title: Probing the electron delocalization in liquid water and ice at attosecond time scales.
abstract: We determine electron delocalization rates in liquid water and ice using core-hole decay spectroscopy. The hydrogen-bonded network delocalizes the electrons in less than 500 as. Broken or weak hydrogen bonds--in the liquid or at the surface of ice--provide states where the electron remains localized longer than 20 fs. These asymmetrically bonded water species provide electron traps, acting as a strong precursor channel to the hydrated electron.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O. Box 20450 Stanford, California 94309, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nordlund
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bluhm
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odelius
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagasono
authors.forename: L G M
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nilsson