title: On the role of transforming growth factor-beta in the growth inhibitory effects of retinoic acid in human pancreatic cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinoids are potent growth inhibitory and differentiating agents in a variety of cancer cell types. We have shown that retinoids induce growth arrest in all pancreatic cancer cell lines studied, regardless of their p53 and differentiation status. However, the mechanism of growth inhibition is not known. Since TGF-beta2 is markedly induced by retinoids in other cancers and mediates MUC4 expression in pancreatic cancer cells, we investigated the role of TGF-beta in retinoic acid-mediated growth inhibition in pancreatic cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinoic acid markedly inhibited proliferation of two cell lines (Capan-2 and Hs766T) in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Retinoic acid increased TGF-beta2 mRNA content and secretion of the active and latent forms of TGF-beta2 (measured by ELISA and bioassay). The concentrations of active and TGF-beta2 secreted in response to 0.1 - 10 muM retinoic acid were between 1-5 pM. TGF-beta2 concentrations within this range also inhibited proliferation. A TGF-beta neutralizing antibody blocked the growth inhibitory effects of retinoic acid in Capan-2 cells and partially inhibitory the effects in Hs766T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that TGF-beta can cause growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer cells, in a p53-independent manner. Furthermore, it demonstrates the fundamental role of TGF-beta in growth inhibition in response to retinoic acid treatment is preserved in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. brahmchetna@gmail.com
authors.forename: Brahmchetna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Xian-Zhong
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Alexandra B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Roginsky
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Adrian
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D014212:Tretinoin