title: Ethical and regulatory considerations in HIV prevention studies employing respondent-driven sampling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the scientific, ethical, and regulatory literature because no official guidance exists on remuneration for participant-driven recruitment or on investigators' responsibilities for informing participants of their discordant partnerships.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the studies that used RDS to recruit injection-drug users (IDUs), 1995-2006, and the relevant scientific, ethical, and regulatory literature that shed light on arguments for and against practices that can be used in studies employing RDS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concerns that payments can be used to buy drugs or can subvert altruistic motivations for study participation are not supported by the literature. Concerns about peers' coercion to barter coupons or surrender payments are offset by safeguards used in RDS. Remuneration shows respect for participants' time and effort in recruitment and judgment to use remuneration for personal needs. Tension between ensuring participants' confidentiality and protecting the health of network members highlights difference in roles between investigators and health care providers. Investigators can choose to rely on public health agencies for partner notification services, ask participants if and how they would like to be informed of their discordant partnerships, and offer training on how to disclose HIV status and adopt risk-reduction and harm-reduction behaviours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clarifying ethical and regulatory considerations is important for research sponsors, institutional review boards (IRBs), ethics review committees (ERCs), investigators, and participants. We provide a checklist of ethics and regulatory variables to be included as feasible in future studies to enhance development of evidence-based ethics.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, E-07, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. ssemaan@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Salaam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semaan
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santibanez
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Garfein
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Heckathorn
authors.forename: Don C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Des Jarlais
mesh_terms: D003219:Confidentiality / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D003625:Data Collection / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D055030:Drug Users / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D017007:Duty to Warn / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D028744:Ethics Committees, Research / Q000941:ethics; D033161:Government Regulation; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D009042:Motivation; D018579:Patient Selection / Q000941:ethics*; D024382:Professional Role; D012201:Reward; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012494:Sampling Studies; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D014481:United States