title: Integration of blood volume, blood pressure, heart rate and bioimpedance monitoring for the achievement of optimal dry body weight during chronic hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Achieving optimal dry body weight in hemodialysis is challenging. Clinical assessment alone is inadequate, and methods such as bioimpedance monitoring may be impractical for every patient treatment. Continuous blood volume monitoring, blood pressure and heart rate variability inform clinical decision-making, but integrated use of multiple methodologies to achieve dry weight and understand patient factors has not yet been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen chronic hemodialysis patients underwent thrice-weekly treatments for two weeks. Baseline hydration status and target weight were determined by bioimpedance. During subsequent treatments, ultrafiltration was adjusted and relative blood volume, blood pressure and pulse were recorded non-invasively. Bioimpedance was repeated to assess hydration. Response of variables to progressive change in weight was assessed and selected patients underwent additional autonomic function testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four distinct hemodynamic patterns emerged. Profile A: 4 patients demonstrated overhydration at baseline. With decreasing target, pulse and blood pressure remained stable while blood volume and bioimpedance demonstrated achievement of dry weight. Profile B: 8 patients demonstrated overhydration at baseline. With decreasing target, blood pressure remained stable while pulse increased. Profile C: 5 patients were overhydrated, but as weight decreased, blood pressure became unstable and heart rate failed to compensate. Further testing confirmed autonomic dysfunction. Profile D: 2 patients were dehydrated, and with increasing target demonstrated stable pulse and pressure, while blood volume and bioimpedance revealed achievement of dry weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integrating existing non-invasive, continuous monitoring during hemodialysis enabled achievement of dry weight and identified distinct profiles of the patients, some with autonomic dysfunction. This strategy may contribute to achieving optimum dry weight while improving cardiovascular tolerability of hemodialysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, St. Bortolo Hospital, International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonello
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asuman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andrikos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petras
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strazzabosco
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ronco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brendolan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crepaldi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nalesso
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ronco
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D001810:Blood Volume; D001835:Body Weight; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis