title: Gender differences in predictors of body weight and body weight change in healthy adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overweight and obesity are important predictors of a wide variety of health problems. Analysis of naturally occurring changes in body weight can provide valuable insights in improving our understanding of the influence of demographic, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors on weight gain in middle-age adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify gender-specific predictors of body weight using cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometric, lifestyle and psychosocial factors were measured at baseline and then quarterly for 1 year in 572 healthy adult volunteers from Central Massachusetts who were recruited between 1994 and 1998. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the relationship between body weight and potential predictors, including demographic (e.g., age, educational level), lifestyle (e.g., diet, physical activity, smoking), and psychosocial (e.g., anxiety, depression) factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 1-year study period, on average, men gained 0.3 kg and women lost 0.2 kg. Predictors of lower body weight at baseline in both men and women included current cigarette smoking, greater leisure-time physical activity, and lower depression and anxiety scores. Lower body weights were associated with a lower percentage of caloric intake from protein and greater occupational physical activity levels only among men; and with higher education level only among women. Longitudinal predictors of 1-year weight gain among women included increased total caloric intake and decreased leisure-time physical activity, and among men, greater anxiety scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demographic, lifestyle and psychosocial factors are independently related to naturally occurring changes in body weight and have marked differential gender effects. These effects should be taken into consideration when designing interventions for weight-loss and maintenance at the individual and population levels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. David.Chiriboga@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Chiriboga
authors.forename: Yunsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Barbara C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Olendzki
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pagoto
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Merriam
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Ira S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ockene
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011584:Psychology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015430:Weight Gain