title: Ethanol abolishes ischemic preconditioning in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to assess the effect of acute alcohol intake on ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in humans using the clinical model of 2 sequential balloon inflations during a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Ischemic preconditioning is the most potent form of endogenous myocardial protection from irreversible ischemic injury. Experimental observations suggest that acute ethanol administration might abolish IPC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 30 consecutive patients (22 men, mean age 65 years) undergoing elective coronary angioplasty who were randomized to receive an oral dose of 40 g ethylic alcohol (administered as 149 ml of Gordon's Gin) or 149 ml of water 30 min before PCI. Intracoronary electrocardiogram was continuously monitored to assess the greatest ST-segment elevation or depression from baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In placebo-treated patients, the change of ST-segment shift during the second inflation was significantly smaller than that during the first inflation (19.3 +/- 9.1 vs. 15.7 +/- 8.7, p = 0.005). In contrast, in gin-treated patients, the change of ST-segment shift during the second inflation was significantly greater than that during the first inflation (18.7 +/- 7.2 vs. 22 +/- 10, p = 0.03). The group-inflation interaction for ST-segment changes was highly significant (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This randomized, prospective study in humans shows that administration of a moderate dose of ethanol abolishes IPC occurring during sequential episodes of myocardial ischemia and is associated with worsening ischemia. Based on our study, intake of moderate to high doses of alcoholic beverages should be avoided in patients at high risk of acute myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. gniccoli73@hotmail.it
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niccoli
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Altamura
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabretti
authors.forename: Gaetano A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: Luigi M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Biasucci
authors.forename: Antonio G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rebuzzi
authors.forename: Antonio Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: Italo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burzotta
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trani
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crea
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol