title: Moderate hypoglycaemia after learning does not affect memory consolidation and brain activation during recognition in non-diabetic adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some aspects of memory performance are impaired during acute hypoglycaemia. The hippocampus is critical to formation of long-term memory, and may be particularly sensitive to hypoglycaemia. This study examined whether moderate hypoglycaemia occurring after learning would disrupt the consolidation process, and used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify accompanying changes in brain activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen non-diabetic subjects each underwent two glucose clamp studies. During euglycaemia (4.5 mmol/L), subjects tried to memorize a series of words and a series of pictures of faces. Then, either hypoglycaemia (2.5 mmol/L) was induced for one hour, or euglycaemia was maintained. During subsequent uncontrolled euglycaemia, subjects' recognition of the word and face stimuli was tested, with simultaneous fMRI to measure brain activation during recognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Face identification scores were 67.2% after euglycaemia and 66.9% after hypoglycaemia (p = 0.895). Word identification scores were 78.0 and 77.1% respectively (p = 0.701). Analysis of the fMRI identified two foci where activation was altered after hypoglycaemia compared with euglycaemia, but these were not in regions associated with memory, and were probably statistical artefacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One hour of hypoglycaemia at 2.5 mmol/L induced 20-40 min after learning did not disrupt memory consolidation. fMRI did not show evidence of altered brain activation after hypoglycaemia. Consolidation may be relatively resistant to hypoglycaemia, or may have been complete before hypoglycaemia was induced. The study was powered to detect a large effect, and provides some reassurance that moderate hypoglycaemia does not cause major disruption of previously learned memories in people with insulin-treated diabetes.
authors: Department of Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, UK.
authors: Roderick E
authors: RE
authors: Warren
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Sommerfield
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Greve
authors: Kate V
authors: KV
authors: Allen
authors: Ian J
authors: IJ
authors: Deary
authors: Brian M
authors: BM
authors: Frier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005145:Face; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000209:etiology*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D010781:Photography; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose