title: Association of galactose single-point test levels and phenytoin metabolic polymorphisms with gingival hyperplasia in patients receiving long-term phenytoin therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether the occurrence or severity of gingival hyperplasia is associated with liver function test results or phenytoin metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-affiliated medical center in Taipei, Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients (mean age 37.9 yrs) with epilepsy who were receiving phenytoin for more than 1 year. Intervention. Four blood samples were drawn from each patient for liver function testing, concentrations of phenytoin and its metabolites R-5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (R-HPPH) and S-HPPH, and genotyping of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and 2C19.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations of phenytoin and its metabolites were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. The CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Conventional liver function assays and a quantitative liver function test--galactose single-point (GSP) measurement--were performed. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the association between liver function test results as well as metabolic phenotype and the occurrence and severity of gingival hyperplasia. Among liver function tests, only GSP levels showed a significant difference between patients with and those without gingival hyperplasia. Patients with an elevated GSP level (> or = 280 microg/ml) had a significantly higher odds ratio (OR 4.51) for the occurrence of gingival hyperplasia. In addition, increased R-HPPH (OR 1.02) and phenytoin (OR 1.09) concentrations were associated with an increased occurrence of gingival hyperplasia. However, only increased GSP and R-HPPH concentrations had significantly higher ORs (2.84 and 1.02, respectively) associated with the severity of gingival hyperplasia. Although mean +/- SD plasma R-HPPH concentration was significantly lower in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers compared with CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers and CYP2C9 poor metabolizers (30.38 +/- 16.73 vs 68.22 +/- 44.75 and 78.95 +/- 51.67 microg/ml, respectively), no significant association between genotype and gingival hyperplasia was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased GSP, phenytoin, and R-HPPH concentrations were associated with increased occurrence of phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia; only increased GSP and R-HPPH concentrations were associated with increased severity of this adverse effect.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ming-Fang
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Oliver Yoa-Pu
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Min-Shung
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Cheng-Huei
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsiong
authors.forename: Chin-Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Horng-Huei
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Liou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005690:Galactose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005838:Genotype; D005885:Gingival Hyperplasia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010672:Phenytoin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D005690:Galactose