title: Adjustment disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depressive disorders in old age: findings from a community survey.
abstract: Based on a new psychopathological model of adjustment disorders (AJD), we propose that AJDs are particular forms of stress response syndromes, in which intrusions, avoidance of reminders, and failure to adapt are core symptoms. We aim to demonstrate that these AJD symptom groups constitute a disorder that is distinct from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complicated grief disorder, major depressive disorder, and subsyndromal depression, by estimating their prevalence and comorbidities. A representative sample of elderly persons from Zurich, aged 65 to 96 years, was assessed by standardized interviews or self-report questionnaires. Index events for AJD were indicated by 52% of the sample set, with a 2.3% current prevalence of AJD. Prevalence rates for other disorders were 0.7% PTSD, 4.2% subsyndromal PTSD, 4.2% complicated grief disorder, 2.3% major depressive disorder, and 9.3% subsyndromal depression. The comorbidity rate for AJD and other Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition disorders is 46%, and that between AJD and subsyndromal disorders is 38%. Use of mental health care for AJD is low. This article concludes that the new concept of AJD constitutes a meaningful psychopathological model and thus warrants a place in standardized psychiatric taxonomies. Although this study was restricted to a sample of the elderly, it provides evidence regarding AJD prevalence, comorbidity, and associated health care use, all of which indicate its utility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland. maercker@psychologie.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maercker
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forstmeier
authors.forename: Anuschka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Enzler
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krüsi
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hörler
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ehlert
mesh_terms: D000275:Adjustment Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires