title: Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient care is a complex activity which demands that health and social care professionals work together in an effective manner. The evidence suggests, however, that these professionals do not collaborate well together. Interprofessional education (IPE) offers a possible way to improve collaboration and patient care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of IPE interventions compared to education interventions in which the same health and social care professionals learn separately from one another; and to assess the effectiveness of IPE interventions compared to no education intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group specialised register, MEDLINE and CINAHL, for the years 1999 to 2006. We also handsearched the Journal of Interprofessional Care (1999 to 2006), reference lists of the six included studies and leading IPE books, IPE conference proceedings, and websites of IPE organisations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before and after (CBA) studies and interrupted time series (ITS) studies of IPE interventions that reported objectively measured or self reported (validated instrument) patient/client and/or healthcare process outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of potentially relevant studies, and extracted data from, and assessed study quality of, included studies. A meta-analysis of study outcomes was not possible given the small number of included studies and the heterogeneity in methodological designs and outcome measures. Consequently, the results are presented in a narrative format.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included six studies (four RCTs and two CBA studies). Four of these studies indicated that IPE produced positive outcomes in the following areas: emergency department culture and patient satisfaction; collaborative team behaviour and reduction of clinical error rates for emergency department teams; management of care delivered to domestic violence victims; and mental health practitioner competencies related to the delivery of patient care. In addition, two of the six studies reported mixed outcomes (positive and neutral) and two studies reported that the IPE interventions had no impact on either professional practice or patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This updated review found six studies that met the inclusion criteria, in contrast to our first review that found no eligible studies. Although these studies reported some positive outcomes, due to the small number of studies, the heterogeneity of interventions, and the methodological limitations, it is not possible to draw generalisable inferences about the key elements of IPE and its effectiveness. More rigorous IPE studies (i.e. those employing RCTs, CBA or ITS designs with rigorous randomisation procedures, better allocation concealment, larger sample sizes, and more appropriate control groups) are needed to provide better evidence of the impact of IPE on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. These studies should also include data collection strategies that provide insight into how IPE affects changes in health care processes and patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Wilson Centre for Research in Education, Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute & Centre for Faculty Development, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8. scott.reeves@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zwarenstein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Freeth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammick
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koppel
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011364:Professional Practice; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome