title: Vascular disrupting action of electroporation and electrochemotherapy with bleomycin in murine sarcoma.
abstract: Electrochemotherapy has a direct cytotoxic effect on tumour cells, and presumably, a vascular disrupting effect. In this study, on the basis of the prediction of the mathematical model, histological evaluation and physiological measurements of the tumours were carried out to confirm that electroporation and electrochemotherapy of tumours have a vascular disrupting action. In the study, SA-1 solid subcutaneous sarcoma tumours in A/J mice were treated by bleomycin (BLM) given intravenously (1 mg kg(-1)), application of electric pulses (8 pulses, 1040 V, 100 micros, 1 Hz) or a combination of both - electrochemotherapy. The vascular effect was determined by laser Doppler flowmetry, power Doppler ultrasonographic imaging and Patent blue staining. The extent of tumour hypoxia was determined immunohistochemically by hypoxia marker pimonidazole and partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2)) in tumours by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry. Electrochemotherapy with BLM induced good antitumour effect with 22 days, tumour growth delay and 38% tumour cures. The application of electric pulses to the tumours induced instant but transient tumour blood flow reduction (for 70%) that was recovered in 24 h. During this tumour blood flow reduction, we determined an increase in hypoxic tumour area for up to 30%, which was also reflected in reduced tumour oxygenation (for 70%). According to the described mathematical model, endothelial cells lining in tumour blood vessels are exposed to a approximately 40% higher electric field than the surrounding tumour cells, and therefore easily electroporated, allowing access of high BLM concentration to the cytosol. Consequently, electrochemotherapy has, besides the immediate vascular disrupting action, also a delayed one (after 24 h), as a consequence of endothelial cell swelling and apoptosis demonstrated by extensive tumour necrosis, tumour hypoxia, prolonged reduction of tumour blood flow and significant tumour growth delay, and tumour cures. Our results demonstrate that in addition to the well-established direct cytotoxic effect on tumour cells, electrochemotherapy also has an indirect vascular disrupting action resulting altogether in extensive tumour cell necrosis leading to complete regression of tumours.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. gsersa@onko-i.si
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sersa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jarm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotnik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Podkrajsek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sentjurc
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miklavcic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadivec
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kranjc
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Secerov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cemazar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D053672:Electrochemotherapy; D018274:Electroporation; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012513:Sarcoma, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D001761:Bleomycin