title: Effects of pathologic stage on the learning curve for radical prostatectomy: evidence that recurrence in organ-confined cancer is largely related to inadequate surgical technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously demonstrated that there is a learning curve for open radical prostatectomy. We sought to determine whether the effects of the learning curve are modified by pathologic stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 7765 eligible prostate cancer patients treated with open radical prostatectomy by one of 72 surgeons. Surgeon experience was coded as the total number of radical prostatectomies conducted by the surgeon prior to a patient's surgery. Multivariable regression models of survival time were used to evaluate the association between surgeon experience and biochemical recurrence, with adjustment for PSA, stage, and grade. Analyses were conducted separately for patients with organ-confined and locally advanced disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five-year recurrence-free probability for patients with organ-confined disease approached 100% for the most experienced surgeons. Conversely, the learning curve for patients with locally advanced disease reached a plateau at approximately 70%, suggesting that about a third of these patients cannot be cured by surgery alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excellent rates of cancer control for patients with organ-confined disease treated by the most experienced surgeons suggest that the primary reason such patients recur is inadequate surgical technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. vickersa@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: Mithat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonen
authors.forename: Angel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eastham
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schrag
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Alwyn M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reuther
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: J Edson
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pontes
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Scardino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D002983:Clinical Competence; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen