title: Insect growth regulator effects of azadirachtin and neem oil on survivorship, development and fecundity of Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its predator, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aphis glycines Matsumura, an invasive insect pest in North American soybeans, is fed upon by a key biological control agent, Harmonia axyridis Pallas. Although biological control is preferentially relied upon to suppress insect pests in organic agriculture, approved insecticides, such as neem, are periodically utilized to reduce damaging pest populations. The authors evaluated direct spray treatments of two neem formulations, azadirachtin and neem seed oil, under controlled conditions for effects on survivorship, development time and fecundity in A. glycines and H. axyridis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both azadirachtin and neem seed oil significantly increased aphid nymphal mortality (80 and 77% respectively) while significantly increasing development time of those surviving to adulthood. First-instar H. axyridis survival to adulthood was also significantly reduced by both neem formulations, while only azadirachtin reduced third-instar survivorship. Azadirachtin increased H. axyridis development time to adult when applied to both instars, while neem oil only increased time to adult when applied to first instar. Neither neem formulation affected the fecundity of either insect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results are discussed within the context of future laboratory and field studies aimed at clarifying if neem-derived insecticides can be effectively integrated with biological control for soybean aphid management in organic soybeans.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Madison Horticulture Dept, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA. kraiss@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kraiss
authors.forename: Eileen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cullen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D005989:Glycerides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D036701:Limonins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005989:Glycerides; D007306:Insecticides; D036701:Limonins; D013729:Terpenes; C002443:neem oil; C010329:azadirachtin