title: Selection and validation of a set of reliable reference genes for quantitative sod gene expression analysis in C. elegans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans the conserved Ins/IGF-1 signaling pathway regulates many biological processes including life span, stress response, dauer diapause and metabolism. Detection of differentially expressed genes may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism by which the Ins/IGF-1 signaling pathway regulates these processes. Appropriate normalization is an essential prerequisite for obtaining accurate and reproducible quantification of gene expression levels. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable set of reference genes for gene expression analysis in C. elegans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Real-time quantitative PCR was used to evaluate the expression stability of 12 candidate reference genes (act-1, ama-1, cdc-42, csq-1, eif-3.C, mdh-1, gpd-2, pmp-3, tba-1, Y45F10D.4, rgs-6 and unc-16) in wild-type, three Ins/IGF-1 pathway mutants, dauers and L3 stage larvae. After geNorm analysis, cdc-42, pmp-3 and Y45F10D.4 showed the most stable expression pattern and were used to normalize 5 sod expression levels. Significant differences in mRNA levels were observed for sod-1 and sod-3 in daf-2 relative to wild-type animals, whereas in dauers sod-1, sod-3, sod-4 and sod-5 are differentially expressed relative to third stage larvae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings emphasize the importance of accurate normalization using stably expressed reference genes. The methodology used in this study is generally applicable to reliably quantify gene expression levels in the nematode C. elegans using quantitative PCR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. David.Hoogewijs@UGent.be
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoogewijs
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Houthoofd
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matthijssens
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandesompele
authors.forename: Jacques R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vanfleteren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase