title: Cocaine withdrawal symptoms identify "Type B" cocaine-dependent patients.
abstract: Recent studies of substance dependence typologies briefly show that multivariate systems originally developed for identifying subtypes of alcoholics, such as Babor's Type A and B system, may also be valid in abusers of other substances, such as cocaine. Type B patients are characterized by an earlier onset of addiction and more severe symptoms of their addiction, psychopathology, and impulsivity. The Type B classification has also been associated with deficits in serotonergic function. We have found that patients who exhibit more severe cocaine withdrawal symptoms, as measured by scores on the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA), have poor treatment outcome and share many characteristics with "Type B" patients. In this paper, we review baseline characteristics of cocaine-dependent patients from several recently completed outpatient cocaine dependence treatment trials to assess the association of cocaine withdrawal symptom severity and the Type B profile. Identifying subtypes of cocaine-dependent patients may improve our ability to treat cocaine dependence by targeting treatments for specific subtypes of patients. We examined the ability of the CSSA scores to capture Type B characteristics in cocaine dependence by analyzing a series of cocaine medication trials that included 255 cocaine-dependent subjects. High CSSA scores at baseline were associated with a history of violent behavior, a family history of substance abuse, antisocial personality disorder, higher addiction severity, and co-morbid psychiatric diseases. Patients with high CSSA scores are also more likely to meet criteria for Type B (Type II) cocaine dependence. Identifying Type B cocaine-dependent patients may help to develop targeted psychosocial or pharmacological treatments for these difficult-to-treat patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Addictions, Treatment Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. jamshid_ahmadi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jamshid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kampman
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dackis
authors.forename: Thorne
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sparkman
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pettinati
mesh_terms: D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D003042:Cocaine