title: Enhancing genetic mapping of complex genomes through the design of highly-multiplexed SNP arrays: application to the large and unsequenced genomes of white spruce and black spruce.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To explore the potential value of high-throughput genotyping assays in the analysis of large and complex genomes, we designed two highly multiplexed Illumina bead arrays using the GoldenGate SNP assay for gene mapping in white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) and black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each array included 768 SNPs, identified by resequencing genomic DNA from parents of each mapping population. For white spruce and black spruce, respectively, 69.2% and 77.1% of genotyped SNPs had valid GoldenGate assay scores and segregated in the mapping populations. For each of these successful SNPs, on average, valid genotyping scores were obtained for over 99% of progeny. SNP data were integrated to pre-existing ALFP, ESTP, and SSR markers to construct two individual linkage maps and a composite map for white spruce and black spruce genomes. The white spruce composite map contained 821 markers including 348 gene loci. Also, 835 markers including 328 gene loci were positioned on the black spruce composite map. In total, 215 anchor markers (mostly gene markers) were shared between the two species. Considering lineage divergence at least 10 Myr ago between the two spruces, interspecific comparison of homoeologous linkage groups revealed remarkable synteny and marker colinearity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The design of customized highly multiplexed Illumina SNP arrays appears as an efficient procedure to enhance the mapping of expressed genes and make linkage maps more informative and powerful in such species with poorly known genomes. This genotyping approach will open new avenues for co-localizing candidate genes and QTLs, partial genome sequencing, and comparative mapping across conifers.
authors.affiliation: Arborea and Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics, Centre d'Etude de la Forêt, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada. nathalie.pavy@rsvs.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pavy
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pelgas
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beauseigle
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blais
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gosselin
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamothe
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Isabel
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bousquet
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018745:Genome, Plant; D005838:Genotype; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D028222:Picea / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D026801:Synteny; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018744:DNA, Plant; D005819:Genetic Markers