title: Coronary heart disease in individuals with spinal cord injury: assessment of risk factors.
abstract: METHODS
  Discussion document.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the work performed on conditions and disorders that predispose persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) to an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with SCI have an increased prevalence of abnormalities in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism because of immobilization, muscle atrophy and relative adiposity. In those with SCI, an inverse relationship has been reported between serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values and abdominal circumference, and a direct relationship between serum triglycerides levels and abdominal circumference. Persons with SCI have lower serum HDL cholesterol levels than able-bodied controls. A higher prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, as well as an earlier occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD), has been reported in persons with SCI than in the general population. Recently, a higher prevalence and greater degree of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computerized tomography has been demonstrated in persons with SCI, even if matched with the able-bodied population for age, gender, ethnicity and conventional risk factors for CHD. Knowledge of relative risk of CHD in persons with SCI is important for appropriate intervention strategies. The conventional risk factors for CHD were determined in veterans with SCI to assign risk to determine target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels for therapeutic intervention. Limitations of conventional guidelines when applied to the SCI population should be appreciated. Conventional risk factors for CHD should be identified and treated in individuals with SCI, according to current standards of care.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA. william.bauman@va.gov
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spungen
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL