title: Study of the development of fetal baboon brain using magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla.
abstract: Direct observational data on the development of the brains of human and nonhuman primates is on remarkably scant, and most of our understanding of primate brain development is extrapolated from findings in rodent models. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising tool for the noninvasive, longitudinal study of the developing primate brain. We devised a protocol to scan pregnant baboons serially at 3 T for up to 3 h per session. Seven baboons were scanned 1-6 times, beginning as early as 56 days post-conceptional age, and as late as 185 days (term approximately 185 days). Successful scanning of the fetal baboon required careful animal preparation and anesthesia, in addition to optimization of the scanning protocol. We successfully acquired maps of relaxation times (T(1) and T(2)) and high-resolution anatomical images of the brains of fetal baboons at multiple time points during the course of gestation. These images demonstrated the convergence of gray and white matter contrast near term, and furthermore demonstrated that the loss of contrast at that age is a consequence of the continuous change in relaxation times during fetal brain development. These data furthermore demonstrate that maps of relaxation times have clear advantages over the relaxation time weighted images for the tracking of the changes in brain structure during fetal development. This protocol for in utero MRI of fetal baboon brains will help to advance the use of nonhuman primate models to study fetal brain development longitudinally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA. liuf@childpsych.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: Yunsuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Raymond I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: Dongrong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zhengchao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Alayar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kangarlu
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000465:Algorithms; D000758:Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D001285:Atropine; D001831:Body Temperature; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007649:Ketamine; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D048531:Papio papio / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D001285:Atropine