title: Testicular cancer risk in first- and second-generation immigrants to Denmark.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immigrant studies offer insights into the relative importance of environment and genes in disease etiology. There is considerable variation in testicular cancer incidence worldwide. We investigated testicular cancer risk in first- and second-generation immigrants to Denmark, a high-incidence country, to evaluate the relative influence of genes and environment and the potential timing of action of environmental factor(s).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 2.1 million men who were born since 1930 and lived in Denmark between 1968 and 2003 was established based on information in the Danish Civil Registration System, which included their immigration histories. Cancer histories were obtained from the Danish Cancer Registry. Testicular cancer risk was estimated as rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on log-linear Poisson regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 4216 testicular cancer cases occurred during 43 million person-years of follow-up in 2.1 million men. These included 166 cases among 344,444 direct immigrants to Denmark and 13 cases among 56,189 men born in Denmark to immigrant parents. These first- and second-generation immigrants had RRs of testicular cancer of 0.37 (95% CI = 0.31 to 0.43) and 0.88 (95% CI = 0.51 to 1.53), respectively, compared with men born in Denmark of parents born in Denmark. The rate in first-generation immigrants was not modified by age at immigration or duration of stay and reflected that in the country of origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The testicular cancer risk in first-generation immigrants was lower than that in native-born Danes and reflected that in the countries of origin, whereas the risk in second-generation immigrants was similar to that in natives of Denmark. Together these findings argue for a substantial influence of environmental factors limited to the period early in life, most probably to the period in utero.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen South, Denmark. cmy@ssi.dk
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Myrup
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Westergaard
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schnack
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oudin
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wohlfahrt
authors.forename: Mads
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melbye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*