title: Fentanyl decreases end-expiratory lung volume in patients anaesthetized with sevoflurane.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients breathing spontaneously during anaesthesia, expiratory muscle activity can be a prominent feature. This activity is triggered or exaggerated by opioid administration, which causes a prompt increase in intra-abdominal pressure. The effect of this increased expiratory activity on end-expiratory lung volume is not described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients having minor gynaecological procedures were studied during stable anaesthetic conditions, breathing sevoflurane (end tidal 2.6%) through a laryngeal mask airway, in a circle system. The spill valve was closed and the fresh gas flow was temporarily reduced to approximate the oxygen uptake. The volume of the reservoir bag was then measured by placing it in a hinged, wedge-shaped container. Fentanyl (0.5 microg kg(-1) ideal body weight) was given after 1 min of stable recording, and the change in end-expiratory volume measured after 3 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  End-expiratory lung volume decreased in all patients by 160 (111) ml (mean, SD) (P<0.01). The decrease did not relate to obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During sevoflurane anaesthesia, fentanyl causes a rapid reduction in functional residual capacity. This is caused by increased activity of expiratory muscles and an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Drummond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000764:Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045853:Exhalation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005652:Functional Residual Capacity / Q000187:drug effects*; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D006801:Humans; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D005283:Fentanyl