title: Liquid crystal membranes for serum-compatible diabetes management-assisting subcutaneously implanted amperometric glucose sensors.
abstract: Membranes formed of thermodynamically stable cubic phase lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) could replace the presently used polymeric membranes, applied to reduce the flux of glucose in semicontinuous, subcutaneously implanted, user-replaced, miniature, amperometric glucose sensors, assisting in the management of diabetes. LLC-forming amphiphilic compounds set and toughen spontaneously after mixing with water, without undergoing chemical change. When applied by doctor-blading, they form membranes having three-dimensionally interconnected water channels of uniform diameter, with reproducible glucose transport-characteristics. We find that the best studied cubic phase LLCs, which are formed of monoolein and water, are not useful in their intended application because they are hydrolyzed by serum lipases. Those formed of phytantriol, a liquid at ambient temperature, and water, are not hydrolyzed but change their shape and size in a dehydration and rehydration cycle. Because glucose sensors are sterilized and stored in a sealed package in a dry atmosphere, drying and rehydration must not change the transport characteristics. A third, novel, LLC-forming, amphiphile 1-O-beta-(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl)-d-ribopyranoside, I, was synthesized, and its phase diagram was tailored by adding Vitamin E acetate, to form a cubic phase. The phase was stable through the 20 degrees C-90 degrees C temperature range in excess of water and had the desired glucose-transport characteristics. A preferred LLC, II, was formed of water and I containing 7 wt % of Vitamin E acetate. When II was applied to a wired glucose oxidase bioelectrocatalyst, sensors of reproducible glucose-sensitivity were formed. At a 0.1 mm thickness of II, the membrane reduced the glucose flux 5-fold and increased the 90% response-time by less than 2 min. The membrane was mechanically rugged, withstanding the approximately 1 N m(-2) maximal shear stress at 5 mm diameter electrodes rotating at 4000 rpm. The activation energy for glucose permeation through II was reduced to 15.6 kJ/mol, making the sensors's current less temperature-dependent than that of the polymeric-membrane overcoated implantable glucose sensors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rowinski
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowinska
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D050866:Liquid Crystals; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010100:Oxygen