title: Ankle dexterity is less impaired than muscle strength in incomplete spinal cord lesion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motor assessment after incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) currently consists of tests for muscle strength (manual muscle testing) and gait. The ability to adequately time a movement, an aspect of dexterity, is not tested. Thus, this study assessed the timing of ankle dorsiflexion in iSCI patients in the supine position and during gait and examined its relation to measures for muscle strength, corticospinal conductivity and gait speed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 12 subjects with iSCI and 12 matched controls, timing of ankle dorsiflexion was tested by means of auditory-paced dorsi- and plantar-flexion movements at three frequencies in the supine position and by determining initiation and termination of dorsiflexion in swing during gait. In addition, maximal movement velocity (MMV) in the ankle task, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), corticospinal conductivity (motor evoked potentials (MEP)) and gait speed (10 Meter Walk Test) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups did not significantly differ in timing of ankle dorsiflexion, neither in the supine position nor in gait. However, they significantly differed in MMV at all frequencies, MEP latency, MEP amplitude and gait speed. In contrast to ankle timing in the supine position, the onset of dorsiflexion in swing during gait significantly correlated to the dynamic MEP parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although MMV and gait speed were significantly reduced, timing of ankle dorsiflexion, both in the supine position and during gait,was less impaired in iSCI patients. This indicates that the loss of strength, particularly of dynamic strength, is the major motor impairment in iSCI, which might be considered when assessing treatment interventions.
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich, Switzerland. bwirth@paralab.balgrist.ch
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: Hubertus J A
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Hedel
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curt
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology