title: Nursing neurologic assessments after cardiac operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the neurologic status of patients undergoing cardiac operations has been well studied at other times, there are few studies of neurologic status in the immediate postoperative state. This study used standardized nursing neurologic evaluations to describe the sequence of neurologic changes during the first few hours after cardiac operations and the factors that influence them.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, patients arriving in the intensive care unit after cardiac operations were serially assessed using the using the Neurologic Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) for up to 24 hours postoperatively. The study evaluated the effects on outcome of various preoperative and intraoperative variables, as well as the NICE scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recovery of brainstem reflexes occurred at 1.4 +/- 1.4 hours, and the fully alert state occurred at a mean of 5.1 +/- 3.8 hours after admission to the intensive care unit in patients without a new neurologic deficit. Patients with new neurologic deficits or patients discharged to supervised care settings took longer to reach each neurologic milestone. Older patients, patients with more complex surgical procedures, and patients with higher cardiovascular risk factors took longer to become fully alert. The time to reach the highest NICE score was a strong predictor of the duration of intubation but only weakly predicted other outcome variables in a multivariable analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standardized, serial nursing neurologic assessments of postoperative cardiac patients provide insight into the immediate postoperative period and may be a useful tool for early identification of patients at risk for adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822, USA.
authors.forename: Anna T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Bickert
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hager
authors.forename: Mark M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Stecker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D003325:Coronary Care Units; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology