title: [Influence of changes to daily dose of opioids on aspects of cognitive and psychomotor performance involved in driving].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been shown that long-term treatment with opioids does not necessarily impair driving ability in patients suffering from chronic pain. However, few studies are so far available on how increases in daily opioid dosage affect driving ability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective trial was conducted in patients suffering from chronic noncancer pain, to examine the effects of the daily dose of opioids on psychomotor and cognitive functions. A computerized test system was administered to patients before and 7 days after alteration of their opioid therapy, to determine performance affecting driving ability at each time point. The test design was based on both international and national recommendations for the examination of driving safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Raising the daily dose of opioids and/or changing to an opioid at a higher WHO level had no effect on the functions relevant to driving ability in the group context. Pain intensity and serum concentrations of morphine influenced only few items in the test battery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seven days after an increase in the daily dose of an opioid or after the initiation of opioid therapy there was no general deterioration in patients' driving ability at group level.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Palliativmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Köln, Deutschland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaertner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Elsner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Radbruch
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kolibay
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theisohn
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berghaus
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gerbershagen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dagtekin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sabatowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D009020:Morphine