title: Atypical symptoms in hospitalised patients with major depressive episode: frequency, clinical characteristics, and internal validity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was (1) to assess the frequency of atypical depression (AD) in depressed inpatients; (2) to compare clinical features of patients with atypical and nonatypical depression (Non-AD) (3) to evaluate the meaning of single psychopathological symptoms with special respect to mood reactivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnoses of 1073 inpatients were assessed according to DSM-IV using SCID (Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV) and AMDP (Association for Methodology and Documentation). Diagnosis of atypical depression was defined according to criteria of the DSM-IV specifier for AD. All patients were rated using HAMD-21 (Hamilton Depression Scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high percentage of patients met criteria for AD (15.3%, 95% CI 13.0-17.9%). Women were more likely to suffer from AD (OR=1.54, p=0.037). There were no significant differences between AD and Non-AD patients regarding age, HAMD total baseline score, and diagnosis of any bipolar illness. In terms of psychopathology patients with AD were significantly more likely to suffer from somatic anxiety, somatic symptoms, guilt, genital symptoms, depersonalisation and suspiciousness as defined by HAMD-21 items. Interestingly, mood reactivity was not found to be significantly associated with the presence of two or more additional symptoms of AD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results were assessed by a post-hoc analysis, based on prospectively collected data. Compared to other inpatient samples with MDE, prevalence of bipolar disorder was rather low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Frequency of AD may be underestimated, especially in inpatient samples. Further studies of inpatient samples are recommended. (2) Quality of distinct anxiety symptoms may be different in both groups, with AD patients being more likely to suffer from somatic symptoms and somatic anxiety. The presence of suspiciousness and even paranoid phenomena may not exclude a diagnosis of AD, but may be related to rejection sensitivity. (3) The mandatory presence of mood reactivity for the diagnosis of AD needs further consideration, regarding its validity for the concept.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany. florian.seemueller@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Seemüller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wickelmaier
authors.forename: Mazda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adli
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mundt
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marneros
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laux
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heuser
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeiler
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gaebel
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jäger
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Henkel
mesh_terms: D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires