title: Endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression is associated with decreased drug responsiveness in childhood acute myeloid leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that downstream effects of endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor signaling on acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cell survival resulted in increased in vitro cellular drug resistance and a longer time to kill most leukemic cells in vivo upon drug exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In primary AML cells from pediatric patients, VEGFA and VEGFC mRNA expression and in vitro cellular resistance to nine cytotoxic drugs were studied. As in vivo equivalents for in vitro drug resistance, in vivo AML blast reduction upon drug exposure, measured as blast cell reduction on day 15 in the bone marrow and as time in days from diagnosis to complete remission (CR) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased endogenous VEGFC levels significantly correlated with increased in vitro resistance for six typical AML drugs in primary AML cells from pediatric patients. Patients with >5% blasts on day 15 showed a 12.9-fold increase in the median VEGFC level compared with patients with < or =5% blasts (P = 0.002). Time to reach CR was studied using linear regression analysis with VEGFC, age at diagnosis, sex, treatment protocol, FAB type, cytogenetic risk profile, and WBC counts as variables. There was a significant positive independent association between VEGFC levels and time to CR (b = 6.02, SE = 1.58, P < or = 0.0001, n = 72).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest for the first time that higher endogenous VEGFC levels of AML cells are related to decreased in vitro and in vivo drug responsiveness.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hendrik J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Jonge
authors.forename: Alida C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Weidenaar
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ter Elst
authors.forename: H Marike
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Boezen
authors.forename: Frank J G
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Scherpen
authors.forename: Jessica C A
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bouma-Ter Steege
authors.forename: Gertjan J L
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kaspers
authors.forename: Bianca F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Goemans
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Creutzig
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kamps
authors.forename: Eveline S J M
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: de Bont
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007621:Karyotyping; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C