title: Effects of a sedative antihistamine, D-chlorpheniramine, on regional cerebral perfusion and performance during simulated car driving.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The sedative side effects of antihistamines have been recognized to be potentially dangerous in car driving, but the mechanism underlying these effects has not yet been elucidated to date. The aim of the present study is to examine regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) responses during a simulated car-driving task following oral administration of D-chlorpheniramine using positron emission tomography (PET) and [15O]H2O, based on a single-blind cross-over study-design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Right-handed, healthy male volunteers (n = 14) drove a car in a simulated environment following oral administration of D-chlorpheniramine repetab 6 mg or placebo. Their rCBF was measured using PET with [15O]H2O in the following three conditions: (1) resting, (2) active driving, and (3) passive driving. All 'in-car' views during the simulated driving were videotaped and used for rating driving performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance evaluation revealed that the number of lane deviations significantly increased in the D-chlorpheniramine condition compared with the placebo condition (p < 0.01). Subjective sleepiness was not significantly different between the two drug conditions. The regions of diminished brain responses following D-chlorpheniramine treatment were detected in the parietal, temporal and visual cortices, and in the cerebellum. The regions of augmented rCBF responses were found in the orbitofrontal cortex and cerebellar vermis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that D-chlorpheniramine tends to suppress visuo-spatial cognition and visuo-motor coordinating functions rather than attention and motor functions during car driving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. mtashiro@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakurada
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Etsuo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Horikawa
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanuki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yanai
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002744:Chlorpheniramine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D002744:Chlorpheniramine