title: The 3-O-(3',3'-dimethylsuccinyl) derivative of betulinic acid (DSB) inhibits the assembly of virus-like particles in HIV-1 Gag precursor-expressing cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 3-O-(3',3'-dimethylsuccinyl) derivative of betulinic acid (DSB) blocks HIV-1 maturation by interfering with viral protease (PR) at the capsid (CA)-SP1 cleavage site, a crucial region in HIV-1 morphogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the effect of DSB on the assembly of HIV-1 Gag precursor (Pr55Gag(HIV)) into membrane-enveloped virus-like particles (VLP) in baculovirus-infected cells expressing Pr55Gag(HIV), in a cellular context devoid of viral PR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DSB showed a dose-dependent negative effect on VLP assembly, with an IC50 approximately 10 microM. The DSB inhibitory effect was p6-independent and was also observed for intracellular assembly of non-N-myristoylated Gag core-like particles. HIV-1 VLP assembled in the presence of DSB exhibited a lower stability of their inner cores upon membrane delipidation compared with control VLP, suggesting weaker Gag-Gag interactions. DSB also inhibited the assembly of simian immunodeficiency virus SLVmac251 VLP, although with a twofold lower efficacy (IC50 approximately 20 microM). No detectable inhibitory activity was observed for murine leukaemia virus (MLV) VLP; however, fusion of the SP1-NC-p6 domains from HIV-1 to the matrix (MA)-CA domains from MLV conferred DSB sensitivity to the chimaeric Gag precursor Pr72Gag(MLV-HIV) (IC50 = 30 microM). This observation suggested that the main DSB target on Pr55Gag was the SP1 domain, but the higher degree of DSB resistance for Pr72Gag(MLV-HIV) compared with Pr55Gag(HIV) implied that other upstream Gag region(s) might contribute to DSB reactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sequence alignment and three-dimensional modelling by homology of the CA-SP1-NC junction in HIV-1, SLVmac251 and Pr72Gag(MLV-HIV) suggested that a higher hydrophilic character of the CA region immediately upstream to the HIV-1 CA-SP1 junction, as occurred in Pr72Gag(MLV-HIV), correlated with a lower DSB sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, Université de Lyon I and CNRS FRE-3011, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, 69372 Lyon 08, France.
authors.forename: Sandrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DaFonseca
authors.forename: Armand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blommaert
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coric
authors.forename: Saw See
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouaziz
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boulanger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016367:Baculoviridae / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D018411:Spodoptera; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013386:Succinates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019065:Virus Assembly / Q000187:drug effects*; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011498:Protein Precursors; D013386:Succinates; D014315:Triterpenes; C059767:p55 gag precursor protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; C479935:bevirimat; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes