb also showed expansion of Wnt7a expression in the dorsal ectoderm toward the ventral side. This study shows that Rspo2 is critical for maintenance of the AER and for growth and patterning in limb development.
authors: Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
authors: Motoko
authors: M
authors: Aoki
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Kiyonari
authors: Harukazu
authors: H
authors: Nakamura
authors: Hitoshi
authors: H
authors: Okamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000196:embryology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D051519:Fibroblast Growth Factor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011247:Pregnancy; D019699:Thrombospondins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000098907:R-Spondins
chemical_list: D051519:Fibroblast Growth Factor 4; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D019699:Thrombospondins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; C496446:Fgf4 protein, mouse; C496457:Fgf8 protein, mouse; C518904:RSPO2 protein, mouse; D000098907:R-Spondins; C465570:Shh protein, mouse; C490508:Wnt7a protein, mouse