title: Symptoms across the continuum of acute coronary syndromes: differences between women and men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The urgency and level of care provided for acute coronary syndromes partially depends on the symptoms manifested.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To detect differences between women and men in the type, severity, location, and quality of symptoms across the 3 clinical diagnostic categories of acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina, myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation, and myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation) while controlling for age, diabetes, functional status, anxiety, and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 112 women and 144 men admitted through the emergency department and hospitalized for acute coronary syndromes participated. Recruitment took place at 2 urban teaching hospitals in the Midwest. Data were collected during structured interviews in each patient's hospital room. Forty-eight symptom descriptors were assessed. Demographic characteristics, health history, functional status, anxiety, and depression levels also were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of clinical diagnostic category, women reported significantly more indigestion (beta = 0.25; confidence interval [CI] = 0.01-0.49), palpitations (beta = 0.31; CI = 0.06-0.56), nausea (beta = 0.37; CI = 0.10-0.65), numbness in the hands (beta = 0.29; CI = 0.02-0.57), and unusual fatigue (beta = 0.60; CI = 0.27-0.93) than men reported. Differences between men and women in dizziness, weakness, and new-onset cough did differ by diagnosis. Reports of chest pain did not differ between men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with acute coronary syndromes reported a higher intensity of 5 symptoms (but not chest pain) than men reported. Whether differences between the sexes in less typical symptoms are clinically significant remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Niehoff School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA. hdevon@luc.edu
authors.forename: Holli A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: DeVon
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ochs
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology; D003371:Cough / Q000453:epidemiology; D004244:Dizziness / Q000453:epidemiology; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006760:Hospitalization; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D006987:Hypesthesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007087:Illinois / Q000453:epidemiology; D007568:Jaw; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000453:epidemiology; D009333:Neck; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population