title: Daily encounter cards facilitate competency-based feedback while leniency bias persists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine if a novel competency-based daily encounter card (DEC) that was designed to minimize leniency bias and maximize independent competency assessments could address the limitations of existing feedback mechanisms when applied to an emergency medicine rotation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Learners in 2 tertiary academic emergency departments (EDs) presented a DEC to their teachers after each shift. DECs included dichotomous categorical rating scales (i.e., "needs attention" or "area of strength") for each of the 7 CanMEDS roles or competencies and an overall global rating scale. Teachers were instructed to choose which of the 7 competencies they wished to evaluate on each shift. Results were analyzed using both staff and resident as the units of analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four learners submitted a total of 801 DECs that were then completed by 43 different teachers over 28 months. Teachers' patterns of selecting CanMEDS competencies to assess did not differ between the 2 sites. Teachers selected an average of 3 roles per DEC (range 0-7). Only 1.3% were rated as "needs further attention." The frequency with which each competency was selected ranged from 25% (Health Advocate) to 85% (Medical Expert).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Teachers chose to direct feedback toward a breadth of competencies. They provided feedback on all 7 CanMEDS roles in the ED, yet demonstrated a marked leniency bias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and the Wilson Centre for Research in Education, University of Toronto, and Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bandierag@smh.toronto.on.ca
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bandiera
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lendrum
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency