title: The complete coenzyme B12 biosynthesis gene cluster of Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098.
abstract: The coenzyme B(12) production pathway in Lactobacillus reuteri has been deduced using a combination of genetic, biochemical and bioinformatics approaches. The coenzyme B(12) gene cluster of Lb. reuteri CRL1098 has the unique feature of clustering together the cbi, cob and hem genes. It consists of 29 ORFs encoding the complete enzymic machinery necessary for de novo biosynthesis. Transcriptional analysis showed it to be expressed as two tandem transcripts of approximately 22 and 4 kb, carrying cobD, cbiABCDETFGHJ, cobA/hemD, cbiKLMNQOP, sirA, hemACBL, and cobUSC, hemD, cobT, respectively. Both transcripts appear to be similarly regulated, and under the conditions assayed are induced in the late-exponential growth phase. Evidence for a regulatory mechanism of negative feedback inhibition by vitamin B(12) itself was observed. Comparative genomics analysis of the coding sequences showed them to be most similar to those coding for the anaerobic coenzyme B(12) pathways previously characterized in a few representatives of the genera Listeria and Salmonella. This contrasts with the trusted species phylogeny and suggests horizontal gene transfer of the B(12) biosynthesis genes. G+C content and codon adaptation index analysis is suggestive that the postulated transfer of these genes was not a recent event. Additional comparative genomics and transcriptional analysis of the sequences acquired during this study suggests a functional link between coenzyme B(12) biosynthesis and reuterin production, which might be implicated in Lb. reuteri's success in colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. This information on gene organization, gene transcription and gene acquisition is relevant for the development of (fermented) foods and probiotics enriched in B(12).
authors.affiliation: Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, TI Food and Nutrition, and NIZO Food Research, Kernhemseweg 2, PO Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Filipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145 (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145 (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valdez
authors.affiliation: Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, TI Food and Nutrition, and NIZO Food Research, Kernhemseweg 2, PO Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145 (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sesma
authors.affiliation: Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, TI Food and Nutrition, and NIZO Food Research, Kernhemseweg 2, PO Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hugenholtz
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics*; D003038:Cobamides / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D023061:Gene Order; D005985:Glyceraldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D052200:Limosilactobacillus reuteri / Q000235:genetics*; D008087:Listeria / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D009876:Operon; D010802:Phylogeny; D011407:Propane / Q000378:metabolism; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012475:Salmonella / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D003038:Cobamides; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012322:RNA Precursors; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; C047158:3-hydroxypropionaldehyde; D005985:Glyceraldehyde; C000913:cobamamide; D011407:Propane