title: Social risk and protective factors for African American children's academic achievement and adjustment during the transition to middle school.
abstract: The transition to middle school is often marked by decreased academic achievement and increased emotional stress, and African American children exposed to social risk may be especially vulnerable during this transition. To identify mediators and protective factors, the authors related severity and timing of risk exposure to academic achievement and adjustment between 4th and 6th grade in 74 African American children. Longitudinal analyses indicated that severity more than timing of risk exposure was negatively related to all outcomes and that language skills mediated the pathway from risk for most outcomes. Transition to middle school was related to lower math scores and to more externalizing problems when children experienced higher levels of social risk. Language skills and parenting served as protective factors, whereas expectations of racial discrimination was a vulnerability factor. Results imply that promoting parenting and, especially, language skills, and decreasing expectations of racial discrimination provide pathways to academic success for African American children during the transition from elementary to middle school, especially those exposed to adversity.
authors.affiliation: Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina, Sheryl Mar Building, 521 South Greensboro Street, CB# 8185, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8185, USA. burchinal@unc.edu
authors.forename: Margaret R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Burchinal
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zeisel
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Rowley
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007804:Language Development; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D011287:Prejudice; D011336:Probability; D011822:Race Relations; D012307:Risk Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires