N-terminal proteolysis of full-length mutant huntingtin in an inducible PC12 cell model of Huntington's disease.
Proteolytic cleavage of mutant huntingtin may play a key role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease; however the steps in huntingtin proteolysis are not fully understood. Huntingtin was shown to be cleaved by caspases and calpains within a region between 460-600 amino acids from the N-terminus. Two smaller N-terminal fragments produced by unknown protease have been previously described as cp-A and cp-B. To further investigate the huntingtin proteolytic pathway, we used an inducible PC12 cell model expressing full-length huntingtin with either normal or expanded polyglutamine. This cell model recapitulates several steps of huntingtin proteolysis: proteolysis mediated by caspases within the region previously mapped for caspase cleavage, and cleavage generating two novel N-terminal fragments (cp-1 approximately 90-105 residues long and cp-2 extending beyond 115-129 epitope of huntingtin). Interestingly, the deletion of amino acids 105-114 (mapped previously as a cleavage site for cp-A) failed to affect the production of cp-1 or cp-2. Therefore, we conclude that these new fragments are distinct from previously described cp-A and cp-B. We demonstrate that cp-1 and cp-2 fragments are produced and accumulate within nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions prior to huntingtin-induced cell toxicity, and these fragments can be formed by caspase-independent proteolytic cleavage of huntingtin in PC12 cells. In addition, inhibition of calpains leads to decreased subsequent degradation of cp-1 and cp-2 fragments, and accelerated formation of inclusions. Further delineation of huntingtin cleavage events may lead to novel therapeutic targets for HD.
D000818:Animals; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D051381:Rats
C499524:Htt protein, rat; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010450:Endopeptidases