title: Is caloric restriction associated with development of eating-disorder symptoms? Results from the CALERIE trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested a secondary hypothesis of the CALERIE trial (Heilbronn et al., 2006) that a 12-month period of intentional dietary restriction would be associated with an increase in eating disorder symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, 48 overweight adults were randomly assigned to four treatment arms in a 12-month study: (1) 25% calorie restriction, (2) 12.5% calorie restriction and 12.5% increased energy expenditure by structured exercise, (3) low-calorie diet, and (4) healthy diet (no-calorie restriction).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measures for the study were changes in: eating disorder symptoms, mood, dietary restraint, body weight, and energy balance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three dietary restriction arms were associated with increased dietary restraint and negative energy balance, but not with increased ED symptoms or other harmful psychological effects. Participants in the three calorie restriction arms lost significant amounts of body weight. The psychological and behavioral effects were maintained during a 6-month follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results did not support the hypothesis that caloric restriction causes increased eating disorder symptoms in overweight adults. In general, caloric restriction had either benign or beneficial psychological and behavioral effects.
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. williada@pbrc.edu
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Corby K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: York-Crowe
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Redman
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ravussin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology