title: Gaps and limitations of psychological interventions for bipolar disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight gaps or limitations in applying evidence-based psychological therapies as an adjunct to medication in the management of bipolar disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  General and specific gaps in knowledge or perceived limitations were determined by the authors and published examples were identified illustrating these potential barriers to the use or application of adjunctive therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Research on the benefits of psychological therapies in bipolar disorders has progressed dramatically in the last decade. There are some uncertainties that need to be further investigated. These can be broadly classified as: for whom should therapy be provided, what therapy and when should therapy be commenced. The latter can be seen from the perspective of both current mental state as well as length of history and number of recurrences. Other issues frequently highlighted by researchers in the field relate to mediators and moderators of therapy effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gaps in our knowledge about therapy for bipolar disorder mirror those that exist whenever new treatments, including medications, are introduced into routine clinical practice. Many of these key questions relate to differences between efficacy and effectiveness of adjunctive therapies, the long-term durability of any benefits and mechanisms by which therapies achieve their effects. These can be explored using currently existing scientific paradigms.
authors: University Department of Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. j.scott@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Scott
authors: Francesc
authors: F
authors: Colom
mesh_terms: D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D019348:Empiricism; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005196:Family Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents