title: The schedule and duration of intravesical chemotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review of the published results of randomized clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intravesical chemotherapy has been studied in randomized clinical trials for >30 yr; however, the optimal schedule and duration of treatment are unknown. The objective is to determine the effect of schedule and duration of intravesical chemotherapy on recurrence in patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was conducted of the published results of randomized clinical trials that compared intravesical instillations with respect to their number, frequency, timing, duration, dose, or dose intensity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One immediate instillation after transurethral resection (TUR) is recommended in all patients. In low-risk patients, no further treatment is recommended before recurrence. In patients with multiple tumors, one immediate instillation is insufficient treatment. Additional instillations may further reduce the recurrence rate; however, no recommendations can be made concerning their optimal duration. A short intensive schedule of instillations within the first 3-4 mo after an immediate instillation may be as effective as longer-term treatment schedules (grade C). Instillations during > or =1 yr in intermediate-risk patients seem advisable only when an immediate instillation has not been given (grade C). Higher drug concentrations and optimization of the drug's concentration in the bladder may provide better results (grade C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal schedule and duration of intravesical chemotherapy after an immediate instillation remain unknown. Future studies should focus on the eradication of residual disease after TUR and the prevention of late recurrences.
authors.affiliation: EORTC Data Center, Brussels, Belgium. richard.sylvester@eortc.be <richard.sylvester@eortc.be>
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sylvester
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oosterlinck
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents