title: The impact of chronic hepatitis B on quality of life: a multinational study of utilities from infected and uninfected persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a condition that results in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide because of progressive liver damage. Investigators undertaking economic evaluations of new therapeutic agents require estimates of health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Recently, evidence has begun to accumulate that differences in cultural backgrounds have a quantifiable impact on perceptions of health. The objective was to elicit utilities for six health states that occur after infection with the hepatitis B virus from infected and uninfected respondents living in jurisdictions with low and with high CHB endemicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard gamble utilities were elicited from hepatitis patients and uninfected respondents using an interviewer-administered survey in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Spain, Hong Kong, and mainland China. Generalized linear models were used to the effect on utilities of current health, age and sex, jurisdiction and, for infected respondents, current disease state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample included 534 CHB-infected patients and 600 uninfected respondents. CHB and compensated cirrhosis had a moderate impact on HRQOL with utilities ranging from 0.68 to 0.80. Decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma had a stronger impact with utilities ranging from 0.35 to 0.41. Significant variation was observed between countries, with both types of respondents in mainland China and Hong Kong reporting systematically lower utilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health states related to CHB infection have substantial reductions in HRQOL and the utilities reported in this study provide valuable information for comparing new treatment options. The observed intercountry differences suggest that economic evaluations may benefit from country-specific utility estimates. The extent that systematic intercountry differences in utilities hold true for other infectious and chronic diseases remains an open question and has considerable implications for the proper conduct and interpretation of economic evaluations.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Outcomes Ltd, Vancouver, BC, Canada. adrian.levy@oxfordoutcomes.com
authors.forename: Adrian R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Kris V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Kowdley
authors.forename: Uchenna
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Iloeje
authors.forename: Eskinder
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tafesse
authors.forename: Jayanti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gish
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bzowej
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Briggs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life