title: Defining the functional boundaries of the Gata2 locus by rescue with a linked bacterial artificial chromosome transgene.
abstract: Transcription factor GATA-2 is vital for both hematopoietic progenitor cell function and urogenital patterning. Transgenic mapping studies have shown that the hematopoietic and urogenital enhancers are located hundreds of kbp 5' and 3' to the Gata2 structural gene, and both are vital for embryonic development. Because the size of mammalian genes, including all of their associated regulatory elements, can exceed a megabase, transgenic complementation in mice has, in specific instances, proven to be a formidable hurdle. After incorporating the Gata2 structural gene as well as the distant hematopoietic and urogenital enhancers into a single, contiguous piece of DNA by fusing two bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) into one, we formally tested the hypothesis that the functional boundaries of this locus are contained within this contiguous genomic span. We show that two independent lines of transgenic mice bearing a multicopy 413-kbp-linked Gata2 BAC transgene (bearing sequences from -187 to +226 kbp of the locus) are able to fully rescue Gata2 null mutant embryonic lethality and that the rescued animals behave and reproduce normally. Surprisingly, the linked BAC confers expression in the ureteric epithelium, whereas sequences within any of the overlapping parental BACs and a yeast artificial chromosome that were originally tested do not, and thus these experiments also define a novel synthetic enhancer activity that has not been previously described. These genetic complementation studies define the required outer limits of the Gata2 locus and formally demonstrate that enhancers lying beyond those boundaries are not necessary for Gata2-regulated viability or fecundity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Melin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khandekar
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Kim-Chew
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: James Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Engel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods; D022202:Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D020964:Embryo Loss / Q000235:genetics; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D050989:GATA2 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics*; D019076:Transgenes / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D050989:GATA2 Transcription Factor; C494712:Gata2 protein, mouse