title: Determining radical penetration of lipid bilayers with new lipophilic spin traps.
abstract: Predicting the susceptibility of lipid moieties to radical attack requires a determination of the depth of radical penetration into a lipid membrane. We thus synthesized three homologous series of lipophilic spin traps--DMPO analogs 2-alkanoyl-2-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxides (11) and PBN derivatives 4-alkoxyphenyl N-tert-butylnitrones (18) and 4-alkoxyphenyl N-admantylnitrones (20). The intercalation depth of these spin traps within the liposomal bilayer was determined via the previously reported NMR technique, which correlates the chemical shift and the micropolarity (measured in ET(30) units) experienced by the pivotal nitronyl carbon. Hydroxyl and alpha-hydroxyalkyl radicals were generated in the extraliposomal aqueous phase and the lowest depth at which a radical could be spin trapped was determined. The ESR data indicate that these radicals can exit the aqueous phase, penetrate the lipid bilayer past the head groups (ET(30)=63 kcal/mol) and the glycerol ester (ET(30)=52 kcal/mol), and pass down to an ET(30) polarity of at least 44 kcal/mol. The latter depth presumably corresponds to the upper portion of the lipid slab. It is likely, if not probable, that having come this far they can abstract the allylic/diallylic hydrogens resident in the midslab at ET(30) values of >31 kcal/mol.
authors.affiliation: The Ethel and David Resnick Chair in Active Oxygen Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
authors.forename: Ayelet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamliel
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afri
authors.forename: Aryeh A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Frimer
mesh_terms: D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000737:chemistry; D001671:Biochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002021:Buffers; D004134:Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine / Q000737:chemistry; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D005609:Free Radicals; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008956:Models, Chemical; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods; D019097:Spin Trapping / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D002021:Buffers; D005609:Free Radicals; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D006859:Hydrogen; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D004134:Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine