title: Lipid uptake and skin occlusion following topical application of oils on adult and infant skin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Topical application of oils and oil-based formulations is common practice in skin care for both adults and infants. Only limited knowledge however is available regarding skin penetration and occlusive potential of oils and common methods for measuring skin moisturization fall short when it comes to the moisturizing effect of oils.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study we used in vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy to test the efficacy of paraffin oil (mineral oil) and two vegetable oils in terms of skin penetration and occlusion. Petrolatum was used as a positive control.
  
  
  METHODS
  The products were applied topically on the forearms of nine volunteers and seven infants and Raman spectra were acquired before and at 30 and 90 min following application. Depth concentration profiles for lipid and water were calculated from the Raman spectra. Skin occlusion was assessed from the amount of stratum corneum (SC) swelling measured from the water concentration profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The paraffin oil and the vegetable oils penetrate the top layers of the SC with similar concentration profiles, a result that was confirmed both for adult and infant skin. The three oils tested demonstrated modest SC swelling (10-20%) compared to moderate swelling (40-60%) for petrolatum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that there is no statistical difference between the paraffin oil and vegetable oils in terms of skin penetration and skin occlusion. The results for petrolatum show that in vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy is sensitive and specific enough to measure both lipid uptake and skin occlusion events following topical application.
authors.affiliation: Johnson & Johnson Consumer France SAS, 1 rue Camille Desmoulins, Issy-les-Moulineaux 92787, France. gstamat@cpcus.jnj.com
authors.forename: Georgios N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Stamatas
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Sterke
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: von Stetten
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Pol
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D009821:Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D010232:Paraffin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability; D010577:Petrolatum / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D017592:Skin Care; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D014885:Waxes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009821:Oils; D010938:Plant Oils; D014885:Waxes; D014867:Water; C068582:almond oil; C034743:jojoba wax; D010232:Paraffin; D010577:Petrolatum; C015418:paraffin oils