title: Metabolic syndrome and the development of CKD in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic impairments that precede type 2 diabetes, such as metabolic syndrome, may contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study documents the prevalence and incidence of CKD and the prospective association between metabolic syndrome and CKD in American Indians without diabetes in the Strong Heart Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  American Indians aged 45 to 74 years from 3 geographic regions were recruited by using tribal records and were assessed every 3 years from 1989 to 1999 as part of the Strong Heart Study. Participants with type 2 diabetes, on dialysis therapy, or who received a kidney transplant at baseline examination were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic syndrome, defined using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  CKD was measured by using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) dichotomized at conventional cutoff values. The association between metabolic syndrome and incident CKD was evaluated by using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and binomial regression, with statistical adjustment for confounders (age, sex, study center, education, and smoking).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolic syndrome was present in 896 (37.7%) and absent in 1,484 participants (62.3%) at baseline. The prevalence of ACR of 30 mg/g or greater at baseline examination was 12.1%, with 290 new cases and an incidence of 233/10,000 person-years. The prevalence of eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) was 7.8%, with 189 new cases and an incidence of 138/10,000 person-years. The prevalence of CKD was 17.8%, with 388 new cases and an incidence of 342/10,000 person-years. The adjusted hazard ratio for CKD associated with metabolic syndrome was 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 1.6). Equivalent hazard ratios for ACR greater than 30 mg/g and eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.0 to 1.9) and 1.3 (95% CI, 1.0 to 1.6), respectively. The relationship between metabolic syndrome and kidney outcomes was stronger in those who developed diabetes during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraindividual variability in serum creatinine and ACR measures may have resulted in some misclassification of participants by outcome status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in American Indians without diabetes. The mechanism through which metabolic syndrome may cause CKD in this population likely is the development of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA. jaime_lucove@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lucove
authors.forename: Suma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vupputuri
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies