title: The locus of control in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes managed by individual and group care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The locus of control theory distinguishes people (internals) who attribute events in life to their own control, and those (externals) who attribute events to external circumstances. It is used to assess self-management behaviour in chronic illnesses. Group care is a model of systemic group education that improves lifestyle behaviour and quality of life in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the locus of control in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and the possible differences between patients managed by group care and control subjects followed by traditional one-to-one care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional administration of two questionnaires (one specific for diabetes and one generic for chronic diseases) to 83 patients followed for at least 5 years by group care (27 Type 1 and 56 Type 2) and 79 control subjects (28 Type 1 and 51 Type 2) of similar sex, age and diabetes duration. Both tools explore internal control of disease, the role of chance in changing it and reliance upon others (family, friends and health professionals).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with Type 1 diabetes had lower internal control, greater fatalistic attitudes and less trust in others. Patients with either type of diabetes receiving group care had higher internal control and lower fatalism; the higher trust in others in those with Type 1 diabetes was not statistically significant. The differences associated with group care were independent of sex, age and diabetes duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with Type 1 diabetes may have lower internal control, fatalism and reliance upon others than those with Type 2 diabetes. Receiving group care is associated with higher internal control, reduced fatalism and, in Type 1 diabetes, increased trust in others.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Pedagogy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. marina.trento@unito.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trento
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomelini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borgo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Passera
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Miselli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomalino
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires