title: Diagnosing paratonia in the demented elderly: reliability and validity of the Paratonia Assessment Instrument (PAI).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paratonia is one of the associated movement disorders characteristic of dementia. The aim of this study was to develop an assessment tool (the Paratonia Assessment Instrument, PAI), based on the new consensus definition of paratonia. An additional aim was to investigate the reliability and validity of the PAI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-phase cross-sectional survey was conducted. In the first two phases, the PAI was developed and validated. In the third phase, the inter-observer reliability and feasibility of the instrument was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The original PAI consisted of five criteria that all needed to be met in order to make the diagnosis. On the basis of a qualitative analysis, one criterion was reformulated and another was removed. Following this, inter-observer reliability between the two assessors resulted in an improvement of Cohen's kappa from 0.532 in the initial phase to 0.677 in the second phase. This improvement was substantiated in the third phase by two independent assessors with Cohen's kappa ranging from 0.625 to 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PAI is a reliable and valid assessment tool for diagnosing paratonia in elderly people with dementia that can be applied easily in daily practice.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Research Vitalis WoonZorg Groep, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. h.hobbelen@vitalisgroep.nl
authors.forename: Johannes S M
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hobbelen
authors.forename: Raymond T C M
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Koopmans
authors.forename: Frans R J
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Verhey
authors.forename: Kitty M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Habraken
authors.forename: Rob A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Bie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D020961:Lewy Body Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation; D009426:Netherlands; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009735:Nursing Homes; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results