title: Is haemodynamic depression during carotid stenting a predictor of peri-procedural complications?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical significance of Haemodynamic Depression (HD) during carotid stenting (CAS) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and predictors of HD during CAS in a single centre experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective protocol for CAS was applied in a 15-month interval. Patients with restenosis, on betablockers, or with arrhythmias were excluded. A standardized dose of atropine (0.4mg) was given prior to stent deployment. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and neurological status were monitored and recorded. HD was defined as systolic pressure <90mmHg and/or heart rate <50 beats/min. Fifteen potential predictors of HD (age, gender, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, symptoms, degree of carotid stenosis contralateral CEA or CAS, calcified/hyperechoic plaque, plaque length, stent oversizing and type of stent) were tested in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and twenty three consecutive patients were enrolled. HD occurred in 98 cases (44%): in 68 cases HD required additional pharmacological support. At 30 days, any stroke rate was 3.1% (3 major and 4 minor), TIA rate 1.8%, myocardial infarction rate 0.4%. No deaths were recorded. No difference in complication rates were found in patients with or without HD. From regression analysis only the presence of calcified plaque (HR 9.5; 95% CI 5.0 to 18.2; p<0.0001) and the plaque length (HR 1.77; 95% CI 1.03 to 3.06; p=0.038) were associated significantly with HD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HD during CAS is a common, relatively benign event, without increased risk of peri-operative complications. Careful pharmacological treatment is necessary to decrease HD and the potential complications, especially in patients with more severe calcified lesions. These results require confirmation in a separate, larger cohort.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Perugia, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cieri
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Rango
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Maccaroni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spaccatini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Caso
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology