title: Relationship between T cell activation and CD4+ T cell count in HIV-seropositive individuals with undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels in the absence of therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients maintaining undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels (elite controllers) have high HIV-specific immune responses, it is unclear whether they experience abnormal levels of T cell activation, potentially contributing to immunodeficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared percentages of activated (CD38(+)HLA-DR(+)) T cells between 30 elite controllers, 47 HIV-uninfected individuals, 187 HIV-infected individuals with undetectable viremia receiving antiretroviral therapy (antiretroviral therapy suppressed), and 66 untreated HIV-infected individuals with detectable viremia. Because mucosal translocation of bacterial products may contribute to T cell activation in HIV infection, we also measured plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the median CD4(+) cell count in controllers was 727 cells/mm(3), 3 (10%) had CD4(+) cell counts <350 cells/mm(3) and 2 (7%) had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Controllers had higher CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell activation levels (P < .001 for both) than HIV-negative subjects and higher CD8(+) cell activation levels than the antiretroviral therapy suppressed (P = .048). In controllers, higher CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell activation was associated with lower CD4(+) cell counts (P = .009 and P = .047). Controllers had higher LPS levels than HIV-negative subjects (P < .001), and in controllers higher LPS level was associated with higher CD8(+) T cell activation (P = .039).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV controllers have abnormally high T cell activation levels, which may contribute to progressive CD4(+) T cell loss even without measurable viremia.
authors.affiliation: Positive Health Program, San Francisco General Hospital, Bldg. 80, Ward 84, 995 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. phunt@php.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brenchley
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McCune
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Page-Shafer
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hsue
authors.forename: Brinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Emu
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krone
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lampiris
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Douek
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Deeks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D014766:Viremia / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral