title: Novel association of duodenal gastrinoma and atrophic gastritis: case report and literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a patient with a duodenal gastrinoma in a setting of atrophic gastritis and hypergastrinemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present historical features and results of laboratory and genetic evaluation in a woman with duodenal gastrinoma and hypergastrinemia due to atrophic gastritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a 46-year-old woman with a history of stable pituitary microprolactinoma, multiple gastrointestinal symptoms developed and prompted the performance of an esophagogastroduodenoscopy in conjunction with small bowel biopsies. A 2-mm duodenal gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumor was discovered. The tumor stained negative for serotonin and somatostatin and involved the mucosa and submucosa. Immunohistochemical staining of the gastrinoma tissue with a monoclonal antibody to the cholecystokinin-B (gastrin) receptor was negative. The patient's random serum gastrin level was elevated at 990 pg/mL. She had been taking pantoprazole for 4 weeks before that test. After pantoprazole therapy was discontinued, the serum gastrin level remained elevated at 403 pg/mL. There was no family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, and genetic testing for the MEN1 mutation was negative. An upper endoscopy with measurement of gastric pH and performance of gastric biopsies confirmed the presence of chronic atrophic gastritis. This finding was consistent with the patient's persistently elevated serum gastrin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with atrophic gastritis and associated hypergastrinemia are known to have a high frequency of hypergastrinemia-induced gastric carcinoid tumors, some of which are actual gastrinomas or are thought to arise from the G cells of the stomach. Gastrin is a well-recognized growth factor for many tissues. We postulate that hypergastrinemia in this patient might have had a trophic effect on the duodenal G cells and led to gastrinoma development. No gastrin receptors were detected on the gastrinoma cells; however, that result might have been attributable to technical (fixation or antibody) or tumor (dedifferentiation) problems.
authors.affiliation: Divisionof Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Penn State Milton S.Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lendel
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manni
authors.forename: Francesca M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
mesh_terms: D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D004379:Duodenal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015408:Gastrinoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005755:Gastrins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005757:Gastritis, Atrophic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D015175:Prolactinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D005755:Gastrins