title: Ethyl pyruvate decreased early nuclear factor-kappaB levels but worsened survival in lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethyl pyruvate (EP) treatment inhibits nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-mediated inflammation and has been considered for sepsis. However, NF-kappaB is also protective, and its inhibition may have adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied EP in lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice and systematically analyzed its efficacy in published sepsis models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After lipopolysaccharide, compared with placebo (n = 68), each of six doses of EP (0.01-100 mg/kg, n = 204) increased the hazards ratio of death. Although these increases were individually not significant (p = .13 to .37), when combined, they were (log mean +/- SEM, 0.26 +/- 0.13; p = .01). At 3 and 9 hrs after challenge, lipopolysaccharide increased lung NF-kappaB and 12 serum cytokines (p < or = .05 vs. phosphate-buffered saline challenge, except for interleukin-4 at 9 hrs). With lipopolysaccharide, although EP (100 mg/kg) decreased NF-kappaB and 11 of 12 cytokines at 3 hrs, it increased NF-kappaB and 11 of 12 cytokines at 9 hrs in patterns that differed (p < or = .05) across time points. In 14 published comparisons, EP's effects on the odds ratio of death varied (I2 = 85% [95% confidence interval, 74-91%], p < .0001), decreasing it significantly in five of the studies but not the other nine. In three of the latter, it increased time to death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although EP has had promising effects in some preclinical sepsis models, it has not in others, and in the present model, it worsened outcome. Based on the complex role NF-kappaB has regulating both maladaptive and protective host responses, further defining factors that influence EP's effects is important if this agent is considered for patients with or at risk of sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Junwu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xizhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fitz
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Haresh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quezado
authors.forename: Peter Q
authors.initials: PQ
authors.lastname: Eichacker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011773:Pyruvates; C440499:lipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli O111 B4; C046522:ethyl pyruvate