title: The effect of amblyopia on fine motor skills in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an investigation of the functional impact of amblyopia in children, the fine motor skills of amblyopes and age-matched control subjects were compared. The influence of visual factors that might predict any decrement in fine motor skills was also explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vision and fine motor skills were tested in a group of children (n = 82; mean age, 8.2 +/- 1.7 [SD] years) with amblyopia of different causes (infantile esotropia, n = 17; acquired strabismus, n = 28; anisometropia, n = 15; mixed, n = 13; and deprivation n = 9), and age-matched control children (n = 37; age 8.3 +/- 1.3 years). Visual motor control (VMC) and upper limb speed and dexterity (ULSD) items of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency were assessed, and logMAR visual acuity (VA) and Randot stereopsis were measured. Multiple regression models were used to identify the visual determinants of fine motor skills performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amblyopes performed significantly poorer than control subjects on 9 of 16 fine motor skills subitems and for the overall age-standardized scores for both VMC and ULSD items (P < 0.05). The effects were most evident on timed tasks. The etiology of amblyopia and level of binocular function significantly affected fine motor skill performance on both items; however, when examined in a multiple regression model that took into account the intercorrelation between visual characteristics, poorer fine motor skills performance was associated with strabismus (F(1,75) = 5.428; P = 0.022), but not with the level of binocular function, refractive error, or visual acuity in either eye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fine motor skills were reduced in children with amblyopia, particularly those with strabismus, compared with control subjects. The deficits in motor performance were greatest on manual dexterity tasks requiring speed and accuracy.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia. al.webber@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Glen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gole
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015858:Anisometropia / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D004948:Esotropia / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology