title: Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: implications for the HIV epidemic and antiretroviral therapy rollout in South Africa.
abstract: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is emerging as a major clinical and public health challenge in areas of sub-Saharan Africa where there is a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. TB drug-resistance surveillance in this region has been limited by laboratory capacity and the public health infrastructure; however, with the maturation of the HIV epidemic, the burden of drug-resistant TB is increasing rapidly. The recent discovery of large numbers of cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB in South Africa likely represents an unrecognized and evolving epidemic rather than sporadic, localized outbreaks. The combination of a large population of HIV-infected susceptible hosts with poor TB treatment success rates, a lack of airborne infection control, limited drug-resistance testing, and an overburdened MDR-TB treatment program provides ideal conditions for an MDR-TB and XDR-TB epidemic of unparalleled magnitude. In the present article, we review the history of drug-resistant TB in South Africa, describe its interaction with the HIV epidemic and the resultant consequences, and suggest measures necessary for controlling MDR-TB and XDR-TB in this context. A successful response to the emergence of MDR-TB and XDR-TB will necessitate increased resources for and collaboration between TB and HIV programs.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510-2483, USA. Jasonandr@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: N Sarita
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Neel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Friedland
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D054908:Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology