title: Effect of parecoxib on postoperative pain after lumbar spine surgery: a bicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: METHODS
  A bicenter randomized, patients, healthcare providers, and data collectors blind placebo-controlled trial in multimodal analgesia for postoperative lumbar spine surgery was conducted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and safety of parecoxib on postoperative pain management after posterior lumbar spine surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Systematic reviews suggest that cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors are an effective treatment for acute postoperative pain. However, previous trials on lumbar spine surgery showed equivocal efficacy of cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors for postoperative pain relief.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 120 patients undergoing posterior lumbar discectomy, spinal decompression, or spinal fusion were stratified based on the surgical procedure to 3 groups (n = 40) and randomly allocated to receive multidoses of parecoxib 40 mg/dose or placebo. Efficacy was assessed by total morphine used from patient-controlled analgesic pump, pain intensity, pain relief, and the patient's subjective rating of the medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parecoxib 40 mg reduced the total amount of morphine required over 48 hours by 39% relative morphine reduction compared with placebo (P = 0.0001). Pain at rest was reduced by 30% (P = 0.0001). Ninety percent of patients given parecoxib experienced at least 50% maximum total pain relief compared with 58% treated with placebo. The number-needed-to-treat for 1 patient to have at least half pain relief was 3.1 (2.0-4.6). Patients' subjective rating of the medication was described as "excellent, good, and fair" by 48%, 43%, and 8% in the parecoxib group, respectively, compared with 21%, 50%, and 28% of placebo patients (P = 0.004). Overall adverse effects of patients receiving parecoxib and morphine were comparable to those receiving morphine alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that the perioperative administration of parecoxib with patient-controlled analgesic morphine after lumber spine surgery resulted in significantly improved postoperative analgesic management as defined by reduction in opioid requirement, lower pain scores, and higher patients' subjective rating of the medication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. kitjir@kku.ac.th
authors.forename: Kitti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jirarattanaphochai
authors.forename: Somboon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thienthong
authors.forename: Wimonrat
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sriraj
authors.forename: Surachai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Aksorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pulnitiporn
authors.forename: Somkid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lertsinudom
authors.forename: Thanit
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foocharoen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D017586:Diskectomy; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007555:Isoxazoles; D009020:Morphine; C409945:parecoxib