title: Music therapy for depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is a highly prevalent disorder associated with reduced social functioning, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality. Music therapy has been used in the treatment of a variety of mental disorders, but its impact on those with depression is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the efficacy of music therapy with standard care compared to standard care alone among people with depression and to compare the effects of music therapy for people with depression against other psychological or pharmacological therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  CCDANCTR-Studies and CCDANCTR-References were searched on 7/11/2007, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, PsycLit, PSYindex, and other relevant sites were searched in November 2006. Reference lists of retrieved articles were hand searched, as well as specialist music and arts therapies journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials comparing music therapy with standard care or other interventions for depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on participants, interventions and outcomes were extracted and entered onto a database independently by two review authors. The methodological quality of each study was also assessed independently by two review authors. The primary outcome was reduction in symptoms of depression, based on a continuous scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies met the inclusion criteria of the review. Marked variations in the interventions offered and the populations studied meant that meta-analysis was not appropriate. Four of the five studies individually reported greater reduction in symptoms of depression among those randomised to music therapy than to those in standard care conditions. The fifth study, in which music therapy was used as an active control treatment, reported no significant change in mental state for music therapy compared with standard care. Dropout rates from music therapy conditions appeared to be low in all studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from individual randomised trials suggest that music therapy is accepted by people with depression and is associated with improvements in mood. However, the small number and low methodological quality of studies mean that it is not possible to be confident about its effectiveness. High quality trials evaluating the effects of music therapy on depression are required.
authors.affiliation: Central and Northwest London Foundation NHS Trust, Arts Therapies, Greater London House, Hampstead Road, London, UK, NW1 7QY. anna.maratos@nhs.net
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Maratos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic