title: Effect of application timing and method on efficacy and phytotoxicity of 1,3-D, chloropicrin and metam-sodium combinations in squash plasticulture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metam-sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin are widely used soil fumigants. Combined application of metam-sodium and 1,3-D + chloropicrin is intended to improve efficacy and broaden spectrum of control, but little is known about the effect on crop safety. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of application timing of fumigant combinations on soilborne pest and disease control (nematodes, soil fungi and weeds) and growth of squash. Two separate tests with chisel-injected and drip-applied fumigant combinations and plant-back times ranging from 1 to 4 weeks were conducted in Tifton, GA, USA, in spring and fall 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fumigant combinations using 1,3-D, chloropicrin and metam-sodium were as effective as methyl bromide in controlling Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, Pythium irregulare Buis., Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and Cyperus esculentus L. Chisel-applied combinations were more effective in terms of root-knot nematode control than drip-applied combinations. Root-knot nematode reduced squash yields by up to 60%. Phytotoxicity problems and lower yields were observed during spring, especially following 1,3-D + chloropicrin and when plant-back periods were shorter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main problem with fumigant alternatives to methyl bromide may not be reduced efficacy but, in particular for 1,3-D products, loss of flexibility in terms of longer plant-back periods.
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell, Newark, DE 19711, USA. johan.desaeger@usa.dupont.com
authors.forename: Johan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Desaeger
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Seebold
authors.forename: Alex S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Csinos
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D028464:Cucurbita / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D029786:Cyperus / Q000187:drug effects*; D005651:Fumigation; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D011156:Population Density; D011775:Pythium / Q000187:drug effects*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012232:Rhizoctonia / Q000187:drug effects*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis / Q000469:parasitology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D013859:Thiocarbamates; C008435:methyldithiocarbamate; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene; C005218:methyl bromide; C100187:chloropicrin