title: Lymphatic mapping in patients with primary or recurrent breast cancer following previous axillary surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of lymphatic mapping in breast cancer patients after previous axillary surgery and to identify parameters associated with mapping failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lymphatic mapping using peritumoural injection of blue dye and a radiocolloid was attempted in 30 patients with primary (n=7) or recurrent (n=23) breast cancer and a history of previous axillary lymph node dissection or sentinel node biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymphatic mapping identified a mean number of 1.6 (range 1-3) lymph nodes in 19 of 30 patients (identification rate 63%). The lymph nodes were removed from the ipsilateral axilla (n=13), the internal mammary chain (n=2), both the internal mammary nodes and the axilla (n=2), the interpectoral space (n=1) and the contralateral axilla (n=1). Four of 19 patients revealed a positive lymph node. Fifteen of 19 patients had a negative lymph node. Axillary lymph node dissection was done in 13 of 15 patients but found no positive nodes (false negative rate=0). A negative lymphoscintigram (p<0.001) and a number of more than 10 lymph nodes removed at the time of initial surgery (p=0.02) were significantly associated with a mapping failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphatic mapping following prior axillary surgery was accurate but associated with a low identification rate. The lymphatic drainage pattern was unpredictable and the use of a radionuclide was necessary for a successful mapping procedure.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery - Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Surgical Endoscopy, Allgemein Öffentliches Krankenhaus Linz, Austria. Electronic address: peter.schrenk@liwest.at.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schrenk
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery - Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Surgical Endoscopy, Allgemein Öffentliches Krankenhaus Linz, Austria.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tausch
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery - Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Surgical Endoscopy, Allgemein Öffentliches Krankenhaus Linz, Austria.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wayand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003102:Colloids; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D004396:Coloring Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals