title: Factor Xa stimulates proinflammatory and profibrotic responses in fibroblasts via protease-activated receptor-2 activation.
abstract: Coagulation proteases have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of tissue remodeling and fibrosis. We therefore assessed the proinflammatory and fibroproliferative effects of coagulation protease factor (F)Xa. We show that FXa elicits a signaling response in C2C12 and NIH3T3 fibroblasts. FXa-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was dependent on protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 cleavage because desensitization with a PAR-2 agonist (trypsin) but not a PAR-1 agonist (thrombin) abolished FXa-induced signal transduction and PAR-2 siRNA abolished FXa-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The PAR-2-dependent cellular effects of FXa led to fibroblast proliferation, migration, and differentiation into myofibroblasts, as demonstrated by the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and desmin, followed by the secretion of the cytokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-6 as well as the expression of the fibrogenic proteins transforming growth factor-beta and fibronectin. To assess the relevance of FXa-induced proliferation and cell migration, we examined the effect of FXa in a wound scratch assay. Indeed, FXa facilitated wound healing in a PAR-2- and ERK1/2-dependent manner. Taken together, these results support the notion that, beyond its role in coagulation, FXa-dependent PAR-2 cleavage might play a role in the progression of tissue fibrosis and remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, NL-1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. k.s.borensztajn@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Keren
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borensztajn
authors.forename: Jurriën
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stiekema
authors.forename: Sebastiaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nijmeijer
authors.forename: Pieter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: Maikel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Peppelenbosch
authors.forename: C Arnold
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Spek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005355:Fibrosis; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D015951:Factor Xa