title: Work stress and coronary heart disease: what are the mechanisms?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the biological and behavioural factors linking work stress with coronary heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 10 308 London-based male and female civil servants aged 35-55 at phase 1 (1985-88) of the Whitehall II study were studied. Exposures included work stress (assessed at phases 1 and 2), and outcomes included behavioural risk factors (phase 3), the metabolic syndrome (phase 3), heart rate variability, morning rise in cortisol (phase 7), and incident CHD (phases 2-7) on the basis of CHD death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or definite angina. Chronic work stress was associated with CHD and this association was stronger among participants aged under 50 (RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.17-2.42). There were similar associations between work stress and low physical activity, poor diet, the metabolic syndrome, its components, and lower heart rate variability. Cross-sectionally, work stress was associated with a higher morning rise in cortisol. Around 32% of the effect of work stress on CHD was attributable to its effect on health behaviours and the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Work stress may be an important determinant of CHD among working-age populations, which is mediated through indirect effects on health behaviours and direct effects on neuroendocrine stress pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK. t.chandola@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Tarani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chandola
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hemingway
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: Ellena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Badrick
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimaki
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marmot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012934:Social Isolation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*