Frequency of swing-segment stenosis in referred dialysis patients with angiographically documented lesions.
BACKGROUND
The segment of the vein mobilized for arterial anastomosis in the creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the swing segment. This segment may experience turbulent flow and altered shear mechanical stress that result in stenosis. We sought to determine the frequency of stenotic lesions in the swing segment.


METHODS
Case series.


METHODS
From January 31, 2003, to June 30, 2005, records of all patients referred to an outpatient hemodialysis vascular access center for AVF dysfunction were reviewed (n = 484). Of these, 278 patients had angiographically documented stenosis (any degree of luminal narrowing) on their first visit.


METHODS
Distribution of stenoses in different segments of the AVF. Swing-segment stenoses were classified as proximal (outflow into axillary vein system), distal or juxta-anastomotic (adjacent to the anastomosis), and the cephalic arch.


RESULTS
Overall prevalence of angiographically documented swing segment stenosis (proximal, distal or juxta-anastomotic, and cephalic arch) was 45.7% (127 of 278 patients), whereas the remaining stenoses (151 of 278 patients) were distributed among the puncture zone, arterial, arterial anastomosis, and central veins. The most frequent location of the swing-segment stenosis was juxta-anatomosis (63%; 80 of 127 patients), followed by cephalic arch (19%; 24 of 127 patients) and proximal swing segment (18%; 23 of 127 patients). The distribution of swing-segment stenosis (n = 127) was equivalent among the various fistulas (brachial-cephalic, 35.4%; radial-cephalic, 33.9%; and brachial-basilic, 30.7%). Eighty-three percent of swing-segment stenoses were significant (>50% luminal narrowing) and underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, with a 93% success rate.


CONCLUSIONS
Retrospective nature of the study and potential selection bias.


CONCLUSIONS
In our population, swing-segment stenosis is the most common lesion in dysfunctional AVFs; juxta-anastomotic stenosis is the predominant lesion independent of fistula type. Whether the occurrence of swing-segment stenosis is caused by mobilization of the vein during surgery is not clear.
D000792:Angiography / Q000639:trends; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies