title: Detection of 2-hydroxyethidium in cellular systems: a unique marker product of superoxide and hydroethidine.
abstract: Various detection methods of the specific product of reaction of superoxide (O(2)(*-)) with hydroethidine (HE), namely 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-E(+)), and with its mitochondria-targeted analog are described. The detailed protocol for quantification of 2-OH-E(+), the unique product of HE/O(2)(*-) in cellular systems, is presented. The procedure includes cell lysis, protein precipitation using acidified methanol and HPLC analysis of the lysate. Using this protocol, we determined the intracellular levels of 2-OH-E(+) and E(+) in the range of 10 and 100 pmol per mg protein in unstimulated macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. In addition to HE, 2-OH-E(+) and E(+), we detected several dimeric products of HE oxidation in cell lysates. As several oxidation products of HE are formed, the superoxide-specific product, 2-OH-E(+) needs to be separated from other HE-derived products for unequivocal quantification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zielonka
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vasquez-Vivar
authors.forename: Balaraman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalyanaraman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004996:Ethidium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C506392:2-hydroxyethidium; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010617:Phenanthridines; D013481:Superoxides; C058428:hydroethidine; D004996:Ethidium