title: Cognitive deficits in early-onset schizophrenia spectrum patients and their non-psychotic siblings: a comparison with ADHD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has shown cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the areas of executive function, verbal memory and attention. Subtle deficits have been shown in healthy first-degree relatives of patients, suggesting that they may be trait markers. The specificity of these markers for schizophrenia compared with another neurodevelopmental disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has not been reliably established.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT), FAS Test of orthographic verbal fluency (FAS) and Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) were administered to adolescent schizophrenia spectrum patients (SZ; n=30), adolescent siblings of schizophrenia spectrum patients (SZ-SIB; n=36), healthy control participants (HC; n=72); a neurodevelopmental comparison group of adolescents with ADHD (n=27).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SZ group were impaired on all measures. The SZ-SIB group were impaired on IQ, immediate recall (RAVLT), target sensitivity (CPT-IP), response initiation (HSCT); error rates for the FAS and HSCT. There were no significant differences between the SZ-SIB and ADHD groups on individual measures of cognitive function. Principal Components Analysis revealed four factors on which further analyses were conducted. The SZ-SIB and ADHD groups showed different profiles of impairment on components related to response initiation and sustained attention/vigilance when each was compared with the HC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deficits in intellectual function, verbal memory and response initiation/inhibition were found in the SZ-SIB group indicating that these are markers of risk for schizophrenia. Subtle differences in profiles of impairment in the SZ-SIB and ADHD groups on composite measures of attention and response initiation require further investigation.
authors: Developmental Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, E Floor, South Block, Queens Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, England NG7 2UH, UK. maddie.groom@nottingham.ac.uk
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Groom
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Jackson
authors: T G
authors: TG
authors: Calton
authors: H K
authors: HK
authors: Andrews
authors: A T
authors: AT
authors: Bates
authors: P F
authors: PF
authors: Liddle
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Hollis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D035781:Siblings