title: Abnormal PSA tests--delays in referral.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main benefit of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing is to help detect prostate cancer at an early, curable stage. Delays between the first abnormal PSA test and biopsy can undermine that benefit, but have not yet been studied. We investigated delays before biopsy together with associated PSA increases as an indicator of disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 241 patients with a primary care referral because of an elevated PSA result (>4 ng/mL) and no previous prostate biopsy. Prostate specific antigen results and intervals between PSA testing, specialist clinic referral, appointment and biopsy were stratified by age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median times between first abnormal PSA, referral, consultation and biopsy were modest but associated with increases in PSA. Extended delays (>20 months) between first abnormal PSA and referral occurred in 25% of younger men. A PSA result less than 10 ng/mL was the best predictor of a delay to refer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rising PSA and possible cancer progression during investigation for prostate cancer suggest that prompt care is advisable.
authors.affiliation: Urology Research, Repatriation General Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.
authors.forename: Alan M F
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kopsaftis
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tamblyn
authors.forename: Carole B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Pinnock
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen