title: Parental emotional responses to their child's pain: the role of dispositional empathy and catastrophizing about their child's pain.
abstract: Little is known about how a child's experience of pain affects his or her parents. Using a vignette methodology, this study investigated the emotional responses of parents who were asked to imagine different painful situations that their child might experience. A sample of 650 parents of school children (325 mothers; 325 fathers) read 8 short stories/vignettes about their child, which varied in terms of type of situation (pain vs other stressful situation), intensity (high vs low), and frequency of occurrence (high vs low). The role of individual differences in parental catastrophizing about their child's pain, catastrophizing about their own pain, dispositional empathy, and gender was also investigated. Parents' dispositional empathy was found to have an impact on parental distress and concern for their child. Catastrophizing about their child's pain had a unique contribution to parents' emotional responses to the vignettes describing their child in pain, beyond the influence of other variables. The impact of parental catastrophizing about their child's pain was most pronounced for parental distress, probably reflecting the high threat value that they attribute to their child's pain. The findings are discussed within recent models of empathy and pain, delineating possible relationships with parents' behavioral responses to their child's pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This vignette study found preliminary evidence for the importance of parent characteristics, beyond situational characteristics, in parental emotional responses to their child's pain. The findings provide indications for the processes implied in parental helping behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Liesbet.Goubert@Ugent.be
authors.forename: Liesbet
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goubert
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vervoort
authors.forename: Michael J L
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Katrien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crombez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D004644:Emotions; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires