title: Is smaller workspace a limitation for robot performance in laparoscopy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Robot or computer assisted laparoscopic surgeries have overcome several impediments of conventional laparoscopy in pediatric urology. However, in our practice we faced difficulties while performing specific tasks using the da Vinci Surgical System in small cavities. Thus, we objectively evaluated the performance of robot assisted laparoscopic skills in different sizes of workspace.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven assessors performed 5 different drills in 7 different sizes of cubic boxes (edge size ranging from 40 to 150 mm) with the da Vinci Surgical System. The drills were developed based on the McGill Inanimate System for Training and Evaluation of Laparoscopic Skills. Assessor performance was evaluated by 2 reviewers for the drill achievement, and time to completion was recorded. A global score was then calculated for each drill in accordance to 1 assessor and 1 box.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant collisions while working with the smaller cubes (edges measuring 40 and 45 mm), preventing the surgeon from performing drills. With difficulty, but without collision, the drills were performed in the 50 and 60 mm size cubes. Drills could be accomplished uniformly with ease in the larger cubes (edge 70 mm and greater).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that surgeon ability to perform tasks using the da Vinci Surgical System in a small workspace is restricted. This assessment was confirmed by a statistical analysis of the data collected, demonstrating that with common surgical practice using the da Vinci robot workspace has a major impact on surgeon performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Thakre
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bailly
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Meer
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yeung
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012371:Robotics; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis