title: Pennogenin glycosides with a spirostanol structure are strong platelet agonists: structural requirement for activity and mode of platelet agonist synergism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Steroidal saponins have long attracted scientific attention, due to their structural diversity and significant biological activities. For example, total steroidal saponins extracted from the rhizome of Paris polyphylla Sm. var. yunnanensis (TSSPs) constitute an effective treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the active constituents in TSSPs and elucidate the mechanisms that underlie their in vivo pharmacologic actions on hemostasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Steroidal saponins were purified by chromatography, and their effects upon hemostasis and platelet function were evaluated by tail bleeding time in mice and rats, aggregometry, flow cytometry and Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TSSPs promoted hemostasis in vivo and dose-dependently induced rat or human platelet aggregation in vitro. Using bioassay-guided separation, four known pennogenin glycosides with a spirostanol structure were identified as the active ingredients of TSSPs. A structure-activity assay showed that the aglycone and sugar moieties of pennogenin glycosides are both essential for their aggregatory activity. Their synergistic actions on platelet aggregation were observed with pennogenin glycosides and with other known platelet agonists, suggesting that these glycosides are platelet agonists. Aggregation in response to the pennogenin glycosides involved alpha(IIb)beta(3) activation, was inhibited by cAMP, was dependent upon extracellular calcium, secreted ADP and thromboxane synthesis, and was mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified pennogenin glycosides with a spirostanol structure as the active ingredients of Paris polyphylla Sm. var. yunnanensis in promoting hemostasis in vivo. Their mode of their action on platelets suggests that they represent a new type of platelet agonist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Z-Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: X-M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: X-L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: B-P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Y-W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001760:Bleeding Time; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000737:chemistry; D006027:Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013150:Spirostans / Q000737:chemistry*; D013256:Steroids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006027:Glycosides; D012503:Saponins; D013150:Spirostans; D013256:Steroids; C036302:pennogenin tetraglycoside; D000242:Cyclic AMP