title: Neural bases of different cognitive strategies for facial affect processing in schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the neural basis and dynamics of facial affect processing in schizophrenic patients as compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen schizophrenic patients and fourteen matched controls performed a facial affect identification task during fMRI acquisition. The emotional task included an intuitive emotional condition (matching emotional faces) and a more cognitively demanding condition (labeling emotional faces). Individual analysis for each emotional condition, and second-level t-tests examining both within-, and between-group differences, were carried out using a random effects approach. Psychophysiological interactions (PPI) were tested for variations in functional connectivity between amygdala and other brain regions as a function of changes in experimental conditions (labeling versus matching).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the labeling condition, both groups engaged similar networks. During the matching condition, schizophrenics failed to activate regions of the limbic system implicated in the automatic processing of emotions. PPI revealed an inverse functional connectivity between prefrontal regions and the left amygdala in healthy volunteers but there was no such change in patients. Furthermore, during the matching condition, and compared to controls, patients showed decreased activation of regions involved in holistic face processing (fusiform gyrus) and increased activation of regions associated with feature analysis (inferior parietal cortex, left middle temporal lobe, right precuneus).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that schizophrenic patients invariably adopt a cognitive approach when identifying facial affect. The distributed neocortical network observed during the intuitive condition indicates that patients may resort to feature-based, rather than configuration-based, processing and may constitute a compensatory strategy for limbic dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: CIC-UPCET, Hôpital de la Timone, UMR CNRS 6193 INCM, Marseille, France. eric.fakra@ap-hm.fr
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fakra
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salgado-Pineda
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delaveau
authors.forename: Ahmad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hariri
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Blin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D035061:Control Groups; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012938:Social Perception; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*