title: High level ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the last few years, resistance to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica has become a global concern. The present study was undertaken to find out the susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica isolates in our hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood cultures were done using BacT/ALERT 3D system. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using CLSI breakpoints. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for ciprofloxacin-resistant strains using E-test and Vitek-1 automated system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25,953 samples of blood culture yielded 431 Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and 198 serotype Paratyphi A isolates. Twenty-two isolates of serotype Typhi were resistant to ciprofloxacin, while two isolates of Typhi and two Paratyphi A were intermediately susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin resistance is 5.6% (24 isolates) among Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi appears to have decreased to 14.9% (64/431) in comparison to the 27% (55/205) during 2003. All isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ciprofloxacin can no longer be considered as the drug of choice in treating Salmonella infections. While first-line antimicrobials may still have a role to play in the treatment of enteric fever, ceftriaxone remains the sole defence against ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi - 110 060, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raveendran
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wattal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Oberoi
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Datta
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology*; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010284:Paratyphoid Fever / Q000382:microbiology*; D012482:Salmonella paratyphi A / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin