title: High prevalence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in chronic renal failure patients exposed to gadodiamide, a gadolinium-containing magnetic resonance contrast agent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a serious disease affecting renal failure patients. It may be caused by some gadolinium (Gd)-containing contrast agents, including gadodiamide. The study aimed at estimating the prevalence of NSF after gadodiamide exposure for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study of 190 consecutive nephrological patients in different categories of kidney function referred for gadodiamide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the period January 1, 2004 to March 21, 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients (18/190; 10%, 95% CI: 6%-15%) were diagnosed with NSF within a mean follow-up period of 29 months (range 16-43 months). All 18 cases had stage 5 CKD (ie, estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or in dialysis therapy) at the time of their gadodiamide exposure. The prevalence of NSF among patients with stage 5 CKD at exposure (n = 102) was 18% (95% CI: 11%-27%). No cases were seen among 88 gadodiamide-exposed patients who had milder degrees of renal insufficiency (prevalence 0%, 95% CI: 0%-4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of NSF is unacceptably high among stage 5 CKD patients exposed to gadodiamide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Casper
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rydahl
authors.forename: Henrik S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marckmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C064925:gadodiamide; D005682:Gadolinium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA