title: Effective monitoring for ractopamine residues in samples of animal origin by SPR biosensor and mass spectrometry.
abstract: Ractopamine (RCT) is a member of the beta-2-agonist (beta-agonist) family. It is licensed for use as an animal growth promoter in more than 20 countries worldwide, including the United States and Canada, but is either not licensed or prohibited by over 150 others, including those within the European Union. The issue of the use of RCT in livestock bound for human consumption has risen to prominence recently following the decision by The People's Republic of China to ban the import of pork from a number of processing plants after finding traces of RCT in shipments from the U.S.A. In order to monitor for the illegal use of such compounds within Europe, there is a requirement to have a robust and reliable testing scheme capable of the detection of low concentrations of RCT. In the present study an optical biosensor screening assay was developed. The developed assay was compared with a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmatory procedure. These methods were used to study the ability to detect RCT in pigs following treatment. Both testing procedures were capable of detecting low microgkg(-1) concentrations of the drug in urine and liver. Liver was found to be a less suitable sample matrix, with RCT residue levels being undetectable after 5 days withdrawal of the drug. Urine samples however still contained detectable RCT residues several weeks after withdrawal. The correlation (as measured by r(2)) between the biosensor and LC-MS/MS methods was 0.99 and 0.97 for urine and liver samples, respectively. It is concluded that testing regimes based on RCT analysis in liver are less likely to detect illegal administration of the drug than those based on urine analysis. Urine samples provide an excellent matrix for the detection of RCT residues for an extended period post withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: Colin S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Haughey
authors.forename: Imelda M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Traynor
authors.forename: Terence L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Fodey
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Antignac
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Bizec
authors.forename: Steven R H
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Crooks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D002138:Calibration; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D010627:Phenethylamines; C060897:ractopamine