title: Ubiquitin ligases as therapeutic targets in HIV-1 infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has led to a profound reduction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related mortality; although, the complete eradication of the virus from infected individuals has never been achieved. In addition, due to the high mutation and evolution rate, drug-resistant viruses are continuously emerging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Genetically more stable cellular pathways represent attractive targets for innovative antiviral strategies, especially the ubiquitin proteasome system, which regulates various steps in the HIV replication cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on certain interactions of HIV and E3 ligases as a major player in the ubiquitin proteasome system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the importance in HIV replication, and together with the high substrate specificity, E3 ligases can be considered as bona fide targets to interfere with HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. Joerg.Votteler@viro.med.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Votteler
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schubert
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases