title: A CMOS active pixel sensor system for laboratory- based x-ray diffraction studies of biological tissue.
abstract: X-ray diffraction studies give material-specific information about biological tissue. Ideally, a large area, low noise, wide dynamic range digital x-ray detector is required for laboratory-based x-ray diffraction studies. The goal of this work is to introduce a novel imaging technology, the CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) that has the potential to fulfil all these requirements, and demonstrate its feasibility for coherent scatter imaging. A prototype CMOS APS has been included in an x-ray diffraction demonstration system. An industrial x-ray source with appropriate beam filtration is used to perform angle dispersive x-ray diffraction (ADXRD). Optimization of the experimental set-up is detailed including collimator options and detector operating parameters. Scatter signatures are measured for 11 different materials, covering three medical applications: breast cancer diagnosis, kidney stone identification and bone mineral density calculations. Scatter signatures are also recorded for three mixed samples of known composition. Results are verified using two independent models for predicting the APS scatter signature: (1) a linear systems model of the APS and (2) a linear superposition integral combining known monochromatic scatter signatures with the input polychromatic spectrum used in this case. Cross validation of experimental, modelled and literature results proves that APS are able to record biologically relevant scatter signatures. Coherent scatter signatures are sensitive to multiple materials present in a sample and provide a means to quantify composition. In the future, production of a bespoke APS imager for x-ray diffraction studies could enable simultaneous collection of the transmitted beam and scattered radiation in a laboratory-based coherent scatter system, making clinical transfer of the technique attainable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London, UK. bohndiek@medphys.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bohndiek
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Costas D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Arvanitis
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olivo
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Royle
authors.forename: Andy T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Prydderch
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turchetta
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Speller
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012666:Semiconductors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014159:Transducers; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods