Assessment of inhalation exposures and potential health risks to the general population that resulted from the collapse of the World Trade Center towers.
In the days following the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers on September 11, 2001 (9/11), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated numerous air monitoring activities to better understand the ongoing impact of emissions from that disaster. Using these data, EPA conducted an inhalation exposure and human health risk assessment to the general population. This assessment does not address exposures and potential impacts that could have occurred to rescue workers, firefighters, and other site workers, nor does it address exposures that could have occurred in the indoor environment. Contaminants evaluated include particulate matter (PM), metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, asbestos, volatile organic compounds, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, silica, and synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs). This evaluation yielded three principal findings. (1) Persons exposed to extremely high levels of ambient PM and its components, SVFs, and other contaminants during the collapse of the WTC towers, and for several hours afterward, were likely to be at risk for acute and potentially chronic respiratory effects. (2) Available data suggest that contaminant concentrations within and near ground zero (GZ) remained significantly elevated above background levels for a few days after 9/11. Because only limited data on these critical few days were available, exposures and potential health impacts could not be evaluated with certainty for this time period. (3) Except for inhalation exposures that may have occurred on 9/11 and a few days afterward, the ambient air concentration data suggest that persons in the general population were unlikely to suffer short-term or long-term adverse health effects caused by inhalation exposures. While this analysis by EPA evaluated the potential for health impacts based on measured air concentrations, epidemiological studies conducted by organizations other than EPA have attempted to identify actual impacts. Such studies have identified respiratory effects in worker and general populations, and developmental effects in newborns whose mothers were near GZ on 9/11 or shortly thereafter. While researchers are not able to identify specific times and even exactly which contaminants are the cause of these effects, they have nonetheless concluded that exposure to WTC contaminants (and/or maternal stress, in the case of developmental effects) resulted in these effects, and have identified the time period including 9/11 itself and the days and few weeks afterward as a period of most concern based on high concentrations of key pollutants in the air and dust.
Lorber
Matthew
M
National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, DC 22314, USA. lorber.mathew@epa.gov
Gibb
Herman
H
Grant
Lester
L
Pinto
Joseph
J
Pleil
Joachim
J
Cleverly
David
D
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D001194:Asbestos / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004147:Dioxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005663:Furans / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D009519:New York City; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D011634:Public Health; D018570:Risk Assessment; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014835:Volatilization
D000393:Air Pollutants; D004147:Dioxins; D005663:Furans; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001194:Asbestos; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls