title: Modeling the cost effectiveness of secondary febrile neutropenia prophylaxis during standard-dose chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current guidelines (ie, by the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer) do not recommend secondary infection prophylaxis, whereas, in contrast, caregivers prefer secondary prophylaxis to chemotherapy dose reduction after an episode of febrile neutropenia (FN). Because granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is expensive, this study investigates the economic consequences of secondary prophylactic use of different prophylactic strategies (antibiotics, antibiotics plus G-CSF, and a combined sequential approach) in a population at risk of FN, using a Markov model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The input for the model is mainly based on the clinical outcome and patient-based cost data set (adopting the health care payer's perspective for the Netherlands) derived from a randomized study on primary prophylaxis in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients; establishing mean cost of an episode FN of euro3,290 and prophylaxis of euro79 (antibiotics) +/- euro1,616 (G-CSF) per cycle. The economic analysis was analyzed probabilistically using first- and second-order Monte Carlo simulation. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was defined as cost per FN-free cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Secondary prophylaxis with antibiotics was the least expensive strategy (mean, euro4,496/patient). The strategy antibiotics plus G-CSF was most expensive (mean, euro 8,998/patient). Comparison of these two strategies resulted in an unacceptably high ICER (euro343,110 per FN-free cycle) in the Dutch context. In scenarios using higher FN-related costs (as found in the United States), the strategies are less distinct in their monetary effects, but still favor antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model-based economic analysis demonstrates that in the Netherlands and most likely also in the United States, if secondary prophylaxis is preferred, the strategy with antibiotics is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology/Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands. J.Timmer@onco.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Johanna N H
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Timmer-Bonte
authors.forename: Eddy M M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Adang
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Termeer
authors.forename: Johan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Severens
authors.forename: Vivianne C G
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Tjan-Heijnen
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000191:economics*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D008390:Markov Chains; D009426:Netherlands; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor