title: Levosimendan: a novel agent in heart failure.
abstract: Heart failure is characterised by decreased cardiac output, which results in the development of both peripheral hypoperfusion and pulmonary congestion and can lead to the development of acute pulmonary edema. The primary objective in treating a patient with decompensated heart failure is hemodynamic stabilization, which is usually achieved by inotropic support. Classic inotropic agents provide short-term hemodynamic improvement, but their use has been correlated with poor prognosis. Levosimendan, a new calcium sensitizer, offers hemodynamic and symptomatic improvement without increasing cAMP and intracellular calcium concentrations. This agent improves contractility without increasing the risk of cardiac events such as arrhythmias. By combining a positive inotropic action mediated via calcium sensitization and a vasodilatory effect via ATP-dependent potassium channels, it appears to be superior than classic positive inotropic agents. Furthermore, it seems to have prolonged benefit in heart failure patients, and it also has anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. In conclusion, levosimendan seems to be a particularly promising agent for the treatment of decompensated heart failure, as in addition to improving cardiac output, it has a more favorable side-effect profile than classic inotropic agents, and it affects multiple pathways with key role in the pathophysiology of heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Athens University Medical School, A Cardiology Department, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koumallos
authors.forename: Charalambos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antoniades
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tousoulis
authors.forename: Cheerag
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shirodaria
authors.forename: Christodoulos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077464:Simendan; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D006835:Hydrazones; D011724:Pyridazines; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000077464:Simendan