title: Choanal atresia: embryologic analysis and evolution of treatment, a 30-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Choanal atresia (CA) is a congenital obstruction of the posterior nasal apertures. Multiple surgical techniques have been proposed to repair the atresia. The purpose of this study is to review the basic science and embryology of CA with emphasis on the senior author's extensive experience, and refinement of the treatment of CA. In addition, we will review the outcomes after surgical correction of pediatric patients with CA.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Retrospective review of 73 pediatric patients. Demographic information was recorded, including type of CA, concomitant medical problems, surgical method, and date of last follow-up by the surgeon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our series show a 1.6:1 ratio of unilateral atresia to bilateral atresia. The incidence in males and females is statistically equal. High-arched palate and cross-bite deformities are particularly present if the patients undergo the transpalatal approach in the first year of life. The senior author has evolved to favoring the endoscopic approach, having a minimal long-term complication rate, and low stenosis rate (12%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first repair of choanal atresia is the one most likely to succeed. The nasal endoscopic technique is the favored technique. It has the advantages of a low restenosis rate, does not violate the palate, and does not cause the cross-bite and palate arch deformities seen in the transpalatal technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Arthur_hengerer@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Arthur S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hengerer
authors.forename: Todd M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Brickman
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeyakumar
mesh_terms: D002754:Choanal Atresia / Q000196:embryology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects