title: Long-term inequalities in breast cancer survival--a ten year follow-up study of patients managed within a National Health Care System (Sweden).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Converging epidemiological evidence based on studies of different designs in a variety of populations and settings show that cancer survival tends to be poorer in low compared to high socioeconomic groups. In an extension of an earlier register-based study, we examined the influence of socioeconomic factors on long-term survival in women with a first diagnosis of invasive breast cancer in 1993 in Sweden, a country with a policy of providing equal access to health care to all at nominal cost within a National Health Care System.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on data set generated by record linkages between the Swedish Cancer Register, Census databases and the Cause of Death Register. Four different categorical variables were used as indicators of socioeconomic standing. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the effects of socioeconomic status on risk of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 4 645 eligible women with breast cancer, 1 016 had died from breast cancer at the end of follow-up on December 31, 2003. After adjustment for tumour size and age at diagnosis, risk of death was 19% lower among women belonging to a household of high compared to low socioeconomic status (HR high versus low 0.81; 95% CI: 0.67-0.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that social inequalities in breast cancer survival persist at least up to ten years after an initial diagnosis. While social gradients detected shortly after diagnosis may mainly reflect an influence of socioeconomic differences in overall health status and frailty, differentials persisting beyond five years rather point to a long-term influence of disparities in management of both primary tumours and recurrences. Further studies are needed to explore whether the present findings reflect amendable inequalities in access to state-of-the-art treatment. For all calendar periods, observed survival in the most privileged groups sets the goal for what is achievable for all breast cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. aka02rha@student.ki.se
authors.forename: Märit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halmin
authors.forename: Rino
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellocco
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lagerlund
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tejler
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lambe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D003710:Demography; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors