title: Prevalence and risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among adolescents.
abstract: Data on the prevalence of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and its risk factors among adolescents are scarce. The aim of this study was to provide such information. A cross-sectional, population-based prospective study was conducted. Participants were 1013 adolescents (age range 10-19 years) randomly recruited in 22 public schools. Those schools were randomly chosen among 307 public schools from 11 Sanitary Districts of Salvador, Brazil. Nasopharyngeal samples were assessed by standard procedures to recover and identify Streptococcus pneumoniae. Data on potential risk factors were gathered by confidential interview based on a standardized questionnaire. Pneumococci were recovered from 8.2 % [83/1013, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 6.6-10.0]. By stepwise logistic regression, pneumococcal colonization was independently associated with younger age [odds ratio (OR) 0.85, 95 % CI 0.77-0.94, P=0.001], being male (OR 1.78, 95 % CI 1.11-2.85, P=0.02), exposure to passive smoke in the household (OR 1.76, 95 % CI 1.10-2.79, P=0.02), having an upper respiratory infection during recruitment (OR 2.67, 95 % CI 1.67-4.28, P<0.001) and having a history involving an episode of acute asthma during the last year (OR 2.89, 95 % CI 1.18-7.08, P=0.03). The estimated probability of pneumococcal colonization decreased with age (chi(2) for trend=8.52, P=0.003). These findings provide tools for increasing the use of prevention strategies for pneumococcal diseases, such as pneumococcal vaccination among asthmatic patients and public health measures to stop smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n, CEP 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Déa M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cardozo
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n, CEP 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiana M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nascimento-Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana-Lúcia S S
authors.initials: ASS
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anníbal M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Silvany-Neto
authors.affiliation: Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla H C
authors.initials: CHC
authors.lastname: Daltro
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory of Bahia (LACEN), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria-Angélica S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Brandão
authors.affiliation: Bacteriology Branch, Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angela P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Brandão
authors.affiliation: Bacteriology Branch, Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria-Cristina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brandileone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution