title: The expression of HSP27 is associated with poor clinical outcome in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The heat shock proteins (HSPs) 27-kDa (HSP27) and 72-kDa (HSP72), are ubiquitous chaperone molecules inducible in cells exposed to different stress conditions. Increased level of HSPs are reported in several human cancers, and found to be associated with the resistance to some anticancer treatments and poor prognosis. However, there is no study of the relationship between HSPs expression and patient's prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCCA). In this exploratory retrospective study, we investigated the expressions of HSP27 and HSP72 as potential prognostic factors in IHCCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one paraffin-embedded samples were analyzed by immunohistochemical methods using HSP27 and HSP72 monoclonal antibodies. Proliferation rate was assessed in the same specimens by using monoclonal antibody against phosphorylated histone H3 (pHH3). Fisher's exact test was used to assess the hypothesis of independence between categorical variables in 2 x 2 tables. The ANOVA procedure was used to evaluate the association between ordinal and categorical variables. Estimates of the survival probability were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log rank test was employed to test the null hypothesis of equality in overall survival among groups. The hazard ratio associated with HSP27 and HSP72 expression was estimated by Cox hazard-proportional regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of HSP27 was related to mitotic index, tumor greatest dimension, capsular and vascular invasion while the expression of HSP72 was only related to the presence of necrosis and the lymphoid infiltration. Kaplan-Maier analysis suggested that the expression of HSP27 significantly worsened the patients' median overall survival (11 +/- 3.18 vs 55 +/- 4.1 months, P-value = 0.0003). Moreover HSP27-positive patients exhibited the worst mean survival (7.0 +/- 3.2 months) in the absence of concomitant HSP72 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of HSP27, likely increasing cell proliferation, tumor mass, vascular and capsular invasion, might promote aggressive tumor behaviour in IHCCA and decrease patients' survival. Immunohistochemical detection of HSP27 on routine sections may provide a reliable prognostic marker for IHCCA able to influence the therapeutic strategies for this cancer.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale - Sezione di Patologia Molecolare ed Immunologia, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy. antonello.romani@studenti.unipr.it
authors.forename: Antonello A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Romani
authors.forename: Pellegrino
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crafa
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desenzani
authors.forename: Gallia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graiani
authors.forename: Costanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lagrasta
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sianesi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soliani
authors.forename: Angelo F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Borghetti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008938:Mitosis; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D009336:Necrosis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; C057725:HSPB1 protein, human; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins