title: All-trans retinoic acid prevents development of cardiac remodeling in aortic banded rats by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system.
abstract: This study was designed to determine the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on the development of cardiac remodeling in a pressure overload rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham operation and the aortic constriction procedure. A subgroup of sham control and aortic constricted rats were treated with RA for 5 mo after surgery. Pressure-overloaded rats showed significantly increased interstitial and perivascular fibrosis, heart weight-to-body weight ratio, and gene expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. Echocardiographic analysis showed that pressure overload induced systolic and diastolic dysfunction, as evidenced by decreased fractional shortening, ejection fraction, stroke volume, and increased E-to-E(a) ratio and isovolumic relaxation time. RA treatment prevented the above changes in cardiac structure and function and hypertrophic gene expression in pressure-overloaded rats. RA restored the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax, inhibited cleavage of caspase-3 and -9, and prevented the decreases in the levels of SOD-1 and SOD-2. Pressure overload-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 was inhibited by RA, via upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 and MKP-2. The pressure overload-induced production of angiotensin II was inhibited by RA via upregulation of expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 and through inhibition of the expression of cardiac and renal renin, angiotensinogen, ACE, and angiotensin type 1 receptor. Similar results were observed in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes in response to static stretch. These results demonstrate that RA has a significant inhibitory effect on pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling, through inhibition of the expression of renin-angiotensin system components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Choudhary
authors.forename: Ants
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palm-Leis
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Rakeshwar S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Guleria
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rachut
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000502:physiology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000494:pharmacology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D014212:Tretinoin; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases