title: Characterization of chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis in placental cells.
abstract: The mechanism by which chlorpyrifos exerts its toxicity in fetal and perinatal animals has yet to be elucidated. Since the placenta is responsible for transport of nutrients and is a major supplier hormone to the fetus, exposure to xenobiotics that alter the function or viability of placenta cells could ostensibly alter the development of the fetus. In this study, JAR cells were used to determine if CPF and the metabolites 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO) are toxic to the placenta. Our results indicate that chlorpyrifos (CPF), and its metabolite chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO) caused a dose-dependent reduction in cellular viability with CPF being more toxic than its metabolites. Chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity was characterized by the loss of mitochondrial potential, the appearance of nuclear condensation and fragmentation, down-regulation of Bcl-2 as well as up-regulation of TNFalpha and FAS mRNA. Pharmacological inhibition of FAS, nicotinic and TNF-alpha receptors did not attenuate CPF-induced toxicity. Atropine exhibited minimal ability to reverse toxicity. Furthermore, signal transduction inhibitors PD98059, SP600125, LY294002 and U0126 failed to attenuate toxicity; however, SB202190 (inhibitor of p38alpha and p38beta MAPK) sensitized cells to CPF-induced toxicity. Pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh produced a slight but significant reversal of CPF-induced toxicity indicating that the major caspase pathways are not integral to CPF-induced toxicity. Taken collectively, these results suggest that chlorpyrifos induces apoptosis in placental cells through pathways not dependent on FAS/TNF signaling, activation of caspases or inhibition of cholinesterase. In addition, our data further indicates that activation of p38 MAPK is integral to the protection cells against CPF-induced injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA. marilyn.saulsbury@hamptonu.edu
authors.forename: Marilyn D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Saulsbury
authors.forename: Simone O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Heyliger
authors.forename: Kaiyu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Round
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053179:Caspase 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D010920:Placenta / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000187:drug effects; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019014:fas Receptor; D001285:Atropine; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C017807:bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride