title: The role of foot pronation in the development of femoral and tibial stress fractures: a prospective biomechanical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether dynamic parameters of foot pronation are risk factors for the development of stress fractures of the femur and tibia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infantry basic training course.
  
  
  METHODS
  473 recruits evaluated for stress fractures of the femur and tibia every 2 weeks during 14 weeks of infantry basic training. The final analysis included 405 recruits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two weeks before commencement of training, the recruits were evaluated during treadmill walking for their subtalar joint kinematics. Five independent variables were measured bilaterally: maximal pronation angle during the stance, pronation range of motion, time from heel strike to maximum pronation, pronation mean angular velocity, and time to maximum pronation as a percent of the total stance time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stress fractures of the femur and tibia. These were considered positive only when proven by imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten percent of the participants were diagnosed with stress fractures of the femur and tibia. Recruits with longer duration of foot pronation had reduced odds ratio to develop this injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longer duration of foot pronation may have a protective effect from stress fractures of the femur and tibia. This finding may promote the understanding of stress fracture pathomechanism, assist in the identification of subjects with increased risk who need augmented monitoring throughout training, and assist in future planning of impact reducing aids.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, Meir University Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel. hetsrony@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Iftach
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hetsroni
authors.forename: Aharon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finestone
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milgrom
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ben-Sira
authors.forename: Meir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyska
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Sivan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Almosnino
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayalon
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000209:etiology*; D005528:Foot; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D019370:Observation; D011403:Pronation / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000209:etiology*