title: Socio-economic factors in the differential upsurge of tick-borne encephalitis in Central and Eastern Europe.
abstract: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), the most serious widespread vector-borne disease of humans in Europe, increased from 2- to 30-fold in many Central and Eastern European countries from 1992 to 1993, coinciding with independence from Soviet rule. Unemployment and low income have been shown in Latvia to be statistically associated with high-risk behaviour involving harvest of wild foods from tick-infested forests, and also with not being vaccinated against TBE. Archival data for 1970--2005 record major changes in the agricultural and industrial sectors, and consequent changes in the abiotic and biotic environment and socio-economic conditions, which could have increased the abundance of infected ticks and the contact of humans with those ticks. For example, abandoned agricultural fields became suitable for rodent transmission hosts; use of pesticides and emissions of atmospheric industrial pollutants plummeted; wildlife hosts for ticks increased; tick populations appear to have responded; unemployment and inequality increased in all countries. These factors, by acting synergistically but differentially between and within each country, can explain the marked spatio-temporal heterogeneities in TBE epidemiology better than can climate change alone, which is too uniform across wide areas. Different degrees of socio-economic upheaval caused by political transition in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia and the Czech Republic can apparently explain the marked variation in TBE upsurge. Causal linkage between national socio-economic conditions and epidemiology is strongly indicated by striking correlations across eight countries between the degree of upsurge of TBE and both poverty and household expenditure on food (R2 = 0.533 and 0.716, respectively).
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sumilo
authors.forename: Antra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bormane
authors.forename: Loreta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Asokliene
authors.forename: Veera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasilenko
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Golovljova
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Avsic-Zupanc
authors.forename: Zdenek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hubalek
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Randolph
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D004669:Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne; D004675:Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D005061:Europe, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018884:Ixodes / Q000254:growth & development; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors