title: Assessing the promise of user involvement in health service development: ethnographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand how the policy of user involvement is interpreted in health service organisations and to identify factors that influence how user involvement is put into practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethnographic study using participant observation, interviews, and collection of documentary evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiagency modernisation programme to improve stroke services in two London boroughs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Service users, National Health Service managers, and clinicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  User involvement in the programme was initiated and led by professionals. Professionals determined the areas of service improvement service users could participate in. A wide range of activities were considered "user involvement," from patient satisfaction surveys to service users delivering peer support. Involvement tended to be most active in the least technical areas and areas with least input from clinicians. Factors that might explain this included organisational structure, the vagueness of the concept of user involvement, the value attributed to service users' experiential knowledge, and variations in professional and service user understandings of and commitment to involvement. The gains of involvement were harder to identify in terms of impact on services. More evident were the personal gains for those involved: satisfaction of feeling listened to by professionals, social opportunities of meeting others in a similar situation, and increased knowledge about stroke and services available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  User involvement may not automatically lead to improved service quality. Healthcare professionals and service users understand and practise user involvement in different ways according to individual ideologies, circumstances, and needs. Given the resource implications of undertaking user involvement in service development there is a need for critical debate on the purpose of such involvement as well as better evidence of the benefits claimed for it.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London. nina.fudge@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fudge
authors.forename: Charles D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McKevitt
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D010358:Patient Participation; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy*