title: Injury of the blood brain barrier and up-regulation of icam-1 in polymicrobial sepsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis and mechanisms of septic encephalopathy are not completely understood. We compared two different models of sepsis: lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) bacteremia in rats with respect to changes in endothelial expression of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and of cerebral albumin extravasation as a marker for capillary breakdown of the blood brain barrier.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were divided into control, endotoxemia, or CLP-group. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured via femoral artery catheterization. Brain tissue for immunohistochemistry was harvested at 1 h, 6 h, and 24 h after induction of sepsis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CLP-group showed a decrease in mean arterial pressure after 24 h in comparison with the sham-group (P < 0.05). Cerebral ICAM-1 expression was at its maximum 24 h after induction of sepsis, with the highest expression in the CLP-group. There was no difference in PECAM-1 expression between the groups. Cerebral albumin extravasation increased early after 6 h in both septic groups with a maximum at 24 h after induction of sepsis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that there are early changes in the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the central nervous system in an ongoing septic progress. This provides evidence that these changes are due to inflammatory mediators, and not to the presence of live bacteria. Increased ICAM-1 expression might be an early factor involved in these pathogenic events. Although the role of PECAM-1 cannot conclusively be determined, we were able to show its expression on cerebral endothelium in all groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bopp
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoerner
authors.forename: Konstanze
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Plaschke
authors.forename: Rita M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Faden
authors.forename: Eike
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Hubert J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bardenheuer
authors.forename: Markus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weigand
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000293:injuries*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018805:Sepsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D015415:Biomarkers; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1