title: Clinical and laboratory evaluation of idiopathic male infertility in a secondary referral center in India.
abstract: The genetic basis of infertility has received increasing recognition in recent years, particularly with the advent of assisted reproductive technology. It is now becoming obvious that genetic etiology for infertility is an important cause of disrupted spermatogenesis. Y-chromosome microdeletions and abnormal karyotype are the two major causes of altered spermatogenesis. To achieve biological fatherhood, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is performed in cases of severe infertility with or without genetic abnormalities. There is a concern that these genetic abnormalities can be transmitted to the male progeny, who may subsequently have a more severe phenotype of infertility. A total of 200 men were recruited for clinical examinations, spermiograms, hormonal profiles, and cytogenetic and Yq microdeletion profiles. Testicular biopsy was also performed whenever possible and histologically evaluated. Genetic abnormalities were seen in 7.1% of cases, of which 4.1% had chromosomal aberrations, namely Klinefelter's mosaic (47XXY) and Robertsonian translocation, and 3.0% had Yq microdeletions, which is very low as compared to other populations. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were significantly increased in men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) as compared to severe oligoasthenozoospermia (P<0.0001), whereas testosterone levels were significantly decreased in men with microdeletions as compared to men with no microdeletions (P<0.0083). Low levels of androgen in men with microdeletions indicate a need to follow-up for early andropause. Patients with microdeletions had more severe testicular histology as compared to subjects without deletions. Our studies showed a significant decrease (P<0.002) in the serum inhibin B values in men with NOA, whereas FSH was seen to be significantly higher as compared to men with severe oligoasthenozoospermia (SOAS), indicating that both the Sertoli cells as well the germ cells were significantly compromised in cases of NOA and partially affected in SOAS. Overall inhibin B in combination with serum FSH would thus be a better marker than serum FSH alone for impaired spermatogenesis. In view of the genetic and hormonal abnormalities in the group of infertile men with idiopathic severe oligozoospermia and NOA cases, who are potential candidates for ICSI, genetic testing for Y-chromosome microdeletions, karyotype, and biochemical parameters is advocated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Reproductive Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Shadaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abid
authors.forename: Anurupa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.forename: Pervin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meherji
authors.forename: Zareen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kadam
authors.forename: Jatin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Rupin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baburao
authors.forename: Jyotsna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gokral
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics; D056426:Genetic Loci; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016324:Sequence Tagged Sites; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins