title: Parent of origin effects in attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): analysis of data from the international multicenter ADHD genetics (IMAGE) program.
abstract: There are conflicting reports suggesting that the parental origin of transmitted risk alleles may play a role in the etiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A recent report by Hawi and colleagues observed a generalized paternal over-transmission of alleles associated with ADHD. This was not replicated in more recent studies. Using data from a large multicenter study we examined the overall and gene-specific parent of origin effect in 554 independent SNPs across 47 genes. Transmission disequilibrium and explicit parent of origin test were performed using PLINK. Overall parent of origin effect was tested by Chi-square. There was no overall parent of origin effect in the IMAGE sample (chi(1)(2) = 1.82, P = 0.117). Five markers in three genes, DDC, TPH2, and SLC6A2 showed nominal association (P < 0.01) with ADHD combined subtype when restricted to maternal or paternal transmission only. Following the initial report by Hawi and co-workers three studies, including this one, found no evidence to support an overall parent of origin effect for markers associated with ADHD. We cannot however, exclude gene-specific parent of origin effect in the etiology ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. anneyr@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Richard J L
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Anney
authors.forename: Ziarih
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hawi
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Aisling
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Keeley J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kaixin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: Sita H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonuga-Barke
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ebstein
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Manor
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mulas
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Oades
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roeyers
authors.forename: Nanda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rommelse
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sergeant
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Steinhausen
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asherson
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005190:Family; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D010290:Parents; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers