title: Poly (ADP) ribose synthetase inhibition in alveolar macrophages undergoing hypoxia and reoxygenation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibition of the nuclear enzyme poly ribose synthetase (PARS) protects against in vivo lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI). The effectiveness of intratracheal treatment suggests that PARS inhibition may primarily modulate alveolar macrophage (AM) activation. These studies attempted to characterize the effects of PARS on AM activation in response to oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of AM were rendered hypoxic for 2 h and reoxygenated for up to 4 h. Cells were preincubated with INO-1001, a specific PARS inhibitor 1 h prior to hypoxia. Gel shift assays characterized nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay quantitated chemokine/cytokine protein secretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypoxia and reoxygenation resulted in an increase in the early nuclear translocation of NFkappaB, and an increase in the secretion of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1alpha), monocyte chemoattractant protein one (MCP-1) and cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC). Pretreatment of AM with INO-1001 decreased both the early translocation of NFkappaB and the production of TNF-alpha (p<0.05) and MIP-1alpha p=0.02, but did not affect CINC or MCP-1 production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that PARS inhibition in the AM blunts their response to oxidative stress and may help explain the protective effects of intratracheal PARS inhibition in LIRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Anton S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McCourtie
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Farivar
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Woolley
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Merry
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szabo
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mulligan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000201:enzymology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C491685:INO 1001; D007211:Indoles; D016328:NF-kappa B; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D010100:Oxygen