title: A systematic review of outcomes in patients with staged carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although current guidelines state that carotid endarterectomy is probably recommended before or concomitant to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with carotid stenosis, significant controversies to this recommendation still persist. Carotid artery stenting has been recently introduced as an alternative revascularization modality in high-risk patients. The aim of this study was to define, based on the published information, if carotid artery stenting is beneficial in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of MEDLINE and a manual search of the literature from selected articles were performed. A total of 6 studies with 277 patients reporting carotid stenting followed by staged CABG were available for this clinical outcome analysis. All were retrospective and single-center studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 69 years; 78% were males. Asymptomatic carotid stenosis was present in 76% of patients. The mean time to CABG was 32 days. The incidence of stroke and death associated with the stent procedure was 4.7%. Only 6 patients (2.2%) developed stroke associated with CABG. The overall combined 30-day event rate after CABG, including all events during carotid artery stenting, were as follows: minor stroke, 2.9%; major stroke, 3.2%; mortality, 7.6%; and combined death and any stroke, 12.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pooled analysis, the combined incidence of death and stroke in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting and staged CABG remains elevated. These results confirm that the presence of carotid stenosis is per se a marker of risk that might persists independent of its treatment. A systematic or randomized evaluation appears warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL, USA. luis.guzman@jax.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Dominick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Angiolillo
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zenni
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wludyka
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silliman
authors.forename: Theodore A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bass
mesh_terms: D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality*; D016896:Treatment Outcome