title: The efficacy of combination therapy using adeno-associated virus--interferon beta and trichostatin A in vitro and in a murine model of neuroblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trichostatin A (TSA) is a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor and has demonstrated significant antitumor activity against a variety of cancer cell lines. Type I interferons have also shown significant antitumor as well as antiangiogenic activity. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of combination therapy of TSA and interferon beta (IFN-beta) on human neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo using a murine model of retroperitoneal neuroblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  For in vitro experiments, plated human neuroblastoma cells (NB-1643 and NB-1691) were treated with vehicle or with IFN-beta, TSA, or both for 24 hours. Cytotoxicity was assessed by counting cells and expressing the results as a percentage of controls. Expression of the tumor suppressor p21(Waf1) was assessed by Western blot. For in vivo experiments, retroperitoneal neuroblastomas were established in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice. Interferon beta was given using a gene therapy approach, administering 1.5 x 10(10) particles of an adeno-associated virus vector encoding human IFN-beta (AAV hIFN-beta) via tail vein as a single dose per mouse. Trichostatin A was given at a dose of 5 mg/kg every 48 hours subcutaneously. Treatment groups included controls, AAV hIFN-beta alone, TSA alone, and AAV hIFN-beta together with TSA. Tumor volume was assessed 2 weeks after the treatment began.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 24 hours, treatment with IFN-beta, TSA, and a combination of both resulted in a 45.3%, 68.1%, and 75% reduction in cell count relative to controls in the NB-1691 cell line. In the NB-1643 line, cell counts were reduced by 23%, 58%, and 62.3% respectively. In addition, NB-1691 cells treated with TSA showed increased expression of p21(Waf1) on Western blot. For in vivo experiments, control-, AAV hIFN-beta-, TSA-, and combination-treated tumors had the following final volumes: 1577.7 +/- 264.2 mm(3) (n = 3); 128.5 +/- 74.4 mm(3) (n = 4; P = .0001); 1248.7 +/- 673.9 mm(3) (n = 4; P = .48); and 127.5 +/- 36.8 mm(3) (n = 4; P = .0007), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuroblastoma, because of its unique biology, continues to be a challenging tumor to treat, and many times these tumors are refractory to standard chemotherapeutic regimens. These data show that both TSA and IFN-beta inhibit neuroblastoma growth and that the combination may potentially provide a unique way to treat this difficult disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hamner
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cutshaw
authors.forename: Paxton V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.forename: Mackenzie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: Catherine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Davidoff
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; C012589:trichostatin A; D016899:Interferon-beta