title: Photo-activated azi-etomidate, a general anesthetic photolabel, irreversibly enhances gating and desensitization of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The general anesthetic etomidate acts via gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors, enhancing activation at low GABA and prolonging deactivation. Azi-etomidate is a photo-reactive etomidate derivative with similar pharmacological actions, which has been used to identify putative binding sites. The authors examine the irreversible effects of azi-etomidate photo-modification on functional GABA(A) receptors in cell membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  GABA(A) receptors (alpha1beta2gamma2L) were expressed in both Xenopus oocytes and human embryonic kidney cells exposed to 365 nm light-activated azi-etomidate with or without GABA, then extensively washed. Receptor-mediated chloride currents were measured using voltage clamp electrophysiology to assess the ratio of peak responses at 10 microm and 1 mm GABA (I10/I1000) and deactivation time course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After azi-etomidate photo-modification, I10/I1000 ratios were persistently enhanced and deactivation was prolonged, mimicking reversible azi-etomidate actions. Azi-etomidate and ultraviolet light were required to produce irreversible receptor modulation. Adding GABA during photo-modification greatly enhanced irreversible modulation. Azi-etomidate modification also dose-dependently reduced maximal GABA-activated currents, consistent with accumulation of permanently desensitized receptors. Excess etomidate during azi-etomidate photo-modification competitively reduced permanent desensitization. Persistent channel modulation was blocked by 320-fold excess etomidate but enhanced when 32-fold excess etomidate was present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Azi-etomidate efficiently photo-modifies etomidate sites on GABA(A) receptors in intact cells, producing persistent functional changes that mimic its reversible effects. The results demonstrate sequential modification at more than one etomidate site per receptor. The sites display reciprocal positive cooperativity. In combination with focal photo-activation, azi-etomidate may prove useful for studies of anesthetic actions in neural circuits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Huijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rüsch
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Forman
mesh_terms: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005045:Etomidate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; C473483:azietomidate; D005045:Etomidate