title: Temporary tendon strengthening by preconditioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tendon is frequently injured structure in sports activities. Stretching before activities has been recommended to prevent athletes from injuries. Clinical studies reported that stretching had effects to reduce passive muscle stiffness and leads to an increased range of motion. Recent biomechanical studies suggested that stretching might also temporary affect tensile property of tendon. However, the detailed information regarding optimizing this preconditioning has not been defined. The purpose of this study is to investigate time-dependent effect of preconditioning on the mechanical strength of tendon, and to determine an optimal duration of preconditioning for tendon strengthening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty eight Achilles tendons from euthanized Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The specimens were randomly divided into six groups. The specimens in control group were tested to failure without preconditioning. In preconditioning groups, 30, 100, 300, 600, and 1000 s stretching at 2% strain were performed. The specimens were subsequently loaded to failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preconditioning from 30s to 600 s significantly increased the ultimate failure load and strength. Ultimate failure load was significantly different between control and each of 30, 100, 300, and 600 s stretching groups (P=0.033, 0.031, 0.004, and 0.029, respectively). There was no significant difference between control and 1000 s stretching group. Ultimate strength was significantly different between control and each of 30, 100, 300, and 600 s stretching groups (P=0.007, 0.008, <0.001, and 0.006, respectively), but not between control and 1000 s stretching group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The time-dependent effect of preconditioning on the mechanical strength of tendon may be due to progressive collagen fibre recruitment and subsequent fatigues at the micro-level.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin St., Suite 451, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teramoto
authors.forename: Zong-Ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004548:Elasticity; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000379:methods*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology*