title: New insights into the origin of the HIV type 1 subtype A epidemic in former Soviet Union's countries derived from sequence analyses of preepidemically transmitted viruses.
abstract: The HIV-1 subtype A epidemic affecting injecting drug users (IDU) in former Soviet Union (FSU) countries started dramatically in Odessa, southern Ukraine, in 1995, and is caused by a variant of monophyletic origin, often designated IDU-A. We phylogenetically analyzed one near full-length genome and two partial sequences of three HIV-1 subtype A viruses collected in St. Petersburg, Russia, heterosexually transmitted in 1992-1994. The sequences branched basally to the IDU-A clade, together with eight viruses from Odessa collected in 1993, all presumably acquired heterosexually, and two viruses from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Of all other FSU sequences in databases, only those from three recently collected viruses, one from Ukraine and two from northwestern Russia, at least one of them acquired heterosexually, branched basally to the IDU-A cluster. The results indicate that the FSU IDU-A variant derives from a strain that initially propagated heterosexually in Ukraine and originated in central Africa.
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain. mthomson@isciii.es
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Elena Vázquez
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: de Parga
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vinogradova
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.forename: Aleksey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yakovlev
authors.forename: Aza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rakhmanova
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: Gema
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carmona
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pérez-Alvarez
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Leandro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Medrano
authors.forename: Saladin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osmanov
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nájera
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000821:virology; D014455:Ukraine / Q000453:epidemiology