title: Two- and multi-step annealing of cereal starches in relation to gelatinization.
abstract: Two- and multi-step annealing experiments were designed to determine how much gelatinization temperature of waxy rice, waxy barley, and wheat starches could be increased without causing a decrease in gelatinization enthalpy or a decline in X-ray crystallinity. A mixture of starch and excess water was heated in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) pan to a specific temperature and maintained there for 0.5-48 h. The experimental approach was first to anneal a starch at a low temperature so that the gelatinization temperature of the starch was increased without causing a decrease in gelatinization enthalpy. The annealing temperature was then raised, but still was kept below the onset gelatinization temperature of the previously annealed starch. When a second- or third-step annealing temperature was high enough, it caused a decrease in crystallinity, even though the holding temperature remained below the onset gelatinization temperature of the previously annealed starch. These results support that gelatinization is a nonequilibrium process and that dissociation of double helices is driven by the swelling of amorphous regions. Small-scale starch slurry annealing was also performed and confirmed the annealing results conducted in DSC pans. A three-phase model of a starch granule, a mobile amorphous phase, a rigid amorphous phase, and a crystalline phase, was used to interpret the annealing results. Annealing seems to be an interplay between a more efficient packing of crystallites in starch granules and swelling of plasticized amorphous regions. There is always a temperature ceiling that can be used to anneal a starch without causing a decrease in crystallinity. That temperature ceiling is starch-specific, dependent on the structure of a starch, and is lower than the original onset gelatinization of a starch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Grain Science and Industry, 201 Shellenberger Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA. ycshi@ksu.edu
authors.forename: Yong-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003460:Crystallization; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D013213:Starch