title: The neurotoxicity and safety of treatment with cefepime in patients with renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cases of cefepime neurotoxicity have been sporadically reported in patients with renal failure. The neurotoxicity of cefepime might be underestimated and the frequency of its neurotoxic effects may be insufficiently recognized.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the files of patients with renal failure who were treated with cefepime and who developed neurological complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 8 patients developed decreased conscience, confusion, agitation, global aphasia, myoclonus, chorea-athetosis, convulsions and coma. The latency, the period between the start of treatment and neurological deterioration, was 4,75 +/- 2,55 days (range: 1-10 days). All patients died 17 +/- 14,7 days (range: 1-42 days) after becoming symptomatic. Three of them died shortly after neurological deterioration. Five patients developed a neurological "tableau" with global aphasia. Three patients showed clinical improvement after the discontinuation of cefepime. Electroencephalography revealed diffuse slow-wave activity (delta) and triphasic sharp wave activity. These findings confirm the possible neurotoxicity of treatment with cefepime in patients with renal failure. In none of the deceased patients have we been able to directly demonstrate a causal relationship between neurotoxicity and mortality. However, when a patient treated with cefepime develops neurological deterioration or aphasia, one must be aware of cefepime's potential neurotoxicity and treatment should be stopped.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend that, in view of the high and unexplained mortality, the use of cefepime in patients with kidney failure should be carefully considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sonck
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laureys
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verbeelen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077723:Cefepime; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D000077723:Cefepime