title: Cost effectiveness of the determination of autoantibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide in the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides (aCCP) in the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model was used to model 10-year progression of RA in patients first diagnosed with undifferentiated arthritis (UA) and to estimate the incremental costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of using aCCP additionally to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. The impact of later diagnosis and treatment due to non-use of aCCP was modelled as increased Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) progression. Utilities were assigned to HAQ states for calculating QALYs. Uncertainty was analysed using univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (Monte Carlo simulation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline ICER was euro 930/QALY. Univariate sensitivity analyses identified the impact of later diagnosis on HAQ progression as a major source of uncertainty, resulting in an ICER range from "dominance" to euro 153 092/QALY, compared with a maximum ICER of euro4870/QALY for other variables. Monte Carlo simulation resulted in a 95% uncertainty interval from euro 3537/QALY (dominance) to euro 5429/QALY; when indirect costs were considered, Monte Carlo simulation resulted in a 95% uncertainty interval from euro 78 115/QALY (dominance) to -euro 23 444/QALY (dominance).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using aCCP in the diagnosis of RA in patients with UA is likely to be cost effective compared with using ACR criteria alone. When indirect costs are incorporated, aCCP seems to save costs. Clearly, more research is needed relating the effects of diagnosis and treatment on the long-term course and the resulting functional impairment of RA as measured by the HAQ.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. alexander.konnopka@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Konnopka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baerwald
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: König
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000276:immunology*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C487763:cyclic citrullinated peptide