title: Three sets of translocation intermediates are formed during the early stage of protein import into chloroplasts.
abstract: During the early stage of protein import into chloroplasts, precursor proteins synthesized in the cytosol irreversibly bind to chloroplasts to form the early translocation intermediate under stringent energy conditions. Many efforts have been made to identify the components involved in protein import by analyzing the early intermediate. However, the state of the precursor within the intermediate has not been well investigated so far. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the extent of translocation of the precursor by determining the state of the precursor in the early intermediate under various conditions and analyzing the fragments generated by limited proteolysis of the precursors docked to chloroplasts. Our results indicate that three different sets of early intermediate are formed based on temperature and the hydrolysis of GTP/ATP. These have been identified based on the size of proteolytic fragments of the precursor as "energy-dependent association," "insertion," and "penetration" states. These findings suggest two individual ATP-hydrolyzing steps during the early stage of protein import, one of which is temperature-sensitive. Our results also demonstrate that translocation through the outer envelope membrane is mainly dependent on internal ATP.
authors.affiliation: United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akita
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate