title: Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein and protein induced by vitamin K absence II are potential indicators of a poor prognosis: a histopathological study of surgically resected hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We histopathologically examined Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein (AFP-L3)-positive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and protein induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA) II-positive HCC to clarify the efficacy of these markers for predicting a poor prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum AFP-L3 and PIVKA II was measured in 110 HCC patients. AFP-L3 was measured by lectin-affinity electrophoresis coupled with antibody-affinity blotting, and PIVKA II by using a high-sensitivity kit. The growth type, capsule formation, capsule infiltration, portal vein invasion, intrahepatic metastasis and histological tumor grade were evaluated pathologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight (35%) HCC patients were AFP-L3-positive, and 63 (57%) were PIVKA II-positive. In AFP-L3-positive HCC, the frequencies of an infiltrative growth type (positive : negative = 66% : 42%, P = 0.027) and a poorly differentiated type (positive : negative = 32% : 6%, P < 0.001) were significantly higher than in AFP-L3-negative HCC. In PIVKA II-positive HCC, the frequencies of an infiltrative growth type (positive : negative = 62% : 28%, P < 0.001), vascular invasion (positive : negative = 63% : 26%, P < 0.001), and intrahepatic metastasis (positive : negative = 38% : 4%, P < 0.001) were significantly higher than in PIVKA II-negative HCC. In both AFP-L3- and PIVKA II-positive HCC, the frequency of a poorly differentiated growth type was significantly higher than in HCC positive for either AFP-L3 or PIVKA II or HCC negative for both AFP-L3 and PIVKA II (both positive : either positive : both negative = 37% : 12% : 0%; P = 0.014, P < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AFP-L3 was related to progression from moderately differentiated to poorly differentiated HCC, whereas PIVKA II was more specific to vascular invasion. PIVKA II is therefore likely to be a useful indicator of vascular invasion.
authors: Department of Pathology and Research Center of Innovative Cancer Therapy of the 21st Century COE Program for Medical Science, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors: Hisamitsu
authors: H
authors: Miyaaki
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Nakashima
authors: Mina
authors: M
authors: Kurogi
authors: Katsumi
authors: K
authors: Eguchi
authors: Masamichi
authors: M
authors: Kojiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D054337:Cell Dedifferentiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D037121:Plant Lectins / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood*; D011516:Prothrombin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D037121:Plant Lectins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; C033619:lentil lectin; C008208:acarboxyprothrombin; D011516:Prothrombin