title: The challenge of fetal dysrhythmias: echocardiographic diagnosis and clinical management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to evaluate the management of fetal cardiac dysrhythmias based on prior identification of the underlying electrophysiological mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 36 consecutive fetuses with cardiac dysrhythmia. Rhythm diagnosis was based on M-mode, pulsed wave Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Only fetuses with: (i) incessant tachycardia (> 12 h) and mean ventricular rate > 200 beats/min, (ii) signs of left ventricular dysfunction, or (iii) hydrops, were treated using oral maternal drug therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 24.3 +/- 4.5 weeks. Twenty-one fetuses had tachycardia with a 1: 1 atrial-ventricular (AV) conduction. Based on ventricular-atrial interval, prenatal diagnosis was: permanent junctional reciprocating (n = 6), atrial ectopic (n = 6) or atrial-ventricular re-entry tachycardia (n = 9). One had atrial flutter, one ventricular tachycardia and four congenital AV block. Nine showed premature atrial or ventricular beats. Fifteen fetuses with incessant tachycardia, left ventricular dysfunction or hydrops were prenatally treated with maternal administration of digoxin, sotalol or flecainide. The total success rate (sinus rhythm or rate control) was 14/15 (93%). Seven fetuses were hydropics. Three of these died (one at 28 weeks of gestation, two in the first week of life). The prenatal diagnosis of dysrhythmia was confirmed at the birth in 31 of 35 live-born. No misdiagnosis was made using TDI. At 3 +/- 1.1-year follow-up, 33/35 children were alive and well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal echocardiography could clarify the electrophysiological mechanism of fetal cardiac dysrhythmias and guide the therapy.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Cardiology Second University of Naples, A.O. V. Monaldi, Italy. mic.dalto@tin.it
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Alto
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paladini
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Salvo
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Felicetti
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tartaglione
authors.forename: Dominga
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cardaropoli
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacileo
authors.forename: Berardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarubbi
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calabrò
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000503:physiopathology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D004077:Digoxin