title: Identification of the lumbar interspinous spaces: palpation versus ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Palpation has been shown to be inaccurate at identifying lumbar interspinous spaces. Our goal in this study was to compare ultrasound imaging of the region to palpation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using ultrasound in the postpartum period, we estimated the interspinous level used for obstetric neuraxial anesthesia in 121 women and compared this estimation with the level estimated by palpation and documented in the chart by the anesthesiologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 67 of 121 (55%) patients, the vertebral level of the puncture mark documented by the treating anesthesiologist was in agreement with vertebral level as assessed using ultrasound, and in 39 (32%) women, the skin puncture level was estimated by ultrasound to be at least one interspace higher. The unweighted kappa was 0.08 (95% confidence interval: 0.02, 0.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was poor agreement between palpation and ultrasound estimation of the specific lumbar interspace, and when there was disagreement, the ultrasound estimate was more often higher than the palpitation estimate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave. Suite 1514, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whitty
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macarthur
mesh_terms: D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D014463:Ultrasonography