title: Cloning and characterization of the promoter of Hugl-2, the human homologue of Drosophila lethal giant larvae (lgl) polarity gene.
abstract: The human lgl gene, Hugl-2 (llgl2, Lgl2), codes for a cytoskeletal protein involved in regulating cell polarity. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of the promoter region ( approximately 1.2kb) of the Hugl-2 gene. Luciferase expression assays show a high basal Hugl-2 promoter activity in different cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. Truncations of the promoter identified a GC-rich region important for this activity. Alignment of human and mouse genomic sequences demonstrate that this is an evolutionary conserved region fcontaining putative binding sites for several transcription factors including Elk-1 and Sp-1. Mithramycin A reduces Hugl-2 expression indicating Sp-1 transcription factors activate Hugl-2. Treatment of primary hepatocytes with epidermal growth factor (EGF) suppresses Hugl-2, suggesting regulation by the EGF-signaling pathway. Downregulation of Hugl-2 by EGF may contribute to loss of cell polarity and tumour progression, therefore supporting a tumour suppressor role for Hugl-2.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeck Str. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Anubha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kashyap
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Galle
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020029:Base Pairing / Q000187:drug effects; D001483:Base Sequence; D019556:COS Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D017344:Genes, Insect; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C081435:l(2)gl protein, Drosophila; C526122:llgl2 protein, human; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor