title: 3,3'-Diindolylmethane suppresses the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in murine macrophages.
abstract: 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a major acid-condensation product of indole-3-carbinol, has been shown to have multiple anticancer effects in experimental models. Because recurrent or chronic inflammation has been implicated in the development of a variety of human cancers, this study examined the antiinflammatory effects of DIM and the underlying mechanisms using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. DIM significantly decreased the release of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG)E2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1beta by RAW264.7 cells treated with LPS. DIM inhibited LPS-induced increases in protein levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which were accompanied by decreased iNOS mRNA levels and transcriptional activity. The mRNA levels of phospholipase A2 decreased, whereas neither cyclooxygenases-2 protein nor transcript was altered by DIM. In addition, DIM suppressed LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcriptional activity, NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity, translocation of p65 (RelA) to the nucleus, and degradation of inhibitor of kappaB alpha. Furthermore, DIM decreased LPS-induced transcriptional activity of activator protein (AP)-1, AP-1 DNA-binding activity, and phosphorylation of stress-activated protein kinase/Jun-N-terminal kinase and c-Jun. We demonstrate that DIM inhibits LPS-induced release of proinflammatory mediators in murine macrophages. Downregulation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 signaling may be one of the mechanisms by which DIM inhibits inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Efficacy Assessment and Development of Functional Foods and Drugs, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, South Korea.
authors.forename: Han Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Mi Ra
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Seon
authors.forename: Yeo Myeong
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jaebong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin-Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Geon
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung Han Yoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D007211:Indoles; D007375:Interleukin-1; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015232:Dinoprostone; C016392:3,3'-diindolylmethane