title: High-mobility group box proteins modulate tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in osteoclastogenesis via a novel deoxyribonucleic acid sequence.
abstract: We have previously shown that mice lacking the TSH receptor (TSHR) exhibit osteoporosis due to enhanced osteoclast formation. The fact that this enhancement is not observed in double-null mice of TSHR and TNFalpha suggests that TNFalpha overexpression in osteoclast progenitors (macrophages) may be involved. It is unknown how TNFalpha expression is regulated in osteoclastogenesis. Here, we describe a receptor activator for nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-responsive sequence (CCG AGA CAG AGG TGT AGG GCC), spanning from -157 to -137 bp of the 5'-flanking region of the TNFalpha gene, which functions as a cis-acting regulatory element. We further show how RANKL treatment stimulates the high-mobility group box proteins (HMGB) HMGB1 and HMGB2 to bind the RANKL-responsive sequence and up-regulates TNFalpha transcription. Exogenous HMGB elicits the expression of cytokines, including TNFalpha, as well as osteoclast formation. Conversely, TSH inhibits the expression of HMGB and TNFalpha and the formation of osteoclasts. These results suggest that HMGB play a pivotal role in osteoclastogenesis. We also show a direct correlation between the expression of HMGB and TNFalpha and osteoclast formation in TSHR-null mice and TNFalpha-null mice. Taken together, we conclude that HMGB and TNFalpha play critical roles in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and the remodeling of bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Kosj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamoah
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brebene
authors.forename: Ramkumarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baliram
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dolios
authors.forename: Ario
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arabi
authors.forename: Rinosha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yanagisawa
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D024002:HMGB Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D024002:HMGB Proteins; D053245:RANK Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004247:DNA