title: Longitudinal analysis of cytokines and chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with Neuro-Sweet disease presenting with recurrent encephalomeningitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuro-Sweet disease (NSD) has recently been identified as Sweet disease with central nervous system (CNS) involvement characterized by multisystem neutrophilic infiltration. However, the pathogenesis of this disease remains unknown. Neutrophil and other inflammatory cell activities are influenced by many cytokines and chemokines, but to date, no studies have examined the levels of these factors in patients with NSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient presented with encephalomeningitis twice in one year and was diagnosed with NSD. We measured the levels of cytokines (i.e., IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha) and chemokines (i.e., CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10 and GM-CSF) in 10 CSF samples from the patient longitudinally for one year including those during two episodes of encephalomeningitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The elevations of IL-6, IFN-gamma, CXCL8 (IL8) and CXCL10 (IP10) were markedly higher than the levels in uninfected control subjects with neurological disorders. The levels of these cytokines and chemokines were statistically correlated with total CSF cell counts (p <0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD4+ helper T (Th) cells can be divided into the Th1 and Th2 subtypes according to their cytokine secretion patterns, and IFN-gamma and IP10 are the Th1-type cytokine and chemokine indicating the involvement of Th1 cells in NSD. In addition, the level of IL8, a specific neutrophil chemoattractant, correlated well with the neutrophil cell counts in CSF. Our data suggest the important roles of Th1 cells and IL8 in the pathogenesis of NSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan. Akio Kimura, kimura1@gifu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koumura
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hozumi
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichiyama
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inuzuka
mesh_terms: D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D018925:Chemokines / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008590:Meningoencephalitis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D016463:Sweet Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D007371:Interferon-gamma