title: Violence exposure, a chronic psychosocial stressor, and childhood lung function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic psychosocial stressors, including violence, and neuropsychological and behavioral development in children as well as physiologic alterations that may lead to broader health effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the relationship between violence and childhood lung function in a prospective birth cohort of 313 urban children (age range = 6-7 years). Mothers reported on their child's lifetime exposure to community violence (ETV) and interparental conflict in the home (Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)) within 1 year of the lung function assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In linear regression analyses, adjusting for maternal education, child's age, race, birthweight, tobacco smoke exposure, and medical history, girls in the highest CTS verbal aggression tertile had a 5.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) = -9.6, -1.5) decrease in percent predicted forced expiratory volume (FEV(1)) and a 5.4% (95% CI = -9.7, -1.1) decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) compared with girls in the lowest tertile. The CTS verbal aggression subscale was associated with lung function among boys in the same direction, albeit this was not statistically significant. Boys in the highest ETV tertile had a 3.4% (95% CI = -8.0, 1.1) lower FEV(1) and 5.3% lower FVC (95% CI = -10.2, -0.4) compared with boys in the lowest tertile. The ETV score was not a significant predictor of girls' lung function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interparental conflict, specifically verbal aggression, and ETV were associated with decreased childhood lung function independent of socioeconomic status, tobacco smoke exposure, birthweight, and respiratory illness history. Gender differences were noted based on the type of violence exposure, which may warrant further exploration.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Landmark 415W, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA. sfranco@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Shakira Franco
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Suglia
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laden
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dockery
authors.forename: Rosalind J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011204:Poverty Areas; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology