title: Evidence for a role of the Simian Virus 40 in human breast carcinomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Simian Virus 40 (SV40) is implicated in human breast carcinomas (BC).
  
  
  METHODS
  SV40 presence was investigated by PCR assays targeting the Tag, the regulatory, and the VP1 regions in 109 invasive breast ductal carcinomas from Tunisian women. We also examined the relationship between the presence of SV40 and promoter methylation status of 15 tumor-related genes. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of Tag, estrogen and progesterone receptors, HER2, and P53.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SV40 DNA sequences were detected in 22% of tumors and in only 1.8% of the matched non-tumoral tissues. Using immunohistochemistry, SV40 was detected in the tumor cells. Hypermethylation frequencies were 78% for RASSF1A, 66% for SHP1, 61% for HIN1 and BRCA1, 47% for P16 and ER, 42% for CDH1 and APC, 40% for BLU, 35% for DAPK, 34% for RARbeta2, 27% for GSTP1, 17% for TIMP3, 14% for CCND2, and 8% for hMLH1. Interestingly, the frequencies of RASSF1A, SHP1, BRCA1, and TIMP3 methylation, and the mean of the methylation index (MI) were significantly higher in SV40-positive than in SV40-negative cases (P-values ranging from 0.043 to 0.003). Moreover, SV40 presence correlates with P53 protein accumulation (32.7% vs. 13.3%; P=0.015) and HER2 low expression (3.7% vs. 28%; P=0.008). We also found SV40 more frequently in patients over 50 years than in younger patients (34.8% vs. 12.3%; P=0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of SV40 in human BC and provides data supporting a role for this virus in the pathogenesis of these tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Farhat Hached Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hachana
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trimeche
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ziadi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korbi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000821:virology*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013539:Simian virus 40 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D014416:Tunisia
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004279:DNA, Viral