Cyclo-oxygenase-2 plays a critical role in UV-induced skin carcinogenesis.
Besides induction of DNA damage and p53 mutations, chronic exposure to UV irradiation leads to the constitutive up-regulation of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and to increased production of its primary product in skin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). COX-2 has also been shown to be constitutively overexpressed in mouse, as well as human, UV-induced skin cancers and premalignant lesions. UV exposure results in ligand-independent activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and subsequent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways leading to transcriptional activation of the COX-2 gene. Use of COX-2-specific inhibitors and genetic manipulation of COX-2 expression have demonstrated that UV induction of COX-2 in the skin contributes to the induction of epidermal hyperplasia, edema, inflammation, and counters the induction of apoptosis after UV exposure. Likewise, inhibition of COX-2 activity or reduced expression in COX-2 knockout mice resulted in significantly reduced UV-induced tumorigenesis, while overexpression of COX-2 in transgenic mice enhanced UV-induced tumor development. A combination of signaling from the PGE2 EP1, EP2 and/or EP4 receptors mediates the effects of COX-2 overexpression. These studies demonstrate the crucial role of COX-2 in the development of UV-related nonmelanoma skin cancers.
Rundhaug
Joyce E
JE
The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, TX, USA.
Fischer
Susan M
SM
D000818:Animals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D006801:Humans; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000201:enzymology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2