title: Influence of age and gender on cytokine expression in a murine model of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The neuroinflammatory reaction has been linked with Parkinson's disease. One of the hypotheses to explain the significance of age and gender (male predominance) effects on neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease may result from a link between these risk factors and the inflammatory processes. Here, we investigated the expression of inflammatory mediators in relation to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine (MPTP)-induced neurodegenerative processes in nigrostriatal pathway in young and aged male and female mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We simultaneously assessed striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein concentrations (Western blotting) and cytokine (TNFalpha, IFNgamma, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TGFbeta(1)) mRNA levels (RT-PCR) in young and aged (2- and 12-month-old) C57BL/6 male and female mice after 6 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 days after MPTP intoxication. Western blotting analysis showed that at the early time points, males showed a greater reduction in striatal TH versus females. Additionally, in contrast to the aged mice, in young males and females the TH concentration gradually increased between the 7th and the 21st day after intoxication. The increases in TNFalpha, IL-1beta and IFNgamma after intoxication were faster in both young and aged males than females. In males (both ages), we observed an increase in TGFbeta(1) at the early time points. In contrast, in females (both ages) TGFbeta(1) was elevated at later time points. MPTP caused an increase in IL-6 in males and females, but this increase was significantly higher in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A gender and age skewing of the cytokine gene expression in the striatum after intoxication may be related to the greater susceptibility in males as well as older animals to the detrimental effects of MPTP.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland. ciesiel@ipin.edu.pl
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciesielska
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Joniec
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kurkowska-Jastrzebska
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Przybyłkowski
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gromadzka
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Członkowska
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Członkowski
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D004298:Dopamine