title: 3-year actuarial biochemical recurrence-free survival following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: experience from a tertiary referral center in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a prospective analysis of pathological and oncological outcomes following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy at a medical center in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 528 men underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy between April 2001 and August 2005. We excluded 4 open surgical conversions (0.8%) and 16 men (3.0%) without followup. The remaining 508 men had a mean preoperative prostate specific antigen of 6.0 ng/ml (range 0.3 to 27) and Gleason score of 6.3 (range 6 to 10). Stage was cT1b in 1 case (0.2%), cT1c in 350 (68.9%), cT2a in 135 (26.6%), cT2b in 21 (4.1%) and cT2c in 1 (0.2%). Of the patients 89% underwent cavernous nerve preservation. Biochemical recurrence was defined and timed at the first prostate specific antigen of 0.2 ng/ml or greater if at repeat testing it remained 0.2 ng/ml or greater.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean followup was 13.2 months (median 12, range 2 to 52). Pathological stage was pT0N0/Nx in 2 men (0.4%), pT2N0/Nx in 414 (81.5%), pT3aN0/Nx in 72 (14.2%), pT3bN0/Nx in 17 (3.3%) and pT2-3N1 in 3 (0.6%). Positive margin rates increased with higher stage (8.2% in pT2 and 39.3% in pT3 cases, p <0.0001). Three-year actuarial biochemical recurrence-free survival was 98.2% for pT2N0/Nx and 78.7% for pT3N0/Nx/N1 disease (p <0.0001), and it was 94.5% overall. Multivariate analysis controlling for age, preoperative prostate specific antigen, postoperative Gleason score and stage, and margin status showed that only Gleason score (greater than vs less than 7) and stage (pT3 or any N1 vs pT2) predicted biochemical progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy can provide excellent cancer control outcomes for clinically localized prostate cancer with high actuarial biochemical recurrence-free survival rates at 3 years.
authors.affiliation: The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. cpavlov2@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Christian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Pavlovich
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Trock
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sulman
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Lynda Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Mettee
authors.forename: Li-Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen