title: Uncommon causes of thyrotoxicosis.
abstract: Apart from the common causes of thyrotoxicosis, such as Graves' disease and functioning nodular goiters, there are more than 20 less common causes of elevated free thyroid hormones that produce the symptoms and signs of thyrotoxicosis. This review describes these rarer conditions and includes 14 illustrative patients. Thyrotropin and free thyroxine should be measured and, when the latter is normal, the free triiodothyronine level should be obtained. Measurement of the uptake of (123)I is recommended for most patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California 94305-5281, USA.
authors.forename: Erik S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Mittra
authors.forename: Ryan D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Niederkohr
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: El-Maghraby
authors.forename: I Ross
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: McDougall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D035583:Rare Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013971:Thyrotoxicosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*