title: Symptom clusters in adults with chronic health problems and cancer as a comorbidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and compare symptom clusters in individuals with chronic health problems with cancer as a comorbidity versus individuals with chronic health problems who do not have cancer as a comorbidity and to explore the effect of symptoms on their quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of data from two studies. Study 1 was an investigation of the efficacy of an intervention to improve medication adherence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Study 2 was an investigation of the efficacy of an intervention for urinary incontinence (UI) in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  School of Nursing at the University of Pittsburgh.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample for study 1 was comprised of 639 adults with RA. The sample for study 2 was comprised of 407 adults with UI. A total of 154 (15%) subjects had a history of cancer, 56 (9%) of the subjects with RA and 98 (25%) of the subjects with UI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of existing comorbidity and symptom data collected from both studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptom clusters, chronic disease, and cancer as a comorbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with chronic health problems who have cancer may not have unique symptom clusters compared to individuals with chronic health problems who do not have cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The symptom clusters experienced by the study participants may be more related to their primary chronic health problems and comorbidities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional studies are needed to examine symptom clusters in cancer survivors. As individuals are living longer with the disease, a comprehensive understanding of the symptom clusters that may be unique to cancer survivors with comorbidities is critical.
authors.affiliation: Associate professors School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. cbe100@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Sandra J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Engberg
authors.forename: Heidi S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Houze
authors.forename: Margaret Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Rosenzweig
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mallory
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunbar-Jacob
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sereika
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D017741:Survivors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology