title: Maternal 12-month response to antiretroviral therapy following prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV type 1, Ivory Coast, 2003-2006.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to study the response to antiretroviral treatment among women exposed to single-dose nevirapine (NVP) and/or short-course zidovudine (ZDV; with or without lamivudine [3TC]) for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  All HIV type 1-infected women who initiated antiretroviral treatment with stavudine or ZDV, 3TC, and NVP or efavirenz were eligible for the MTCT-Plus program in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Exposed women had received either single-dose NVP alone or short-course ZDV (with or without 3TC) plus single-dose NVP during previous pregnancy. Genotypic resistance testing was performed at week 4 after delivery. Virologic failure was defined as a plasma HIV RNA level >500 copies/mL 12 months after initiation of antiretroviral treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 247 women who received antiretroviral treatment, 109 (44%) were unexposed; 81 had received short-course ZDV with 3TC, as well as single-dose NVP; 5 had received short-course ZDV plus 3TC; 50 had received short-course ZDV plus single-dose NVP; and 2 had received single-dose NVP alone. No ZDV mutation was detected in the 115 women whose specimens were available for genotypic testing; 11 (15.1%) of 73 women with 3TC exposure who were tested after delivery had 3TC resistance mutations. Three (4.3%) of 69 women exposed to short-course ZDV and 3TC plus single-dose NVP and 16 (38.1%) of 42 women exposed to short-course ZDV plus single-dose NVP had NVP resistance mutations. Antiretroviral treatment was initiated a median of 21 months after the intervention to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (median CD4(+) T lymphocyte count, 188 cells/mm(3)). Month 12 virologic failure was identified in 42 (19.2%) of 219 women for whom data were available, and multivariate analysis revealed that it was associated with poor adherence to treatment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 12.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0-53.9), postpartum 3TC resistance mutations (aOR, 6.9; 95% CI, 1.1-42.9), and a baseline CD4(+) T lymphocyte count <200 cells/mm(3) (aOR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8). NVP resistance was not associated with virological failure (aOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.5-6.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study found that poor adherence and 3TC resistance acquired after the intervention to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection were associated with virologic failure in women who initiated antiretroviral treatment.
authors.affiliation: Unité Institut National de Santé et de Rechereche Médicale 593, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Coffie
authors.forename: Didier K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ekouevi
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chaix
authors.forename: Besigin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tonwe-Gold
authors.forename: Amani-Bosse
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Clarisse
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becquet
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Viho
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: N'dri-Yoman
authors.forename: Valériane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.forename: Elaine J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rouzioux
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dabis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D019562:Viral Load; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D019829:Nevirapine