Three stage axillary lymphatic massage optimizes sentinel lymph node localisation using blue dye.
OBJECTIVE
This paper describes a simple technique of axillary and breast massage which improves the successful identification of blue sentinel nodes using patent blue dye alone.


METHODS
Patent blue dye was injected in the subdermal part of the retroaroelar area in 167 patients having surgical treatment for invasive breast cancer. Three stage axillary lymphatic massage was performed prior to making the axillary incision for sentinel lymph node biopsy. All patients had completion axillary sampling or clearance.


RESULTS
A blue lymphatic duct leading to lymph nodes of the first drainage was identified in 163 (97%) of the patients. Results are compared with 168 patients who had sentinel lymph node biopsy using blue dye without axillary massage. Allergic reactions were observed in four patients (1.2%).


CONCLUSIONS
Three stage axillary lymphatic massage improves the successful identification of a blue sentinel lymph node in breast cancer patients.