title: Phase shift and correlation coefficient measurement of cerebral autoregulation during deep breathing in traumatic brain injury (TBI).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impairment of cerebral autoregulation is known to adversely affect outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The phase shift (PS) method of cerebral autoregulation (CA) assessment describes the time lag between fluctuations in arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in the middle cerebral artery. An alternative method (Mx-ABP) is based on the statistical correlation between ABP and CBFV waveforms over time. We compared these two indices in a cohort of severely head injured patients undergoing controlled, 6-breaths-per-minute ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  PS and Mx-ABP were calculated from 33 recordings of CBFV and MAP in 22 patients with TBI. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the agreement between PS and Mx-ABP. The relationship between ICP slow wave amplitude, MAP slow wave amplitude and mean ICP was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean values for Mx-ABP and PS were 0.44 +/- 0.27, and 49 +/- 26 (degrees), respectively. PS correlated significantly with Mx-ABP (r = -0.648, p < 0.001). A Bland-Altman plot of normalised Mx-ABP and Phase Shift values showed no significant bias or relationship (mean difference = 0.0004, r = -0.037, p = 0.852). During the test procedure, ICP fluctuated in an approximately sinusoidal fashion, with a mean amplitude of 4.96 +/- 2.72 mmHg (peak to peak). The magnitude of ICP fluctuation during deep breathing correlated weakly but significantly with mean ICP (r = 0.391, p < 0.05) and with the amplitude of ABP fluctuations (r = 0.625, p < 0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phase shift and Mx-ABP in TBI are well correlated. Deep breathing presents as an effective tool with which to assess autoregulation using the phase shift method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. p.lewis@alfred.org.au
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Mehdorn
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial