title: Elastic stable intramedullary nailing in pediatric femur and lower leg shaft fractures: intraoperative radiation load.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) is currently the therapy of choice in unstable, transverse and short oblique femoral and tibial-fibular shaft fractures in childhood and adolescence. As with every intramedullary technique, it requires a greater intraoperative reliance on radiological imaging. Literature concerning intraoperative radiation load in ESIN is rare, results having a wide range from less than 1 minute to more than 15 minutes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of 53 femoral and 24 tibial shaft fractures. In addition, image intensifier times of several steps of the operative procedure in 10 femoral shaft fractures were evaluated prospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average radiation time in femoral fractures was 70.3 (range, 12-193) seconds, in tibial shaft fractures, 42.4 (range, 16-108) seconds. The prospective analysis of femur shaft fractures was able to show the most intense use of imaging during fracture passage (43.2%) and placement of the nail tips (26.6%). Image intensifier times in educational operations were not significantly higher than in operations performed by experienced surgeons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The actual intraoperative radiation load is influenced by bone mass and soft tissue coverage. Surgeons are able to reduce it only by decreasing the fluoroscopy time. According to our results, image intensifier time should not exceed 3 minutes in ESIN of femoral shaft fractures and 2 minutes in ESIN of lower-leg fractures. Low intraoperative radiation times are a mark of quality with respect to the interests of patients, surgeons, and operation theater staff.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany. ralf.kraus@chiru.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schiefer
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schnettler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001858:Bone Nails; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome