title: Protection of macaques against vaginal SHIV challenge by systemic or mucosal and systemic vaccinations with HIV-envelope.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Worldwide, the majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occur by heterosexual transmission. Thus, the development of a vaccine that can prevent intravaginal HIV infection is an important goal of AIDS vaccine research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine which single or combination of systemic and mucosal routes of immunizations of female rhesus macaques with an HIV-1 SF162 envelope protein vaccine induced protection against intravaginal challenge with SHIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female rhesus macaques were immunized with an HIV-1 SF162 envelope protein vaccine administered systemically (intramuscularly), or mucosally (intranasally), or as a sequential combination of both routes. The macaques were then challenged intravaginally with SHIV SF162P4, expressing an envelope that is closely matched (homologous) to the vaccine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macaques receiving intramuscular immunizations, alone or in combination with intranasal immunizations, were protected from infection, with no detectable plasma viral RNA, provirus, or seroconversion to nonvaccine viral proteins, and better preservation of intestinal CD4+ T cells. Serum neutralizing antibodies against the challenge virus appeared to correlate with protection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that, in the nonhuman primate model, it is possible for vaccine-elicited immune responses to prevent infection after intravaginal administration of virus.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
authors.forename: Susan W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Indresh K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Fengmin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goodsell
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cristillo
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ferrai
authors.forename: Deborah E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Norman L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Letvin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Montefiori
authors.forename: Ranajit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vajdy
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014621:Vagina / Q000821:virology*; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus