title: Distinct unfolding and refolding pathways of ribonuclease a revealed by heating and cooling temperature jumps.
abstract: Heating and cooling temperature jumps (T-jumps) were performed using a newly developed technique to trigger unfolding and refolding of wild-type ribonuclease A and a tryptophan-containing variant (Y115W). From the linear Arrhenius plots of the microscopic folding and unfolding rate constants, activation enthalpy (DeltaH(#)), and activation entropy (DeltaS(#)) were determined to characterize the kinetic transition states (TS) for the unfolding and refolding reactions. The single TS of the wild-type protein was split into three for the Y115W variant. Two of these transition states, TS1 and TS2, characterize a slow kinetic phase, and one, TS3, a fast phase. Heating T-jumps induced protein unfolding via TS2 and TS3; cooling T-jumps induced refolding via TS1 and TS3. The observed speed of the fast phase increased at lower temperature, due to a strongly negative DeltaH(#) of the folding-rate constant. The results are consistent with a path-dependent protein folding/unfolding mechanism. TS1 and TS2 are likely to reflect X-Pro(114) isomerization in the folded and unfolded protein, respectively, and TS3 the local conformational change of the beta-hairpin comprising Trp(115). A very fast protein folding/unfolding phase appears to precede both processes. The path dependence of the observed kinetics is suggestive of a rugged energy protein folding funnel.
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier 2, UMR-S710, and INSERM Unit 710, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torrent
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ribó
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vilanova
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Georges
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D017510:Protein Folding; D012260:Ribonucleases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D012260:Ribonucleases