title: Heat treatment of arthroscopic knots and its effect on knot security.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate heat application to arthroscopic knots as a method of improving knot security.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heat treatment was assessed on 4 suture materials--Ethibond (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ), PDS (Ethicon), Orthocord (DePuy Mitek, Raynham, MA), and FiberWire (Arthrex, Naples, FL)--tied by use of the Duncan loop, compared with untreated controls. A hand-tied surgeon's knot with Ethibond was included as the gold standard. Knots were tied around a plastic rod immersed in a saline solution-filled water bath at 37 degrees C, with heat treatment performed by use of the Mitek VAPR 3 electrosurgical unit and VAPR S(90) electrode (DePuy Mitek), applied directly to the knot body. Loops were subjected to a 5-N preload, followed by loading to clinical failure (>3 mm of displacement) and ultimate (breaking) failure by use of a tensile tester.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Load to ultimate failure was significantly higher in the FiberWire 1-second heat treatment arm (26.0% increase, 234.25 +/- 62.34 N, P < .03), Orthocord 1-second heat treatment arm (55.6% increase, 204.72 +/- 78.47 N, P < .03), and Orthocord 5-second heat treatment arm (69.2% increase, 222.58 +/- 56.57 N, P < .001) than in controls. Load to clinical failure was significantly higher in the Orthocord 10-second heat treatment arm (34.7% increase, 78.58 +/- 13.88 N, P < .0001) when compared with controls. The FiberWire 5- and 10-second heat treatment arms showed lower load to clinical and ultimate failure (P < .001). Ethibond, Orthocord, and FiberWire showed higher load to clinical failure than PDS (P < .0001). Ethibond and Orthocord knots were more likely to fail through knot slippage after heat treatment compared with controls (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heat treatment resulted in greater knot security when combined with Orthocord and FiberWire suture materials. Heat-treated Ethibond and Orthocord knots were more likely to fail through suture breakage than knot slippage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents a simple and novel technique of improving knot security in the arthroscopic repair. The effects of heat were extremely well tolerated in the Orthocord and FiberWire groups, making this technique particularly suitable for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, England. derfelwilliams@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Derfel Pari
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Doherty
mesh_terms: D001182:Arthroscopy; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008422:Materials Testing; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013537:Sutures