title: Propofol reduces nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury by downregulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms in the preventive effects of intravenous anesthetics on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male Wistar Albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 rats each. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with thiopental in groups 1 and 2 and with propofol in groups 3 and 4. Groups 2 and 4 received left testicular ischemia (torsion) for 1 h and reperfusion (detorsion) for 24 h. Groups 1 and 3 (control groups) had no testicular torsion and detorsion. At 24 h of reperfusion, animals were killed and ipsilateral testes were removed for determination of tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels and immunohistochemical evaluation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and apoptosis protease-activating factor 1 (APAF-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between groups 1 and 3, there were no differences in tissue NO levels and eNOS, iNOS, and APAF-1 expressions. iNOS and APAF-1 expressions were markedly increased in group 2, but these parameters were at the mild to moderate level in group 4 at 24 h of reperfusion. Also, elevated expression of iNOS was accompanied by a high NO production in group 2 compared with group 4. Although eNOS expressions were increased in both the groups (groups 2 and 4), there were no significant differences between these groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol as an anesthetic agent may attenuate germ cell-specific apoptosis and decrease NO biosynthases through downregulation of iNOS expression in an animal model of testicular torsion and detorsion.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, The Ministry of Health Ankara Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. hyagmurdur@yahoo.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yagmurdur
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayyildiz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karaguzel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akgul
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ustun
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Germiyanoglu
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1 / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000032:analysis; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; C506594:Apaf1 protein, rat; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; D015415:Biomarkers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D015742:Propofol