title: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a review and exploration of the role of gadolinium.
abstract: NSF is a new and emerging disease. Significant investigative work to date has led to an unexpected suspect-gadolinium-containing contrast agents. Considerable additional work is now underway to formulate specific recommendations about the use of these agents in the population of patients who have renal disease. Goals on the immediate research horizon include (1) the identification of risk factors and conditions that must be met to permit the development of NSF in patients who have renal disease, (2) the characteristics of contrast agents that make them more or less likely to induce NSF, and (3) the development of prophylactic or treatment strategies that can reduce the overall development and severity of NSF. The investigative process has already yielded new insight into the functions (and malfunctions) of the CF in the setting of NSF. As the CF is being increasingly implicated in other organ-specific and systemic fibrosing disorders, we can expect to see significant developments in the studies of allied disorders as well.
authors.affiliation: Yale Dermatopathology Service, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York Street, LMP 5031, P.O. Box 208059, New Haven, CT 06520-8059, USA. shawn.cowper@yale.edu
authors.forename: Shawn E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cowper
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000502:physiology; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications*; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019332:Endothelin-1; D005682:Gadolinium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA