title: Relationship of premaxillary bone and its sutures to deciduous dentition in nonhuman primates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship of the human premaxillary bone (Pmx) to neighboring craniofacial structures is clouded by its embryonic union with the maxillary bone proper. Only humans among all primates have such early fusion of the premaxillomaxillary suture (PS). This study surveyed the relationship of the PS to the upper deciduous dentition in nonhuman primates, and describes the distribution of bone cells along the osseous margins of the Pmx.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight subadult primates were studied using gross, CT, and histologic observations. Location of the anterior deciduous dentition relative to the PS was assessed. In sections of selected specimens, observations of bone cells on the osseous boundaries of the Pmx were made. Osteopontin (OPN) immunohistochemistry was used to isolate osteoclastic binding sites along the Pmx boundaries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PS was consistently found between deciduous incisor and canine in strepsirrhines of all ages, whereas the suture passed variably closer to the incisor or canine in haplorhines. In all species, the anterior part of the Pmx was nonarticulating and mostly osteoblastic, except for osteoclastic margins adjacent to dentition and the nasal fossa. Superolaterally, the osteogenic fronts of the PS were osteoblastic, while more inferiorly, at the level of the deciduous canine, the PS was often osteoclastic. Results from OPN immunohistochemistry support the findings on bone cell distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone cell distribution patterns in perinatal nonhuman primates resemble those described for the prenatal human Pmx, suggesting that differences among species relate to magnitude rather than the pattern of osteogenesis.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA. kac818@comcast.net
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Carmody
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bonar
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D000882:Haplorhini / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D011443:Strepsirhini / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous