title: Melanogenesis inhibitory effects of methanolic extracts of Umbilicaria esculenta and Usnea longissima.
abstract: The primary objective of this study was to assess the in vitro melanogenesis inhibitory effects of methanolic extracts of the edible and medicinal lichens, Umbilicaria (Gyrophora) esculenta and Usnea longissima. The quantities of the total phenolic compounds of methanolic extract of the two lichen extracts were determined to be 1.46% and 2.62%, respectively. In order to evaluate the antioxidative effects of the extracts, we also measured electron donating abilities (EDA) and lipid peroxidation rates. The EDA values measured by the reduction of 1.1''-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 72.8% and 80.7% for the extracts, with SC50 (median scavenging concentration) values of 1.29+/-0.05 mg/ml and 1.03+/-0.06 mg/ml, respectively. The rates of inhibition of lipid peroxidation using linoleic acid were 92.1% and 97.3% for the extracts, with IC50 (median inhibitory concentration) values of 0.57+/-0.05 mg/ml and 0.53+/-0.06 mg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory rates of the extracts against tyrosinase were 67.4% and 84.8%, respectively. The extracts were shown to reduce melanin formation in human melanoma cells. Melanin contents in the samples treated with 0.01% and 0.1% U. esculenta were 47.1% and 31.2%, respectively, and those treated with 0.01% and 0.1% Usnea longissima were 51.1% and 34.9%, respectively, whereas a value of 54.0% was registered when ascorbic acid was utilized as a positive control. In addition to direct tyrosinase inhibition, it was determined that the lichen extracts affected the activity of tyrosinase via the inhibition of tyrosinase glycosylation. As a result, the methanolic extracts of U. esculenta and Usnea longissima evidenced melanogenesis inhibitory effects, which occurred via multiple routes.
authors.affiliation: R&D Center, Macrocare Tech Ltd, Ochang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Moo-Sung
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hong-Bum
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006031:Glycosylation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D020949:Usnea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008543:Melanins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D000432:Methanol