title: Effect of daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of tinnitus: comparison of different stimulus frequencies.
abstract: We compared the effect of different frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) (1 Hz, 10 Hz, 25 Hz and sham (occipital, 1 Hz)), given daily over the left temporoparietal cortex for 2 weeks, on 66 patients with chronic tinnitus randomly divided into four treatment groups. Patients were assessed using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, self-ratings of symptoms and audiometric measures of residual inhibition before, immediately after 2 weeks' treatment and monthly thereafter for 4 consecutive months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in basal measures between the four groups of patients. A two-factor ANOVA revealed a significant "rTMS" x "time" interaction for all measures. This was because real rTMS produced greater improvement than sham. However, there was no significant difference between the responses to different frequencies of rTMS. The response to rTMS depended on the duration of tinnitus: patients who had tinnitus for the longest period of time were the least likely to respond to treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily sessions of rTMS over the temporoparietal cortex may be a useful potential treatment for tinnitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut 71511, Egypt. emankhedr99@yahoo.com
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Khedr
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Atar
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D000328:Adult; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D012022:Reflex, Acoustic / Q000502:physiology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome