title: Modeling the geographic distribution of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax disease, for the contiguous United States using predictive ecological [corrected] niche modeling.
abstract: The ecology and distribution of Bacillus anthracis is poorly understood despite continued anthrax outbreaks in wildlife and livestock throughout the United States. Little work is available to define the potential environments that may lead to prolonged spore survival and subsequent outbreaks. This study used the genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction modeling system to model the ecological niche for B. anthracis in the contiguous United States using wildlife and livestock outbreaks and several environmental variables. The modeled niche is defined by a narrow range of normalized difference vegetation index, precipitation, and elevation, with the geographic distribution heavily concentrated in a narrow corridor from southwest Texas northward into the Dakotas and Minnesota. Because disease control programs rely on vaccination and carcass disposal, and vaccination in wildlife remains untenable, understanding the distribution of B. anthracis plays an important role in efforts to prevent/eradicate the disease. Likewise, these results potentially aid in differentiating endemic/natural outbreaks from industrial-contamination related outbreaks or bioterrorist attacks.
authors.affiliation: Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92835, USA. jablackburn@fullerton.edu
authors.forename: Jason K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: Kristina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McNyset
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hugh-Jones
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000502:physiology*; D004463:Ecology; D004777:Environment; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology