title: Intravitreal pharmacotherapy: applications in retinal disease.
abstract: Intravitreal pharmacotherapies have been used with increasing frequency in the treatment of retinal disease. Indications for their use include choroidal neovascular membranes, diabetic macular edema, ischemic neovascularization, inflammatory and infectious processes, and neoplasia. Complications of intravitreal therapies include cataract formation, glaucoma, and endophthalmitis. Recent developments of pharmacologic agents administered intravitreally and the new applications of systemic medications in retinal disease present the practitioner with expanded treatment options. Current and emerging data will help guide therapy in order to maximize the benefits and limit the systemic and ocular complications of these new treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Anita G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schadlu
authors.forename: Rajendra S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Apte
mesh_terms: D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000188:drug therapy; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D007267:Injections; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D015861:Retinal Neovascularization / Q000188:drug therapy; D012173:Retinitis / Q000821:virology; D014822:Vitreous Body