title: Sustained stress response after oxidative stress in trabecular meshwork cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanisms by which chronic oxidative stress may lead to a sustained stress response similar to that previously observed in the trabecular meshwork (TM) of glaucoma donors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine TM cells were treated with 200 microM H2O2 twice a day for four days and were allowed to recover for three additional days. After the treatment, TM cells were analyzed for generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS), mitochondrial potential, activation of NF-kappaB, and the expression of inflammatory markers IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and ELAM-1. Potential sources of iROS were evaluated using inhibitors for nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase, cyclooxygenase, xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase, mitochondrial ROS, and PKC. The role of NF-kappaB activation in the induction of inflammatory markers was evaluated using the inhibitors Lactacystin and BAY11-7082.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic oxidative stress simulated by H2O2 exposure of porcine TM cells resulted in the sustained production of iROS by the mitochondria. Inhibition of mitochondrial iROS had a significant inhibitory effect on the activation of NF-kappaB and the induction of IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and ELAM-1 triggered by chronic oxidative stress. Inhibition of NF-kappaB partially prevented the induction of IL-1alpha, IL-8, and ELAM-1, but not IL-6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic oxidative stress in TM cells induced iROS production in mitochondria. This increase in iROS may contribute to the pathogenesis of the TM in glaucoma by inducing the expression of inflammatory mediators previously observed in glaucoma donors as well as the levels of oxidative damage in the tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Guorong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Coralia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.forename: Paloma B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Liton
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019040:E-Selectin; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007378:Interleukins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide