title: Racial disparity in glucagon-like peptide 1 and inflammation markers among severely obese adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compared with Caucasians, obese African-American adolescents have a higher risk for type 2 diabetes. Subclinical inflammation and reduced glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentration are linked to the pathogenesis of the disease. We determined the relationship between insulin resistance, beta-cell activity, and subclinical inflammation with GLP-1 concentrations and whether racial disparities in GLP-1 response were present in 49 obese adolescents (14 +/- 3 years; 76% African American; 71% female).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects underwent physical examination and an oral glucose tolerance test. We measured levels of high-sensitivity CRP (CRP(hs)), fibrinogen, glucose, GLP-1(total), GLP-1(active), and insulin. Insulin and glucose area under the curve (AUC), insulinogenic index (DeltaI30/DeltaG30), and composite insulin sensitivity index (CISI) were computed. Subjects were categorized by race and as inflammation positive (INF+) if CRP(hs) or fibrinogen were elevated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No racial differences were seen in mean or relative BMI. Thirty-five percent of subjects had altered fasting or 2-h glucose levels (African American vs. Caucasian, NS), and 75% were INF+ (African American vs. Caucasian, P = 0.046). Glucose and insulin, CISI, and DeltaI30/DeltaG30 values were similar; African Americans had lower GLP-1(total) AUC (P = 0.01), GLP-1(active) at 15 min (P = 0.03), and GLP-1(active) AUC (P = 0.06) and higher fibrinogen (P = 0.01) and CRP(hs) (NS) compared with Caucasians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African Americans exhibited lower GLP-1 concentrations and increased inflammatory response. Both mechanisms may act synergistically to enhance the predisposition of obese African Americans to type 2 diabetes. Our findings might be relevant to effective deployment of emerging GLP-1-based treatments across ethnicities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. pvelasquez@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Velásquez-Mieyer
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pérez-Faustinelli
authors.forename: Ramfis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nieto-Martínez
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Villegas-Barreto
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tolley
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lustig
authors.forename: Bruce S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Alpert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers; D044383:Black People; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein