title: Microbiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the Gulf Corporation Council states.
abstract: In spite of advances in microbiological and serological investigations over the last two decades, etiological attribution remains difficult in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Even after exhaustive investigation, the etiology of CAP remains unknown in up to 50% of patients. Common pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. In addition, several investigators document the importance of atypical pathogens including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila in the etiology of CAP in the GCC region. Increasingly, other etiologies, particularly influenza viruses, varicella zoster virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have been recognized as causative pathogens of CAP within the region. Rates of antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae and other pathogens are rising in the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) region and susceptibility profiles of antibiotics against intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are not routinely performed. Injudicious prescribing and over-use of antibiotics drive much resistance. The GCC CAPWG calls for urgent governmental regulations to limit and monitor antibiotic prescription in the GCC region.
authors: Department of Infection Prevention and Control, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. zmemish@yahoo.com
authors: Z A
authors: ZA
authors: Memish
authors: Q A
authors: QA
authors: Ahmed
authors: Y M
authors: YM
authors: Arabi
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Shibl
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Niederman
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004363:Drug Utilization; D006801:Humans; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents