title: Strengthening the status of psychotherapy for personality disorders: an integrated perspective on effects and costs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite scientific evidence of effectiveness, psychotherapy for personality disorders is not yet fully deployed, nor is its reimbursement self-evident. Both clinicians and health care policy-makers increasingly rely on evidence-based medicine and health economics when determining a treatment of choice and reimbursement. This article aims to contribute to that understanding by applying these criteria on psychotherapy as a treatment for patients with personality disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have evaluated the available empirical evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and integrated this with necessity of treatment as a moderating factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders is well documented with favourable randomized trial results, 2 metaanalyses, and a Cochrane review. However, the evidence does not yet fully live up to modern standards of evidence-based medicine and is mostly limited to borderline and avoidant personality disorders. Data on cost-effectiveness suggest that psychotherapy for personality disorders may lead to cost-savings. However, state-of-the-art cost-effectiveness data are still scarce. An encouraging factor is that the available studies indicate that patients with personality disorder experience a high burden of disease, stressing the necessity of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When applying an integrated vision on outcome, psychotherapy can be considered not only an effective treatment for patients with personality disorder but also most likely a cost-effective and necessary intervention. However, more state-of-the-art research is required before clinicians and health care policy-makers can fully appreciate the benefits of psychotherapy for personality disorders. Considerable progress is possible if researchers focus their efforts on evidence-based medicine and cost-effectiveness research.
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam Department of Psychology and the Viersprong Institute for Studies on Personality Disorders, Halstern, The Netherlands. Anna.Bartak@devierspong.nl
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bartak
authors.forename: Djøra I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Soeteman
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verheul
authors.forename: Jan J V
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Busschbach
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome