title: Microbicidal properties and cytocidal selectivity of rhesus macaque theta defensins.
abstract: Rhesus macaque theta-defensins (RTDs) are unique macrocyclic antimicrobial peptides. The three RTDs (RTD 1-3), isolated from macaque leukocytes, have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities in vitro and share certain structural features with acyclic porcine protegrins, which are microbicidal peptides of the cathelicidin family. To understand the structural features that confer the respective cytocidal properties to theta-defensins and protegrins, we determined and compared the biological properties of RTD 1-3 and protegrin 1 (PG-1) in assays for antimicrobial activity, bacterial membrane permeabilization, and toxicity to human cells. RTD 1-3 and PG-1 had similar microbicidal potencies against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans in low-ionic-strength (10 mM) buffers at pH 7.4. The inclusion of physiologic sodium chloride partially inhibited the microbicidal activities of the RTDs, and the degree of inhibition depended on the buffer used in the assay. Similarly, the inclusion of 10% normal human serum partially antagonized the bactericidal activities of all four peptides. In contrast, the microbicidal activities of PG-1 and RTD 1-3 against E. coli were unaffected by physiologic concentrations of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. Treatment of E. coli ML35 cells with RTD 1-3 or PG-1 rapidly rendered the bacteria permeable to omicron-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, and this was accompanied by the rapid entry of the RTDs. Finally, although PG-1 was toxic to human fibroblasts and caused a marked lysis of erythrocytes, the RTDs were not cytotoxic or hemolytic. Thus, compared to PG-1, RTD 1-3 possess substantially greater cytocidal selectivity against microbes. Surprisingly, the low cytotoxicity of the RTDs did not depend on the peptides' cyclic conformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4800, USA.
authors.forename: Dat
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Patti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Osapay
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schaal
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ouellette
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Selsted
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D023082:Defensins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D023082:Defensins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C450142:theta-defensin