title: Use of Raman microscopy and band-target entropy minimization analysis to identify dyes in a commercial stamp. Implications for authentication and counterfeit detection.
abstract: Raman microscopy was used in mapping mode to collect more than 1000 spectra in a 100 microm x 100 microm area from a commercial stamp. Band-target entropy minimization (BTEM) was then employed to unmix the mixture spectra in order to extract the pure component spectra of the samples. Three pure component spectral patterns with good signal-to-noise ratios were recovered, and their spatial distributions were determined. The three pure component spectral patterns were then identified as copper phthalocyanine blue, calcite-like material, and yellow organic dye material by comparison to known spectral libraries. The present investigation, consisting of (1) advanced curve resolution (blind-source separation) followed by (2) spectral data base matching, readily suggests extensions to authenticity and counterfeit studies of other types of commercial objects. The presence or absence of specific observable components form the basis for assessment. The present spectral analysis (BTEM) is applicable to highly overlapping spectral information. Since a priori information such as the number of components present and spectral libraries are not needed in BTEM, and since minor signals arising from trace components can be reconstructed, this analysis offers a robust approach to a wide variety of material problems involving authenticity and counterfeit issues.
authors.affiliation: Process Science and Modeling, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Rd, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833.
authors.forename: Effendi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Widjaja
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garland