Derivation of a triage algorithm for chest radiography of community-acquired pneumonia patients in the emergency department.
BACKGROUND
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) accounts for 1.5 million emergency department (ED) patient visits in the United States each year.


OBJECTIVE
To derive an algorithm for the ED triage setting that facilitates rapid and accurate ordering of chest radiography (CXR) for CAP.


METHODS
The authors conducted an ED-based retrospective matched case-control study using 100 radiographic confirmed CAP cases and 100 radiographic confirmed influenzalike illness (ILI) controls. Sensitivities and specificities of characteristics assessed in the triage setting were measured to discriminate CAP from ILI. The authors then used classification tree analysis to derive an algorithm that maximizes sensitivity and specificity for detecting patients with CAP in the ED triage setting.


RESULTS
Temperature greater than 100.4 degrees F (likelihood ratio = 4.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.04 to 9.45), heart rate greater than 110 beats/minute (likelihood ratio = 3.59, 95% CI = 1.82 to 7.10), and pulse oximetry less than 96% (likelihood ratio = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.32 to 4.20) were the strongest predictors of CAP. However, no single characteristic was adequately sensitive and specific to accurately discriminate CAP from ILI. A three-step algorithm (using optimum cut points for elevated temperature, tachycardia, and hypoxemia on room air pulse oximetry) was derived that is 70.8% sensitive (95% CI = 60.7% to 79.7%) and 79.1% specific (95% CI = 69.3% to 86.9%).


CONCLUSIONS
No single characteristic adequately discriminates CAP from ILI, but a derived clinical algorithm may detect most radiographic confirmed CAP patients in the triage setting. Prospective assessment of this algorithm will be needed to determine its effects on the care of ED patients with suspected pneumonia.
Kyriacou
Demetrios N
DN
Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. dkyriacou@aol.com
Yarnold
Paul R
PR
Soltysik
Robert C
RC
Self
Wesley H
WH
Wunderink
Richard G
RG
Schmitt
Brian P
BP
Parada
Jorge P
JP
Adams
James G
JG
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002641:Chicago; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D016529:Emergency Nursing / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000451:nursing; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods*