title: Transarterial ethanol ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma with lipiodol ethanol mixture: phase II study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective trial aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of transarterial ethanol ablation (TEA) of intrahepatic lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a Lipiodol-ethanol mixture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven patients were recruited and 164 lesions (mean size, 5.2 cm +/- 3.0) were treated. Inclusion criteria included histologic proof of HCC, refusal of (n = 9) or contraindication to (n = 68) surgical resection, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status no greater than 2, and intrahepatic disease without vascular invasion. The mixture consisted of 33% ethanol by volume, with the total dose of Lipiodol-ethanol mixture limited to 60 mL for each treatment session. The primary endpoint was patient survival. Secondary endpoints were tumor response, adverse effects of treatment, and progression-free survival. Median follow-up time for the whole cohort was 2.3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median overall survival was 2.2 years. Overall survival and progression-free survival rates at 1 year and 2 years were 77.9% and 50.1% and 63.6% and 46.3%, respectively. Complete ablation according to radiologic criteria was achieved in 61 patients (79.2%) and 86% of the 164 treated lesions. Mean tumor volume reduction was 65.22%. Patient survival was significantly better in patients with tumors no larger than 5 cm (Cox proportional-hazards regression, P = .0074). Treatment response was significantly better for patients with tumors no greater than 7 cm (chi2 test, P = .0462; Fisher exact test, P = .0326). Adverse effects included irreversible hepatic decompensation (0.6% of procedures), pain (4.8%), and fever (13.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TEA is a safe and effective means to establish local control of unresectable and resectable intrahepatic lesions of HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Organ Imaging, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong. simonyu@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Simon C H
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Edwin P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Frankie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Simon S M
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Yuen Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Paul B S
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Anthony T C
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Tony S K
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Mok
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007459:Iodized Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D007459:Iodized Oil