title: Effect of acidulated phosphate fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate application on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of a recently introduced prophylactic agent, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), on shear bond strength of brackets and compare it with the effect of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight freshly extracted mandibular bovine incisors were used. Teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12) as follows: group 1 served as control, and no pretreatment was performed on the enamel; group 2, enamel was treated with 1.23% APF and CPP-ACP, respectively; group 3, enamel was treated with CPP-ACP; and group 4, enamel was treated with 1.23% APF for 4 minutes. In all groups, brackets were bonded using a conventional acid-etch and bond system (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). Bonded specimens were first stored in deionized water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, subjected to thermal cycling for 1000 cycles, and further stored in distilled water for 6 weeks before debonding procedures. After debonding, teeth and brackets were examined under a stereomicroscope at 10x magnification for any adhesive remaining, in accordance with the modified adhesive remnant index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shear bond strengths of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that of the control group (P < .01). There was no significant difference between the shear bond strengths of the experimental groups (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of CPP-ACP either alone or combined with APF could be considered as an alternative prophylactic application in orthodontic practice since it did not compromise bracket bond strength.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Defne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keçik
authors.forename: Sevi Burçak
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cehreli
authors.forename: Cağla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sar
authors.forename: Bahtiyar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Unver
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D011897:Random Allocation; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D002364:Caseins; D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex; D014867:Water; D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride