title: Modelling ocular pharmacokinetics of fluorescein administered as lyophilisate or conventional eye drops.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this evaluation was to model ocular pharmacokinetics of fluorescein administered as conventional eye drops and as lyophilisate to healthy volunteers in order to assess the relative bioavailability of the lyophilisate formulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 44 healthy subjects received equivalent doses of fluorescein as lyophilisate to one eye and as eye drops to the fellow eye in three individual studies. Fluorescein concentrations in the cornea and anterior chamber were measured by fluorophotometry. Data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods (WinNonlin software) and by compartmental population pharmacokinetic methods (NONMEM software).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to eye drops, both maximum fluorescein concentrations (C(max)) and the areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-t )) values of fluorescein in the cornea and anterior chamber for lyophilisate were increased in the noncompartmental analysis: mean lyophilisate C(max) in the studies was 6.3- to 14.6-fold higher and mean AUC(0-t ) was 4.7- to 8.9-fold higher for ocular concentrations in the three studies. A three-compartment open model with first-order elimination from the anterior chamber adequately described population data. Estimated fluorescein systemic bioavailability (F) via the ocular route from lyophilisate relative to eye drops was 3.7-fold higher (95% CI 2.6-4.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data clearly show a considerably superior intraocular bioavailability of fluorescein when given as lyophilisate compared to conventional eye drops. There is a clear pharmacokinetic advantage of the lyophilisate preparation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abduljalil
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diestelhorst
authors.forename: Oxana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Doroshyenko
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lux
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinfeld
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dinslage
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Süverkrüp
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fuhr
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000378:metabolism; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005612:Freeze Drying; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D019793:Fluorescein