title: A one-year exercise intervention program in pre-pubertal girls does not influence hip structure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously reported that a one-year school-based exercise intervention program influences the accrual of bone mineral in pre-pubertal girls. This report aims to evaluate if also hip structure is affected, as geometry independent of bone mineral influences fracture risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three girls aged 7 - 9 years were included in a curriculum-based exercise intervention program comprising 40 minutes of general physical activity per school day (200 minutes/week). Fifty healthy age-matched girls who participated in the general Swedish physical education curriculum (60 minutes/week) served as controls. The hip was scanned by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and the hip structural analysis (HSA) software was applied to evaluate bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), periosteal and endosteal diameter, cortical thickness, cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), section modulus (Z) and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the femoral neck (FN). Annual changes were compared. Group comparisons were done by independent student's t-test between means and analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). Pearson's correlation test was used to evaluate associations between activity level and annual changes in FN. All children remained at Tanner stage 1 throughout the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No between-group differences were found during the 12 months study period for changes in the FN variables. The total duration of exercise during the year was not correlated with the changes in the FN traits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluated by the DXA technique and the HSA software, a general one-year school-based exercise program for 7-9-year-old pre-pubertal girls seems not to influence the structure of the hip.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden. Gayani.Alwis@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Gayani
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alwis
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stenevi-Lundgren
authors.forename: Henrik G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ahlborg
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Besjakov
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gardsell
authors.forename: Magnus K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003479:Curriculum; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011627:Puberty; D012574:Schools; D013548:Sweden