The world's major religions' points of view on end-of-life decisions in the intensive care unit.
OBJECTIVE
Recent research has shown that the religious affiliation of both physicians and patients markedly influences end-of-life decisions in the intensive care unit in the Western world. The world's major religions' standings on withholding and withdrawing of therapy, on hastening of the death process when providing pain relief (double effect) and on euthanasia are described. This review also discusses whether nutrition should be provided to patients in a permanent vegetative state, and the issues of brain death and organ donation.


METHODS
The review is based on literature research and a description of the legislature in countries where religious rulings do influence secular law.


RESULTS
Not all religions have distinct rulings on all the above-mentioned issues, but it is pointed out that all religions will probably have to develop rulings on these questions. The importance of patient autonomy in the Western (Christian) world is not necessarily an issue among other ethnic and religious groups, and guidelines are presented with methods to uncover and deal with different ethnic and religious views.


CONCLUSIONS
Many religious groupings are now spread world-wide (most notably Muslims), and with increasing globalization it is important that health-care systems take into account the religious beliefs of a wide variety of ethnic and religious groups when contemplating end-of-life decisions.
D001293:Attitude to Death; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000941:ethics*; D008020:Life Support Care; D012068:Religion and Medicine; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics*