title: Ambient air particulate matter exposure and tissue factor expression in atherosclerosis.
abstract: Recent studies have suggested a link between inhaled particulate matter (PM) exposure and atherogenesis. We investigated tissue factor (TF) expression with ambient fine particulate matter (diameter < 2.5 microm, PM(2.5)) exposure and in response to in vitro exposure to fine and ultrafine PM in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (hSMCs), and monocytes. ApoE-/- mice, fed with normal chow (NC) or high-fat chow (HFC), were exposed to concentrated PM(2.5) or filtered air (FA) for 6 mo (6 h/day, 5 day/wk, n = 28). Following in vivo ultrasound bio-microscopy (UBM) assessment of plaque area, macrophage infiltration (CD68) and TF expression in the aorta were quantified. Cultured cells were incubated with size-fractionated PM from cascade impactors, or with standard reference PM material (SRM, number 1649a) and assayed for TF protein, mRNA, and activity. UBM-derived plaque areas were 7 +/- 1% larger in the PM(2.5)-HFC than the FA-HFC group (p = .04), but not significantly different between the PM(2.5)-NC and FA-NC groups (p = .07). Immunohistochemistry revealed increased TF (15 +/- 3% vs. 8 +/- 2%, p < .01) and macrophage infiltration (19 +/- 2% vs. 14 +/- 3%, p < .01) in the plaques of PM(2.5)-HFC compared with FA-HFC groups. Impactor-collected PM(2.5) and ultrafine particles consistently increased TF protein in bronchial epithelial cells, monocytes, and hSMCs. TF mRNA expression increased rapidly (within 1 h) in response to SRM PM. We conclude that in vivo and in vitro exposure to ambient air PM(2.5) induces TF expression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Peibin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Rita I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Aixia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moatti
authors.forename: Ximei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Alison D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Schecter
authors.forename: Morton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lippmann
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Lung Chi
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013925:Thromboplastin