title: Estrogen sensitivity of target genes and expression of nuclear receptor co-regulators in rat prostate after pre- and postnatal exposure to the ultraviolet filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In previous studies, we found that the ultraviolet filter 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor (4-MBC) exhibits estrogenic activity, is a preferential estrogen receptor (ER)-beta ligand, and interferes with development of female reproductive organs and brain of both sexes in rats. Here, we report effects on male development.
  
  
  METHODS
  4-MBC (0.7, 7, 24, 47 mg/kg/day) was administered in chow to the parent generation before mating, during gestation and lactation, and to offspring until adulthood. mRNA was determined in prostate lobes by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and protein was determined by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4-MBC delayed male puberty, decreased adult prostate weight, and slightly increased testis weight. Androgen receptor (AR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), ER-alpha, and ER-beta expression in prostate were altered at mRNA and protein levels, with stronger effects in dorsolateral than ventral prostate. To assess sensitivity of target genes to estrogens, offspring were castrated on postnatal day 70, injected with 17beta-estradiol (E(2); 10 or 50 microg/kg, sc) or vehicle on postnatal day 84, and sacrificed 6 hr later. Acute repression of AR and IGF-1 mRNAs by E(2), studied in ventral prostate, was reduced by 4-MBC exposure. This was accompanied by reduced co-repressor N-CoR (nuclear receptor co-repressor) protein in ventral and dorsolateral prostate, whereas steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) protein levels were unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that 4-MBC affects development of male reproductive functions and organs, with a lowest observed adverse effect level of 0.7 mg/kg. Nuclear receptor coregulators were revealed as targets for endocrine disruptors, as shown for N-CoR in prostate and SRC-1 in uterus. This may have widespread effects on gene regulation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and GREEN Tox, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durrer
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ehnes
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuetsch
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maerkel
authors.forename: Margret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlumpf
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lichtensteiger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002164:Camphor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D002164:Camphor; C038939:enzacamene