title: Adverse health effects related to tobacco smoke exposure in a cohort of three-year olds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the importance of mothers' smoking during pregnancy and/or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in early childhood for children's health and well-being at the age of 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups from a population based cohort (n=8850) were compared: children with nonsmoking mother during pregnancy and nonsmoking parents at the age of 3 years (n=7091); children with only foetal exposure (n=149); children exposed only postnatally (n=895) and children exposed both pre- and postnatally (n=595). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children exposed both pre- and postnatally had more wheezing (1.14; 1.07-1.21) and rhinitis (1.16; 1.06-1.26), used more cough-mixture (1.07; 1.01-1.14) and broncodilatating drugs (1.08; 1.02-1.15) and suffered more from excessive crying (1.31; 1.13-1.51) and irritability (1.27; 1.09-1.48) compared to children with nonsmoking parents. Children exposed only postnatally had more rhinitis (1.24; 1.12-1.37), used more cough-mixture (1.14; 1.05-1.29) and suffered more from poor sleep (1.26; 1.07-1.47) than children of nonsmoking parents. Children with prenatal exposure only used more broncodilatating drugs (1.45; 1.03-2.04) and suffered more from poor sleep (2.06; 1.09-3.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health differences, small but significant, indicate that prenatal and/or postnatal ETS exposure alone, or in combination, seems to interfere with child health, supporting the importance of zero tolerance. However, as most smoking parents in Sweden try to protect their children from ETS exposure, the results also might indicate that protective measures are worthwhile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. anjoh@imv.liu.se
authors.forename: AnnaKarin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hermansson
mesh_terms: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D003448:Crying; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000209:etiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution