title: Effect of perfusion temperature on the inflammatory response during pediatric cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) triggers the whole body inflammatory response, and it has been suggested that the degree of hypothermia may influence these responses. The aim of this prospective study was to compare the inflammatory response in children undergoing CPB for repair of congenital heart defects, randomized to mild or moderate hypothermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured inflammatory markers in blood samples of thirty children with body weight less than 10 kg undergoing open heart surgery randomized to surgery at either mild (32 degrees C) or moderate (25 degrees C) hypothermia. Blood was sampled after induction of anesthesia, at skin closure, 2 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Except for an enhanced interleukin-8 response in the moderate hypothermia group, there were no differences in levels of inflammatory mediators between those with mild and those with moderate hypothermia. In contrast to the modest influence of the degree of hypothermia, long CPB time and long aortic cross-clamp time were accompanied by enhanced inflammation involving raised levels of interleukin-8 and myeloperoxidase, as well as increased leukocyte counts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only minor differences in cytokine levels were detected between those with moderate and those with mild hypothermia during CPB. Ischemic aortic cross-clamp time and time on CBP should be as short as possible to avoid an excessive inflammatory response and possibly adverse clinical effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. rune.eggum@sb-hf.no
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eggum
authors.forename: Thor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueland
authors.forename: Tom E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Mollnes
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Videm
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aukrust
authors.forename: Arnt E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fiane
authors.forename: Harald L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lindberg
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators