title: Predicting stroke risk in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: a report from the INVEST.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our understanding of factors influencing stroke risk among patients with coronary artery disease is incomplete. Accordingly, factors predicting stroke risk in hypertensive, clinically stable coronary artery disease patients were determined with data from the INternational VErapamil SR-trandolapril STudy (INVEST).
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of baseline characteristics and on-treatment blood pressure (BP) were analyzed to determine the risk of stroke (fatal or nonfatal) among the 22 576 patients enrolled. Cox proportional-hazards models (unadjusted, adjusted, and time dependent) were used to identify predictors of stroke among subgroups with these characteristics present at entry and on-treatment BP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excellent BP control (at 24 months, >70% <140/90 mm Hg) was achieved during 61 835 patient-years of follow-up, as 377 patients had a stroke (6.1 strokes/1000 patient-years) and 28% of those patients had a fatal stroke. Increased age, black race, US residency, and history of prior myocardial infarction, smoking, stroke/transient ischemic attack, arrhythmia, diabetes, and coronary bypass surgery were associated with an increased risk of stroke. Achieving a systolic BP <140 mm Hg and a diastolic BP <90 mm Hg was associated with a decreased risk of stroke. There was no statistically significant difference in stroke risk comparing the verapamil SR-based with the atenolol-based treatment strategy (adjusted hazard ratio=0.87; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.06; P=0.17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among hypertensive patients with chronic coronary artery disease, stroke was an important complication associated with significant mortality. Black race, US residency, and conditions associated with increased vascular disease severity and arrhythmia predicted increased stroke risk, whereas achieving a BP <140/90 mm Hg on treatment predicted a reduced stroke risk.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clinic (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coca
authors.forename: Franz H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Messerli
authors.forename: Athanase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benetos
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Champion
authors.forename: Rhonda M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cooper-DeHoff
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pepine
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001262:Atenolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000401:mortality*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007211:Indoles; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; C052035:trandolapril; D001262:Atenolol; D014700:Verapamil