Phagocytosis-independent antimicrobial activity of mast cells by means of extracellular trap formation.
These days it has been increasingly recognized that mast cells (MCs) are critical components of host defense against pathogens. In this study, we have provided the first evidence that MCs can kill bacteria by entrapping them in extracellular structures similar to the extracellular traps described for neutrophils (NETs). We took advantage of the ability of MCs to kill the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes by a phagocytosis-independent mechanism in order to characterize the extracellular antimicrobial activity of MCs. Close contact of bacteria and MCs was required for full antimicrobial activity. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy revealed that S pyogenes was entrapped by extracellular structures produced by MCs (MCETs), which are composed of DNA, histones, tryptase, and the antimicrobial peptide LL-37. Disruption of MCETs significantly reduced the antimicrobial effect of MCs, suggesting that intact extracellular webs are critical for effective inhibition of bacterial growth. Similar to NETs, production of MCETs was mediated by a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cell death mechanism accompanied by disruption of the nuclear envelope, which can be induced after stimulation of MCs with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), H(2)O(2), or bacterial pathogens. Our study provides the first experimental evidence of antimicrobial extracellular traps formation by an immune cell population other than neutrophils.
von Köckritz-Blickwede
Maren
M
Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
Goldmann
Oliver
O
Thulin
Pontus
P
Heinemann
Katja
K
Norrby-Teglund
Anna
A
Rohde
Manfred
M
Medina
Eva
E
D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016923:Cell Death; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D051379:Mice; D050296:Microbial Viability; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D053802:Tryptases / Q000378:metabolism; D054804:Cathelicidins
D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D004247:DNA; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D053802:Tryptases; D054804:Cathelicidins