title: Genetic and genomic analysis modeling of germline c-MYC overexpression and cancer susceptibility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Germline genetic variation is associated with the differential expression of many human genes. The phenotypic effects of this type of variation may be important when considering susceptibility to common genetic diseases. Three regions at 8q24 have recently been identified to independently confer risk of prostate cancer. Variation at 8q24 has also recently been associated with risk of breast and colorectal cancer. However, none of the risk variants map at or relatively close to known genes, with c-MYC mapping a few hundred kilobases distally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study identifies cis-regulators of germline c-MYC expression in immortalized lymphocytes of HapMap individuals. Quantitative analysis of c-MYC expression in normal prostate tissues suggests an association between overexpression and variants in Region 1 of prostate cancer risk. Somatic c-MYC overexpression correlates with prostate cancer progression and more aggressive tumor forms, which was also a pathological variable associated with Region 1. Expression profiling analysis and modeling of transcriptional regulatory networks predicts a functional association between MYC and the prostate tumor suppressor KLF6. Analysis of MYC/Myc-driven cell transformation and tumorigenesis substantiates a model in which MYC overexpression promotes transformation by down-regulating KLF6. In this model, a feedback loop through E-cadherin down-regulation causes further transactivation of c-MYC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study proposes that variation at putative 8q24 cis-regulator(s) of transcription can significantly alter germline c-MYC expression levels and, thus, contribute to prostate cancer susceptibility by down-regulating the prostate tumor suppressor KLF6 gene.
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain. x.sole@iconcologia.net
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Solé
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Miguel López
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: de Heredia
authors.forename: Lluís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Armengol
authors.forename: Benjamín
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Santiago
authors.forename: Laia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aguiló
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Condom
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abril
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pérez-Jurado
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Estivill
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capellá
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pujana
mesh_terms: D015536:Down-Regulation; D015870:Gene Expression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016259:Genes, myc / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000075723:Kruppel-Like Factor 6; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C105465:KLF6 protein, human; D000075723:Kruppel-Like Factor 6; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins