Hereditary angioedema: a current state-of-the-art review, II: historical perspective of non-histamine-induced angioedema.
OBJECTIVE
To review the evolution of our understanding of hereditary angioedema (HAE) from the first historical reference to the present day.


METHODS
MEDLINE and PubMed were searched using the following keywords: history of HAE, C1 inhibitor, complements system, genetics of HAE, mechanisms of HAE, and treatment of HAE.


METHODS
Information was selected that outlines the advances made in complementology, the first report of HAE, and subsequent studies that elucidated the underlying mechanisms of this disease, leading to current therapy of this orphan disease.


RESULTS
Generational research efforts in HAE have focused on the following: (1) several new clinical presentations, (2) acquired forms of non-histamine-induced angioedema, (3) the genetic basis for the inherited forms, (4) the effects of C1 inhibitor on contact phases of coagulation-fibrinolytic pathways, and (5) various therapies for short- and long-term control of the disease.


CONCLUSIONS
The progress made in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of HAE is an excellent example of the "bench to the bedside" paradigm involving the collaboration between clinicians and researchers.
Bernstein
I Leonard
IL
Allergy Section, Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0563, USA. i.leonard.bernstein@uc.edu
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054179:Angioedemas, Hereditary / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D000818:Animals; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003175:Complement C2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003613:Danazol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015956:Factor XIIa; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012106:Research / Q000639:trends*
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins; D003175:Complement C2; D010455:Peptides; C065679:icatibant; D007610:Kallikreins; D015956:Factor XIIa; D003613:Danazol; D001920:Bradykinin