title: Human insulin analog--induced lipoatrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the pathophysiology of recombinant human insulin-induced lipoatrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed immunologic laboratory evaluation and skin testing for different insulin analogs and diluents in patients with type 1 diabetes and severe insulin-induced local lipoatrophy. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies of areas of acute (7 days) and chronic insulin administration were examined. Topical sodium cromolyn was applied twice a day to atrophic areas and prophylactically to new sites of insulin administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subcutaneous adipose biopsies showed an elevated population of tryptase-positive, chymase-positive degranulated mast cells. Of five patients treated with topical sodium cromolyn, none had new lipoatrophic sites and four showed improvements in old lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tryptase-positive/chymase-postitive mast cells, known to be sensitive to sodium cromolyn, may contribute to the destructive immune process mediated in response to exogenous insulin. Mast cell stabilizing therapy with topical cromolyn may reverse early and prevent new lipoatrophic lesions.
authors.affiliation: Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castells
authors.forename: Alyne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ricker
authors.forename: Elsa F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Velazquez
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mun
authors.forename: Allison B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Goldfine
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D053818:Chymases / Q000378:metabolism; D004205:Cromolyn Sodium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053802:Tryptases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D053818:Chymases; D053802:Tryptases; D004205:Cromolyn Sodium