title: Area deprivation and mortality in the provincial capital cities of Andalusia and Catalonia (Spain).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the linkage between material deprivation and mortality from all causes, for men and women separately, in the capital cities of the provinces in Andalusia and Catalonia (Spain).
  
  
  METHODS
  A small-area ecological study was devised using the census section as the unit for analysis. 188,983 Deaths occurring in the capital cities of the Andalusian provinces and 109,478 deaths recorded in the Catalan capital cities were examined. Principal components factorial analysis was used to devise a material deprivation index comprising the percentage of manual labourers, unemployment and illiteracy. A hierarchical Bayesian model was used to study the relationship between mortality and area deprivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In most cities, results show an increased male mortality risk in the most deprived areas in relation to the least depressed. In Andalusia, the relative risks between the highest and lowest deprivation decile ranged from 1.24 (Malaga) to 1.40 (Granada), with 95% credibility intervals showing a significant excess risk. In Catalonia, relative risks ranged between 1.08 (Girona) and 1.50 (Tarragona). No evidence was found for an excess of female mortality in most deprived areas in either of the autonomous communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within cities, gender-related differences were revealed when deprivation was correlated geographically with mortality rates. These differences were found from an ecological perspective. Further research is needed in order to validate these results from an individual approach. The idea to be analysed is to identify those factors that explain these differences at an individual level.
authors.affiliation: Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Cuesta del Observatorio, 4, Apdo. de Correos 2070, 18080 Granada, Spain. ricardo.ocana.easp@juntadeandalucia.es
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ocaña-Riola
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saurina
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández-Ajuria
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lertxundi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Cantalejo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Ramos
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Barceló
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daponte
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benach
mesh_terms: D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012737:Sex Factors; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*