title: The role of anxiety in the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in an animal model of Parkinson's disease, and the effect of chronic treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is an inevitable complication of the long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) with levodopa. In a rat model of LID, we observed that animals of almost identical genetic but slightly different environmental backgrounds displayed a very different profile in terms of their development and severity of LID.
  
  
  METHODS
  We hypothesised that this heterogeneity can be attributed to different levels of anxiety in individual animals. We evaluated the basal anxiety level of rats in this study using the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF) test, and plasma corticosterone level. These animals then received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway after which they were primed to develop LID. Finally, we manipulated the anxiety level of these animals by citalopram treatment over a 9-week period before they were killed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although we could not establish an association between the anxiety level of rats with either the onset or severity of LID, our results showed that citalopram was able to mediate a partial alleviation in LID after chronic treatment, and the extent of recovery was negatively correlated to the anxiety measures of individual animals. Furthermore, this citalopram-mediated LID recovery appeared to be independent of any changes in striatal cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) system, in contrast to our previous studies with fetal ventral mesencephalon transplants. However, chronic citalopram treatment almost completely abolished the expression of serotonin receptor 1B (5HT1B) in the striatum in animals exhibiting LID recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate a novel association of serotonin receptors in the development of LID and contributes to the evidence that the serotonergic system may play an important role in such movements.
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 2PY, UK. wlk21@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Wei-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Kuan
authors.forename: Jing-Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000097:blood; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000633:toxicity; D015283:Citalopram / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004326:Drinking / Q000187:drug effects; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000523:psychology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007980:Levodopa / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D016627:Oxidopamine; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000523:psychology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044302:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D013565:Sympatholytics; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000661:Amphetamine; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D015283:Citalopram; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D007980:Levodopa; D016627:Oxidopamine; D044302:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B; D012701:Serotonin; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D013565:Sympatholytics