title: Air pollution control residues from waste incineration: current UK situation and assessment of alternative technologies.
abstract: Current disposal options for APC residues in the UK and alternative treatment technologies developed world-wide have been reviewed. APC residues are currently landfilled in the UK where they undergo in situ solidification, although the future acceptability of this option is uncertain because the EU waste acceptance criteria (WAC) introduce strict limits on leaching that are difficult to achieve. Other APC residue treatment processes have been developed which are reported to reduce leaching to below relevant regulatory limits. The Ferrox process, the VKI process, the WES-PHix process, stabilisation/solidification using cementitious binders and a range of thermal treatment processes are reviewed. Thermal treatment technologies convert APC residues combined with other wastes into inert glass or glass-ceramics that encapsulate heavy metals. The waste management industry will inevitably use the cheapest available option for treating APC residues and strict interpretation and enforcement of waste legislation is required if new, potentially more sustainable technologies are to become commercially viable.
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors: D Amutha
authors: DA
authors: Rani
authors: A R
authors: AR
authors: Boccaccini
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Deegan
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Cheeseman
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005062:European Union; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006113:United Kingdom; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008670:Metals; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C006647:asphalt