title: Demographic and financial implications of pediatric emergency department fracture manipulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The demographic features, work relative value units (WRVUs), and financial implications of pediatric emergency department (ED) manipulative fracture treatment are presented. The aims of this study are to quantify these parameters and gauge their impact on lifestyle and reimbursement.
  
  
  METHODS
  All ED fracture reductions performed by orthopaedic residents in a children's hospital for fiscal year 2004 were grouped by month, day, time, anatomical location, and payer mix. Work relative value units and reimbursement were assigned for each fracture, contrasting the use of global current procedural terminology manipulation facture codes to the actual use of global current procedural terminology nonmanipulation codes first generated when the child presented to the senior staff office.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred seventy-five fractures were manipulated in the ED. Eighty-one manipulations were done on Saturday and 61 on Sunday compared with an average of 47 for the other 5 days. Nineteen percent of manipulations were performed between 7 AM and 6 PM, 37% between 6 and 11 PM, and 44% between 11 PM and 7 AM. Sixty-nine percent of the children had private insurance, 29% had Medicaid, and 2% had no medical coverage. Potentially 2358 WRVUs could have been recorded had senior staff been present for the reduction in the ED compared with the actual total of 1168 WRVUs recorded in the office a few days later. Using a proxy model of 100% Western Pennsylvania Medicare coverage for these fractures, $179,754 of reimbursement was available with manipulation included compared with $106,010 without manipulation. For our actual payer mix, manipulation would have contributed a 37% increase to fracture care margin for these 375 fractures but would have only provided a 2.5% increase to overall pediatric orthopaedic revenue production for fiscal year 2004.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The component of reimbursement resulting from manipulation contributed significantly to fracture care margin for those fractures requiring manipulation but did not have a significant impact on overall pediatric orthopaedic revenue production. The added senior staff work effort required to gain the manipulation reimbursement component of fracture care in the ED is substantial considering the small contribution to overall revenue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alternative mechanisms of compensation should be devised if the goal is to offer financial incentive to senior staff for their availability for all fracture manipulations in the ED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. wardtw@chp.edu
authors.forename: W Timothy
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rihn
mesh_terms: D050280:Arm Bones / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007867:Leg Bones / Q000293:injuries; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms