title: Fine specificity of natural killer T cells against GD3 ganglioside and identification of GM3 as an inhibitory natural killer T-cell ligand.
abstract: GD3, a ganglioside expressed on melanoma, is the only tumour-associated glycolipid described to date that can induce a CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT)-cell response. We analysed the fine specificity of GD3-reactive NKT cells and discovered that immunization with GD3 induced two populations of GD3-reactive NKT cells. One population was CD4+ CD8- and was specific for GD3; the other population was CD4- CD8- and cross-reacted with GM3 in a CD1d-restricted manner, but did not cross-react with GM2, GD2, or lactosylceramide. This indicated that the T-cell receptors reacting with GD3 recognize glucose-galactose linked to at least one N-acetyl-neuraminic acid but will not accommodate a terminal N-acetylgalactosamine. Immunization with GM2, GM3, GD2, or lactosylceramide did not induce an NKT-cell response. Coimmunization of GM3-loaded antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with GD3-loaded APCs suppressed the NKT-cell response to GD3 in a CD1d-restricted manner. This suppressive effect was specific for GM3 and was a local effect lasting 2-4 days. In vitro, GM3-loaded APCs also suppressed the interleukin-4 response, but not the interferon-gamma response, of NKT cells to alpha-galactosylceramide. However, there was no effect on the T helper type 2 responses of conventional T cells. We found that this suppression was not mediated by soluble factors. We hypothesize that GM3 induces changes to the APC that lead to suppression of T helper type 2-like NKT-cell responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Jun-Eui
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Dianna Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prendes
authors.forename: Sharon X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Govind
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ragupathi
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schrantz
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018949:Antigens, CD1 / Q000276:immunology; D055610:Antigens, CD1d; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005679:G(M3) Ganglioside / Q000276:immunology*; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000276:immunology; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000276:immunology*; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018949:Antigens, CD1; D055610:Antigens, CD1d; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; D005679:G(M3) Ganglioside; D005699:Galactosylceramides; D005732:Gangliosides; D008024:Ligands; C493154:alpha-galactosylceramide; D015847:Interleukin-4; C026226:ganglioside, GD3