Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury.
In this article, we review the literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD-like symptoms that can occur along with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion, with specific reference to concussive injuries in the military. We address four major areas: (1) clinical aspects of TBI and PTSD, including diagnostic criteria, incidence, predictive factors, and course; (2) biological overlap between PTSD and TBI; (3) comorbidity between PTSD and other mental disorders that can occur after mild TBI; and (4) current treatments for PTSD, with specific considerations related to treatment for patients with mild TBI or concussive injuries.
Kennedy
Jan E
JE
Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Department of Neurology, Wilford Hall Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, TX 78236-9908, USA. janlizkennedy@yahoo.com
Jaffee
Michael S
MS
Leskin
Gregory A
GA
Stokes
James W
JW
Leal
Felix O
FO
Fitzpatrick
Pamela J
PJ
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008889:Military Personnel; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D014857:Warfare
D000928:Antidepressive Agents