title: Smoking is associated with reduced cortical regional gray matter density in brain regions associated with incipient Alzheimer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The results of observational studies suggest that smoking increases the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD). The authors designed this study to determine if older people who smoke have decreased gray matter density in brain regions associated with incipient AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors recruited 39 pairs (N = 78) of smokers/never-smokers 70 to 83 years of age who were matched for age, sex, education, and handedness. Participants were free of clinically significant cognitive impairment, depression, stroke, or other serious medical conditions. Gray matter density was determined by voxel-based morphometry using statistical parametric mapping of T1-weighted magnetic resonance images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers had decreased gray matter density in the posterior cingulum and precuneus (bilateral), right thalamus, and frontal cortex (bilateral) compared with never-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is associated with decreased gray matter density in brain regions previously associated with incipient AD. Longitudinal investigations are required to clarify whether these changes are progressive in nature.
authors.affiliation: Western Australia Centre for Health and Ageing, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. Osvaldo.Almeida@uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Osvaldo P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Griselda J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.forename: Nicola T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Lautenschlager
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hulse
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jamrozik
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flicker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*