title: AFM probing in aqueous environment of Staphylococcus epidermidis cells naturally immobilised on glass: physico-chemistry behind the successful immobilisation.
abstract: AFM probing of microbial cells in liquid environments usually requires them to be physically or chemically attached to a solid surface. The fixation mechanisms may influence the nanomechanical characterization done by force curve mapping using an AFM. To study the response of a microbial cell surface to this kind of local measurement this study attempts to overcome the problem associated to the uncertainties introduced by the different fixation treatments by analysing the surface of Staphylococcus epidermidis cells naturally (non-artificially mediated) immobilised on a glass support surface. The particularities of this natural bacterial fixation process for AFM surface analysis are discussed in terms of theoretical predictions of the XDLVO model applied to the systems bacteria/support substratum and bacteria/AFM tip immersed in water. In this sense, in the first part of this study the conditions for adequate natural fixation of three S. epidermidis strains have been analyzed by taking into account the geometries of the bacterium, substrate and tip. In the second part, bacteria are probed without the risk of any possible artefacts due to the mechanical or chemical fixation procedures. Forces measured over the successfully adhered cells have (directly) shown that the untreated bacterial surface suffers from a combination of both reversible and non-reversible deformations during acquisition of force curves all taken under the same operational conditions. This is revealed directly through high-resolution tapping-mode imaging of the bacterial surface immediately following force curve mapping. The results agree with the two different types of force curves that were repeatedly obtained. Interestingly, one type of these force curves suggests that the AFM tip is breaking (rather than pushing) the cell surface during acquisition of the force curve. In this case, adhesive peaks were always observed, suggesting a mechanical origin of the measured pull-off forces. The other type of force curves shows no adhesive peaks and exhibits juxtaposing of approaching and retraction curves, reflecting elastic deformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Méndez-Vilas
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gallardo-Moreno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calzado-Montero
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: González-Martín
mesh_terms: D018914:Cells, Immobilized; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004777:Environment; D005559:Formamides / Q000737:chemistry; D005898:Glass; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated / Q000737:chemistry; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005559:Formamides; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated; D014867:Water; C027946:methylene iodide; C031066:formamide