title: The changing spectrum of clostridium difficile associated disease: implications for dentistry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes a wide range of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. It is best known for its association with uncomplicated antimicrobial-agent-associated diarrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors describe two previously published cases of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) to highlight its varied clinical manifestations. A 48-year-old woman had mild CDAD after receiving antibiotics after undergoing endodontic surgery. She took metronidazole, and her C. difficile infection resolved. A 31-year-old pregnant woman developed severe CDAD after receiving antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. She underwent surgery to remove part of her colon, but her condition worsened, and she died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dentists often prescribe antimicrobial agents to treat infections. Until recently, these agents also were recommended as prophylaxis for infective endocarditis during invasive oral procedures. An important risk factor for CDAD and recurrent CDAD is antimicrobial agent exposure. Dentists should be aware of CDAD to help prevent its spread and facilitate early recognition and treatment to minimize severe outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Healthcare quality Promotion, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and prevention, Atlanga, GA 30333, USA. dblossom@cdc.gov
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Blossom
authors.forename: Felicia M T
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: L Clifford
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008532:Megacolon, Toxic / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents