title: Flexibility of rapid-acting insulin analogues in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Every year, approximately 70,000 children aged<15 years develop type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide. Achieving glycosylated hemoglobin control is a very important aim, but quality-of-life concerns for the child and the family should also have high priority in the management of pediatric DM.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review outlines some of the issues involved in treating type 1 DM in children and adolescents, as well as the use of rapid-acting insulin analogues in basal-bolus therapy and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review article was based on a presentation at a satellite symposium entitled "Realising the Value of Modern Insulins: Reaching Further with Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogues "that was convened during the XIXth World Diabetes Congress, December 3, 2006, in Cape Town, South Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treating children and adolescents with DM is a challenge that should not be ignored. Furthermore, DM in children is quite different from that in adults. Numerous factors have to be taken into account when evaluating treatment for children with DM in comparison with treatment for adult DM: sleep patterns; unpredictable activities, especially eating behaviors; limited size of injection sites, making it difficult to rotate injections; higher insulin sensitivity; and frequent infectious diseases. In addition, achieving normal psychosocial development may be just as important as achieving strict metabolic control in this population. Rapid-acting insulin analogues can be used effectively in these individuals with type 1 DM. The pharmacokinetic profile of insulin aspart suggests that it is suitable for flexible mealtime administration in children and adolescents. Indeed, clinical studies in children and adolescents have shown the efficacy and tolerability of postprandial administration of insulin aspart, particularly in comparison with soluble human insulin. Postprandial administration of insulin aspart, compared with preprandial soluble human insulin, has also been studied in very young children (aged 2-6 years); similar metabolic control and increased parent preference for insulin aspart were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid-acting insulin analogues in children and adolescents with type 1 DM are effective and well tolerated; they can be injected postprandially, and this is a reliable option that can be recommended to patients and their families.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Danne@hka.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Danne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D019518:Postprandial Period; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin