title: Primary vesicoureteral reflux mediated renal scarring after urinary tract infection in Thai children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and renal scarring in children using 99 m Technetium-labelled dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children attending at Songklanagarind Hospital from 1987 to 2002 were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ages at diagnosis of VUR in 46 boys and 52 girls were 1.1+/-1.6 and 2.9+/-2.5 years, median 0.6 and 2.3 years, respectively (P<0.001). DMSA scans were performed at 4.1+/-3.6 years. Renal parenchymal damage was detected in 34 kidneys (22%) of 154 demonstrated refluxing ureters, and one kidney (2%) of 42 non-refluxing ureters (P=0.002). Of 79 refluxing ureters in boys and 75 refluxing ureters in girls, there were 25 and nine renal scars, respectively (32% and 12%, P=0.003). Renal scars in VUR grades I-V were 11%, 7%, 12%, 44% and 64%, respectively (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that high grade VUR (P<0.001), age of diagnosis of VUR greater than 5 years (P=0.001), and male gender (P=0.002) were the most significant risk factors for renal scarring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-grade VUR, age of diagnosis of VUR greater than 5 years and male gender were the most significant risk factors for renal scarring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand. vprayong@msn.com
authors.forename: Prayong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vachvanichsanong
authors.forename: Pornsak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dissaneewate
authors.forename: Suchitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thongmak
authors.forename: Apiradee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology