title: The CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster variability as an important determinant of early alcohol and tobacco initiation in young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One potential site of convergence of the nicotine and alcohol actions is the family of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Our study examines the genetic association between variations in the genomic region containing the CHRNA5, A3, and B4 gene cluster (A5A3B4) and several phenotypes of alcohol and tobacco use in an ethnically diverse young adult sample. Significant results were then replicated in a separate adult population-representative sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a selected sample, nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association with various nicotine and alcohol phenotypes, including age of initiation and measures of frequency, quantity, and subjective responses to the substances. Analysis was conducted with the statistical genetics program WHAP in the full sample (1075 subjects) including ethnicities as covariates and within each ethnic group sub-sample. Replication of the significant results in a separate population-based sample was carried out with the PBAT statistical genetics program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two linked SNPs (rs8023462 and rs1948) located in a conserved region of the A5A3B4 gene cluster significantly predicted early age of initiation for tobacco with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]1.08-1.70) for the CC genotype of rs8023462 and a HR of 1.29 (95% CI 1.01-1.63) for the TT genotype of rs1948 [corrected]. These findings were then replicated in a separate population-representative sample, showing rs1948 and rs8023462 to be associated with age of initiation for both tobacco and alcohol use (p < .01 and p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variations in A5A3B4 genes might influence behaviors that promote early age of experimentation with drugs.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Isabel.Schlaepfer@colorado.edu
authors.forename: Isabel R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Schlaepfer
authors.forename: Nicole R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Hoft
authors.forename: Allan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Robin P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Corley
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hopfer
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lessem
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McQueen
authors.forename: Soo Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Marissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ehringer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D005810:Multigene Family; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; C447158:CHRNA5 protein, human; C447159:CHRNB4 protein, human