title: Universal primers that amplify RNA from all three flavivirus subgroups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Species within the Flavivirus genus pose public health problems around the world. Increasing cases of Dengue and Japanese encephalitis virus in Asia, frequent outbreaks of Yellow fever virus in Africa and South America, and the ongoing spread of West Nile virus throughout the Americas, show the geographical burden of flavivirus diseases. Flavivirus infections are often indistinct from and confused with other febrile illnesses. Here we review the specificity of published primers, and describe a new universal primer pair that can detect a wide range of flaviviruses, including viruses from each of the recognised subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioinformatic analysis of 257 published full-length Flavivirus genomes revealed conserved regions not previously targeted by primers. Two degenerate primers, Flav100F and Flav200R were designed from these regions and used to generate an 800 base pair cDNA product. The region amplified encoded part of the methyltransferase and most of the RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase (NS5) coding sequence. One-step RT-PCR testing was successful using standard conditions with RNA from over 60 different flavivirus strains representing about 50 species. The cDNA from each virus isolate was sequenced then used in phylogenetic analyses and database searches to confirm the identity of the template RNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive testing has revealed the broad specificity of these primers. We briefly discuss the advantages and uses of these universal primers.
authors.affiliation: Australian Biosecurity CRC, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia. Sheryl.Maher@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Maher-Sturgess
authors.forename: Naomi L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wayper
authors.forename: Ernest A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Roy A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Ross T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gibbs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D005416:Flavivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D018177:Flavivirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C096041:NS5 protein, flavivirus; D012367:RNA, Viral; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins