title: Laser Doppler imaging of cutaneous blood flow through transparent face masks: a necessary preamble to computer-controlled rapid prototyping fabrication with submillimeter precision.
abstract: A paradigm shift in management of postburn facial scarring is lurking "just beneath the waves" with the widespread availability of two recent technologies: precise three-dimensional scanning/digitizing of complex surfaces and computer-controlled rapid prototyping three-dimensional "printers". Laser Doppler imaging may be the sensible method to track the scar hyperemia that should form the basis of assessing progress and directing incremental changes in the digitized topographical face mask "prescription". The purpose of this study was to establish feasibility of detecting perfusion through transparent face masks using the Laser Doppler Imaging scanner. Laser Doppler images of perfusion were obtained at multiple facial regions on five uninjured staff members. Images were obtained without a mask, followed by images with a loose fitting mask with and without a silicone liner, and then with a tight fitting mask with and without a silicone liner. Right and left oblique images, in addition to the frontal images, were used to overcome unobtainable measurements at the extremes of face mask curvature. General linear model, mixed model, and t tests were used for data analysis. Three hundred seventy-five measurements were used for analysis, with a mean perfusion unit of 299 and pixel validity of 97%. The effect of face mask pressure with and without the silicone liner was readily quantified with significant changes in mean cutaneous blood flow (P < .5). High valid pixel rate laser Doppler imager flow data can be obtained through transparent face masks. Perfusion decreases with the application of pressure and with silicone. Every participant measured differently in perfusion units; however, consistent perfusion patterns in the face were observed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Burn Rehabilitation, Burn Center, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Rebekah R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Allely
authors.forename: Lan B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Van-Buendia
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Jingshu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niszczak
authors.forename: Marion H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002056:Burns / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005151:Facial Injuries; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D008875:Middle Aged; D010477:Perfusion; D011312:Pressure; D012828:Silicones; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones