title: Using generalized procrustes analysis (GPA) for normalization of cDNA microarray data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Normalization is essential in dual-labelled microarray data analysis to remove non-biological variations and systematic biases. Many normalization methods have been used to remove such biases within slides (Global, Lowess) and across slides (Scale, Quantile and VSN). However, all these popular approaches have critical assumptions about data distribution, which is often not valid in practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we propose a novel assumption-free normalization method based on the Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) algorithm. Using experimental and simulated normal microarray data and boutique array data, we systemically evaluate the ability of the GPA method in normalization compared with six other popular normalization methods including Global, Lowess, Scale, Quantile, VSN, and one boutique array-specific housekeeping gene method. The assessment of these methods is based on three different empirical criteria: across-slide variability, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistic and the mean square error (MSE). Compared with other methods, the GPA method performs effectively and consistently better in reducing across-slide variability and removing systematic bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GPA method is an effective normalization approach for microarray data analysis. In particular, it is free from the statistical and biological assumptions inherent in other normalization methods that are often difficult to validate. Therefore, the GPA method has a major advantage in that it can be applied to diverse types of array sets, especially to the boutique array where the majority of genes may be differentially expressed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada. hxion102@uottawa.ca
authors.forename: Huiling
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Dapeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Martyniuk
authors.forename: Vance L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Trudeau
authors.forename: Xuhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity