title: Cardiovascular risk factors and age-related macular degeneration: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of cardiovascular risk factors and ocular perfusion pressure with early and advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in Latinos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from a population-based sample of self-identified adult Latinos using standardized protocols for assessing blood pressure and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement and stereoscopic macular photography. Hypertension was defined as either a history of hypertension or systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 140 mm Hg +/- diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > or = 85 mm Hg. Ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) was defined as the difference between mean arterial blood pressure and IOP. AMD was diagnosed from photographic grading by masked trained graders. Logistic regression was used to assess associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gradable retinal photographs were available in 5,875 participants. After adjusting for age, gender, and cigarette smoking, higher DBP and uncontrolled diastolic hypertension were associated with exudative AMD (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 2.8; and OR, 3.3; CI, 1.2 to 9.3, respectively). Higher OPP was associated with a decreased risk of geographic atrophy (GA) (OR, 0.4 per 10 mm Hg; CI, 0.3 to 0.5). Low pulse pressure was associated with a lower risk of exudative AMD (OR, 0.2; CI, 0.1 to 0.6). Obesity was associated with increased retinal pigment (OR, 1.6; CI, 1.0 to 2.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that in Latinos cardiovascular risk factors may play a role in advanced AMD. Given that Latinos have a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, an intervention aimed at reducing these risk factors may also have a beneficial impact on the risk of having early and advanced AMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fraser-Bell
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Stanley P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Azen
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Athena W P
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Foong
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varma
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology