title: Children's and their parents' views on facing research risks for the benefit of others.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess children's and parents' attitudes regarding pediatric research that poses minimal risk or a minor increase over minimal risk and does not offer the potential to benefit the child clinically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Separate in-person interviews with children and their parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinics where the children were receiving clinical care or participating in clinical research for asthma or cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 7 to 14 years and their parents or legal guardians.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-person interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respondents' willingness to enroll the child in nonbeneficial research and charitable activities that posed the same risks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 81 child-parent pairs were interviewed. For a hypothetical study that would not benefit the child and posed a risk of headache, 71% of the children were willing to participate, and 72% of the parents would allow their children to participate. For a hypothetical study that would not benefit the child and posed a very small chance of a broken leg, 43% of the children and 24% of the parents endorsed the child's participation. Overall, respondents were equally willing to have the child help others by participating in nonbeneficial research or by participating in a charitable activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most respondents were willing to have the child participate in some nonbeneficial research, and most did not consider nonbeneficial pediatric research to be more problematic than charitable activities for children. These findings provide empirical data to support the acceptability of exposing children to some research risks for the benefit of others.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bldg 10, Room 1C118, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. dwendler@nih.gov
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wendler
authors.forename: Tammara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000533:Altruism; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D033281:Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010372:Pediatrics; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment