title: Association of maternal lifestyles including smoking during pregnancy with childhood obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent to which maternal smoking during early pregnancy and other prepregnancy lifestyle habits are associated with obesity and overweight in 5-year-old Japanese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 1417 mother-child pairs enrolled in Project Enzan--a prospective cohort study. The dependent variables, childhood overweight and obesity, were defined with an international cut-off value. Maternal smoking during early pregnancy and other prepregnancy lifestyle habits were used as independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal smoking habits were associated with overweight in the 5-year-old children [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12 to 4.11]. Maternal sleep duration of >or=8 h/d negatively affected childhood overweight (adjusted OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.49 to 1.04). Children whose mothers skipped breakfast were likely to become overweight (adjusted OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.77). The results of childhood obesity analysis were similar to those of childhood overweight analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that there are effects of smoking during early pregnancy and other maternal lifestyle habits on the onset of childhood obesity in Japan. Therefore, interventions in maternal lifestyle habits are required to prevent childhood obesity, and these interventions should be initiated before pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.forename: Kohta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Zentaro
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yamagata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*