title: Reliability and validity of destination-specific barriers to walking and cycling for youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the psychometric properties of a new measure of barriers youth encounter while walking to specific destinations and to validate the measure with self-reported walking to these destinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2005 in Boston, Cincinnati and San Diego, parents of youth (n=289, aged 5-18) and adolescents (n=189, aged 12-18) completed surveys in a two-week test-retest study design. Seventeen items assessed participant agreement with the influence of different barriers to walking or cycling to three types of destinations: 1) parks, 2) shops and restaurants and 3) school. Participants also reported whether or not they walked or cycled to the destinations at least once a week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Principal components analysis identified three barrier subscales labeled 'environmental', 'psychosocial/planning', and 'safety', which were consistent across the three destinations and two respondent groups. Internal consistency for the subscales was good (alphas> .70) and two-week test-retest reliability was moderately high (ICCs .56-.81) for both parents and adolescents for all destinations. Psychosocial and environmental barriers were higher in adolescents who did not walk (p< .003). Parents of younger children reported high environmental barriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three barrier subscales to active commuting to multiple destinations demonstrated good reliability and some initial evidence of validity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Saelens
authors.forename: Nefertiti H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Durant
authors.forename: Sion K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sallis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001107:Architectural Accessibility; D001642:Bicycling; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011594:Psychometrics; D011633:Public Facilities; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012449:Safety; D012574:Schools; D014504:Urban Health; D016138:Walking