title: Bartholow, Sciamanna, Alberti: pioneers in the electrical stimulation of the exposed human cerebral cortex.
abstract: Although the past 25 years have witnessed increasing interest in human brain stimulation, its historical development is marked by phases of fascination and obscurity. Its history dates back to the 19th century when the first reports describing application of an electric current to an isolated point on the exposed brain made brain stimulation a major neuroscientific novelty of the time. In this article, the authors present and discuss a number of early experiments involving electrical stimulation of the exposed human brain. In this important, albeit unexplored, historical chapter of brain stimulation, the 3 investigators, Bartholow, Sciamanna, and Alberti, were the first to reproduce findings in animals with electrical brain stimulation in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Science at the University of Milan, Milano, Italy. stefano.zago@unimi.it
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zago
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Priori
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009482:Neurophysiology / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D033281:Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation / Q000941:ethics / Q000266:history