title: Restoration of lysosomal pH in RPE cells from cultured human and ABCA4(-/-) mice: pharmacologic approaches and functional recovery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Degradation of engulfed material is primarily mediated by lysosomal enzymes that function optimally within a narrow range of acidic pH values. RPE cells are responsible for daily degradation of photoreceptor outer segments and are thus particularly susceptible to perturbations in lysosomal pH. The authors hypothesized that elevated lysosomal pH levels could slow enzyme activity and encourage accumulation of partially digested material. Consequently, treatment to lower perturbed lysosomal pH levels may enhance degradative activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A high-throughput screening assay was developed to quantify the lysosomal pH of fresh mouse and cultured ARPE-19 cells. The effect of lysosomal pH on outer segment clearance was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lysosomal pH is elevated in RPE cells from ABCA4 knockout mice and in cultured human ARPE-19 cells exposed to N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E), tamoxifen, or chloroquine. The lysosomal pH of fresh RPE cells from ABCA4(-/-) mice and of chemically compromised RPE cells was reacidified by elevating intracellular cAMP directly. Compromised lysosomal pH was also restored by stimulating A(2A) adenosine or beta-adrenergic receptors, consistent with G(s)-protein coupling of these receptors. Restoring lysosomal pH with these treatments enhanced photoreceptor outer segment clearance, demonstrating functional relevance consistent with an enhancement of degradative enzyme activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevation of lysosomal pH in RPE cells interferes with the degradation of outer segments and may contribute to the pathologies associated with A2E. Pharmacologic elevation of cAMP can restore an acid pH and improve degradative function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wennan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reigada
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Laties
authors.forename: Claire H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000502:physiology; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000378:metabolism; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012176:Retinoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C112040:A2-E (N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine); D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; C512841:Abca4 protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D012176:Retinoids; D013629:Tamoxifen; D002738:Chloroquine; D000242:Cyclic AMP