title: Paradoxes of aging.
abstract: Insightful articles by Kirkwood and other outstanding scientists reveal paradoxes of aging. The source of paradoxes is an assumption that aging is caused by random, cumulative molecular damage. Here I demonstrate that a concept of TOR-driven program-like aging almost automatically resolves eleven paradoxes of aging. This article discusses why the accumulation of molecular damage does not limit life span, why calorie restriction and inhibition of protein synthesis extend life span, why the non-existing 'program' for aging is nevertheless robust, why a key gene for aging cannot be found by knocking it out, why low insulin is associated with good health but low insulin response with bad health, why aging is not a disease but can be treated as a disease, why 'healthy' aging is slow aging, and how we know that calorie restriction actually slows aging in humans.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Ordway Research Institute, 150 New Scotland Ave., Albany, New York 12208, USA. blagosklonny@oncotarget
authors.forename: Mikhail V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Blagosklonny
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008954:Models, Biological; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D007328:Insulin; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases