title: Factors associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in a prospective cohort of patients after abdominal sepsis: a nomogram.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine to what extent patients who have survived abdominal sepsis suffer from symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and to identify potential risk factors for PTSD symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  PTSD and depression symptoms were measured using the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Post-Traumatic Symptom Scale 10 (PTSS-10) and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 135 peritonitis patients were eligible for this study, of whom 107 (80%) patients completed the questionnaire. The median APACHE-II score was 14 (range 12-16), and 89% were admitted to the ICU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of patients with "moderate" PTSD symptom scores was 28% (95% CI 20-37), whilst 10% (95% CI 6-17) of patients had "high" PTSD symptom scores. Only 5% (95% CI 2-12) of the patients expressed severe depression symptoms. Factors associated with increased PTSD symptoms in a multivariate ordinal regression model were younger age (0.74 per 10 years older, p=0.082), length of ICU stay (OR=1.4 per doubling of duration, p=0.003) and having some (OR=4.9, p=0.06) or many (OR=55.5, p<0.001) traumatic memories of the ICU or hospital stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As many as 38% of patients after abdominal sepsis report elevated levels of PTSD symptoms on at least one of the questionnaires. Our nomogram may assist in identifying patients at increased risk for developing symptoms of PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, PO Box 22700, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kimberly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.forename: Oddeke
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: van Ruler
authors.forename: Arnold A P
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van Emmerik
authors.forename: Mirjam A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sprangers
authors.forename: Sophia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: de Rooij
authors.forename: Margreeth B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Vroom
authors.forename: Corianne A J M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Borgie
authors.forename: Marja A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Boermeester
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Reitsma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D049451:Nomograms; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*