Prospective associations between cannabis use, abuse, and dependence and panic attacks and disorder.
The present study prospectively evaluated cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in relation to the development of panic attacks and panic disorder. Participants at the start of the study were adolescents (n=1709) with a mean age of 16.6 years (SD=1.2; time 1) and were re-assessed 1 year later (time 2) and then again as young adults (time 3; mean age=24.2 years, SD=0.6). Results indicated that cannabis use and dependence were significantly prospectively associated with an increased odds for the development of panic attacks and panic disorder. However, cannabis was not incrementally associated with the development of panic after controlling for daily cigarette smoking. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Zvolensky
Michael J
MJ
University of Vermont, Department of Psychology, Burlington, VT 05405-0134, USA. Michael.Zvolensky@uvm.edu
Lewinsohn
Peter
P
Bernstein
Amit
A
Schmidt
Norman B
NB
Buckner
Julia D
JD
Seeley
John
J
Bonn-Miller
Marcel O
MO
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires