title: The impact of Type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria on future cardiovascular events in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease from the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whether these two complications are important and independent risk factors for future CVD events in a high-risk population with clinically manifest vascular disease is unknown. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of Type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria on future CVD events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with clinically manifest vascular disease (coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease) from the Second Manifestation of Arterial disease study were followed up for 4 years. Data obtained from 1996-2006 were analysed. At baseline, there were 804 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean age 60 years) and 2983 patients without. Incident CVD (n = 458) was defined as hospital-verified myocardial infarction, stroke, vascular death and the composite of these vascular events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Type 2 diabetes [hazard ratio (HR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16, 1.75] and microalbuminuria (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.49, 2.33) increased the risk of new cardiovascular events in univariate analyses. From multivariable models, presence of diabetes remained significantly and independently related to incident CVD (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.11, 1.80). Presence of microalbuminuria also remained significantly independently related to incident CVD (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.07, 1.77). In diabetes-stratified analyses, the effect of microalbuminuria on CVD risk was observed only in patients with diabetes. In microalbuminuria-stratified analyses, the significant and independent effect of diabetes on CVD risk was shown only in the non-microalbuminuric group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this high-risk population, both microalbuminuria and Type 2 diabetes are important and independent risk factors for future CVD.
authors.affiliation: Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.s.soedamah-muthu@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Soedamah-Muthu
authors.forename: F L J
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Visseren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Algra
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine; D011379:Prognosis; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers