title: Expressive writing and post-traumatic stress disorder: effects on trauma symptoms, mood states, and cortisol reactivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the boundary conditions (feasibility, safety, and efficacy) of an expressive writing intervention for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD].
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized trial with baseline and 3-month follow-up measures of PTSD severity and symptoms, mood states, post-traumatic growth, and (post-only) cortisol reactivity to trauma-related stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers with a verified diagnosis of PTSD (N=25) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (writing about their traumatic experience) or control group (writing about time management).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expressive writing was acceptable to patients with PTSD and appeared safe to utilize. No changes in PTSD diagnosis or symptoms were observed, but significant improvements in mood and post-traumatic growth were observed in the expressive writing group. Finally, expressive writing greatly attenuated neuroendocrine (cortisol) responses to trauma-related memories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides insight into several boundary conditions of expressive writing. Writing did not decrease PTSD-related symptom severity. Although patients continue to exhibit the core features of PTSD, their capacity to regulate those responses appears improved following expressive writing. Dysphoric mood decreased after writing and when exposed to traumatic memories, participants' physiological response is reduced and their recovery enhanced.
authors.affiliation: Syracuse University, Sycrause, New York 13244-2340, USA. jmsmyth@syr.edu
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: Jill R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hockemeyer
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tulloch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D033262:Narration; D012063:Relaxation; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014956:Writing
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone