title: Integration of genomic analysis and in vivo transfection to identify sprouty 2 as a candidate tumor suppressor in liver cancer.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is 1 of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, yet the molecular genetics underlying this malignancy are still poorly understood. In our study, we applied statistical methods to correlate human HCC gene expression data obtained from complementary DNA (cDNA) microarrays and corresponding DNA copy number variation data obtained from array-based comparative genomic hybridization. We have thus identified 76 genes that are up-regulated and show frequent DNA copy number gain, and 37 genes that are down-regulated and show frequent DNA copy loss in human HCC samples. Among these down-regulated genes is Sprouty2 (Spry2), a known inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases. We investigated the potential role of Spry2 in HCC by expressing dominant negative Spry2 (Spry2Y55F) and activated beta-catenin (DeltaN90-beta-catenin) in the mouse liver through hydrodynamic injection and sleeping beauty-mediated somatic integration. When stably expressed in mouse hepatocytes, Spry2Y55F cooperates with DeltaN90-beta-catenin to confer a neoplastic phenotype in mice. Tumor cells show high levels of expression of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), as well as deregulation of genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified a set of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes for human HCC. Our study provides evidence that inhibition of Spry activity cooperates with other oncogenes to promote liver cancer in mouse models, and Spry2 may function as a candidate tumor suppressor for HCC development in vivo. In addition, we demonstrate that the integration of genomic analysis and in vivo transfection is a powerful tool to identify genes that are important during hepatic carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Susie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Coral
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kosinski
authors.forename: Mohini A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Aaron D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Tward
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fridlyand
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018628:Gene Dosage; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009857:Oncogenes; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014162:Transfection; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C118389:Spry2 protein, mouse; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases