title: Costs of intravenous adverse drug events in academic and nonacademic intensive care units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse drug events (ADEs), particularly those involving intravenous medications (IV-ADEs), are common among intensive care unit (ICU) patients and may increase hospitalization costs. Precise cost estimates have not been reported for academic ICUs, and no studies have included nonacademic ICUs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate increases in costs and length of stay after IV-ADEs at an academic and a nonacademic hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study reviewed medical records to identify IV-ADEs, and then, using a nested case-control design with propensity-score matching, assessed differences in costs and length of stay between cases and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  : A total of 4604 adult ICU patients in 3 ICUs at an academic hospital and 2 ICUs at a nonacademic hospital in 2003 and 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Increased cost and length of stay associated with IV-ADEs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Three hundred ninety-seven IV-ADEs were identified: 79% temporary physical injuries, 0% permanent physical injuries, 20% interventions to sustain life, and 2% in-hospital deaths. In the academic ICUs, patients with IV-ADEs had $6647 greater costs (P < 0.0001) and 4.8-day longer stays (P = 0.0003) compared with controls. In the nonacademic ICUs, IV-ADEs were not associated with greater costs ($188, P = 0.4236) or lengths of stay (-0.3 days, P = 0.8016). Cost and length-of-stay differences between the hospitals were statistically significant (P = 0.0012). However, there were no differences in IV-ADE severity or preventability, and the characteristics of patients experiencing IV-ADEs differed only modestly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IV-ADEs substantially increased hospitalization costs and length of stay in ICUs at an academic hospital but not at a nonacademic hospital, likely because of differences in practices after IV-ADEs occurred.
authors.affiliation: The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California 90407-2138, USA. teryl@rand.org
authors.forename: Teryl K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nuckols
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paddock
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rothschild
authors.forename: Rollin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fairbanks
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Panzer
authors.forename: Lee H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Hilborne
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004469:Economics, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors; D008875:Middle Aged; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations