title: Arterial hypertension determined by ambulatory blood pressure profiles: contribution to microalbuminuria risk in a multicenter investigation in 2,105 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arterial hypertension is a key player in the development of diabetes complications. We used a nationwide database to study risk factors for abnormal 24-h blood pressure regulation and microalbuminuria in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed in 2,105 children and adolescents from 195 pediatric diabetes centers in Germany and Austria. Individual least median squares (LMS)-SD scores were calculated for diurnal and nocturnal systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressure according to normalized values of a reference population of 949 healthy German children. The nocturnal blood pressure reduction (dipping) was calculated for SBP as well as DBP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In diabetic children, nocturnal blood pressure in particular was significantly elevated (SBP +0.51, DBP +0.58, MAP +0.80 LMS-SD) and dipping of SBP DBP, and MAP was significantly reduced (P < 0.0001). Age, diabetes duration, sex BMI, A1C, and insulin dose were related to altered blood pressure profiles; dipping, however, was only affected by age, female sex, and A1C. The presence of microalbuminuria was associated with nocturnal DBP (P < 0.0001) and diastolic dipping (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations revealed a clear link between the quality of metabolic control and altered blood pressure regulation even in pediatric patients with short diabetes duration. Nocturnal blood pressure in particular seems to mainly contribute to diabetes complications such as microalbuminuria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Kochstrasse 2, D-07740 Jena, Germany. axel.dost@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dost
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klinkert
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kapellen
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lemmer
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naeke
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grabert
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kreuder
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin