title: Middle ear gas exchange via the mucosa: estimation by hyperventilation.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  It is thought that gas exchange via the mucosa occurred in relation to the partial pressure gradient, and it was impaired mainly by inflammatory changes in the mastoid mucosa. It was verified that gas exchange via the mucosa is less likely to be impaired than gas exchange via the eustachian tube.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the capacity of middle ear gas exchange via the mucosa by examining the effect of hyperventilation on middle ear pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 55 patients, 40 patients with a type A tympanogram and 15 with type C, were selected. Tympanometry was performed in one ear every 2 min while hyperventilation was forcibly continued for 44-6 min in the supine position. The middle ear pressure and the pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) was measured, and sonotubometry was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PETCO2 decreased gradually as hyperventilation continued in all cases. Although middle ear pressure decreased by hyperventilation in 49 of 55 patients, in 6 patients it hardly decreased despite the decrease in PETCO2. These six patients were treated for otitis media with effusion within 1 month before this examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan. jibika@ngt.ndu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ikarashi
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000399:Air Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005064:Eustachian Tube / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008416:Mastoid / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide