title: Opioid analgesics for cancer pain: symptom control for the living or comfort for the dying? A qualitative study to investigate the factors influencing the decision to accept morphine for pain caused by cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphine and other opioids are the mainstay of cancer pain management, yet considerable fears surrounding them present barriers to pain control. Research in groups already using opioids has examined their concerns, but there is little evidence about how patients react when first offered opioids. We explored the factors influencing the decision to accept or reject morphine when first offered to patients with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative in-depth interview study nested within a cancer pain management trial. Interviews were conducted with 18 patients (nine females), aged 42-88 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The categories that surrounded decisions about commencement of opioids were: anticipation of death; morphine as a last resort; the role of the professional; and 'no choice' but to commence. Participants rejected morphine as a medical intervention to control pain and promote quality of life because they saw it only as a comfort measure for the dying. However, opioids were more acceptable if health care providers had confidence in opioids and side-effects were well managed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among cancer patients the idea that opioids represent a comfort measure for the dying and not legitimate analgesics may represent a greater barrier to their uptake than concerns about tolerance or addiction.
authors: Gloucestershire Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK. colette.reid@bristol.ac.uk
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Reid
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Gooberman-Hill
authors: G W
authors: GW
authors: Hanks
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000698:Analgesia / Q000523:psychology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003061:Codeine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003657:Decision Making; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000523:psychology; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004338:Drug Combinations; C526278:acetaminophen, codeine drug combination; D000082:Acetaminophen; D009020:Morphine; D010098:Oxycodone; D003061:Codeine