title: Particulate matter and carbon dioxide in classrooms - the impact of cleaning and ventilation.
abstract: The objective of the study was to measure the indoor air quality in classrooms with special emphasis on particulate matter (PM 10) and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and the impact of cleaning and ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  PM 10 was analysed via gravimetric method and by laser beam technology. CO(2) was analysed by infrared sensors. Measurements were collected for 3 weeks; first week: "normal" cleaning (twice a week) and ventilation; second week: intensified cleaning (five times a week); third week: intensified cleaning and intensified ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of PM 10 in the classrooms during the 3 weeks were 69+/-19microg/m(3) and they were dominated by occupancy and the persons' activity. Intensified cleaning showed a significant decrease in all classrooms (79+/-22 to 64+/-15microg/m(3)). The effect of ventilation on levels of PM10 was inconsistent - levels of CO(2) were very high in all schools and could be diminished by intensified ventilation (mean 1459 to 1051ppm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although further investigation is needed to study detailed characteristics of the PM 10 (size distribution, chemical identity) the data are sufficient to improve the cleaning and the ventilation in schools.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Service of the City of Frankfurt/M., Braubachstr. 18-22, D-60311 Frankfurt, Germany. ursel.heudorf@stadt-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heudorf
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Neitzert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spark
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012574:Schools; D014691:Ventilation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002245:Carbon Dioxide