title: The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of micafungin in experimental hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis: implications for echinocandin therapy in neonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis (HCME) is a relatively frequent manifestation of disseminated candidiasis in neonates and is associated with significant mortality and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The outcome after antifungal therapy is often suboptimal, with few therapeutic options. Limited clinical data suggest that echinocandins may have role to play in the treatment of HCME.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of micafungin in a rabbit model of neonatal HCME and bridged the results to neonates by use of population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Micafungin exhibited linear plasma pharmacokinetics in the range of 0.25-16 mg/kg. Micafungin penetrated most compartments of the central nervous system (CNS), but only with doses >2 mg/kg. Micafungin was not reliably found in cerebrospinal fluid. With few exceptions, drug penetration into the various CNS subcompartments was not statistically different between infected and noninfected rabbits. A dose-microbiological response relationship was apparent in the brain, and near-maximal effect was apparent with doses of 8 mg/kg. Monte Carlo simulations revealed that near-maximal antifungal effect was attained at human neonatal doses of 12-15 mg/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide a foundation for clinical trials of micafungin in neonates with HCME and a model for antimicrobial bridging studies from bench to bedside in pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Immunocompromised Host Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, CRC, Rm. 1-5750, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mickiene
authors.forename: Vidmantas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Petraitis
authors.forename: Ruta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petraitiene
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kelaher
authors.forename: Joanna E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Margaret P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacher
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Keirns
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buell
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heresi
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Andreas H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Groll
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Drusano
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054714:Echinocandins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008590:Meningoencephalitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D000077551:Micafungin; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D054714:Echinocandins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008074:Lipoproteins; D000077551:Micafungin