title: Gender differences and temporal variation in the incidence of type 1 diabetes: results of 8012 cases in the nationwide Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden 1983-2002.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the gender difference amongst newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients aged 15-34 years, considering age at diagnosis, temporal trend and seasonal variation at time of diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based prospective study with a mean annual population at risk of 2.3 million.
  
  
  METHODS
  All departments of medicine, endocrinology and paediatrics and primary health care units in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident cases of diabetes aged 15-34 years at diagnosis 1983-2002. MEASURE INSTRUMENT: Basic characteristics of patients at diagnosis were reported by the diagnosing doctor on a standardized form. Level of ascertainment was estimated at 80-90%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amongst all incident cases (n = 8012), 74% was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. The mean annual incidence rate of type 1 diabetes was 12.7/100,000, in men 16.4/100,000 and in women 8.9/100,000. The incidence of type 1 diabetes decreased slowly by increasing age but was in all age groups higher in men, yielding an overall male/female ratio of 1.8. In both genders the incidence of type 1 diabetes decreased in average of 1.0% per year. A seasonal pattern with significantly higher incidence during January-March and lower during May-July was seen in both genders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clear male predominance of type 1 diabetes was seen in all ages. The temporal trend and the seasonal pattern was similar in men and women. Hence, internal factors related to the gender rather than differences in the exposure to environmental factors seem to explain the consistent male-female bias in the postpubertal risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm. jan.j.c.oestman@solna.mail.telia.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lönnberg
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Arnqvist
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blohmé
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bolinder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekbom Schnell
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gudbjörnsdottir
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundkvist
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nyström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology