title: Effect of cost sharing on screening mammography in Medicare health plans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Policies that increase patients' share of health care expenses decrease the use of discretionary health services but also may reduce the use of important preventive care such as mammography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed coverage for mammography within 174 Medicare managed-care plans from 2001 through 2004. Among 550,082 individual-level observations for 366,475 women between the ages of 65 and 69 years, we compared rates of biennial breast-cancer screening in plans requiring cost sharing for mammography with screening rates in plans with full coverage. We also performed a longitudinal analysis of screening rates in plans that changed from full coverage to cost sharing for mammography as compared with rates in matched control plans that did not institute cost sharing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of plans with cost sharing for mammography, which we defined as requiring a copayment of more than $10 or coinsurance of more than 10% for screening mammography, increased from 3 in 2001 (representing 0.5% of women) to 21 in 2004 (11.4% of women). Biennial screening rates were 8.3 percentage points lower in cost-sharing plans than in plans with full coverage, a difference that persisted in adjusted analyses (P<0.001). The effect of cost sharing was magnified among women residing in areas of lower income or educational levels (P<0.001 for each interaction). Screening rates decreased by 5.5 percentage points in plans that instituted cost sharing and increased by 3.4 percentage points in matched control plans that retained full coverage (P<0.001 for the adjusted analysis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relatively small copayments were associated with significantly lower mammography rates among women who should undergo screening mammography according to accepted clinical guidelines. For effective preventive services such as mammography, exempting elderly adults from cost sharing may be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. amal_trivedi@brown.edu
authors.forename: Amal N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rakowski
authors.forename: John Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Ayanian
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017047:Cost Sharing; D003669:Deductibles and Coinsurance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008327:Mammography / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States