title: Off-label drug use among hospitalised children: identifying areas with the highest need for research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the off-label use of drugs on a paediatric ward in Germany, and to identify domains of pharmacotherapy with the highest need for research concerning off-label use in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was conducted on a paediatric ward in Duesseldorf in Germany between January and June 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data about patients, diagnoses and prescribed drugs were collected from the prescription records and the discharge letters. Diagnoses were classified in groups by means of the International Classification of Diseases. Drugs were grouped according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification system. We compared the off-label prescriptions with those on the list of paediatric needs and priority list established by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Off-label use was defined due to age, indication, route of application and dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 417 patients. We analysed 1,812 prescriptions representing 211 different drugs. In total, 253 patients (61%) received at least one off-label prescription. Of all analysed prescriptions, 553 (31%) were off-label. The percentage of off-label prescriptions among the five most frequently prescribed drug groups were as follows: 60% cardiovascular drugs (CV: 129/216), 42% anti-infectives (AI: 190/449), 30% drugs for respiratory system (RS: 100/335), 25% drugs for alimentary tract and metabolism (AM: 67/269) and 3% analgesics and antipyretics (AA: 8/264); with 17 drugs, the cardiovascular drugs also showed the highest number of different off-label prescribed drugs due to age: AI: 14; AM: 11; RS: 5; AA: 1. In addition, there was a nearly complete overlap between the identified off-label prescriptions in cardiovascular drugs and those listed by the EMEA to be prioritized for urgent research in Europe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular drugs are a domain of pharmacotherapy, with a large need for research in paediatrics. The results of our study can guide the researcher to future trials on off-label prescriptions such as cardiovascular drugs, especially due to the fact that the identified off-label prescribed drugs in this group are also mentioned by the EMEA to be prioritized for paediatric research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hsien
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breddemann
authors.forename: Anne-Kristina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Frobel
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heusch
authors.forename: Klaus G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Läer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D004348:Drug Labeling; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006077:Government Agencies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D055553:Prescription Drugs