title: Being overweight modifies the association between cardiovascular risk factors and microalbuminuria in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to determine the association between cardiovascular risk factors and microalbuminuria in a nationally representative sample of adolescents and to determine whether being overweight modifies this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004) for 2515 adolescents 12 to 19 years of age. Cardiovascular risk factors included abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, high triglyceride levels, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, hypertension, smoking, and the metabolic syndrome. Microalbuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin/creatinine ratio of 30 to 299 mg/g in a random morning sample. Overweight was defined as BMI of > or = 95th percentile, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microalbuminuria was present in 8.9% of adolescents. The prevalence of microalbuminuria was higher among nonoverweight adolescents than among overweight adolescents. The median albumin/creatinine ratio decreased with increasing BMI z scores. The association of microalbuminuria with cardiovascular risk factors differed according to BMI category. Among nonoverweight adolescents, microalbuminuria was not associated with any cardiovascular disease risk factor except for overt diabetes mellitus. Among overweight adolescents, however, microalbuminuria was associated with impaired fasting glucose, insulin resistance, hypertension, and smoking, as well as diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the majority of adolescents, microalbuminuria is not associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Among overweight adolescents, however, microalbuminuria is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. The prognostic importance of microalbuminuria in overweight and nonoverweight adolescents with regard to future cardiovascular and renal disease needs to be defined in prospective studies conducted specifically in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. nguyens@peds.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brakeman
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Portale
authors.forename: Chi-yuan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution