title: Bacterial diversity in synovial fluids of patients with TMD determined by cloning and sequencing analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the presence of bacteria in synovial fluids from patients with temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, followed by cloning and sequencing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Universal bacterial primers were used to amplify 16S rRNA genes in 28 synovial fluid samples from 27 patients with TMD (TMD group) as well as control subjects: 5 patients with dislocation of TMJ (non-TMD group). Subsequently, PCR amplicons were purified and cloned. Partial 16S rRNA sequences of the cloned insert were used to determine the species identities or closest relative by comparison with known sequences using GeneBank.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen (67.86%) of 28 samples from patients in the TMD group were identified with the presence of bacterial DNA by PCR. The 5 control samples from the nonTMD group were all negative in this study. After cloning and sequencing, a total of 11 bacterial species was detected, including Granulicatella adiacen (6 samples), Pseudomonas sp. (6 samples), Methylobacterium sp. (5 samples), and Beta proteobacterium (4 samples). Other species, such as Acidovorax sp., Bradyrhizobium sp., Sphingomonas, Streptococcus, Leptothrix sp. oral clone, Thiobacillus denitrificans, and Comamonadaceae bacterium, were also identified. Eight patients were found with mixed bacteria, with 2-4 bacteria per sample. The patients with fastidious bacteria such as Granulicatella adiacen and mixed bacteria were more likely to be older than 45 years (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide variety of bacteria, including some not previously reported associated with TMD, were identified in the synovial fluids from patients with TMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Lingli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Keiseki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaneyama
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takegami
authors.forename: Natsuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Segami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D020580:Methylobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000382:microbiology*; D019152:Paracentesis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000382:microbiology*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S