title: Alternative experimental approaches for interpreting skeletal findings in safety studies.
abstract: Standard evaluations for characterizing selective developmental toxicity are traditionally undertaken in vivo. These studies incur significant cost in animal use, labor and compound, ultimately limiting the selection of compounds that can be evaluated in vivo. Such limitations hinder the ability to address questions regarding whether teratogenic outcome was caused by intended pharmacology or attributed to off-target effects associated with the structure of the small molecule. Ascertaining a better understanding of the published literature can enhance interpretation of existing in vivo datasets and hypotheses regarding critical windows of sensitivity and underlying mechanisms of teratogenicity. Thoughtful execution of investigative in vivo and in vitro studies can test and further define the underlying mechanism of teratogenicity. Skeletal variations and malformations are frequently encountered in in vivo studies and can be difficult to interpret in context of defining hazard assessment and mechanisms of abnormal development. This commentary reviews how investigative approaches can be integrated to better understand teratogenic mechanism as it pertains compounds that produce skeletal abnormalities. Approaches are discussed in context of how they could be used to study a compound that has been found to produce fused and wavy ribs in rat fetuses. An investigative approach is described that utilizes three strategies: 1) maximizing the data available from in vivo studies; 2) performing critical window studies in vivo; and 3) performing mechanism of action evaluations using gene expression studies and developmental model systems.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Institute, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, USA. karen.augustine@bms.com
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Augustine-Rauch
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D012272:Ribs / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013723:Teratogens / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D015262:Xenobiotics