title: Exercise capacity and mortality in black and white men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise capacity is inversely related to mortality risk in healthy individuals and those with cardiovascular diseases. This evidence is based largely on white populations, with little information available for blacks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We assessed the association between exercise capacity and mortality in black (n=6749; age, 58+/-11 years) and white (n=8911; age, 60+/-11 years) male veterans with and without cardiovascular disease who successfully completed a treadmill exercise test at the Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, Calif. Fitness categories were based on peak metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved. Subjects were followed up for all-cause mortality for 7.5+/-5.3 years. Among clinical and exercise test variables, exercise capacity was the strongest predictor of risk for mortality. The adjusted risk was reduced by 13% for every 1-MET increase in exercise capacity (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.86 to 0.88; P<0.001). Compared with those who achieved <5 METs, the mortality risk was approximately 50% lower for those with an exercise capacity of 7.1 to 10 METs (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.47 to 0.56; P<0.001) and 70% lower for those achieving >10 METs (hazard ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.26 to 0.36; P<0.001). The findings were similar for those with and without cardiovascular disease and for both races.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise capacity is a strong predictor of all-cause mortality in blacks and whites. The relationship was inverse and graded, with a similar impact on mortality outcomes for both blacks and whites.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Cardiology Department, 50 Irving St NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA. peter.kokkinos@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kokkinos
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: John Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kokkinos
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pittaras
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manolis
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karasik
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Papademetriou
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D010809:Physical Fitness; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American