Identification of inpatient DNR status: a safety hazard begging for standardization.
BACKGROUND
Ascertaining and documenting patients' preferences regarding end-of-life care is required by accrediting organizations at hospital admission. However, hospitals vary widely in their methods of making these preferences (including do-not-resuscitate [DNR] status) available to frontline providers, increasing the potential for errors.


METHODS
We surveyed 127 nursing executive members of the University HealthSystem Consortium (an alliance of academic medical centers), asking them to describe the current practices of their hospitals in identifying DNR orders. For those at institutions using color-coded wristbands, we also asked about other patient data depicted by wristbands and the choice of colors for DNR and these other indications. We used a commercial online survey tool with E-mail distribution.


RESULTS
Sixty-nine nurse executives completed the survey (54%). Fifty-six percent of hospitals use paper documentation as their only mode to identify DNR orders, 16% use electronic health records, and 25% augment either paper or electronic documentation with a color-coded patient wristband. Of those using color-coded wristbands (n = 17), 8 color schemes were reported. More than 70% of respondents recalled situations when confusion around a DNR order led to problems in patient care.


CONCLUSIONS
Mechanisms to identify DNR orders vary significantly. For hospitals that use color-coded wristbands, the variety of color choices poses a risk for confusion and error. Building on existing and isolated state initiatives, a national mandate to standardize DNR identification and the color of patient wristbands would reduce the potential for errors and promote adherence to patients' wishes.
Sehgal
Niraj L
NL
Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. nirajs@medicine.ucsf.edu
Wachter
Robert M
RM
D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000592:standards; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000592:standards; D012015:Reference Standards; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D012449:Safety / Q000592:standards*