title: Ethanol, saccharin, and quinine: early ontogeny of taste responsiveness and intake.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rat pups demonstrate high levels of immediate acceptance of ethanol during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life. Given that the taste of ethanol is most likely perceived by infant rats as a combination of sweet and bitter, high intake of ethanol early in ontogeny may be associated with age-related enhanced responsiveness to the sweet component of ethanol taste, as well as with ontogenetic decreases in sensitivity to its bitter component. Therefore, the present study compared responsiveness to ethanol and solutions with bitter (quinine) and sweet (saccharin) taste in terms of intake and palatability across the first 2 weeks of postnatal life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Characteristic patterns of responsiveness to 10% (v/v) ethanol, 0.1% saccharin, 0.2% quinine, and water in terms of taste reactivity and fluid intake were assessed in rat pups tested on postnatal day (P) 4, 9, or 12 using a new technique of on-line monitoring of fluid flow through a two-channel intraoral cannula. Taste reactivity included analysis of ingestive and aversive responses following six intraoral infusions of the test fluids. This taste reactivity probe was followed by the intake test, in which animals were allowed to voluntarily ingest fluids from an intraoral cannula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pups of all ages showed more appetitive responses to saccharin and ethanol than to water or quinine. No age-related differences were apparent in taste responsiveness to saccharin and ethanol. However, the age-related pattern of ethanol intake drastically differed from that of saccharin. Intake of saccharin increased from P4 to P9 and decreased substantially by P12, whereas intake of ethanol gradually increased from P4 to P12. Intake of ethanol was significantly lower than intake of saccharin on P9, whereas P12 pups took in more ethanol than saccharin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the present study indicate ontogenetic dissociations between taste reactivity to ethanol and saccharin and intake of these solutions, and suggest that high acceptance of ethanol early in ontogeny may not be associated with its orosensory properties but rather with the pharmacological effects of ethanol.
authors.affiliation: Center for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, USA.
authors.forename: Andrey P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kozlov
authors.forename: Elena I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Varlinskaya
authors.forename: Norman E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Spear
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001070:Appetitive Behavior; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011803:Quinine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012439:Saccharin; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D011803:Quinine; D012439:Saccharin