title: Levodopa pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence: choosing the optimal behavioral therapy platform.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dopamine precursor levodopa has shown some, albeit relatively weak, promise in treating cocaine dependence. This study sought to identify the most appropriate behavioral therapy platform for levodopa pharmacotherapy by evaluating its effect when administered in combination with behavioral platforms of varying intensities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 161 treatment-seeking cocaine dependent subjects received sustained release levodopa/carbidopa (400/100mg bid, Sinemet) or placebo delivered in combination with Clinical Management (ClinMan); ClinMan+cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); or ClinMan+CBT+voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) in a 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind (for medication condition) trial. Medication compliance was monitored with riboflavin (100mg/capsule) and the Medication Event Monitoring System. Protocol compliance was addressed in weekly, 10-min nurse-delivered ClinMan sessions. Weekly, 1-h CBT sessions focused on coping skills training. VBRT (with escalating reinforcer value) provided cash-valued vouchers contingent on cocaine-negative urine toxicology results. Urine benzoylecgonine assays collected thrice-weekly were analyzed by intention-to-treat criteria using generalized linear mixed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levodopa main effects were found on all outcome measures of cocaine use. Contrasts testing the levodopa-placebo difference within each behavioral platform found reliable effects, favoring levodopa, only in the VBRT platform. Levodopa treatment with vouchers produced higher proportions of cocaine-negative urines and longer periods of consecutive abstinence compared to other treatment combinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to find a significant treatment effect for levodopa and, in doing so, to demonstrate that the magnitude of this effect is dependent upon conditions of the behavioral therapy platform. The data support use of levodopa with abstinence-based reinforcement therapy as one efficacious combination in cocaine dependence disorder treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Joy.M.Schmitz@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Joy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: F Gerard
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Angela L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stotts
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grabowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D007980:Levodopa