title: Multi-parametric flow cytometric cell cycle analysis using TO-PRO-3 iodide (TP3): detailed protocols.
abstract: TO-PRO-3 iodide (TP3), a monomeric cyanine nucleic acid stain with a peak absorbance at 642 nm and emission at 661 nm, is best excited by a helium-neon (HeNe) laser (633nm). It was tested in monocytes and different cell lines under conditions of different fixatives, dye concentrations, labeling kinetics and RNAse concentrations for mono-, bi- and tri-parametric flow cytometric cell cycle analysis to establish the best protocol for DNA analysis in terms of G1 peak CV, G2/G1 ratio and minimal amount of debris. A linear increase in G1 peak position was found from 0.1 to 2 microM TP3 concentrations. Fixatives 70% ethanol or 1% methanol-free formaldehyde, followed by 70% ethanol, resulted in the best DNA histograms. Although different protocols were found to be cell-type specific, in general, excellent results were obtained with 30 min incubation with 0.5 microM TP3 plus RNAse in almost all cell lines tested. These data show that TP3 is an alternative method to propidium iodide (PI), the most commonly used DNA-specific probe in flow cytometry. The most important advantage of using TP3 in combination with other fluorochromes, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or phycoerythrin (PE) in bi- or tri-parametric flow cytometric analysis, is that there is no need for fluorescence compensation for the TP3 signals.
authors.affiliation: Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavecchio
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernasconi
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tognon
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzini
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erba
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000737:chemistry; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D007834:Lasers; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D010799:Phycoerythrin / Q000737:chemistry; D011419:Propidium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002232:Carbocyanines; D015342:DNA Probes; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C098830:TO-PRO-3; D010799:Phycoerythrin; D011419:Propidium; D004247:DNA