title: Hepatitis C virus-induced reactive oxygen species raise hepatic iron level in mice by reducing hepcidin transcription.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite abundant clinical evidence, the mechanisms by which hepatic iron overload develops in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated chronic liver disease remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate how hepatic iron overload develops in the presence of HCV proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male transgenic mice expressing the HCV polyprotein and nontransgenic control mice (C57BL/6) were assessed for iron concentrations in the liver, spleen, and serum and iron regulatory molecules in vivo and ex vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transgenic mice had increased hepatic and serum iron concentrations, decreased splenic iron concentration, and lower hepcidin expression in the liver accompanied by higher expression of ferroportin in the duodenum, spleen, and liver. In response to hepatocellular iron excess, transferrin receptor 1 expression decreased and ferritin expression increased in the transgenic liver. Transgenic mice showed no inflammation in the liver but preserved the ability to induce hepcidin in response to proinflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide. Hepcidin promoter activity and the DNA binding activity of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBP) were down-regulated concomitant with increased expression of C/EBP homology protein, an inhibitor of C/EBP DNA binding activity, and with increased levels of reactive oxygen species in transgenic mice at the ages of 8 and 14 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCV-induced reactive oxygen species may down-regulate hepcidin transcription through inhibition of C/EBPalpha DNA binding activity by C/EBP homology protein, which in turn leads to increased duodenal iron transport and macrophage iron release, causing hepatic iron accumulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Sohji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hino
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korenaga
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vecchi
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietrangelo
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mizukami
authors.forename: Takakazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furutani
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Michiari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hidaka
authors.forename: Kiwamu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okita
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sakaida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000502:physiology*; D064451:Hepcidins; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000209:etiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D020815:Polyproteins / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; C579599:Hamp protein, mouse; D064451:Hepcidins; D020815:Polyproteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014764:Viral Proteins; D007501:Iron