Depressive symptoms and heart failure stages.
The authors measured depressive symptoms cross-sectionally, across evolving stages of heart failure as defined by the American College of Cardiology, from low risk, through high risk for heart failure (Stage A), asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction (Stage B), up to symptomatic heart failure (Stage C), in a community sample of 338 noninstitutionalized adults age >or=45 years. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Women scored significantly higher on the BDI. Adjusted BDI scores increased linearly with heart failure stages in women, whereas, in men, only Stage C was associated with a significantly higher score.
Azevedo
Ana
A
Dept. of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal. anazev@med.up.pt
Bettencourt
Paulo
P
Friões
Fernando
F
Alvelos
Margarida
M
Abreu-Lima
Cassiano
C
Hense
Hans-Werner
HW
Barros
Henrique
H
D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors