title: Nicotine involved in periodontal disease through influence on cytokine levels.
abstract: Periodontal disease, for which smoking is a known risk factor, is infectious, and is associated with oral biofilm. Cytokines mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory responses. Lipopolysaccharide produced by periodontopathic bacteria plays a role in the progression of periodontitis. The effect of nicotine on cytokine production in mice was evaluated in this study. Nicotine (10 or 200 microg mouse(-1)) was administered intraperitoneally to 4-week-old female BALB/c mice, once a day, for 49 days. Control mice received injections of phosphate-buffered saline. Blood was collected from all mice and serum IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IFN-gamma levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on the 42nd day. IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-gamma levels in the nicotine-treated mice were higher than those in the control mice. However, no differences were found in TNF-alpha levels between nicotine-treated and control mice. Lipopolysaccharide (20 microg mouse(-1)) purified from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (formerly Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) Y4 was administered intraperitoneally on the 49th day. A rapid increase in TNF-alpha was observed in the control mice at 2 h after administration of lipopolysaccharide. In contrast, no increase was noted in the nicotine-treated groups. Significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma were seen in the 200 microg nicotine-treated mice at 2 h after administration of lipopolysaccharide (P<0.05). The results showed that cytokine levels were influenced by nicotine in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Asako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Katsuji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D009538:Nicotine