Glyphosate-resistant crops: adoption, use and future considerations.
BACKGROUND
Glyphosate-resistant crops (GRCs) were first introduced in the United States in soybeans in 1996. Adoption has been very rapid in soybeans and cotton since introduction and has grown significantly in maize in recent years. GRCs have grown to over 74 million hectares in five crop species in 13 countries. The intent of this paper is to update the hectares planted and the use patterns of GRC globally, and to discuss briefly future applications and uses of the technology.


RESULTS
The largest land areas of GRCs are occupied by soybean (54.2 million ha), maize (13.2 million ha), cotton (5.1 million ha), canola (2.3 million ha) and alfalfa (0.1 million ha). Currently, the USA, Argentina, Brazil and Canada have the largest plantings of GRCs. Herbicide use patterns would indicate that over 50% of glyphosate-resistant (GR) maize hectares and 70% of GR cotton hectares receive alternative mode-of-action treatments, while approximately 25% of GR soybeans receive such a treatment in the USA. Alternative herbicide use is likely driven by both agronomic need and herbicide resistance limitations in certain GR crops such as current GR cotton. Tillage practices in the USA indicate that > 65% of GR maize hectares, 70% of GR cotton hectares and 50% of GR soybean hectares received some tillage in the production system. Tillage was likely used for multiple purposes ranging from seed-bed preparation to weed management.


CONCLUSIONS
GRCs represent one of the more rapidly adopted weed management technologies in recent history. Current use patterns would indicate that GRCs will likely continue to be a popular weed management choice that may also include the use of other herbicides to complement glyphosate. Stacking with other biotechnology traits will also give farmers the benefits and convenience of multiple pest control and quality trait technologies within a single seed.
Dill
Gerald M
GM
Monsanto, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy W., Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA. gerald.m.dill.jr@monsanto.com
Cajacob
Claire A
CA
Padgette
Stephen R
SR
D000383:Agriculture / Q000639:trends*; D029741:Brassica rapa / Q000235:genetics; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics*; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D003368:Gossypium / Q000235:genetics; D053209:Herbicide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D006540:Herbicides; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D000097797:Glyphosate
D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D000097797:Glyphosate