title: Prospective, randomized trial of metal-on-metal artificial lumbar disc replacement: initial results for treatment of discogenic pain.
abstract: METHODS
  This study presents data on 67 patients from 2 study sites involved in the multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled investigational device exemption study of FlexiCore artificial disc replacement versus fusion with a 2-year follow-up.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the outcomes achieved with the FlexiCore disc replacement versus standard circumferential fusion for the treatment of discogenic pain due to single level degenerative disc disease (DDD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The FlexiCore Intervertebral Disc (Stryker Spine, Allendale, NJ) is a metal-on-metal artificial lumbar disc replacement device currently being studied for the treatment of DDD under an investigational device exemption protocol approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Artificial disc replacement in the spine is designed to preserve motion at the intervertebral segment and subsequently reduce adjacent segment degeneration. This is the first study to compare a metal-on-metal artificial lumbar disc replacement with circumferential fusion. Here we report the 2-year follow-up results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients were treated with the FlexiCore and 23 patients were treated with fusion. The FlexiCore treatment group consisted of 23 men and 21 women, with an average age of 36 and an average body mass index of 28. Thirty-two of the FlexiCore surgeries were performed at L5-S1, and 12 were performed at L4-L5. The control treatment group consisted of 10 men and 13 women, with an average age of 41 and an average body mass index of 28. Seventeen of the control surgeries were performed at L5-S1, 5 were performed at L4-L5, and 1 was a 2-level fusion performed at L4-L5 and L5-S1. Prospective data were collected before surgery and after surgery at 6 weeks, and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Disability and pain were assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index and the Visual Analog Scale. Range of motion was determined by independent radiologic assessment of flexion/extension and lateral bending radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean Oswestry Disability Index scores were 62 (FlexiCore) and 58 (control) before surgery, 36 (FlexiCore) and 50 (control) at 6 weeks, and 6 (FlexiCore) and 12 (control) at 2 years. The mean Visual Analog Scale scores were 86 (FlexiCore) and 82 (control) before surgery, 32 (FlexiCore) and 43 (control) at 6 weeks, and 16 (FlexiCore) and 20 (control) at 2 years. The FlexiCore group's angular rotation averaged 2.8 degrees before surgery and 3.8 degrees at 6 weeks after surgery. The group's lateral bending averaged 4.7 degrees before surgery and 4.2 degrees at 6 weeks after surgery. The average operative time (skin to skin) was 82 minutes for the FlexiCore group versus 179 minutes for the control group (P < 0.001). The average estimated blood loss was 97 mL for the FlexiCore group versus 179 mL for the control group (P < 0.02). The average hospital stay was 2 days for the FlexiCore group versus 3 days for the control group (P < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These initial results from 2 study sites demonstrate that the FlexiCore compares very favorably to circumferential fusion for the treatment of lumbar DDD unresponsive to conservative treatment. These results are not intended to represent the overall study results.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana Spine Group, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA. rsasso@indianaspinegroup.com
authors.forename: Rick C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sasso
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Foulk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007902:Length of Stay; D017116:Low Back Pain; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome