title: Anopheles gambiae s.s. breeding in polluted water bodies in urban Lagos, southwestern Nigeria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urban malaria is on the rise in Nigeria due to rapid industrialisation and developmental activities. A study was undertaken in Lagos, Nigeria to study the Anopheles breeding in polluted water bodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anopheles larval breeding habitats were surveyed and water samples from 24 larval breeding sites from four strategic areas in urban Lagos were analysed. The relationship between eight abiotic variables (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, hardness, nitrate, total dissolved solids, turbidity and oil) and density of Anopheles larvae were investigated. The levels of heavy metals (Zn, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe, Hg and Ni) pollution were analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological and PCR analysis of 2358 anopheline larvae revealed only the presence of two members of the Anopheles gambiae complex consisting of 93.1% Anopheles gambiae s.s. and 6.9% An. arabiensis. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between occurrence of An. arabiensis larvae and two independent variables: pH and turbidity but not for An. gambiae s.s. The levels of three heavy metals: Fe, Cu and Pb from more than half of the sites surveyed were three times higher than the values obtained in natural breeding sites of An. gambiae s.s. from a rural area of Lagos. Over 85% of An. gambiae s.s. larvae were found in water bodies characterised by low dissolved oxygen (<3 mg/L), high conductivity (>900 uS/cm), turbidity (>180 FAU), oil (>11 mg/L) and heavy metals: Fe, Cu, and Pb (>0.4 mg/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that An. gambiae s.s. is adapting to a wide range of water pollution in this urban area. The survival of the mosquito in widespread polluted water bodies across Lagos metropolis could be responsible for the rise in the incidence of malaria.
authors: Public Health Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. awololas@hotmail.com
authors: T S
authors: TS
authors: Awolola
authors: A O
authors: AO
authors: Oduola
authors: J B
authors: JB
authors: Obansa
authors: N J
authors: NJ
authors: Chukwurar
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Unyimadu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development; D001947:Breeding; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development; D007814:Larva / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011156:Population Density; D014507:Urbanization; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water