title: Understanding the neuropsychologic outcome of pediatric AVM within a neurodevelopmental framework.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This case series describes the long-term neuropsychologic functioning of 5 children with repaired arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Results are presented within the context of a neurodevelopmental model to facilitate conceptualization and generate appropriate rehabilitation strategies for children with AVMs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The current case series expands upon previous research examining the long-term psychosocial functioning of these children with AVMs in which it was found that overall emotional functioning appeared adequate, although there were suggestions of defensiveness and areas of worry. In addition, global adaptive functioning was below average for most children with parental concerns about their child's socialization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five children with repaired AVMs in the cerebellum and frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes participated in a neuropsychologic evaluation assessing intellectual, language, memory, motor, visual-perceptual and visual-motor, and executive functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These children demonstrated both localized and remote findings. More specifically, mild to moderate weaknesses in executive functions were suggested regardless of AVM location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that children exhibited executive function difficulties regardless of AVM location is in keeping with the understanding of multiple cortical and subcortical pathways to and from the frontal lobes. In addition, it is possible that the processes of diaschisis and plasticity may play a role in the functional outcome of AVMs.
authors: Department of Neuropsychology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA. Kristine.Whigham@choa.org
authors: Kristine B
authors: KB
authors: Whigham
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: O'Toole
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000601:surgery; D014888:Wechsler Scales