title: Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring: methods, results and assessment of environmental exposures.
abstract: Human exposure to bisphenol A is controversially discussed. This review critically assesses methods for biomonitoring of bisphenol A exposures and reported concentrations of bisphenol A in blood and urine of non-occupationally ("environmentally") exposed humans. From the many methods published to assess bisphenol A concentrations in biological media, mass spectrometry-based methods are considered most appropriate due to high sensitivity, selectivity and precision. In human blood, based on the known toxicokinetics of bisphenol A in humans, the expected very low concentrations of bisphenol A due to rapid biotransformation and the very rapid excretion result in severe limitations in the use of reported blood levels of bisphenol A for exposure assessment. Due to the rapid and complete excretion of orally administered bisphenol A, urine samples are considered as the appropriate body fluid for bisphenol A exposure assessment. In urine samples from several cohorts, bisphenol A (as glucuronide) was present in average concentrations in the range of 1-3 microg/L suggesting that daily human exposure to bisphenol A is below 6 microg per person (<0.1 microg/kg bw/day) for the majority of the population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Germany. dekant@toxi.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dekant
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Völkel
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D001711:Biotransformation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds