title: Impact of geographic location on access to liver transplantation among ethnic minorities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports have documented ethnic disparity in access to health care. This disparity appears to exist in organ transplantation and the contributing factors include lack of insurance as well as poor socioeconomic status. The role of geographic location and ethnic composition on accessibility to liver transplantation (LT) is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine ethnic transplantation trends based on United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the UNOS database, we identified all adults (> or =18 years) that received LT between 2000 and 2005. We excluded multiorgan transplants and living donor transplantation. The data collected included ethnicity, transplantation rate, and UNOS region. Data were analyzed using the chi test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 30,311 patients received a LT during the study period. Of these, 22,673 (74.8%) were white, 3621 (12%) were Hispanic, 2490 (8.2%) were African Americans, and the rest of other ethnic groups (5%). Liver transplantation based on ethnicity was region specific, with the lowest for African Americans in region 6 (2.7%), for Hispanics in region 11 (2.2%), and for whites in region 5 (57.6%), respectively. There was no consistent correlation between the ethnicity of the recipients and the ethnic composition of the geographic location (region).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant variations in access to liver transplantation for ethnic minorities exist across geographic lines. Understanding the interaction between ethnic minorities with end-stage liver disease in a geographic location and a transplant center will be invaluable as a first step in identifying the key nonmedical factors that play a role in this disparity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA. nyingi.kemmer@uc.edu
authors.forename: Nyingi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kemmer
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Safdar
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zacharias
authors.forename: Guy W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Neff
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005843:Geography; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American