title: Serodiagnosis of human bocavirus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A new human-pathogenic parvovirus, human bocavirus (HBoV), has recently been discovered and associated with respiratory disease in small children. However, many patients have presented with low viral DNA loads, suggesting HBoV persistence and rendering polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis problematic. Moreover, nothing is known of HBoV immunity. We examined HBoV-specific systemic B cell responses and assessed their diagnostic use in young children with respiratory disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paired serum samples from 117 children with acute wheezing, previously studied for 16 respiratory viruses, were tested by immunoblot assays using 2 recombinant HBoV capsid antigens: the unique part of virus protein 1 and virus protein 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virus protein 2 was superior to the unique part of virus protein 1 with respect to immunoreactivity. According to the virus protein 2 assay, 24 (49%) of 49 children who were positive for HBoV according to polymerase chain reaction had immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies, 36 (73%) had IgG antibodies, and 29 (59%) exhibited IgM antibodies and/or an increase in IgG antibody level. Of 22 patients with an increase in antibody levels, 20 (91%) had a high load of HBoV DNA in the nasopharynx, supporting the hypothesis that a high HBoV DNA load indicates acute primary infection, whereas a low load seems to be of less clinical significance. In a subgroup of patients who were previously determined to have acute HBoV infection (defined as a high virus load in the nasopharynx, viremia, and absence of other viral infections), 9 (100%) of 9 patients had serological evidence of primary infection. In the control group of 68 children with wheezing who had polymerase chain reaction results negative for HBoV in the nasopharynx, 9 (13%) had IgM antibodies, including 5 who displayed an increase in IgG antibody levels and were viremic. No cross-reactivity with human parvovirus B19 was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiratory infections due to HBoV are systemic, elicit B cell immune responses, and can be diagnosed serologically. Serological diagnoses correlate with high virus loads in the nasopharynx and with viremia. Serological testing is an accurate tool for disclosing the association of HBoV infection with disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kantola
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Allander
authors.forename: Tuomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jartti
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ruuskanen
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderlund-Venermo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D052660:Bocavirus / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003429:Cross Reactions; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology*; D012698:Serologic Tests; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014764:Viral Proteins; D014766:Viremia
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins