title: The influence of N load and harvest intensity on the risk of P limitation in Swedish forest soils.
abstract: Nitrogen (N) is often considered to be the major factor limiting tree growth in northern forest ecosystems. An increased N availability, however, increases the demand for other nutrients such as base cations and phosphorous (P) which in turn may change which nutrient is the limiting factor. If P or base cations become limiting, N will start to leach which means a risk of increased eutrophication of surface waters. As many studies focus on base cations, this study instead aims at estimating P budgets on a regional scale for different harvesting scenarios relevant for Swedish conditions. P budget calculations were carried out for 14,550 coniferous sites from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, as weathering+deposition-harvesting-leaching. Three scenarios with different harvest intensities were used: 1) no harvesting, 2) stem harvesting and 3) whole-tree harvesting. The input data were derived from measurements and model results. The P budget estimates indicate that harvesting, especially whole-tree harvesting, result in net losses of P in large parts of Sweden. The highest losses were found in southern Sweden due to high growth rate in this area. In the whole-tree harvesting scenario the losses exceeded 1 kg ha(-1) y(-1) on many sites. N budget calculations on the same sites indicate that N generally accumulates in the whole country and especially in the southern parts. Consequently, the N and P budget calculations indicate that the forests in southern Sweden are in a transition phase from N-to P-limitation to growth. This transition will proceed as long as the accumulation of N continues. These results are important in a sustainable forestry context, as a basis for assessing the risk of future N leaching, and in designing recommendations for abatement strategies of N deposition and for application of wood ash recycling and N fertilization.
authors.affiliation: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden. cecilia.akselsson@ivl.se
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akselsson
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Westling
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alveteg
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thelin
authors.forename: Ann-Mari
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.forename: Sofie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hellsten
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013548:Sweden; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen