title: Frequent occurrence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection among West African HIV type-1-infected children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study, conducted in Ivory Coast, was to evaluate the prevalence and evolution of viral hepatitis in children coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers were retrospectively and longitudinally assessed among 280 HIV-1-infected children enrolled in the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales B et C 1244/1278 cohort. Among these, 173 (61.8%) received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), including lamivudine (3TC) for 122 children. Detection of the hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg) was performed on specimens collected at inclusion and 6 months later. If results of both tests were positive, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)/hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb) and HBV DNA levels were measured at inclusion and during follow-up. A fourth-generation HCV enzyme immunoassay was used for HCV screening at inclusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our pediatric cohort, no patients were infected with HCV, but the prevalence of HBsAg at inclusion was 12.1% (34 of 280; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.6-16.6). Among the HBV-HIV-1-coinfected children, a high rate of positive HBeAg chronic hepatitis B (CHB) was noted at inclusion (82.4% [ 28 of 34]; 95% CI, 65.5%-93.2%) and after a median follow-up of 18 months (78.3%; 95% CI, 45.5%-92.7%), with no significant difference between children treated with HAART (with or without 3TC) and untreated ones. These children showed high HBV DNA levels (usually >8.0 log(10) copies/mL) and viral population consisting of nearly exclusively wild-type HBeAg-positive HBV strains, strongly suggesting that most of them were in the initial immunotolerant phase of chronic hepatitis B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In sub-Saharan Africa, children with chronic hepatitis B and who are treated with 3TC-based HAART are at risk of developing 3TC resistance. Further studies are required to guide the management of HBV-HIV-1-coinfected children.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Diagnostic et de Recherches sur le SIDA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Treichville, Abidjan, Ivory Coast. franrouet@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rouet
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chaix
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inwoley
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Anaky
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fassinou
authors.forename: Alphonse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kpozehouen
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rouzioux
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blanche
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Msellati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens; D019259:Lamivudine