title: Combination of the electrocardiographic strain pattern and albuminuria for the prediction of new-onset heart failure in hypertensive patients: the LIFE study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although albuminuria and the electrocardiographic (ECG) strain pattern each predict development of heart failure (HF), whether combining albuminuria and strain improves prediction of new HF is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relation of ECG strain and albuminuria to new-onset HF was examined in 7,786 hypertensive patients with no history of HF, who were randomly assigned to treatment with losartan or atenolol. Albuminuria was defined by a urine albumin/creatinine ratio >30.94 mg/g.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 4.7 +/- 1.1 years, new-onset HF occurred in 231 patients (3.0%). Five-year HF rate was highest when both strain and albuminuria were present (10.4%), intermediate when only ECG strain (8.0%) or albuminuria (4.9%) was present, and lowest when neither strain nor albuminuria was present at baseline (1.8%, P < 0.0001). In Cox multivariable analyses, controlling for HF risk factors, treatment assignment and baseline severity of ECG left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by both Sokolow-Lyon voltage and Cornell product, ECG strain and albuminuria remained significant predictors of incident HF, with the presence of both strain and albuminuria associated with the highest risk (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.8-4.4) and the presence of only strain (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7-4.0) or albuminuria (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5-2.8) with intermediate risk of new HF compared with the absence of both strain and albuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of albuminuria and ECG strain identifies hypertensive patients at an increased risk of developing HF in the setting of aggressive blood pressure lowering, independent of treatment modality and of other risk factors for HF.
authors.affiliation: Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA. pokin@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Okin
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wachtell
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Devereux
authors.forename: Markku S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.forename: Lasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oikarinen
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitasalo
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toivonen
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ibsen
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borch-Johnsen
authors.forename: Lars H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: Sverre E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kjeldsen
authors.forename: Stevo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Julius
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dahlöf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001262:Atenolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D019808:Losartan / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001262:Atenolol; D019808:Losartan