title: Celecoxib has potent antitumour effects as a single agent and in combination with BCG immunotherapy in a model of urothelial cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent immune modulator and known to suppress both tumour antigen-specific helper T (TH1) cells and the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We hypothesised that a combination of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) selective inhibitor celecoxib and intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an effective tumour immunoprophylaxis and ablative therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, would be more effective than BCG alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed urinary levels of PGE2 in humans receiving BCG and in a murine model of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). The cytokine response to BCG plus celecoxib was assessed in murine dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and tumour ablation was assessed in an orthotopic MBT2 murine bladder cancer model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of intravesical BCG resulted in elevated urinary PGE2 levels in patients with high-grade superficial UCC and in a mouse model of UCC. In vitro, activation of DCs with BCG stimulated COX-2 up-regulation and release of the archetypal tolerogenic factors, PGE2 and interleukin 10. In a superficial mouse model of UCC, combination of celecoxib and intravesical BCG therapy resulted in increased tumour infiltration of CD4+ T cells and improved efficacy when compared to BCG alone. Further, celecoxib demonstrated marked antitumour efficacy when administered in the absence of BCG immunotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that a combination strategy involving BCG immunotherapy and celecoxib may be more therapeutically beneficial than stand-alone intravesical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery/Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom. SDovedi@PICR.man.ac.uk
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Dovedi
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: Barry R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Hing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000628:therapy*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib; D015232:Dinoprostone