title: Psychotropic medication patterns among youth in foster care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have revealed that youth in foster care covered by Medicaid insurance receive psychotropic medication at a rate > 3 times that of Medicaid-insured youth who qualify by low family income. Systematic data on patterns of medication treatment, particularly concomitant drugs, for youth in foster care are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to describe and quantify patterns of psychotropic monotherapy and concomitant therapy prescribed to a randomly selected, 1-month sample of youth in foster care who had been receiving psychotropic medication. METHODS. Medicaid data were accessed for a July 2004 random sample of 472 medicated youth in foster care aged 0 through 19 years from a southwestern US state. Psychotropic medication treatment data were identified by concomitant pattern, frequency, medication class, subclass, and drug entity and were analyzed in relation to age group; gender; race or ethnicity; International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, psychiatric diagnosis; and physician specialty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the foster children who had been dispensed psychotropic medication, 41.3% received > or = 3 different classes of these drugs during July 2004, and 15.9% received > or = 4 different classes. The most frequently used medications were antidepressants (56.8%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder drugs (55.9%), and antipsychotic agents (53.2%). The use of specific psychotropic medication classes varied little by diagnostic grouping. Psychiatrists prescribed 93% of the psychotropic medication dispensed to youth in foster care. The use of > or = 2 drugs within the same psychotropic medication class was noted in 22.2% of those who were given prescribed drugs concomitantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concomitant psychotropic medication treatment is frequent for youth in foster care and lacks substantive evidence as to its effectiveness and safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. jzito@rx.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zito
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Safer
authors.forename: Devadatta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sai
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coombes
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dubowski
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendez-Lewis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005581:Foster Home Care / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs