title: Periodontal conditions in patients with coronary heart disease: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined periodontal conditions in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and subjects with no history of CHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 161 patients (40-75) with severe angina pectoris (diagnosed as CHD by coronary angiography) who subsequently underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and 162 control subjects with no history of CHD. Periodontal status was recorded. Bone loss was determined on radiographs. Periodontal disease experience was classified into five groups according to Hugoson & Jordan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Periodontal disease experience groups 4 and 5 were more common in the CHD group (25%) compared with the control group (8%). The mean bone level (the distance from the CEJ to the most coronal level of the alveolar bone) was 3.0+/-1.0 mm in CHD subjects and 2.6+/-0.8 mm in controls. CHD patients had significantly lower numbers of natural teeth, higher numbers of periodontal pockets 4-6-mm and higher bleeding on probing (%). In a stepwise regression analysis, the factor periodontal disease experience groups 4+5 gave an odds ratio of 5.74 (2.07-15.90) for having CHD after controlling for smoking and age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe periodontal disease expressed by several clinical and radiographic parameters was more prevalent among subjects with CHD than among controls. Analysis, the factor periodontal disease experience groups 4+5 gave an odds ratio of 5.74 (2.07-15.90) for having CHD after controlling for smoking and age.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Oral Rehabilitation, Linköping, Sweden. carin.starkhammar@lio.se
authors.forename: Carin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Starkhammar Johansson
authors.forename: Arina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lundström
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thorstensson
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ravald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications*; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000150:complications; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000150:complications; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008336:Mandibular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008439:Maxillary Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology