title: Immunohistochemical detection of XIAP in melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is the most potent of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of eight proteins. High levels of XIAP have been found in melanoma cell lines and are believed to play a role in therapeutic resistance in a number of malignancies. XIAP expression has not been investigated in clinically obtained melanoma tissue samples, nor have studies attempted to correlate XIAP expression with prognostic variables or clinical aggressiveness of melanomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven patients with primary cutaneous malignant melanoma for whom clinical follow up was available were identified from the records of the Mount Sinai Hospital, comprising 37 thin melanomas (Breslow thickness < 1.0 mm) and 30 thick melanomas (Breslow thickness > 1.0 mm). Archival paraffin sections from primary lesions and corresponding metastases were stained with monoclonal anti-XIAP antibody using routine immunohistochemical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six benign intradermal nevi and four in situ melanomas were XIAP negative. 9 of 37 thin melanomas (24%) were XIAP positive. In contrast, 21 of 30 (73%) thick melanomas were XIAP positive, including 3 of 4 ulcerated melanomas that were strongly positive. Over a follow-up period ranging from 6 months to 6 years, 23 melanomas metastasized (22 thick, 1 thin). In total, XIAP was immunohistochemically detected in 17 of 23 metastases (74%). Metastasis occurred in 1 of 9 XIAP-positive thin melanomas; 0 of 28 XIAP-negative thin melanomas; 17 of 22 XIAP-positive thick melanomas, and 5 of 8 XIAP-negative thick melanomas (63%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  XIAP is immunohistochemically detectable nearly three times more frequently in thick compared with thin melanomas. These results suggest that XIAP elevation may be correlated with increasing melanoma thickness and tumor progression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatopathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick O M
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Emanuel
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: Adarsh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mudgil
authors.forename: Michail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafir
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Burstein
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002452:Cell Count; D019085:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008545:Melanoma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000175:diagnosis; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human