title: Drug/Drug interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir and rosuvastatin in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This open-label, single-arm, pharmacokinetic (PK) study in HIV-seronegative volunteers evaluated the bioequivalence of rosuvastatin and lopinavir/ritonavir when administered alone and in combination. Tolerability and lipid changes were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects took 20 mg of rosuvastatin alone for 7 days, then lopinavir/ritonavir alone for 10 days, and then the combination for 7 days. Intensive PK sampling was performed on days 7, 17, and 24.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty subjects enrolled, and PK data were available for 15 subjects. Geometric mean (+/-SD) rosuvastatin area under the concentration time curve (AUC)[0,tau] and maximum concentration (Cmax) were 47.6 ng.h/mL (+/-15.3) and 4.34 ng/mL (+/-1.8), respectively, when given alone versus 98.8 ng.h/mL (+/-65.5) and 20.2 ng/mL (+/-16.9) when combined with lopinavir/ritonavir (P < 0.0001). The geometric mean ratio was 2.1 (90% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7 to 2.6) for rosuvastatin AUC[0,tau] and 4.7 (90% CI: 3.4 to 6.4) for rosuvastatin Cmax with lopinavir/ritonavir versus rosuvastatin alone (P < 0.0001). There was 1 asymptomatic creatine phosphokinase elevation 17 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) and 1 liver function test elevation between 1.1 and 2.5 times the ULN with the combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rosuvastatin low-density lipoprotein reduction was attenuated with lopinavir/ritonavir. Rosuvastatin AUC and Cmax were unexpectedly increased 2.1- and 4.7-fold in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir. Rosuvastatin and lopinavir/ritonavir should be used with caution until the safety, efficacy, and appropriate dosing of this combination have been demonstrated in larger populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kiser
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Predhomme
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Devon M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Dorie W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hoody
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005464:Fluorobenzenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D005464:Fluorobenzenes; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D013449:Sulfonamides; D061466:Lopinavir; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium; D019438:Ritonavir