title: Enhancement of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G production in mice by co-administration of L-cystine and L-theanine.
abstract: Supplementation with both cystine and glutamic acid increases the synthesis of glutathione (GSH), which has a marked effect on immune cell function, as compared with supplementation with either amino acid alone in human macrophages in vitro. As dietary glutamic acid is metabolized during intestinal transport, oral administration of L-theanine (gamma-glutamylethylamide), which is metabolized to glutamic acid mainly in the liver, may act as a glutamic acid donor in vivo. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of oral administration of L-cystine and/or L-theanine on GSH levels and immune responses. Co-administration of L-cystine (200 mg/kg) and L-theanine (80 mg/kg) for 11 days before immunization significantly increased the levels of total GSH in the liver 6 hr after immunization as compared with the levels in control mice. To examine the effects of administration of L-cystine and/or L-theanine on the balance of T helper (Th) 1/Th2 cell responses, the serum ratios of the Th1 cytokine, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and the Th2 cytokine, interleukin IL-10, were investigated. At 24 hr after immunization, co-administration significantly increased the IL-10/IFN-gamma ratio compared with the ratios of the control and single-administration mice. Furthermore, co-administration before primary immunization significantly enhanced serum antigen-specific IgG levels. Taken together, these findings suggest that co-administration of L-cystine and L-theanine enhances antigen-specific IgG production partly through augmentation of GSH levels and Th2-mediated responses.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigekazu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibahara
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arisaka
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akiyama
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D003553:Cystine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003911:Dextrans / Q000276:immunology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005971:Glutamates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000097:blood; D005978:Glutathione / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D003911:Dextrans; D005971:Glutamates; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D003553:Cystine; C026166:theanine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin; D005978:Glutathione