title: CYP3 phylogenomics: evidence for positive selection of CYP3A4 and CYP3A7.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CYP3A metabolizes 50% of currently prescribed drugs and is frequently involved in clinically relevant drug interactions. The understanding of roles and regulations of the individual CYP3A genes in pharmacology and physiology is incomplete.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using genomic sequences from 16 species we investigated the evolution of CYP3 genomic loci over a period of 450 million years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CYP3A genes in amniota evolved from two ancestral CYP3A genes. Upon the emergence of eutherian mammals, one of them was lost, whereas, the other acquired a novel genomic environment owing to translocation. In primates, CYP3A underwent rapid evolutionary changes involving multiple gene duplications, deletions, pseudogenizations, and gene conversions. The expansion of CYP3A in catarrhines (Old World monkeys, great apes, and humans) differed substantially from New World primates (e.g. common marmoset) and strepsirrhines (e.g. galago). We detected two recent episodes of particularly strong positive selection acting on primate CYP3A protein-coding sequence: (i) on CYP3A7 early in hominoid evolution, which was accompanied by a restriction of its hepatic expression to fetal period and (ii) on human CYP3A4 following the split of the chimpanzee and human lineages. In agreement with these findings, three out of four positively selected amino acids investigated in previous biochemical studies of CYP3A affect the activity and regioselectivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CYP3A7 and CYP3A4 may have acquired catalytic functions especially important for the evolution of hominoids and humans, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taudien
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herlyn
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Guopei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberto
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocchi
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Platzer
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wojnowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002384:Catalysis; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D007527:Isoenzymes; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System