title: Presentation of female urethral diverticulum is usually not typical.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptoms or signs of female urethral diverticulum are usually not typical, thereby resulting in delayed or wrong diagnosis. This paper relates to our experience on the diversity of presenting symptoms and signs of female urethral diverticula.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records and conducted telephone interviews of 14 patients with the diagnosis of female urethral diverticulum in our institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean patient age at diagnosis was 47.5 years (range 22-65 years) and the mean duration between symptom presentation and diagnosis was 6.46 years (range 1 month to 30 years). Their presenting symptoms were so diverse that many were initially treated under the diagnosis other than urethral diverticulum. Most patients were treated as uncomplicated urinary tract infection for a long time. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) was so dominant in 2 patients with big diverticula that they were falsely treated with anti-incontinence surgery. Total incontinence happened in 1 patient with genuine SUI and a big urethral diverticulum. One patient with a huge diverticulum, which had a fistula opening into the vagina, presented with day- and night-time incontinence. Some patients even did not have incontinence, but only had dysuria or a painful anterior vaginal wall nodule. Nevertheless, detailed analysis on symptoms and signs usually may suggest urethral diverticulum. We found that recurrent urinary tract infection, urinary incontinence, palpable suburethral mass, vaginal tenderness, and dysuria are the five major presenting symptoms and signs. The diagnostic rate of voiding cystourethrography during video-urodynamics, double-balloon urethrography and MRI were 10/10 (100%), 6/6 (100%) and 10/11 (90.9%) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presenting symptoms and signs of female urethral diverticula are often diverse and easily overlooked. High suspicion of this disorder, detailed history-taking and physical examination are essential for detecting urethral diverticulum in females.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Lung
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Alex T L
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Kuang-Kuo
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004240:Diverticulum / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications; D014563:Urodynamics; D014572:Urology / Q000379:methods*