title: Oral breathing and head posture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the head posture and cephalometric characteristics in oral breathing children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral cephalograms taken in natural head posture of 35 oral breathing patients (OB) (mean age 8.8 +/- 2.2 years SD; range 5-13 years) and of 35 patients with varied malocclusions and physiological breathing (PB) (mean age 9.7 +/- 1.6 years SD; range 7-13 years) were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A Student's t-test showed that an increase in angles NSL/OPT (P = .000), NSL/CVT (P = .001), FH/OPT (P = .000), FH/CVT (P = .005), and NSL/VER (P = .000); a decrease in the distance MGP-CV1p (P = .0001); and a decrease in the angles MGP/OP (P = .000) and OPT/ CVT (P = .036) were found in the OB group. A low position of the hyoid bone (H-MP, P = .009), a major skeletal divergence (ANS-PNS/Go-Me, P = .000), and an increased value of the ANB angle (P = .023) were present in OB patients. To ascertain if the changes in posture were connected with posterior obstruction of the upper respiratory airways, the OB group was divided into two subgroups based on the distance Ad2-PNS being greater than or less than 15 mm. No significant differences were found between these two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that OB children show greater extension of the head related to the cervical spine, reduced cervical lordosis, and more skeletal divergence, compared with PB subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. cucciaam@odonto.unipa.it
authors.forename: Antonino Marco
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cuccia
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lotti
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caradonna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D002508:Cephalometry; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000473:pathology; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture; D012119:Respiration; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000473:pathology