title: Sacral nerve stimulation: neuromodulation for voiding dysfunction and pain.
abstract: Voiding dysfunction, which includes incontinence, retention, and chronic pelvic pain, is a relatively frequent problem that can be difficult to manage. Neuromodulation via stimulation of the sacral nerves has been shown to improve these symptoms, although the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Techniques for nerve stimulation may vary, depending on the disease, location of pain, and the patient's anatomy. In addition to placement of electrodes on the sacral nerve roots, modulation has also been reported by peripheral branches of the sacral nerves including the pudendal and posterior tibial nerves. Newer surgical techniques have significantly decreased the morbidity of the procedures and increased the probability of a successful outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. robert_mayer@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Fred M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy*