title: Macular carotenoid levels of normal subjects and age-related maculopathy patients in a Japanese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macular carotenoid pigments composed of lutein and zeaxanthin are thought to affect the development of age-related maculopathy (ARM). Macular carotenoid levels were measured in normal Japanese subjects and Japanese patients with ARM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational case-control series.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred normal eyes of 100 normal subjects and 187 eyes of 97 patients with ARM; all were Japanese. The definitions of early ARM and late ARM (exudative age-related macular degeneration [AMD] and dry AMD) were used according to an accepted international classification system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macular carotenoid levels were measured using resonance Raman spectroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Raman signal intensity generated from carbon-carbon double bond vibrations of lutein and zeaxanthin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/-standard deviation [SD]) macular carotenoid level in normal subjects was 1471+/-540 Raman counts. The macular carotenoid levels in normal subjects declined with age. The mean macular carotenoid level was 620+/-204 (+/-SD) in eyes with early ARM and 427+/-283 (+/-SD) in eyes with late ARM (equal to AMD). The macular carotenoid levels of early ARM and AMD were significantly lower than those in normal subjects older than 60 years (1100+/-340 [+/-SD]). No difference was revealed in carotenoid levels by the severity for ARM, type of AMD (exudative, atrophic, and disciform scar), or types of choroidal neovascularization (classic, minimally classic, occult, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy), although small numbers in some groups weakened statistical power. Macular carotenoid levels were affected by the severity of macular disease in the opposing eye. The average for normal eyes where AMD was found in the opposite eye was significantly lower than that of normal eyes in the absence of AMD in the opposite eye (i.e., healthy volunteers older than 60 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macular carotenoids decreased even in older healthy individuals. The ARM patients showed lower macular carotenoid levels than healthy people. Low macular carotenoid levels may be one of the risk factors of progression in ARM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obana
authors.forename: Tadahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hiramitsu
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gohto
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Hisako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanito
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hotta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D014975:Lutein / Q000378:metabolism*; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000378:metabolism*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000378:metabolism*; D065146:Zeaxanthins
chemical_list: D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D014975:Lutein