title: Sensitivity of intensity modulated proton therapy plans to changes in patient weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A retrospective study to investigate the sensitivity of intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) to changes in body weight occurring during the course of radiotherapy for patients treated in the sacral region.
  
  
  METHODS
  During therapy, important weight gain and loss were observed for two patients treated to para-spinal tumors, which resulted in both patients being re-scanned and re-planned. Both patients were treated as part of their therapy, with a narrow-angle IMPT (NA-IMPT) plan delivering a 'dose hole' around the cauda equina (CE), which was mainly formed through modulation of Bragg peaks in depth. To investigate the impact of these weight changes on the proton range and delivered dose, the nominal fields were re-calculated on the new CT data sets. Results were analyzed by comparing these new plans with those originally delivered and by calculating changes in range and delivered doses in target volumes and normal tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum differences in proton range in the CE region of up to +8 mm and -13 mm, respectively, for the patient who gained weight and for the patient who lost weight, increased the maximum dose to the CE by only 2%. This indicates that both IMPT plans were relatively insensitive to substantial range uncertainties. Even greater differences in range (16 mm) in the planning target volume only slightly affected its dose homogeneity (differences in V(90%) of 6% in the worst case). Nevertheless, some large undesired local dose differences were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated, that, at least for the two analyzed cases, NA-IMPT plans are less sensitive to weight variations than one may expect. Still, we would advise to calculate new plans in case of substantial change in weight for patients treated in the sacral region, primarily due to the presence of new hot/cold area.
authors.affiliation: Center for Proton Radiation Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland. francesca.albertini@psi.ch
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bolsi
authors.forename: Antony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lomax
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Rutz
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Timmerman
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goitein
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002812:Chondroma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011522:Protons; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012447:Sacrum; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons