title: Urinary deoxynivalenol is correlated with cereal intake in individuals from the United kingdom.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic fungal metabolite that frequently contaminates cereal crops. DON is toxic to animals, but the effects on humans are poorly understood, in part because exposure estimates are of limited precision.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study we used the U.K. adult National Diet and Nutrition Survey to compare 24-hr urinary DON excretion with cereal intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred subjects were identified for each of the following cereal consumption groups: low (mean, 107 g cereal/day; range, 88-125), medium (mean, 179 g/day; range, 162-195) and high (mean, 300 g/day; range, 276-325). DON was analyzed in 24-hr urine samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after purification on immunoaffinity columns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DON was detected in 296 of 300 (98.7%) urine samples. Cereal intake was significantly associated with urinary DON (p < 0.0005), with the geometric mean urinary levels being 6.55 microg DON/day [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.71-7.53]; 9.63 microg/day (95% CI, 8.39-11.05); and 13.24 microg/day (95% CI, 11.54-15.19) for low-, medium-, and high-intake groups, respectively. In multivariable analysis, wholemeal bread (p < 0.0005), white bread (p < 0.0005), "other" bread (p < 0.0005), buns/cakes (p = 0.003), high-fiber breakfast cereal (p = 0.016), and pasta (p = 0.017) were significantly associated with urinary DON. Wholemeal bread was associated with the greatest percent increase in urinary DON per unit of consumption, but white bread contributed approximately twice as much as wholemeal bread to the urinary DON levels because it was consumed in higher amounts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of adults in the United Kingdom appear to be exposed to DON, and on the basis of the urinary levels, we estimate that some individuals may exceed the European Union (EU) recommended maximum tolerable daily intake of 1,000 ng DON/kg (bw). This exposure biomarker will be a valuable tool for biomonitoring as part of surveillance strategies and in etiologic studies of DON and human disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology Unit Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds United.
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: Kay L M
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Yunyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cade
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001939:Bread; D002523:Edible Grain; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000652:urine*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014255:Trichothecenes; C007262:deoxynivalenol