title: Increased airway smooth muscle mass in children with asthma, cystic fibrosis, and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Structural alterations to airway smooth muscle (ASM) are a feature of asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF) in adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether increase in ASM mass is already present in children with chronic inflammatory lung disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 78 children (median age [IQR], 11.3 [8.5-13.8] yr): 24 with asthma, 27 with CF, 16 with non-CF bronchiectasis (BX), and 11 control children without lower respiratory tract disease. Endobronchial biopsy ASM content and myocyte number and size were quantified using stereology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (IQR) volume fraction of subepithelial tissue occupied by ASM was increased in the children with asthma (0.27 [0.12-0.49]; P < 0.0001), CF (0.12 [0.06-0.21]; P < 0.01), and BX (0.16 [0.04-0.21]; P < 0.01) compared with control subjects (0.04 [0.02-0.05]). ASM content was related to bronchodilator responsiveness in the asthmatic group (r = 0.66, P < 0.01). Median (IQR) myocyte number (cells per mm(2) of reticular basement membrane) was 8,204 (5,270-11,749; P < 0.05) in children with asthma, 4,504 (2,838-8,962; not significant) in children with CF, 4,971 (3,476-10,057; not significant) in children with BX, and 1,944 (1,596-6,318) in control subjects. Mean (SD) myocyte size (mum(3)) was 3,344 (801; P < 0.01) in children with asthma, 3,264 (809; P < 0.01) in children with CF, 3,177 (873; P < 0.05) in children with BX, and 1,927 (386) in control subjects. In all disease groups, the volume fraction of ASM in subepithelial tissue was related to myocyte number (asthma: r = 0.84, P < 0.001; CF: r = 0.81, P < 0.01; BX: r = 0.95, P < 0.001), but not to myocyte size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in ASM (both number and size) occur in children with chronic inflammatory lung diseases that include CF, asthma, and BX.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gene Therapy, National Heart and Lung Institute, 1B Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, UK. n.regamey@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Regamey
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochs
authors.forename: Tom N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Hilliard
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mühlfeld
authors.forename: Nikki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cornish
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Sejal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saglani
authors.forename: Eric W F W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Alton
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000473:pathology*; D001706:Biopsy; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology*; D001987:Bronchiectasis / Q000473:pathology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D032342:Muscle Cells; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology*