title: An instrumented cylinder measuring pinch force and orientation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The function of a cylinder allowing simultaneous measurements of the opposition axis of the index finger and thumb of the hand and the magnitude of pinch force is described.
  
  
  METHODS
  The apparatus is made of two half-cylinders that are bonded together through a 6-axis force/torque sensor and allows the measurement of 3D orthogonal forces and moments of force. The amplitude of the pinch force exerted on the cylinder by the fingers is defined as the resultant of the forces in the different axes. A software program was developed to measure the barycentre of the forces on the instrumented cylinder, allowing calculation of the angle of the opposition axis between the fingers and the location of the resulting pinch force on the cylinder, assuming that the pinch or grip forces are co-linear through the center of the cylinder. In order to assess the validity and reliability of the measurements, the cylinder was mounted on a milling table and seven calibrated weights (from 100 to 500 g) were successively applied perpendicularly to a 9*9 matrix of sites separated by 1 cm. With the exception of the extreme lateral parts of the cylinder, the dispersion of the calculated vertical position of the resulting force was always within 1 mm of the application point, suggesting a high reliability of these measurements. In addition, the errors in the angles of the applied force were calculated and found to be less than 2 degree with no clear patterns of variation across the different locations of the cylinder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The usefulness of the cylinder is demonstrated by evaluating the pinch force and the opposition axis in six healthy subjects lifting the cylinder from the table using three different orientations of their right hand. The magnitude of the grip force was not significantly different across orientations (45, 22 and -22 degrees relative to the midline of the subject) suggesting that force grip is controlled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From these results, it has been concluded that the cylinder is a valid, reliable and precise instrument that may prove useful for evaluating opposition axis and grip force in healthy and pathological populations.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain (CRIR), site Institut de réadaptation de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3S 2J4, Canada. daniel.bourbonnais@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bourbonnais
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frak
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pilon
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goyette
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002138:Calibration; D005385:Fingers; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009949:Orientation; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D019415:Torque