title: Inactivation of microbial arginine deiminases by L-canavanine.
abstract: Arginine deiminase (ADI) catalyzes the hydrolytic conversion of L-arginine to ammonia and L-citrulline as part of the energy-producing L-arginine degradation pathway. The chemical mechanism for ADI catalysis involves initial formation and subsequent hydrolysis of a Cys-alkylthiouronium ion intermediate. The structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa ADI-(L-arginine) complex guided the design of arginine analogs that might react with the ADIs to form inactive covalent adducts during catalytic turnover. One such candidate is L-canavanine, in which an N-methylene of L-arginine is replaced by an N-O. This substance was shown to be a slow substrate-producing O-ureido-L-homoserine. An in depth kinetic and mass spectrometric analysis of P. aeruginosa ADI inhibition by L-canavanine showed that two competing pathways are followed that branch at the Cys-alkylthiouronium ion intermediate. One pathway leads to direct formation of O-ureido-L-homoserine via a reactive thiouronium intermediate. The other pathway leads to an inactive form of the enzyme, which was shown by chemical model and mass spectrometric studies to be a Cys-alkylisothiourea adduct. This adduct undergoes slow hydrolysis to form O-ureido-L-homoserine and regenerated enzyme. In contrast, kinetic and mass spectrometric investigations demonstrate that the Cys-alkylthiouronium ion intermediate formed in the reaction of L-canavanine with Bacillus cereus ADI partitions between the product forming pathway (O-ureido-L-homoserine and free enzyme) and an inactivation pathway that leads to a stable Cys-alkylthiocarbamate adduct. The ADIs from Escherichia coli, Burkholderia mallei, and Giardia intestinalis were examined in order to demonstrate the generality of the L-canavanine slow substrate inhibition and to distinguish the kinetic behavior that defines the irreversible inhibition observed with the B. cereus ADI from the time controlled inhibition observed with the P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. mallei, and G. intestinalis ADIs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Danqi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xuefeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Nathan O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Solberg
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunaway-Mariano
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mariano
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galkin
authors.forename: Liudmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kulakova
authors.forename: Osnat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Herzberg
authors.forename: Kari B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Green-Church
authors.forename: Liwen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000201:enzymology; D042726:Burkholderia mallei / Q000201:enzymology; D002172:Canavanine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002384:Catalysis; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000201:enzymology; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000201:enzymology; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D002172:Canavanine; D006867:Hydrolases; C019723:arginine deiminase