title: Antiproton radiotherapy.
abstract: Antiprotons are interesting as a possible future modality in radiation therapy for the following reasons: When fast antiprotons penetrate matter, protons and antiprotons have near identical stopping powers and exhibit equal radiobiology well before the Bragg-peak. But when the antiprotons come to rest at the Bragg-peak, they annihilate, releasing almost 2 GeV per antiproton-proton annihilation. Most of this energy is carried away by energetic pions, but the Bragg-peak of the antiprotons is still locally augmented with approximately 20-30 MeV per antiproton. Apart from the gain in physical dose, an increased relative biological effect also has been observed, which can be explained by the fact that some of the secondary particles from the antiproton annihilation exhibit high-LET properties. Finally, the weakly interacting energetic pions, which are leaving the target volume, may provide a real time feedback on the exact location of the annihilation peak. We have performed dosimetry experiments and investigated the radiobiological properties using the antiproton beam available at CERN, Geneva. Dosimetry experiments were carried out with ionization chambers, alanine pellets and radiochromic film. Radiobiological experiments were done with V79 WNRE Chinese hamster cells. The radiobiological experiments were repeated with protons and carbon ions at TRIUMF and GSI, respectively, for comparison. Several Monte Carlo particle transport codes were investigated and compared with our experimental data obtained at CERN. The code that matched our data best was used to generate a set of depth dose data at several energies, including secondary particle-energy spectra. This can be used as base data for a treatment planning software such as TRiP. Our findings from the CERN experiments indicate that the biological effect of antiprotons in the plateau region may be reduced by a factor of 4 for the same biological target dose in a spread-out Bragg-peak, when comparing with protons. The extension of TRiP to handle antiproton beams is currently in progress. This will enable us to perform planning studies, where the potential clinical consequences can be examined, and compared to those of other beam modalities such as protons, carbon ions, or IMRT photons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. n.bassler@dkfz.de
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bassler
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alsner
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: DeMarco
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doser
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hajdukovic
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Keisuke S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jäkel
authors.forename: Helge V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kovacevic
authors.forename: Søren Pape
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overgaard
authors.forename: Jørgen B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Solberg
authors.forename: Brita S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vranjes
authors.forename: Bradly G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Holzscheiter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004601:Elementary Particles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008954:Models, Biological; D011522:Protons; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness
chemical_list: D011522:Protons