title: The fragile environments of inexpensive CD4+ T-cell enumeration in the least developed countries: strategies for accessible support.
abstract: With the advent of affordable antiretroviral treatment (ART), flow cytometry has ventured out of the exclusive realms of First World research to the resource-strapped clinical environment of developing countries (DCs). Flow cytometric instrumentation for ART has become more cost-efficient, thanks to simplified, yet accurate protocols and smart technologies. These positive developments have, however, not taken shape without problems, as health care in DCs remains weak due to chronic underfunding of their primary health systems. In addition, the multiplicity of donors has created parallel infrastructures that are difficult to manage and may undermine the responsibilities of public services. Hence, there is a prevailing lack of attention to maintenance, support, and human resource development. Not uncommonly, the procurement of high-value equipment is guided by nontechnical interests with mixed results. As conventional service contracts are unpopular, the sustainability of equipment is under serious threat after warranty periods, with environmental factors such as dust and unreliable power supplies being well-known culprits. Reagent supplies and servicing constitute further challenges, where a combination of short reagent shelf life, cold-box shipping, huge distances across poor infrastructures, rigid accounting procedures, and erratic customs requirements cause significant delays and extra costs. Although excellent, highly trained or trainable local staff is available, it is frequently diverted by brain drain from the government sector to privately funded hospitals, research facilities, and overseas postings. Despite these challenges, corporate service management has commonly remained loyal to its roots in the developed world.A number of propositions address the current situation: "Reagent-rental" agreements represent an attractive alternative to service contracts, while smart instrument design has started to make inroads into more robust device concepts. To avoid logistical bottlenecks, reagents call for lyophilization and increased heat stability. Newly designed remote diagnostic tools are expected to save costs on service visits. Furthermore, web-based customer-relationship management and enterprise resource planning software is expected to ease the existing complex communication- and logistics issues. In addition, a public-private partnership is proposed that involves government, manufacturers, and local distributors with field application specialists. The latter operate crossbrand as independent subcontractors to manufacturers under a nationally endorsed cost-capping and quality assurance agreement to service all cytometric devices common in the region. These locally run networks may serve as "templates" for improved laboratory services in general, in collaboration with CD4 counting, haematology and infectious disease diagnostics.
authors.affiliation: SynaLinQ Consulting, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. christoph.larsen@tropmed.org
authors.forename: Christoph H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D032982:Contracts; D019049:Developed Countries; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans