title: Galiellalactone is a novel therapeutic candidate against hormone-refractory prostate cancer expressing activated Stat3.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is constitutively active (phosphorylated) in several forms of cancer, including prostate cancer (PCa). Stat3 signaling may be an interesting target for cancer therapy since inhibition of this pathway mediates growth inhibition and apoptosis of these cells. In this study we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of the fungal metabolite galiellalactone, a direct inhibitor of Stat3, on PCa cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The human PCa cell lines DU145, PC-3, and LNCaP were used. Nude mice with subcutaneous PCa cell xenografts were subjected to daily intraperitoneal injections of galiellalactone for 3 weeks. The effect of galiellalactone on the induction of apoptosis of cultured PCa cells was investigated by Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, and annexin V staining. Effects of galiellalactone on Stat3 signaling were investigated by a luciferase reporter gene assay. Expression of Stat3 associated proteins and mRNA was investigated by Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Galiellalactone induced apoptosis of p-Stat3 positive PCa cells (androgen-insensitive DU145 and PC-3) but not in cells lacking p-Stat3 (androgen-sensitive LNCaP). Galiellalactone inhibited Stat3-mediated luciferase activity (IC(50) approximately 5 microM) and reduced the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), c-myc, and cyclin D1. Furthermore, galiellalactone significantly suppressed DU145 xenograft growth in vivo (42% growth reduction; P<0.002) and reduced the relative mRNA expression of Bcl-x(L) and Mcl-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galiellalactone induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in androgen-insensitive PCa cells expressing p-Stat3. We suggest that galiellalactone is a potential anti-tumor lead against hormone-refractory PCa with constitutively active Stat3.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urological Cancers, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. rebecka.hellsten@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Rebecka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hellsten
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahlman
authors.forename: Nishtman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dizeyi
authors.forename: Olov
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sterner
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjartell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007783:Lactones; C489427:MYC protein, human; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C416043:galiellalactone; D019938:Cyclin D1; D008156:Luciferases