Adrenal steroid metabolism in birds: anatomy, physiology, and clinical considerations.
The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system in birds is anatomically and functionally different from that in mammals. The adrenal gland structure and corticosteroid hormone physiology of birds will be reviewed. The anatomy and physiology sections of this article will be important for better understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and possible treatment of primary or secondary adrenal gland disease. Causes of hyper- and hypoadrenocorticism in birds also will be reviewed. The article will conclude with current indications and complications to the clinical use of glucocorticoids in birds.
de Matos
Ricardo
R
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA. rd95@cornell.edu
D000307:Adrenal Gland Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001717:Birds; D005260:Female; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone