title: Morphine attenuates microvascular hyperpermeability via a protein kinase A-dependent pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recently published study from our laboratory demonstrated that morphine sulfate (MS) attenuates microvascular hyperpermeability after hemorrhagic shock in rats. MS binds to the mu receptors located on the surface of endothelial cells. Activation of the endothelial cell mu receptors has been shown by several investigators to stimulate adenylate cyclase. We hypothesize that MS binding to the mu receptor on endothelial cells increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate via adenylate cyclase activation. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate inhibits the phosphoinositide/MAP kinase hyperpermeability pathway via the protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent inhibition of Raf-1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were conducted in five groups of urethane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats: Group 1--control group, Group 2--a non-receptor-blocking adenylate cyclase inhibitor: SQ22536, at 100 microg/kg (n = 5), Group 3--a PKA inhibitor: H89, at 10 microg/kg, Group 4--a morphine sulfate (10 microg/kg) and PKA inhibitor group, and Group 5--an adenylate cyclase inhibited and morphine (10 microg/kg) group. Intravital microscopy in mesenteric postcapillary venules and rat lung microvascular endothelial cell monolayers were used to measure permeability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenylate cyclase and PKA inhibition resulted in vascular hyperpermeability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrated an increase in vascular hyperpermeability after inhibition of adenylate cyclase via SQ22536, a nonreceptor inhibitor. This increase in hyperpermeability was attenuated when treated with MS. Morphine did not attenuate hyperpermeability after blockage following PKA with H89 suggesting the action of MS is upstream of PKA and PKA dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Scott and White Clinic and Memorial Hospital, Scott, Sherwood and Brindley Foundation, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas 76508, USA.
authors.forename: Rudolph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puana
authors.forename: Russell K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: Felicia A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Warden
authors.forename: Ed W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Childs
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008643:Mesentery / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009020:Morphine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014699:Venules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C017759:9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine; D009020:Morphine; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D000225:Adenine