title: Specific language difficulties and school achievement in children born at 25 weeks of gestation or less.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether language and educational problems are specific or due to general cognitive deficits in children born at 25 weeks' gestation or less.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national cohort study assessed 241 of 308 (78%) surviving children at a median age of 6 years, 4 months along with 160 of these children's classmates. Formal tests included standard cognitive, language, phonetic, and speech assessments. The children's school achievement was rated by classroom teachers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean cognitive scores for index children were 82 (standard deviation [SD] +/- 19) compared with 106 (SD +/- 12) for the peer group. Extremely preterm children had an increased risk of language problems (odds ratio [OR] = 10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3 to 32), speech problems (OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 3 to 7), and overall school difficulties (OR = 25; 95% CI = 12 to 54). Extremely preterm boys were twice as likely to show deficits as extremely preterm girls, but no such sex-based differences were apparent in the comparison group. Differences in general cognitive scores explained specific language or phonetic awareness deficits, but not speech ratings or educational difficulties, in the extremely preterm children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Language or phonetic difficulties are not specific and indicate general cognitive functional difficulties. The findings have implications for models of global deviation of brain development in extremely preterm children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Warwick Medical School, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolke
authors.forename: Muthanna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samara
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bracewell
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marlow
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007802:Language; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007859:Learning Disabilities; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012574:Schools; D013060:Speech