title: Suitable conditions for sealing of open dentinal tubules using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser.
abstract: BACKGROUND DATA AND OBJECTIVES: Nd:YAG laser radiation has been applied in treatment of dentine hypersensitivity; dentine melt created after irradiation on a tooth surface can occlude open dentinal tubules. Different conditions (energy of pulses, number of successive irradiations, and type of dye agent) have been reported in the literature. In our study, different conditions are compared and the most suitable ones are suggested.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred nine dentine samples prepared from extracted human third molars in the form of 2- or 3-mm thick discs and facets from an outer convex surface of a root were irradiated by pulses with duration 0.3 ms and beam diameter 0.3 or 0.6 mm. The laser repetition rate was 15 Hz. Energies per pulse have been changed from 20 mJ to 250 mJ (the corresponding energy densities rho are 22 and 275 J/cm(2) for the beam diameter of 0.3 mm). Dyes including tartrazine, carmine indigo, erythrosin, and methylene blue have been used to cover dentine surfaces and to increase absorption of laser radiation. Irradiated dentine surfaces have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sealing of open dentinal tubules can be accomplished even without dyes, provided that a sufficiently intense laser radiation level is used. To avoid damage to the dentine's surface the use of dyes is necessary. Erythrosin has been found to be the best agent, and closing of dentinal tubules occurred after four doses of irradiation with 30-mJ pulses with a beam diameter of 0.6 mm (energy density rho = 8.25 J/cm(2), total energy density rho(T) = 33 J/cm(2)). The upper limit has been reached using four doses of irradiation by 90-mJ pulses with a beam diameter of 0.3 mm (rho = 99 J/cm(2), rho(T) = 396 J/cm(2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occluding dentinal tubules can safely and effectively be accomplished using pulsed Nd:YAG laser radiation provided that the dentine surface is covered with erythrosin solution.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Czech Republic. zdenazap@tunw.upol.cz
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zapletalová
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perina
authors.forename: Radko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novotný
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chmelícková
mesh_terms: D003804:Dentin / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003806:Dentin Permeability / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003807:Dentin Sensitivity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004923:Erythrosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009354:Neodymium
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009354:Neodymium; D004923:Erythrosine