Impaired eyeblink conditioning in children with fetal alcohol syndrome.
BACKGROUND
Eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a Pavlovian paradigm that involves contingent temporal pairing of a conditioned stimulus (e.g., tone) with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., air puff). Animal studies have shown that binge consumption of alcohol during pregnancy impairs EBC and that this impairment is likely mediated by a loss of neurons in the inferior olive and the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei, as well as by a reduction in neural plasticity in the cerebellar deep nuclei.


METHODS
Short delay EBC was examined in 98 5-year-old children born to women from the Coloured (mixed ancestry) community in Cape Town, South Africa, who were recruited prenatally and are participating in the first prospective longitudinal study of children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS status was assessed at 5 years by expert dysmorphologists. Two sessions of 50 trials each were administered to the children; a third session was administered the following day to those children who did not meet criterion of 40% conditioned responses in session 2.


RESULTS
Not a single child with FAS met criterion for conditioning as contrasted with 75.0% of the controls. Whereas 86.7% of the controls who were conditioned met criterion by the end of Session 2, a large proportion of the relatively few alcohol-exposed nonsyndromal children who conditioned did not do so until Session 3. These alcohol effects on EBC persisted after controlling for IQ. Three of 4 microcephalic children who were not exposed to alcohol were successfully conditioned.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first prospective study to demonstrate impaired EBC in children diagnosed with FAS. Successful EBC in a microcephalic group supports the inference that the EBC deficit is specific to prenatal alcohol exposure and a potential biomarker for diagnosis of exposed children lacking the distinctive FAS dysmorphology. Delay EBC has a high sensitivity for identifying individuals with a diagnosis of probable FAS.
Jacobson
Sandra W
SW
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48207, USA. sandra.jacobson@wayne.edu
Stanton
Mark E
ME
Molteno
Christopher D
CD
Burden
Matthew J
MJ
Fuller
Douglas S
DS
Hoyme
H Eugene
HE
Robinson
Luther K
LK
Khaole
Nathaniel
N
Jacobson
Joseph L
JL
D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology; D003215:Conditioning, Eyelid / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D013019:South Africa