NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase: a novel target waiting for the right inhibitor.
DNA ligases (EC.6.5.1.1) are key enzymes that catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds at single stranded or double stranded breaks between adjacent 5' phosphoryl and 3' hydroxyl groups of DNA. These enzymes are important for survival because they are involved in major cellular processes like DNA replication/repair and recombination. DNA ligases can be classified into two groups on the basis of their cofactor specificities. NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligases are present in bacteria, some entomopox viruses and mimi virus while ATP-dependent DNA ligases are ubiquitous. The former have recently been drawing a lot of attention as novel targets for antibiotics to overcome current drug resistance issues. Currently a diverse range of inhibitors have been identified. There are several issues to be addressed in the quest for optimized inhibitors of the enzyme. In the first part of the review we summarize current structural work on these enzymes. Subsequently we describe the currently available classes of inhibitors. We also address modalities to improve the specificity and potencies of new inhibitors identified using protein structure based rational approaches. In conclusion, NAD(+)-dependent ligases show great promise and represent a novel drug target whose time has come.
Dwivedi
Namrata
N
Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil, P.O. Box 173, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, India.
Dube
Divya
D
Pandey
Jyoti
J
Singh
Biswajit
B
Kukshal
Vandna
V
Ramachandran
Ravishankar
R
Tripathi
Rama Pati
RP
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000072481:DNA Ligase ATP; D011088:DNA Ligases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism*
D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009243:NAD; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011088:DNA Ligases; D000072481:DNA Ligase ATP