title: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor governs endothelial cell sensitivity to LPS-induced apoptosis.
abstract: Human endothelial cells (EC) are typically resistant to the apoptotic effects of stimuli associated with lung disease. The determinants of this resistance remain incompletely understood. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by human pulmonary artery EC (HPAEC). Its expression increases in response to various death-inducing stimuli, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show here that silencing MIF expression by RNA interference (MIF siRNA) dramatically reduces MIF mRNA expression and the LPS-induced increase in MIF protein levels, thereby sensitizing HPAECs to LPS-induced cell death. Addition of recombinant human MIF (rhMIF) protein prevents the death-sensitizing effect of MIF siRNA. A common mediator of apoptosis resistance in ECs is the death effector domain (DED)-containing protein, FLIP (FLICE-like inhibitory protein). We show that LPS induces a transcription-independent increase in the short isoform of FLIP (FLIP(s)). This increase is blocked by MIF siRNA but restored with the addition of recombinant MIF protein (rHMIF). While FLIP(s) siRNA also sensitizes HPAECs to LPS-induced death, the addition of rhMIF does not affect this sensitization, placing MIF upstream of FLIP(s) in preventing HPAEC death. These studies demonstrate that MIF is an endogenous pro-survival factor in HPAECs and identify a novel mechanism for its role in apoptosis resistance through the regulation of FLIP(s). These results show that MIF can protect vascular endothelial cells from inflammation-associated cell damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Damico
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chesley
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Bind
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nijmeh
authors.forename: Bedri
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karakas
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pearse
authors.forename: Joe G N
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Crow
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D017931:DNA Primers; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; D017931:DNA Primers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering