title: Candidate genes involved in enhanced growth of human prostate cancer under high fat feeding identified by microarray analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have suggested that a high fat diet (HFD) may be a risk factor of prostate cancer (PCa). As a first step to delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced progression of PCa under HFD, we investigated the differential gene expressions of a human PCa xenograft under HFD and a low fat diet (LFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  LNCaP cells were subcutaneously injected in 20 nude mice, which were equally divided into two groups, the HFD group and LFD group. Oligonucleotide microarray analyses were performed using mice xenografts from HFD and LFD, and the results of candidate genes with a significant differential expression were validated by quantitative RT-PCR experiments. As for insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), protein expression levels were further examined by immunohistochemistry in xenograft tissues and in 78 radical prostatectomy specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor volume and serum PSA levels were significantly higher in the HFD group than in the LFD group (P<0.001 and P=0.006, respectively). We found 64 up-regulated genes (0.19%) and 14 down-regulated genes (0.04%) with more than twofold differences in the HFD xenograft. IGF-IR, TNFRSF, and LPL showed striking differences in the quantitative RT-PCR experiment. Immunostaining further revealed marked enhanced IGF-IR expression in the HFD xenograft. In human PCa, the lowest IGF-IR immunoreactivity group tended to have the lowest body mass index in both normal and PCa epithelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HFD induced remarkable up- and down-regulation of mRNA of a substantial number of genes. Furthermore, the IGF-I system may be involved in the HFD-associated enhanced progression of PCa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narita
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Takamitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Teruaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumazawa
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yuasa
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Habuchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen