title: Enhanced surveillance of acute hepatitis B and C in four health regions in Canada, 1998 to 1999.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence and risk factors for acute hepatitis B and acute hepatitis C in a defined Canadian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  An enhanced surveillance system was established in October 1998 to identify cases of acute hepatitis B and C infections in four regions in Canada, with a total population of approximately 3.2 million people. Information on demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory results and potential risk factors was collected using predefined questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 79 cases of acute hepatitis B and 102 cases of acute hepatitis C were identified from October 1998 to December 1999, resulting in an incidence rate of 2.3 and 2.9/100,000 person-years, respectively. Males had higher incidence rates than females. The incidence of acute hepatitis B peaked at age 30 to 39 years for both males and females, whereas acute hepatitis C peaked at 30 to 39 years for males and 15 to 29 years for females. At least 34% of acute hepatitis B and 63% of acute hepatitis C were associated with injection drug use. Persons who were 15 to 39 years of age were more likely to report injection drug use as a risk factor. Heterosexual contact was reported to be a risk factor for 36.6% of acute hepatitis B cases and 3.5% of acute hepatitis C cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surveillance provides national incidence estimates of clinically recognized acute hepatitis B and C. Both hepatitis B and C are important public health threats to Canadians. Prevention efforts for both diseases should focus on injection drug use, especially for people aged 15 to 39 years. Risky sexual behaviour is also a major concern in prevention of hepatitis B in Canada.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. shimian_zou@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tepper
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giulivi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baptiste
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Predy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poliquin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lowewen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogonowski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elliott