title: Carbon dioxide field flooding reduces neurologic impairment after open heart surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Air emboli released from incompletely deaired cardiac chambers may cause neurocognitive decline after open heart surgery. Carbon dioxide (CO2) field flooding is reported to reduce residual intracavital air during cardiac surgery. A protective effect of carbon dioxide insufflation on postoperative brain function remains unproven in clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients undergoing heart valve operations by median sternotomy were randomly assigned to either CO2 insufflation (group I, n = 39) or unprotected controls (group II, n = 41). Preoperative evaluation included neurocognitive test batteries consisting of six different tests, and objective measurements of brain function by means of P300 wave auditory-evoked potentials (peak latencies, ms). Neurocognitive testing and P300 measurements were repeated on postoperative day 5. Neurocognitive deficit (ND) was defined as a 20% decrement in two or more tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperatively, P300 peak latencies did not differ between groups (374 +/- 75 vs 366 +/- 72 ms, not significant [n.s.]). Five days after surgery, P300 peak latencies were significantly shorter with CO2 protection as compared with the unprotected control group (group I: 390 +/- 68 ms, group II: 429 +/- 75 ms, p = 0.02). Clinical outcome was comparable as for mortality (group I: 1 patient; group II: 2 patients) and cerebrovascular events or confusional syndromes (group I: 5 patients; group II: 4 patients) or other clinical variables as intubation time or hospital stay. Neurocognitive test batteries did not reveal differences between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shorter P300 peak latencies after surgery indicate less brain damage in patients who underwent heart valve operations with CO2 flooding of the thoracic cavity. Even if these findings were not supported by clinical results or neurocognitive test batteries in our cohort, carbon dioxide field flooding has proven efficiency and should be advocated for all patients undergoing open heart surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. martens.herz@gmx.de
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sodemann
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deschka
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wimmer-Greinecker
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moritz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007327:Insufflation / Q000379:methods; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide