title: Comparison of X-chromosome inactivation patterns in multiple tissues from human females.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the mechanism by which gene dosage uniformity is achieved between female mammals with two X chromosomes and male mammals with a single X chromosome, and is thought to occur randomly. For molecular genetic testing, accessible tissues (eg blood) are commonly studied, but the relationship with inaccessible tissues (eg brain) is poorly understood. For accessible tissues to be informative for genetic analysis, a high degree of concordance of genetic findings among tissue types is required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship among multiple tissues within females at different ages (fetus to 82 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  XCI patterns were analysed using the polymorphic androgen receptor (AR) gene assay. DNA was isolated from 26 different human females without history of malignancy, using 34 autopsy tissues representing the three embryonic germ layers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  33 of the 280 tissue samples analysed from 13 of the 26 females showed skewed XCI values (>80:20%). Average XCI value was not significantly different among the tissues, but a trend for increasing XCI variability was observed with age in blood and other tissues studied (eg the SD for all tissues studied for the 0-2 years group was 9.9% compared with 14.8% in the >60 years group). We found a significant correlation (r(s) = 0.51, p = 0.035) between XCI values for blood and/or spleen and brain tissue, and in most other tissues representing the three embryonic germ layers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, XCI data were comparable among accessible (eg blood) and inaccessible tissues (eg brain) in females at various ages, and may be useful for genetic testing. A trend was seen for greater XCI variability with increasing age, particularly in older women (>60 years).
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics and University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bittel
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Theodoro
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kibiryeva
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Talebizadeh
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen