title: A comparison of human jaw muscle cross-sectional area and volume in long- and short-face subjects, using MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In humans, the vertical craniofacial dimensions vary significantly with the size of the jaw muscles, which are regarded as important controlling factors of craniofacial growth. The functional relevance of the maximum cross-sectional area (CSA), indicating maximum muscle strength, is questionable since peak forces are generated only a fraction of the day. Alternatively, muscle volume (indicating the generated loads) might be a more meaningful functional variable. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if jaw muscle volume is stronger related with vertical craniofacial dimensions than with jaw muscle CSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one adult healthy subjects with varying vertical craniofacial morphology participated in this study. Axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were used for segmentation of the masseter (Mas) and medial pterygoid muscles (MPM). This enabled measurements of the muscle CSA and volume. Cephalometric analysis was performed using lateral radiographs. With factor analysis, the number of cephalometric variables was reduced into two factors that represented the anterior face height and the posterior face height (PFH), respectively. Subsequently, mutual relationships between these factors and muscular variables were assessed using a multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that vertical craniofacial dimensions were significantly better (up to 12%) related with muscle volume rather than with CSA. Furthermore, it was shown that especially the PFH factor was significantly correlated with the Mas and MPM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vertical craniofacial dimensions are stronger related with jaw muscle volume than with CSA. Tentatively, it can be assumed that the generated muscle loads, rather than maximum forces, influence vertical craniofacial growth.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Free University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hpw.boom@vumc.nl
authors: H P W
authors: HP
authors: Boom
authors: P H
authors: PH
authors: van Spronsen
authors: F C
authors: FC
authors: van Ginkel
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: van Schijndel
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Castelijns
authors: D B
authors: DB
authors: Tuinzing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D011626:Pterygoid Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012044:Regression Analysis