title: Making sense of cancer risk calculators on the web.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cancer risk calculators on the internet have the potential to provide users with valuable information about their individual cancer risk. However, the lack of oversight of these sites raises concerns about low quality and inconsistent information. These concerns led us to evaluate internet cancer risk calculators.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a systematic search to find all cancer risk calculators on the internet, we reviewed the content of each site for information that users should seek to evaluate the quality of a website. We then examined the consistency of the breast cancer risk calculators by having 27 women complete 10 of the breast cancer risk calculators for themselves. We also completed the breast cancer risk calculators for a hypothetical high- and low-risk woman, and compared the output to Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results estimates for the average same-age and same-race woman.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen sites were found, 13 of which calculate breast cancer risk. Most sites do not provide the information users need to evaluate the legitimacy of a website. The breast cancer calculator sites vary in the risk factors they assess to calculate breast cancer risk, how they operationalize each risk factor and in the risk estimate they provide for the same individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Internet cancer risk calculators have the potential to provide a public health benefit by educating individuals about their risks and potentially encouraging preventive health behaviors. However, our evaluation of internet calculators revealed several problems that call into question the accuracy of the information that they provide. This may lead the users of these sites to make inappropriate medical decisions on the basis of misinformation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, LW 618, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Adg11@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Andrea Gurmankin
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Seema S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sonnad
authors.forename: Jibby E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kurichi
authors.forename: Melani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008490:Medical Informatics / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology