title: Paradoxical air embolism during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a case report.
abstract: Air embolism is a rare complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Patent foramen ovale, which is necessary in fetal circulation, is a potential route for emboli arising from the venous system to enter the systemic arterial circulation, resulting in paradoxical air embolism syndrome. A case of paradoxical air embolism during percutaneous nephrolithotomy is presented. To our knowledge, this is the first report of paradoxical air embolism associated with patent foramen ovale during percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, CHA General Hospital, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Bumsik
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Hyung Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Taehan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004240:Diverticulum / Q000601:surgery; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology*; D019320:Embolism, Paradoxical / Q000209:etiology*; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*