title: Rapid prototyping model for percutaneous nephrolithotomy training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rapid prototyping is a technique used for creating computer images in three dimensions more efficiently than classic techniques. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a popular method to remove kidney stones; however, broader use by the urologic community has been hampered by the morbidity associated with needle puncture to gain access to the renal calix (bleeding, pneumothorax, hydrothorax, inadvertent colon injury). A training model to improve technique and understanding of renal anatomy could improve complications related to renal puncture; however, no model currently exists for resident training.
  
  
  METHODS
  We created a training model using the rapid prototyping technique based on abdominal CT images of a patient scheduled to undergo PCNL. This allowed our staff and residents to train on the model before performing the operation. This model allowed anticipation of particular difficulties inherent to the patient's anatomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After training, the procedure proceeded without complication, and the patient was discharged at postoperative day 1 without problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We hypothesize that rapid prototyping could be useful for resident education, allowing the creation of numerous models for research and surgical training. In addition, we anticipate that experienced urologists could find this technique helpful in preparation for difficult PCNL operations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital of Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnelé, Tours, France. f.bruyere@chu-tours.fr
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bruyère
authors.forename: Cecile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brunereau
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lermusiaux
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface