title: Neurocognitive performance of concussed athletes when symptom free.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concussed athletes may underreport concussion-related symptoms in order to expedite return to play. Whether neurocognitive impairments persist once concussion-related symptoms resolve has yet to be determined. Reliance on athlete-reported, postconcussion symptoms when making return-to-play decisions may expose athletes to subsequent injury if complete recovery has not occurred.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the presence of neurocognitive decrements in concussed athletes no longer reporting concussion-related symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within-groups design.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate athletes (16 men, 5 women). Age = 19.81 +/- 1.25 years, height = 180.95 +/- 10.62 cm, mass = 93.66 +/- 27.60 kg, and previous concussions = 1.76 +/- 2.02.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ImPACT concussion assessment test was administered to concussed athletes at baseline, when symptomatic (within 72 hours of injury), and when asymptomatic. Index scores of verbal memory, visual memory, visual-motor speed, reaction time, and concussion-related symptoms were recorded at each session. The Symptom Assessment Scale was administered daily after injury to establish when the athlete became asymptomatic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When assessed within 72 hours of concussion, 81% of the athletes showed deficits on at least 1 ImPACT variable. At the asymptomatic time point, 38% of the concussed athletes continued to demonstrate neurocognitive impairment on at least 1 ImPACT variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurocognitive decrements may persist when athletes no longer report concussion-related symptoms. The exclusive use of symptom reports in making a return-to-play decision is not advised. A multifaceted approach to concussion assessment that includes evaluation of a myriad of functions is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. broglio@uiuc.edu
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Broglio
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Macciocchi
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ferrara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities