title: Estimation of adult patient doses for common diagnostic X-ray examinations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
abstract: DoseCal software has been used to evaluate the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) and Effective Dose (ED) of adult patients undergoing abdomen, cervical spine, chest, lumbar spine and skull diagnostic X-ray examinations in AP, PA and LAT projections. The survey was carried out in nine hospitals in Rio de Janeiro state with a total of 1917 radiographs. The mean values of ESD (mGy) and ED (mSv) were recorded. Although the results obtained are below the international diagnostic reference levels, they present large variations within and between hospitals which reflects the disparity of radiographic techniques used in the examinations. The results were compared with the European Community Reference Levels. Even though in Brazil there are specific legislations on radiation protection and implementation of Quality Assurance Programs (QAPs) in all medical institutions, there is still a need for personnel training and national guidance on good practice for optimization of patients' doses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Osibote
authors.forename: A C P
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Azevedo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001822:Body Burden; D001938:Brazil; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011859:Radiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*