title: Associations between the transtheoretical processes of change, nicotine dependence and adolescent smokers' transition through the stages of change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the significance of the transtheoretical processes of change in predicting transition through the stages of change in adolescent smokers, as well as the relative role of nicotine dependence in predicting stage transitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In grades 9 and 10, adolescents' stage of change, the use of processes of change and nicotine dependence were assessed (T1). Stage transitions were assessed 1 year later (T2). Response rate was 73.2%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five secondary schools throughout the Netherlands participated in the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respondents were 721 adolescents who were classified as smokers at T1 and consequently completed the paper-and-pencil questionnaire at T2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stages of change and processes of change were assessed according to the original transtheoretical measures. Nicotine dependence was measured using a newly developed multi-dimensional scale consisting of 11 items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few associations were found between the processes of change and stage transitions. Nicotine dependence contributed significantly to the explanation of adolescents' transition from preparation to action, after adjustment for processes of change. No evidence for a moderating effect of nicotine dependence in the relation between the processes of change and stage transitions was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Processes of change do not seem significant in explaining adolescents' stage transitions. As an alternative for promoting the use of the processes of change for intervention purposes in adolescents, it might be more useful to focus on treating nicotine dependence.
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Institute (IVO), Rotterdam, The Netherlands. kleinjan@ivo.nl
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinjan
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brug
authors.forename: Regina J J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van den Eijnden
authors.forename: Ad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vermulst
authors.forename: Rinka M P
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Zundert
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009042:Motivation; D009426:Netherlands; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*