title: Association between the PPP3CC gene, coding for the calcineurin gamma catalytic subunit, and bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcineurin is a neuron-enriched phosphatase that regulates synaptic plasticity and neuronal adaptation. Activation of calcineurin, overall, antagonizes the effects of the cyclic AMP activated protein/kinase A. Thus, kinase/phosphatase dynamic balance seems to be critical for transition to long-term cellular responses in neurons, and disruption of this equilibrium should induce behavioral impairments in animal models. Genetic animal models, as well as post-mortem studies in humans have implicated calcineurin dependent calcium and cyclic AMP regulated phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in both affective responses and psychosis. Recently, genetic association between schizophrenia and genetic variation of the human calcineurin A gamma subunit gene (PPP3CC) has been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the assumption of the common underlying genetic factor in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), we performed association analysis of CC33 and CCS3 polymorphisms of the PPP3CC gene reported to be associated with schizophrenia in a French sample of 115 BPAD patients and 97 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carrying 'CT' or 'TT' genotypes of the PPP3CC-CC33 polymorphism increased risk to develop BPAD comparing to carry 'CC' genotype (OR = 1.8 [1.01-3.0]; p = 0.05). For the PPP3CC-CCS3 polymorphism, 'AG' or 'GG' carriers have an increased risk to develop BPAD than 'AA' carriers (OR = 2.8 [1.5-5.2]). The CC33 and CCS3 polymorphisms were observed in significant linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.91, r2 = 0.72). Haplotype frequencies were significantly different in BPAD patients than in controls (p = 0.03), with a significant over-transmission of the 'TG' haplotype in BPAD patients (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that the PPP3CC gene might be a susceptibility gene for BPAD, in accordance with current neurobiological hypotheses that implicate dysregulation of signal-transduction pathways, such as those regulated by calcineurin, in the etiology of affective disorders.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U-513, Faculté de Médecine, 8 rue de Général Sarrail, 94000, Créteil, France. eleni.tzavara@creteil.inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Flavie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miot
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Etain
authors.forename: Marie-Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El Khoury
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellivier
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leboyer
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giros
authors.forename: Eleni T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Tzavara