title: [Changes in the concentration of noradrenaline and adrenaline before and after castration of piglets with and without isoflurane anesthesia].
abstract: Since the amendment of the animal welfare law in Germany in April 2006, castration of piglets without anesthesia is only allowed in the first seven days of life. However, neonates are capable of feeling pain and react more sensitive to pain than adults. Accordingly we expect that castration without anesthesia will be unaccepted in Germany in the future as castration without anesthesia will be forbidden in Switzerland from 2009 on. Denmark and The Netherlands strive for an embargo of the castration without anesthesia and Norway is already asking for an elimination of pain during castration. In Switzerland castration under isoflurane-anesthesia is considered to be a good alternative for the castration without anesthesia. Whether isoflurane-anesthesia is able to reduce stress caused by castration adequately or anesthesia, especially anesthetization that often provokes defensive reaction, is stress for the animal itself was tested in the following investigation. To get an objective statement about the stress of the animals, concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were detected before and immediately after castration/fixation with or without anesthesia. Five day old, healthy animals were divided into four groups. Animals of group A (n = 10) were only fixed without anesthesia, animals of group B (n = 10) were fixed and castrated without anesthesia. In group C (n = 10) the animals were only fixed under anesthesia and the animals of group D (n = 11) were fixed and castrated under anesthesia. Norepinephrine-concentrations and epinephrine-concentrations did rise significantly in all piglets handled without anesthesia (group A and B) independently if castrated or only handled. The values of these animals were significantly higher than the values of the anesthetized animals after fixation/castration (group C and D). In contrast the norepinephrine-concentrations and the epinephrine-concentrations of all anesthetized animals (group C and D) were significantly lower after castration than the concentrations before castration. The catecholamine peak did not differ significantly between the groups of anesthetized animals. The significant increase of the catecholamines of the non-anesthetized animals can be explained by the stress caused by fixation and/or castration without anesthesia. Because of the anesthesia the catecholamine-concentration was reduced considerably during the fixation and/or castration. The results show that fixation and/or castration under anesthesia causes no stress for the piglets.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Schweine der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ritzmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palzer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heinritzi
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine