title: PPARGC1A variation associated with DNA damage, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with type 2 diabetes exhibit higher DNA damage and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, mechanisms underlying the association between DNA damage and development of type 2 diabetes and CVD are not understood. We sought to link peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A), a master transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cellular energy metabolism, with DNA damage, type 2 diabetes, and CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured DNA damage as urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration and examined the relationship between nine PPARGC1A genetic variants, DNA damage, type 2 diabetes, and self-reported CVD in 959 participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With respect to urinary 8-OHdG, PPARGC1A variants showed significant association, and PPARGC1A haplotypes exhibited significant association after correction for multiple testing. Two independent PPARGC1A variants associated significantly with type 2 diabetes (odds ratios [ORs] 1.35 and 2.46; P = 0.045 and <0.001). Carriers of minor alleles of two other PPARGC1A variants, both in strong linkage disequilibrium and associated with lower DNA damage, showed lower prevalence of CVD (ORs 0.53 and 0.65; P = 0.030 and 0.175). Moreover, we found that physical activity correlated negatively with DNA damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is plausible that low physical activity combined with risk haplotyes contribute to the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in this population. We propose that PPARGC1A influences development of type 2 diabetes and CVD via DNA damage. Increasing physical activity, which induces PPARGC1A expression, is a potential strategy to slow DNA damage, thereby decreasing the risk of CVD for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, USA. chaoqiang.lai@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Chao-Qiang
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Laurence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Parnell
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Adiconis
authors.forename: Bibiana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: García-Bailo
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meydani
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ordovás
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D004249:DNA Damage; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine