title: Muscle thickness changes during abdominal hollowing: an assessment of between-day measurement error in controls and patients with chronic low back pain.
abstract: Spine stabilization exercises, in which patients are taught to perform isolated contractions of the transverses abdominus (TrA) during "abdominal hollowing", are a popular physiotherapeutic treatment for low back pain (LBP). Successful performance is typically judged by the relative increase in TrA thickness compared with that of the internal (OI) and external (OE) oblique muscles, measured using ultrasound. The day-to-day measurement error (imprecision) associated with these indices of preferential activation has not been assessed but is important to know since it influences the interpretation of changes after treatment. On 2 separate days, 14 controls and 14 patients with chronic LBP (cLBP) performed abdominal hollowing exercises in hook-lying, while M-mode ultrasound images superimposed with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) data were recorded from the abdominal muscles (N = 5 on each side). The fascial lines bordering the TrA, OI and OE were digitized, and muscle thicknesses were calculated. The between-day error (intra-observer) was expressed as the standard error of measurement, SEM; SEM as a percentage of the mean gave the coefficient of variation (CV). There were no significant between-day differences for the mean values of resting or maximal thickness for any muscle, in either group (P > 0.05). The median SEM and CV of all thickness variables was 0.71 mm and 10.9%, respectively for the controls and 0.80 mm or 11.3%, respectively for the cLBP patients. For the contraction ratios (muscle thickness contracted/thickness at rest), the CVs were 3-11% (controls) and 5-12% (patients). The CVs were unacceptably high (30-50%, both groups) for the TrA preferential activation ratio (TrA proportion of the total lateral abdominal muscle thickness when contracted minus at rest). In both the controls and patients, the precision of measurement of absolute muscle thickness and relative change in thickness during abdominal hollowing was acceptable, and commensurate with that typical of biological measurements. The TrA preferential activation ratio is too imprecise to be of clinical use. Knowledge of the SEM for these indices is essential for interpreting the clinical relevance of any changes observed following physiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Spine Center Division, Department of Research and Development, Schulthess Klinik, Lengghalde 2, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland. anne.mannion@kws.ch
authors.forename: Anne F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mannion
authors.forename: Natascha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pulkovski
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gubler
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorelick
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Riordan
authors.forename: Thanasis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loupas
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Haiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sprott
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D015588:Observer Variation; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography