title: Treatment of neck pain: noninvasive interventions: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders.
abstract: METHODS
  Best evidence synthesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify, critically appraise, and synthesize literature from 1980 through 2006 on noninvasive interventions for neck pain and its associated disorders.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No comprehensive systematic literature reviews have been published on interventions for neck pain and its associated disorders in the past decade.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically searched Medline and screened for relevance literature published from 1980 through 2006 on the use, effectiveness, and safety of noninvasive interventions for neck pain and associated disorders. Consensus decisions were made about the scientific merit of each article; those judged to have adequate internal validity were included in our best evidence synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 359 invasive and noninvasive intervention articles deemed relevant, 170 (47%) were accepted as scientifically admissible, and 139 of these related to noninvasive interventions (including health care utilization, costs, and safety). For whiplash-associated disorders, there is evidence that educational videos, mobilization, and exercises appear more beneficial than usual care or physical modalities. For other neck pain, the evidence suggests that manual and supervised exercise interventions, low-level laser therapy, and perhaps acupuncture are more effective than no treatment, sham, or alternative interventions; however, none of the active treatments was clearly superior to any other in either the short- or long-term. For both whiplash-associated disorders and other neck pain without radicular symptoms, interventions that focused on regaining function as soon as possible are relatively more effective than interventions that do not have such a focus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our best evidence synthesis suggests that therapies involving manual therapy and exercise are more effective than alternative strategies for patients with neck pain; this was also true of therapies which include educational interventions addressing self-efficacy. Future efforts should focus on the study of noninvasive interventions for patients with radicular symptoms and on the design and evaluation of neck pain prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. ehurwitz@aii.edu
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: Eugene J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Carragee
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van der Velde
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nordin
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Peloso
authors.forename: Lena W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Côté
authors.forename: Sheilah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hogg-Johnson
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haldeman
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001915:Braces / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal