title: Exercise-induced intra-ventricular gradients as a frequent potential cause of myocardial ischemia in cardiac syndrome X patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of intra-ventricular gradients (IVG) during dobutamine or exercise stress is not infrequent, and can be associated to symptoms during stress. The purpose of this study was to assess the occurrence of IVG during exercise stress echocardiography in cardiac syndrome X patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively evaluated 91 patients (pts) mean aged 51 +/- 12 years (age ranged 20 to 75 years old), 44 of whom were women. All pts had angina, positive exercise ECG treadmill testing, normal rest echocardiogram and no coronary artery disease on coronary angiogram (cardiac X syndrome). After complete Doppler echocardiographic evaluation with determination of left ventricular outflow tract index (LVOTi), relative left ventricular wall thickness (RLVWT) and left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVDVi), all patients underwent stress echocardiography with two-dimensional and Doppler echographic evaluation during and after treadmill exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For analysis purpose patients were divided in 2 groups, according to the development of IVG. Doppler evidence of IVG was found in 33 (36%) of the patients (Group A), with mean age 47 +/- 14 years old (age ranged 20 to 72 years) and with a mean end-systolic peak gradient of 86 +/- 34 mmHg (ranging from 30 to 165 mmHg). The IVG development was accompanied by SAM of the mitral valve in 23 pts. Three of these pts experienced symptomatic hypotension. Ten were women (30% pts). 58 pts in group B, 34 of whom were women (59%) (p = 0,01 vs group A), mean aged 53,5 +/- 10,9 years old (age ranged 34 to 75 years) (p = 0,03 vs group A), did not develop IVG. LVOTi was 10,29 +/- 0,9 mm/m2 in group A and 11,4 +/- 1 mm/m2 in group B (p < 0,000); RLVWT was 0,36 +/- 0,068 in group A and 0,33 +/- 0,046 in group B (p < 0,01); LVDVi was 44,8 +/- 10 ml/m2 in group A and 56 +/- 11,6 ml/m2 in group B (p = 0,000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. A significant number of patients with cardiac X syndrome developed IVG during upright exercise in treadmill. These pts (group A) are mainly males and younger than those who did not develop IVG.2. The development of IVG and mitral valve SAM on exertion seems to be associated with ST segment downsloping during stress testing in patients without epicardial coronary disease.3. The development of IVG and mitral valve SAM seems to be associated with lower LVOTi, lower LVDVi and higher RLVWT.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Garcia de Orta Hospital, Almada, Portugal. carlosadcotrim@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cotrim
authors.forename: Ana G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrageta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017566:Microvascular Angina / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*