title: Obesity: the hormonal milieu.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity has reached epidemic proportions throughout the world and poses significant health and economic burdens to both developed and developing societies. Most recent data from the NHANES study (2003-2004) report that 17.1% of US children are overweight and 32.2% of adults are obese, a significant increase compared with data obtained only 6 years earlier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neurohormonal control of appetite, body composition, and glucose homeostasis is mediated by hormones secreted from adipose tissue, endocrine glands, and enteroendocrine cells, which converge at the vagus nerve, brainstem and hypothalamus to modulate complex interactions of neurotransmitters and central appetite-regulating peptides. These hormonal signals are tightly regulated to maintain body weight/adiposity within a narrow, individually defined range that may be further impacted by variables such as ingested calories, meal composition, and lifestyle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical manifestations of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance reflect biochemical alterations in a complex hormonal milieu. Elucidation of these hormonal perturbations in obese patients has already provided novel pharmacologic treatments to improve weight management and address the metabolic sequelae of obesity. The remarkable redundancy of these hormones, however, and their interactions make a monopharmaceutical approach unlikely to be successful.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Diamond
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019858:Enteroendocrine Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones