title: Randomized controlled trial of the effects of completing the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test questionnaire on self-reported hazardous drinking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The direct effects of screening on drinking behaviour have not previously been evaluated experimentally. We tested whether screening reduces self-reported hazardous drinking in comparison with a non-screened control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT), with both groups blinded to the true nature of the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 421 university students aged 18-24 years, recruited in five London student unions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both groups completed a brief pen-and-paper general health and socio-demographic questionnaire, which for the experimental group also included the 10-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) screening questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was the between-group difference in AUDIT score at 2-3-month follow-up. Eight secondary outcomes comprised other aspects of hazardous drinking, including dedicated measures of alcohol consumption, problems and dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant effect size of 0.23 (0.01-0.45) was detected on the designated primary outcome. The marginal nature of the statistical significance of this effect was apparent in additional analyses with covariates. Statistically significant differences were also obtained in three of eight secondary outcomes, and the observed effect sizes were not dissimilar to the known effects of brief interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is unclear to what extent these findings represent the effects of screening alone, a Hawthorne effect in which drinking behaviour has changed in response to monitoring, or whether they indicate reporting bias. These possibilities have important implications both for the dissemination of screening as an intervention in its own right and for behavioural intervention trials methodology.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. jim.mccambridge@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCambridge
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors