title: A machine-learning approach to combined evidence validation of genome assemblies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While it is common to refer to 'the genome sequence' as if it were a single, complete and contiguous DNA string, it is in fact an assembly of millions of small, partially overlapping DNA fragments. Sophisticated computer algorithms (assemblers and scaffolders) merge these DNA fragments into contigs, and place these contigs into sequence scaffolds using the paired-end sequences derived from large-insert DNA libraries. Each step in this automated process is susceptible to producing errors; hence, the resulting draft assembly represents (in practice) only a likely assembly that requires further validation. Knowing which parts of the draft assembly are likely free of errors is critical if researchers are to draw reliable conclusions from the assembled sequence data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We develop a machine-learning method to detect assembly errors in sequence assemblies. Several in silico measures for assembly validation have been proposed by various researchers. Using three benchmarking Drosophila draft genomes, we evaluate these techniques along with some new measures that we propose, including the good-minus-bad coverage (GMB), the good-to-bad-ratio (RGB), the average Z-score (AZ) and the average absolute Z-score (ASZ). Our results show that the GMB measure performs better than the others in both its sensitivity and its specificity for assembly error detection. Nevertheless, no single method performs sufficiently well to reliably detect genomic regions requiring attention for further experimental verification. To utilize the advantages of all these measures, we develop a novel machine learning approach that combines these individual measures to achieve a higher prediction accuracy (i.e. greater than 90%). Our combined evidence approach avoids the difficult and often ad hoc selection of many parameters the individual measures require, and significantly improves the overall precisions on the benchmarking data sets.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Informatics and Department of Biology, Indiana University, IN 47405, USA.
authors.forename: Jeong-Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Sun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Haixu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Justen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Don G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Colbourne
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001483:Base Sequence; D020451:Contig Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*