title: Diacetone alcohol, a dispersant solvent, contributes to acute toxicity of a fipronil-based insecticide in a passerine bird.
abstract: Fipronil, a phenyl pyrazole pesticide, is aerially applied in eastern Australia to control locust outbreaks, usually as "Adonis 3UL Insecticide" (BASF), an ultra low (UL) volume formulation containing 0.3% active pesticide. We tested the toxicities of technical-grade fipronil, the Adonis 3UL formulation and its components in zebra finch, a native bird at risk of exposure in locust control regions. We estimated oral-dose LD50 by the Up-and-Down method. Under laboratory conditions, we identified unexpectedly high toxicities due exclusively to diacetone alcohol (DAA), a solvent making up 12.5% of the Adonis 3UL formulation. In contrast, finches were asymptomatic when exposed to 0.3% technical grade fipronil dissolved in a minimum amount of acetone. Depending upon the behaviour and persistence of DAA under field conditions, this formulation of Adonis 3UL may pose a far greater threat to the health of small birds and possibly other vertebrates than expected for fipronil alone.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Conservation Biology, University of Wollongong, Australia. mmk553@uow.edu.au
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitulagodage
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Astheimer
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Buttemer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046369:Finches; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D000439:Pentanols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010422:Pentanones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D000439:Pentanols; D010422:Pentanones; D011720:Pyrazoles; C080344:diacetone alcohol; C082360:fipronil