title: De qi: Chinese acupuncture patients' experiences and beliefs regarding acupuncture needling sensation--an exploratory survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While de qi, the acupuncture needling sensation, has been considered as an important component of acupuncture, little is known of the acupuncture patient's experience and beliefs about de qi in clinical settings. The aim of this study was to describe Chinese acupuncture patients' perceived sensations of, and beliefs about, acupuncture needling.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a questionnaire and conducted a survey study at two time periods among 200 subjects at six outpatient acupuncture clinics in Beijing, China.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents were 55% female and had a mean age of 41 years. The most common types of needling sensations reported by subjects were the terms 'distended' (94%), 'sore' (81%), 'electric' (81%) and 'numb' (78%). Eighty-nine percent of subjects reported that the needling sensation travelled away from the puncturing points or travelled among the needling points. Eighty-two percent of subjects believed that the needling sensation was very important for acupuncture treatment, and 68% further indicated that the stronger the needling sensation, the more effective the therapy. Eighty-one percent of subjects found the acupuncture process to be very comfortable and relaxing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chinese acupuncture patients described the common characteristics of de qi and its migratory nature. The sensations were believed to be important in producing clinical efficacy by most patients. Measuring the sensations described as de qi in future prospective studies will help us understand the degree to which this phenomenon has an effect on the physiological outcome and clinical response to acupuncture. There appears to be a limit to the number of sensations that can be discriminated by each individual patient, and further development of the questionnaire is planned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicne, USA. maoj@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Jun J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Alethea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Marjorie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bowman
mesh_terms: D015669:Acupuncture Points; D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019413:Qi; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires