title: Contribution of allergen-specific and nonspecific nasal responses to early-phase and late-phase nasal responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relative contributions of the allergen-specific early-phase nasal response and nonspecific nasal response and mast cells to the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis are not well defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the contributions of specific reactivity, nonspecific reactivity, and mast cells to the development of early-phase and late-phase responses using a mouse model of allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitized wild-type and FcvarepsilonRI-deficient (FcvarepsilonRI-/-) mice were exposed to allergen for 3, 5, or 12 days. As indicators of nasal reactivity, respiratory frequency and nasal resistance were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitized mice exposed to 3 days of nasal allergen challenge showed a nonspecific early-phase response. As the number of allergen exposures increased, there was progressive diminution in nonspecific responses with increased allergen-specific early-phase responses and a late-phase response. Sensitized FcvarepsilonRI-/- mice did not develop nonspecific nasal responses or late-phase responses, but transfer of in vitro-differentiated wild-type mast cells into FcvarepsilonRI-/- mice restored nonspecific early-phase nasal responses but not the late-phase response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data identify the nonspecific nasal response as a major contributor to the early-phase response, especially during initial allergen exposure, and is dependent on mast cells. Increasing allergen exposure results in increasing allergen-specific responses, converting the nonspecific early-phase response to a late-phase response that is allergen-specific and mast cell-independent.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joetham
authors.forename: Shikegi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Azzeddine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dakhama
authors.forename: Erwin W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gelfand
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D031164:Ambrosia / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009299:Nasal Provocation Tests; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology*; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D010047:Ovalbumin