title: Assessment of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease using a novel scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess hallucinations in Parkinson's disease (PD), we developed a novel practical rating scale that evaluates five items including variety, frequency, and severity of hallucinations, caregiver burden levels, and psychiatric status at nighttime.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one PD patients and their caregivers were examined regarding the status of the hallucinations associated with PD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a measure of internal consistency, the Tottori University Hallucination Rating Scale (TUHARS) has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.88. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Hoehn-Yahr stage were associated with the TUHARS scores in a multivariate regression analysis. Visual hallucinations are the most common. However, half of the patients who reported visual hallucinations also had other hallucinations. The scale scores in the PD patients with dementia (PDD) group were significantly greater than in the PD patients without dementia (PDnD) group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TUHARS appears to be a suitable and easily administered instrument for assessment of hallucinations in PD. PD patients experienced various kinds of hallucinations. Hallucinations may have a close relationship with cognitive decline in PD patients.
authors: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan. kewada@grape.med.tottori-u.ac.jp
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Wada-Isoe
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ohta
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Imamura
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kitayama
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Nomura
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Yasui
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Nakaso
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Nakashima
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index