title: Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
abstract: Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy has not provided clinical benefit or prolonged survival for patients with advanced HCC. This review summarizes the results of prospective clinical trials of several categories of systemic therapy, with emphasis on the more promising results from recent trials of biologically targeted therapeutic agents in HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 426, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA. methomas@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Melanie B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: O'Beirne
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Furuse
authors.forename: Anthony T C
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Ghassan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abou-Alfa
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011506:Proteins; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011506:Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases