title: Image guidance in external beam accelerated partial breast irradiation: comparison of surrogates for the lumpectomy cavity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare localization of the lumpectomy cavity by using breast surface matching vs. clips for image-guided external beam accelerated partial breast irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients with breast cancer with two computed tomography (CT) scans each had three CT registrations performed: (1) to bony anatomy, (2) to the center of mass (COM) of surgical clips, and (3) to the breast surface. The cavity COM was defined in both the initial and second CT scans after each type of registration, and distances between COMs (DeltaCOM(Bone), DeltaCOM(Clips), and DeltaCOM(Surface)) were determined. Smaller DeltaCOMs were interpreted as better localizations. Correlation coefficients were calculated for DeltaCOM vs. several variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DeltaCOM(Bone) (mean, 7 +/- 2 [SD] mm) increased with breast volume (r = 0.4; p = 0.02) and distance from the chest wall (r = 0.5; p = 0.003). Relative to bony registration, clip registration provided better localization (DeltaCOM(Clips) < DeltaCOM(Bone)) in 25 of 27 cases. Breast surface matching improved cavity localization (DeltaCOM(Surface) < DeltaCOM(Bone)) in 19 of 27 cases. Mean improvements (DeltaCOM(Bone) - DeltaCOM(Clips or Surface)) were 4 +/- 3 and 2 +/- 4 mm, respectively. In terms of percentage of improvement ([DeltaCOM(Bone) - DeltaCOM(Clips or Surface)]/DeltaCOM(Bone)), only surface matching showed a correlation with breast volume. Clip localization outperformed surface registration for cavities located superior to the breast COM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of either breast surface or surgical clips as surrogates for the cavity results in improved localization in most patients compared with bony registration and may allow smaller planning target volume margins for external beam accelerated partial breast irradiation. Compared with surface registration, clip registration may be less sensitive to anatomic characteristics and therefore more broadly applicable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vicini
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D013525:Surgical Instruments