title: Clinical judgement of near pupil responses provides a useful indicator of focusing ability in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: Accommodation is often reduced in cerebral palsy (CP). Knowledge about accommodative facility is valuable when investigating a child's visual needs and developing strategies for education. With normal accommodation, changing focus from distance to near results in pupil constriction. We compared quality of near pupil responses (NPR) with objective measures of accommodative function obtained with dynamic retinoscopy (DR) to investigate the utility of NPR in indicating accommodative facility. NPR and accommodative function of 90 children with CP (56 males, 34 females; median age 11y, range 4-18y) were assessed. A total of 93% of participants had spastic CP (71.3% bilateral involvement, 28.7% hemiplegia). The severity of motor impairment ranged from very mild (n=7) to severe (no independent walking, n=28). NPR was classified subjectively as normal, reduced, or absent and compared with DR measures of accommodative response. A total of 9.8% of pupil responses were judged absent, 25.6% reduced, and 64.6% normal. Participants with reduced or absent pupil responses demonstrated significantly poorer levels of accommodation with DR (one-way analysis of variance p<0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of NPR in identifying participants with reduced accommodation were 83% (95% confidence interval [CI] 65.5-92.4%) and 72% (95% CI 58.4-82.0%) respectively. NPR provides a rapid, useful indicator of accommodative function in children with CP.
authors.affiliation: Vision Science Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Co. Londonderry, Northern Ireland. kj.saunders@ulster.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Julie F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D053483:Eye Movement Measurements; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results