title: Carotid artery intima-media thickness correlates with oxidative stress in chronic haemodialysis patients with accelerated atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accelerated atherosclerosis is the major cause of mortality in patients on chronic haemodialysis (HD). Increased oxidative stress might be the major factor leading to high cardiovascular mortality rate in HD patients. The aim of our study was to clarify effects of uraemia and dialysis on oxidative stress parameters and explore the relation between oxidative stress markers and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) as an indicator of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty chronic HD patients, 20 predialytic uraemic patients and 20 healthy subjects were included in the study. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl content (PCO) and nitrite/nitrate levels were determined as oxidative stress markers. Serum vitamin E, plasma sulfhydryl (P-SH), erythrocyte glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured as antioxidants. CIMT was assessed by carotid artery ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both chronic HD and predialytic uraemic patients had enhanced oxidative stress indicated by higher levels of nitrite/nitrate, TBARS and PCO, and lower levels of P-SH, SOD, CAT and GPx compared to controls. HD patients had significantly higher CIMT and nitrite/nitrate while significantly lower P-SH,vitamin E, SOD, CAT and GPx compared to predialytic uraemic patients. There was a significant positive correlation between CIMT and TBARS (r = 0.38, P = 0.003) and nitrite/nitrate levels (r = 0.41, P = 0.001), while there was a significant negative correlation between CIMT and SOD (r = -0.35, P = 0.01), CAT (r = -0.65, P < 0.001) and P-SH levels (r = -0.50, P < 0.001). A linear regression analysis showed that TBARS were still significantly and positively correlated with CIMT (P = 0.001), while CAT and P-SH were significantly and negatively correlated with CIMT (P = 0.002 and P = 0.048, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HD exacerbates oxidative stress and disturbances in antioxidant enzymes in uraemic patients. We propose that serum TBARS and nitrite/nitrate can be used as positive determinants, while erythrocyte SOD, CAT and P-SH may be used as negative determinants of atherosclerosis assessed by CIMT in uraemic and HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, 34662 Altunizade, Istanbul, Turkey. bestes@doctor.com
authors.forename: Belda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dursun
authors.forename: Evrim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dursun
authors.forename: Gultekin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suleymanlar
authors.forename: Beste
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozben
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Capraz
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apaydin
authors.forename: Tomris
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozben
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000097:blood; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione