title: Disease control rate at 8 weeks predicts clinical benefit in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results from Southwest Oncology Group randomized trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor shrinkage categorized as complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) is a fundamental efficacy measure for new cancer treatments and often considered a surrogate for overall survival. However, for any given treatment, many more patients typically achieve stable disease (SD) or have progressive disease (PD) than achieve response. We hypothesized that PD (or its converse, disease control rate [DCR], consisting of CR, PR, SD) is a stronger predictor of survival than response alone in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and that this determination might be assessable early on during therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 984 NSCLC patients entered onto three randomized Southwest Oncology Group trials of platinum-based chemotherapy were pooled and subjected to Landmark survival analysis. Patients were categorized according to proportions alive at weeks 8, 14, and 20 after registration, as well as response status. Elements were fitted into a Cox proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor response (CR, PR) was seen in 260 patients (27%). Median time to response, time to progression, and survival time were 2.0, 4.3 and 8.9 months, respectively. Median survival times among patients with CR/PR, SD, or PD were 13.5, 8.4, and 3.1 months, respectively. Of 892 patients alive at week 8, DCR was 62%. Although CR/PR at week 8 was associated with longer survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.61; P < .001), DCR was superior in predicting survival (HR = 0.45; P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DCR at week 8 is a more powerful predictor of subsequent survival than is the traditional tumor response rate in advanced NSCLC and provides an early assessment of subsequent outcome.
authors.affiliation: University of California Davis Cancer Center, 4501 X St, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. primo.lara@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Primo N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Mary W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Redman
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gandara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D035061:Control Groups; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome