title: Reduced adipogenic gene expression in thigh adipose tissue precedes human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipoatrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expression of adipogenic genes in sc adipose tissue has been reported to be lower among patients with HIV-associated lipoatrophy than HIV-uninfected controls. It is unclear whether this is a result or cause of lipoatrophy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to investigate the temporal relationships among changes in adipogenic gene expression in sc adipose tissue and changes in body fat distribution and metabolic complications in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at HIV clinics in Seattle, Washington.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 31 HIV-infected and 12 control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were followed up for 12 months after they initiated or modified their existing antiretroviral regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in body composition, plasma lipids, insulin sensitivity, and gene expression in sc abdominal and thigh adipose tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects who developed lipoatrophy (n=10) had elevated fasting triglycerides [3.16 (sd 2.79) mmol/liter] and reduced insulin sensitivity as measured by frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance test [1.89 (sd 1.27)x10(-4) min(-1)/microU.ml] after 12 months, whereas those without lipoatrophy (n=21) did not show any metabolic complications [triglycerides 1.32 (sd 0.58) mmol/liter, P=0.01 vs. lipoatrophy; insulin sensitivity 3.52 (sd 1.91)x10(-4) min(-1)/microU.ml, P=0.01 vs. lipoatrophy]. In subjects developing lipoatrophy, the expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, lipid uptake, and local cortisol production in thigh adipose tissue was significantly reduced already at the 2-month visit, several months before any loss of extremity fat mass was evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HIV-infected subjects, lipoatrophy is associated with elevated fasting triglycerides and insulin resistance and might be caused by a direct or indirect effect of antiretroviral drugs on sc adipocyte differentiation.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. mkratz@fhcrc.org
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Kratz
authors: Jonathan Q
authors: JQ
authors: Purnell
authors: Patricia A
authors: PA
authors: Breen
authors: Katherine K
authors: KK
authors: Thomas
authors: Kristina M
authors: KM
authors: Utzschneider
authors: Darcy B
authors: DB
authors: Carr
authors: Steven E
authors: SE
authors: Kahn
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: Hughes
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Rutledge
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Van Yserloo
authors: Michi
authors: M
authors: Yukawa
authors: David S
authors: DS
authors: Weigle
mesh_terms: D042842:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics; D050156:Adipogenesis; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000235:genetics; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013848:Thigh; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D042842:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases