title: In my car the brake is on the right: pedal errors among older drivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess to what extent specific cognitive functions contribute to pedal errors among older drivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  180 subjects aged 65 and older completed a 30 min driving evaluation on a simulator as well as three cognitive tests, the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), the Clock Drawing Test, and Trailmaking Part A and B. Analyses based on logistic regressions were performed using age, gender, MMSE, Trailmaking Part A and B, and Clock Drawing Test as independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that Clock Drawing is the best predictor of pedal errors (odds ratio=10.04, p<.0001, 95% CI: 3.80, 26.63) followed by age > or =84 (odds ratio 6.10, p<.05, 95% CI: 1.77, 21.03). In contrast, Trailmaking Part A and B, gender, and the MMSE were not significantly related to pedal errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Executive dysfunction may be an important contributor to pedal errors and thus unsafe driving. Practitioners may wish to consider measures of executive function when evaluating patients for driving safety.
authors.affiliation: The Glennan Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA. freundbm@evms.edu
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: Leighanna A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Colgrove
authors.forename: Davithoula
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petrakos
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors