title: Prenatal and family risks of children born to mothers with epilepsy: effects on cognitive development.
abstract: The offspring of mothers with epilepsy are considered to be at developmental risk during pregnancy from: (1) generalized maternal seizures (hypoxia); (2) teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs); and (3) adverse socio-familial conditions associated with having a chronically sick mother. Sixty-seven children of mothers with epilepsy and 49 children from non-affected mothers, matched for control variables, were followed from birth to adolescence (53 males, 63 females; mean age 14y 2mo, range 10-20y). Prediction of intellectual performance of these children during adolescence was calculated from the following variables: maternal generalized seizures, prenatal exposure to AEDs, and quality of family stimulation (HOME Inventory) assessed in children at 2 years of age. Children who were prenatally exposed to AEDs achieved lower IQs than control children at adolescence. This effect was moderately significant for children who had been exposed to monotherapy (6 IQ points lower), but was considerable in those exposed to polytherapy (12 IQ points lower). Generalized seizures during pregnancy, observed in half the mothers, did not exacerbate this effect. Relative to prenatal risk status, the quality of the family environment had varied effects on intellectual development. Children with prenatal risks appeared to be more vulnerable to environmental disadvantage than control children, but they also showed longer-lasting effects of environmental support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Germany. karl.titze@kjpdzh.ch
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Titze
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helge
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lehmkuhl
authors.forename: Hellgard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rauh
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Steinhausen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013723:Teratogens
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D013723:Teratogens