title: Health-related quality of life of children with epilepsy in Hong Kong: how does it compare with that of youth with epilepsy in Canada?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of our study was to compare the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of children with epilepsy in Hong Kong with that of children with epilepsy in Canada, and to explore possible factors affecting these findings. A second interest was to determine agreement between proxy reports and self-ratings among children with epilepsy in Hong Kong, compare these with findings in Canada, and identify factors that influence the concordance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Child self-report and parent-proxy questionnaires on an epilepsy-specific HRQL measure, appropriately translated and validated in Chinese, were administered to 266 Hong Kong children and their parents. An unpaired t test was used to compare the scores with published results from 381 Canadian children and their parents, who used the original English version of the measure. Demographic characteristics of the two groups were compared using t tests, chi2 tests, and Fisher's exact tests. Agreement between parents' and children's scores was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and standardized response means (SRMs). The total HRQL score differences between parents and children in Hong Kong were compared with those in Canada using an unpaired t test. Factors that might affect the parent-child score difference were studied using Pearson correlation analysis, chi2 test, and analysis of variance. Factors studied included: sex, current age, age at diagnosis, duration of epilepsy, number of antiepileptic drugs used, type of seizure, seizure severity, cognition of the child, the type of school attended, presence of neurological problems, presence of behavioral problems, recent health care usage, education and employment status of both parents, housing status of the family, and relationship of the proxy respondent to the child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) In contrast to the Canadian sample, Hong Kong children with epilepsy were older (P<0.01), had a longer duration of epilepsy (P<0.01) and less severe seizures (P<0.01), and were more likely to attend normal schools (P<0.01). Children in Hong Kong reported more interpersonal/social difficulties (P<0.01), more worries (P<0.01), and more secrecy about their epilepsy (P<0.01). Parents in Hong Kong believed that their children perceived more worries (P<0.01) and were more secretive about their epilepsy (P<0.01). (2) Moderate to good agreement between parent-proxy response scores and child self-report scores was demonstrated (ICC=0.50-0.69, SRM=0.19-0.33). The total HRQL score differences between parent and child in Hong Kong were not different from those in Canada. None of the factors studied were related to the parent-child score difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Youth with epilepsy in Hong Kong and their parents reported poorer quality of life than children with epilepsy in Canada. Further studies are necessary to identify the determinants of HRQL in children with epilepsy in different cultures. Acceptable agreement between the two ratings suggests that proxy reports can be used when child self-reports cannot be obtained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Hospital and North District Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China. wklyam@hotmail.com <wklyam@hotmail.com>
authors.forename: Winnie K L
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Yam
authors.forename: Gabriel M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ronen
authors.forename: Sharon W W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cherk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Streiner
authors.forename: Sally W W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Jackson C S
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: Louis C K
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: David K H
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Theresa Y L
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011788:Quality of Life; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires