title: Pattern of medical waste management: existing scenario in Dhaka City, Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical waste is infectious and hazardous. It poses serious threats to environmental health and requires specific treatment and management prior to its final disposal. The problem is growing with an ever-increasing number of hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic laboratories in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. However, research on this critical issue has been very limited, and there is a serious dearth of information for planning. This paper seeks to document the handling practice of waste (e.g. collection, storage, transportation and disposal) along with the types and amount of wastes generated by Health Care Establishments (HCE). A total of 60 out of the existing 68 HCE in the study areas provided us with relevant information.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methodology for this paper includes empirical field observation and field-level data collection through inventory, questionnaire survey and formal and informal interviews. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect information addressing the generation of different medical wastes according to amount and sources from different HCE. A number of in-depth interviews were arranged to enhance our understanding of previous and existing management practice of medical wastes. A number of specific questions were asked of nurses, hospital managers, doctors, and cleaners to elicit their knowledge. The collected data with the questionnaire survey were analysed, mainly with simple descriptive statistics; while the qualitative mode of analysis is mainly in narrative form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The paper shows that the surveyed HCE generate a total of 5,562 kg/day of wastes, of which about 77.4 per cent are non-hazardous and about 22.6 per cent are hazardous. The average waste generation rate for the surveyed HCE is 1.9 kg/bed/day or 0.5 kg/patient/day. The study reveals that there is no proper, systematic management of medical waste except in a few private HCE that segregate their infectious wastes. Some cleaners were found to salvage used sharps, saline bags, blood bags and test tubes for resale or reuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper reveals that lack of awareness, appropriate policy and laws, and willingness are responsible for the improper management of medical waste in Dhaka City. The paper also shows that a newly designed medical waste management system currently serves a limited number of HCE. New facilities should be established for the complete management of medical waste in Dhaka City.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. manzurulh@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M Manzurul
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Shafiul Azam
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: K Anisur
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Tarit Kanti
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Biswas
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D003625:Data Collection; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058016:Health Facility Administration; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006256:Hazardous Waste; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal