title: Preclinical safety evaluation of inhaled cyclosporine in propylene glycol.
abstract: Cyclosporine inhalation solution has the potential to improve outcomes following lung transplantation by delivering high concentrations of an immunosuppressant directly to the allograft while minimizing systemic drug exposure and associated toxicity. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the potential toxicity of aerosolized cyclosporine formulated in propylene glycol when given by inhalation route to rats and dogs for 28 days. Sprague-Dawley rats received total inhaled doses of 0 (air), 0 (vehicle, propylene glycol), 7.4, 24.3, and 53.9 mg cyclosporine/kg/day. In a separate study, beagle dogs were exposed to 0, 4.4, 7.7, and 9.7 mg cyclosporine/kg/day. Endpoints used to evaluate potential toxicity of inhaled cyclosporine were clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, respiratory functions, toxicokinetics, and clinical/anatomic pathology. Daily administration of aerosolized cyclosporine did not result in observable accumulation of cyclosporine in blood or lung tissue. Toxicokinetic analysis from the rat study showed that the exposure of cyclosporine was approximately 18 times higher in the lung tissue compared to the blood. Systemic effects were consistent with those known for cyclosporine. There was no unexpected systemic toxicity or clinically limiting local respiratory toxicity associated with inhalation exposure to cyclosporine inhalation solution at exposures up to 2.7 times the maximum human exposure in either rats or dogs. There were no respiratory or systemic effects of high doses of propylene glycol relative to air controls. These preclinical studies demonstrate the safety of aerosolized cyclosporine in propylene glycol and support its continued clinical investigation in patients undergoing allogeneic lung transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Safety Profiling and Assessment, Emeryville, California 94608, USA. tao.wang@novartis.com
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noonberg
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steigerwalt
authors.forename: Maryellen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Rosemary A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kovelesky
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sprugel
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004285:Dogs; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D016572:Cyclosporine