title: Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy or plus zidovudine and lamivudine in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents for HIV-1 infection recommend combining at least three agents. The toxicity, cost, and complexity of such regimens warrant the search for other options.
  
  
  METHODS
  MONARK is a prospective, open-label, randomized, 96-week trial comparing the safety and efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy with a standard lopinavir/ritonavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine regimen as an initial treatment regimen in HIV-infected patients with HIV-RNA levels less than 100,000 copies/ml. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with HIV-1-RNA levels below 400 copies/ml at week 24 and below 50 copies/ml at week 48.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight-three and 53 patients were randomly assigned and exposed in the monotherapy and triple-drug groups, respectively. At week 48, by an intent-to-treat analysis, 53 of 83 patients (64%) in the monotherapy group and 40 of 53 patients (75%) in the triple-drug group achieved the primary endpoint (P = 0.19). The on-treatment analysis indicates that 80 and 95% of patients reached the primary endpoint in the monotherapy and triple-drug groups, respectively (P = 0.02). In the monotherapy arm, protease inhibitor-associated resistance mutations were seen in three of the 21 patients qualifying for genotypic resistance testing, with a modest impact on lopinavir susceptibility. None of the serious reported adverse events were considered to be related to study treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy demonstrates lower rates of virological suppression when compared with lopinavir/ritonavir triple therapy and therefore should not be considered as a preferred treatment option for widespread use in antiretroviral-naive patients.
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Bicetre University Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. jean-francois.delfraissy@bct.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Delfraissy
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flandre
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delaugerre
authors.forename: Jade
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ghosn
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horban
authors.forename: Pierre-Marie
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rouzioux
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Taburet
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cohen-Codar
authors.forename: Philippe Ngo
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Van
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chauvin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D061466:Lopinavir; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D016333:HIV Protease; D019438:Ritonavir