title: The neuroprotective effects of xenon and helium in an in vitro model of traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The "inert" gas xenon has been shown to be an effective neuroprotectant in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of neuronal injury. We examined its neuroprotective properties in an in vitro model of traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Organotypic hippocampal brain slices from mice pups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cultured brain slices were subjected to a focal mechanical trauma, and injury was monitored in the presence and absence of inert gases at normal and elevated pressures and under both normothermic and hypothermic conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuronal injury was quantified using propidium iodide, which becomes fluorescent only when it enters injured cells. Low pressures of both helium and xenon were effective neuroprotectants when applied in addition to 1 atm of air. Moreover, both gases were effective at normal pressures when they replaced nitrogen in a gas mixture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inert gases helium and xenon are effective neuroprotectants in a model for traumatic brain injury, and this novel treatment warrants further investigation. Xenon was particularly effective at reducing the secondary injury that developed following the initial trauma and could be administered at least 3 hrs postinjury with only a small reduction in efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Biophysics Section, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK. mcoburn@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coburn
authors.forename: Mervyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maze
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Franks
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006371:Helium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014978:Xenon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006371:Helium; D014978:Xenon