Pulmonary hypertension: an increasingly recognized complication of hereditary hemolytic anemias and HIV infection.
Modern health care has greatly increased longevity for patients with congenital hemolytic anemias (such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is estimated that 10% of patients with hemoglobinopathies and 0.5% of patients with HIV infection develop moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension is a relentlessly progressive disease leading to right heart failure and death. Worldwide, there are an estimated 30 million patients with sickle cell disease or thalassemia and 40 million patients with HIV disease. Considering the prevalence of pulmonary vascular disease in these populations, sickle cell disease and HIV disease may be the most common causes of pulmonary hypertension worldwide. In this review, the available data on epidemiology, hemodynamics, mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies for these diseases are summarized. Because therapy is likely to reduce morbidity and prolong survival, efforts to screen, diagnose, and treat these patients represent a global health opportunity.
Barnett
Christopher F
CF
Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Hsue
Priscilla Y
PY
Machado
Roberto F
RF
D000745:Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D017380:Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011687:Purines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate