title: Is onset of Tourette syndrome influenced by life events?
abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the possible relationship between stressful life events, personality, and onset of Tourette syndrome in children. The study group included 93 subjects aged 7-18 years: 41 with Tourette syndrome (TS), 28 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and 24 healthy controls. Diagnoses were based on the Child Schedule for Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (K-SADS). All children were tested with the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, Children's Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Beck Depression Inventory or Children's Depression Inventory, the Life Experience Survey, and the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory. The findings were compared among the groups. Subjects with Tourette syndrome and healthy controls had significantly less stressful life events than subjects with (OCD). There were no significant differences between the TS subjects and the healthy controls. This finding applied to total lifetime events, total lifetime negative events, and events in the year before and after illness onset. Subjects with TS and the healthy controls also showed a significantly lesser impact of life events than subjects with OCD. The Tourette syndrome group showed a significantly lesser impact of stressful life events than controls. Harm avoidance tended to be higher in the patients with Tourette syndrome and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder than in patients with Tourette syndrome only. There seemed to be no association between life events, diagnosis, and personality. Although there is some research suggesting that tics can be influenced by the environment, the onset of Tourette syndrome does not seem to be related to stressful life events, nor to an interaction between stressful life events and personality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: Netta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horesh
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Tami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yagan
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*