title: Interactions between glutamate and capsaicin in inducing muscle pain and sensitization in humans.
abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the interaction between glutamate and capsaicin in inducing muscle pain and sensitization in humans. Fifteen male volunteers participated. Glutamate or capsaicin or isotonic saline, in a paired-sequence order, was injected randomly into the right or left masseter muscle. Two injections were given in a double-blinded design 25 min apart in 1 session/week over 4 weeks: saline (A1) followed by glutamate (A2), capsaicin (B1) followed by glutamate (B2), saline (C1) followed by capsaicin (C2), and glutamate (D1) followed by capsaicin (D2). The subjects drew the area of perceived pain and scored pain intensity on a 0-10 visual analogue scale (VAS). Pressure pain threshold (PPT) at the injection site, at a site 2-cm away, and on the contralateral side, as well as pressure pain tolerance (PPTol) at the injection site and contralateral site, were also measured before and after injection and subsequently at 5-min intervals. Paired t-test analyses showed that the pain drawing area was significantly smaller in the B2 compared to the A2 condition (P=0.028), and significantly larger in the D2 compared to the C2 condition (P=0.027). It also revealed significantly lower VAS peak pain intensity (P=0.008) and smaller VAS area under the curve (P=0.003) for the B2 compared to the A2 condition, and significantly higher VAS peak pain (P=0.015) and larger VAS area under the curve (P=0.037) for the D2 compared to the C2 condition. There was a significant PPT and PPTol decrease at the injection site after glutamate or capsaicin injection (ANOVA: P<0.028). The percentage decrease in PPT or PPTol (at the injection site) was not significantly different for the B2 compared to the A2 condition (Paired t-test: P>0.682) or for the D2 compared to the C2 condition (P>0.133). Significant PPT changes were also observed at the site 2 cm away, but not on the contralateral side. In conclusion, these findings indicate that intramuscular administrations of glutamate and capsaicin interact and influence pain and sensitization of muscle nociceptors: glutamate causes a sensitization to subsequent administration of capsaicin, whereas capsaicin is associated with a desensitization to subsequent injection of glutamate. These findings support previous animal data.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Orofacial Pain Laboratory, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sessle
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000294:innervation; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D002211:Capsaicin