title: Secondhand smoke exposure in public places in Guatemala: comparison with other Latin American countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure secondhand smoke levels in workplaces in Guatemala and to compare exposure to levels in other Latin American cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposure was estimated by passive sampling of vapor phase nicotine using a filter badge. Filters were placed in 1 hospital, 1 school, 2 universities, 1 government building, the airport, and 10 restaurants/bars. In total, 103 filters were deployed (plus 7 duplicates and 10 blanks). Nicotine (microg/m(3)) was measured by gas chromatography. Medians [interquartile ranges (IQR)] of nicotine concentrations were reported and compared with other Latin American cities. A survey about attitudes for smoke-free workplaces was distributed among employees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine was detected in most (68%) locations surveyed (including workplaces where smoking is banned). The highest levels were found in bars [median, 4.58 microg/m(3) (IQR, 1.71-6.44)] and restaurants [median, 0.56 microg/m(3) (IQR, 0.46-0.71)]. Nicotine concentrations in bars and restaurants were 710 and 114 times higher, respectively, compared with hospital concentrations after adjustment for smoking ban signs, type of ventilation, and volume of the area. Support for smoke-free environments was high, except in bar/restaurant and airport workers. Airborne nicotine levels in Guatemala were similar to those found in other Latin American cities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Guatemala, exposure to secondhand smoke is highly prevalent. Workers in bars and restaurants are disproportionately exposed to secondhand smoke compared with other workers. There is an urgent need for complete smoke-free legislation and for educating workers about the benefits of smoke-free workplaces.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01010, Guatemala. jbarnoya@post.harvard.edu
authors: Joaquin
authors: J
authors: Barnoya
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Mendoza-Montano
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Navas-Acien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006166:Guatemala; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine