title: Comparing effectiveness of rhamnolipid biosurfactant with a quaternary ammonium salt surfactant for hydrate anti-agglomeration.
abstract: Natural gas is projected to be the premium fuel of the 21st century because of availability, as well as economical and environmental considerations. Natural gas is coproduced with water from the subsurface forming gas hydrates. Hydrate formation may result in shutdown of onshore and offshore operations. Industry practice has been usage of alcohols--which have undesirable environmental impacts--to affect bulk-phase properties and inhibit hydrate formation. An alternative to alcohols is changing the surface properties through usage of polymers and surfactants, effective at 0.5-3 wt % of coproduced water. One group of low-dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHI) are kinetic inhibitors, which affect nucleation rate and growth. A second group of LDHI are anti-agglomerants, which prevent agglomeration of small hydrate crystallites. Despite great potential, reported work on hydrate anti-agglomeration is very limited. In this paper, our focus is on the use of two vastly different surfactants as anti-agglomerants. We use a model oil, water, and tetrahydrofuran as a hydrate-forming species. We examine the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium salt (i.e., quat). Visual observation measurements show that a small concentration of the quat (0.01%) can prevent agglomeration. However, a quat is not a green chemical and therefore may be undesirable. We show that a rhamnolipid biosurfactant can be effective to a concentration of 0.05 wt %. One difference between the two surfactants is the stability of the water-in-oil emulsions created. The biosurfactant forms a less stable emulsion, which makes it very desirable for hydrate application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Mason Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: J Dalton
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: York
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Firoozabadi
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D004655:Emulsions; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D002712:Chlorides; D004655:Emulsions; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D006017:Glycolipids; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012492:Salts; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C418382:rhamnolipid; D014867:Water