title: Histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of canine prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study we try to identify the origin of canine prostate cancer (cPC) by classifying the tumors histological subtypes and relate these subtypes to their combined expressional characteristics of several tissue specific and differentiation markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  cPCs were examined histomorphologically and by immunohistochemical detection of the cytokeratin markers CK14, HMWCK, CK5, CK18, and CK7, and of the markers UPIII, PSA and PSMA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histopathologically, six growth patterns could be differentiated. The most frequent patterns were solid, cribriform and micropapillary growth patterns, while sarcomatoid, small acinar/ductal, and tubulo-papillary growth patterns were less frequent present. Solid growth patterns were significantly (P = 0.027) more often seen in castrated dogs. Immunohistochemically, about half of the cPC cases showed expression of PSA (8/20) and PSMA (10/20); 85% and 60% of the cPC expressed UPIII (17/20) and CK7 (12/20), while 13 and 12 cPC expressed CK5 and CK14, respectively; all cPC expressed CK18. CK14 was significantly more often and UPIII less frequent expressed in the solid growth patterns than in the micropapillary and cribriform patterns, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Canine prostate cancer appear to be more aggressive and of a less differentiated type than most common human prostate cancers. Comparing the expression patterns of the markers in cPC to those in normal canine prostate tissue, cPC most likely originates from the collecting ducts rather than from the peripheral acini. Given also the fact that canine prostate cancer is unresponsive to androgen withdrawal therapy, canine prostate cancer mostly resembles human, androgen refractory, poorly differentiated prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chen-Li
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van den Ham
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Leenders
authors.forename: Jaco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Lugt
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Teske
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II / Q000378:metabolism*; D053547:Keratin-14 / Q000378:metabolism; D053538:Keratin-18 / Q000378:metabolism; D053555:Keratin-5 / Q000378:metabolism; D053552:Keratin-7 / Q000378:metabolism; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D060171:Uroplakin III
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D053547:Keratin-14; D053538:Keratin-18; D053555:Keratin-5; D053552:Keratin-7; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D060171:Uroplakin III; D007633:Keratins; C473848:FOLH1 protein, human; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen