title: Histopathology of Salzmann nodular corneal degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the histopathology of Salzmann nodular degeneration and suggest potential mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Archived corneal biopsy specimens from 5 patients with Salzmann nodular degeneration were evaluated by chemical and immunohistochemical staining to describe the structure of the Salzmann nodules and phenotypes of nodule epithelium and stromal cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each Salzmann nodule appeared as a hypercellular mound of extracellular matrix located between a thinned corneal epithelium and a fragmented Bowman layer. Stromal cells within each nodule stained positively for vimentin, consistent with a fibroblast phenotype, whereas the epithelial cells overlying each nodule were positive for matrix metalloproteinase-2 and negative for matrix metalloproteinase-9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed epithelial expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 overlying Salzmann nodules is consistent with chronic epithelial wounding in the disorder but does not identify a cause-effect relationship. Salzmann nodules might develop because of enzymatic disruption of the Bowman layer, anterior migration and proliferation of keratocytes, and secondary deposition of extracellular matrix. Alternatively, desiccation secondary to the elevation of the nodule might induce increased epithelial metalloproteinase expression.
authors.affiliation: Dean A McGee Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Donald U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Astley
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Shaver
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chodosh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050541:Bowman Membrane / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D003317:Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9