title: In vitro cell compatibility and antibacterial activity of microencapsulated doxycycline designed for improved localized therapy of septic arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For the treatment of septic arthritis in large animals, the local application of antibiotics as a slow release system may be an appropriate means to reach high local bioactivity and low systemic side effects and drug residues. In this study, doxycycline microspheres were developed and tested in vitro for their drug-release properties, suitability for intra-articular application and antimicrobial activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The development of a slow release system was achieved by microencapsulation of the drug into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres by a novel ultrasonic atomization method. Drug elution was evaluated from microspheres dispersed in elution medium at pre-defined time points by HPLC. Joint-tissue compatibility was tested on cultured bovine synoviocytes by evaluating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and the production of nitric oxide (NO). Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the released antibiotic was assessed with gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria exposed to release medium sampled at days 1, 7 and 12 after microsphere suspension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An adequate size of the microspheres, sufficient stabilization of doxycycline in aqueous environment and drug release (25 mg microspheres in 4 mL medium) above MIC for bacteria usually isolated in bovine and equine joints were obtained over 15 days. Although the cytokine mRNA expression reflected the excellent tissue compatibility, the results with NO yielded contradictory results. Antimicrobial tests of the release medium proved to match perfectly the activity of non-encapsulated, free doxycycline as reported in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The newly developed doxycycline delivery system achieved the target specifications and is ready for in vivo testing.
authors.affiliation: AO Research Institute, 7270 Davos-Platz, Switzerland. christina-haerdi@ethz.ch
authors.forename: M Christina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Haerdi-Landerer
authors.forename: Maja M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: Max M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wittenbrink
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pickl
authors.forename: Bruno A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004318:Doxycycline