title: Recombinant human erythropoietin alpha improves the efficacy of radiotherapy of a human tumor xenograft, affecting tumor cells and microvessels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor-induced anemia often occurs in cancer patients, and is corrected by recombinant human erythropoietins (rHuEPOs). Recent studies indicated that, besides erythroid progenitor cells, tumor and endothelial cells express erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) as well; therefore, rHuEPO may affect their functions. Here, the effect of rHuEPOalpha on irradiation in EPOR-positive human squamous cell carcinoma xenograft was tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  A431 tumor-bearing SCID mice were treated from the tumor implantation with rHuEPOalpha at human-equivalent dose. Xenografts were irradiated (5 Gy) on day 14, and the final tumor mass was measured on day 22. The systemic effects of rHuEPOalpha on the hemoglobin level, on tumor-associated blood vessels and on hypoxia-inducible factor-(HIF-)1alpha expression of the tumor xenografts were monitored. The proliferation, apoptosis and clonogenic capacity of A431 cancer cells treated with rHuEPOalpha and irradiation were also tested in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, rHuEPOalpha treatment alone did not modify the proliferation of EPOR-positive A431 tumor cells but enhanced the effect of irradiation on proliferation, apoptosis and clonogenic capacity. In vivo, rHuEPOalpha administration compensated the tumor-induced anemia in SCID mice and decreased tumoral HIF-1alpha expression but had no effect on tumor growth. At the same time rHuEPOalpha treatment significantly increased the efficacy of radiotherapy in vivo (tumor weight of 23.9 +/- 4.7 mg and 34.9 +/- 4.6 mg, respectively), mediated by increased tumoral blood vessel destruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  rHuEPOalpha treatment may modulate the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy not only by reducing systemic hypoxia and tumoral HIF-1alpha expression, but also by destroying tumoral vessels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lövey
authors.forename: Bíborka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bereczky
authors.forename: Réka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gilly
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kenessey
authors.forename: Erzsébet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rásó
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Judit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dobos
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vágó
authors.forename: Miklós
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kásler
authors.forename: Balázs
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Döme
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tímár
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tóvári
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin