title: Prospective, randomized evaluation of a personal digital assistant-based research tool in the emergency department.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Personal digital assistants (PDA) offer putative advantages over paper for collecting research data. However, there are no data prospectively comparing PDA and paper in the emergency department. The aim of this study was to prospectively compare the performance of PDA and paper enrollment instruments with respect to time required and errors generated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized consecutive patients enrolled in an ongoing prospective study to having their data recorded either on a PDA or a paper data collection instrument. For each method, we recorded the total time required for enrollment, and the time required for manual transcription (paper) onto a computer database. We compared data error rates by examining missing data, nonsensical data, and errors made during the transcription of paper forms. Statistical comparisons were performed by Kruskal-Wallis and Poisson regression analyses for time and errors, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 68 patients (37 PDA, 31 paper). Two of 31 paper forms were not available for analysis. Total data gathering times, inclusive of transcription, were significantly less for PDA (6:13 min per patient) compared to paper (9:12 min per patient; p < 0.001). There were a total of 0.9 missing and nonsense errors per paper form compared to 0.2 errors per PDA form (p < 0.001). An additional 0.7 errors per paper form were generated during transcription. In total, there were 1.6 errors per paper form and 0.2 errors per PDA form (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a PDA-based data collection instrument for clinical research reduces the time required for data gathering and significantly improves data integrity.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Emergency Medicine, Hilo Medical Center, Hilo, HI, USA. moispo1@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Morris L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Blair A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dinizio
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kabrhel
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D001900:Boston; D034201:Computers, Handheld / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D006751:Hospital Information Systems / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010209:Paper / Q000592:standards; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011786:Quality Control; D012107:Research Design; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000379:methods; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014584:User-Computer Interface