title: Long-term engraftment of systemically transplanted, gene-modified bone marrow-derived cells in the adult mouse retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide evidence for a novel route of gene administration to normal and diseased retinas, we performed systemic transplantation of genetically engineered bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) to wild-type mice and to mutant mice with retinal degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lethally irradiated recipient mice-C57BL/6 (wild-type), SCA7 (spinocerebellar ataxia type 7) and FVB/N (rd1 mutant)-were transplanted intravenously with 5x106 BMDCs, which were transduced with a retroviral vector to express the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP). Chimeras were killed at 1, 3, 8, 11, 12 and 15 months (wild-type) or at 8 and 12 months (mutants) after transplantation. Eyes were enucleated, and the retinas were analysed using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In wild-type retinas, BMDCs preferentially engrafted in the inner and outer plexiform layers, the ganglion cell layer and the optic nerve. No BMDCs were found in the photoreceptor layer. BMDCs were more common in the degenerating retinas of the mutant mice. The majority of BMDCs in the retina were identified as microglia based on morphology and immunophenotype. Approximately 8-16% of all CD11b(+) cells in the retina expressed GFP. None of the BMDCs expressed neuronal cell markers. GFP-expressing BMDCs were found to persist for more than 1 year after transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that gene-modified BMDCs show long-term engraftment and stable expression of GFP from a retrovirus in both wild-type and mutant mouse retinas. Thus, BMDCs may be used as vehicles for gene delivery to the retina.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Schumannstr. 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boettcher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ulbricht
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Helmlinger
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reichenbach
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wiedemann
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Seeliger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bringmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Priller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D006085:Graft Survival; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D014161:Transduction, Genetic
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins