title: Polymorphism of glutathione transferase Omega 1 in a population exposed to a high environmental arsenic burden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate genetic variation in glutathione transferase omega 1 (GSTO1-1) in Atacameños, an indigenous population from Chile that has been exposed to environmental arsenic for many generations. GSTO1-1 is thought to catalyse the rate-limiting step in the biotransformation of arsenic in humans and may modulate the response of cancer patients to arsenic trioxide therapy. Allele frequencies were determined by PCR-based methods and a polymorphic variant (GSTO1-1 Val236) was expressed in Escherichia coli and functionally characterized. Urinary arsenic profiles were determined by inductive coupled plasma/mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel allele resulting in an Ala236Val substitution that has not been functionally characterized was detected in Atacameños and Chilean participants at a frequency of 0.033 and 0.009, respectively. The Val236 isoenzyme has diminished specific activity (10-20%) with a range of substrates. This loss of activity appears to result from a decrease in the kcat. The Val236 variant is also unstable and rapidly loses activity during purification or when heated at 45 degrees C. The percent of inorganic arsenic in the urine of 205 Chilean participants showed a bimodal distribution that was not associated with the Ala140Asp, Glu155del or Ala236Val polymorphisms in GSTO1-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is likely that heterozygotes inheriting the Val236 variant subunit would have a partial deficiency of GSTO1-1 activity. Despite their effects on enzyme function the known variants of GSTO1-1 do not appear to explain the observed variability in the excretion of inorganic arsenic.
authors.affiliation: Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Leiliane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: Ricard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.forename: Amadeu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Creus
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coggan
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Oakley
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Board
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D001483:Base Sequence; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017931:DNA Primers; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D001151:Arsenic