title: Spinal cord is required for proper regeneration of the tail in Xenopus tadpoles.
abstract: Tail regeneration in urodeles is dependent on the spinal cord (SC), but it is believed that anuran larvae regenerate normal tails without the SC. To evaluate the precise role of the SC in anuran tail regeneration, we developed a simple operation method to ablate the SC completely and minimize the damage to the tadpole using Xenopus laevis. The SC-ablated tadpole regenerated a twisted and smaller tail. These morphological abnormalities were attributed to defects in the notochord (NC), as the regenerated NC in the SC-ablated tail was short, slim and twisted. The SC ablation never affected the early steps of the regeneration, including closure of the amputated surface with epidermis and accumulation of the NC precursor cells. The proliferation rate of the NC precursor cells, however, was reduced, and NC cell maturation was retarded in the SC-ablated tail. These results show that the SC has an essential role in the normal tail regeneration of Xenopus larvae, especially in the proliferation and differentiation of the NC cells. Gene expression analysis and implantation of a bead soaked with growth factor showed that fibroblast growth factor-2 and -10 were involved in the signaling molecules, which were expressed in the SC and stimulated growth of the NC cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Akou, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tazaki
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mochii
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007814:Larva; D009672:Notochord / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D012038:Regeneration; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013623:Tail / Q000502:physiology*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors