title: Magnitude of effect of lithium in short-term efficacy studies of moderate to severe manic episode.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an accurate estimation of the magnitude of effect of lithium in short-term efficacy studies conducted in patients with moderate to severe manic episode.
  
  
  METHODS
  All placebo-controlled randomized studies submitted to the Medicines Evaluation Board (MEB) in which lithium was used as the third study arm were selected for the meta-analysis. The studies were part of registration files submitted to the MEB between the years 1997 and 2005. In addition, Medline and EMbase searches were conducted with the key words 'manic' ('mania' for the EMbase search) and 'placebo' in order to identify additional placebo-controlled studies of lithium. This search was updated until March 1, 2006. Two effect size indicators were used based on the primary outcome measure of each study: Cohen's standardized effect size based on the difference in mean change from baseline, and numbers needed to treat (NNT) based on the difference in treatment response defined as >or=50% improvement from baseline on day 21.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies were identified. They involved a combined total of 470 patients in the lithium groups and 562 in the placebo groups. The overall standardized effect size was 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28, 0.53] and the overall NNT for response was 6 (95% CI: 4, 13). In the placebo groups response rates varied from 21% to 47%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that lithium is an effective drug in the treatment of moderate to severe manic episode. The variability in placebo response indicates that a placebo control arm in efficacy studies among patients with moderate to severe manic episode is necessary.
authors: Medicines Evaluation Board of The Netherlands, The Hague, The Netherlands. jg.storosum@cbg-meb.nl
authors: Jitschak G
authors: JG
authors: Storosum
authors: Tamar
authors: T
authors: Wohlfarth
authors: Aart
authors: A
authors: Schene
authors: Andre
authors: A
authors: Elferink
authors: Barbara J
authors: BJ
authors: van Zwieten
authors: Wim
authors: W
authors: van den Brink
mesh_terms: D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D026661:Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D018020:Lithium Compounds