title: Oral candidiasis as a marker of HIV disease progression among Zimbabwean women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate oral disease prevalence among Zimbabwean women by HIV serostatus and CD4 cell count and to assess accuracy of oral disease diagnoses made by nurses as compared with an oral surgeon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized oral mucosa examinations were performed by trained nurse-examiners and by an oral surgeon among women recruited in Harare, Zimbabwe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 461 women (320 HIV-infected, 141 uninfected) were seen by nurses and an oral surgeon within a 2-week period. Oral candidiasis (OC) was the most common lesion diagnosed in nearly one quarter of HIV-infected women, whereas hairy leukoplakia and Kaposi sarcoma were found in <3%. The prevalence of OC diagnosed by nurses or the surgeon was significantly higher among women with a CD4 count <200 cells/mm than in women with a CD4 count from 200 to 499 cells/mm3 or a CD4 count >499 cells/mm3. The sensitivity of nurse examinations compared with examinations by the oral surgeon among HIV-infected women for the diagnosis of OC was 73%, the specificity was 95%, and the kappa-statistic was 0.71.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OC was the most common lesion in HIV-infected women and was strongly associated with a low CD4 cell count. Interexaminer agreement was good for the diagnosis of OC among HIV-infected women. This study suggests that OC may play a role, in combination with other clinical indicators as a marker of disease progression in resource-poor settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Midion M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Chidzonga
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mwale
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malvin
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Greenspan
authors.forename: Caroline H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Shiboski
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D017733:Leukoplakia, Hairy / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015030:Zimbabwe