title: Carcinoid heart disease.
abstract: In patients with carcinoid heart disease, a multidisciplinary approach to patient care is required because treatment of the systemic disease and management of cardiac involvement must be considered at the same time. Somatostatin analogue use is a therapeutic cornerstone, effective in symptomatic control of the endocrine syndrome. Chemotherapy is of limited efficacy in patients with carcinoid tumors. Hepatic resection of metastases is the preferred treatment option and has been shown to result in improved outcome. It should be considered if at least 90% of the metastases in the liver are removable. Hepatic artery embolization is usually applied if a patient is not eligible for surgical debulking. Development and progression of carcinoid heart disease complicate the carcinoid syndrome and contribute to poor prognosis. In patients with severe cardiac involvement and well-controlled systemic disease, valve replacement surgery is an effective treatment modality that can relieve intractable symptoms and contribute to improved outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Alain M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bernheim
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pellikka