title: Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the best available option for early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although its application is limited by stringent selection criteria, costs, and deceased donor graft shortage, particularly in Asia, where living donor liver transplant (LDLT) has been developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the present standards for patient selection represented by size-and-number criteria with particular references to Milan Criteria and novel prediction models based on results achieved in patients exceeding those limits, with consideration of the expanded indication represented by the UCSF Criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expected outcomes after deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) or LDLT are favorable if predetermined selection criteria are applied. However, selection bias, difference in waiting time, and ischemia-regeneration injuries of the graft among DDLT vs LDLT may influence long-term results. In the article, the differences between East and West in first-line treatments for HCC (resection vs transplantation), indications, and ethics for the donor, are summarized as well as possible novel predictors of tumor biology (especially DNA mutation and fractional allelic loss, FAI) to be considered for better outcome prediction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liver transplantation remains the most promising product of modern surgery and represents a cornerstone in the management of patients with HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mazzaferro
authors.forename: Yun Shin
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Ronnie T P
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Myron E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Francis Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: J Wallis
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Sherrie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhoori
authors.forename: Sung-Gyu
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D019520:Living Donors; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome