title: Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis: generation of ROS, down-regulation of Bcl-2, c-FLIP, and synergy with TRAIL.
abstract: Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from the root of Sanguinaria canadensis and other poppy-fumaria species, possessing potent antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the underling mechanisms by which sanguinarine induce apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA-231 cells. Treatment of MDA-231 cells with sanguinarine induced remarkable apoptosis accompanying the generation of ROS. Consistently, sanguinarine-induced apoptosis was mediated by the increased reproductive cell death. Pretreatment with NAC or GSH attenuated sanguinarine-induced apoptosis, suggesting the involvement of ROS in this cell death. During sanguinarin-induced apoptosis, protein levels of pro-caspase-3, Bcl-2, cIAP2, XIAP, and c-FLIPs were reduced. Sanguinarine-mediated apoptosis was substantially blocked by ectopic expression of Bcl-2 and cFLIPs. Additionally, we found that sub-lethal doses of sanguinarine remarkably sensitized breast cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, but the cell death induced by sanguinarine and TRAIL in combination was not blocked by overexpression of Bcl-2 or Akt. Therefore, combinatory treatment of sanguinarine and TRAIL may overcome the resistance of breast cancer cells due to overexpression of Akt or Bcl-2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Chronic Disease Research Center and Institute for Medical Science, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 194 DongSan-Dong Jung-Gu, Taegu 700-712, South Korea.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae-Jin
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jaechan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leem
authors.forename: Kyeong Sook
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jong-Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Taeg Kyu
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D053119:Benzophenanthridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; D007546:Isoquinolines; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C005705:sanguinarine; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D005978:Glutathione