title: Influence of nitrogen and carbon sources on the production of ochratoxin A by ochratoxigenic strains of Aspergillus spp. isolated from grapes.
abstract: This work studies the influence of nitrogen and carbon source on ochratoxin A production by three Aspergillus isolates A. ochraceus (Aso2), A. carbonarius (Ac25) and A. tubingensis (Bo66), all isolated from grapes. A basal medium (0.01 g/l FeSO4.7H2O, 0.5 g/l MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5 g/l Na2HPO4.2H2O, 1.0 g/l KCl) was prepared. This medium was supplemented with different nitrogen sources, both inorganic [(NH4)3PO(4), 0.3 g/l plus NH4NO3, 0.2 g/l] and organic (histidine, proline, arginine, phenylalanine, tryptophan or tyrosine) at two concentrations (0.05 g/l or 0.3 g/l), and different carbon sources (sucrose, glucose, maltose, arabinose or fructose) at three concentrations (10 g/l, 50 g/l or 150 g/l). A medium with sucrose (18 g/l) and glucose (1 g/l) was also tested. After a 10-day incubation period at 25 degrees C the highest levels of OTA (44.0 ng/ml, 13.5 ng/ml and 0.49 ng/ml for A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius and A. tubingensis, respectively) were obtained in the cultures containing 150 g/l of arabinose and 0.05 g/l of phenylalanine. Analysis of variance of the data showed that there were significant differences (p-value 0.05) among the OTA levels in the cultures with regard to carbon source and isolate. No significant differences were detected in OTA production regarding nitrogen source, although 0.05 g/l of phenylalanine generally favoured OTA production in the cultures of the three isolates. The dynamics of toxin production in the cultures of each isolate using the optimized basal medium supplemented with 0.05 g/l of phenylalanine and 150 g/l of arabinose for a period of 42 days at 25 degrees C was also studied. The maximum level of OTA was detected on the 3rd day of incubation in A. tubingensis cultures and on the 35th and 43(rd) days of incubation in A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius, respectively. This is the first study in which defined media have been used to assess the influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on OTA production by isolates of OTA-producing species isolated from grapes and to analyse the dynamics of toxin production in these species in a defined culture medium. This optimized medium for OTA production is being used in current studies aimed at elucidating its biosynthetic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Dpto. de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Universitat de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mateo
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Valle-Algarra
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mateo
authors.forename: Rufino
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mateo
authors.forename: Misericordia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiménez
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002244:Carbon / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005516:Food Microbiology; D007700:Kinetics; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen