title: Toxicity of the pesticide alpha-cypermethrin to four soil nontarget invertebrates and implications for risk assessment.
abstract: Alpha-cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, is used as an insecticide in agricultural settings and is increasingly replacing organophosphates and carbamates because of lower application rates and lower toxicity to mammals. Because very little is known about the acute and chronic toxicity of this compound for soil-living organisms, the present study investigated acute and sublethal toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin for four terrestrial invertebrate species in an agricultural soil from Norway. Bioassays with the earthworm Eisenia fetida, the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus, the springtail Folsomia candida, and the land snail Helix aspersa were performed according to slightly modified versions of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris, France) or International Organization for Standardization (Geneva, Switzerland) guidelines and resulted in median lethal concentrations of greater than >1,000 to 31.4 mg/kg and sublethal no-observed-effect concentrations of 2.51 to 82 mg/kg. A high acute to chronic ratio was found, especially in the earthworms. Interspecies differences in sensitivity may be explained by differences in exposure and differences in metabolization rate. When based on measured pore-water concentrations, terrestrial species overall appear to be approximately one order of magnitude less sensitive than aquatic species. Effect assessments conducted according to European guideline for risk assessment of pesticides reveal that assessments based on acute toxicity tests are not always conservative enough to determine environmentally safe concentrations in soil. Mandatory incorporation of sublethal toxicity data will ensure that in regions with temperate climate, the effects of pesticides on populations of soil-living organisms are unlikely.
authors.affiliation: Biogorsk-Soil and Evironment Division, As, Norway. thomas.hartnik@bioforsk.no
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartnik
authors.forename: Line E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Sverdrup
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000845:Annelida / Q000187:drug effects*; D001681:Biological Assay; D006372:Helix, Snails / Q000187:drug effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C017160:cypermethrin