title: Diabetes diagnosis, resource utilization, and health outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of a clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) on healthcare utilization and health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 197 United Kingdom family practices with 4974 subjects (mean age, 62.8 years; 52.2% men) with type 2 DM and 9948 matched nondiabetic control subjects. Healthcare utilization and the occurrence of complications were estimated from 2 years before to 2 years after the first clinical diagnosis of DM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 24 months before the DM diagnosis, primary care consultations were increased in prediagnosis cases compared with controls (relative rate [RR], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-1.35), as were emergency and hospital care consultations, hospital specialist referrals, and prescription drug items. At diagnosis of DM, utilization of all forms of healthcare was increased (RR, 4.27; 95% CI, 4.17-4.36 for primary care consultations; RR, 2.49; 95% CI, 2.46-2.52 for prescription drug items). In the quarter following diagnosis, healthcare utilization was increased for acute myocardial infarction (RR, 6.29; 95% CI, 2.69-14.73), cerebrovascular disease (RR, 5.14; 95% CI, 3.37-7.84), ischemic heart disease (RR, 3.65; 95% CI, 2.77-4.80), and peripheral nerve disorders (RR, 5.01; 95% CI, 2.81-8.95). First diagnoses of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral nerve disorders were increased during the period from 6 months before to 6 months after diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical diagnosis of DM is often the end of a process leading to established complications and is associated with greatly increased utilization of care. This adds to the justification of strategies for earlier detection of hyperglycemic states.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Public Health Sciences, Capital House, London, UK. martin.gulliford@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Martin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gulliford
authors.forename: Radoslav
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Latinovic
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Charlton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology