title: Multiple sclerosis on-screen: from disaster to coping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fictional portrayals of multiple sclerosis (MS) in film and on television have remained largely unexamined to date. The aim of this review is consequently to catalog and analyse every available film with an MS motif.
  
  
  METHODS
  The author has identified relevant productions by means of international film databases and by handsearch. Each film is systematically evaluated along neurological and cinematic lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1941 and 2006 MS appeared as a theme in 23 films. Because screenplay writers often make use of medical knowledge, from a neurological perspective many films present a largely accurate picture of this disease's symptoms. The visual character of the medium and the effects of dramatic composition result in the prominence of certain symptoms. Ataxia, paralysis, blurred vision and fatigue are found in films with the same frequency as in epidemiological studies whereas sensory symptoms, eye movement disorders, incontinence and difficulties with sexual function were underrepresented. These films thematize the effects of MS on patients' self-image, the psychological adaptation process and their relations with proxy in a special way. Parallel with improvements in therapy and changing social attitudes toward the handicapped, these films have progressed from the earlier 'disaster' to modern 'coping' stories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The often life-like portrayal of MS distinguishes these films from the stereotypic representation of other neurological diseases. Because representations of MS in popular media have an immediate effect on an audience of millions, they deserve greater attention from professional neurology.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the History of Medicine and Medical Ethics, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 20, D-50931 Cologne, Germany. ajg02@uni-koeln.de
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karenberg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000367:Age Factors; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D009040:Motion Pictures; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011639:Public Opinion; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D013690:Television