title: The Thr505 and Ser557 residues of the AGT1-encoded alpha-glucoside transporter are critical for maltotriose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of this study was to identify amino acid residues in the AGT1-encoded alpha-glucoside transporter (Agt1p) that are critical for efficient transport of maltotriose in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sequences of two AGT1-encoded alpha-glucoside transporters with different efficiencies of maltotriose transport in two Saccharomyces strains (WH310 and WH314) were compared. The sequence variations and discrepancies between these two proteins (Agt1p(WH310) and Agt1p(WH314)) were investigated for potential effects on the functionality and maltotriose transport efficiency of these two AGT1-encoded alpha-glucoside transporters. A 23-amino-acid C-terminal truncation proved not to be critical for maltotriose affinity. The identification of three amino acid differences, which potentially could have been instrumental in the transportation of maltotriose, were further investigated. Single mutations were created to restore the point mutations I505T, V549A and T557S one by one. The single site mutant V549A showed a decrease in maltotriose transport ability, and the I505T and T557S mutants showed complete reduction in maltotriose transport.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amino acids Thr(505) and Ser(557), which are respectively located in the transmembrane (TM) segment TM(11) and on the intracellular segment after TM(12) of the AGT1-encoded alpha-glucoside transporters, are critical for efficient transport of maltotriose in S. cerevisiae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved fermentation of starch and its dextrin products, such as maltotriose and maltose, would benefit the brewing and whisky industries. This study could facilitate the development of engineered maltotriose transporters adapted to starch-efficient fermentation systems, and offers prospects for the development of yeast strains with improved maltose and maltotriose uptake capabilities that, in turn, could increase the overall fermentation efficiencies in the beer and whisky industries.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Cordero Otero
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D005285:Fermentation; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017354:Point Mutation; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D027981:Symporters / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014312:Trisaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D027981:Symporters; D014312:Trisaccharides; C067575:maltose transport system, S cerevisiae; C008317:maltotriose