title: Dosing of clopidogrel for platelet inhibition in infants and young children: primary results of the Platelet Inhibition in Children On cLOpidogrel (PICOLO) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infants and young children with certain types of heart disease are at increased risk for thromboses. Clopidogrel 75 mg/d is used in adults to prevent thrombotic events. The dose to achieve similar platelet inhibition in children is unknown. The objectives of the present study were (1) to determine the dose of clopidogrel needed in infants and young children to achieve a mean 30% to 50% inhibition of 5-micromol/L ADP-induced platelet aggregation (ie, inhibition similar to that observed with 75 mg in adults) and (2) to assess the safety and tolerability of clopidogrel in infants and young children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed a prospective, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in children (0 to 24 months) with a cardiac condition at risk for arterial thrombosis. Patients were randomized to clopidogrel versus placebo in a 3:1 ratio in 4 sequential groups (0.01, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.15 mg/kg) for > or = 7 and < or = 28 days. Platelet aggregation was assessed at baseline and steady state by light-transmission aggregometry. Of 116 patients enrolled, 92 (50% neonates, 50% infants/toddlers) were randomized, and 73 completed the study. A total of 79% of the randomized and treated patients were taking aspirin. Compared with placebo, clopidogrel 0.20 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) resulted in a mean 49.3% (95% confidence interval 25.7% to 72.8%) inhibition of the maximum extent of platelet aggregation and a mean 43.9% (95% confidence interval 18.6% to 69.2%) inhibition of the rate of platelet aggregation. There was marked interpatient variability in the degree of platelet aggregation inhibition within each treatment-dose group and age group. No serious bleeding events occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clopidogrel 0.20 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) in children 0 to 24 months of age achieves a platelet inhibition level similar to that in adults taking 75 mg/d. Clopidogrel is well tolerated in infants and young children at this dose.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27705, USA. jennifer.li@duke.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yow
authors.forename: Katherine Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Berezny
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bokesch
authors.forename: Matsato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sidi
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ewert
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Michelson
mesh_terms: D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin