title: Why does menopausal hormone therapy lead to irregular uterine bleeding? Changes to endometrial blood vessels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal bleeding is common in hormone therapy (HT) users. We aimed to determine how HT alters endometrial blood vessels and stromal factors known to regulate vascular growth and integrity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study of 165 post-menopausal women in Western Australia. The following were measured in endometrial biopsies: vascular density (vessels/mm(2)), total vessel area (total area enclosed by peripheral vascular immunostaining for perivascular pericytes in mm(2)), total luminal area (mm(2)) and vessel wall area (total vessel area minus luminal area), stromal expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -1, -3, -9 and -14, their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) -1-4 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total vessel area was greater during bleeding compared with HT users with no bleeding (P = 0.028) or with a prior irregular bleeding (P = 0.039). Total vessel area was greater in non-HT users compared with HT users with no bleeding (P = 0.021). In HT users, vessel luminal area was greater during bleeding compared with HT users with no bleeding (P = 0.030) and vessel wall area was also increased (P = 0.025). During bleeding there was an increase in stromal TIMP-2 staining (P = 0.044). No significant changes in endometrial MMP or VEGF were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal bleeding in HT users is associated with changes in endometrial vessel size and in stromal expression of factors known to regulate vascular growth and integrity. These changes may contribute to abnormal bleeding.
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Infants' Health, King Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia. mhickey@meddent.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sloboda
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Salamonsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004717:Endometrium / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 / Q000378:metabolism; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008796:Metrorrhagia / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D000097792:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4
chemical_list: D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000097792:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4; C522360:MMP1 protein, human