title: Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses found in Morocco, Uganda, Cote d'Ivoire and South Africa from 2001 to 2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rubella virus (RV) causes a mild disease, but maternal infection early in pregnancy often leads to birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Rubella remains poorly controlled in Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify RV genotypes found in Africa to help establish a genetic baseline for RV molecular epidemiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine and nasopharyngeal specimens were collected between 2001 and 2004 during measles surveillance in Morocco, Uganda and South Africa, and from two persons in the United States who contracted rubella in Cote d'Ivoire and Uganda in 2004 and 2007, respectively. RV RNA was obtained directly from specimens or from RV-infected cell cultures, amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and the resulting DNAs sequenced. Sequences were assigned to genotypes by phylogenetic analysis with RV reference sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine RV sequences were assigned as follows: 1E in Morocco, 1G in Uganda and Cote d'Ivoire, and 2B in South Africa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information about RV genotypes circulating in Africa is improved which should aid in control of rubella and CRS in Africa.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Hygiene, Morocco. hcaidi@mailcity.com
authors.forename: Hayat
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Caidi
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Abernathy
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benjouad
authors.forename: Sheilagh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bwogi
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nanyunja
authors.forename: Rajae
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: El Aouad
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Icenogle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009018:Morocco; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011247:Pregnancy; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012409:Rubella / Q000821:virology*; D012412:Rubella virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013019:South Africa; D014454:Uganda; D014481:United States; D014556:Urine / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral