title: Obesity-related hypoferremia is not explained by differences in reported intake of heme and nonheme iron or intake of dietary factors that can affect iron absorption.
abstract: Hypoferremia is more prevalent in obese than nonobese adults, but the reason for this phenomenon is unknown. To elucidate the role dietary factors play in obesity-related hypoferremia, the intake of heme and nonheme iron and the intake of other dietary factors known to affect iron absorption were compared cross-sectionally from April 2002 to December 2003 in a convenience sample of 207 obese and 177 nonobese adults. Subjects completed 7-day food records, underwent phlebotomy for serum iron measurement, and had body composition assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, during a 21-month period. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression. Serum iron (mean+/-standard deviation) was significantly lower in obese than nonobese individuals (72.0+/-61.7 vs 85.3+/-58.1 microg/dL [12.888+/-11.0443 vs 15.2687+/-10.3999 micromol/L]; P<0.001). The obese cohort reported consuming more animal protein (63.6+/-34.5 vs 55.7+/-32.5 g/day; P<0.001) and more heme iron (3.6+/-2.8 vs 2.7+/-2.6 mg/day; P<0.001). Groups did not differ, however, in total daily iron consumption, including supplements. Obese subjects reported consuming less vitamin C (77.2+/-94.9 vs 91.8+/-89.5 mg/day; P=0.01), which may increase absorption of nonheme iron, and less calcium (766.2+/-665.0 vs 849.0+/-627.2 mg/day; P=0.038), which may decrease nonheme iron absorption, than nonobese subjects. Groups did not significantly differ in intake of other dietary factors that can impact absorption of iron, including phytic acid, oxalic acid, eggs, coffee, tea, zinc, vegetable protein, or copper. After accounting for demographic covariates and dietary factors expected to affect iron absorption, fat mass (P=0.007) remained a statistically significant negative predictor of serum iron. This cross-sectional, exploratory study suggests that obesity-related hypoferremia is not associated with differences in reported intake of heme and nonheme iron or intake of dietary factors that can affect iron absorption.
authors.affiliation: Unit on Growth and Obesity, National Institutes of Health, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Menzie
authors.forename: Lisa B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Yanoff
authors.forename: Blakeley I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Denkinger
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: Nancy G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Sebring
authors.forename: Karim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Calis
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yanovski
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D007501:Iron; D001205:Ascorbic Acid