title: Cytotoxic effect of CdSe quantum dots on mouse embryonic development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxic effect of quantum dots (QD), a novel luminescent material, on early post-implantation embryonic development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse blastocysts were incubated in medium with or without CdSe-core QD (250 or 500 nmol/L) for 24 h. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and proliferation was investigated by dual differential staining. Pre-implantation and post-implantation development was assessed by in vitro and in vivo analyses, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The apoptotic staining analysis showed that CdSe-core QD induced apoptosis in mouse blastocysts in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of blastocysts with CdSe-core QD inhibited cell proliferation, primarily in the inner cell mass. CdSe-core QD also inhibited post-implantation embryonic development; fewer CdSe-core QD-pretreated blastocysts reached the later stages of development compared to the controls. The pre-implantation development of morulas into blastocysts was also inhibited by CdSe-core QD. Furthermore, CdSe-core QD at 500 nmol/L were associated with resorption of post-implantation blastocysts and a decrease in fetal weight. The cytotoxicity of CdSe QD in embryonic development was significantly reduced by the addition of a ZnS coating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that CdSe-core QD induce apoptosis in mouse blastocysts, inhibit cell proliferation, retard early post-implantation blastocyst development, and increase early-stage blastocyst death in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li, Taiwan, China. whchan@cycu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Wen-hsiung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Nion-heng
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Shiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002452:Cell Count; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011247:Pregnancy; D045663:Quantum Dots; D018036:Selenium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D018036:Selenium Compounds; C058667:cadmium selenide