title: Complement-associated deposits in the human retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate complement activation and associated inflammatory mechanisms in normal, aged human retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evidence of complement activation and associated mechanisms was assessed in normal human retina (n = 52) using a panel of antibodies directed against membrane attack complex (C5b-9), microglia (CD11b), amyloid precursor protein (APP), scavenger receptor (CD36), and a phytolectin (RCA-I). Fifty-two eyes, categorized into two age groups, were used. Nineteen "younger" eyes (<56 years) and 33 "older" eyes (>69 years) with no history of ocular disease were processed between 4 and 22 hours, with a median delay of 14 hours postmortem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-dependent expression was evident in C5b-9, APP, CD11b, and RCA-I, but not CD36, immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity for C5b-9 was robust in Bruch membrane (BM) and the intercapillary pillars of Bruch. Immunoreactivity for APP was robust in the basal cytoplasm of the retinal pigment epithelium. Immunoreactivity for CD11b was robust on the surface of the retinal pigment epithelial cell, in the choriocapillaris, and in BM. Lectin binding of RCA-I was strong throughout the neuroretina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robust immunostaining for APP in older donor eyes suggested that amyloid beta peptides may be one of the triggers of complement activation during the normal aging process. Microglial markers CD11b and RCA-I also increase with age, suggesting a concomitant inflammatory response to C5b-9 deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium, BM, and CC. Immunoreactivity for CD36 was strong in both age groups; the lack of age dependence in this candidate receptor for amyloid beta suggested that complement activation may arise from interactions of amyloid beta with other candidate receptors in normal human retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: To
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kwee
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matsubara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000378:metabolism*; D016570:Bruch Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003167:Complement Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D015938:Complement Membrane Attack Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000378:metabolism; D037121:Plant Lectins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D039481:CD11b Antigen; D018955:CD36 Antigens; D015938:Complement Membrane Attack Complex; C509295:ITGAM protein, human; D037121:Plant Lectins; C017707:Ricinus communis agglutinin-1