title: Nosocomial bloodstream infection in a pediatric intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the incidence of nosocomial blood stream infections (BSI) in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital, identify the organisms responsible and the pattern of antibiotic resistance over one decade.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was retrieved from the records of PICU and Medical Microbiology laboratory of patients with a positive blood culture after 48 hours of admission to PICU over three time periods viz. 1994-1996, 1999-2001 and 2002-2003. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  861 episodes (1994-1996: 282, 1999-2001: 362 and 2002-2003: 217) of nosocomial bloodstream infection were documented in 841 patients, corresponding to 3.63, 5.94 and 4.99 episodes per 100 patient-days, respectively. Gram negative organisms were the predominant isolates; common being Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.1%), Enterobacter species (16.6%) and Acinetobacter species (8.6%). Staphylococcus aureus (16.4%) and yeast species (15.9%) were the major Gram positive isolates. Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella and Acinetobacter species showed a rising trend while yeast (36.9%, 6.6% and 4.1%) showed a decline over the three time periods studied. An increasing trend of resistance to third generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, ciprofloxacin and newer antibiotics including combination of beta-lactam with beta-lactamase inhibitor was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The predominant organisms responsible for nosocomial infection in the PICU were Klebsiella pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter species . At present, carbapenems plus vancomycin appear to be the best choice for empiric antibiotic therapy in the PICU in Chandigarh.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. sunit.singhi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sunit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singhi
authors.forename: Pallab
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jayashree
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008499:Medical Records; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015780:Carbapenems; D014640:Vancomycin