title: A novel cell death pathway that is partially caspase dependent, but morphologically non-apoptotic, elicited by proteasomal inhibition of rat sympathetic neurons.
abstract: Proteasomal dysfunction has been linked to neurodegeneration. Pharmacological proteasomal inhibitors may have pro-survival or pro-death effects in neuronal cells. We have previously found that application of such agents to mouse sympathetic neurons leads to activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. We show here that in rat sympathetic neurons proteasomal inhibition leads to a form of death that is morphologically non-apoptotic, with features of autophagy. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated in a delayed fashion compared with mouse neurons, and is in part responsible for death, as evidenced by the partial protective effects of bcl-xL and the general caspase inhibitor Boc-aspartyl-fluoromethylketone. Death is accompanied by induction of Bim and caspase activation, but caspase 3 activation is lacking; 3-methyl-adenine inhibits macroautophagy, but has a relatively small pro-survival effect. We conclude that a complex array of pro- and anti-apoptotic effects elicited by proteasomal inhibition in rat sympathetic neurons leads to partial engagement of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and a morphologically non-apoptotic, autophagic form of death. The species difference with mouse neurons is underscored by the fact that proteasomal inhibitors are protective against apoptosis elicited by nerve growth factor deprivation in rat, but not mouse, sympathetic neurons. The type of death described herein may be relevant to neurodegenerative diseases, where morphological evidence for apoptosis has been scant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lang-Rollin
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dermentzaki
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vekrellis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xilouri
authors.forename: Hardy J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Rideout
authors.forename: Leonidas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stefanis
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005728:Ganglia, Sympathetic / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; C000606776:Bcl2l11 protein, mouse; C000606778:Bcl2l11 protein, rat; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C025946:3-methyladenine; D020169:Caspases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D000225:Adenine