title: Duodenal switch: long-term results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This report summarizes our 15-year experience with duodenal switch (DS) as a primary procedure on 1,423 patients from 1992 to 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within the last 2 years, follow-up of these patients, including clinical biochemistry evaluation by us or by their local physician is 97%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival rate was 92% after DS. The risk of death (Excess Hazard Ratio (EHR)) was 1.2, almost that of the general population. After a mean of 7.3 years (range 2-15), 92% of patients with an initial BMI < or = 50 kg/m2 obtained a BMI < 35 and 83% of those with an initial BMI > 50 obtained a BMI < 40. Diabetes was cured (i.e. medication was discontinued) in 92% and medication decreased in the others. The use of the CPAP apparatus was discontinued in 90%, medication for asthma was decreased in 88%, and the prevalence of a cardiac risk index > 5 was decreased by 86%. Patients' satisfaction in regard to weight loss was graded 3.6 on a basis of 5, and 95% of patients were satisfied with the overall results. Operative mortality was 1% which is comparable with gastric bypass surgery. The need for revision for malnutrition was rare (0.7%) and total reversal was exceptional (0.2%). Failure to lose > 25% of initial excess weight was 1.3%. Revision for failure to lose sufficient weight was needed in only 1.5%. Severe anemia, deficiency in vitamins or bone damage were exceptional, easily treatable, preventable and no permanent damage was documented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the long-term, DS was very efficient in terms of cure rate for morbid obesity and its comorbidities. In terms of risk/benefit, DS was very sucessful with an appropriate system of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Laval University, Laval Hospital, Québec, Canada. picard.marceau@chg.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Picard
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marceau
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biron
authors.forename: Frédéric-Simon
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Hould
authors.forename: Stéfane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lebel
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marceau
authors.forename: Odette
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lescelleur
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Biertho
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D015904:Biliopancreatic Diversion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome