title: NKG2D receptor signaling enhances cytolytic activity by virus-specific CD8+ T cells: evidence for a protective role in virus-induced encephalitis.
abstract: Inoculation with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of mice results in an acute encephalitis associated with an immune-mediated demyelinating disease. During acute disease, infiltrating CD8(+) T cells secrete gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) that controls replication in oligodendrocytes, while infected astrocytes and microglia are susceptible to perforin-mediated lysis. The present study was undertaken to reveal the functional contributions of the activating NKG2D receptor in host defense and disease following JHMV infection. NKG2D ligands RAE-1, MULT1, and H60 were expressed within the CNS following JHMV infection. The immunophenotyping of infiltrating cells revealed that NKG2D was expressed on approximately 90% of infiltrating CD8(+) T cells during acute and chronic disease. Blocking NKG2D following JHMV infection resulted in increased mortality that correlated with increased viral titers within the CNS. Anti-NKG2D treatment did not alter T-cell infiltration into the CNS or the generation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, and the expression of IFN-gamma was not affected. However, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity was dependent on NKG2D expression, because anti-NKG2D treatment resulted in a dramatic reduction in lytic activity by virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. Blocking NKG2D during chronic disease did not affect either T-cell or macrophage infiltration or the severity of demyelination, indicating that NKG2D does not contribute to virus-induced demyelination. These findings demonstrate a functional role for NKG2D in host defense during acute viral encephalitis by selectively enhancing CTL activity by infiltrating virus-specific CD8(+) T cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 3205 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Lewis L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lanier
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006524:Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016513:Mice, SCID; D055655:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D055607:Receptors, Natural Killer Cell; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C527085:KLRK1 protein, human; C527086:Klrk1 protein, mouse; D055655:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D055607:Receptors, Natural Killer Cell