title: Influence of temperature on biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes on various food-contact surfaces: relationship with motility and cell surface hydrophobicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the ability of Listeria monocytogenes to form biofilm on different food-contact surfaces with regard to different temperatures, cellular hydrophobicity and motility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four L. monocytogenes strains from food and food environment were tested for biofilm formation by crystal violet staining. Biofilm levels were significantly higher on glass at 4, 12 and 22 degrees C, as compared with polystyrene and stainless steel. At 37 degrees C, L. monocytogenes produced biofilm at significantly higher levels on glass and stainless steel, as compared with polystyrene. Hydrophobicity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 37 degrees C than at 4, 12 and 22 degrees C. Thirty (68.2%) of 44 strains tested showed swimming at 22 degrees C and 4 (9.1%) of those were also motile at 12 degrees C. No correlation was observed between swimming and biofilm production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  L. monocytogenes can adhere to and form biofilms on food-processing surfaces. Biofilm formation is significantly influenced by temperature, probably modifying cell surface hydrophobicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biofilm formation creates major problems in the food industry because it may represent an important source of food contamination. Our results are therefore important in finding ways to prevent contamination because they contribute to a better understanding on how L. monocytogenes can establish biofilms in food industry and therefore survive in the processing environment.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy. giovannidibo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Bonaventura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Piccolomini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paludi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Orio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vergara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ianieri
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005525:Food-Processing Industry; D005898:Glass; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011137:Polystyrenes; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D011137:Polystyrenes; D013193:Stainless Steel