title: Perceived Restorativeness for Activities Scale (PRAS): development and validation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to develop the Perceived Restorativeness for Activities Scale (PRAS) based on the conceptual framework of attention-restoration theory (ART). ART suggests that 4 latent constructs (being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility) must be present to enable a switch from voluntary (effortful, directed) attention to involuntary (effortless) attention and facilitate restored attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 238 participants in a variety of university exercise classes. Exploratory factor analysis reduced items to a parsimonious 12-item scale. Confirmatory factor analysis tested the best fit between a 1-dimensional versus a 4-factor solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Cronbach alpha was .925. The significant analysis (P < .001) suggested that the model with 4 distinct subscales has the best data fit (goodness-of-fit index = .94, standardized root-mean-square residual = .041, incremental-fit index = .98, expected-cross-validation index = .66, comparative-fit index = .98). Composite reliability and variance extracted were calculated for each construct represented by ART: being away, .81, .59; fascination, .79, .63; extent, .89, .78; and compatibility, .68, .42.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 12-item, 4-factor solution of the PRAS can help researchers understand the within-individual preconceptions toward the activity experience that can influence cognitive restoration.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-7000, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Norling
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sibthorp
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruddell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014589:Utah