title: Structural studies of elongation and release factors.
abstract: The elongation and termination steps of protein synthesis are controlled by elongation and release factors, respectively. Elongation factors deliver the aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomal A site, ensuring the elongation of the nascent polypeptide chain by one amino acid at a time, while release factors recognize the stop codons and trigger the release of the polypeptide from the ribosome. Recently, high-resolution crystal structures of ribosomes as well as translation factors on and off the ribosome have contributed a great deal to our understanding of the molecular basis of protein synthesis. This review concentrates on recent developments in our understanding of the elongation and termination steps of protein synthesis, particularly the roles of translation factors and their similarities and differences in the eukaryotic cytosol and prokaryotic systems, through a combination of structural and biochemical studies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Macromolecular Structure, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D003461:Crystallography; D020963:GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation Factors / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010441:Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational; D010443:Peptide Chain Termination, Translational; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1 / Q000737:chemistry; D020652:Peptide Elongation Factor 2 / Q000737:chemistry; D020653:Peptide Elongation Factor G / Q000737:chemistry; D010444:Peptide Elongation Factor Tu / Q000737:chemistry; D010454:Peptide Termination Factors / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1; D020652:Peptide Elongation Factor 2; D020653:Peptide Elongation Factor G; D010454:Peptide Termination Factors; D020963:GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation Factors; D010444:Peptide Elongation Factor Tu