title: Microsurgical reconstruction of posttraumatic high-energy maxillary defects: establishing the effectiveness of early reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttraumatic, high-energy defects of the midface can be challenging to reconstruct because they involve extensive composite tissue loss and result in significant permanent functional and cosmetic deformity. These injuries require replacement of the bony framework, external soft tissue, and intraoral mucosa. Local skin flaps and nonvascularized bone grafts have been used for reconstruction, but bony resorption and the associated soft-tissue collapse limit long-term viability. The authors present a classification of maxillary defects following high-energy trauma and a treatment algorithm using vascularized bone flaps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with significant maxillary loss from high-energy trauma underwent reconstruction with composite vascularized bone flaps. Eight patients had fibula flaps and six had iliac crest flaps. There were five women and nine men, with a mean age of 36.3 years (range, 21 to 48 years) and a mean follow-up of 18 months (range, 5 to 54 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen of the 14 flaps survived. Nine patients had additional procedures. Nine patients had oronasal fistulas and eight were dependent on gastrostomy tubes preoperatively. All patients were able to feed orally without nasal regurgitation postoperatively. All patients achieved stable restoration of the midfacial architecture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The classification scheme presented centers on the missing maxillary subunits. The reconstructive algorithm is based on the type of defect, tissue requirement, and donor tissues necessary to restore facial projection and prosthodontic rehabilitation. Iliac crest and fibula bone free flaps are ideal for restoring a variety of traumatic maxillary defects. The authors advocate early reconstructive intervention using vascularized bone flaps to achieve superior functional and cosmetic outcomes.
authors: Baltimore, Md. From the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Maxillofacial Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center/University of Maryland School of Medicine, and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
authors: Eduardo D
authors: ED
authors: Rodriguez
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Martin
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Bluebond-Langner
authors: Marwan
authors: M
authors: Khalifeh
authors: Navin
authors: N
authors: Singh
authors: Paul N
authors: PN
authors: Manson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome