title: A frame-shift mutation of PMS2 is a widespread cause of Lynch syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When compared to the other mismatch repair genes involved in Lynch syndrome, the identification of mutations within PMS2 has been limited (<2% of all identified mutations), yet the immunohistochemical analysis of tumour samples indicates that approximately 5% of Lynch syndrome cases are caused by PMS2. This disparity is primarily due to complications in the study of this gene caused by interference from pseudogene sequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a recently developed method for detecting PMS2 specific mutations, we have screened 99 patients who are likely candidates for PMS2 mutations based on immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have identified a frequently occurring frame-shift mutation (c.736_741del6ins11) in 12 ostensibly unrelated Lynch syndrome patients (20% of patients we have identified with a deleterious mutation in PMS2, n = 61). These individuals all display the rare allele (population frequency <0.05) at a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 11, and have been shown to possess a short common haplotype, allowing us to calculate that the mutation arose around 1625 years ago (65 generations; 95% confidence interval 22 to 120).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ancestral analysis indicates that this mutation is enriched in individuals with British and Swedish ancestry. We estimate that there are >10 000 carriers of this mutation in the USA alone. The identification of both the mutation and the common haplotype in one Swedish control sample (n = 225), along with evidence that Lynch syndrome associated cancers are rarer than expected in the probands' families, would suggest that this is a prevalent mutation with reduced penetrance.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clendenning
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Senter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.forename: K Lagerstedt
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nilbert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindblom
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de la Chapelle
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D016368:Frameshift Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070976:Mismatch Repair Endonuclease PMS2; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C094934:PMS2 protein, human; D000070976:Mismatch Repair Endonuclease PMS2; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes