title: Outcome of transanal endoscopic microsurgery and adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with T2 rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of transanal endoscopic microsurgery for local excision of rectal cancer has recently gained wide acceptance as a valid and safe alternative for the surgical treatment of T1 tumors. The adequacy of such treatment for T2 tumors, however, is still controversial. This study was designed to evaluate our results with local excision of T2 cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with T2 cancer admitted to our hospital between 1995 and 2005 were offered surgery by transanal endoscopic microsurgery if found medically unfit or were unwilling to undergo radical surgery. Patients who were preoperatively staged as T1 tumor but were found to be pathologically T2 also were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, we performed 59 transanal endoscopic microsurgery operations for rectal cancers, of which 21 were for T2 cancers. In 16 (76 percent) of the T2 patients, the tumors were completely removed with clear margins by transanal endoscopic microsurgery and no additional surgery was performed, except for 2 patients who developed radiation-induced complications. Radical surgery was performed in a second operation in five patients because of involved margins and residual disease was found in two. At a median follow-up of three years, all 12 patients who received local excision and radiotherapy remained disease free, whereas a 50 percent recurrence rate was observed in patients who refused adjuvant radiotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study support the feasibility of transanal endoscopic microsurgery for the treatment of selected patients with T2 rectal cancer. The addition of radiotherapy may decrease the rates of early local recurrence. However, at present, this treatment strategy should not be routinely considered for patients who may undergo radical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Colorectal Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. d_duek@rambam.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Simon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Duek
authors.forename: Nidal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.forename: Dan D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Hershko
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Krausz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009666:Nose; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome