title: Transcoronary ethanol ventricular tachycardia ablation in the modern electrophysiology era.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiofrequency catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) may be unsuccessful when critical portions of the circuit cannot be interrupted with either endocardial or epicardial radiofrequency application.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to investigate whether transcoronary ethanol ablation (TCEA) can be used as a therapy for patients with VT who have failed medications and radiofrequency ablation in the modern era.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients (7 men, 55 +/- 9 years old, left ventricular ejection fraction 23% +/- 8%, 2.2 +/- 0.8 failed VT ablations) with at least 1 unsuccessful attempt at radiofrequency catheter ablation for symptomatic VT at our institution between 2000 and May 2007 underwent TCEA. The majority of patients had an ischemic cardiomyopathy (67%), and all patients had VT due to scar-related reentry. In the 7 patients with VT involving a septal scar, a septal perforator artery was a suitable target in 5 patients, whereas in the remaining patients, a distal branch of the circumflex and the conus branch of the right coronary artery were targeted. In the 2 patients in whom VT involved an inferior scar, a branch of the posterior descending artery was targeted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute success was obtained in 56% of patients (89% for clinical targeted VT). During a mean follow-up of 29 +/- 23 months, 3 deaths occurred and 67% of the patients were free of recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCEA may represent an option in patients with refractory VT in whom radiofrequency ablation fails, especially in cases of septal scar in which failure is thought to be caused by inability to provide adequate lesion depth.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women' s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. frederic.sacher@chu-bordeaux.fr
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sacher
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sobieszczyk
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tedrow
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Eisenhauer
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Selwyn
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koplan
authors.forename: Laurence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004452:Echocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000639:trends; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol