title: Case report: full-thickness forehead burn over indwelling titanium hardware resulting from an aberrant intraoperative electrocautery circuit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to contextualize an unintended intraoperative electrocautery burn that occurred on our service within the spectrum of all intraoperative electrocautery burns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case report of the incident was drafted, and the relevant literature present in PubMed and industry publications was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative electrocautery burns can be divided into 4 categories: (1) direct contact burns resulting from inappropriate operator use of the active electrode, (2) burns at the grounding electrode site due to improper attachment or placement, (3) burns resulting from electrode heating of pooled solutions, and (4) burns occurring outside the operative field as a result of circuits generated between the active electrode and an alternate grounding source. We herein report an unintended intraoperative electrocautery burn of the fourth category. An aberrant intraoperative circuit utilized previously placed in-dwelling titanium plating in the patient's right brow as the grounding electrode, resulting in 3 x 3-cm full-thickness skin necrosis overlying the site of hardware implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Literature recommendations to reduce this type of electrocautery burn suggest avoiding grounding pad placement on the forearm and lateral thigh, although further investigation is needed to determine optimal grounding electrode placement with respect to known indwelling hardware.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Gerhard S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Mundinger
authors.forename: Shai M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rozen
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Redett