title: Synergistic effect of a novel antiandrogen, VN/124-1, and signal transduction inhibitors in prostate cancer progression to hormone independence in vitro.
abstract: This study was carried out to determine the mechanisms associated with loss of androgen dependency and disease progression in prostate cancer. We investigated the role of the androgen receptor and its relationship to other signal transduction proteins. A hormone-refractory prostate cancer cell line [high-passage LNCaP (HP-LNCaP)] was established in vitro. Cells were treated with inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin and tyrosine kinase receptors. Expression of these proteins and the androgen receptor were measured by Western immunoblotting. Analysis of the model and various treatments was also assessed through proliferation assays, luciferase activation assays, binding assays, and ELISA. Our novel antiandrogen, VN/124-1, effectively inhibited proliferation of hormone-resistant prostate cancer cell lines (HP-LNCaP), which were no longer sensitive to bicalutamide and had increased expression of the androgen receptor. Treatment with everolimus or gefitinib resulted in an increase in protein expression and activation of the androgen receptor. Conversely, inhibition of the androgen receptor resulted in increased expression of IGFR1beta, pHER2, pmTOR, and pAkt. The addition of bicalutamide to everolimus or gefitinib inhibited cell proliferation in HP-LNCaP cells. However, the addition of VN/124-1 has proven to be superior to bicalutamide, and the combination was synergistic (P<0.05) compared with either agent alone. This study suggests that compensatory cross-talk between the androgen receptor and various signaling pathways may account for decreased sensitivity to androgen receptor antagonists and the progression to hormone-resistant prostate cancer. Furthermore, these findings suggest that inhibition of both pathways may provide effective control in hormone-resistant prostate cancer and restore sensitivity to androgen antagonists in hormone-refractory patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Health Science Facility I, Room 580G, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schayowitz
authors.forename: Gauri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sabnis
authors.forename: Vincent C O
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Njar
authors.forename: Angela M H
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brodie
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018450:Disease Progression; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D000730:Androstadienes; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; C500627:3-hydroxy-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene