title: Short- and long-term changes in right whale calling behavior: the potential effects of noise on acoustic communication.
abstract: The impact of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals has been an area of increasing concern over the past two decades. Most low-frequency anthropogenic noise in the ocean comes from commercial shipping which has contributed to an increase in ocean background noise over the past 150 years. The long-term impacts of these changes on marine mammals are not well understood. This paper describes both short- and long-term behavioral changes in calls produced by the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and South Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena australis) in the presence of increased low-frequency noise. Right whales produce calls with a higher average fundamental frequency and they call at a lower rate in high noise conditions, possibly in response to masking from low-frequency noise. The long-term changes have occurred within the known lifespan of individual whales, indicating that a behavioral change, rather than selective pressure, has resulted in the observed differences. This study provides evidence of a behavioral change in sound production of right whales that is correlated with increased noise levels and indicates that right whales may shift call frequency to compensate for increased band-limited background noise.
authors.affiliation: Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA. sep20@psu.edu
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Tyack
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D004455:Echolocation; D009624:Noise, Transportation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D012767:Ships; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013997:Time Factors; D014828:Vocalization, Animal; D014907:Whales / Q000502:physiology*