title: Snoring and witnessed sleep apnea is related to diabetes mellitus in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gender differences in the relationship of snoring and diabetes mellitus are mainly unknown. We aimed to analyze the relationship between snoring, witnessed sleep apnea and diabetes mellitus and to analyze possible gender related differences in an unselected population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questions on snoring and witnessed sleep apneas were included in the Northern Sweden component of the WHO, MONICA study. Invited were 10,756 men and women aged 25-79 years, randomly selected from the population register.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 7905 (73%) subjects, 4047 women and 3858 men who responded to the questionnaire and attended a visit for a physical examination. Habitual snoring was related to diabetes mellitus in women, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.58 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-2.44, p=0.041) independent of smoking, age, body mass index and waist circumference. Witnessed sleep apnea was also independently related to diabetes mellitus in women, with an adjusted OR=3.29 (95% CI 1.20-8.32, p=0.012). Neither snoring, nor witnessed sleep apneas were associated with diabetes mellitus among men, except for witnessed sleep apnea in men aged 25-54 years old. They had an adjusted OR=3.84 (95% CI 1.36-10.9, p=0.011) for diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Snoring and witnessed sleep apneas are related to diabetes mellitus in women. Witnessed sleep apnea is related to diabetes mellitus in men younger than 55 years old.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. Fredrik.Valham@Lung.Umu.Se
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valham
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hägg
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: Karl A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires