title: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of incident diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental and epidemiologic studies suggest that calcium and vitamin D may reduce the risk of developing diabetes. We examined the effect of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of drug-treated diabetes in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Women's Health Initiative Calcium/Vitamin D Trial randomly assigned postmenopausal women to receive 1,000 mg elemental calcium plus 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily, or placebo, in a double-blind fashion. Among 33,951 participants without self-reported diabetes at baseline, we ascertained by treatment assignment new diagnoses of diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. Effects of the intervention on fasting measurements of glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance were examined among a subset of participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a median follow-up time of 7 years, 2,291 women were newly diagnosed with diabetes. The hazard ratio for incident diabetes associated with calcium/vitamin D treatment was 1.01 (95% CI 0.94-1.10) based on intention to treat. This null result was robust in subgroup analyses, efficacy analyses accounting for nonadherence, and analyses examining change in laboratory measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium plus vitamin D3 supplementation did not reduce the risk of developing diabetes over 7 years of follow-up in this randomized placebo-controlled trial. Higher doses of vitamin D may be required to affect diabetes risk, and/or associations of calcium and vitamin D intake with improved glucose metabolism observed in nonrandomized studies may be the result of confounding or of other components of foods containing these nutrients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. deboer@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Lesley F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Tinker
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Connelly
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Curb
authors.forename: Barbara V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kestenbaum
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Siscovick
authors.forename: Noel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D044469:Racial Groups; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States; D014807:Vitamin D; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D007328:Insulin; D014807:Vitamin D