title: Near infrared and visible spectroscopic measurements to detect changes in light scattering and hemoglobin oxygen saturation from rat spinal cord during peripheral stimulation.
abstract: In this study, we investigated dynamic changes in light scattering and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (S(sc)O(2)) on the rat spinal cord due to peripheral electrical stimulation by measuring near infrared (NIR) and visible spectroscopy, respectively. The spectral slope in the wavelength region between 700 and 900 nm is used as an index (S(NIR)) to quantify light scattering. With a 100-mum (source-detector separation) fiber-optic needle probe, optical reflectance was measured from the left lumbar region, specifically LL5, of the spinal cord surface at a height of 575 mum from the spinal cord surface. Graded electrical stimulations from 20 to 50 V, in increments of 10 V, were given to the plantar surface of the rat left hind paw for a period of 20 s. Changes in both light scattering (S(NIR)) and S(sc)O(2) were determined as a difference between the baseline and the maximum of slope value and hemoglobin oxygen saturation, respectively, during the stimulation period. There were significant differences in both S(NIR) and S(sc)O(2) during stimulation, with the average percentage changes of 10.9% and 15.5%, respectively. We observed that both S(NIR) and S(sc)O(2) measured at the spinal cord are insensitive to the intensity of the electrical stimulus, which is possibly caused by the nonlinear process of neurovascular coupling. Our finding essentially indicates that peripheral electrical stimulation results in significant changes in both light scattering and hemoglobin oxygen saturation on the rat spinal cord, and ignoring light scattering changes could lead to possible negative offsets of hemodynamic parameters (oxy-, deoxy-, and total hemoglobin concentrations) obtained in the functional optical imaging in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Joint Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington/UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA. hanli@uta.edu
authors.forename: Hanli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Harsha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Senapati
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hagains
authors.forename: Disha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peswani
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathker
authors.forename: Yuan Bo
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008027:Light; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin; D010100:Oxygen