title: Molecular evolution of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A gene in primates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many electron transport chain (ETC) genes show accelerated rates of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions in anthropoid primate lineages, yet in non-anthropoid lineages the ETC proteins are typically highly conserved. Here, we test the hypothesis that COX5A, the ETC gene that encodes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, shows a pattern of anthropoid-specific adaptive evolution, and investigate the distribution of this protein in catarrhine brains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a dataset comprising 29 vertebrate taxa, including representatives from all major groups of primates, there is nearly 100% conservation of the COX5A amino acid sequence among extant, non-anthropoid placental mammals. The most recent common ancestor of these species lived about 100 million years (MY) ago. In contrast, anthropoid primates show markedly elevated rates of nonsynonymous evolution. In particular, branch site tests identify five positively selected codons in anthropoids, and ancestral reconstructions infer that substitutions in these codons occurred predominantly on stem lineages (anthropoid, ape and New World monkey) and on the human terminal branch. Examination of catarrhine brain samples by immunohistochemistry characterizes for the first time COX5A protein distribution in the primate neocortex, and suggests that the protein is most abundant in the mitochondria of large-size projection neurons. Real time quantitative PCR supports previous microarray results showing COX5A is expressed in cerebral cortical tissue at a higher level in human than in chimpanzee or gorilla.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results suggest that both protein structural and gene regulatory changes contributed to COX5A evolution during humankind's ancestry. Furthermore, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that adaptations in ETC genes contributed to the emergence of the energetically expensive anthropoid neocortex.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA. muddin@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Opazo
authors.forename: Derek E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wildman
authors.forename: Chet C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hof
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Lawrence I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Grossman
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology; D019579:Neocortex / Q000201:enzymology; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000201:enzymology; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013045:Species Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV