title: Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking is a recognized risk factor for pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to provide a robust estimate of the strength of the association between smoking and pancreatic cancer, to determine the risk of pipe and cigar smoking, and to estimate the duration of an elevated risk after smoking cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a meta-analysis of 82 published studies containing epidemiologic information about smoking and pancreatic cancer. Information on studies published between 1950 and 2007 was abstracted and prepared for analysis using standard meta-analytic procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall risk of pancreatic cancer estimated from the combined results for current and former smokers was, respectively, 1.74 (95% CI 1.61-1.87) and 1.2 (95% CI 1.11-1.29). The risk of pancreatic cancer for current and former pipe and/or cigar smokers was respectively 1.47 (95% CI 1.17-1.83) and 1.29 (95% CI 0.68-2.45). For former cigarette smokers, the risk remains elevated for a minimum of 10 years after cessation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on estimates from four continents, smoking cigarettes causes a 75% increase in the risk of pancreatic cancer compared to non-smokers, and the risk persists for a minimum of 10 years after smoking cessation. This implies that in a population where the prevalence of smoking is 30%, the population's attributable risk (the proportion of pancreatic cancer explained by smoking) is estimated to be 20%.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iodice
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gandini
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maisonneuve
authors.forename: Albert B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lowenfels
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data