title: Latent profiles of temperament and their relations to psychopathology and wellness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test for empirically defined temperament phenotypes and to investigate their associations with psychopathology and wellness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 447 children (259 boys, 188 girls; mean age 11.0 years) recruited for a family study in the northeastern United States. Temperament was measured with the Juvenile Temperament and Character Inventory, and indicators of wellness and psychopathology were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist from both parents and the Teacher Report Form. Latent profiles analysis was performed with the resulting class membership serving as the dependent variables for multinomial regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Latent profiles analysis identified three classes as the best fitting solution consisting of a moderate class that had average levels of all four traits, a steady class that had low novelty seeking and high persistence and a disengaged class that had higher novelty seeking and harm avoidance but lower reward dependence and persistence. Regressions demonstrated strong links between the steady class, higher functioning, and lower levels of psychopathology, whereas the disengaged class showed the opposite associations. These findings held across informants of psychopathology and wellness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Profile analyses of temperament may be illuminative in identifying children with similar constellations of traits across many dimensions. Membership in these groups appears to be strongly related to both positive and negative outcomes.
authors.affiliation: All of the authors are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, except Dr. Dumenci; who is with Virginia Commonwealth University.. Electronic address: david.rettew@uvm.edu.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rettew
authors.affiliation: All of the authors are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, except Dr. Dumenci; who is with Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Althoff
authors.affiliation: All of the authors are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, except Dr. Dumenci; who is with Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dumenci
authors.affiliation: All of the authors are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, except Dr. Dumenci; who is with Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors.forename: Lynsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ayer
authors.affiliation: All of the authors are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, except Dr. Dumenci; who is with Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hudziak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008603:Mental Health; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009511:New England / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013694:Temperament