title: Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange reveals the selective use of Gq/G11-dependent and -independent endothelin 1/endothelin type A receptor signaling in pharyngeal arch development.
abstract: The endothelin (Edn) system comprises three ligands (Edn1, Edn2 and Edn3) and their G-protein-coupled type A (Ednra) and type B (Ednrb) receptors. During embryogenesis, the Edn1/Ednra signaling is thought to regulate the dorsoventral axis patterning of pharyngeal arches via Dlx5/Dlx6 upregulation. To further clarify the underlying mechanism, we have established mice in which gene cassettes can be efficiently knocked-in into the Ednra locus using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) based on the Cre-lox system. The first homologous recombination introducing mutant lox-flanked Neo resulted in homeotic transformation of the lower jaw to an upper jaw, as expected. Subsequent RMCE-mediated knock-in of lacZ targeted its expression to the cranial/cardiac neural crest derivatives as well as in mesoderm-derived head mesenchyme. Knock-in of Ednra cDNA resulted in a complete rescue of craniofacial defects of Ednra-null mutants. By contrast, Ednrb cDNA could not rescue them except for the most distal pharyngeal structures. At early stages, the expression of Dlx5, Dlx6 and their downstream genes was downregulated and apoptotic cells distributed distally in the mandible of Ednrb-knock-in embryos. These results, together with similarity in craniofacial defects between Ednrb-knock-in mice and neural-crest-specific Galpha(q)/Galpha(11)-deficient mice, indicate that the dorsoventral axis patterning of pharyngeal arches is regulated by the Ednra-selective, G(q)/G(11)-dependent signaling, while the formation of the distal pharyngeal region is under the control of a G(q)/G(11)-independent signaling, which can be substituted by Ednrb. This RMCE-mediated knock-in system can serve as a useful tool for studies on gene functions in craniofacial development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Rieko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchijima
authors.forename: Dagmara A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dettlaff-Swiercz
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offermanns
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurihara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001934:Branchial Region / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000201:enzymology; D047108:Embryonic Development; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000002:abnormalities; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology; D010641:Phenotype; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044023:Receptor, Endothelin B / Q000378:metabolism; D045522:Recombinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D019332:Endothelin-1; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; D044023:Receptor, Endothelin B; D045522:Recombinases; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11