title: Optimization of Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miquel topical formulations using experimental design.
abstract: Pothomorphe umbellata is a native plant widely employed in the Brazilian popular medicine. This plant has been shown to exert a potent antioxidant activity on the skin and to delay the onset and reduce the incidence of UVB-induced skin damage and photoaging. The aim of this work was to optimize the appearance, the centrifuge stability and the permeation of emulsions containing P. umbellata (0.1% 4-nerolidylchatecol). Experimental design was used to study ternary mixtures models with constraints and graphical representation by phase diagrams. The constraints reduce the possible experimental domain, and for this reason, this methodology offers the maximum information while requiring the minimum investment. The results showed that the appearance follows a linear model, and that the aqueous phase was the principal factor affecting the appearance; the centrifuge stability parameter followed a mathematic quadratic model and the interactions between factors produced the most stable emulsions; skin permeation was improved by the oil phase, following a linear model generated by data analysis. We propose as optimized P. umbellata formulation: 68.4% aqueous phase, 26.6% oil phase and 5.0% of self-emulsifying phase. This formulation displayed an acceptable compromise between factors and responses investigated.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. pekynoriega@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Peky
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Noriega
authors.forename: Cristina D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ropke
authors.forename: Vladi O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Consiglieri
authors.forename: Maria E S
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Taqueda
authors.forename: Leoberto C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wasicky
authors.forename: Elfriede M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bacchi
authors.forename: Silvia B M
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Barros
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D026321:Piperaceae; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012107:Research Design; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004655:Emulsions; D010936:Plant Extracts