title: Production of cromolyn sodium microparticles for aerosol delivery by supercritical assisted atomization.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to produce cromolyn sodium (CS) micrometric particles with controlled particle size (PS) and PS distribution (PSD) suitable for aerosol delivery, using a supercritical fluids-based process. CS was micronized using the supercritical assisted atomization (SAA) technique at different solute concentrations in water and different precipitation temperatures. Two techniques were used to measure PS and PSD of produced particles: scanning electron microscopy image analysis and laser scattering analysis. The 2 techniques were compared to provide a complete description of the powder obtained. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was used to verify the absence of degradation of CS after micronization; differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray analysis were performed to study the effect of operative conditions on the crystalline structure and on the water content of SAA micronized particles. The CS particles obtained were spherical, with a volumetric percentage of particles with a diameter ranging between 1 and 5 microm of 50% to 66%. The precipitation temperature had no significant effect on PSD, but high drying temperatures led to product degradation. Increasing the concentration of CS in water solution produced an increase in PS of the micronized particles. TGA showed that the micronized CS had a different hydration state than the untreated CS did. The micronized product was stable after 12 months of storage, and no modifications in structure, morphology, or crystallinity were detected. In conclusion, SAA is an efficient technique for micronization of CS, and stable spherical amorphous particles suitable for aerosol delivery can be produced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Food Engineering, University of Salerno, I-84084, Italy. ereverchon@unisa.it.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reverchon
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caputo
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; D004205:Cromolyn Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004355:Drug Stability; D007834:Lasers; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013499:Surface Properties; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D011208:Powders; D014867:Water; D004205:Cromolyn Sodium