title: Acute toxicity and tissue distributions of malathion in Ambystoma tigrinum.
abstract: The kinetics of the bioaccumulation of malathion (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate) and the biological impact of exposure for tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum, were assessed through exposure to soil surface contaminated with 50 microg/cm(2) or 100 microg/cm(2 )malathion and ingestion of an earthworm exposed to soil contaminated with 200 microg/cm(2) malathion. Malathion and malaoxon burdens in salamanders sampled at different times after exposure(s) were measured by gas chromatography in four tissue/organ subgroups: liver, epaxial muscle, pooled viscera (except the liver and brain), and pooled avisceral carcass (muscle, skin, and bone). The total tiger salamander xenobiotic burdens were calculated from these data. The malathion/malaoxon burden 1 day after exposure was greatest in the avisceral carcass and 2 days after exposure was greatest in the viscera. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors remained less than unity throughout the experiment and did not support the hypothesis of bioaccumulation of malathion in the tiger salamander. Biological impact was assessed with a colorimetric brain cholinesterase microassay. Brain cholinesterase activities in salamanders exposed to malathion-contaminated soil (50 microg/cm(2) or 100 microg/cm(2 )malathion) were suppressed approximately 50-65% and 90%, respectively, compared to unexposed controls. The exposed animals did not exhibit overt clinical signs of malathion toxicosis.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. hlhensonramsey@lcsc.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Henson-Ramsey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kennedy-Stoskopf
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Stoskopf
mesh_terms: D000557:Ambystoma / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001822:Body Burden; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000378:metabolism; D020387:Food Chain; D008294:Malathion / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002802:Cholinesterases; D008294:Malathion