title: Does varicocele grade determine extent of alteration to spermatogenesis in adolescents?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether grade of varicocele determines extent of alterations to semen quality in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients recruited from a local public school.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (14 to 18 y of age) attending a local public school.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scrotal palpation in a temperature-controlled room, testicular volume assessment with a Prader orchidometer, and semen analysis according to World Health Organization guidelines, with morphology by Kruger's strict criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence, and grade, or absence of varicocele; testicular volume (assessed with a Prader orchidometer); semen analysis results; and prevalence of testicular asymmetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the adolescents, 27.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.2, 32.4) presented varicocele grades II and III, and 7.8% (95% CI: 5.0, 10.6) presented with a grade III varicocele. There was a high prevalence of testicular asymmetry in adolescents with left grade II (41.7%) and III varicocele (51.9%), whereas adolescents without varicocele showed very low testicular asymmetry (11.0%). Testicular asymetry was significantly less prevalent in adolescents without varicocele. Sperm progressive motility and concentration were lower in the two varicocele groups but were not different according to grade. However, the total number of progressively motile sperm in the ejaculate was lower in the varicocele grade II and III groups, and patients with varicocele grade III presented lower values than those with grade II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Grades II and III varicocele cause a decrease in testicular volume and in semen quality that is independent of grade, but when assessing the total number of progressively motile sperm in the ejaculate, grade III varicoceles place these adolescents very close to the World Health Organization cutoff rate, and thus, current guidelines for treating the adolescent varicocele may need to be revised.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Mitsuyoshi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Ricardo Pimenta
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bertolla
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fraietta
authors.forename: Valdemar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Agnaldo Pereira
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Cedenho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D048430:Cell Shape; D004542:Ejaculation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology*; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014646:Varicocele / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy