title: Reintroduction of cow's milk in milk-allergic children: safety and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although development of clinical tolerance is the rule in allergy to cow's milk (CM), food challenges are required in order to reintroduce CM into the patient's diet. Less 'invasive' procedures able to predict tolerance would be useful as clinical tools. The purpose of this study was to identify potential risk factors for clinical reactivity in CM-allergic children assessed for CM reintroduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixteen open challenges performed in children 10-47 months old with IgE-mediated allergy to CM, in order to reintroduce CM into the diet, were retrospectively evaluated. Specific IgE (sIgE) levels assessed by the CAP System FEIA and skin prick tests (SPT) were obtained at diagnosis and prechallenge. Demographic parameters and measures of sIgE were evaluated as potential predictors of a positive challenge in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four out of 116 challenges were positive, 9 of which required the use of adrenaline. In order of performance, prechallenge sIgE <3.94 kU/l, the combination of SPT and sIgE or an SPT wheal <4 mm could correctly predict a negative challenge outcome, whereas values of SPT >7.5 mm or sIgE >25.4 kU/l, or their combination, had a high positive predictive value. The presence of atopic dermatitis did not affect the predictive accuracy of these values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Milk sIgE level prechallenge is a useful predictor of challenge outcome in patients with milk allergy. SPT do not offer an additional predictive value, but can be used when sIgE is not available.
authors.affiliation: Allergy Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. emi@allergy.gr
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vassilopoulou
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Konstantinou
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kassimos
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Douladiris
authors.forename: Paraskevi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xepapadaki
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manoussakis
authors.forename: Photini
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saxoni-Papageorgiou
authors.forename: Nikolaos G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
mesh_terms: D000799:Angioedema / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology*; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012882:Skin Tests; D014581:Urticaria / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007073:Immunoglobulin E