title: Drug therapy for the management of cancer related fatigue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer related fatigue (CRF) is common, under-recognised and difficult to treat. There have been trials looking at drug interventions to improve CRF but results have been conflicting depending on the population studied and outcome measures used. No previous reviews of this topic have been exhaustive or have synthesised all available data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of drugs for the management of CRF.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1st Quarter 2007), MEDLINE (1966 to March 2007) and a selection of cancer journals. We searched references of identified articles and contacted authors to obtain unreported data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials were included in the review if they 1) assessed drug therapy for the management of CRF compared to placebo, usual care or a non-pharmacological intervention in 2) randomised controlled trials (RCT) of 3) adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Meta-analyses were performed on different drug classes using continuous variable data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five trials met the inclusion criteria. Only 27 of these trials involving 6746 participants were judged to have used a sufficiently robust measure of fatigue and thus were deemed suitable for detailed analysis. The drugs were analysed by class (psychostimulants; haemopoetic growth factors; antidepressants and progestational steroids). Methylphenidate showed a small but significant improvement in fatigue over placebo (Z = 2.40; P = 0.02). Erythropoietin showed a small but significant improvement in fatigue (for anaemic patients receiving chemotherapy) compared to placebo (Z = 2.67; P = 0.008). Darbopoietin also demonstrated a smaller but significant improvement in fatigue over placebo (Z = 1.96; P = 0.05). Paroxetine and progestational steroids demonstrated no superiority over placebo in treating CRF. There was a very high degree of statistical and clinical heterogeneity in the trials and the reasons for this are discussed. It was not possible to determine optimum doses as a result of this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Erythropoietin and darbopoetin (for anaemic patients on chemotherapy) and psychostimulant trials provide evidence for improvement in CRF at a clinically meaningful level. There are no data to support the use of paroxetine or progestational steroids for the treatment of CRF. The obvious candidate drug for use in a large scale RCT is methylphenidate to confirm the preliminary results from this review.
authors.affiliation: St George's University of London, Division of Mental Health, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK, SW17 0RE. ominton@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Minton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hotopf
mesh_terms: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005221:Fatigue / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D011372:Progestins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006397:Hematinics; D011372:Progestins