title: Minimising the population risk of micronutrient deficiency and over-consumption: a new approach using selenium as an example.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At the present time the recommended daily intake or allowance (RDA) and the safe upper level (UL) of intake of micronutrients are given as single values. The recommended daily intake is considered to cover the requirements of 97.5% of the population while the safe upper level is a value for the whole population. These values provide only limited guidance to risk managers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A method has been developed recently which models the relationships between intake and risks of either deficiency or excess using an observed incidence for each effect and population distribution characteristics. Using this model it is possible to formulate advice to risk managers on the incidence (prevalence) of adverse effects, due to either deficiency or excess, at different levels of intake. Application of the model to the data used to derive the RDA and UL for selenium shows that it can predict the impact of changes in nutrient intake on the balance between benefit (absence of deficiency) and risk (development of toxicity).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of the model has illustrated the utility of this approach, but highlighted the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the data and a critical appraisal of the validity of the relationships that are analyzed. In addition, the derived incidences will usually relate to effects with different biological or health impacts, so that the final balance between benefit and risk should be developed by a dialogue between the risk assessor and the risk manager.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Renwick
authors.forename: Lars O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Dragsted
authors.forename: Reg J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuijtelaars
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wildemann
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000172:deficiency*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012015:Reference Standards; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012308:Risk Management; D012449:Safety; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D012643:Selenium