title: Effect of apple cider vinegar on delayed gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies on healthy people show that vinegar delays gastric emptying and lowers postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of apple cider vinegar on delayed gastric emptying rate on diabetes mellitus patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic gastroparesis, including one patient who had undergone vagotomy, were included and completed the investigator blinded crossover trial. The gastric emptying rate (GER) was measured using standardized real-time ultrasonography. The GER was calculated as the percentage change in the antral cross-sectional area 15 and 90 minutes after ingestion of 300 g rice pudding and 200 ml water (GER1), or 300 g rice pudding and 200 ml water with 30 ml apple cider vinegar (GER2). The subjects drank 200 ml water daily before breakfast one week before the measurement of GER1. The same subjects drank 200 ml water with 30 ml vinegar daily before breakfast for two weeks before the measurement of GER2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median values of GER1 and GER2 were 27% and 17%, respectively. The effect of vinegar on the rate of gastric emptying was statistically significant (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that vinegar affects insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic gastroparesis by reducing the gastric emptying rate even further, and this might be a disadvantage regarding to their glycaemic control.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN33841495.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Lund, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. joanna.hlebowicz@med.lu.se
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Hlebowicz
authors: Gassan
authors: G
authors: Darwiche
authors: Ola
authors: O
authors: Björgell
authors: Lars-Olof
authors: LO
authors: Almér
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000368:Aged; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects*; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations; D019342:Acetic Acid