title: Cerebral changes in SLE with or without antiphospholipid syndrome. a case-control MRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine and characterize the prevalence of cerebral changes on MRI in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) within systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one patients with SLE were prospectively studied with brain MRI: 32 with definite APLS and 39 without. Atrophy, ventricular enlargement, leukoaraiosis, interuncal distance, Evans' index, infarcts, and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) were analyzed. Demographic data, treatment, and SLE activity were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups were similar in age (32.4 vs. 32.8 years old; P= non-significant [NS]), and gender. Duration of disease was longer in patients with APLS (87.3 vs. 55.4 months; P= .064). Cortical atrophy was common in both groups (68.7% vs. 89.7%; P= NS). Leukoaraiosis was present in only 3 patients (9.4%; P= .08), all in the APLS group. WMH were found in more than 40% of the patients from both groups. Infarcts (21.9% vs. 2.6%; P= .019) and infarcts plus WHM (12.5% vs. 0; P= .037) were more common in patients with APLS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a higher prevalence of neurological involvement in SLE has been reported in APLS patients, we found gross brain changes to be similar between groups. Strokes and leukoaraiosis were more common in the APLS group, consistent with the idea of an APLS-induced prothrombotic state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. sivaldes@quetzal.innsz.mx
authors.forename: Sergio I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Valdés-Ferrer
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cantú-Brito
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ceballos-Ceballos
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Estañol
authors.forename: Gullermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: García-Ramos
authors.forename: Antonio R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cabral
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric