title: Exogenous surfactant application in a rat lung ischemia reperfusion injury model: effects on edema formation and alveolar type II cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prophylactic exogenous surfactant therapy is a promising way to attenuate the ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury associated with lung transplantation and thereby to decrease the clinical occurrence of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, there is little information on the mode by which exogenous surfactant attenuates I/R injury of the lung. We hypothesized that exogenous surfactant may act by limiting pulmonary edema formation and by enhancing alveolar type II cell and lamellar body preservation. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exogenous surfactant therapy on the formation of pulmonary edema in different lung compartments and on the ultrastructure of the surfactant producing alveolar epithelial type II cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were randomly assigned to a control, Celsior (CE) or Celsior + surfactant (CE+S) group (n = 5 each). In both Celsior groups, the lungs were flush-perfused with Celsior and subsequently exposed to 4 h of extracorporeal ischemia at 4 degrees C and 50 min of reperfusion at 37 degrees C. The CE+S group received an intratracheal bolus of a modified natural bovine surfactant at a dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight before flush perfusion. After reperfusion (Celsior groups) or immediately after sacrifice (Control), the lungs were fixed by vascular perfusion and processed for light and electron microscopy. Stereology was used to quantify edematous changes as well as alterations of the alveolar epithelial type II cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surfactant treatment decreased the intraalveolar edema formation (mean (coefficient of variation): CE: 160 mm3 (0.61) vs. CE+S: 4 mm3 (0.75); p < 0.05) and the development of atelectases (CE: 342 mm3 (0.90) vs. CE+S: 0 mm3; p < 0.05) but led to a higher degree of peribronchovascular edema (CE: 89 mm3 (0.39) vs. CE+S: 268 mm3 (0.43); p < 0.05). Alveolar type II cells were similarly swollen in CE (423 microm3(0.10)) and CE+S (481 microm3(0.10)) compared with controls (323 microm3(0.07); p < 0.05 vs. CE and CE+S). The number of lamellar bodies was increased and the mean lamellar body volume was decreased in both CE groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intratracheal surfactant application before I/R significantly reduces the intraalveolar edema formation and development of atelectases but leads to an increased development of peribronchovascular edema. Morphological changes of alveolar type II cells due to I/R are not affected by surfactant treatment. The beneficial effects of exogenous surfactant therapy are related to the intraalveolar activity of the exogenous surfactant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Division of Electron Microscopy, University of Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany. Niels.Dreyer@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mühlfeld
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fehrenbach
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pech
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Berg
authors.forename: Ragi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagib
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wittwer
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wahlers
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants