title: cin-4, a gene with homology to topoisomerase II, is required for centromere resolution by cohesin removal from sister kinetochores during mitosis.
abstract: The back-to-back geometry of sister kinetochores is essential in preventing loss or damage of chromosomes during mitosis. Kinetochore orientation is generated in part by a process of resolving kinetochores at the centromere (centromere resolution) prior to spindle interactions. Because few of the genes required for centromere resolution are known, we used Caenorhabditis elegans to screen for conditional mutants defective in orienting sister kinetochores during mitosis. C. elegans is ideal for such screens because its chromosomes are holocentric. Here we identified an essential gene, cin-4, required for centromere resolution and for removal of cohesin from sites near sister kinetochores during mitosis. Given that compromised cohesin function restores centromere resolution in the absence of cin-4, CIN-4 likely acts to remove cohesin from the CENP-A chromatin enabling centromere resolution. CIN-4 has a high amino acid identity to the catalytic domain of topoisomerase II, suggesting a partial gene duplication of the C. elegans topoisomerase II gene, top-2. Similar to CIN-4, TOP-2 is also required for centromere resolution; however, the loss of TOP-2 is phenotypically distinct from the loss of CIN-4, suggesting that CIN-4 and TOP-2 are topoisomerase II isoforms that perform separate essential functions in centromere structure and function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stanvitch
authors.forename: Landon L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D043171:Chromosomal Instability; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000378:metabolism*; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020440:Gene Duplication; D017238:Genes, Helminth; D018386:Kinetochores / Q000378:metabolism*; D008938:Mitosis; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D021381:Protein Transport; D034622:RNA Interference; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D000097722:Cohesins
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000097722:Cohesins; C527572:CIN-4 protein, C elegans