title: Genetic variation and recombination of RdRp and HSP 70h genes of Citrus tristeza virus isolates from orange trees showing symptoms of citrus sudden death disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Citrus sudden death (CSD), a disease that rapidly kills orange trees, is an emerging threat to the Brazilian citrus industry. Although the causal agent of CSD has not been definitively determined, based on the disease's distribution and symptomatology it is suspected that the agent may be a new strain of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). CTV genetic variation was therefore assessed in two Brazilian orange trees displaying CSD symptoms and a third with more conventional CTV symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 286 RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) and 284 heat shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h) gene fragments were determined for CTV variants infecting the three trees. It was discovered that, despite differences in symptomatology, the trees were all apparently coinfected with similar populations of divergent CTV variants. While mixed CTV infections are common, the genetic distance between the most divergent population members observed (24.1% for RdRp and 11.0% for HSP70h) was far greater than that in previously described mixed infections. Recombinants of five distinct RdRp lineages and three distinct HSP70h lineages were easily detectable but respectively accounted for only 5.9 and 11.9% of the RdRp and HSP70h gene fragments analysed and there was no evidence of an association between particular recombinant mosaics and CSD. Also, comparisons of CTV population structures indicated that the two most similar CTV populations were those of one of the trees with CSD and the tree without CSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that if CTV is the causal agent of CSD, it is most likely a subtle feature of population structures within mixed infections and not merely the presence (or absence) of a single CTV variant within these populations that triggers the disease.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN, Quadra 916, Módulo B, Av, W5 Norte, 70,790-160, Brasília-DF, Brazil. clarissagomes@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Clarissa P C
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: Waldir C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: de Jesus
authors.forename: Carlos R Borges
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.forename: Georgios J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: Darren P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000821:virology*; D017790:Closterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D005814:Genes, Viral; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase