title: The analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block after cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is an effective method of providing postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing midline abdominal wall incisions. We evaluated its analgesic efficacy over the first 48 postoperative hours after cesarean delivery performed through a Pfannensteil incision, in a randomized controlled, double-blind, clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty women undergoing elective cesarean delivery were randomized to undergo TAP block with ropivacaine (n = 25) versus placebo (n = 25), in addition to standard postoperative analgesia comprising patient-controlled IV morphine analgesia and regular diclofenac and acetaminophen. All patients received a standard spinal anesthetic, and at the end of surgery, a bilateral TAP block was performed using 1.5 mg/kg ropivacaine (to a maximal dose of 150 mg) or saline on each side. Each patient was assessed postoperatively by a blinded investigator: in the postanesthesia care unit and at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TAP block with ropivacaine compared with placebo reduced postoperative visual analog scale pain scores. Mean (+/- sd) total morphine requirements in the first 48 postoperative hours were also reduced (66 +/- 26 vs 18 +/- 14 mg, P < 0.001), as was the 12-h interval morphine consumption up to 36 h postoperatively. The incidence of sedation was reduced in patients undergoing TAP blockade. There were no complications attributable to the TAP block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TAP block, as a component of a multimodal analgesic regimen, provided superior analgesia when compared with placebo block up to 48 postoperative hours after elective cesarean delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute, Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Curley
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Aoife
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benton
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Chrisen H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Maharaj
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Laffey
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000601:surgery*; D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009407:Nerve Block; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D000082:Acetaminophen; D009020:Morphine; D000077212:Ropivacaine