title: Differential induction of heme oxygenase-1 against nicotine-induced cytotoxicity via the PI3K, MAPK, and NF-kappa B pathways in immortalized and malignant human oral keratinocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) exhibits cytoprotective effects in many different cell types and is induced by nicotine exposure in human gingival fibroblasts. However, the role of HO-1 in cancer cells exposed to nicotine has not previously been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effects of nicotine on HO-1 protein expression and cell viability in immortalized (IHOK) and malignant (HN12) human oral keratinocyte cells using the 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and Western blotting. We also examined the involvement of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathways in nicotine-induced cytotoxicity and HO-1 levels in IHOK and HN12 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine-induced HO-1 production and had cytotoxic effects on cells in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Nicotine-induced cytotoxicity and accumulation of HO-1 were greater in IHOK cells than in HN12 cells. Molecular inhibitors of the ERK, p38 MAP kinase, PI3 K, and NF-kappaB signaling pathways blocked the cytotoxic effects and induction of HO-1 expression by nicotine. Treatment with antioxidants (bilirubin, N-acetylcysteine) protected cells against nicotine-induced cytotoxicity and blocked the upregulation of HO-1, the effects of which were more pronounced in IHOK cells than in HN12 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these results suggest that HO-1 plays a principal role in the protective response to nicotine in oral cancer and immortalized keratinocytes. Moreover, the addition of exogenous antioxidants may help to protect oral epithelial cells as chemopreventive agents against nicotine-induced oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hwa-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung-Ki
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Han-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Sun-Kyung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyung-Ryong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun-Ock
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Pae
authors.forename: Hun-Taeg
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Seung-Heon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Suk-Keun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eun-Cheol
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000502:physiology*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009538:Nicotine; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases