title: Monitoring bone growth using quantitative ultrasound in comparison with DXA and pQCT.
abstract: Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a safe, inexpensive, and nonradiation method for bone density assessment. QUS correlates with, and predicts fragility fractures comparable to, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. However, its validity in monitoring bone growth in children is not well understood. Two hundred and fifty-eight 10-13 yr pubertal girls and 9 37-43 yr adults without diseases or history of medications known to affect bone metabolism were included in the 2-yr prospective study. Calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (cBUA) was assessed using QUS-2 (Quidel, Santa Clara, CA), speed of sound of tibial shaft (tSOS) using Omnisense (Sunlight Technologies, Israel), apparent volumetric BMD (vBMD) of tibial shaft using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT; XCT2000, Stratec), and femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine 2-4 (LS) areal BMD (aBMD) using DXA (Prodigy, GE). Over the 2 yr in girls, FN and LS aBMD showed the largest increases (17+/-8% and 20+/-8%, respectively), followed by tibial vBMD and cBUA (10+/-5% and 9+/-9%, respectively). There was no apparent change in tSOS (2+/-3%). The increase in FN and LS aBMD attenuated 48% and 40%, respectively, after adjustment of the change in body size. The change of cBUA correlated significantly with change in tibial vBMD and FN and LS aBMD (r=0.24-0.40). At the matched location, tSOS correlated only with cortical vBMD, not with cortical thickness, apparent vBMD, or bone size. The long-term reproducibility, assessed using the concordance correlation coefficient of young adults' pre-post measurements, was substantially lower in tSOS than cBUA, tibial vBMD, FN, and LS aBMD (0.65 vs 0.97, 0.95, 0.98, and 0.96; p<0.05). The transverse transmission method-derived calcaneal BUA, but not the axial transmission method-derived SOS, is comparable to DXA and pQCT for monitoring bone densitometric change in pubertal girls. The role of QUS in fracture-risk prediction in children and adolescents needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Center of Excellence, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. qingjuw@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Qingju
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Patrick H F
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Timonen
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alen
authors.forename: Petro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.forename: Sulin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography