title: Blunt abdominal trauma: diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced US in children--initial experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively compare the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography (US) with those of contrast material-enhanced US in the depiction of solid organ injuries in children with blunt abdominal trauma, with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) as the reference standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study protocol was approved by the ethics board, and written informed consent was obtained from parents. US, contrast-enhanced US, and contrast-enhanced CT were performed in 27 consecutive children (19 boys, eight girls; mean age, 8.9 years +/- 2.8 [standard deviation]) with blunt abdominal trauma to determine if solid abdominal organ injuries were present. Sensitivity, specificity, agreement, accuracy, number of lesions correctly identified, and positive and negative predictive values were determined for US and contrast-enhanced US, as compared with contrast-enhanced CT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 15 patients, contrast-enhanced CT findings were negative. Contrast-enhanced CT depicted 14 solid organ injuries in 12 patients. Lesions were in the spleen (n = 7), liver (n = 4), right kidney (n = 1), right adrenal gland (n = 1), and pancreas (n = 1). Contrast-enhanced US depicted 13 of the 14 lesions in 12 patients with positive contrast-enhanced CT findings and no lesions in the patients with negative contrast-enhanced CT findings. Unenhanced US depicted free fluid in two of 15 patients with negative contrast-enhanced CT findings and free fluid, parenchymal lesions, or both in eight of 12 patients with positive contrast-enhanced CT findings. Overall, the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced US was better than that of US, as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 92.2%, 100%, 100%, and 93.8%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast-enhanced US was almost as accurate as contrast-enhanced CT in depicting solid organ injuries in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency, Surgery, and Transplants, S. Orsola-Malpighi, University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy. valentino@aosp.bo.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valentino
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavlica
authors.forename: Antonio Maria Morselli
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Labate
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baroncini
authors.forename: Libero
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barozzi
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010743:Phospholipids; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride