title: Evaluation of internal refraction with the optical path difference scan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate internal refraction and its relation to other optical properties of the eye across a large range of refractive errors, which can provide useful information for the assessment and design of intraocular lenses and corneal ablation patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred ninety-four eyes of 197 healthy subjects with a mean age of 27+/-7 years (range, 18-42).
  
  
  METHODS
  All eyes underwent optical path difference scans to evaluate corneal topography, whole and internal ocular refraction (determined by the subtraction of corneal refraction from whole ocular refraction), and total and higher-order aberrations (HOAs) were assessed. After the conversion of any spherocylindrical refractive errors to vectorial data (sphere equivalent, blurring strength; cylinder, J(0) [power of Jackson cross cylinder at 90 degrees and 180 degrees] and J45 [power of Jackson cross cylinder at 45 degrees and 135 degrees]), the distribution of internal refraction among refraction groups (high myopes, low to moderate myopes, hyperopes, mixed astigmats, and emmetropes) and relationships between internal refraction, corneal refraction, and wavefront aberrations were analyzed. The compensation relation and its rate between corneal and internal astigmatism was assessed by the compensation factor (CF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole ocular power and astigmatism, corneal power and astigmatism, internal power and astigmatism, CF for astigmatic data, location of the highest internal refraction zone, and wavefront aberrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest refraction zone was mostly (90%) located in the center in myopes, whereas it was located at the nasal side (71%) in hyperopes. There was a significant correlation between whole ocular and internal powers (P<0.01), but no correlation was observed between corneal and internal powers (P>0.05). Internal astigmatism was mostly against the rule. The mean CF J(0) was 0.63+/-3.78 and CF J(45) was 0.57+/-2.47. The magnitude of the internal astigmatism under the 3-mm zone was correlated with the magnitude of corneal astigmatism (P<0.05). The distribution of astigmatic CF differed among refraction groups. There were significant correlations between internal power and spherical aberration (P<0.05) and internal cylinder under the 5-mm zone and HOAs (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a remarkable tilt in internal refraction in hyperopes. Although there is a tendency of undercompensation of the corneal astigmatism by internal astigmatism in the entire group of eyes, the compensation differs among refraction groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. orkunm@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Orkun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muftuoglu
authors.forename: Uzeyir
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Erdem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003315:Cornea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019781:Corneal Topography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology*