title: Discovery and characterization of novel tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitors that selectively inhibit serotonin synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter with both central and peripheral functions, including the modulation of mood, appetite, hemodynamics, gastrointestinal (GI) sensation, secretion, and motility. Its synthesis is initiated by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). Two isoforms of TPH have been discovered: TPH1, primarily expressed in the enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and TPH2, expressed exclusively in neuronal cells. Mice lacking Tph1 contain little to no 5-HT in the blood and GI tract while maintaining normal levels in the brain. Because GI 5-HT is known to play important roles in normal and pathophysiology, we set out to discover and characterize novel compounds that selectively inhibit biosynthesis of GI 5-HT. Here, we describe two of a series of these inhibitors that are potent for TPH activity both in biochemical and cell-based assays. This class of compounds has unique properties with respect to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects on GI serotonin production. Similar to the Tph1 knockout results, these TPH inhibitors have the ability to selectively reduce 5-HT levels in the murine GI tract without affecting brain 5-HT levels. In addition, administration of these compounds in a ferret model of chemotherapy-induced emesis caused modest reductions of intestinal serotonin levels and a decreased emetic response. These findings suggest that GI-specific TPH inhibitors may provide novel treatments for various gastrointestinal disorders associated with dysregulation of the GI serotonergic system, such as chemotherapy-induced emesis and irritable bowel syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77382, USA. jliu@lexpharma.com
authors.forename: Qingyun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Weimei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Pete
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heydorn
authors.forename: Xiang-Qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zhixiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Wangsheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Brandie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calderon-Gay
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Germann
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brommage
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cullinan
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sands
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zambrowicz
authors.forename: Zhi-Cai
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D005289:Ferrets; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D012701:Serotonin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000172:deficiency; D014839:Vomiting / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D012701:Serotonin; C487801:Tph1 protein, mouse; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase