title: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of polychlorinated biphenyls using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization microchips.
abstract: Gas chromatography (GC) and ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) were combined with microchip atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (microAPCI) and microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization (microAPPI) sources. Selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, IUPAC Nos. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) were analyzed by GC/microAPCI-MS and GC/microAPPI-MS to demonstrate the applicability of the miniaturized ion sources in negative ion mode analysis. The microAPCI and microAPPI methods were evaluated in respect of detection limit, linearity and repeatability. The detection limits for the PCB congeners were somewhat lower with microAPCI than with microAPPI, whereas microAPPI showed slightly wider linear range and better repeatability. With both methods, the best results were obtained for highly chlorinated or non-ortho-chlorinated PCBs, which possess the highest electron affinities. Finally, the suitability of the GC/microAPPI-MS method for the analysis of PCBs in environmental samples was demonstrated by analyzing soil extracts, and by comparing the results with those obtained by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luosujärvi
authors.forename: Mika-Matti
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Karikko
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapala
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Saarela
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huhtala
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franssila
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kostiainen
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotiaho
authors.forename: Tiina J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kauppila
mesh_terms: D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D046208:Microchip Analytical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls