title: Modeling of corneal and retinal pharmacokinetics after periocular drug administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop pharmacokinetics models to describe the disposition of small lipophilic molecules in the cornea and retina after periocular (subconjunctival or posterior subconjunctival) administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compartmental pharmacokinetics analysis was performed on the corneal and retinal data obtained after periocular administration of 3 mg of celecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) to Brown Norway (BN) rats. Berkeley Madonna, a differential and difference equation-based modeling software, was used for the pharmacokinetics modeling. The data were fit to different compartment models with first-order input and disposition, and the best fit was selected on the basis of coefficient of regression and Akaike information criteria (AIC). The models were validated by using the celecoxib data from a prior study in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The corneal model was also fit to the corneal data for prednisolone at a dose of 2.61 mg in albino rabbits, and the model was validated at two other doses of prednisolone (0.261 and 26.1 mg) in these rabbits. Model simulations were performed with the finalized model to understand the effect of formulation on corneal and retinal pharmacokinetics after periocular administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Celecoxib kinetics in the BN rat cornea can be described by a two-compartment (periocular space and cornea, with a dissolution step for periocular formulation) model, with parallel elimination from the cornea and the periocular space. The inclusion of a distribution compartment or a dissolution step for celecoxib suspension did not lead to an overall improvement in the corneal data fit compared with the two-compartment model. The more important parameter for enhanced fit and explaining the apparent lack of an increase phase in the corneal levels is the inclusion of the initial leak-back of the dose from the periocular space into the precorneal area. The predicted celecoxib concentrations from this model also showed very good correlation (r = 0.99) with the observed values in the SD rat corneas. Similar pharmacokinetics models explain drug delivery to the cornea in rat and rabbit animal models. Retinal pharmacokinetics after periocular drug administration can be explained with a four-compartment (periocular space, choroid-containing transfer compartment, retina, and distribution compartment) model with elimination from the periocular space, retina, and choroid compartment. Inclusion of a dissolution-release step before the drug is available for absorption or elimination better explains retinal t(max). Good fits were obtained in both the BN (r = 0.99) and SD (r = 0.99) rats for retinal celecoxib using the same model; however, the parameter estimates differed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Corneal and retinal pharmacokinetics of small lipophilic molecules after periocular administration can be described by compartment models. The modeling analysis shows that (1) leak-back from the site of administration most likely contributes to the apparent lack of an increase phase in corneal concentrations; (2) elimination via the conjunctival or periocular blood and lymphatic systems contributes significantly to drug clearance after periocular injection; (3) corneal pharmacokinetics of small lipophilic molecules can be explained by using similar models in rats and rabbits; and (4) although there are differences in some retinal pharmacokinetics parameters between the pigmented and nonpigmented rats, the physiological basis of these differences has yet to be ascertained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
authors.forename: Aniruddha C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Amrite
authors.forename: Henry F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Edelhauser
authors.forename: Uday B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Kompella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000068579:Celecoxib; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000187:drug effects; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010539:Permeability; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D011239:Prednisolone; D000068579:Celecoxib