title: Reliability and sensitivity of visual scales versus volumetry for evaluating white matter hyperintensity progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Investigating associations between the change of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and clinical symptoms over time is crucial for establishing a causal relationship. However, the most suitable method for measuring WMH progression has not been established yet. We compared the reliability and sensitivity of cross-sectional and longitudinal visual scales with volumetry for measuring WMH progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty MRI scan pairs (interval 2 years) were included from the Amsterdam center of the LADIS study. Semi-automated volumetry of WMH was performed twice by one rater. Three cross-sectional scales (Fazekas Scale, Age-Related White Matter Changes Scale, Scheltens Scale) and two progression scales (Rotterdam Progression Scale, Schmidt Progression Scale) were scored by 4 and repeated by 2 raters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean WMH volume (24.6 +/- 27.9 ml at baseline) increased by 4.6 +/- 5.1 ml [median volume change (range) = 2.7 (-0.6 to 15.7) ml]. Measuring volumetric change in WMH was reliable (intraobserver:intraclass coefficient = 0.88). All visual scales showed significant change of WMH over time, although the sensitivity was highest for both of the progression scales. Proportional volumetric change of WMH correlated best with the Rotterdam Progression Scale (Spearman's r = 0.80, p < 0.001) and the Schmidt Progression Scale (Spearman's r = 0.64, p < 0.01). Although all scales were reliable for assessment of WMH cross-sectionally, WMH progression assessment using visual scales was less reliable, except for the Rotterdam Progression scale which had moderate to good reliability [weighted Cohen's kappa = 0.63 (intraobserver), 0.59 (interobserver)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To determine change in WMH, dedicated progression scales are more sensitive and/or reliable and correlate better with volumetric volume change than cross-sectional scales.
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer Center, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AA.Gouw@vumc.nl
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gouw
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: van der Flier
authors.forename: E C W
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: van Straaten
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantoni
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bastos-Leite
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzitari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erkinjuntti
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Wahlund
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ryberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors