title: Extended transsphenoidal approach for surgical management of pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors devised an extended transsphenoidal approach involving a submucosal posterior ethmoidectomy that allows for adequate exposure of the cavernous sinus. To evaluate the adequacy of this approach for removal of adenomas invading the cavernous sinus, the authors retrospectively analyzed the surgical outcomes obtained in treated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 9-year period, 36 patients with pituitary adenomas extending into the cavernous sinus underwent tumor removal at Kinki University Hospital. In the authors' technique of extended transsphenoidal surgery, the inferior wall of the affected cavernous sinus was entirely exposed, not only to permit safe removal of the tumor but also to secure the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). For prevention of intraoperative injury to the cranial nerves, a low-profile pressure sensor was attached on the eyelid to detect eye movements in response to electrical stimulation of the cranial nerves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total or subtotal tumor removal was achieved in 72% of 36 patients. In eight (67%) of 12 patients with growth hormone-secreting adenomas, hormonal remission was achieved postoperatively. Postoperative transient double vision was observed in 27% of the patients, but no serious complications, such as permanent cranial nerve palsy or ICA injury, occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These reasonable surgical results obtained in the present series of patients suggest that the extended transsphenoidal approach is safe and effective for removal of adenomas within the cavernous sinus. These preliminary results may lead to a reevaluation of the role of surgery as the therapeutic strategy for invasive pituitary adenomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. mkitano-nsu@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taneda
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimono
authors.forename: Yuzo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakao
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002426:Cavernous Sinus; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus; D016896:Treatment Outcome