title: Seed odor mediates an obligate ant-plant mutualism in Amazonian rainforests.
abstract: Seed dispersal mutualisms are essential for the survival of diverse plant species and communities worldwide. Among invertebrates, only ants have a major role in seed dispersal, and thousands of plant species produce seeds specialized for ant dispersal in "diffuse" multispecies interactions. An outstanding but poorly understood ant-seed mutualism occurs in the Amazonian rainforest, where arboreal ants collect seeds of several epiphyte species and cultivate them in nutrient-rich nests, forming abundant and conspicuous hanging gardens known as ant-gardens (AGs). AG ants and plants are dominant members of lowland Amazonian ecosystems, and their interaction is both specific and obligate, but the means by which ants locate, recognize, and accept their mutualist seeds while rejecting other seeds is unknown. Here we address the chemical and behavioral basis of the AG interaction. We show that workers of the AG ant Camponotus femoratus are attracted to odorants emanating from seeds of the AG plant Peperomia macrostachya, and that chemical cues also elicit seed-carrying behavior. We identify five compounds from P. macrostachya seeds that, as a blend, attract C. femoratus workers. This report of attractive odorants from ant-dispersed seeds illustrates the intimacy and complexity of the AG mutualism and begins to illuminate the chemical basis of this important and enigmatic interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Youngsteadt
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nojima
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Häberlein
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Coby
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schal
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D009812:Odorants; D010568:Peru; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology*; D011891:Rain; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D012903:Smell / Q000187:drug effects; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts