title: Absence of E-cadherin expression distinguishes noncohesive from cohesive pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of E-cadherin in carcinogenesis is of great interest, but few studies have examined its relevance to pancreatic carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated E-cadherin protein expression by immunohistochemistry in pancreatobiliary cancers having a noncohesive histologic phenotype (21 undifferentiated adenocarcinomas and 7 signet ring carcinomas), comparing the results with pancreatic cancers having a cohesive phenotype (25 moderately differentiated and 14 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty of 21 undifferentiated cancers had complete absence of E-cadherin expression, as did two signet ring carcinomas. In contrast, cohesive cancers (n = 39) had E-cadherin labeling at the plasma membrane (P < 0.001). Subsets of cancers were also evaluated for beta-catenin expression. All of the cohesive lesions (n = 28) showed a membranous beta-catenin expression pattern, whereas noncohesive foci (n = 7) were characterized by either cytoplasmic labeling or complete absence of beta-catenin protein expression, suggestive of a deficient zonula adherens in noncohesive cancers. E-cadherin promoter hypermethylation was observed in an undifferentiated pancreatic cancer cell line, MiaPaCa-2, whereas two pancreatic cancer cell lines derived from differentiated lesions lacked any evidence of E-cadherin promoter methylation. No pattern of E-cadherin promoter methylation could be determined in three primary cancers having mixed histologic patterns (contained both cohesive and noncohesive foci). No somatic mutations in E-cadherin were identified in noncohesive pancreatic cancers having inactivated E-cadherin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noncohesive pancreatic cancers were characterized by the loss of E-cadherin protein expression. Promoter hypermethylation is a possible mechanism of E-cadherin gene silencing in a subset of these cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Angela H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Felip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vilardell
authors.forename: Eike
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gallmeier
authors.forename: Steve B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Baylin
authors.forename: Ralph H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hruban
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Iacobuzio-Donahue
mesh_terms: D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018279:Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D051176:beta Catenin