title: Stillbirths in Macaca fascicularis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stillbirths in non-human primates are a major problem and represent failure of the maternal-fetal-placental unit to maintain normal relationships because of various endogenous, undetermined or environmental factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 236 stillborns and their dams in a Macaca fascicularis colony during a 7-year period were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 7-year stillbirth incidence was 11.99% (236 stillbirths, 1967 live births). Most (61.02%, n = 144) were of undetermined etiology. Fetal causes included trauma (22.46%, n = 53), fetal pneumonia (0.85%, n = 2) and congenital anomalies (0.42%, n = 1). Maternal causes included dystocia (9.75%, n = 23) and uterine rupture (0.42%, n = 1). Forty-nine placentas were available for histologic evaluation; there was placentitis in five, necrosis in five and placental abruption in two. Most stillbirths occurred close to term. First stillbirths usually occurred in 8- to 12-year-old animals during the first six pregnancies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most stillbirths were of undetermined etiology. Fetal trauma was the most common cause.
authors.affiliation: National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol University, Nakornprathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wacharaporn
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sesbuppha
authors.forename: Surachai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chantip
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Natalia E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Schlabritz-Loutsevitch
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guardado-Mendoza
authors.forename: Stephanie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Patrice A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Gene B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hubbard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D015994:Incidence; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*