title: Molecular basis for skeletal variation: insights from developmental genetic studies in mice.
abstract: Skeletal variations are common in humans, and potentially are caused by genetic as well as environmental factors. We here review molecular principles in skeletal development to develop a knowledge base of possible alterations that could explain variations in skeletal element number, shape or size. Environmental agents that induce variations, such as teratogens, likely interact with the molecular pathways that regulate skeletal development.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Molecular Genetics, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. claudia.kappen@pbrc.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kappen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neubüser
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balling
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Finnell
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens