title: Intracardiac transvenous echocardiography is superior to both precordial Doppler and transesophageal echocardiography techniques for detecting venous air embolism and catheter-guided air aspiration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous air embolism (VAE) is a potentially fatal complication during surgical procedures with patients in the sitting position. Since methods for detection of persistent low-volume VAE and targeted air aspiration are limited, we tested the hypotheses that transvenous intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) 1) improves detection of small air emboli in comparison to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and precordial Doppler monitoring (PCD) techniques, and that 2) image-guided multiorifice central venous catheter manipulation improves air recovery in moderate and large VAE, when compared with aspiration with the multiorifice central venous catheter in a static position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adult swine (73 +/- 4.6 kg, n = 7) were premedicated, anesthetized with propofol and fentanyl, endotracheally intubated, mechanically ventilated, and placed in a 45 degrees head-up position. First, nine different small volumes of air emboli (0.05-1 mL) were randomly injected via an ear vein, and VAE detection methods were applied in random order. For 378 small volume air injections, ICE had a much higher sensitivity (82.5%, P < 0.0001) on the analysis of VAE detection than TEE (52.8%) or PCD (46.8%), with no difference (P = 0.571) between TEE and PCD. An injected air volume as small as 0.15 mL was detected by ICE in 90% of injections performed, whereas PCD and TEE detected only half of the boluses of 0.25-0.30 mL of air, and required boluses of 0.4-1.0 mL to achieve 100% detection. Air recovery was assessed in a second series of moderate VAE (2, 5, 10 mL); image-guided aspiration-catheter manipulation recovered significantly more (34.1% vs 17.2%, P < 0.0001) intracardiac air than without catheter manipulation. In a third series of injections of large air volumes (25, 50, and 100 mL), air recovery was not significantly different with ultrasound-guided aspiration (41.3% vs 31.8%, P = 0.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small air emboli are detected by ICE with much greater sensitivity compared with both PCD and TEE techniques. Furthermore, recovery of embolized air is enhanced by image-guided manipulation of a multiorifice central venous catheter. Clinical studies are required to assess this technique during surgery with patients in the sitting position.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland, Germany. simon.schaefer@uni-due.de
authors.forename: Simon T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindemann
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brendt
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013396:Suction; D013552:Swine; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*