title: Comparison of 4% articaine and 0.5% levobupivacaine/2% lidocaine mixture for sub-Tenon's anaesthesia in phacoemulsification cataract surgery: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  [corrected] The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of 4% articaine with a mixture containing equal volumes of 2% lidocaine and 0.5% levobupivacaine without hyaluronidase for sub-Tenon's anaesthesia in phacoemulsification cataract surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a prospective, randomised double-masked clinical trial of 65 patients allocated to receive either 4% articaine or a mixture containing equal parts of 2% lidocaine and 0.5% levobupivacaine. All patients had pre- and postoperative Hess charting to document ocular motility dysfunction. Ocular and eyelid movements were scored at 2 min intervals from 2 to 10 min after injection of the anaesthetic agent, and at the end of surgery. Complications related to injection, including pain, chemosis and subconjunctival haemorrhage, were recorded. Patients rated pain (none/mild/moderate/severe) during surgery. The operating surgeon masked to the anaesthetic agent assessed proptosis/chemosis at the start of the operation and the degree of ocular akinesia and analgesia at the end of surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The articaine group demonstrated a rapid onset of ocular akinesia with a mean time to readiness for surgery (achieving a score of </=5) of 4.0 min compared with 10 min for the lidocaine/levobupivacaine group (p = 0.001). The effectiveness of block was significantly greater in the articaine group at all points (p<0.01). Surgeons rated ocular akinesia to be superior in the articaine group (p<0.001). Patients and surgeons rated the analgesic effect as comparable in either group. Eyelid scores, subconjunctival haemorrhage and chemosis were comparable in either group. Hess chart was performed on all patients pre- and postoperatively. There was no clinically significant motility disturbance in the articaine group, whereas one patient in the lidocaine/levobupivacaine group developed diplopia with abnormal ocular motility on the Hess chart.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Articaine (4%) is a safer and a superior anaesthetic agent than a mixture of 2% lidocaine and 0.5% levobupicaine in achieving ocular akinesia for sub-Tenon's block in phacoemulsification cataract surgery.
authors.affiliation: Royal Eye Infirmary, Apsley Road, Plymouth PL4 6LP, UK. Vasant317@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murjaneh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sturrock
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002355:Carticaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D018918:Phacoemulsification; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002355:Carticaine; D002045:Bupivacaine