Expectancy effect: impact of pill administration on cognitive performance in healthy seniors.
Expectancy or placebo effects on cognitive function have not been well studied. To determine the effect of taking pills on cognitive function, 40 participants were randomly assigned to a pill or no-pill condition. Healthy seniors who took a 2-week supply of methylcellulose pills, which they were told was an experimental cognitive enhancer, were compared to seniors not taking any pills. There were 2 primary outcome measures defined prior to the study-Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Word List delayed recall and Stroop color word task time-as well as 7 other cognitive outcome measures. There was a significant effect of pill taking on the 2 primary outcome measures. There was also an effect of pill taking on choice reaction time and Word List immediate recall but not on the other 5 secondary cognitive outcome measures. In an exploratory analysis of potential predictors of the expectancy effect, perceived stress and self-efficacy but not personality traits interacted with the pill-taking effect on cognitive function. Further characterizing and understanding this observed expectancy effect is important to maximize cognitive health and improve clinical trial design.
Oken
Barry S
BS
Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. oken@ohsu.edu
Flegal
Kristin
K
Zajdel
Daniel
D
Kishiyama
Shirley
S
Haas
Mitchell
M
Peters
Dawn
D
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015990:Placebo Effect; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D027543:Salvia officinalis / Q000737:chemistry; D012649:Self Concept
D018697:Nootropic Agents; D028321:Plant Preparations