Meat and meat-mutagen intake and pancreatic cancer risk in the NIH-AARP cohort.
Meat intake, particularly red meat, has been positively associated with pancreatic cancer in some epidemiologic studies. Detailed meat-cooking methods and related mutagens formed in meat cooked at high temperatures have not been evaluated prospectively as risk factors for this malignancy. We investigated the association between meat, meat-cooking methods, meat-mutagen intake, and exocrine pancreatic cancer in the NIH-American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study cohort of 537,302 individuals, aged 50 to 71 years, with complete baseline dietary data (1995-1996) ascertained from a food frequency questionnaire. A meat-cooking module was completed by 332,913 individuals 6 months after baseline. During 5 years of follow-up, 836 incident pancreatic cancer cases (555 men, 281 women) were identified. Four hundred and fifty-nine cases had complete meat module data. We used Cox proportional hazard models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Total, red, and high-temperature cooked meat intake was positively associated with pancreatic cancer among men (fifth versus first quintile: HR, 1.41, 95% CI, 1.08-1.83, P trend = 0.001; HR, 1.42, 95% CI, 1.05-1.91, P trend = 0.01; and HR, 1.52, 95% CI, 1.12-2.06, P trend = 0.005, respectively), but not women. Men showed significant 50% increased risks for the highest tertile of grilled/barbecued and broiled meat and significant doubling of risk for the highest quintile of overall meat-mutagenic activity (P trends < 0.01). The fifth quintile of the heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline intake showed a significant 29% (P trend = 0.006) increased risk in men and women combined. These findings support the hypothesis that meat intake, particularly meat cooked at high temperatures and associated mutagens, may play a role in pancreatic cancer development.
Stolzenberg-Solomon
Rachael Z
RZ
National Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health Human Services, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. rs221z@nih.gov
Cross
Amanda J
AJ
Silverman
Debra T
DT
Schairer
Catherine
C
Thompson
Frances E
FE
Kipnis
Victor
V
Subar
Amy F
AF
Hollenbeck
Albert
A
Schatzkin
Arthur
A
Sinha
Rashmi
R
D000368:Aged; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States
D009153:Mutagens