title: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of three fixed dosages of prolonged-release OROS methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing recognition of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and the need to evaluate efficacy and safety of methylphenidate treatment in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind trial, 401 adults with ADHD (218 men; 18-63 years) were randomly assigned to receive prolonged-release osmotic release oral system (OROS) methylphenidate (18 mg, 36 mg, or 72 mg/day) or placebo for 5 weeks. Primary outcome was change in total score on Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS: investigator-rated) at end point compared with baseline. Adverse events, vital signs, and laboratory parameters were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with 18-mg, 36-mg, and 72-mg/day prolonged-release methylphenidate, compared with placebo, was associated with significantly larger improvement in CAARS total symptom score from baseline to end point than placebo: mean change -10.6 (p = .01), -11.5 (p = .01), and -13.7 (p < .001) versus -7.6, respectively. Responders (> or = 30% decrease) were 50.5%, 48.5%, and 59.6% versus 27.4% (p < .001). Other efficacy measures also showed improvements. Incidence of adverse events was 75%, 76%, and 82% in 18-mg, 36-mg, and 72-mg/day groups, respectively, and 66% in placebo; most frequent included decreased appetite (25% methylphenidate; 7% placebo) and headache (21% methylphenidate; 18% placebo). In methylphenidate-treated patients, 4.3% discontinued due to adverse event; one serious adverse event was possibly related to study drug. Blood pressure and pulse increased at week 1 and then remained stable through week 5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged-release methylphenidate is an effective treatment of ADHD in adults, with a safety profile consistent with methylphenidate use in pediatrics.
authors.affiliation: Janssen-Cilag EMEA, Neuss, Germany. rmedori@jacde.jnj.com
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Medori
authors.forename: J Antoni
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramos-Quiroga
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: J J S
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kooij
authors.forename: Asko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niemelä
authors.forename: Götz-Erik
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Trott
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate