title: The effect of different warming methods on sensory nerve conduction velocity in shipyard workers occupationally exposed to hand-arm vibration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Segmental sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) was measured from the wrists to the hands and digits in a population of 134 (126 men and 8 women) vibration-exposed shipyard workers following systemic warming using a bicycle ergometer. Results were compared to earlier nerve conduction tests, identical in execution, except that the warming process was segmental and cutaneous. The study was designed to investigate whether SNCVs, which were selectively slow in the fingers after segmental cutaneous (skin surface) warming, would be affected differently by systemic warming.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wrist-palm, palm-proximal digit, and digital sensory nerve segments were assessed antidromically by stimulating at the wrist with recording electrodes placed distally. The same subjects were cutaneously warmed in 2001 to >or=31 degrees C and were systemically warmed 28 months later in 2004 by ramped sustained exercise to 100 W for 12 min. Skin temperatures were measured by traditional thermistry and by infrared thermal images taken over the hand and wrist surfaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When systemic warming was compared to segmental cutaneous warming, SNCVs were increased by 15.1% in the third digit and 20.4% in the fifth digit of the dominant hand. Respective increases in the non-dominant hand were 11.0% and 19.4%. A strong association between increased surface skin temperature and faster SNCV, which had been observed after segmental cutaneous warming, was largely eliminated for both digit and palmar anatomic segments after systemic warming. Significant differences in SNCV between vibration-exposed and non-exposed workers, which had been observed after segmental cutaneous warming, were eliminated after systemic warming. Systemic warming had only a small effect on the wrist-palm (transcarpal) segmental SNCVs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced SNCV in the digits was observed in vibration-exposed and non-exposed workers. Substituting exercise-induced systemic warming for segmental cutaneous warming significantly increased SNCV in the digits and appeared to reduce differences in SNCV between vibration-exposed and non-exposed workers. These findings persisted despite a substantial time interval between tests, during which the subjects continued to work. There may be more general implications for diagnosing clinical conditions in industrial workers, such as the carpal tunnel syndrome and the hand-arm vibration syndrome.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-2017, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cherniack
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Brammer
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lundstrom
authors.forename: Tim F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Neely
authors.forename: Tohr
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Esko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toppila
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Ulysses
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Diva
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Croteau
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dussetschleger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult