title: Increased expression of placenta growth factor in COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor may have an important role in the pathogenesis of emphysema. The effect of another angiogenic factor, placenta growth factor (PlGF), in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The serum levels of VEGF and PlGF in patients with COPD (n = 184), smokers (n = 212) and non-smokers (n = 159) and the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid levels of VEGF and PlGF in another group (20 patients with COPD, 18 controls) were measured. In vitro cell culture experiments were performed to investigate the effect of PlGF on VEGF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SE) serum levels of PlGF were significantly higher in patients with COPD than in controls (27.1 (7.4) pg/ml vs 12.3 (5.1) pg/ml in smokers and 10.8 (6.3) pg/ml in non-smokers, p = 0.005). The levels of PlGF in BAL fluid were also significantly higher in patients with COPD than in controls (45.7 (12.3) pg/ml vs 23.9 (7.6) pg/ml, p = 0.005), associated with an increase in the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). In patients with COPD the levels of PlGF correlated inversely with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) in serum (r = -0.59, p = 0.002) and in BAL fluid (r = -0.51, p = 0.001). While the serum levels of VEGF were the same in patients with COPD and controls, the BAL fluid levels were significantly lower in patients with COPD than in controls (127.5 (30.1) pg/ml vs 237.8 (36.1) pg/ml, p = 0.002). In cultured bronchial epithelial cells, proinflammatory cytokines induced an increase in the protein expression of both PlGF and VEGF. Continuous concomitant treatment with PlGF, TNF-alpha and IL-8 stimulation reduced VEGF expression and induced cell death. This phenomenon was suppressed by VEGF receptor inhibitor (CBO-P11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The serum and BAL fluid levels of PlGF are increased in patients with COPD and are inversely correlated with FEV(1). Concomitant treatment with PlGF, TNF-alpha and IL-8 causes detrimental effects on airway epithelial cells. These data suggest that bronchial epithelial cells can express PlGF, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: S-L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: H-C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C-J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: P-C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016209:Interleukin-8; C000608036:PGF protein, human; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor