title: dAtaxin-2 mediates expanded Ataxin-1-induced neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of SCA1.
abstract: Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders sharing atrophy of the cerebellum as a common feature. SCA1 and SCA2 are two ataxias caused by expansion of polyglutamine tracts in Ataxin-1 (ATXN1) and Ataxin-2 (ATXN2), respectively, two proteins that are otherwise unrelated. Here, we use a Drosophila model of SCA1 to unveil molecular mechanisms linking Ataxin-1 with Ataxin-2 during SCA1 pathogenesis. We show that wild-type Drosophila Ataxin-2 (dAtx2) is a major genetic modifier of human expanded Ataxin-1 (Ataxin-1[82Q]) toxicity. Increased dAtx2 levels enhance, and more importantly, decreased dAtx2 levels suppress Ataxin-1[82Q]-induced neurodegeneration, thereby ruling out a pathogenic mechanism by depletion of dAtx2. Although Ataxin-2 is normally cytoplasmic and Ataxin-1 nuclear, we show that both dAtx2 and hAtaxin-2 physically interact with Ataxin-1. Furthermore, we show that expanded Ataxin-1 induces intranuclear accumulation of dAtx2/hAtaxin-2 in both Drosophila and SCA1 postmortem neurons. These observations suggest that nuclear accumulation of Ataxin-2 contributes to expanded Ataxin-1-induced toxicity. We tested this hypothesis engineering dAtx2 transgenes with nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES). We find that NLS-dAtx2, but not NES-dAtx2, mimics the neurodegenerative phenotypes caused by Ataxin-1[82Q], including repression of the proneural factor Senseless. Altogether, these findings reveal a previously unknown functional link between neurodegenerative disorders with common clinical features but different etiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Ramahi
authors.forename: Alma M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Janghoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Minghang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Haro
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pulst
authors.forename: Huda Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zoghbi
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Botas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000067696:Ataxin-1; D000067528:Ataxins; D004330:Drosophila; D008954:Models, Biological; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C000593749:ATXN1 protein, human; D000067696:Ataxin-1; D000067528:Ataxins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins