title: Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease and Cushing's syndrome.
abstract: Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is a form of bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia that is often associated with corticotrophin (ACTH)-independent Cushing's syndrome (CS) and is characterized by small to normal-sized adrenal glands containing multiple small cortical pigmented nodules (1,2). PPNAD may occur in an isolated form or associated with a multiple neoplasia syndrome, the complex of spotty skin pigmentation, myxomas, and endocrine overactivity, or Carney complex, in which Cushing's syndrome is the most common endocrine manifestation (3). Molecular studies have led to the identification of several genes, defects in which may predispose PPNAD formation; all of these molecules play important role for the cAMP signaling pathway. This review intends to present the most recent knowledge of the pathology and molecular genetics of the benign bilateral adrenocortical lesions, as well as to discuss the modern tools for diagnostics and treatment of this condition.
authors.affiliation: Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1862, USA.
authors.forename: Anelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: Constantine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stratakis
mesh_terms: D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; D000303:Adrenal Cortex Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000473:pathology*; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology; D054756:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D009377:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia / Q000150:complications; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D054756:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit; C517834:PRKAR1A protein, human; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; C406737:PDE11A protein, human