title: Minimally invasive thoracotomy (muscle-sparing thoracotomy) for occlusion of ligamentum arteriosum (ductus arteriosus) in preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the feasibility, the safety, and the primary outcomes of a minimally invasive thoracotomy for the occlusion of ligamentum arteriosum (ductus arteriosus) in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 1991 and June 2003, 273 preterm infants and very low birth weight preterm infants were submitted to a surgical occlusion of the ligamentum arteriosum (ductus arteriosus) through muscle-sparing thoracotomy under general anesthesia in the neonatal ICU. Pre-operative demographic data, mortality outcomes, and adverse events were retrospectively analyzed through medical records consultation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no deaths related to surgery, and 234 (86%) patients were discharged from hospital. Thirty-nine deaths have occurred between the 1st and the 51st days. The cause of death was sepsis (14 patients); intracranial bleeding (11 patients); and necrotizing enterocolitis (9 patients). All causes were related to prematurity. In five patients the cause of death was not established or could not be found in the medical records. The most frequent adverse events related to the surgery were: pneumothorax: 3.3% (9 patients), bleeding: 1.4% (4 patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The minimally invasive thoracotomy technique for the occlusion of the ligamentum arteriosum (ductus arteriosus) when performed in preterm infants and very low birth weight infants is feasible, safe, efficient, related to low morbidity, and not dependent of hospital resources.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. amonteiro@cardiosuporte.com.br
authors.forename: Andrey José de Oliveira
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: Leonardo Secchin
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Canale
authors.forename: Rosie Vivian
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Alexandre Siciliano
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Colafranceschi
authors.forename: Divino F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baldanza
authors.forename: Rosa Célia
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Milton Ary
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Meier
mesh_terms: D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000601:surgery*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome