title: Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: midfacial and cranial stress distribution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim in this study was to investigate the stresses in the midface and at the cranial base during surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion, to determine whether surgically assisted separation of the maxilla from the cranial base can be considered justified and necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using finite element models, surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion with or without separation of the pterygomaxillary junction was simulated, and the stresses at various points in the midface and the cranial base were analyzed. The finite element models consisted of more than 50,000 individual elements and almost 100,000 nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stresses recorded at the measurement points of the midface and the cranial base were usually lower upon separation of the pterygomaxillary junction than those measured without this additional surgical measure. The stress measured at the optic foramen without separation was 122.4 MPa, whereas, with separation of the pterygomaxillary junction, it was only 32.7 MPa. The finite element method proved to be a suitable procedure for comparing the biomechanical influences of various therapeutic measures involving a combined surgical-orthodontic procedure. The results confirm the effectiveness of an additional separation of the pterygomaxillary junction as a protective measure to reduce stress to the foramina of the cranial base.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To protect the cranial base from undesirable side effects, separation of the pterygomaxillary junction appears to be a reasonable and necessary additional measure for surgically assisted palatal suture expansion.
authors: Department of Orthodontics, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. christof.holberg@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors: Christof
authors: C
authors: Holberg
authors: Stefanie
authors: S
authors: Steinhäuser
authors: Ingrid
authors: I
authors: Rudzki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000502:physiology; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery*; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique; D019291:Skull Base / Q000502:physiology*; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000601:surgery