title: Functional outcomes of cleft lip surgery. Part III: Measurement of lip forces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate lip force dynamics among participants with a repaired cleft of the lip and noncleft control participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A parallel, three-group, nonrandomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight participants with cleft lip and 36 noncleft participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants attended two separate visits. At each visit, they were instructed to produce fine motor control and maximum compression forces with each upper and lower lip in response to visual force targets. Measures of force were extracted, and the data were fit using regression techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The upper and lower lips of the participants with a cleft lip demonstrated less time on target, while the lower lips had shorter rise time but higher peak forces, a higher rate of force recruitment, and increased maxima of the first derivative of force compared with the noncleft participants. For all participants, there was a learning effect for certain force variables between the two visits and with increasing age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For participants with a cleft lip, force regulation of the circumoral region within the operating range presumed important for facial and speech animation is compromised because of impairments in force recruitment, gradation, fractionation, and stability. In the presence of a change in upper lip tissue mechanics due to scarring or neuromotor impairment, such as a cleft, the lower lip typically exhibits compensatory motor actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7450, USA. carroll-ann_trotman@dentistry.unc.edu
authors.forename: Carroll-Ann
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Trotman
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Julian J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Faraway
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time; D011999:Recruitment, Neurophysiological; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012086:Reoperation