title: Childhood personality predicts long-term trajectories of shyness and aggressiveness in the context of demographic transitions in emerging adulthood.
abstract: In a 19-year longitudinal study, childhood personality characteristics (assessed by teachers at ages 4 to 6) were significantly related to both initial levels and changes in parental judgments of shyness and aggressiveness. Long-term stability was demonstrated by the fact that overcontrollers had consistently higher scores in shyness and undercontrollers in aggressiveness. However, undercontrollers' shyness and overcontrollers' aggressiveness changed over time from a low to a high level. Also, both types assumed adult social roles, such as leaving the parental home, establishing a first romantic relationship, and getting a part-time job, at a later time than the resilient participants. A mediation analysis indicated that under- and overcontrollers' increasing aggressiveness between age 17 and 23 was due to their longer latency of getting a part-time job. Together, results demonstrate the importance of considering person-environment transactions in explaining both change and stability in personality between childhood and adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Humboldt-University Berlin, Institute for Psychology, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Germany. jjadenissen@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jaap J A
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Dennissen
authors.forename: Jens B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Asendorpf
authors.forename: Marcel A G
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Aken
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012792:Shyness; D012931:Social Environment; D012938:Social Perception