title: Obesity and craniofacial variables in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: comparisons of cephalometric values.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this paper was to determine the most common craniofacial changes in patients suffering Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) with regards to the degree of obesity. Accordingly, cephalometric data reported in the literature was searched and analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a careful analysis of the literature from 1990 to 2006, 5 papers with similar procedural criteria were selected. Inclusion criteria were: recruitment of Caucasian patients with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >10 as grouped in non-obese (Body Mass Index - [BMI] < 30) vs. obese (BMI > or = 30).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A low position of the hyoid bone was present in both groups. In non-obese patients, an increased value of the ANB angle and a reduced dimension of the cranial base (S-N) were found to be the most common finding, whereas major skeletal divergence (ANS-PNS ;Go-Me) was evident among obese patients. No strict association was found between OSAS and length of the soft palate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both non-obese and obese OSAS patients, skeletal changes were often evident; with special emphasis of intermaxillary divergence in obese patients. Unexpectedly, in obese OSAS patients, alterations of oropharyngeal soft tissue were not always present and did not prevail.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Sciences G.Messina, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. medicinaorale@odonto.unipa.it
authors.forename: Antonino M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cuccia
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Campisi
authors.forename: Rosangela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cannavale
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Colella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007568:Jaw / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D017286:Polysomnography; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014059:Tongue / Q000503:physiopathology