title: Changing spectrum of Budd-Chiari syndrome in India with special reference to non-surgical treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate patterns of obstruction, etiological spectrum and non-surgical treatment in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine consecutive cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) were prospectively evaluated. All patients with refractory ascites or deteriorating liver function were, depending on morphology of inferior vena cava (IVC) and/or hepatic vein (HV) obstruction, triaged for radiological intervention, in addition to anticoagulation therapy. Asymptomatic patients, patients with diuretic-responsive ascites and stable liver function, and patients unwilling for surgical intervention were treated symptomatically with anticoagulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean duration of symptoms was 41.5 +/- 11.2 (range = 1-240) mo. HV thrombosis (HVT) was present in 29 (59.1%), IVC thrombosis in eight (16.3%), membranous obstruction of IVC in two (4%) and both IVC-HV thrombosis in 10 (20.4%) cases. Of 35 cases tested for hypercoagulability, 27 (77.1%) were positive for one or more hypercoagulable states. Radiological intervention was technically successful in 37/38 (97.3%): IVC stenting in seven (18.9%), IVC balloon angioplasty in two (5.4%), combined IVC-HV stenting in two (5.4%), HV stenting in 11 (29.7%), transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in 13 (35.1%) and combined TIPS-IVC stenting in two (5.4%). Complications encountered in follow-up: death in five, re-stenosis of the stent in five (17.1%), hepatic encephalopathy in two and hepatocellular carcinoma in one patient. Of nine patients treated medically, two showed complete resolution of HVT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series, HVT was the predominant cause of BCS. In the last five years with the availability of sophisticated tests for hypercoagulability, etiologies were defined in 85.7% of cases. Non-surgical management was successful in most cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, D-401 Ameya Society, New Prabhadevi Road, Mumbai 400025, India. amarapurkar@gmail.com
authors.forename: Deepak N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Amarapurkar
authors.forename: Sundeep J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Punamiya
authors.forename: Nikhil D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006502:Budd-Chiari Syndrome / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D004232:Diuretics