title: Detection of cell death in tumors by using MR imaging and a gadolinium-based targeted contrast agent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively determine in an animal model whether an ionic gadolinium (Gd(3+)) chelate conjugate of the C2A domain of synaptotagmin I can be used with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to detect tumor cell death noninvasively in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal experiments were approved by a local ethics review committee. Gd(3+) chelates and fluorescent probes were attached to the lysine epsilon-amino groups of a glutathione-S-transferase-C2A fusion protein. Binding to phosphatidylserine (PS) was characterized by using surface plasmon resonance, and binding to dying cells in vitro was characterized by using flow cytometry and MR imaging. Binding to dying tumor cells in vivo was detected with T1 mapping and T1-weighted MR imaging and compared in drug-treated animals (n = 10); in animals injected with a site-directed mutant, which was inactive in PS binding (PS inactive) and which showed lesser binding to dying cells (n = 6); and in untreated animals injected with PS-active (n = 6) and PS-inactive (n = 6) contrast agents. Among groups, differences that were significant were analyzed by using analysis of variance and Dunnett post hoc analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The contrast agent had a relatively high affinity for PS (dissociation constant = 333 nmol/L +/- 85 [mean +/- standard error of the mean]; n = 3) and bound to apoptotic and necrotic, but not viable, cells in vitro. There was a greater tumor accumulation of the PS-active contrast agent compared with the PS-inactive contrast agent in drug-treated animals (P < .05) and compared with untreated animals injected with the PS-active and PS-inactive contrast agents (P < .01 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A relatively small (approximately 100 kDa) Gd(3+)-based contrast agent, which gives positive contrast on MR images, can be used to detect tumor cell death in vivo, and future derivatives of it may be used to assess early tumor responses to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
authors.forename: Anant S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Andre A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.forename: Maaike M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Backer
authors.forename: De-En
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Bazbek
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davletov
authors.forename: Mikko I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Kettunen
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Brindle
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000737:chemistry; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000737:chemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008081:Liposomes; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000737:chemistry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011485:Protein Binding; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000737:chemistry; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000097811:Carbohydrate Sulfotransferases
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005047:Etoposide; D019793:Fluorescein; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D008081:Liposomes; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D015238:Sulfotransferases; D000097811:Carbohydrate Sulfotransferases