title: Increased arterial stiffness and indication of endothelial dysfunction in long-standing rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerotic progression is accelerated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We evaluated arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction in RA patients and controls by pulse wave analysis (PWA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty RA patients with long-standing disease and 30 age- and sex-matched controls were examined using applanation tonometry of the radial artery before and after vasodilation by terbutaline (endothelium dependent) and nitroglycerin (endothelium independent). The aortic augmentation index (AIx) and time to reflected wave (transit time, Tr) were measured. Using the peripheral pulse curve, the stiffness index (SI) and the reflectance index (RI) were calculated. Tr and SI predominantly reflect large artery stiffness, whereas Aix and RI also reflect small vessel resistance. The PWA measurements were assessed in relation to adhesion molecules [soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (sPECAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1)], selectins (E, L and P), and inflammation [erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), haptoglobin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1-Ra), IL-2-soluble receptor (IL-2sR), and tumour necrosis factor receptors-I and -II (TNFR-I and TNFR-II)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  RA patients had shorter Tr (p<0.05) and higher SI (p<0.001) than controls, indicating impaired large vessel compliance. After terbutaline, Tr remained shorter (p<0.05), while SI (p<0.01) and AIx (p<0.01) were higher. The post-terbutaline changes in AIx and RI (DeltaAIx, DeltaRI), suggested to be the best PWA measurements of endothelial function, were smaller in RA patients (p = 0.06). In RA, L-selectin and sVCAM-1 correlated with DeltaRI and L-selectin also with DeltaAIx. Both RI and AIx correlated at baseline with a retrospective inflammatory activity score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arterial stiffness was increased in RA patients. Endothelial dysfunction was implicated and correlated with levels of soluble adhesion molecules. Small vessel resistance correlated with the long-standing inflammatory load in RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology/Institution of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University Hospital of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden. solveig.wallberg.jonsson@medicin.umu.se
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wållberg-Jonsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caidahl
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klintland
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rantapää-Dahlqvist
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011674:Pulse; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013726:Terbutaline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013566:Sympathomimetics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D013726:Terbutaline