title: Amantadine enhancement of arousal and cognition after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of amantadine therapy for early arousal and improved cognition in traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1950-August 2007) using the MeSH terms amantadine, brain injuries, cognition, and arousal. PubMed (through August 2007) terms included amantadine, traumatic brain injury, and cerebral injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies of amantadine (used <6 mo after injury) for enhancement of arousal or cognition in patients with TBI were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many cases of TBI are associated with frontal lobe injury. As a dopamine agonist, amantadine is thought to be involved in frontal lobe stimulation. Two case reports, 3 retrospective studies, and 2 randomized, double-blind, controlled trials of amantadine therapy for early arousal in TBI were identified and reviewed. Limitations of the available studies include open design, retrospective design, and heterogeneous brain injury types. Results have been inconsistent between studies, largely due to variability in designs, heterogeneity in patient populations, time following injury, and use of numerous different outcome measures. Despite these limitations, improvements in arousal and cognition, as documented by the Glasgow Coma Scale and other measures, have been observed in patients with TBI when amantadine has been initiated 3 days to 5 months after injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At doses of 200-400 mg/day, amantadine appears to safely improve arousal and cognition in patients with TBI. Additional prospective controlled studies with homogeneous patient populations will better define the role of amantadine for early arousal.
authors.affiliation: Parma Community General Hospital, Parma, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Laurie S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mauro
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ohlinger
mesh_terms: D000547:Amantadine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000547:Amantadine