title: Electromagnetic interventions in musculoskeletal disorders.
abstract: Electromagnetic interventions in general and those considering the musculoskeletal system in particular hold many obscurities. Several studies revealing positive effects of electromagnetic fields oppose those showing no beneficial effects. After a historical review and a discussion of basic details on electromagnetic signals, this article provides information on the effects of electromagnetic fields on a cellular level and gives an account of preclinical and clinical studies focused on electromagnetic interventions by means of weak pulsed electromagnetic fields on musculoskeletal disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6a, A-1150 Vienna, Austria. norbert.bachl@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bachl
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruoff
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wessner
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tschan
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D017102:Fracture Healing; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D008833:Microcirculation; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology; D059408:Pain Management