title: Fermentation characteristics and microbial growth promoted by diets including two-phase olive cake in continuous fermenters.
abstract: Two-phase olive cake (2POC) is the by-product obtained from the so called 'two-phase' procedure to extract olive oil by mechanical methods. After the mechanical extraction the 2POC is dried and most of the remaining oil extracted by chemical means. The production of the crude by-product may reach more than 4 millions t/year in Spain (MAPA, 2003), most of it in areas (Southeast) with shortage of pastures and conventional feeds for ruminants. Six continuous fermenters, inoculated with ruminal liquor from wethers or goats, were fed lucerne hay (LH); LH plus a concentrate including dried two-phase olive cake (LHCO) and; diet LHCO added with polyethylene glycol (LHCOP). The highest pH values and ammonia N (NH(3)-N) output were found in fermenters fed diet LH (6.19 and 6.35 for pH, and 53.7 and 68.9 mg NH(3)N/day, respectively, in fermentes inoculated with rumen liquor from sheep and goats) without differences due to the inoculum origin. The digestibility of carbohydrates (CHO) was affected (p < 0.001) by inoculum (67.0 and 58.8%, respectively, for goats and wethers) the lowest values being for diet LHCO (53.2 and 57.0% with inoculum from wethers and goats, respectively). The main volatile fatty acid (VFA) was acetic acid with higher (p < 0.01) values in fermenters with inoculum from goats than from wethers (80.2 and 63.0 mmol/day respectively). The efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis (EBS) was not different (p > 0.05) with inoculum from wethers and goats [26.4 and 28.1 and 35.2 and 33.5 g bacterial N/kg digested CHO, respectively, obtained by using diamino pimelic acid (DAPA) and purine bases (PB) as microbial markers]. The lowest (p < 0.05) values were found in fermenters fed diets LHCOP and LH, estimated, respectively, from DAPA and PB (21.9 and 29.0 g bacterial N/kg digested CHO). The substitution of a part of lucerne hay by a concentrate including dried 2POC does not seem to cause important differences in efficiency of VFA production. Results concerning bacterial protein synthesis are not so clear since values estimated from DAPA and PB did not show similar trends. Neither inoculum origin nor PEG had important effects on fermentation characteristics. The DAPA could be an adequate marker in continuous fermenters, with comparative purposes, as protozoa are not present and, estimated protein synthesis values are similar to those obtained in vivo with similar diets using urinary excretion of PD (Yáñez Ruiz et al., 2004b). Further research is needed to state the optimal proportion of 2POC in practical diets for ruminants at both maintenance and production stages.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Nutrición Animal, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Camino del Jueves s/n, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moumen
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Yáñez-Ruiz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martín-García
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molina-Alcaide
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005285:Fermentation; D006041:Goats / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000378:metabolism; D009753:Nutritive Value; D031658:Olea / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D012756:Sheep / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D000641:Ammonia