title: Functional outcomes of cleft lip surgery. Part II: Quantification of nasolabial movement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore nasolabial movements in participants with repaired cleft lip and palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A parallel, three-group, nonrandomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group 1=31 participants with a cleft lip slated for revision surgery (revision), group 2=32 participants with a cleft lip who did not have surgery (nonrevision), and group 3=37 noncleft control participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional movements were assessed using a video-based tracking system that captured movement of 38 landmarks placed at specific sites on the face during instructed maximum smile, cheek puff, lip purse, mouth opening, and natural smile. Measurements were made at two time points at least 1 week and no greater than 3 months apart. Summary measurements were generated for the magnitude of upper lip, lower lip, and lower jaw movements and the asymmetry of upper lip movement. Separate regression models were fitted to each of the summary measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lateral movements of the upper lip were greater than vertical movements. Relative to the noncleft group, the revision and nonrevision groups demonstrated 6% to 28% less upper lip movements, with the smiles having the most restriction in movement and greater asymmetry of upper lip movement. Having an alveolar bone graft further increased the asymmetry, while a bilateral cleft lip decreased the asymmetry. Lower jaw movement caused a small increase in upper lip movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The objective measurement of movement may be used as an outcome measure for cleft lip surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7450, USA. carroll-ann_trotman@dentistry.unc.edu
authors.forename: Carroll-Ann
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Trotman
authors.forename: Julian J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Faraway
authors.forename: H Wolfgang
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Losken
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Aalst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014741:Video Recording