title: Molecular monitoring of bacterial community structure in long-aged nukadoko: pickling bed of fermented rice bran dominated by slow-growing lactobacilli.
abstract: Nukadoko is the fermented rice bran bed traditionally used for pickling vegetables in Japan. Here, we investigate the bacterial community structure of nukadoko using several culture-independent methods. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequence analysis of V2-V3 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) fragments amplified from a long-aged nukadoko bacterial community indicated seven predominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) closely related to known Lactobacillus species. Phylogenetic analysis of these OTUs indicated a major cluster consisting of six OTUs including a dominant OTU closely related to Lactobacillus acidifarinae and one distinct OTU corresponding to Lactobacillus acetotolerans. L. acetotolerans was commonly detected as a dominant species in samples from different seasons. The succession of microbial community structure in the fermentation and ripening processes was investigated using a laboratory model nukadoko. The L. acidifarinae-like bacteria grew rapidly with a pH decrease in the first few days after inoculation, whereas L. acetotolerans grew slowly and became dominant after one week. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) showed that the doubling time of L. acetotolerans was 12 h, while that of total bacteria was 4 h. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) targeting 16S rRNA showed a low metabolic activity of L. acetotolerans throughout the fermentation and ripening processes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that L. acetotolerans was a dominant bacterium in the ripening period and had a low metabolic activity. These results indicate that the slow-growing L. acetotolerans stably dominated nukadoko microbiota after the L. acidifarinae-like bacteria mainly contributed to the lactic acid fermentation of the rice bran.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan. nakayama@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoshiko
authors.forename: Mizuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Naoshige
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Shigemitsu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Kazutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohue
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sonomoto
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods*; D005285:Fermentation; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012275:Oryza / Q000382:microbiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*