title: Parathyroid glands: combination of sestamibi-(99m)Tc scintigraphy and ultrasonography for demonstration of hyperplasic parathyroid glands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of the types of parathyroid gland hyperplasia and the sensitivity of sestamibi-(99m)Tc (MIBI) scintigraphy and ultrasonography (US) of patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) due to chronic renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 43 patients with SHPT (26 females and 17 males with age range of 27-75 years). Blood tests were performed to determine intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium and phosphorus concentration and parathyroid MIBI scintigraphy and US examinations were done, to evaluate each glandular function and structure. Nineteen of the 43 patients underwent total parathyroidectomy and 69 abnormal glands were removed at operation. The 69 abnormal and 4 normal glands from patients that underwent total thyroidectomy were studied by light microscopy. The results were compared and correlation was calculated to: weight, MIBI uptake and US results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 43 patients had elevated serum PTH ranged from 400 to 4,075 pg/ml (1,868.0 +/- 975.9 and normal range 10-75 pg/ml). Serum calcium and phosphorus concentration were 10.13 +/- 2.02 mg/dl and 5.28 +/- 2.07 mg/dl respectively. Fifty eight of 69 glands from surgical resection were MIBI positive and 11 were negative, but their cellular composition and presentation were similar. Hyperplasic glands had increased number of all cell types considered (chief, oxyphil and clear) compared to the normal gland. Chief cell hyperplasia was the most frequent type (81 %) followed by oxyphil (9 %), clear (6 %) and adenomatous type (4 %). False negative results of 10 % to US and 4.6 % to scintigraphy were found. The correlation of gland weight and MIBI uptake were not significant (p = 0.09). The sensitivity of MIBI scintigraphy was 84 % and US was 72.5 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MIBI scintigraphy is a very sensitive tool for pre-operative localization of hyperplasic parathyroid gland and should be used as the first imaging method. The association of MIBI and US is recommended because increases the sensitivity for preoperative hyperplasic parathyroid glands identification.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Biociências Nucleares, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. tami.erika@gmail.com
authors.forename: E T P
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: J W E
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mandarim de Lacerda
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boasquevisque
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006965:Hyperplasia; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000150:complications; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010282:Parathyroid Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016105:Parathyroidectomy; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D010758:Phosphorus; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D002118:Calcium