title: Effect of severity of post-traumatic confusion and its constituent symptoms on outcome after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prognostic significance of severity of post-traumatic confusion (PTC) and its constituent symptoms for early and late outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient brain injury rehabilitation program.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 168 patients meeting study criteria from 195 consecutive Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems neurorehabilitation admissions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Employability at neurorehabilitation discharge and productivity status at 1 year postinjury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More severely confused patients had poorer outcomes for both employability and productivity. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that after adjustment for all other predictors, time to follow commands, and confusion severity predicted employability at discharge and age and confusion severity predicted productivity status at 1 year. Each symptom showed an unadjusted effect on discharge employability. All symptoms except nighttime sleep disturbance or daytime decreased arousal had effects on productivity at 1 year. Presence of psychotic-type symptoms was associated with especially poor productivity outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTC constituent symptoms and severity predict outcome after TBI. Presence or absence of psychotic-type symptoms on a single evaluation at approximately 21 days postinjury may have particular prognostic significance for productivity outcome.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Research, Memorial Hermann/TIRR, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Mark.Sherer@memorialhermann.org
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sherer
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yablon
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakase-Richardson
authors.forename: Todd G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Nick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003221:Confusion / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome