title: Self-reported motivation to smoke in schizophrenia is related to antipsychotic drug treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of smoking in schizophrenia has reliably been reported as being higher than for any other psychiatric disorder. While a number of theories have been proposed to account for such high rates of smoking, little is known about the subjective motivation for why schizophrenia patients smoke in comparison with those without the disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare smoking motivation in control subjects and schizophrenia patients, and determine if factors such as type of medication or access to cigarettes could contribute to self-reported motivation for smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed motivation to smoke in 61 schizophrenia inpatients and 33 non-psychiatric health worker controls at a tertiary care psychiatric facility in a cross-sectional study. Nicotine dependency and smoking behavior were evaluated using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and a validated questionnaire that assesses motivation for smoking along seven different dimensions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schizophrenia patients reported a stronger motivation to smoke than controls for reasons related to pleasure from the act of smoking, as well as a need for psychomotor stimulation. Scores on both these factors were significantly associated with daily antipsychotic drug dose. The sedative and anxiolytic effects of smoking were related to anticholinergic load of psychiatric medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings highlight important differences in self-reported motivation to smoke between schizophrenia patients and normals. Antipsychotic drugs may also influence aspects of motivation to smoke.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. albarr@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Alasdair M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Ric M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Procyshyn
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Joy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Honer
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology; D003156:Community Mental Health Services; D035061:Control Groups; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents