title: The Bacillus subtilis sigma(M) regulon and its contribution to cell envelope stress responses.
abstract: The Bacillus subtilis extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma(M) factor is activated by cell envelope stress elicited by antibiotics, and by acid, heat, ethanol and superoxide stresses. Here, we have used several complementary approaches to identify genes controlled by sigma(M). In many cases, expression is only partially dependent on sigma(M) because of both overlapping promoter recognition with other ECF sigma factors and the presence of additional promoter elements. Genes regulated by sigma(M) have a characteristic pattern of induction in response to cell envelope-acting antibiotics as evidenced by hierarchical clustering analysis. sigma(M) also contributes to the expression of the Spx transcription factor and thereby indirectly regulates genes of the Spx regulon. Cell envelope stress responses also include regulons controlled by sigma(W), sigma(B) and several two-component regulatory systems (e.g. LiaRS, YycFG, BceRS). Activation of the sigma(M) regulon increases expression of proteins functioning in transcriptional control, cell wall synthesis and shape determination, cell division, DNA damage monitoring, recombinational repair and detoxification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-8101, USA.
authors.forename: Warawan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Eiamphungporn
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Helmann
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009876:Operon; D018085:Regulon / Q000235:genetics*; D012808:Sigma Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012808:Sigma Factor