title: Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review, expert panel, and a workshop during the "VIII International Forum on Primary Care Research on Low Back Pain" (Amsterdam, June 2006).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop practical guidance regarding the minimal important change (MIC) on frequently used measures of pain and functional status for low back pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Empirical studies have tried to determine meaningful changes for back pain, using different methodologies. This has led to confusion about what change is clinically important for commonly used back pain outcome measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study covered the Visual Analogue Scale (0-100) and the Numerical Rating Scale (0-10) for pain and for function, the Roland Disability Questionnaire (0-24), the Oswestry Disability Index (0-100), and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (0-100). The literature was reviewed for empirical evidence. Additionally, experts and participants of the VIII International Forum on Primary Care Research on Low Back Pain were consulted to develop international consensus on clinical interpretation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was wide variation in study design and the methods used to estimate MICs, and in values found for MIC, where MIC is the improvement in clinical status of an individual patient. However, after discussion among experts and workshop participants a reasonable consensus was achieved. Proposed MIC values are: 15 for the Visual Analogue Scale, 2 for the Numerical Rating Scale, 5 for the Roland Disability Questionnaire, 10 for the Oswestry Disability Index, and 20 for the QBDQ. When the baseline score is taken into account, a 30% improvement was considered a useful threshold for identifying clinically meaningful improvement on each of these measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For a range of commonly used back pain outcome measures, a 30% change from baseline may be considered clinically meaningful improvement when comparing before and after measures for individual patients. It is hoped that these proposals facilitate the use of these measures in clinical practice and the comparability of future studies. The proposed MIC values are not the final answer but offer a common starting point for future research.
authors.affiliation: EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.ostelo@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Raymond W J G
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ostelo
authors.forename: Rick A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Deyo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stratford
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waddell
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Von Korff
authors.forename: Lex M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: Henrica C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: de Vet
mesh_terms: D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009426:Netherlands; D009656:North America; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom