title: Truth-telling at the end of life: a pilot study on the perspective of patients and professional caregivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the attitudes towards truth-telling of both terminal patients and professional caregivers, and to determine their perceived barriers to full information exchange.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-depth interviews with 17 terminal patients selected through GPs and staff members of Flemish palliative care centres, and 3 focus groups with different professional caregivers. Analysis was based on grounded theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was considerable variability in the preferences of patients regarding when and how they wanted to be informed of their diagnosis, prognosis, expected disease course and end-of-life decisions. Major ambivalence was observed regarding the degree to which patients wanted to hear 'the whole truth'. Patients and caregivers agreed that truth-telling should be a 'dosed and gradual' process. Several barriers to more complete and timely truth-telling were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preferences of both patients and caregivers for step-by-step--and hence slow and limited--information prevents terminal patients from reaching the level of information needed for informed end-of-life decision-making.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preference of patients and caregivers to 'dose' the truth may entail some risks, such as a 'Catch 22' situation in which both patients and caregivers wait for a signal from each other before starting a dialogue about impending death.
authors.affiliation: End-of-Life Care Research Group, Department of Human Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. reginald.deschepper@vub.ac.be
authors.forename: Reginald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deschepper
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bernheim
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vander Stichele
authors.forename: Lieve
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van den Block
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michiels
authors.forename: Greta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Der Kelen
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mortier
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deliens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001530:Belgium; D003144:Communication Barriers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D010358:Patient Participation; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013727:Terminal Care; D014342:Truth Disclosure