title: A comparison of activated coagulation time-based techniques for anticoagulation during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The inadequacy of heparinization during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can lead to hemostatic activation with increases in postoperative blood loss and blood product requirements after cardiac surgery. Because activated coagulation time (ACT) measurements may not be accurate during CPB, the use of a heparin management system (HMS) has been advocated. This study compared the efficacy of a modified ACT-based system versus an HMS (Hepcon; Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN) for CPB anticoagulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional cardiac surgery center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult elective cardiac surgical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients allocated to the HMS group (HC) received individualized heparin doses as indicated by the Hepcon system. Patients in the modified ACT group (C) received a standard weight-based heparin bolus with further doses as dictated by the ACT (Max-ACT, Helena Labs, Sunderland, UK). In addition, group C received supplemental heparin, independent of the ACT, as dictated by the volume of crystalloid added to the extracorporeal circuit. Outcome measures examined were hemostatic activation, postoperative chest tube loss, and blood product requirements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study showed no significant difference in efficacy between the modified ACT and HMS heparinization strategies. Although the HC group received significantly greater amounts of heparin, this did not reduce hemostatic activation, postoperative blood loss, or transfusion requirements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACT-based heparinization was found to be as efficacious as the Hepcon HMS system.
authors.affiliation: The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. rdslight@gmail.com
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Slight
authors.forename: Rivan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buell
authors.forename: Onyekwelu C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Nzewi
authors.forename: David B L
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Pankaj S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mankad
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006494:Heparin Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011479:Protamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D013916:Thrombelastography / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014914:Whole Blood Coagulation Time / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006494:Heparin Antagonists; D011479:Protamines; D006493:Heparin