title: Induction and recovery characteristics and cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane in bald eagles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare induction and recovery characteristics and cardiopulmonary effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in bald eagles. Animals-17 healthy adult bald eagles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane or sevoflurane delivered in oxygen via a facemask in a crossover design with 4 weeks between treatments. Eagles were intubated, allowed to breathe spontaneously, and instrumented for cardiopulmonary measurements. Time to induction, extubation, and recovery, as well as smoothness of recovery, were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of sevoflurane resulted in a significantly quicker recovery, compared with isoflurane. Temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate significantly decreased over time, whereas systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) significantly increased over time with each treatment. Temperature, heart rate, SAP, DAP, and MAP were significantly higher with isoflurane. Blood pH significantly decreased, whereas PaCO(2) significantly increased over time with each treatment. Bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide concentrations significantly increased over time with each treatment; however, there was a significant time-treatment interaction. The PaO(2) and arterial oxygen saturation increased over time with isoflurane and decreased over time with sevoflurane with a significant time-treatment interaction. Six eagles developed cardiac arrhythmias with isoflurane, as did 4 with sevoflurane anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoflurane and sevoflurane administration resulted in smooth, rapid induction of and recovery from anesthesia similar to other species. Isoflurane administration resulted in tachycardia, hypertension, and more arrhythmias, compared with sevoflurane. Sevoflurane was associated with fewer adverse effects and may be particularly beneficial in compromised bald eagles.
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Center of Virginia, PO Box 1557, Waynesboro, VA 22980, USA.
authors.forename: Priscilla H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gompf
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zagaya
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sleeman
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D020307:Eagles / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane