title: The effectiveness of the Training and Support Program for parents of children with disabilities: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Training and Support Program (TSP) was designed to equip parents of children with disabilities with a simple massage skill for use with their children in the home environment. The effectiveness of the TSP was examined in a randomized controlled trial with a wait-list control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents were trained in massage by suitably qualified therapists in eight weekly sessions, each lasting 1 h. The sample comprised 188 parents who were randomized to an intervention group (n=95), who attended the TSP with their children immediately, or a control group (n=93), who were offered the TSP after 4 months of follow-up. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires at baseline and at 4-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of participants were mothers (88%), with a partner (88%), and White European (82%); 40% worked full-time or part-time, and 34% had health problems (e.g., chronic fatigue, cancer, and arthritis). The TSP demonstrated statistically significant positive effects on parental self-efficacy (PSE) for managing children's psychosocial well-being and depressed mood (0.004 and 0.007). There were trends toward improvement on parental satisfaction with life (P=.053), global health (P=.065), and parental ratings of children's sleeping (P=.074) and mobility (P=.012). Effect sizes were small (0.11-0.23). Levels of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress were all higher than published norms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TSP is an effective means of improving PSE and depressed mood. Additional means of supporting parents need to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Self-Management Programme, Applied Research Centre in Health and Lifestyle Interventions, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom. j.barlow@coventry.ac.uk <j.barlow@coventry.ac.uk>
authors.forename: Julie H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Lesley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Mollie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fotiadou
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006701:Home Nursing / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage / Q000193:education*; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D016896:Treatment Outcome