title: Refractory status epilepticus in suspect encephalitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The California Encephalitis Project (CEP) is a program designed to determine causes of encephalitis. We sought to determine whether there are any distinguishing characteristics of patients with encephalitis who develop refractory status epilepticus from those who do not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from all patients in the CEP were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Diagnostic testing was performed for a panel of infectious agents and medical information collected using a standardized form. Encephalitis patients were subdivided into three categories: (i) patients with status epilepticus unresponsive to standard antiepileptic therapy who required general anesthetic coma for management (Group I), (ii) patients with seizures or status epilepticus responsive to standard antiepileptic therapy (Group II), and (iii) patients without seizures (Group III). Supplementary information was requested on Group I patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,151 patients; 43 (4%) were classified as Group I, 459 (40%) as Group II, and 649 (56%) as Group III. Compared to Groups II and III, Group I patients were younger (median age = 10.0 years), more likely to have fever (93%), prodromal respiratory (57%) or gastrointestinal illness (64%), and less likely to have CSF pleocytosis (47%) or abnormal neuroimaging (16%). A causative infectious agent was verified in three of the Group I patients; and a putative agent in nine others. Supplementary information on Group I revealed that 28% died within 2 years and 56% were neurologically impaired or undergoing rehabilitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Encephalitis and refractory status epilepticus occur most commonly in the pediatric age group, an infectious etiology is usually not established, and outcomes are generally poor.
authors: Viral and Rickettsial Disease Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804, USA. carol.glaser@cdph.ca.gov
authors: Carol A
authors: CA
authors: Glaser
authors: Sabrina
authors: S
authors: Gilliam
authors: Somayeh
authors: S
authors: Honarmand
authors: Jay H
authors: JH
authors: Tureen
authors: Daniel H
authors: DH
authors: Lowenstein
authors: Larry J
authors: LJ
authors: Anderson
authors: Andrew W
authors: AW
authors: Bollen
authors: Marylou V
authors: MV
authors: Solbrig
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants