title: Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis prevents vaginal transmission of HIV-1 in humanized BLT mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Worldwide, vaginal transmission now accounts for more than half of newly acquired HIV-1 infections. Despite the urgency to develop and implement novel approaches capable of preventing HIV transmission, this process has been hindered by the lack of adequate small animal models for preclinical efficacy and safety testing. Given the importance of this route of transmission, we investigated the susceptibility of humanized mice to intravaginal HIV-1 infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that the female reproductive tract of humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) mice is reconstituted with human CD4+ T and other relevant human cells, rendering these humanized mice susceptible to intravaginal infection by HIV-1. Effects of HIV-1 infection include CD4+ T cell depletion in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that closely mimics what is observed in HIV-1-infected humans. We also show that pre-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs is a highly effective method for preventing vaginal HIV-1 transmission. Whereas 88% (7/8) of BLT mice inoculated vaginally with HIV-1 became infected, none of the animals (0/5) given pre-exposure prophylaxis of emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) showed evidence of infection (Chi square = 7.5, df = 1, p = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fact that humanized BLT mice are susceptible to intravaginal infection makes this system an excellent candidate for preclinical evaluation of both microbicides and pre-exposure prophylactic regimens. The utility of humanized mice to study intravaginal HIV-1 transmission is particularly highlighted by the demonstration that pre-exposure prophylaxis can prevent intravaginal HIV-1 transmission in the BLT mouse model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Denton
authors.forename: Jacob D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Florence A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Othieno
authors.forename: Bangdong L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Anja K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wege
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Ashley T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.forename: J Victor
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D005260:Female; D016332:Fetal Tissue Transplantation; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D016513:Mice, SCID; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011828:Radiation Chimera; D013045:Species Specificity; D000068698:Tenofovir; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000637:transplantation; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D000225:Adenine