title: Sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam disk for passive air sampling of volatile fluorinated chemicals.
abstract: A passive air sampler comprising a polyurethane foam (PUF) disk impregnated with XAD-4 powder has been developed. This sorbent-impregnated PUF (SIP) disk builds on previous work using PUF disk passive air samplers that have been effective in spatial air mapping studies of nonpolar hydrophobic chemicals, without the need of electricity or expensive air sampling equipment. In this study, PUF disks and SIP disks are calibrated for sampling volatile polyfluorinated chemicals--specifically, the fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (PFASs). Results demonstrate the low sorptive capacity of the PUF disk samplers, particularly for the FTOHs, with PUF disks reaching equilibrium within 1 day, after collecting approximately 0.4 and 1.2 m3 of air for 8:2 FTOH and 10:2 FTOH, respectively. This limits their use for these target compounds when time-weighted, linear-phase sampling is desired. The presence of just 0.4 g of XAD powder in the SIP disks greatly increases the sorptive capacity (by approximately 2 orders of magnitude for the FTOHs) and provides linear-phase sampling for a period of several weeks. PUF-air partition coefficients, KPUF-A, calculated for the FTOHs and PFASs are considerably lower than values predicted using previously established correlations against the octanol-air partition coefficient, KOA, demonstrating the unique partitioning behavior of the polyfluorinated chemicals. Using results from these calibration tests, air concentrations of FTOHs were derived from PUF disk samples that were deployed in 52 homes in Ottawa, Canada, during 2002/2003. These represent the first comprehensive measurements of FTOHs in indoor air in North America. Range and (geometric mean) air concentrations (pg m-3) were 261-28 900 (2070) for 8:2 FTOH and 104-9210 (890) for 10:2 FTOH. These air concentrations are orders of magnitude higher than observed for outdoor air, establishing indoor environments as important for human exposure and also as potential sources to the larger environment.
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada M3H 5T4. mahiba.shoeib@ec.gc.ca
authors.forename: Mahiba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shoeib
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harner
authors.forename: Sum Chi
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D002138:Calibration; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D011140:Polyurethanes; D013449:Sulfonamides; C028279:polyurethane foam