title: Detection and surveillance for animal trichinellosis in GB.
abstract: The zoonotic disease trichinellosis is considered one of the re-emerging diseases with surveillance and control methods constantly gaining more importance worldwide. Recent change in European Union (EU) legislation introduces Trichinella-free production, and the possibility of risk-based monitoring for Trichinella in pigs. This has increased the role of wildlife surveillance programmes and their impact on protecting human health as well as highlighted the need for harmonised surveillance protocols and test methods for these infections. A modified digest method, based on the EU reference method for Trichinella testing of pig meat, was used to screen foxes present in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) for trichinellosis. The method was validated using batched pools of 10 g foreleg muscle from up to 20 foxes (maximum amount 200 g). The method gave an average trichinae recovery rate of 71% for spiked samples. Assuming this recovery rate applies to all contaminated samples, then the test sensitivity would be 70% for all tissue samples with 0.1 trichinae per 10 g of foreleg muscle, 99.9% for samples with 1 trichinae per 10 g, and 100% for samples with 2 or more trichinae per 10 g. In two separate studies, conducted between 1999 to 2001 (Smith et al., 2003) and 2003 to 2007, over 3500 wild foxes have been screened for Trichinella with negative results. In the second study reported here, foxes were collected from locations throughout Great Britain using a stratified sampling method based on fox population densities. All work was conducted in compliance with appropriate quality assurance systems, latterly under ISO 9001. Results to date indicate the national prevalence of trichinellosis in foxes is <0.001 based on a 10 g individual sample size, an infection level of 1 larva per gram (l pg) and 95% confidence interval. This, together with no reports of trichinellosis in domesticated pigs, suggests that Britain can be considered a region of negligible risk of trichinellosis.
authors.affiliation: Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK. i.zimmer@csl.gov.uk
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005589:Foxes / Q000469:parasitology*; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007814:Larva; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000469:parasitology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014234:Trichinella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014235:Trichinellosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology