title: Aging and drinking problems among mature adults: the moderating effects of positive alcohol expectancies and workforce disengagement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article examines the relationship between aging and drinking problems among mature workers and the moderating effects of positive alcohol expectancies (PAEs) and workforce disengagement.
  
  
  METHODS
  This longitudinal study collected data on mature adults (i.e., retirement eligible) in three employment sectors (i.e., construction, manufacturing, and transportation) over five periods: T1 was 6 months before their retirement eligibility date and T5 was 4 years afterward. AtT1, 1,122 subjects participated in the survey; at T5, 917 participated in the survey. Problem drinking was assessed in all five waves by the Drinking Problems Index. PAEs were measured at T4 and T5 by the Alcohol Outcomes Expectancies Scale. Workforce disengagement was assessed by subjects' employment status at T5 (i.e., still working despite eligibility versus fully retired/not working). Control variables were employment sector, age at T1, and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAEs moderated the relationship between aging and drinking problems: High PAEs were associated with an increase in drinking problems, whereas low PAEs were associated with a decrease in drinking problems. With regard to disengagement, continuing to work amplified the moderating effects of PAEs on the relationship between aging and drinking problems, whereas the moderating effects of PAEs were attenuated for the fully retired.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides further evidence of the significance of PAEs and drinking problems among mature adults, particularly as they are conditioned by disengagement from work. Implications for employee/member assistance program are discussed.
authors: Department of Organizational Behavior, Smithers Institute, ILR School, 16 East 34th Street, 4th Floor, Cornell University, New York, New York 10016, USA. sb22@cornell.edu
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Bacharach
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Bamberger
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Sonnenstuhl
authors: Dana
authors: D
authors: Vashdi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001290:Attitude; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*