title: Universal parameters for reporting speech outcomes in individuals with cleft palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To achieve consistency and uniformity in reporting speech outcomes in individuals born with cleft palate with or without cleft lip using perceptual parameters that characterize their speech production behavior regardless of the language or languages spoken.
  
  
  METHODS
  A working group of six individuals experienced in speech and cleft palate was formed to develop a system of universal parameters for reporting speech outcomes in individuals born with cleft palate. The system was adopted in conjunction with a workshop held in Washington, D.C., that was devoted to developing the universal system. The system, which was refined further following the workshop, involves a three-stage plan consisting of (1) evaluation, (2) mapping, and (3) reporting. The current report focuses primarily on the third stage, reporting speech outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A set of five universal speech parameters has been devised for the reporting stage. These consist of (1) hypernasality, (2) hyponasality, (3) audible nasal air emission and/or nasal turbulence, (4) consonant production errors, and (5) voice disorder. Also included are speech understandability and speech acceptability, global parameters that can be reported for any type of speech disorder. The parameters are described in detail, and guidelines for speech-sampling content and scoring procedures in relation to the parameters are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A plan has been developed to document speech outcomes in individuals with cleft palate, regardless of the spoken language, using a set of five universal reporting parameters and two global speech parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Henningsson
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kuehn
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sell
authors.forename: Triona
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Trost-Cardamone
authors.forename: Tara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Whitehill
mesh_terms: D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000592:standards; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000592:standards; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology / Q000592:standards*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*