title: Aging and nocturnal driving: better with coffee or a nap? A randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effects of coffee and napping on nocturnal driving in young and middle-aged participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cup of coffee (200 mg of caffeine), a placebo (decaffeinated coffee, 15 mg of caffeine), or a 30-minute nap were tested. Participants drove 125 highway miles between 18:00 and 19:30 and between 02:00 and 03:30 after coffee, placebo, or a nap.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep laboratory and open French highway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve young (range, 20-25 years) and 12 middle-aged participants (range, 40-50 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Inappropriate line crossings, self-perceived fatigue and sleepiness, and polysomnographic recordings were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to daytime, after placebo the number of inappropriate line crossings was significantly increased (2 versus 73 for young participants, P < 0.01 and 0 versus 76 for the middle-aged participants, P < 0.05). Both coffee and napping reduced the risk of inappropriate line crossings, compared with placebo, in young participants (respectively, by three-quarters, incidence rate ratios [IRR] = 0.26 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09-0.74, P < 0.05 and by two thirds, IRR = 0.34 95% CI, 0.20-0.58, P < 0.001) and in middle-aged participants (respectively by nine tenths, IRR = 0.11 95% CI, 0.05-0.21, P < 0.001 and by one fifth, IRR = 0.77 95% CI, 0.63-0.95, P < 0.05). A significant interaction between age and condition (IRR = 2.27 95% CI, 1.28-4.16 P < 0.01) showed that napping led to fewer inappropriate line crossings in younger participants than in middle-aged participants. During napping, young participants slept more (P < 0.01) and had more delta sleep (P < 0.05) than middle-aged participants. Self-perceived sleepiness and fatigue did not differ in both age groups, but coffee improved sleepiness (P < 0.05), whereas napping did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coffee significantly improves performance in young and middle-aged participants. Napping is more efficient in younger than in older participants. Countermeasures to sleepiness should be adapted according to the age of drivers.
authors.affiliation: Clinique du Sommeil, CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sagaspe
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taillard
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chaumet
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bioulac
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Philip
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003069:Coffee; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003624:Darkness; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005221:Fatigue / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D012890:Sleep; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee