title: Prevention and treatment of perioperative stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perioperative stroke is an uncommon event associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Neurologists are often called to assess potential stroke risk factors to advice on prophylactic medical or surgical measures, which could decrease risk of this dreaded complication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The decision to continue or just temporarily hold antiplatelet medications perioperatively in patients with known risk factors depends on the type of surgery. If on oral anticoagulation, the majority of patients should be considered for bridging therapy with heparin or low-molecular-weight-heparin. If an acute perioperative stroke occurs and standard intravenous rt-PA (Alteplase) is contraindicated, a neurointerventional procedure should be considered. Some studies demonstrate that the concept of neuroprotection, ie, using statin and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, in the perioperative setting could be beneficial. Carotid stenosis is associated with an increased risk of stroke, however, there is no evidence that the increased risk is sufficient to mandate prophylactic carotid endarterectomy before general surgical procedures. When both coronary and extracranial carotid artery stenoses exist, symptomatic lesions should be treated first in a staged procedure. The approach to asymptomatic patients should depend on the degree of the stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative stroke can be a serious complication. Hence, neurologists should assess the patient's risk factors and advice on possible prophylaxis and management of antiplatelet or anticoagulation medications. In this review, we provide several algorithms and recommendations to prevent and treat perioperative stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Szeder
authors.forename: Michel T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Torbey
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D006493:Heparin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator