title: Managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in primary care: a systematic analysis of roles and challenges.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to investigate the perceptions of primary care providers about their roles and the challenges of managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and to evaluate differences between providers who serve families primarily from urban versus suburban settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ADHD Questionnaire was developed to assess primary care provider views about the extent to which clinical activities that are involved in the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are appropriate and feasible in primary care. Participants were asked to rate each of 24 items of the questionnaire twice: first to indicate the appropriateness of the activity given sufficient time and resources and second to indicate feasibility in their actual practice. Informants used a 4-point scale to rate each item for appropriateness and feasibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An exploratory factor analysis of primary care provider ratings of the appropriateness of clinical activities for managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified 4 factors of clinical practice: factor 1, assessing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; factor 2, providing mental health care; factor 3, recommending and monitoring approved medications; and factor 4, recommending nonapproved medications. On a 4-point scale (1 = not appropriate to 4 = very appropriate), mean ratings for items on factor 1, factor 2, and factor 3 were high, indicating that the corresponding domains of practice were viewed as highly appropriate. Feasibility challenges were identified on all factors, but particularly factors 1 and 2. A significant interaction effect, indicating differences between appropriateness and feasibility as a function of setting (urban versus suburban), was identified on factor 1. The challenges of assessing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were greater for urban than for suburban primary care providers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary care providers believe that it is highly appropriate for them to have a role in the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Feasibility issues were particularly salient related to assessing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and providing mental health care. The findings highlight the need not only for additional training of primary care providers but also for practice-based resources to assist with school communication and collaboration with mental health agencies, especially in urban practices.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Management of ADHD, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. power@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mautone
authors.forename: Patricia H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Manz
authors.forename: Leslee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: Nathan J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Blum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010819:Physician's Role; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D019036:Suburban Health Services / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants