title: Microglial activation, macrophage infiltration, and evidence of cell death in the fetal brain after uteroplacental administration of lipopolysaccharide in sheep in late gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether uteroplacental delivery of endotoxin produces fetal systemic and central nervous system reactions that are suggestive of inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipopolysaccharide (30 or 60 microg) was administered into the uterine artery of late gestation (135 +/- 0.3 days) pregnant sheep. Fetal blood was assayed to determine changes in levels of quinolinic acid, which is a metabolite of tryptophan that is produced by monocytes (macrophages, microglia). Fetal brains were collected after 72 hours and examined for the presence of activated microglia and parenchymal macrophages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The brains of treated fetuses showed microglial activation and macrophage infiltration, which varied between brain region and lipopolysaccharide dose. Cell death that had been determined by cresyl violet/acid fuchsin staining was observed in the external capsule. There was significant increase of quinolinic acid in the fetal circulation, but no lipopolysaccharide was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uteroplacental inflammation results in significant microglial activation and macrophage infiltration without direct fetal exposure to endotoxin, which suggests that placental responses contribute to perinatal brain damage that is associated with infection during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia. lisa.hutton@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.forename: Margie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castillo-Melendez
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Smythe
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005865:Gestational Age; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D021041:Placental Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D011336:Probability; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides