title: Use of intrinsic thumb muscles may help to improve lateral pinch function restored by tendon transfer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For surgical reconstruction of lateral pinch following tetraplegia, the function of the paralyzed flexor pollicis longus is commonly restored. The purpose of this study was to investigate if one of the intrinsic muscles could generate a more suitably directed thumb-tip force during lateral pinch than that of flexor pollicis longus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endpoint force resulting from 10 N applied to each thumb muscle was measured in eleven upper extremity cadaveric specimens. We utilized the Kruskal-Wallis test (alpha=0.05) to determine whether thumb-tip forces of intrinsic muscles were less directed toward the base of the thumb, i.e., proximally directed, than the thumb-tip force produced by flexor pollicis longus. Additionally, a biomechanical model was used to assess the effect of an increase in tendon force on intrinsic muscle endpoint forces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the intrinsic muscles produced thumb-tip force vectors, ranging from 127 degrees to 156 degrees , that were significantly (P<0.009) less proximally directed than that of flexor pollicis longus (66 degrees (46 degrees )). A biomechanical model predicted that intrinsic muscle thumb-tip forces would vary non-linearly with tendon force. A 2-fold increase in tendon force produced, on average, a 2.3-fold increase in force magnitude and an 8 degrees shift in force direction across all intrinsic muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests the possibility of using an intrinsic muscle, e.g., the flexor pollicis brevis (ulnar head), instead of flexor pollicis longus, to produce a more advantageously directed thumb-tip force during lateral pinch in the surgically-reconstructed tetraplegic thumb and thus potentially enhance function.
authors.affiliation: Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. towles@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Towles
authors.forename: Vincent R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Hentz
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D005384:Finger Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D050278:Finger Phalanges / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D050279:Metacarpal Bones / Q000503:physiopathology; D008662:Metacarpophalangeal Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D052581:Pinch Strength; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000637:transplantation; D013933:Thumb / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D019415:Torque; D051222:Trapezium Bone / Q000503:physiopathology