title: Effect of preterm birth and antenatal corticosteroid treatment on lactogenesis II in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The onset of copious milk secretion after birth is known as lactogenesis II. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of preterm birth and antenatal corticosteroids on the timing of lactogenesis II after birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women who had received antenatal betamethasone treatment and were expressing for a preterm infant whose gestational age was <34 weeks (N = 50) were included. On days 1 to 10 postpartum, participants measured the volume of milk expressed in 24-hour periods and collected milk samples. Lactose and citrate levels were analyzed in the milk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gestational age at delivery was 31 weeks (range: 24.2-33.7). Milk volume was recorded by 46 women on 320 expression days and was positively associated with gestational age. Gestational age modified the effect of interval between betamethasone administration and delivery on milk volume. At gestational age 28 to 34 weeks, women who delivered 0 to 2 days after betamethasone treatment obtained significantly greater volumes than women who delivered 3 to 9 days after treatment. Milk samples (N = 324) were collected by 42 mothers. Mean +/- SD lactose and citrate levels were 156.800 +/- 36.217 and 3.458 +/- 1.442 mM, respectively. There was a significant positive effect of gestational age on milk lactose levels but not citrate levels. Betamethasone treatment did not alter lactose or citrate levels in milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delivery at extremely preterm gestational ages caused a significant delay in the onset of lactogenesis II. The volume of milk was reduced further when antenatal corticosteroids were administered between 28 and 34 weeks' gestation and delivery occurred 3 to 9 days later. In view of the advantages of mothers' own milk, additional support with lactation is recommended for mothers of preterm infants, particularly those who have been treated with corticosteroids before the delivery.
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. jhenderson@meddent.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Newnham
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Simmer
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001623:Betamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002951:Citrates / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002951:Citrates; D001623:Betamethasone; D007785:Lactose