title: Discovery of an alternate metabolic pathway for urea synthesis in adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
abstract: We demonstrate the presence of an alternate metabolic pathway for urea synthesis in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that converts uric acid to urea via an amphibian-like uricolytic pathway. For these studies, female mosquitoes were fed a sucrose solution containing (15)NH4Cl, [5-(15)N]-glutamine, [(15)N]-proline, allantoin, or allantoic acid. At 24 h after feeding, the feces were collected and analyzed in a mass spectrometer. Specific enzyme inhibitors confirmed that mosquitoes incorporate (15)N from (15)NH4Cl into [5-(15)N]-glutamine and use the (15)N of the amide group of glutamine to produce labeled uric acid. More importantly, we found that [(15)N2]-uric acid can be metabolized to [(15)N]-urea and be excreted as nitrogenous waste through an uricolytic pathway. Ae. aegypti express all three genes in this pathway, namely, urate oxidase, allantoinase, and allantoicase. The functional relevance of these genes in mosquitoes was shown by feeding allantoin or allantoic acid, which significantly increased unlabeled urea levels in the feces. Moreover, knockdown of urate oxidase expression by RNA interference demonstrated that this pathway is active in females fed blood or (15)NH4Cl based on a significant increase in uric acid levels in whole-body extracts and a reduction in [(15)N]-urea excretion, respectively. These unexpected findings could lead to the development of metabolism-based strategies for mosquito control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA. scaraffi@email.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Patricia Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Scaraffia
authors.forename: Guanhong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Isoe
authors.forename: Vicki H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Wysocki
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Roger L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Miesfeld
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000481:Allantoin / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005973:Glutamine / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D034622:RNA Interference; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014503:Urate Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C024081:allantoic acid; D005973:Glutamine; D014527:Uric Acid; D000481:Allantoin; D014508:Urea; D014503:Urate Oxidase; D009584:Nitrogen