title: Species differences in the response of liver drug-metabolizing enzymes to (S)-4-O-tolylsulfanyl-2-(4-trifluormethyl-phenoxy)-butyric acid (EMD 392949) in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) is highly species-specific and can lead to drug-drug interaction and toxicities. In this series of studies we tested the species specificity of the antidiabetic drug development candidate and mixed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha/gamma agonist (S)-4-O-tolylsulfanyl-2-(4-trifluormethyl-phenoxy)-butyric acid (EMD 392949, EMD) with regard to the induction of gene expression and activities of DMEs, their regulators, and typical PPAR target genes. EMD clearly induced PPARalpha target genes in rats in vivo and in rat hepatocytes but lacked significant induction of DMEs, except for cytochrome P450 (P450) 4A. CYP2C and CYP3A were consistently induced in livers of EMD-treated monkeys. Interestingly, classic rodent peroxisomal proliferation markers were induced in monkeys after 17 weeks but not after a 4-week treatment, a fact also observed in human hepatocytes after 72 h but not 24 h of EMD treatment. In human hepatocyte cultures, EMD showed similar gene expression profiles and induction of P450 activities as in monkeys, indicating that the monkey is predictive for human P450 induction by EMD. In addition, EMD induced a similar gene expression pattern as the PPARalpha agonist fenofibrate in primary rat and human hepatocyte cultures. In conclusion, these data showed an excellent correlation of in vivo data on DME gene expression and activity levels with results generated in hepatocyte monolayer cultures, enabling a solid estimation of human P450 induction. This study also clearly highlighted major differences between primates and rodents in the regulation of major inducible P450s, with evidence of CYP3A and CYP2C inducibility by PPARalpha agonists in monkeys and humans.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, l'Institut Fédératif de Recherches 133, Facultéde Médecine et de Pharmacie, Besançon, France.
authors.forename: Lysiane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richert
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tuschl
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viollon-Abadie
authors.forename: Nadège
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonet
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heyd
authors.forename: Nermin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Halkic
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wimmer
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dolgos
authors.forename: Stefan O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D047493:PPAR alpha; D020148:Butyric Acid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System