title: Perfluorocarbon administration during cardiopulmonary bypass in rats: an inflammatory link to adverse outcome?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions are artificial oxygen carriers that have been shown to attenuate the effects of air embolism. Cerebral air embolism, known to occur during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), may contribute to adverse cerebral outcomes after cardiac surgery. We designed this study to evaluate the effect of a 60% PFC emulsion (perfluoro-tert-butylcyclohexane; PTBCH) on the inflammatory response and neurocognitive outcome of rats after CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight Sprague Dawley rats subjected to 60 min of CPB were randomly divided into two groups: PTBCH CPB animals receiving 3 mL/kg of PTBCH into the venous reservoir and control CPB animals receiving 3 mL/kg of 0.9% saline. At several time points, the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were measured. Neurocognitive testing was planned postoperatively using the Morris water maze. Histologic samples were obtained in a separate series of experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physiologic variables were comparable between groups, but the PTBCH CPB animals required more phenylephrine compared with the controls. Cytokine levels in the PTBCH CPB group were significantly higher than in the control group at 2 and 4 h after CPB (P < 0.05). Neurocognitive outcome could not be evaluated as none of the animals in the PTBCH CPB group survived. Myocardial histological analysis revealed increased areas of contraction band necrosis in the PTBCH CPB animals (P = 0.034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of PTBCH during CPB was associated with an excessive release of cytokines. This enhanced inflammatory response with subsequent hypotension may have contributed to mortality in rats receiving PTBCH. The observed patterns of myocardial injury indicate global hypoperfusion and catecholamine excess.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. f.delange@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Fellery
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshitani
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Proia
authors.forename: G Burkhard
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mackensen
authors.forename: Hilary P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Grocott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007022:Hypotension / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D016207:Cytokines; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha