title: Rethinking statistical approaches to evaluating drug safety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current methods used to evaluate the efficacy of drug products are inadequate. We propose a non-inferiority approach to prove the safety of drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Traditional hypotheses for the evaluation of the safety of drugs are based on proof of hazard, which have proven to be inadequate. Therefore, based on the concept of proof of safety, the non-inferiority hypothesis is employed to prove that the risk of new drugs does not exceed a pre-specified allowable safety margin, hence proving that a drug has no excessive risk. The results from papers published on Vioxx and Avandia are used to illustrate the difference between the traditional approach for proof of hazard and the non-inferiority approach for proof of safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The p-values from traditional hypotheses were greater than 0.05, and failed to demonstrate that Vioxx and Avandia are of cardiovascular hazard. However, these results cannot prove that both Vioxx and Avandia are of no cardiovascular risk. On the other hand, the non-inferiority approach can prove that they are of excessive cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The non-inferiority approach is appropriate to prove the safety of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Statistical Education Center, Division of Biometry, Graduate Institute of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. jpliu@ntu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Jen-pei
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004341:Drug Evaluation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards