title: Clinical risk factors for fracture in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: a review of the recent literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review recent literature regarding relationships among age, weight or body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density (BMD), maternal history of fracture, or personal prior history of fracture and fragility fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO).
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE database search (1995-June 30, 2007) was conducted to identify literature related to risk factors of interest for PMO-related fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort studies, case-control studies, and meta-analyses that reported fracture outcomes were included if they provided an estimate of relative risk for at least 1 of the 5 selected clinical risk factors (CRFs) and studied women with PMO or stratified risk estimates by age and sex. Of 313 identified studies that evaluated fractures as an endpoint, 245 did not report risk estimates for a CRF of interest and/or did not report data for a PMO population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 68 included articles, the risks associated with the evaluated CRFs were high and significant. Prior fracture was a strong predictor of fracture and increased risk up to 18 times. Each standard deviation below the referent mean for BMD was associated with an increased fracture risk of up to 4.0 times; maternal fracture history increased risk 1.3-2.9 times. Age (per 5 year increment) increased risk by 1.2-5.0 times; low weight or BMI inconsistently showed a 0.5-3.0 times greater risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low BMD is widely used as a diagnostic indicator for osteoporosis; however, other CRFs play an important role in determining fracture risk among women with PMO.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. Joanne.Lafleur@Pharm.Utah.Edu
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LaFleur
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McAdam-Marx
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirkness
authors.forename: Diana I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Brixner
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors