title: Caval blood flow during supine exercise in normal and Fontan patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracardiac total cavo-pulmonary connection (TCPC) bypasses the right atrium and has in theory better hemodynamics than intraatrial TCPC repair. Both are thought to have inferior hemodynamics compared with a normal circulation. Direct comparison of flow rates at rest and during exercise with magnetic resonance imaging technique have not been performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 20 children. Six children (median age, 9.3 years; interquartile range, 2.2) had undergone extracardiac TCPC. Eight children (median age, 8.9 years; interquartile range, 5.0) had an intraatrial TCPC, and 6 children (median age, 10.3 years; interquartile range, 2.6) were healthy control subjects. Blood flows in the aorta, inferior vena cava, and superior vena cava were measured at rest and during two levels of submaximal supine bicycle exercise (0.5 W/kg and 1.0 W/kg) using a magnetic resonance imaging scanner mounted with a bicycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate, respiratory rate, inspiratory fraction, and blood flow rates in the aorta and inferior vena cava increased equally in all three groups. If patients were grouped together, flow rates were significantly lower, and the inspiratory flow fraction in the inferior vena cava was significantly higher, than in control subjects. Retrograde flows were observed in all three groups at rest but tapered off with exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At submaximal levels of lower limb exercise, patients with extracardiac as well as intraatrial TCPC showed a similar increase in respiration, heart rate, and aortic and caval flow rates as healthy control subjects. This is in accordance with the observation that many patients with TCPC perform well during daily life activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark. hjortdal@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Vibeke E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Hjortdal
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Signe H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Emmertsen
authors.forename: Erik M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000379:methods*; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D012119:Respiration; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016683:Supine Position; D016896:Treatment Outcome