title: Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of iron sulfate in cultured human lymphocytes treated in different phases of cell cycle.
abstract: Iron (Fe) is a common chemical element that is essential for organisms as a co-factor in oxygen transport, but that in high amounts presents a significant risk of neurodegenerative disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic potential of iron sulfate. The comet assay and chromosome aberration (CA) analysis were applied to determine the DNA-damaging and clastogenic effects of iron sulfate. Human lymphocytes were treated in the quiescent phase for the comet assay and proliferative phase during the G1, G1/S, S (pulses of 1 and 6 h), and G2 phases of the cell cycle for CA analysis, with 1.25, 2.5 and 5 microg/mL concentrations of FeSO(4).7H2O. All tested concentrations were cytotoxic and reduced significantly the mitotic index (MI) in all phases of the cell cycle. They also induced CA in G1, G1/S and S (pulses of 1 and 6 h) phases. Iron sulfate also induced polyploidy in cells treated during G1. In the comet assay, this metal did not induce significant DNA damage. Our results show that Fe causes alteration and inhibition of DNA synthesis only in proliferative cells, which explain the concomitant occurrence of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity, respectively, in the lymphocytes studied.
authors.affiliation: Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, CEP 66075-110 Belém/PA, Brazil.
authors.forename: P D L
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vasconcellos
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.forename: C M L
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sombra
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Bahia
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Costa-Lotufo
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Pessoa
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Burbano
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008940:Mitotic Index; D009153:Mutagens; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D009153:Mutagens; C024823:ferric sulfate