title: Bootstrapping to test for nonzero population correlation coefficients using univariate sampling.
abstract: This article proposes 2 new approaches to test a nonzero population correlation (rho): the hypothesis-imposed univariate sampling bootstrap (HI) and the observed-imposed univariate sampling bootstrap (OI). The authors simulated correlated populations with various combinations of normal and skewed variates. With alpha set=.05, N> or =10, and rho< or =0.4, empirical Type I error rates of the parametric r and the conventional bivariate sampling bootstrap reached .168 and .081, respectively, whereas the largest error rates of the HI and the OI were .079 and .062. On the basis of these results, the authors suggest that the OI is preferable in alpha control to parametric approaches if the researcher believes the population is nonnormal and wishes to test for nonzero rhos of moderate size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma.
authors.forename: William Howard
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma Health Care Authority.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DeShea
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Larry E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Toothaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bard
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Joseph Lee
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011584:Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D012494:Sampling Studies