title: Association study of 10 genes encoding neurotrophic factors and their receptors in adult and child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood-onset psychiatric disorder that often persists into adolescence and adulthood and is characterized by inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity. Genetic and environmental factors are believed to be involved in the continuity of the disorder as well as in changes in ADHD symptomatology throughout life. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs), which participate in neuronal survival and synaptic efficiency, are strong candidates to contribute to the neuroplasticity changes that take place in the human central nervous system during childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood and might be involved in the genetic predisposition to ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a population-based association study in 546 ADHD patients (216 adults and 330 children) and 546 gender-matched unrelated control subjects with 183 single nucleotide polymorphisms covering 10 candidate genes that encode four neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NTF3, and NTF4/5), a member of the cytokine family of NTFs (CNTF), and their receptors (NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, NGFR, and CNTFR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The single-marker and haplotype-based analyses provided evidence of association between CNTFR and both adulthood (p = .0077, odds ratio [OR] = 1.38) and childhood ADHD (p = 9.1e-04, OR = 1.40) and also suggested a childhood-specific contribution of NTF3 (p = 3.0e-04, OR = 1.48) and NTRK2 (p = .0084, OR = 1.52) to ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that variations in NTFs might be involved in the genetic susceptibility to ADHD, support the contribution of the CNTFR locus as a predisposition factor for the disorder, and suggest that NTF3 and NTRK2 might be involved in the molecular basis of the age-dependent changes in ADHD symptoms throughout life span.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ribasés
authors.forename: Amaia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hervás
authors.forename: Josep Antoni
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramos-Quiroga
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bielsa
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gastaminza
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández-Anguiano
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gómez-Barros
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valero
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gratacòs
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Estivill
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: Bru
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cormand
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayés
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor