title: Synergistic effects of betaine and conjugated linoleic acid on the growth and carcass composition of growing Iberian pigs.
abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of dietary betaine, CLA, or both as growth promotants and carcass modifiers in growing Iberian pigs. Twenty gilts (20 kg of BW) were individually penned and fed barley- and soybean meal-based diets (12% CP, 0.81% Lys, and 14.8 MJ of ME/kg of DM) containing either no added betaine or CLA (control), 0.5% betaine, 1% CLA, or 0.5% betaine + 1% CLA, at 95% of ad libitum energy intake. An additional group of 5 pigs was slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to obtain the initial body composition. At 30 kg of BW, a balance experiment was conducted. At 50 kg of BW, pigs were slaughtered and viscera was removed and weighed. Betaine or CLA alone did not affect growth performance. However, betaine + CLA increased ADG (601 vs. 558 g, P = 0.03) and gain relative to ME intake (25.4 vs. 22.2 g/MJ, P = 0.03) compared with control pigs. Digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy did not differ among diets (P = 0.46 to 0.75). Carcass protein, water, and lean deposition (g/d) increased (19.8, 24.2, and 23.4%, respectively, P < 0.01) in pigs fed betaine + CLA compared with control pigs. Similarly, protein deposition relative to ME intake increased by 28% in betaine + CLA-supplemented pigs (P < 0.05). Fat and mineral deposition did not differ among treatments. Carcass protein, water, and lean content (g/kg of carcass) of pigs fed betaine + CLA-supplemented diets tended to increase (P = 0.07 to 0.09) and carcass fat content tended to decrease (P = 0.09). Similarly, estimated composition of carcass gain was affected, such that water and lean content tended to increase (P = 0.06 to 0.08), whereas fat tended to decrease (P = 0.08) in pigs fed betaine + CLA-supplemented diets. Longissimus muscle area was not altered by treatments (P = 0.49). The liver of pigs fed betaine + CLA diets had increased weight (19%, P < 0.05) compared with control pigs. Overall, dietary supplementation of betaine + CLA increased ADG, protein, water, and lean deposition in growing Iberian gilts. There appears to be a synergistic action when betaine and CLA are used together.
authors: Department of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain. ignacio.fernandez-figares@eez.csic.es
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Fernández-Fígares
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Conde-Aguilera
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Nieto
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lachica
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Aguilera
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004063:Digestion / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009929:Organ Size; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D001622:Betaine