title: A novel promoter polymorphism in the human gene GNAS affects binding of transcription factor upstream stimulatory factor 1, Galphas protein expression and body weight regulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Body weight regulation is under complex control involving the central nervous system and peripheral pathways. The beta-adrenoceptor Galphas protein system plays an important role in heart rate regulation and lipid mobilization suggesting a key role for the stimulatory G protein Galphas in body weight regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sequenced the whole GNAS promoter to identify a functional variant which results in altered Galphas expression. We genotyped 110 participants of a randomized placebo-controlled weight loss trial who were under a low calorie diet and were additionally treated with either placebo or 15 mg sibutramine daily for 54 weeks and associated the respective alleles with regard to treatment outcome using an intention-to-treat analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A G>A transition at position -1211 the human GNAS promoter (minor allele frequency=0.36) was identified resulting in altered upstream stimulatory factor 1 transcription factor binding, promoter activity, Galphas expression, and lipolysis. Under a low calorie diet -1211GG genotypes lost significantly more weight compared with A-allele carriers (placebo group: 1211GG, 7.5+/-0.4 versus -1211A, 4.5+/-0.3 kg, P=0.020). Sibutramine was effective only in A-allele carriers whereas GG genotypes showed no additional weight loss under sibutramine but showed the strongest increases in resting heart rate (8.5 bpm; 95% confidence interval: 2.7-14.21 bpm; P=0.005) and systolic blood pressure (9.1 mmHg, 95% confidence interval: 3.1-15.1; P=0.004) compared with placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Determination of GNAS promoter alleles may identify obese individuals who lose weight easily under lifestyle changes alone but also those who benefit from adjunct sibutramine therapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich H
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hauner
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Manthey
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brockmeyer
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siffert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics*; D002864:Chromogranins; D003503:Cyclobutanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000235:genetics*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D002864:Chromogranins; D003503:Cyclobutanes; D017931:DNA Primers; D010919:Placebos; C406732:GNAS protein, human; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs; C058254:sibutramine