title: Insoluble immune complexes are most effective at triggering IL-10 production in human monocytes and synergize with TLR ligands and C5a.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease of immune complex (IC) deposition, interleukin-10 (IL-10) is thought to promote B-lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoantibody production. Both ICs and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have been shown to stimulate the production of IL-10 by human monocytes. Using an in vitro model, we studied how IC solubility, complement activation products, and TLR ligands could affect IL-10 production by human monocytes stimulated with ICs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human monocytes were stimulated with soluble or insoluble heat-aggregated human IgG with or without TLR ligands or C5a. Cytokine levels in cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. To study cytokine signaling, cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot for total or tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insoluble ICs were most effective at stimulating production of IL-10, and costimulation LPS enhanced synthesis of IL-10. In addition, stimulation with insoluble ICs together with C5a enhanced the production of IL-10 by 2-4 fold in either the presence or absence of TLR ligands. Increased STAT3 phosphorylation correlated temporally with enhanced IL-10 production and was reduced by an IL-10 receptor blocking antibody, suggesting that IL-10 was responsible for observed STAT3 phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the immune deposits of SLE are, by definition, insoluble; and because IL-10 is thought to be important for B-cell hyperactivity and autoantibody production, these observations provide a critical link, bridging current views of B-cell hyperactivity with the early concept that SLE may arise from defective clearance of immune complexes.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA. dimartinos@hss.edu
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: DiMartino
authors.forename: Weijia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Redecha
authors.forename: Lionel B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Ivashkiv
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Salmon
mesh_terms: D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015936:Complement C5a / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008024:Ligands; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex; D008024:Ligands; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015936:Complement C5a