title: Bisphosphonate use and the risk of adverse jaw outcomes: a medical claims study of 714,217 people.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) has been associated with the prolonged use of bisphosphonates (BPs), there is limited information about the risk of ONJ among users of oral BPs or about the magnitude of the risk among users of intravenous (IV) BPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied medical claims data from 714,217 people with osteoporosis or cancer to identify diagnostic codes or procedure codes for three outcomes: inflammatory conditions of the jaws, including osteonecrosis; major jaw surgery necessitated by necrotic or inflammatory indications; and jaw surgeries necessitated by a malignant process. The authors calculated stratified odds ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that oral administration of BPs decreases the risk of adverse bone outcomes. In contrast, IV administration strongly and significantly increases the risk (P < .05) of adverse jaw outcomes or surgery. Across both osteoporosis and cancer, patients receiving IV BPs had a fourfold increased risk of having inflammatory jaw conditions and a greater than sixfold increased risk of having undergone major surgical resection in the jaw.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mode of bisphosphonate use results in different risk profiles for adverse jaw outcomes. While the authors documented an increased risk of inflammatory conditions and surgical procedures of the jaw for users of IV BPs, they did not find these observed increases for users of oral BPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians and dentists must be aware of the higher frequency of adverse jaw effects in patients receiving IV BPs, especially osteonecrosis of the jaw. While the authors' results have internal consistency, more clinical studies are needed to replicate and clarify the observed associations over long follow-up periods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Vassiliki M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Cartsos
authors.forename: Shao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Athanasios I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Zavras
mesh_terms: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007344:Insurance Claim Reporting / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D007571:Jaw Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates