title: Recessive hereditary methaemoglobinaemia, type II: delineation of the clinical spectrum.
abstract: Type II recessive hereditary methaemoglobinaemia (RHM) is a rare disease due to generalized NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (cytb5r) deficiency. It results in mild cyanosis and severe neurological impairment. The clinical features and long-term outcome are poorly documented, and there are no systematic reviews. We examined six cases of type II RHM, four of which were new, together with 45 previously published cases, in order to establish the range of phenotypic expression. The clinical picture was very similar in most cases, with severe encephalopathy, microcephaly, generalized dystonia, movement disorders and mild cyanosis. The neurological prognosis was poor; in particular, none of the patients walked or spoke. In addition, the possibility of an atypical and milder phenotype was considered. We concluded that children with unexplained severe encephalopathy associated with generalized dystonia should be examined for cyanosis and have a methaemoglobinaemia assay performed. The diagnosis can be confirmed by very low cytb5r activity in both red and white blood cells. Here we report three novel mutations in the NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase gene. Prenatal diagnosis of this extremely severe disease should be proposed to affected families.
authors.affiliation: Pôle des maladies du système nerveux, Fédération de neurologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ewenczyk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roubergue
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Laugel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afenjar
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Saudubray
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beauvais
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Billette de Villemeur
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidailhet
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roze
mesh_terms: D020739:Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D003490:Cyanosis / Q000209:etiology; D042966:Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase / Q000235:genetics; D004421:Dystonia / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005808:Genes, Recessive; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008708:Methemoglobinemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000209:etiology; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D042966:Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase