title: Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diarrhoea is a common cause of morbidity and a leading cause of death among children aged less than five years, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It is transmitted by ingesting contaminated food or drink, by direct person-to-person contact, or from contaminated hands. Hand washing is one of a range of hygiene promotion interventions that can interrupt the transmission of diarrhoea-causing pathogens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of interventions to promote hand washing on diarrhoeal episodes in children and adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  In May 2007, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 2), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Index, ERIC (1966 to May 2007), SPECTR, Bibliomap, RoRe, The Grey Literature, and reference lists of articles. We also contacted researchers and organizations in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials, where the unit of randomization is an institution (eg day-care centre), household, or community, that compared interventions to promote hand washing or a hygiene promotion that included hand washing with no intervention to promote hand washing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and methodological quality. Where appropriate, incidence rate ratios (IRR) were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Eight trials were institution-based, five were community-based, and one was in a high-risk group (AIDS patients). Interventions promoting hand washing resulted in a 29% reduction in diarrhoea episodes in institutions in high-income countries (IRR 0.71, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.84; 7 trials) and a 31% reduction in such episodes in communities in low- or middle-income countries (IRR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.87; 5 trials).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about 30%. This significant reduction is comparable to the effect of providing clean water in low-income areas. However, trials with longer follow up and that test different methods of promoting hand washing are needed.
authors.affiliation: University of Calabar, Dept. of Public Health, College of Medical Sciences, Calabar, Nigeria. reginaejemot@yahoo.com
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Ejemot
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ehiri
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Meremikwu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Critchley
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012574:Schools