title: Adipocyte culture medium stimulates production of macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 in MDA-MB-231 cells.
abstract: Obesity is one of the potential risk factors in causing breast cancer. As a result, adipose tissue surrounding breast ductal cells may play an important role in the breast cancer development or progression. To identify the genes that are regulated by factors secreted from adipocytes in breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with the culture medium of adipocytes. Most of induced genes were related to immune function and wound healing, which share a common gene expression signature with cancer progression. In present study macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1) gene was studied among the induced genes. It was found that both MIC-1 mRNA and protein were dramatically increased by the culture medium of adipocytes. Furthermore, proteinase K-treated adipocyte culture supernatants also induced MIC-1 expression. These findings indicate that proteins are not major MIC-1 inducing factors in adipocyte culture medium. Consequently, we examined the effect of free fatty acids such as palmitate and oleate on MIC-1 induction and found that palmitate markedly induced MIC-1 gene expression, whereas oleate did not. Adipocyte culture medium- and palmitate-induced MIC-1 gene expression was mediated by the activation of p38 MAPK, but not by the activation of JNK, ERK, and NF-kappaB pathway. In addition, adipocyte-CM-induced MIC-1 also increased invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Women's Disease, Department of Life Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hyeong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kun-yong
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jun Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Su Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ji-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Jung Hyeong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kwang Kyu
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jong-Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Keun Il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eun-Yi
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Hee Gu
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae-Ha
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Young
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002465:Cell Movement; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010168:Palmitates / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014945:Wound Healing; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D016207:Cytokines; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; C526141:Gdf15 protein, mouse; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010168:Palmitates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases