title: Methodologic and ethical ramifications of sex and gender differences in public health research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experience and investigative studies have shown that inequalities still exist between the sexes as well as in how public health policies and strategies approach the needs of the sexes. Sufficient attention has not been given to gender in public health research. Gender-based differences and similarities need to be promoted, and more structured guidelines are needed to build gender into public health research models.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to investigate and discuss public health research and to answer several related questions on gender biases, ethics and methodologies, and the establishment of guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the search terms public health research and gender , or ethics , gender , and public health, a literature search was conducted predominately with, but not limited to, the PubMed database. English- or German-language articles were identified that examined the current status of gender in public health research as well as any relevant ethical guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A review of the current literature showed that much work has been undertaken to promote the inclusion of gender in health research. However, deficiencies in the extent of gender-oriented research have been found in a number of key areas, including ethics committees and public health research methodology. Women were found to be underrepresented in ethics committees, which lack clear guidance, particularly in the European Union, to ensure the inclusion of gender issues in public health research. Data are often not sex disaggregated, and information on gender and social circumstances are frequently lacking. Furthermore, some methodologies, such as those used in the field of occupational health, underestimate men's or women's burden of disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations include establishing guidelines for researchers on how to incorporate gender in health research, ensuring that the composition of ethics committees is more representative of society, and recommending that data collection systems or bodies ensure that data are disaggregated by sex and include socioeconomic aspects.
authors.affiliation: Verein Altern mit Zukunft, Verein zur Gesundheitsförderung und Gesundheitsvorsorge, Vienna, Austria. kitty.lawrence@alternmitzukunft.at
authors.forename: Kitty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rieder
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods; D005062:European Union; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D011634:Public Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D012936:Social Medicine