The influence of different nutrient levels on insect-induced plant volatiles in Bt and conventional oilseed rape plants.
Transgenic Bt (expressing the cry1Ac endotoxin gene) and conventional oilseed rape plants grown in different soils were used to study nutrient uptake and emission of volatiles after herbivore damage. All plants were greenhouse-grown in soils representing low-, medium- and high-nutrient levels. The concentrations of N, P, K, Mg and Zn were significantly affected by the transgene, while the main effect of soil type appeared in N, P, Ca, Mg, B, Mn and Zn concentrations in the plants. Plants with four to five leaves were infested with the third instar larvae of Bt-susceptible Plutella xylostella for 48 h, and samples of volatiles were collected and analysed. In the first experiment, the soil nutrient level had a significant effect on the emissions of (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, hexyl acetate, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-non-atriene (DMNT), beta-elemene, gamma-bisabolene, alpha-bisabolene and (E)-nerolidol. The induction of these volatiles was significantly higher in infested conventional plants grown at a high-soil nutrient level compared to infested conventional plants at a low-soil nutrient level. In the second experiment, the soil nutrient level had a significant effect on the emissions of (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and beta-elemene and, again, this was significantly higher in infested conventional plants grown at high-soil nutrient levels in comparison with infested plants at a low-soil nutrient level. In both experiments, the transgene effect was significant on the emissions of DMNT and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene. The differences in emissions between the two separate experiments suggest that growth conditions (particularly daylength) and sampling procedure may affect the ratio of compounds detected in the emission blend, even though the response to herbivory, nutrient availability and the transgene were similar.
Ibrahim
M A
MA
Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. mohamed.ibrahim@uku.fi
Stewart-Jones
A
A
Pulkkinen
J
J
Poppy
G M
GM
Holopainen
J K
JK
D000818:Animals; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029688:Brassica napus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005387:Finland; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D006113:United Kingdom
D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D012987:Soil; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis