title: Carbon nanoparticle-induced lung epithelial cell proliferation is mediated by receptor-dependent Akt activation.
abstract: Treatment of lung epithelial cells with different kinds of nano-sized particles leads to cell proliferation. Because bigger particles fail to induce this reaction, it is suggested that the special surface properties, due to the extremely small size of these kinds of materials, is the common principle responsible for this specific cell reaction. Here the activation of the protein kinase B (Akt) signaling cascade by carbon nanoparticles was investigated with regard to its relevance for proliferation. Kinetics and dose-response experiments demonstrated that Akt is specifically activated by nanoparticulate carbon particles in rat alveolar type II epithelial cells as well as in human bronchial epithelial cells. This pathway appeared to be dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor and beta(1)-integrins. The activation of Akt by these receptors is known to be a feature of adhesion-dependent signaling. However, intracellular proteins described in this context (focal adhesion kinase pp125(FAK) and integrin-linked kinase) were not activated, indicating a specific signaling mechanism. Inhibitor studies demonstrate that nanoparticle-induced proliferation is mediated by phosphoinositide 3-kinases and Akt. Moreover, overexpression of mutant Akt, as well as pretreatment with an Akt inhibitor, reduced nanoparticle-specific ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which is decisive for nanoparticle-induced proliferation. With this report, we describe the activation of a pathway by carbon nanoparticles that was so far known to be triggered by ligand receptor binding or on cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins.
authors: Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, Düsseldorf, Germany. klaus.unfried@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Unfried
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Sydlik
authors: Katrin
authors: K
authors: Bierhals
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Weissenberg
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Abel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002244:Carbon / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D053758:Nanoparticles; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D000099200:Scaffold Protein ILK
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000099200:Scaffold Protein ILK