title: Preference-based quality of life of patients on renal replacement therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various utility measures have been used to assess preference-based quality of life of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The purposes of this study were to summarize the literature on utilities of hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD), and renal transplantation (RTx) patients, to compare utilities between these patient groups, and to obtain estimates for quality-of-life adjustment in economic analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the English literature for studies that reported visual analog scale (VAS), time trade-off (TTO), standard gamble (SG), EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), and health utilities index (HUI) values of ESRD patients. We extracted patient characteristics and utilities and calculated mean utilities and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for categories defined by utility measure and treatment modality using random-effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 27 articles that met the inclusion criteria. VAS articles were too heterogeneous to summarize quantitatively and we found only one study reporting HUI values. Thus, we summarized utilities from TTO, SG, and EQ-5D studies. Mean TTO and EQ-5D-index values were lower for dialysis compared to RTx patients, though not statistically significant for TTO values (TTO values: HD 0.61, 95% CI 0.54-0.68; PD 0.73, 95% CI 0.61-0.85; RTx 0.78, 95% CI 0.63-0.93; EQ-5D-index values: HD 0.56, 95% CI 0.49-0.62; PD 0.58, 95% CI 0.50-0.67; RTx 0.81, 95% CI 0.72-0.90). Mean HD versus PD associated TTO, EQ-5D-index and EQ-VAS values were not statistically significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RTx patients tended to have a higher utility than dialysis patients. Among HD and PD patients, there were no statistically significant differences in utility.
authors.affiliation: Assessment of Radiological Technology Program (ART Program), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ylian S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: Johanna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: M G Myriam
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hunink
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*