title: Diagnostic approach to acute diarrheal illness in a military population on training exercises in Thailand, a region of campylobacter hyperendemicity.
abstract: High rates of Campylobacter fluoroquinolone resistance highlight the need to evaluate diagnostic strategies that can be used to assist with clinical management. Diagnostic tests were evaluated with U.S. soldiers presenting with acute diarrhea during deployment in Thailand. The results of bedside and field laboratory diagnostic tests were compared to stool microbiology findings for 182 enrolled patients. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 62% of the cases. Clinical and laboratory findings at the time of presentation were evaluated to determine their impact on the posttest probability, defined as the likelihood of a diagnosis of Campylobacter infection. Clinical findings, the results of tests for inflammation (stool occult blood testing [Hemoccult], fecal leukocytes, fecal lactoferrin, plasma C-reactive protein), and the numbers of Campylobacter-specific antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood failed to increase the posttest probability above 90% in this setting of Campylobacter hyperendemicity when these findings were present. Positive results by a Campylobacter-specific commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and, less so, a research PCR were strong positive predictors. The negative predictive value for ruling out Campylobacter infection, defined as a posttest probability of less than 10%, was similarly observed with these Campylobacter-specific stool-based tests as well the fecal leukocyte test. Compared to the other tests evaluated, the Campylobacter EIA is a sensitive and specific rapid diagnostic test that may assist with diagnostic evaluation, with consideration of the epidemiological setting, logistics, and cost.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Preventive Medicine & Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-5119, USA. dtribble@usuhs.mil
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Tribble
authors.forename: Shahida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baqar
authors.forename: Lorrin W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Huo-Shu H
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Houng
authors.forename: Chittima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitarangsi
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lebron
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Orntipa
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sethabutr
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D009780:Occult Blood; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D002097:C-Reactive Protein