title: Proton therapy in lung cancer: clinical outcomes and technical issues. A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether, according to the currently available literature, proton therapy (PT) has a role in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), to assess its safety and efficacy and to evaluate the main technical issues specifically related to this treatment technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  During March 2007, two independent researchers conducted a systematic review of the current data on the treatment of NSCLC with PT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 113 reports were retrieved, 17 of which were included in the analysis. There were no prospective trials (randomized or non-randomized). Nine uncontrolled single-arm studies were available from three PT centers, providing clinical outcomes for 214 patients in total. These reports were mainly related to stage I-II tumors, with results comparable to those obtained with surgery, without significant toxicity. In addition, two papers were found that compared photon and proton dose distributions, which showed a potential for dose escalation and/or a sparing of the organ at risk with PT. Finally, six studies analyzed dosimetric and technical issues related with PT, mainly underlining the difficulties in designing dose distributions that are representative of the dose actually delivered during treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although from a physical point of view PT is a good option for the treatment of NSCLC, limited data are available on its application in the clinical practice. Furthermore, the application of PT to lung cancer does present technical challenges. Because of the small number of institutions involved in the treatment of this disease, number of patients, and methodological weaknesses of the trials it is therefore not possible to draw definitive conclusions about the superiority of PT with respect to the photon techniques currently available for the treatment of NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: ATreP-Provincial Agency for Proton Therapy, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Lamberto
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Widesott
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amichetti
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons