title: Muramyl dipeptide activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 protects mice from experimental colitis.
abstract: The mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of individuals with caspase recruitment domain 15 (CARD15) mutations and corresponding abnormalities of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) protein to Crohn disease are still poorly understood. One possibility is based on previous studies showing that muramyl dipeptide (MDP) activation of NOD2 negatively regulates TLR2 responses and that absence of such regulation leads to heightened Th1 responses. We now report that administration of MDP protects mice from the development of experimental colitis by downregulating multiple TLR responses, not just TLR2. The basis of these in vivo findings was suggested by in vitro studies of DCs, in which we showed that prestimulation of cells with MDP reduces cytokine responses to multiple TLR ligands and this reduction is dependent on enhanced IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) activity. Further studies of mouse models of colitis showed that this inhibitory role of IRF4 does in fact apply to MDP-mediated protection from colitis, since neither IRF4-deficient mice nor mice treated with siRNA specific for IRF4 were protected. These findings indicate that MDP activation of NOD2 regulates innate responses to intestinal microflora by downregulating multiple TLR responses and suggest that the absence of such regulation leads to increased susceptibility to Crohn disease.
authors.affiliation: Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozato
authors.forename: Prafullakumar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tailor
authors.forename: Ivan J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Fuss
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitani
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Strober
mesh_terms: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D015536:Down-Regulation; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D000099218:Interferon Regulatory Factor-4
chemical_list: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors; D008024:Ligands; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D000099218:Interferon Regulatory Factor-4