title: N-acetylcysteine as a potential antidote and biomonitoring agent of methylmercury exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many people, by means of consumption of seafood or other anthropogenic sources, are exposed to levels of methylmercury (MeHg) that are generally considered to be quite low, but that may nevertheless produce irreversible brain damage, particularly in unborn babies. The only way to prevent or ameliorate MeHg toxicity is to enhance its elimination from the body.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using N-acetylcysteine (NAC), we aimed to devise a monitoring protocol for early detection of acute exposure or relatively low MeHg levels in a rodent model, and to test whether NAC reduces MeHg levels in the developing embryo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NAC produced a transient, dose-dependent acceleration of urinary MeHg excretion in rats of both sexes. Approximately 5% of various MeHg doses was excreted in urine 2 hr after injection of 1 mmol/kg NAC. In pregnant rats, NAC markedly reduced the body burden of MeHg, particularly in target tissues such as brain, placenta, and fetus. In contrast, NAC had no significant effect on urinary MeHg excretion in preweanling rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because NAC causes a transient increase in urinary excretion of MeHg that is proportional to the body burden, it is promising as a biomonitoring agent for MeHg in adult animals. In view of this and because NAC is effective at enhancing MeHg excretion when given either orally or intravenously, can decrease brain and fetal levels of MeHg, has minimal side effects, and is widely available in clinical settings, NAC should be evaluated as a potential antidote and biomonitoring agent in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Aremu
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Madejczyk
authors.forename: Nazzareno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ballatori
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000931:Antidotes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D000111:Acetylcysteine