title: Variation between hospitals in patient outcome after stroke is only partly explained by differences in quality of care: results from the Netherlands Stroke Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patient outcome is often used as an indicator of quality of hospital care. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a straightforward relationship between quality of care and outcome, and whether outcome measures could be used to assess quality of care after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 centres in The Netherlands, 579 patients with acute stroke were prospectively and consecutively enrolled. Poor outcome was defined as a score on the modified Rankin scale >or=3 at 1 year. Quality of care was assessed by relating diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive procedures to indication. Multiple logistic regression models were used to compare observed proportions of patients with poor outcome with expected proportions, after adjustment for patient characteristics and quality of care parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 271 (47%) patients were dead or disabled at 1 year. Poor outcome varied across the centres from 29% to 78%. Large differences between centres were also observed in clinical characteristics, prognostic factors and quality of care. For example, between hospital quartiles based on outcome, age >or=70 years varied from 50% to 65%, presence of vascular risk factors from 88% to 96%, intravenous fluids when indicated from 35% to 81%, and antihypertensive therapy when indicated from 60% to 85%. The largest part of variation in patient outcome between centres was explained by differences in patient characteristics (Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) = 134.0). Quality of care parameters explained a small part of the variation in patient outcome (AIC = 5.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient outcome after stroke varies largely between centres and is, for a substantial part, explained by differences in patient characteristics at time of hospital admission. Only a small part of the hospital variation in patient outcome is related to differences in quality of care. Unadjusted proportions of poor outcome after stroke are not valid as indicators of quality of care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcentre, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. h.lingsma@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Lingsma
authors.forename: D W J
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dippel
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hoeks
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Steyerberg
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Oostenbrugge
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Simoons
authors.forename: W J M
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Scholte Op Reimer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020757:Amaurosis Fugax / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors