title: Respiratory-related evoked potentials during sleep in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The respiratory related evoked potential (RREP) has been previously recorded in children and adults during wakefulness and in adults during sleep. However, there have been no data on RREP during sleep in children. We thus examined children during sleep to determine whether early RREP components would be maintained during all sleep
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy, nonsnoring children, aged 5-12 years, screened by polysomnography and found to have no sleep disorders were assessed during stage 2 sleep, slow wave sleep, and REM sleep. Brief occlusions were presented via an occlusion valve at the inspiratory port of a non-rebreathing valve as interruptions of inspiration. EEG responses were averaged and assessed for the presence of early and late RREP components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Robust early components were seen in the majority of subjects in all sleep stages. Late components were also present, although with some apparent differences compared to those previously reported in adults (using the same recording protocol and an almost identical method of stimulus presentation). Specifically, N350 and N550 were less readily differentiated as separate components, and the N550 did not display the clear anterior-posterior amplitude gradient that is ubiquitous in adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cortical processing of respiratory-related information persists throughout sleep in children. The pattern of activation in the late components appear to reflect differences in the structure of the developing brain prior to the process of dendritic pruning associated with adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: M Cecilia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Melendres
authors.forename: Carole L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Ronnie F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Abi-Raad
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Trescher
authors.forename: Janita M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Colrain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D017286:Polysomnography; D012016:Reference Values; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology