title: Intravertebral pressure during vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty: an in vitro study.
abstract: METHODS
  Intravertebral pressure (IP) measurements were conducted on human cadaveric lumbar spines in a biomechanical study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the pressure that is generated in the center of the vertebral body during the cement fill in vertebroplasty (VP) and balloon kyphoplasty (BKP).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  High IP during polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) injection have frequently been raised as a reason for the higher cement leakage rate during VP in contrast to BKP. The IP recorded in the periphery of the vertebral body is much lower than the injection syringe pressure. The pressure ratios in the central region of the vertebrae close to the injection cannula are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  VP and BKP were performed in 8 lumbar cadaveric spines. A pressure sensor was placed in the center of the vertebral body. In the VP subgroup a total volume of 6 mL of polymethylmethacrylate cement was delivered in 1.5 mL increments. In the BKP subgroup balloon dilation up to a volume of 4 mL was made before cement injection of 6 mL (1.5 mL increments). Room temperature, cement mixing time, and constant volume flow during cement injection were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the administration of the first 1.5 mL of bone cement the average IP for VP was 18.5 versus 1.2 kPa for BKP. For the second filling an average pressure of 34.9 kPa (VP) and 3.4 kPa (BKP) was recorded. The average IP during the third injection was 53.0 kPa (VP) and 14.8 kPa (BKP). The pressure of the last 1.5 mL averaged in 56.6 kPa (VP) and 25.5 kPa (BKP).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IP measured during cement augmentation in cadaveric spines was lower in BKP than in VP. In the BKP group a relative increase of the IP was registered at the end state of cement delivery when the cavity was overfilled.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic and Spine Surgery, Orthopädisches Fachkrankenhaus Schwarzach, Schwarzach, Germany. markus.weisskopf@klinik-schwarzach.de
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weisskopf
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weikopf
authors.forename: Jörg Axel Klaus
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ohnsorge
authors.forename: Fritz Uwe
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Niethard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002102:Cadaver; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D011859:Radiography; D054854:Vertebroplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements