title: Prediction of 10-year coronary heart disease risk in Caribbean type 2 diabetic patients using the UKPDS risk engine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary prevention of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in diabetic patients should be based on absolute CHD risk calculation. This study was aimed to determine the levels of 10-year CHD risk in Caribbean type 2 diabetic patients using the diabetes specific United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk engine calculator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and twenty-five (106 males, 219 females) type 2 diabetic patients resident in two Caribbean Islands of Tobago and Trinidad met the UKPDS risk engine inclusion criteria. Records of their sex, age, ethnicity, smoking habit, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and glycated haemoglobin were entered into the UKPDS risk engine calculator programme and the absolute 10-year CHD and stroke risk levels were computed. The 10-year CHD and stroke risks were statistically stratified into <15%, 15-30% and >30% CHD risk levels and differences between patients of African and Asian-Indian origin were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with patients in Tobago, type 2 diabetic patients in Trinidad, irrespective of gender, had higher proportion of 10-year CHD risk (10.4 vs. 23.6%, P<0.001) whereas the overall 10-year stroke risk prediction was higher in patients resident in Tobago (16.9 vs. 11.4%, P<0.001). Ethnicity-based analysis revealed that irrespective of gender, higher proportion of patients of Indian origin scored >30% of absolute 10-year CHD risk compared with patients of African descent (3.2 vs. 28.2%, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study identified diabetic patients resident in Trinidad and patients of Indian origin as the most vulnerable groups for CHD. These groups of diabetic patients should have priority in primary or secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago. cezenwaka@fms.uwi.tt
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ezenwaka
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nwagbara
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seales
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Okali
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hussaini
authors.forename: Bn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones-LeCointe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Avci
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eckel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011322:Primary Prevention; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology; D014300:Trinidad and Tobago / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors