title: Role of parental monitoring in understanding the benefits of parental acceptance on adolescent adherence and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined 1) whether the benefits of mothers' and fathers' accepting relationships with their adolescents regarding diabetes control were due to parental monitoring and 2) how parents together may provide sufficient acceptance and monitoring for diabetes management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents aged 10-14 years with type 1 diabetes (n = 185) and their mothers (n = 185) and fathers (n = 145) completed assessments of parental acceptance and monitoring of diabetes tasks. Adolescents completed a modified version of the Self-Care Inventory (1) to measure adherence. A1C scores were used as a marker of glycemic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mediational analyses revealed that the benefits of adolescents' reports of fathers' acceptance on A1C and mothers' and fathers' acceptance on better adherence were partially mediated by monitoring. Both mothers' and fathers' monitoring and fathers' acceptance had independent effects in predicting adherence. However, only fathers' monitoring had an independent effect on A1C. The effect of fathers' monitoring on A1C occurred as fathers were monitoring at a lower level than mothers. Mothers' and fathers' reports of their own acceptance and monitoring were not associated with A1C or adherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results reveal the importance of fathers' acceptance and monitoring in diabetes management, a role that should be encouraged, despite the little attention it has received.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. cynthia.berg@psych.utah.edu
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Jorie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Osborn
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Butner
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swinyard
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wiebe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose