title: Use of continuous subcutaneous anesthetic infusion in cardiac surgical patients after median sternotomy.
abstract: The use of opioid analgesics to control pain after median sternotomy in cardiac surgical patients is worldwide accepted and established. However, opioids have a wide range of possible side effects, concerning prolonged extubation time, gastrointestinal tract dyskinesia and urinary tract disorders mostly retention. All these may lead to a prolonged ICU stay or overall hospitalization time increase.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a continuous subcutaneous regional anesthetic infusion delivered directly to the sternotomy site would result in decreased levels of postoperative pain and opioid requirements in cardiac surgical patients undergoing median sternotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The continuous subcutaneous infusion (OnQ Painbuster system) was applied in 37 patients. 3 patients were exempted due to prolonged ICU stay. 29 patients underwent CABG, 5 had AVR, 1 MVR and modified Maze, 1 patient had a 3-valve repair due to endocarditis and another one had reconstruction of the left ventricle. Requirements of opioid analgesics were recorded for 96 hours after operation. Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale and the total postoperative hospital length of stay was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postoperative pain was significantly diminished (0 - 3 at VAS). The mean postoperative length of stay was 5,8 days, rather improved compared to the average stay of 6,7 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous subcutaneous infusion of ropivacaine directly at the median sternotomy significantly diminishes postoperative pain and the need for opioid analgesic use. Moreover, it seems to reduce overall postoperative length of stay for all cardiac surgical patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece. iokoukis@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koukis
authors.forename: Mihalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Argiriou
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimakopoulou
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panagiotakopoulos
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Theakos
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charitos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine