title: Myocardial gene expression in heart failure patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy responders versus nonresponders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied whether functional improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is associated with reversal of the heart failure (HF) gene program.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cardiac resynchronization therapy improves exercise tolerance and survival in patients with advanced congestive HF and dyssynchrony.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients referred for CRT underwent left ventricular (LV) endomyocardial biopsies immediately before CRT implantation (baseline). In addition, 17 of them underwent LV endomyocardial biopsy procurement 4 months later (follow-up). In 6 control patients with normal LV function, LV biopsies were obtained at the time of coronary artery bypass grafting. The LV messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of contractile and calcium regulatory genes were measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and normalized for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The HF patients showing an improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class by >1 score and a relative increase in LV ejection fraction > or =25% at 4 months after CRT were considered as responders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HF patients were characterized by lower LV mRNA levels of alpha-myosin heavy chain (alpha-MHC), beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC), sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2alpha (SERCA), phospholamban (PLN), and higher brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) mRNA levels as compared with control subjects. Responders to CRT (n = 11) showed an increase in LVEF (p < 0.001), a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (p = 0.003), and NYHA functional class (p = 0.002), and a reduction in N-terminal proBNP levels (p = 0.032) as compared with baseline. This was associated with an increase in mRNA levels of alpha-MHC (p = 0.035), SERCA (p = 0.032), a decrease in BNP mRNA levels (p = 0.002), and an increase in the ratio of alpha-/beta-MHC (p = 0.018) and SERCA/PLN (p = 0.012). No significant changes in molecular profile were observed in nonresponders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HF patients with electromechanical cardiac dyssynchrony, functional improvement related to CRT is associated with favorable changes in established molecular markers of HF, including genes that regulate contractile function and pathologic hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Molecular Cardiology Unit and Cardiovascular Research Center, Onze Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium. marc.vanderheyden@olvz-aalst.be
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanderheyden
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mullens
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delrue
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goethals
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Bruyne
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wijns
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geelen
authors.forename: Sofie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verstreken
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wellens
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartunek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000235:genetics*; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains