title: Basal insulin switch from NPH to glargine in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin analogue increasingly used instead of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in young subjects with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the clinical course of diabetes in children and adolescents who were switched from NPH to insulin glargine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 2003 and November 2004, a total of 76 subjects were switched to glargine in our clinic, treating 340 children with type 1 diabetes. All the subjects had been receiving insulin NPH, and their serum C-peptide levels had been non-detectable for at least 1 yr. Data were collected retrospectively, and 12-18 months after the change, experiences with glargine were inquired using a questionnaire. Seven subjects (9.2%) discontinued glargine before 12 months, and seven refused to participate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data for 62 subjects were analyzed. At the switch (0 months), their mean age was 12.7 yr (range 5.1-17.5), mean duration of diabetes was 6.7 yr (range 1.8-14.3), and mean hemoglobin A1c was (HbA1c) 9.2%. Twelve months later (+12 months), the mean HbA1c remained similar (9.2%), the proportion of long-acting insulin was smaller (47.7 vs. 58.1%; p < 0.001), and the daily insulin dose was lower (0.97 vs. 1.05 IU/kg; p < 0.001). The number of injections was lower at +12 months (17.7% with more than five injections vs. 64.5%; p < 0.001). No differences were seen in weight for height or the number of severe hypoglycemias. Most subjects who continued with glargine for > or =12 months considered glargine better than NPH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A switch to insulin glargine retains a similar glycemic control and does not change the number of severe hypoglycemias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Päivärinta
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tapanainen
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D007336:Insulin, Isophane