title: Transforming growth factor-beta gene expression studies in nasal mucosal biopsies in naturally occurring allergic rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence has been provided of enhanced epithelial transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) immunoreactivity in allergic rhinitis, including correlation with intra-epithelial mast cell numbers, and the co-localisation of TGF-beta receptors to mast cells, suggesting that the epithelial expression of TGF-beta may represent an important biological process involved in either the recruitment or retention of mast cells within the epithelium in naturally occurring allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to extend the above findings, evaluation was undertaken in whole nasal biopsies from subjects with naturally occurring allergic rhinitis, of levels of TGF-beta isotypes and receptors gene expression using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan RT-PCR), and the results compared to those for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), as a positive control. The study was also extended to evaluate gene expression for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and Smad proteins, as downstream markers of TGF-beta bioactivity, in the same populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between the rhinitic and non-rhinitic groups in the expression of TGF-beta isoforms or Smad-3, Smad-6 and Smad-7 proteins; however, there was increased gene expression for TGF-betaRI and TGF-betaRII along with CTGF in seasonal allergic rhinitis. TNF-alpha gene expression was also increased in seasonal allergic rhinitis, consistent with a more acute inflammatory response in this form of rhinitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study advances our understanding of the role of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response in allergic rhinitis.
authors.affiliation: Allergy and Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK. rjs4@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rami J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Salib
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D015870:Gene Expression; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D012313:RNA