title: Release of arachidonic acid induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the presence of caspase inhibition: evidence for a cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha-independent pathway.
abstract: Stimulation of L929 cells with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) caused cell death accompanied by a release of arachidonic acid (AA). Although the inhibition of caspases has been shown to cause necrosis in TNFalpha-treated L929 cells, its role in the TNFalpha-induced release of AA has not been elucidated. The release of AA is tightly regulated by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). To find out the mechanisms underlying the TNFalpha-induced release of AA, we investigated the relationship between TNFalpha stimulation and PLA(2) regulation with and without zVAD, an inhibitor of caspases. In the present study, we found that treatment with TNFalpha and zVAD stimulated release of AA and cell death in C12 cells (a variant of L929 cells lacking alpha type of cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)alpha)). Stimulation with TNFalpha/zVAD also caused the release of AA from L929-cPLA(2)alpha-siRNA cells. Treatment with pyrrophenone (a selective inhibitor of cPLA(2)alpha) completely inhibited the TNFalpha-induced release of AA, but only partially inhibited the TNFalpha/zVAD-induced response in L929 cells. The TNFalpha/zVAD-induced release of AA from C12 and L929-cPLA(2)alpha-siRNA cells was pyrrophenone-insensitive, but inhibited by treatment with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, an antioxidant). Treatment with dithiothreitol, which inactivates secretory PLA(2) activity, decreased the amount of AA released by TNFalpha/zVAD. TNFalpha/zVAD appears to stimulate release of AA from C12 cells in a cPLA(2)alpha-independent, BHA-sensitive manner. The possible roles of secretory PLA(2) and reactive oxygen species from different pools in the release of AA and cell death were discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurosawa
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enomoto
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirabayashi
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okuma
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murayama
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D016923:Cell Death; D002460:Cell Line; D003600:Cytosol; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D064801:Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D034622:RNA Interference; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D000975:Antioxidants; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D016877:Oxidants; D064801:Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C484771:benzyloxycarbonyl-valyl-aspartic acid fluoromethyl ketone; C455981:pyrrophenone; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D054467:Phospholipases A2