Dioxin exposure, from infancy through puberty, produces endocrine disruption and affects human semen quality.
BACKGROUND
Environmental toxicants are allegedly involved in decreasing semen quality in recent decades; however, definitive proof is not yet available. In 1976 an accident exposed residents in Seveso, Italy, to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to investigate reproductive hormones and sperm quality in exposed males.


METHODS
We studied 135 males exposed to TCDD at three age groups, infancy/prepuberty (1-9 years), puberty (10-17 years), and adulthood (18-26 years), and 184 healthy male comparisons using 1976 serum TCDD levels and semen quality and reproductive hormones from samples collected 22 years later.


RESULTS
Relative to comparisons, 71 men (mean age at exposure, 6.2 years; median serum TCDD, 210 ppt) at 22-31 years of age showed reductions in sperm concentration (53.6 vs. 72.5 million/mL; p = 0.025); percent progressive motility (33.2% vs. 40.8%; p < 0.001); total motile sperm count (44.2 vs. 77.5 x 10(6); p = 0.018); estradiol (76.2 vs. 95.9 pmol/L; p = 0.001); and an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; 3.58 vs. 2.98 IU/L; p = 0.055). Forty-four men (mean age at exposure, 13.2 years; median serum TCDD, 164 ppt) at 32-39 years of age showed increased total sperm count (272 vs. 191.9 x 10(6); p = 0.042), total motile sperm count (105 vs. 64.9 x10(6); p = 0.036), FSH (4.1 vs. 3.2 UI/L; p = 0.038), and reduced estradiol (74.4 vs. 92.9 pmol/L; p < 0.001). No effects were observed in 20 men, 40-47 years of age, who were exposed to TCDD (median, 123 ppt) as adults (mean age at exposure, 21.5 years).


CONCLUSIONS
Exposure to TCDD in infancy reduces sperm concentration and motility, and an opposite effect is seen with exposure during puberty. Exposure in either period leads to permanent reduction of estradiol and increased FSH. These effects are permanent and occur at TCDD concentrations < 68 ppt, which is within one order of magnitude of those in the industrialized world in the 1970s and 1980s and may be responsible at least in part for the reported decrease in sperm quality, especially in younger men.
Mocarelli
Paolo
P
University Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Milano, Italy. mocarelli@uds.unimib.it
Gerthoux
Pier Mario
PM
Patterson
Donald G
DG
Milani
Silvano
S
Limonta
Giuseppe
G
Bertona
Maria
M
Signorini
Stefano
S
Tramacere
Pierluigi
P
Colombo
Laura
L
Crespi
Carla
C
Brambilla
Paolo
P
Sarto
Cecilia
C
Carreri
Vittorio
V
Sampson
Eric J
EJ
Turner
Wayman E
WE
Needham
Larry L
LL
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007265:Inhibins / Q000097:blood; D007558:Italy; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D011627:Puberty; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects
D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; C422364:inhibin B; D004958:Estradiol; D007265:Inhibins; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone