title: A randomized trial to evaluate a management training program to prevent illegal alcohol sales.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate effects of a training program for owners/managers of alcohol establishments-Alcohol Risk Management (ARM)-on: (i) propensity to sell alcohol to obviously intoxicated patrons; and (ii) changing establishment-level policies/practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assigned alcohol establishments randomly to intervention (full-ARM) and delayed-intervention/control (ARM Express) conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  One large metropolitan area in Midwestern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Owners and managers at 231 on-premise alcohol establishments (i.e. bars, restaurants).
  
  
  METHODS
  Training programs consisted of one-to-one sessions with the owner/manager at each establishment. The goal of training was to help owners/managers to select and implement alcohol control policies in their establishments. The full-ARM training consisted of four one-to-one sessions and the ARM Express was a single session.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured intervention effects through baseline and follow-up pseudo-intoxicated alcohol purchase attempts (i.e. feigning intoxication while attempting to purchase alcohol) and telephone surveys of owners/managers at alcohol establishments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sales rates to pseudo-intoxicated patrons reduced 23% (relative to delayed-intervention/control condition) at the first follow-up purchase attempt (P = 0.06) but returned to baseline levels 3 months later. On average, establishments selected 13 of 18 recommended policies, but in multivariate models we observed no significant differences at follow-up in reported policies/practices across establishments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reliance on manager training to promote responsible establishment alcohol policies is not sufficient to prevent illegal alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons and to reduce alcohol-related problems.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454, USA. toomey@epi.umn.edu
authors.forename: Traci L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Toomey
authors.forename: Darin J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lenk
authors.forename: Gunna R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Kilian
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wagenaar
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003415:Crime / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D010559:Personnel Management / Q000379:methods; D012147:Restaurants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States