title: A review of sensitivity and tolerability of antipsychotics in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia: focus on somnolence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the sensitivity and tolerability of antipsychotics in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language literature from January 1966 to December 2006 cited in MEDLINE was searched for the terms antipsychotics, typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotic, generic and brand names of antipsychotics, safety, tolerability, discontinuation due to adverse events, somnolence, and bipolar mania, bipolar depression, bipolar disorder, manic-depressive illness, or schizophrenia, randomized, double blind, and controlled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, monotherapy studies of anti-psychotics in both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia were prioritized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Absolute risk increase (ARI) or reduction (ARR) and the numbers needed to treat to harm (NNTH) or benefit (NNTB) for the discontinuation due to adverse events and somnolence relative to placebo were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten acute trials in mania, 3 in bipolar depression, and 8 in schizophrenia were identified, along with 2 maintenance studies in bipolar disorder and 2 in schizophrenia. In schizophrenia, ziprasidone caused significantly more discontinuations due to adverse events than placebo, with an NNTH of 19, while aripiprazole caused significantly fewer discontinuations due to adverse events than placebo, with an NNTB of 12. In mania, there was no statistically significant difference in discontinuation due to adverse events between antipsychotics and placebo. However, in bipolar depression, both quetiapine and olanzapine caused more discontinuations due to adverse events than placebo, with NNTHs of 7 and 24, respectively. All atypical antipsychotics caused a significantly greater incidence of somnolence than placebo in mania and depression, with NNTHs from 5 to 8 for mania and 2 to 6 for depression. In schizophrenia, only olanzapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole (NNTHs from 5 to 14) caused a significantly higher incidence of somnolence. There was no significant difference between schizophrenia and mania in the discontinuation due to adverse events or somnolence of all studied antipsychotics. However, there was a significantly higher incidence of discontinuation due to adverse events and somnolence caused by quetiapine in bipolar depression than that in schizophrenia or mania.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with bipolar disorder appear more sensitive to antipsychotics, and depressed patients are less tolerant to somnolence than those with either mania or schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Bipolar Disorder Research Center at Mood Disorders Program, University Hospitals Case Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. keming.gao@uhhospitals.org
authors.forename: Keming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ganocy
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gajwani
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Muzina
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000068180:Aripiprazole; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D010879:Piperazines; D015363:Quinolones; D013844:Thiazoles; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; C092292:ziprasidone; D000068180:Aripiprazole; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine