title: Salicylic acid and systemic acquired resistance play a role in attenuating crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
abstract: We investigated the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) on crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nicotiana benthamiana plants treated with SA showed decreased susceptibility to Agrobacterium infection. Exogenous application of SA to Agrobacterium cultures decreased its growth, virulence, and attachment to plant cells. Using Agrobacterium whole-genome microarrays, we characterized the direct effects of SA on bacterial gene expression and showed that SA inhibits induction of virulence (vir) genes and the repABC operon, and differentially regulates the expression of many other sets of genes. Using virus-induced gene silencing, we further demonstrate that plant genes involved in SA biosynthesis and signaling are important determinants for Agrobacterium infectivity on plants. Silencing of ICS (isochorismate synthase), NPR1 (nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related gene 1), and SABP2 (SA-binding protein 2) in N. benthamiana enhanced Agrobacterium infection. Moreover, plants treated with benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid, a potent inducer of SAR, showed reduced disease symptoms. Our data suggest that SA and SAR both play a major role in retarding Agrobacterium infectivity.
authors.affiliation: Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA.
authors.forename: Ajith
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Srinivasa Rao
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Uppalapati
authors.forename: Choong-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Stacy N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Kirankumar S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Mysore
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000502:physiology; D020868:Gene Silencing; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000502:physiology*; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020156:Salicylic Acid