title: Investigating dehydration from compacts using terahertz pulsed, Raman, and near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the dehydration of piroxicam monohydrate (PRXMH) in compacts using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy (TPS), Raman spectroscopy, and reflectance near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Compacts were prepared by using PRXMH and poly(tetrafluoro)ethylene powders and combining them in three different manners before compression to produce compacts in which the PRXMH was dispersed throughout the compact, deposited on one face of the compact, or included as a layer within the compact. TPS was a suitable technique to assess the effect of sample preparation on dehydration, whereas Raman and NIR spectroscopy were limited by their sampling depth and the interference of the polymer matrix. TPS revealed that the dehydration behavior depended largely on the compact preparation method. Non-isothermal dehydration was investigated with all three spectroscopic techniques, combined with principal component analysis (PCA) on samples where the PRXMH was deposited on one face of the compact. In addition, variable temperature X-ray powder diffractometry (VT-XRPD) was used to verify the transformation from PRXMH to anhydrous PRX form I, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to monitor the water loss. All three spectroscopic techniques allowed in situ monitoring of the dehydration from the surface layers of the compacts. TPS and Raman spectroscopy detected structural changes of the crystal, while NIR spectroscopy was more sensitive to water loss. PCA of the TPS, Raman spectroscopy, and XRPD data revealed similar dehydration profiles. In contrast, the NIR spectroscopy profile was more similar to the TGA results. The spectroscopic techniques were more suitable than slower techniques such as VT-XRPD for monitoring rapid structural changes that occurred during the dehydration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kogermann
authors.forename: J Axel
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zeitler
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rantanen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rades
authors.forename: Philip F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Taday
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pepper
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinämäki
authors.forename: Clare J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Strachan
mesh_terms: D003681:Dehydration; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000737:chemistry*; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D010894:Piroxicam