title: PPP1R16A, the membrane subunit of protein phosphatase 1beta, signals nuclear translocation of the nuclear receptor constitutive active/androstane receptor.
abstract: Constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR), a member of the nuclear steroid/thyroid hormone receptor family, activates transcription of numerous hepatic genes upon exposure to therapeutic drugs and environmental pollutants. Sequestered in the cytoplasm, this receptor signals xenobiotic exposure, such as phenobarbital (PB), by translocating into the nucleus. Unlike other hormone receptors, translocation can be triggered indirectly without binding to xenobiotics. We have now identified a membrane-associated subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PPP1R16A, or abbreviated as R16A) as a novel CAR-binding protein. When CAR and R16A are coexpressed in mouse liver, CAR translocates into the nucleus. Close association of R16A and CAR molecule on liver membrane was shown by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis using expressed yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-CAR and CFP-R16A fusion proteins. R16A can form dimer through its middle region, where protein kinase A phosphorylation sites are recently identified. Translocation of CAR by R16A correlates with the ability of R16A to form an intermolecular interaction via the middle region. Moreover, this interaction is enhanced by PB treatment in mouse liver. R16A specifically interacted with PP1beta in HepG2 cells despite the highly conserved structure of PP1 family molecules. PP1beta activity was inhibited by R16A in vitro and coexpression of PP1beta in liver can prevent YFP-CAR translocation into mouse liver. Taken together, R16A at the membrane may mediate the PB signal to initiate CAR nuclear translocation, through a mechanism including its dimerization and inhibition of PP1beta activity, providing a novel model for the translocation of nuclear receptors in which direct interaction of ligands and the receptors may not be crucial.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacogenetics section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. sueyoshi@niehs.nih.gov
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sueyoshi
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sugatani
authors.forename: Yonehiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Negishi
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D019281:Dimerization; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D000071636:Protein Phosphatase 2C; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C527693:PPP1R16A protein, mouse; D021122:Protein Subunits; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; C000607467:Ppm1b protein, mouse; D000071636:Protein Phosphatase 2C; D010634:Phenobarbital