title: Sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia: a putative marker of muscular demand to be noted for cardiovascular risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regular physical activity is associated with a reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however, evidence of unfortunate cardiovascular events accompanying elite sport involvement continues to accumulate. To date, no information is available on possible peculiarities of the cardiovascular risk profile in athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma homocysteine levels in a group of athletes and to search for relationship with vitamin status and other metabolic variables in order to confirm the existence of a "sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia" and to explain its clinical significance. The study population was composed of 82 athletes (59 male and 23 female) practising different sports and 70 healthy age-matched subjects (40 male and 30 female) as a control group. Besides the general clinical and analytical determinations, the assessed variables included homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CPK) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinaemia (>15 micromol/l) in athletes and controls was 47% and 15%, respectively. No correlation was found between homocysteine and any of the other investigated variables, in particular plasma folate, blood pressure, LDH, CPK, total and HDL cholesterol and IL-6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study confirm the existence of a sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia which appears linked neither to the same variables found in the general population, nor to specific training-related variables. We suggest that it would represent an adaptation to training but the possibility of a secondary vascular damage cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano, Turin, Italy. pborrione@libero.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borrione
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spaccamiglio
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Salvo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dovio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Termine
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fagnani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angeli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pigozzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D015850:Interleukin-6; D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D014805:Vitamin B 12