title: Improving patient adherence to lifestyle advice (IMPALA): a cluster-randomised controlled trial on the implementation of a nurse-led intervention for cardiovascular risk management in primary care (protocol).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients at high risk of cardiovascular diseases are managed and monitored in general practice. Recommendations for cardiovascular risk management, including lifestyle change, are clearly described in the Dutch national guideline. Although lifestyle interventions, such as advice on diet, physical exercise, smoking and alcohol, have moderate, but potentially relevant effects in these patients, adherence to lifestyle advice in general practice is not optimal. The IMPALA study intends to improve adherence to lifestyle advice by involving patients in decision making on cardiovascular prevention by nurse-led clinics. The aim of this paper is to describe the design and methods of a study to evaluate an intervention aimed at involving patients in cardiovascular risk management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster-randomised controlled trial in 20 general practices, 10 practices in the intervention arm and 10 in the control arm, starting on October 2005. A total of 720 patients without existing cardiovascular diseases but eligible for cardiovascular risk assessment will be recruited. In both arms, the general practitioners and nurses will be trained to apply the national guideline for cardiovascular risk management. Nurses in the intervention arm will receive an extended training in risk assessment, risk communication, the use of a decision aid and adapted motivational interviewing. This communication technique will be used to support the shared decision-making process about risk reduction. The intervention comprises 2 consultations and 1 follow-up telephone call. The nurses in the control arm will give usual care after the risk estimation, according to the national guideline. Primary outcome measures are self-reported adherence to lifestyle advice and drug treatment. Secondary outcome measures are the patients' perception of risk and their motivation to change their behaviour. The measurements will take place at baseline and after 12 and 52 weeks. Clinical endpoints will not be measured, but the absolute 10-year risk of cardiovascular events will be estimated for each patient from medical records at baseline and after 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined use of risk communication, a decision aid and motivational interviewing to enhance patient involvement in decision making is an innovative aspect of the intervention.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN51556722.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of General Practice, P,O, box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. m.koelewijn@hag.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Marije S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Koelewijn-van Loon
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Steenkiste
authors.forename: Gaby
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ronda
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wensing
authors.forename: Henri E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Stoffers
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elwyn
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grol
authors.forename: Trudy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Weijden
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000451:nursing* / Q000628:therapy; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010358:Patient Participation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012308:Risk Management