title: Lower insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent evidence suggests that abnormalities in calcium metabolism may be responsible for the luteal phase symptoms in women experiencing premenstrual syndrome. Our objective was to measure the cyclic variations in bone turnover across the menstrual cycle in women with and without luteal phase symptoms consistent with severe premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the indices of bone metabolism, N-telopeptide, osteocalcin and insulin-like growth factor-1 in women with and without premenstrual dysphoric disorder using a cross-sectional and prospective design. Participating women underwent 2 months of self-assessment symptom screening and 1 month of hormonal evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (mean +/- standard deviation) was significantly lower in the premenstrual dysphoric disorder group compared with controls (205.7 +/- 56.8 vs 240.2 +/- 76.9 ng/ mL, P = .01) and was significantly lower throughout all 5 phases of the menstrual cycle in the premenstrual dysphoric disorder group compared with controls. In both groups of women, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations were highest and urinary N-telopeptide levels were lowest during the luteal phase. Bone remodeling indices of formation and resorption during the menstrual cycle were greater and appeared earlier in the control compared with the premenstrual dysphoric disorder group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significantly lower insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in premenstrual dysphoric disorder subjects compared with controls may hold insights about how premenstrual dysphoric disorder subjects differ from asymptomatic controls.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thys-Jacobs
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bilezikian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000503:physiopathology; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis*; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000097:blood; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000097:blood*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000652:urine; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D010455:Peptides; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; D015675:Osteocalcin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I