title: Effects of depression and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use on adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy and on clinical outcomes in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of depression on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence and clinical measures and investigate if selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) improve these measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2 large health maintenance organizations, we measured the effects of depression (with and without SSRI use) on adherence and changes in viral and immunologic control among HIV-infected patients starting a new HAART regimen. HAART adherence, HIV RNA levels, and changes in CD4 T-cell counts through 12 months were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3359 patients were evaluated; 42% had a depression diagnosis, and 15% used SSRIs during HAART. Depression without SSRI use was associated with significantly decreased odds of achieving > or =90% adherence to HAART (odds ratio [OR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70 to 0.98; P = 0.03). Depression was associated with significantly lower odds of an HIV RNA level <500 copies/mL (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.95; P = 0.02). Depressed patients compliant with SSRI medication (>80% adherence to SSRI) had HAART adherence and viral control statistically similar to nondepressed HIV-infected patients taking HAART. Comparing depressed with nondepressed HIV-infected patients, CD4 T-cell responses were statistically similar; among depressed patients, those compliant with SSRI had statistically greater increases in CD4 cell responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression significantly worsens HAART adherence and HIV viral control. Compliant SSRI use is associated with improved HIV adherence and laboratory parameters.
authors: HIV Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. michael.horberg@kp.org
authors: Michael Alan
authors: MA
authors: Horberg
authors: Michael Jonah
authors: MJ
authors: Silverberg
authors: Leo Bartemeier
authors: LB
authors: Hurley
authors: William James
authors: WJ
authors: Towner
authors: Daniel Benjamin
authors: DB
authors: Klein
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Bersoff-Matcha
authors: Winkler Gabriel
authors: WG
authors: Weinberg
authors: Diana
authors: D
authors: Antoniskis
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Mogyoros
authors: Wayne Thomas
authors: WT
authors: Dodge
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Dobrinich
authors: Charles Price
authors: CP
authors: Quesenberry
authors: Drew Anthony
authors: DA
authors: Kovach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors