title: HPLC evaluation of clinical and pharmacological factors reported to cause false-positive carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is an alcohol biomarker used for detection and follow-up of excessive alcohol consumption. This HPLC study evaluated some clinical conditions and medications previously suggested to interfere with and cause non-alcohol related elevations of CDT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were collected from patients with end-stage liver disease (n=50), type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=46), cystic fibrosis (n=24), an elevated C-reactive protein level (CRP>100 mg/L; n=15), and from patients taking enzyme inducing or non-enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs (n=43). Subjects with known or suspected alcohol-related problems were excluded. A sensitive and specific HPLC candidate CDT reference method was used to determine the relative amount of disialotransferrin to total transferrin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 178 samples, 9 (5%) had a %disialotransferrin level > or =1.8% (>97.5th percentile) and were considered CDT positive. The highest frequency of elevated results was found in patients with end-stage liver disease (12%, n=6), including 3 with hemochromatosis, 1 with hepatitis C, 1 with autoimmune hepatitis and 1 with unspecified liver disease and cirrhosis. The other elevated %disialotransferrin results were from 2 patients taking enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs and 1 with type 2 diabetes. Five of 8 examined %disialotransferrin positive samples were also positive for ethyl glucuronide (EtG).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This HPLC study found an overall low frequency of elevated %disialotransferrin levels in the clinical conditions and medications examined. Previous reports of frequent false-positive CDT results thus seem to be connected with the analytical methodology used rather than representing true clinical or pharmacological interferences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. jonas.p.bergstrom@sll.se
authors.forename: Jonas P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helander
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D014168:Transferrin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014168:Transferrin; C056759:carbohydrate-deficient transferrin