title: Inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase induces apoptosis through multiple mechanisms and displays synergy with inhibition of other isoprenoid biosynthetic enzymes.
abstract: Inhibitors of isoprenoid synthesis are widely used for treatment of human diseases, including hypercholesterolemia and osteoporosis, and they have the potential to be useful for treatment of cancer. Statin drugs inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, whereas nitrogenous bisphosphonates have more recently been shown to inhibit farnesyl disphosphate synthase. In addition, our laboratory has recently developed several potent and specific bisphosphonate inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, including digeranyl bisphosphonate. Because all three enzymes fall in the same biosynthetic pathway and many of the biological effects are due to depletion of downstream products, we hypothesized that simultaneous inhibition of these enzymes would result in synergistic growth inhibition. In this study, we show that inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase induces apoptosis in K562 leukemia cells. This induction of apoptosis is in part dependent upon both geranylgeranyl diphosphate depletion and accumulation of farnesyl diphosphate. Combinations of either lovastatin or zoledronate with digeranyl bisphosphonate synergistically inhibited growth and induced apoptosis. These combinations also potently inhibited cellular geranylgeranylation. These results support the potential for combinations of multiple inhibitors of isoprene biosynthesis to inhibit cancer cell growth or metastasis at clinically achievable concentrations.
authors: University of Iowa, SE 313 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors: Amel
authors: A
authors: Dudakovic
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Wiemer
authors: Kimberly M
authors: KM
authors: Lamb
authors: Laura A
authors: LA
authors: Vonnahme
authors: Sara E
authors: SE
authors: Dietz
authors: Raymond J
authors: RJ
authors: Hohl
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D013729:Terpenes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D013729:Terpenes; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase