title: Pascal, ICare and Goldmann applanation tonometry--a comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements by Pascal, ICare and Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT), to evaluate the effects of central corneal thickness (CCT) and curvature on IOP measurement and to estimate the intra-observer variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, single-centre study of 150 eyes with a wide range of pressures. Six masked IOP measurements/method; corneal thickness and curvature were studied for each eye. GAT was the reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IOPPascal and IOPICare correlated with IOPGAT (r = 0.91, 0.89). Mean ICare measurement exceeded GAT by 2 mmHg. Pascal measured higher than GAT at low IOPs and lower at high IOPs. For every 10 mmHg increase in IOP above 31 mmHg, Pascal measured 2 mmHg lower than GAT and vice versa. CCT was correlated significantly with IOPGAT (r = 0.23) and IOPICare (r = 0.43) but not with IOPPascal (P = 0.12). CCT was correlated with age. In a subgroup (>50 years), ICare and the difference between IOPGAT and IOPPascal were affected significantly by the CCT, whereas IOPGAT and IOPPascal were not. Corneal curvature was correlated significantly with IOPGAT (r = -0.27) and IOPPascal (r = -0.26) but not with IOPICare (P = 0.60). Intra-observer variability within each set of six measurements was approximately 2 mmHg, irrespective of method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a reasonable overall correlation and concordance between the IOP obtained with the three instruments. None of the methods were completely independent of the biomechanical properties of the cornea. ICare showed a significant dependency upon CCT, whereas GAT and Pascal showed a significant dependency on corneal curvature. All methods showed intra-observer variability, which leaves room for further improvement of methods.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Sweden. gauti.johannesson@ophthal.umu.se
authors: Gauti
authors: G
authors: Jóhannesson
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Hallberg
authors: Anders
authors: A
authors: Eklund
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Lindén
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards