title: Number of islet autoantibodies present in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes children born to non-diabetic mothers is affected by islet autoantibodies present at birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cord blood islet autoantibodies in children born to mothers with type 1 diabetes may be associated with a reduced risk of islet autoimmunity and diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate in children with type 1 diabetes but born to non-diabetic mothers whether islet autoantibodies at birth affected their presence at diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples at birth and at diagnosis were available from 141 children who developed type 1 diabetes between 1 and 19 yr of age (median 9.0 yr; male/female ratio 83/58). The samples were tested for autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulinoma-associated antigen 2, and insulin as well as for islet cell antibodies. The human leukocyte antigen genotype was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of islet autoantibodies in the umbilical cord blood was 11% compared with 91% at diagnosis. Children with fewer islet autoantibodies at diagnosis were more likely to have had autoantibodies at birth (p = 0.02). Autoantibodies present in cord blood at birth were observed in 25% (3/12) of children with no islet autoantibodies at diagnosis, in 17% (7/42) of children with one or two antibodies at diagnosis, and in only 5% (4/86) of children with more than two antibodies, demonstrating an inverse relationship between autoantibodies at birth and at diagnosis (test for trend, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary data suggest that exposure to cord blood islet autoantibodies may influence the presence of islet autoantibodies at the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and explain why some type 1 diabetes children are islet autoantibody negative at clinical diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatric Unit, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. maria.elfving@skane.se
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elfving
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Majvi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Månsson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundkvist
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lernmark
authors.forename: Sten A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ivarsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000276:immunology; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007330:Insulin Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007330:Insulin Antibodies; C024211:islet cell antibody; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase