title: Identification of variations in blood-brain barrier opening after cerebral ischemia by dual contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and T 1sat measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Variations in blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening after ischemia have been suggested by some tracer and magnetization transfer studies, although direct in vivo proof is still lacking. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also often used to visualize BBB damage in stroke. We hypothesized that MR contrast agents of different sizes enhance differently when BBB openings vary in size and that magnetization transfer alterations, measured by T(1) in the presence of off-resonance radiofrequency saturation (T(1sat)), in these regions reflect such differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats ( approximately 300 g, n=7) were subjected to 3 hours of suture occlusion of the middle cerebral artery followed by reperfusion. Status of the BBB at 24 hours after the ictus was assessed first by Gd-DTPA (554 Da) MRI and then by Gd-bovine serum albumin linked to Evans blue (Gd-BSA-EB; approximately 68 kDa) MRI for contrast enhancement; T(1sat) changes, cerebral blood flow, and blood-to-brain transfer constants (K(i)s) for the 2 contrast agents were measured. After MRI, rats were injected with fluorescent dextran and brains were studied by fluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Gd-BSA-EB-enhancing areas were always smaller (147+/-80 pixels) than those for Gd-DTPA (308+/-204 pixels) and were contained within the latter. The difference between the 2 areas was significant (P=0.024). Changes in T(1sat) were larger in Gd-BSA-EB-enhancing areas (ipsilateral to contralateral [I/C]=1.53+/-0.20) than in Gd-DTPA-enhancing areas (I/C=1.40+/-0.24, P=0.005). The differences in cerebral blood flow values between the 2 regions were not significant (P=0.62), but those for the K(i) values of the 2 tracers were different (P=0.01 to 0.02). Excellent agreement between regions of Gd-BSA-EB enhancement and EB fluorescence was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results substantiate earlier reports of regional differences in BBB opening after stroke and provide the first in vivo evidence for this phenomenon. They also support the possible use of T(1sat) in quantifying stroke-induced graded BBB damage in the absence of contrast-enhanced MRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. annta@neuro.hfh.edu
authors.forename: Tavarekere N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Nagaraja
authors.forename: Kishor
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karki
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ewing
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Croxen
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000502:physiology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003287:Contrast Media; D005070:Evans Blue / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003287:Contrast Media; C058230:gadolinium-bovine serum albumin complex; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D005070:Evans Blue; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA