Modulation of skeletal muscle antioxidant defense by exercise: Role of redox signaling.
Contraction-induced production of reactive oxygen species has been shown to cause oxidative stress to skeletal muscle. As an adaptive response, muscle antioxidant defense systems are upregulated in response to exercise. Nuclear factor kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase are two major oxidative-stress-sensitive signal transduction pathways that have been shown to activate the gene expression of a number of enzymes and proteins that play important roles in maintenance of intracellular oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis. This mini-review will discuss the main mechanisms and gene targets for these signaling pathways during exercise and the biological significance of the adaptation.
Ji
Li Li
LL
The Biodynamics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2000 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ji@education.wisc.edu
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
D000975:Antioxidants; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases