title: Haemoglobin expression in human endometrium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The general concept that haemoglobin is only a carrier protein for oxygen and carbon dioxide is challenged since recent studies have shown haemoglobin expression in non-erythroid cells and the protection of haemoglobin against oxidative and nitrosative stress. Using microarrays, we previously showed expression of haemoglobins alpha, beta, delta and gamma and the haeme metabolizing enzyme, haeme oxygenase (HO)-1 in human endometrium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using real-time quantitative PCR, haemoglobin alpha, beta, delta and gamma, and HO-1 mRNA levels were assessed throughout the menstrual cycle (n = 30 women). Haemoglobin and HO-1 protein levels in the human endometrium were assessed with immunohistochemistry. For steroid responsiveness, menstrual and late proliferative-phase endometrial explants were cultured for 24 h in the presence of vehicle (0.1% ethanol), estradiol (17beta-E(2,) 1 nM), progestin (Org 2058, 1 nM) or 17beta-E(2)+Org 2058 (1 nM each).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All haemoglobins and the HO-1 were expressed in normal human endometrium. Haemoglobin mRNA and protein expression did not vary significantly during the menstrual cycle. Explant culture with Org 2058 or 17beta-E(2)+Org 2058 increased haemoglobin gamma mRNA expression (P < 0.05). HO-1 mRNA levels, and not protein levels, were significantly higher during the menstrual (M)-phase of the cycle (P < 0.05), and were down-regulated by Org 2058 in M-phase explants and by 17beta-E(2)+Org 2058 in LP-phase explants, versus control (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The haemoglobin-HO-1 system may be required to ensure adequate regulation of the bioavailability of haeme, iron and oxygen in human endometrium.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute GROW, University Hospital Maastricht/University Maastricht, Peter Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dassen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamps
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Punyadeera
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dijcks
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Goeij
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ederveen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dunselman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Groothuis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011282:Pregnenediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D011282:Pregnenediones; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C020175:16 alpha-ethyl-21-hydroxy-19-nor-4-pregnene-3,20-dione; D004958:Estradiol; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1