title: Pharmacogenomics: a tool to prevent and cure coronary heart disease.
abstract: Inflammation and genetics play an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD). This is supported by epidemiological studies which have thoroughly investigated the association between CHD and gene polymorphisms of the inflammatory molecules. Moreover, efforts to find elective therapy have not been rewarding and, despite the increasing appreciation of the role of genetics in CHD and myocardial infarction (MI) pathogenesis, pharmacogenomic approaches to uncover drug target have not been extensively explored. A critical search of published literature has suggested few inflammatory genes directly involved in the risk to develop CHD and MI. The selected genes are, the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), CD14, CCR5, cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs). The associations between candidate gene polymorphisms and CHD/MI are difficult and complex as a consequence of pleiotropy, variations with age, selection due to the lethality of the disease, and interactions with other genes and environmental factors. However, current data indicate that screening for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, TLR4, CCR5, COX and LOX polymorphisms are likely to be a useful tool for CHD and MI risk assessment. What we believe is that dissecting out the influence of genetics polymorphism within the complex pathophysiology of CHD and MI will help to provide a more complete risk assessment and complement known classical cardiological risk factors. The detection of a risk profile will potentially allow both the early identification of individuals susceptible to disease and the possible discovery of potential targets for drug of lifestyle modification.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie, Malattie Cardiovascolari e Nefrourologiche, Università di Palermo, Italy. gcandore@unipa.it
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Candore
authors.forename: Carmela Rita
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Balistreri
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Maria Paola
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: Egle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Incalcaterra
authors.forename: Florinda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Listì
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vasto
authors.forename: Calogero
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caruso
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000235:genetics; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D018579:Patient Selection; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases