title: Endotoxin-induced silencing of mesoderm induction and functional differentiation: role of HMGB1 in pluripotency and infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mechanisms underpinning Gram-negative bacterial vaginosis-induced birth anomalies are obscure. Ethical issues limit such studies on peri-implantation-stage human embryos. Here we have used embryoid bodies (EBs) as an in vitro model to examine the effect of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins/lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the faithful induction of germ lineages during embryogenesis. The role of LPS-inducible cytokine and pluripotency-related DNA-binding protein HMGB1 was also studied in these EBs.
  
  
  METHODS
  EBs derived from the human embryonic stem cell line HUES9 were exposed to 12.5 pg/ml of LPS for 48 h. The expression profile of the ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm and trophectoderm lineage markers, such as beta III-tubulin, GATA4, BMP2, Brachury and beta-hCG, were studied, by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Inhibition of mesoderm induction was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis for hANP, cTnT, ABCG2, GATA2, BMP4 and HAND1. Osteoblast differentiation was induced in the EBs, and confirmed by von Kosa and Alizarin red staining. A comet assay was also carried out to assess the degree of apoptosis in these EBs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the LPS-treated EBs were selectively silenced for mesoderm markers and failed to differentiate into functional osteoblasts. HMGB1 expression was absent in the normal EBs and was found to be localized in the cytoplasm of the LPS-treated EBs. Overall, our data indicate that endotoxin-induced HMGB1 expression in the peri-implantation-stage embryos can bring about severe birth defects of, for example, the bone and heart. This study also indicates that HMGB1 could be involved in maintenance of pluripotency in the human embryonic stem cells by impeding their differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Manipal University, Embryonic Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, #10 Service Road, Domlur Layout, Bangalore 560071, India.
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sivasubramaniyan
authors.forename: Rajesh Reddy
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Atluri
authors.forename: Kanchan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sarda
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arvind
authors.forename: Vishnu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balaji
authors.forename: Kaushik Dilip
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Deb
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004731:Endotoxins; D024243:HMGB1 Protein