title: Arabic version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to translate the original English version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) into an Arabic version, and to test the validity and reliability of the translated instrument (GOHAI-Ar) for use among the elderly in Saudi Arabia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 12-item GOHAI was translated into Arabic using the back-translation technique and performing a preliminary test to determine the comprehensibility and readability of the Arabic language version. A total of 156 elderly patients answered the questionnaire, and underwent a clinical examination by one calibrated dentist. Information on subjects' socio-demographic background and oral health conditions was collected. Convergent validity was evaluated by identifying the associations between perceived oral health status, general health status, perceived need for dental care and GOHAI-Ar scores. Discriminant validity was examined by comparing the GOHAI-Ar scores and six oral health parameters. Internal consistency was measured by Cronbach's alpha. Test-retest reliability was assessed by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and weighted kappa. Factor structure of GOHAI-Ar was evaluated using principal component factor analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean GOHAI-Ar was 32.1 (SD 12.2; range 11-59). Mean GOHAI-Ar scores were higher for the elderly who rated their oral and general health as good. Subjects with perceived dental treatment needs had a lower mean GOHAI-Ar score than those without any such needs. The caries experience, number of missing teeth, OHI-S score, number of pathologically mobile teeth and number of oral lesions were negatively correlated with the GOHAI-Ar score. The Cronbach's alpha (0.93) indicated a high degree of internal consistency and homogeneity between items. The ICC for GOHAI-Ar was 0.95, the weighted kappa coefficient for individual items varied between 0.42 and 0.71, and the correlation coefficients for the 12 items were above 0.70. Factor analysis didn't support the expected dimensions of the index, and only one factor was found at eigenvalue greater than 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest an excellent reliability and validity of GOHAI-Ar. Further research is needed to assess the value of this instrument in oral health-related quality of life studies in Arabic elderly population.
authors.affiliation: Dental Department, Dammam Medical Center, Saudi Electricity Company, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. maatieh@gmail.com
authors.forename: Momen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Atieh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003753:Dental Health Surveys; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D009909:Oral Health; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012647:Self-Assessment; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations