title: Protection and virus shedding of falcons vaccinated against highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H5N1).
abstract: Because fatal infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 have been reported in birds of prey, we sought to determine detailed information about the birds' susceptibility and protection after vaccination. Ten falcons vaccinated with an inactivated influenza virus (H5N2) vaccine seroconverted. We then challenged 5 vaccinated and 5 nonvaccinated falcons with HPAI (H5N1). All vaccinated birds survived; all unvaccinated birds died within 5 days. For the nonvaccinated birds, histopathologic examination showed tissue degeneration and necrosis, immunohistochemical techniques showed influenza virus antigen in affected tissues, and these birds shed high levels of infectious virus from the oropharynx and cloaca. Vaccinated birds showed no influenza virus antigen in tissues and shed virus at lower titers from the oropharynx only. Vaccination could protect these valuable birds and, through reduced virus shedding, reduce risk for transmission to other avian species and humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Poultry Disease, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany. lierz.michael@vetmed.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lierz
authors.forename: Hafez M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klopfleisch
authors.forename: Dörte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lüschow
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prusas
authors.forename: Jens P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Teifke
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rudolf
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grund
authors.forename: Donata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kalthoff
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mettenleiter
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: Timm
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hardert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D053125:Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated