title: Surface-adsorbed fibrinogen and fibrin may activate the contact activation system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to investigate whether fibrinogen, soluble desAA-fibrin, and insoluble desAABB-fibrin are able to induce clotting by triggering the plasma contact activation system when adsorbed to polystyrene.
  
  
  METHODS
  The above-mentioned substances were individually prepared on polystyrene meshwork squares, and then exposed to a purified FXII solution or non-calcium containing plasma (citrated and dialyzed normal pooled plasma) in polystyrene cuvettes coated with surface-immobilized heparin, to completely block contact activation and the coagulation mechanism that might be induced by the cuvette surfaces. Sodium glass beads were used as the reference material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On exposure to purified FXII solution and plasma, all the tested materials adsorbed and activated FXII to varying degrees. This activation led to the formation of FXIa in the exposed plasma, with the highest activation occurring upon exposure to glass, desAA-fibrin and desAABB-fibrin and the lowest upon exposure to fibrinogen-adsorbed or unmodified polystyrene meshwork squares. Following recalcification, in cuvettes with surface-immobilized heparin, a spectrophotometric assay showed that the surface-exposed plasma aliquots clotted within 5 min after contact with glass, within 10 to 15 min after contact with the two forms of fibrin, and somewhat longer after contact with adsorbed fibrinogen. The longest lag phase, close to 20 min, occurred in plasma exposed to unmodified polystyrene meshwork. Whole blood deposited in surface heparinized cuvettes directly from the cubital vein did not clot during the observation time (2 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that domains induced by conformational changes in adsorbed fibrinogen and fibrin are capable of activating adsorbed proenzymes and that various forms of fibrin are considerably stronger activators of the contact activation system than are adsorbed fibrinogen or a polystyrene meshwork. The delayed coagulation in plasma exposed to the unmodified polystyrene meshwork can be explained by a two-step process: first, adsorption of fibrinogen, and second, activation of FXII. Under our experimental conditions, the adsorption and activation of FXII on fibrinogen and fibrin seems to be an important mechanism for triggering coagulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Division of Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. javier.sanchez@klinimm.uu.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elgue
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D005174:Factor XII / Q000737:chemistry; D005337:Fibrin / Q000737:chemistry*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D005898:Glass; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011288:Prekallikrein / Q000737:chemistry; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011137:Polystyrenes; D005174:Factor XII; D005337:Fibrin; D005340:Fibrinogen; D006493:Heparin; D011288:Prekallikrein; C065735:glycyl-prolyl-arginyl-valyl-valyl-glutamic acid; D012964:Sodium; D013917:Thrombin