title: Small-molecule inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity suppresses glycolytic flux and tumor growth.
abstract: 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, is activated in neoplastic cells by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-BP), a product of four 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase isozymes (PFKFB1-4). The inducible PFKFB3 isozyme is constitutively expressed by neoplastic cells and required for the high glycolytic rate and anchorage-independent growth of ras-transformed cells. We report herein the computational identification of a small-molecule inhibitor of PFKFB3, 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3PO), which suppresses glycolytic flux and is cytostatic to neoplastic cells. 3PO inhibits recombinant PFKFB3 activity, suppresses glucose uptake, and decreases the intracellular concentration of Fru-2,6-BP, lactate, ATP, NAD+, and NADH. 3PO markedly attenuates the proliferation of several human malignant hematopoietic and adenocarcinoma cell lines (IC50, 1.4-24 micromol/L) and is selectively cytostatic to ras-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells relative to normal human bronchial epithelial cells. The PFKFB3 enzyme is an essential molecular target of 3PO because transformed cells are rendered resistant to 3PO by ectopic expression of PFKFB3 and sensitive to 3PO by heterozygotic genomic deletion of PFKFB3. Importantly, i.p. administration of 3PO (0.07 mg/g) to tumor-bearing mice markedly reduces the intracellular concentration of Fru-2,6-BP, glucose uptake, and growth of established tumors in vivo. Taken together, these data support the clinical development of 3PO and other PFKFB3 inhibitors as chemotherapeutic agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clem
authors.forename: Sucheta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Telang
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clem
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yalcin
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rasku
authors.forename: Sengodagounder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arumugam
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Trent
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chesney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D025481:Phosphofructokinase-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C527590:3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D025481:Phosphofructokinase-2