title: The interaction of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress symptoms in predicting depressive symptoms and quality of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to explore whether post-traumatic growth (PTG) (positive change or benefit finding resulting from trauma) moderates relationships between post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and both depression and quality of life (QOL) among breast cancer survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We interviewed 161 women previously treated for early stage breast cancer. We assessed PTG using the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, PTSS using the PTSD Checklist, depressive symptoms using the CES-D and QOL using the FACT-B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher PTSS was associated with greater depressive symptoms and lower QOL (p<0.01). The relationship between PTSS and depression was attenuated among women with higher levels of PTG (PTSS x PTG interaction, p<0.05). The same pattern of results was found for QOL (interaction p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the novel finding that PTG moderated relationships between PTSS and both depression and QOL. We speculate that finding positive meaning in response to a distressing event, such as diagnosis of cancer, may be psychologically protective and could indirectly influence the long-term occurrence of depressive symptoms and impaired QOL.
authors.affiliation: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: E Forrest
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Morrill
authors.forename: Noel T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lillie
authors.forename: E Claire
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Dees
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Rimer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012803:Sick Role; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*