title: Lipoxygenase-derived metabolites are regulators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor family that has been implicated in cell differentiation and proliferation, glucose metabolism, macrophage development, and inflammatory responses. PPAR-gamma can be activated by a range of synthetic substances and also by products of lipid oxidation such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). Since 12- and 15-lipoxygenase (12- and 15-LO) are expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), we set out to investigate the possible relation between PPAR-gamma and LO system in these cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro experiments in human VSMC using standard methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LO products, 12-HETE (10(-7) mol/l), 15-HETE (10(-7) mol/l) and 13-HODE (10(-7) mol//l) increased the expression of PPAR-gamma-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) in VSMC (by 100, 50, and 100%, respectively. Rosiglitazone (1-10 micromol/l) was found to upregulate both the mRNA expression of two LO enzymes, platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO; +70%) and 15-lipoxygenase type 2 (15-LO; +60%), and the secretion of their eicosanoid products 12- and 15-HETE. In addition, rosiglitazone-induced a threefold increase in PPAR-gamma-2 mRNA expressions and modest 50% rise in PPAR-gamma-1 mRNA expression. The effect of rosiglitazone on PPAR-gamma-2 could be entirely blocked by the LO inhibitor baicalein and restored by the addition of exogenous 12-HETE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a novel amplification cycle in which PPAR-gamma activation induces production of 12- and 15-LO-derived metabolites which in turn feed back to upregulate PPAR-gamma-2's own expression. The implications of this link in VSMC pathophysiology remain to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Rona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Limor
authors.forename: Orly
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sharon
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Many
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weisinger
authors.forename: Naftali
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D019377:12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D001092:Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001093:Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006893:Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000166:cytology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C475064:12-15-lipoxygenase; D006893:Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D019377:12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; C025984:15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid; D001092:Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase; D001093:Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase