title: Comparing WHAM 6 and MINEQL+ 4.5 for the chemical speciation of Cu2+ in the rhizosphere of forest soils.
abstract: Metal speciation data calculated by modeling could give useful information regarding the fate of metals in the rhizospheric environment. However, no comparative study has evaluated the relative accuracy of speciation models in this microenvironment. Consequently, the present study evaluates the reliability of free Cu ion (Cu2+) activity modeled by WHAM 6 and MINEQL+ 4.5 for 18 bulk and 18 rhizospheric soil samples collected in two Canadian forested areas located near industrial facilities. The modeling of Cu speciation was performed on water extracts using pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), major ions, and total dissolved Al, Ca, Cu, Mg, and Zn concentrations as input data. Four scenarios representing the composition of dissolved organic substances using fulvic, humic, and acetic acids were derived from the literature and used in the modeling exercise. Different scenarios were used to contrast soil components (rhizosphere vs bulk) and soil pH levels (acidic vs neutral to alkaline). Reference Cu2+ activity values measured by an ion-selective electrode varied between 0.39 and 41 nM. The model MINEQL+ 4.5 provided good predictions of Cu2+ activities [root-mean-square residual (RMSR)= 0.37], while predictions from WHAM 6 were poor (RMSR = 1.74) because they overestimated Cu complexation with DOC. Modeling with WHAM 6 could be improved by adjusting the proportion of inert DOC and the composition of DOC (RMSR = 0.94), but it remained weaker than predictions with MINEQL+ 4.5. These results suggested that the discrepancies between speciation models were attributed to differences in the binding capacity of humic substances with Cu, where WHAM 6 appeared to be too aggressive. Therefore, we concluded that chemical interactions occurring between Cu and DOC were key factors for an accurate simulation of Cu speciation, especially in rhizospheric forest soils, where high variation of the DOC concentration and composition are observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7.
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cloutier-Hurteau
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauvé
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Courchesne
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper