title: Bone mineral density in adolescent females using injectable or oral contraceptives: a 24-month prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether bone mineral density (BMD) is lower in hormonal-contraceptive users than in an untreated comparison group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, prospective cohort; 24-month duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescent clinics in a metropolitan Midwestern setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred thirty-three postmenarcheal girls, 12-18 years of age, who were on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA; n = 58), were on oral contraceptives (OCs; n = 187), or were untreated (n = 188).
  
  
  METHODS
  Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and OCs containing 100 microg of levonorgestrel and 20 microg of ethinyl E(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of BMD at spine and femoral neck were obtained by using dual x-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 6-month intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 24 months, mean percentage change in spine BMD was as follows: DMPA, -1.5%; OC, +4.2%; and untreated, +6.3%. Mean percentage change in femoral neck BMD was as follows: DMPA, -5.2%; OC, +3.0%; and untreated, +3.8%. Statistical significance was found between the DMPA group and the other two groups. In the DMPA group, mean percentage change in spine BMD over the first 12 months was -1.4%; the rate of change slowed to -0.1% over the second 12 months. No bone density loss reached the level of osteopenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescent girls receiving DMPA had significant loss in BMD, compared with bone gain in the OC and untreated group. However, the clinical significance of this finding is mitigated by slowed loss after the 1st year of DMPA use and general maintenance of bone density values within the normal range in the DMPA group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA. bcromer@metrohealth.org
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cromer
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bonny
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stager
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lazebnik
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rome
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Camlin-Shingler
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Secic
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000293:Adolescent; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015146:Midwestern United States; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate