title: (Cost)-effectiveness of family meetings on indicated prevention of anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders of primary family caregivers of patients with dementia: design of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dementia is a major public health problem with enormous costs to society and major consequences for both patients and their relatives. Family members of persons with dementia provide much of the care for older adults with dementia in the community. Caring for a demented relative is not easy and fraught with emotional strain, distress, and physical exhaustion. Family caregivers of dementia patients have an extremely high risk developing affective disorders such as major depression and anxiety disorder. Family meetings appear to be among the most powerful psychosocial interventions to reduce depression in caregivers. An American landmark study reported substantial beneficial effects of a multifaceted intervention where family meetings had a central place on depression in family caregivers as well as on delay of institutionalization of patients. These effects were not replicated in other countries yet. We perform the first trial comparing only structured family meetings with significant others versus usual care among primary family caregivers of community dwelling demented patients and measure the effectiveness on both depression and anxiety in the primary caregiver, both on disorder and symptom levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized controlled trial effectiveness as well as cost-effectiveness of family meetings is evaluated. The intervention group receives four family meetings with family and close friends of the primary family caregiver of a community dwelling patient with a clinical diagnosis of dementia. Dyads of patients and their primary caregiver are followed up to one year after baseline assessment. The main outcome measures are the incidence of anxiety and depressive disorders assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms in caregivers is measured by validated self report instruments: the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) for depression and the anxiety scales of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scales (HADS) for anxiety. The economic evaluation is performed from a societal perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By evaluating the effectiveness of only structured family meetings organized in the Netherlands, this study will contribute to the existing literature about the value of psychosocial interventions for dementia caregivers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dutch Trial Registry ISRCTN90163486.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. k.joling@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Karlijn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Joling
authors.forename: Hein P J
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: van Hout
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: Myrra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vernooij-Dassen
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bosmans
authors.forename: Freek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gillissen
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mittelman
authors.forename: Harm W J
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: van Marwijk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003704:Dementia; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005190:Family; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012107:Research Design; D012944:Social Support