title: Clinical ethics consultation: examining how American and Japanese experts analyze an Alzheimer's case.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few comparative studies of clinical ethics consultation practices have been reported. The objective of this study was to explore how American and Japanese experts analyze an Alzheimer's case regarding ethics consultation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We presented the case to physicians and ethicists from the US and Japan (one expert from each field from both countries; total = 4) and obtained their responses through a questionnaire and in-depth interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Establishing a consensus was a common goal among American and Japanese participants. In attempting to achieve consensus, the most significant similarity between Japanese and American ethics consultants was that they both appeared to adopt an "ethics facilitation" approach. Differences were found in recommendation and assessment between the American and Japanese participants. In selecting a surrogate, the American participants chose to contact the grandson before designating the daughter-in-law as the surrogate decision-maker. Conversely the Japanese experts assumed that the daughter-in-law was the surrogate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that consensus building through an "ethics facilitation" approach may be a commonality to the practice of ethics consultation in the US and Japan, while differences emerged in terms of recommendations, surrogate assessment, and assessing treatments. Further research is needed to appreciate differences not only among different nations including, but not limited to, countries in Europe, Asia and the Americas, but also within each country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Ethics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. noriko-nagao@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Aulisio
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nukaga
authors.forename: Misao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kosugi
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Youngner
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akabayashi
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics*; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D026822:Ethicists; D033061:Ethics Consultation; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D005195:Family Relations; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D018447:Medical Futility; D044623:Nutrition Therapy / Q000941:ethics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics*; D020458:Third-Party Consent; D014481:United States