title: Preference of birds for zinc phosphide bait formulations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zinc phosphide baits are used for controlling pest rodents but are also highly toxic to other vertebrates. The base for rodent baits containing zinc phosphide is usually wheat kernels which are highly attractive to birds. In this study, wheat-based pellets of different shapes and colours without zinc phosphide were tested for their attractiveness for pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin) and Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica Temm. & Schleg.) in aviaries and for pigeons and corvids (Corvus monedula L., Corvus corone L., Pica pica L.) in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In aviaries, wheat was clearly preferred over other bait. In the field, some bait formulations were avoided by birds in certain conditions. However, no formulation was avoided consistently across species to lower the potential uptake of zinc phosphide below the LD(50) for highly susceptible bird species (8 mg kg(-1) body weight). The formulations that were not rapidly eaten by birds (blue granules, red lentil-shaped pellets) were not avoided consistently at low and high vegetative cover.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bait formulations tested may not considerably enhance the safety of birds when using zinc phosphide for rodent control. Field testing other combinations of bait colour and shape to minimise background contrast may result in bait with higher potential for bird protection.
authors.affiliation: Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Nematology and Vertebrate Research, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany. j.jacob@bba.se
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leukers
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D010856:Columbidae / Q000502:physiology*; D003370:Coturnix / Q000502:physiology*; D046368:Crows / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D010720:Phosphines / Q000633:toxicity*; D012375:Rodent Control; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010720:Phosphines; D012378:Rodenticides; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C009701:zinc phosphide