title: Clock drawing performance in cognitively normal elderly.
abstract: The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a common neuropsychological measure sensitive to cognitive changes and functional skills (e.g., driving test performance) among older adults. However, normative data have not been adequately developed. We report the distribution of CDT scores using three common scoring systems [Mendez, M. F., Ala, T., & Underwood, K. L. (1992). Development of scoring criteria for the Clock Drawing Task in Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1095-1099; Cahn, D. A., Salmon, D. P., Monsch, A. U., Butters, N., Wiederholt, W. C., & Corey-Bloom, J. (1996). Screening for dementia of the Alzheimer type in the community: The utility of the Clock Drawing Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11(6), 529-539], among 207 cognitively normal elderly. The systems were well correlated, took little time to use, and had high inter-rater reliability. We found statistically significant differences in CDT scores based on age and WRAT-3 Reading score, a marker of education quality. We present means, standard deviations, and t- and z-scores based on these subgroups. We found that "normal" CDT performance includes a wider distribution of scores than previously reported. Our results may serve as useful comparisons for clinicians wishing to know whether their patients perform in the general range of cognitively normal elderly.
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer's Disease Clinical and Research Program, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: Christiaan G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Blankevoort
authors.forename: Karin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Volkers
authors.forename: Melissa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Barrup
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Byerly
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaisson
authors.forename: Angela L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors