title: Abrogation of the antifibrotic effects of natural killer cells/interferon-gamma contributes to alcohol acceleration of liver fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic alcohol drinking accelerates liver fibrosis in patients with viral hepatitis that cannot be fully explained by ethanol-enhanced liver damage. Here, we identified a novel mechanism by which alcohol accelerates liver fibrosis: inhibition of the antifibrotic effects of natural killer (NK) cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol administration was achieved by feeding mice with a liquid diet containing 5% ethanol for 8 weeks. Liver fibrosis was induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) for 2 weeks. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were also isolated and cultured for in vitro studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCl(4) treatment induced greater fibrosis and less apoptosis of HSCs in ethanol-fed mice compared with pair-fed mice. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) or IFN-gamma treatment inhibited liver fibrosis in pair-fed but not in ethanol-fed mice. Poly I:C activation of NK cell cytotoxicity against HSCs was attenuated in ethanol-fed mice compared with pair-fed mice, which was due to reduced natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and IFN-gamma expression on NK cells from ethanol-fed mice. In vitro, HSCs from ethanol-fed mice were resistant to IFN-gamma-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis compared with pair-fed mice. Such resistance was due to diminished IFN-gamma activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in HSCs from ethanol-fed mice caused by the induction of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins and the production of oxidative stress. Finally, HSCs from ethanol-fed mice were resistant to NK cell killing, which can be reversed by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) neutralizing antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic ethanol consumption attenuates the antifibrotic effects of NK/IFN-gamma/STAT1 in the liver, representing new and different therapeutic targets with which to treat alcoholic liver fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Won-Il
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Ogyi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D007369:Interferon Inducers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000502:physiology*; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007369:Interferon Inducers; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D011070:Poly I-C