title: A randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of functional knee brace and neoprene sleeve use after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite a lack of evidence for their effectiveness, functional knee braces are commonly prescribed to patients after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This trial was conducted to compare postoperative outcomes in patients using an ACL functional knee brace and patients using a neoprene knee sleeve.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Patients using a brace will have superior outcomes than those using a sleeve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty patients were randomized to receive a brace (n = 76) or neoprene sleeve (n = 74) at their 6-week postoperative visit after primary ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft. Patients were assessed preoperatively, then 6 weeks and 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Outcome measures included disease-specific quality of life (Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Quality of Life [ACL-QOL] Questionnaire), anterior tibial translation (KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side difference), the single-limb forward hop test (limb symmetry index), and Tegner Activity Scale. Outcomes at 1 and 2 years were compared after adjusting for baseline scores. Subjective ratings of how patients felt while using the brace/sleeve were also collected for descriptive purposes using a questionnaire. Four a priori directional subgroup hypotheses were evaluated using tests for interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between brace (n = 62) and sleeve (n = 65) groups for any of the outcomes at 1- and 2-year follow-ups. Adjusted mean differences at 2 years were as follows: -0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], -7.52 to 5.64) for the ACL-QOL Questionnaire, -0.10 mm (95% CI, -0.99 to 0.81) for KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side difference, -0.87% (95% CI, -8.89 to 7.12) for hop limb symmetry index, and -0.05 (95% CI, -0.72 to 0.62) for the Tegner Activity Scale. Subjective ratings of confidence in the knee provided by the brace/sleeve were higher for the brace group than the sleeve group. Subgroup findings were minimal. Adverse events were few and similar between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A functional knee brace does not result in superior outcomes compared with a neoprene sleeve after ACL reconstruction. Current evidence does not support the recommendation of using an ACL functional knee brace after ACL reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, London, Ontario, Canada. tbirming@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Trevor B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Birmingham
authors.forename: Dianne M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: J Robert
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Giffin
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Litchfield
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fowler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D001915:Braces; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome