title: Quantifying the decrement in utility from perceived side effects of combination antiretroviral therapies in patients with HIV.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The decrement in utility attributable to side effects from combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) is unknown and likely to influence clinical decisions regarding CART initiation and cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the decrement in utility attributable to side effects from CART.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated SF-6D utilities (quality-of-life weights on a scale from 0.29 [worst possible health] to 1.00 [perfect health]) from SF-12 scores among patients with HIV in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study by using a published and validated conversion algorithm. We then compared utilities among patients who: 1) did not have bothersome symptoms while taking CART; 2) had bothersome symptoms that they thought might be due to CART; and 3) had bothersome symptoms that they were confident were due to CART; we controlled for other characteristics known to influence quality of life and stratified analyses by CD4 count.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1864 patients with available data, symptoms perceived to be attributable to CART were associated with a mean (95% confidence interval) decrement in utility of 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) points in univariate analyses and 0.08 (0.06, 0.10) in multivariable analyses, clinically significant differences that are comparable to utility decrements reported for partial impotence or mild angina. Other significant predictors of changes in SF-6D utilities were hazardous alcohol consumption, recent drug use, cigarette smoking, homelessness, and African American race (R(2) = 0.12). Stratifying by CD4 count, symptoms attributable to CART side effects decreased utility by 0.03 to 0.08 points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms perceived to be related to CART are associated with a substantial decrement in utility.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA. Ronald.Braithwaite@va.gov
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Braithwaite
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goulet
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kudel
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsevat
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Justice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents