title: A systematic review identifies five "red flags" to screen for vertebral fracture in patients with low back pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of clinical features in diagnosing vertebral fracture in low back pain patients and assess the psychometric properties of the Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy Included in Systematic Reviews (QUADAS) scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  A diagnostic systematic review was performed on all available records in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE. Studies were considered eligible if they investigated clinical features associated with vertebral fracture in a cohort of low back pain patients. All eligible studies were assessed for methodological quality using the QUADAS scale, and two authors extracted true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative data for each clinical feature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve studies were identified by the review, investigating 51 clinical features. Five clinical features were useful to raise or lower the probability of vertebral fracture: age>50 years (likelihood ratio [LR]+=2.2, LR-=0.34), female gender (LR+=2.3, LR-=0.67), major trauma (LR+=12.8, LR-=0.37), pain and tenderness (LR+=6.7, LR-=0.44), and a distracting painful injury (LR+=1.7, LR-=0.78). The QUADAS had low internal consistency, and only three items had high inter-rater reliability. There was inadequate reporting of many methodological quality items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five clinical features were identified that can be used to screen for vertebral fracture. The psychometric properties of the QUADAS scale raise concerns about its use to rate the quality of low back pain diagnosis studies.
authors.affiliation: Back Pain Research Group, University of Sydney, PO Box 170, Lidcombe NSW 1825, Sydney, Australia. N.Henschke@fhs.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Henschke
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Refshauge
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011594:Psychometrics; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*