title: Levels changes of blood leukocytes and intracellular signalling pathways in COPD patients with respect to smoking attitude.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether the proportions of blood leukocyte subsets are altered in COPD, and to assess the disturbances in signalling pathways in the leukocytes of COPD patients, with respect to smoking history.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed at the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry and University Hospital for Lung Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia. Leukocyte counts were determined in 28 COPD male patients (11 smokers, 9 ex-smokers, 8 non-smokers) and 42 healthy male subjects (15 smokers, 13 ex-smokers, 14 non-smokers). We assessed activation of MAPKs (ERK, JNK, p38), and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the leukocytes by western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophil and monocyte percentages were significantly increased, and lymphocyte percentage significantly decreased in COPD patients compared with healthy subjects (p<0.05). However, no significant smoking effect regarding leukocyte subsets was observed when compared current or former smokers with non-smokers of each studied group. ERK was activated in non-smokers only, especially in healthy ones. In contrast, strong induction of JNK and p38 phosphorylation, decreased Bcl-2 levels and increased Bax levels were detected in COPD smokers and COPD ex-smokers, but also in healthy individuals who smoke compared with healthy non-smokers (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that COPD and smoking affect intracellular signalling pathways. Understanding of the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms in COPD is essential for identification of molecules that may serve as targets for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Haematology, Domagojeva 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. lrumora@pharma.hr
authors.forename: Lada
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rumora
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Milevoj
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Popović-Grle
authors.forename: Karmela
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barisić
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cepelak
authors.forename: Tihana Zanić
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Grubisić
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases