title: Review article: self-report measures to evaluate constipation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Constipation is a subjective phenomenon, and as such must be evaluated using patient self-report. Valid and reliable measures of constipation are essential to standardize the diagnosis, assess the severity and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare and contrast published self-report measures of constipation in terms of development, content, general characteristics, psychometric properties and clinical utility.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (1966-2007), CINAHL (1980-2007), Cochrane (1993-2007) and Web of Science (1995-2007) were searched to identify self-report measures of constipation. Measures of constipation were selected if they: (i) were self-report measures that measured only constipation; (ii) had undergone psychometric testing; (iii) were used in adults and (iv) were written in English.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven self-report measures of constipation were identified. The content areas evaluated by these measures varied. Only two measures had adequate validity and reliability, sensitivity to change, or were tested in more than one sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this review suggest that the Chinese Constipation Questionnaire and the Patient Assessment of Constipation-Symptom Questionnaire demonstrate adequate psychometric properties for a constipation measure. Additional research is warranted to refine or develop a more comprehensive self-report measure to evaluate constipation in adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. lindsay.mccrea@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: McCrea
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Stotts
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Macera
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Varma
mesh_terms: D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D012650:Self Disclosure; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*