title: Arsenic in hair and nails of individuals exposed to arsenic-rich groundwaters in Kandal province, Cambodia.
abstract: The health implications of the consumption of high arsenic groundwater in Bangladesh and West Bengal are well-documented, however, little is known about the level of arsenic exposure elsewhere in Southeast Asia, where widespread exploitation of groundwater resources is less well established. We measured the arsenic concentrations of nail and hair samples collected from residents of Kandal province, Cambodia, an area recently identified to host arsenic-rich groundwaters, in order to evaluate the extent of arsenic exposure. Nail and hair arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.20 to 6.50 microg g(-1) (n=70) and 0.10 to 7.95 microg g(-1) (n=40), respectively, in many cases exceeding typical baseline levels. The arsenic content of the groundwater used for drinking water purposes (0.21-943 microg L(-1) (n=31)) was positively correlated with both nail (r=0.74, p<0.0001) and hair (r=0.86, p<0.0001) arsenic concentrations. In addition, the nail and hair samples collected from inhabitants using groundwater that exceeded the Cambodian drinking water legal limit of 50 microg L(-1) arsenic contained significantly more arsenic than those of individuals using groundwater containing <50 microg L(-1) arsenic. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy suggested that sulfur-coordinated arsenic was the dominant species in the bulk of the samples analysed, with additional varying degrees of As(III)-O character. Tentative linear least squares fitting of the XANES data pointed towards differences in the pattern of arsenic speciation between the nail and hair samples analysed, however, mismatches in sample and standard absorption peak intensity prevented us from unambiguously determining the arsenic species distribution. The good correlation with the groundwater arsenic concentration, allied with the relative ease of sampling such tissues, indicate that the arsenic content of hair and nail samples may be used as an effective biomarker of arsenic intake in this relatively recently exposed population.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. agault@uottawa.ca
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gault
authors.forename: Helen A L
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Charnock
authors.forename: Roy A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wogelius
authors.forename: Inma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gomez-Morilla
authors.forename: Sovathana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vong
authors.forename: Moniphea
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.forename: Sopheap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samreth
authors.forename: Mickey L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Polya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002160:Cambodia; D002648:Child; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic