title: Synergistic effects in neuromuscular activation and calcium-sensitization in the bladder trigone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate possible synergistic effects between adrenergic, muscarinic, and purinergic neuromuscular activation in the bladder trigone, and to examine the relevance of the Rho-kinase (ROCK)/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway as a possible underlying mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Muscle strips were dissected from the superficial trigone of male guinea-pigs. Contractions were elicited by electrical-field stimulation (EFS: 0.1 ms pulses, 1-64 Hz for 3 s) or exposure to exogenous agonists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was evidence for functional adrenergic, purinergic, and muscarinic neurotransmission. Selective inhibition of individual components suggested synergistic interactions. The mean (sd) EFS contractions were enhanced by carbachol (0.3 microm) and phenylephrine (10 microm) to 2.4 (0.4) and 6.4 (1.5)-fold of control (32 Hz), respectively. Phenylephrine (10 microm) also augmented contractions induced by carbachol (1 microm) to 3.9 (1.2)-fold of control, alpha,beta-methylene ATP (1 microm) to 4.3 (0.4) and 20 mm superfusate K(+) to 5.0 (2.0). The PKC inhibitors GF 109203X (5 microm) and H-7 (100 microm), as well as the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 (5 microm) reduced the phenylephrine contracture to 37.3 (7.4), 38.5 (11.2) and 54.9 (7.8)% of control, respectively. With the exception of H-7 they had no significant effect on the carbachol response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows a synergistic effect between adrenergic, muscarinic, and purinergic receptor activation on the muscle of the superficial trigone. The study suggests that Ca(2+)-sensitization of contractile proteins plays a key role in this synergism, particularly for adrenergic activation.
authors: Department of Surgery, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Roosen
authors: Changhao
authors: C
authors: Wu
authors: Gui-Ping
authors: GP
authors: Sui
authors: Christopher H
authors: CH
authors: Fry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008297:Male; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000187:drug effects*; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects*; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic / Q000187:drug effects*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D002118:Calcium