title: Ultrasound settings significantly alter arterial lumen and wall thickness measurements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-medial thickness (CIMT), measured by ultrasound, are widely used to test the efficacy of cardioprotective interventions. Although assessment methods vary, automated edge-detecting image analysis software is routinely used to measure changes in FMD and CIMT. We aimed to quantify the effect that commonly adjusted ultrasound settings have on arterial lumen and wall thickness measurements made with CIMT measurement software.
  
  
  METHODS
  We constructed phantom arteries from a tissue-mimicking agar compound and scanned them in a water bath with a 10 MHz multi-frequency linear-array probe attached to a high-resolution ultrasound machine. B-mode images of the phantoms were recorded with dynamic range (DR) and gain set at five decibel (dB) increments from 40 dB to 60 dB and -10 dB to +10 dB respectively. Lumen diameter and wall-thickness were measured off-line using CIMT measurement software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lumen measurements: there was a strong linear relationship between DR and gain and measured lumen diameter. For a given gain level, a 5 dB increase in DR reduced the measured lumen diameter by 0.02 +/- 0.004 mm (p < 0.001). For a given DR level, a 5 dB increase in gain reduced measured lumen diameter by 0.04 +/- 0.004 mm (p < 0.001). A 5 mm increase in distance between the ultrasound probe and the artery reduced measured lumen diameter by 0.04 +/- 0.03 mm (p < 0.001)CIMT measurements: For a fixed gain level, a 5 dB increase in DR increased measured wall thickness by 0.003 +/- 0.002 mm (p < 0.001). The effects of increasing gain were not consistent and appeared to vary depending on the distance between the artery and the ultrasound probe and the thickness of the artery wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DR, gain and probe distance significantly alter lumen diameter and CIMT measurements made using image analysis software. When CIMT and FMD are used to test the efficacy of cardioprotective interventions, the DR, gain and probe position used to record baseline scans should be documented and replicated in post-treatment scans in individual trial subjects. If more than one sonographer or imaging centre is used to collect data, the study protocol should document specific DR and gain settings to be used in all subjects.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. pottek04@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Graeme J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hankey
authors.forename: Leonard F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Arnolda
mesh_terms: D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography