title: Noninvasive in vivo imaging of monocyte trafficking to atherosclerotic lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monocytes play a key role in atherogenesis, but their participation has been discerned largely via ex vivo analyses of atherosclerotic lesions. We sought to establish a noninvasive technique to determine monocyte trafficking to atherosclerotic lesions in live animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a micro-single-photon emission computed tomography small-animal imaging system and a Food and Drug Administration-approved radiotracer ([indium 111] oxyquinoline, (111)In-oxine), we demonstrate here that monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions can be visualized in a noninvasive, dynamic, and 3-dimensional fashion in live animals. We show in vivo that monocytes are recruited avidly to plaques within days of adoptive transfer. Using micro-single-photon emission computed tomography imaging as a screening tool, we were able to investigate modulatory effects on monocyte recruitment in live animals. We found that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors rapidly and substantially reduce monocyte recruitment to existing atherosclerotic lesions, as imaged here in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel approach to track monocytes to atherosclerotic plaques in vivo should have broad applications and create new insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass, USA.
authors.forename: Moritz F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kircher
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: Filip K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Swirski
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Libby
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gerszten
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Allport
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weissleder
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D015125:Oxyquinoline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C032950:indium oxine; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D015125:Oxyquinoline