title: Introduction to diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound: part 2: examination of the lower limb.
abstract: This is the second of two articles focusing on ultrasound examination of musculoskeletal components of the upper and lower limbs. Treatment of musculoskeletal injuries is based on establishing an accurate diagnosis. No one would dispute that a good history and physical examination by a competent clinician can help achieve that in the majority of cases. However, musculoskeletal imaging is also an essential adjunct in the work-up of many musculoskeletal disorders. This article describes the ultrasound examination of the lower limb in terms of anatomic structure. Normal and pathologic ultrasound features of these structures, including muscles, tendons, ligaments, bursae, and other soft tissues of the lower limb, will be described by reviewing several representative pathologies commonly seen in musculoskeletal medicine.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kelvin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Tyng-Guey
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fredericson
authors.forename: Henry L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lew
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography