title: Development of a numerical model for calculating exposure to toxic and nontoxic stressors in the water column and sediment from drilling discharges.
abstract: Drilling discharges are complex mixtures of chemical components and particles which might lead to toxic and nontoxic stress in the environment. In order to be able to evaluate the potential environmental consequences of such discharges in the water column and in sediments, a numerical model was developed. The model includes water column stratification, ocean currents and turbulence, natural burial, bioturbation, and biodegradation of organic matter in the sediment. Accounting for these processes, the fate of the discharge is modeled for the water column, including near-field mixing and plume motion, far-field mixing, and transport. The fate of the discharge is also modeled for the sediment, including sea floor deposition, and mixing due to bioturbation. Formulas are provided for the calculation of suspended matter and chemical concentrations in the water column, and burial, change in grain size, oxygen depletion, and chemical concentrations in the sediment. The model is fully 3-dimensional and time dependent. It uses a Lagrangian approach for the water column based on moving particles that represent the properties of the release and an Eulerian approach for the sediment based on calculation of the properties of matter in a grid. The model will be used to calculate the environmental risk, both in the water column and in sediments, from drilling discharges. It can serve as a tool to define risk mitigating measures, and as such it provides guidance towards the "zero harm" goal.
authors.affiliation: SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway. henrik.rye@sintef.no
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rye
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Tone Karin
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Mathijs G D
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Durgut
authors.forename: Øistein
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: May Kristin
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ditlevsen
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010578:Petroleum; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012623:Seawater; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D014873:Water Pollutants