title: Tibial osteotomies for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the biomechanical considerations, experimental investigations, and clinical data pertaining to tibial osteotomy procedures for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) insufficiency in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search through Pub Med, Veterinary Information Network, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau Abstracts, and conference proceedings abstracts (November 1977 to March 2007).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reported tibial osteotomy procedures attempt to eliminate sagittal instability (cranial tibial thrust) in CrCL-deficient stifles by altering the conformation of the proximal tibia. Functional stability can be achieved by decreasing the tibial plateau slope (cranial tibial closing wedge osteotomy [CTWO], tibial plateau leveling osteotomy [TPLO], combined TPLO and CTWO, proximal intraarticular osteotomy, chevron wedge osteotomy), altering the alignment of the patellar tendon (tibial tuberosity advancement), or both (triple tibial osteotomy). Clinical reports assessing the efficacy of these procedures frequently use subjective outcome measures, and the periods of follow-up evaluation are highly variable. Satisfactory results have been reported in most (>75%) dogs irrespective of the type of tibial osteotomy procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently available data does not allow accurate comparisons between different tibial osteotomy procedures, or with traditional methods of stabilizing the CrCL-deficient stifle. Carefully designed long-term clinical studies and further biomechanical analyses are required to determine the optimal osteotomy technique, and whether these procedures are superior to other stabilization methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limb function in dogs with CrCL insufficiency can be improved using the currently described tibial osteotomy techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Stanley E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pozzi
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kowaleski
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000662:veterinary; D011859:Radiography; D013264:Stifle / Q000601:surgery*; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome