title: Ubiquitination of alpha-synuclein and autophagy in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: alpha-Synuclein is mutated in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is found in cytosolic inclusions, called Lewy bodies, in sporadic forms of the disease. A fraction of alpha-synuclein purified from Lewy bodies is monoubiquitinated, but the role of this monoubiquitination has been obscure. We now review recent data indicating a role of alpha-synuclein monoubiquitination in Lewy body formation and implicating the autophagic pathway in regulating these processes. The E3 ubiquitin-ligase SIAH is present in Lewy bodies and monoubiquitinates alpha-synuclein at the same lysines that are monoubiquitinated in Lewy bodies. Monoubiquitination by SIAH promotes the aggregation of alpha-synuclein into amorphous aggregates and increases the formation of inclusions within dopaminergic cells. Such effect is observed even at low monoubiquitination levels, suggesting that monoubiquitinated alpha-synuclein may work as a seed for aggregation. Accumulation of monoubiquitinated alpha-synuclein and formation of cytosolic inclusions is promoted by autophagy inhibition and to a lesser extent by proteasomal and lysosomal inhibition. Monoubiquitinated alpha-synuclein inclusions are toxic to cells and recruit PD-related proteins, such as synphilin-1 and UCH-L1. Altogether, the new data indicate that monoubiquitination might play an important role in Lewy body formation. Decreasing alpha- synuclein monoubiquitination, by preventing SIAH function or by stimulating autophagy, constitutes a new therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Medical Research, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. simone@tx.technion.ac.il
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engelender
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016631:Lewy Bodies / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism; D054875:Ubiquitination; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C118958:SNCAIP protein, human; C482860:UCHL1 protein, human; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase