title: Tympanic membrane collagen fibers: a key to high-frequency sound conduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the significance of tympanic membrane collagen fiber layers in high frequency sound transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human cadaver temporal bone study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laser Doppler vibrometry was used to measure stapes footplate movement in response to acoustic stimulation. The tympanic membrane was altered by creating a series of slits and applying paper patches to isolate the effects of specifically oriented collagen fibers. Three groups of membrane alterations were evaluated: 1) circumferentially oriented slits involving each quadrant to primarily disrupt radial fibers, made sequentially within superior-anterior, inferior-anterior, inferior-posterior, and superior-posterior quadrants; 2) the same slits made in the reverse order; and 3) radially oriented slits from the umbo to the annulus to primarily disrupt circumferential fibers. For each group, measurements of the middle-ear cavity pressure, ear canal pressure, and stapes velocity were made each time the tympanic membrane was altered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of the order in which the circumferentially oriented slits were made, there was a consistent decrease in stapes velocity above 4 kHz for the third and fourth cuts compared to the control. The mean decrease in the range of 4 to 12.5 kHz was 11 dB for the third patched slit and 14 dB for the fourth patched slit (P < .01). Radially oriented slits appear to produce smaller effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radial collagen fibers in the tympanic membrane play an important role in the conduction of sound above 4 kHz.
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors: Kevin N
authors: KN
authors: O'Connor
authors: Majestic
authors: M
authors: Tam
authors: Nikolas H
authors: NH
authors: Blevins
authors: Sunil
authors: S
authors: Puria
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D002102:Cadaver; D003094:Collagen; D006801:Humans; D013016:Sound; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen