title: Nd:YAG laser biostimulation in the treatment of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: clinical experience in 28 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To research an efficient treatment for the management of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Necrosis of the jawbone has recently been described in association with systemic bisphosphonate therapy with drugs including zoledronic acid, pamidronate, and alendronate. The extent and clinical characteristics of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis (BON) of the jaw are extremely variable, and range from the presence of fistulae in the oral mucosa or orofacial tissues, to large exposed areas of necrotic bone within the oral cavity. Clinical signs and symptoms commonly reported include pain, swelling, the presence of pus, loose teeth, ill-fitting dentures, and paresthesias of the inferior alveolar nerve when the necrosis affects the mandible. Fractures have also been reported. The treatment of BON of the jaw is still controversial since no therapy has proven to be efficacious as shown by the literature on the subject.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we report results achieved with 28 patients affected by BON of the jaw, who received treatment with the Nd:YAG laser alone or in combination with conventional medical or surgical treatment. Clinical variables such as severity of symptoms, presence of pus, and closure of mucosal flaps before and after therapy were evaluated to establish the effectiveness of laser irradiation. The 28 patients with BON were subdivided into four groups: eight patients were treated with medical therapy only (antibiotics with or without antimycotics and/or antiseptic rinses), six patients were treated with medical and surgical therapy (necrotic bone removal and bone curettage), six patients were treated with medical therapy associated with laser biostimulation, and eight patients were treated with medical therapy associated with both surgical therapy and laser biostimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 14 patients who underwent laser biostimulation, nine reported complete clinical success (no pain, symptoms of infection, or exposed bone or draining fistulas), and three improved their symptomatology only, with a follow-up of between 4 and 7 mo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the results reported in this study are not conclusive, they indicate that laser therapy has potential to improve management of BON.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Section of Dentistry, Department of ENT/Dental/Ophthalmological and Cervico-Facial Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. paolo.vescovi@unipr.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vescovi
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merigo
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manfredi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meleti
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fornaini
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonanini
authors.forename: Jean Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nammour
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates