title: Brain bioenergetics and response to triiodothyronine augmentation in major depressive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low cerebral bioenergetic metabolism has been reported in subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD). Thyroid hormones have been shown to increase brain bioenergetic metabolism. We assessed whether changes in brain bioenergetics measured with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P MRS) correlate with treatment outcome during augmentation treatment with triiodothyronine (T3) in MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen subjects meeting DSM-IV criteria for MDD who had previously failed to respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant drugs received open label and prospective augmentation treatment with T3 for 4 weeks. We obtained (31)P MRS spectra before and after treatment from all MDD subjects and baseline (31)P MRS from nine normal control subjects matched for age and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, depressed subjects had lower intracellular Mg(2+) compared with control subjects. Seven MDD subjects (38.9%) were treatment responders (>or= 50% improvement). Total nucleoside triphosphate (NTP), which primarily represents adenosine triphosphate (ATP), increased significantly in MDD subjects responding to T3 augmentation compared with treatment nonresponders. Phosphocreatine, which has a buffer role for ATP, decreased in treatment responders compared with nonresponders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antidepressant effect of thyroid hormone (T3) augmentation of SSRIs is correlated with significant changes in the brain bioenergetic metabolism. This seems to be a re-normalization of brain bioenergetics in treatment responders. Further studies will determine whether these findings can be generalized to other antidepressant treatments.
authors.affiliation: Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. diosifescu@partners.org
authors.forename: Dan V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Iosifescu
authors.forename: Nicolas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Bolo
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nierenberg
authors.forename: J Eric
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D008274:Magnesium; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D013972:Thyrotropin; D014284:Triiodothyronine