title: Transcriptome analysis of sorbic acid-stressed Bacillus subtilis reveals a nutrient limitation response and indicates plasma membrane remodeling.
abstract: The weak organic acid sorbic acid is a commonly used food preservative, as it inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. We have used genome-wide transcriptional profiling of Bacillus subtilis cells during mild sorbic acid stress to reveal the growth-inhibitory activity of this preservative and to identify potential resistance mechanisms. Our analysis demonstrated that sorbic acid-stressed cells induce responses normally seen upon nutrient limitation. This is indicated by the strong derepression of the CcpA, CodY, and Fur regulon and the induction of tricarboxylic acid cycle genes, SigL- and SigH-mediated genes, and the stringent response. Intriguingly, these conditions did not lead to the activation of sporulation, competence, or the general stress response. The fatty acid biosynthesis (fab) genes and BkdR-regulated genes are upregulated, which may indicate plasma membrane remodeling. This was further supported by the reduced sensitivity toward the fab inhibitor cerulenin upon sorbic acid stress. We are the first to present a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional response of B. subtilis to sorbic acid stress.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. aterbeek@science.uva.nl
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ter Beek
authors.forename: Bart J F
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Keijser
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boorsma
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zakrzewska
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orij
authors.forename: Gertien J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brul
mesh_terms: D000838:Anions / Q000378:metabolism; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002569:Cerulenin / Q000494:pharmacology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018085:Regulon / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002569:Cerulenin; D013011:Sorbic Acid