title: Cell death in normal and abnormal development.
abstract: Research over the past 50 years has consistently documented that cell death is an integral part of both normal development and the etiology of birth defects; however, the significance of this cell death has been, until recently, unclear. Research published during the past 15 years has now shown that programmed cell death (PCD) and teratogen-induced cell death are genetically controlled processes (apoptosis) that play important roles in both normal and abnormal development. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to highlight what is known about PCD and teratogen-induced cell death and their relationships to the mechanisms of apoptosis and abnormal development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. pmirkes@cvm.tamu.edu
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Mirkes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002642:Chick Embryo; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology; D005334:Fever / Q000196:embryology; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000196:embryology; D051379:Mice; D013723:Teratogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D045304:Cytochromes c; D020169:Caspases; C011272:perfosfamide