title: Tumour necrosis factor blockade increases lymphangiogenesis in murine and human arthritic joints.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the presence and regulation of lymphatic vessels in inflamed joints of mice with experimental arthritis as well as patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Lymphatic vessels and blood vessels were assessed in synovial tissue of human tumour necrosis factor transgenic (TNFtg) mice and synovial biopsies from patients with RA and SpA by immunohistochemistry for podoplanin and CD31, respectively. Assessments were performed before and after TNF blockade in all biopsies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymphatic vessels were abundantly present in the synovial tissue of hTNFtg mice as well as patients with RA and SpA. The number of lymphatic vessels was positively related to the severity of synovial inflammation. Treatment with infliximab led to an increase in the formation of lymphatic vessels in murine and human inflammatory tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that TNF blockade promotes the proliferation of lymphatic vessels in the inflamed synovium of RA and SpA. This finding leads to the assumption that promotion of lymphangiogenesis may play an important part in efflux of cells and fluid out of the inflamed tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polzer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baeten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soleiman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Distler
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gerlag
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tak
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schett
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zwerina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000069285:Infliximab; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008875:Middle Aged; D025241:Spondylarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab