title: Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attempts to reverse cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) rely on a limited number of treatments. Calcium channel blockers have proven a benefit but their vasodilating effect on spastic cerebral arteries is relatively modest. Milrinone, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, combines vasodilating and inotropic properties, but limited data exist to support its use for the treatment of CVS. We assessed the efficacy and tolerance of milrinone in patients with CVS secondary to aSAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two consecutive patients with angiographically-proven CVS (arterial diameter reduction >40%) have been studied. Intraarterial milrinone was infused in the cerebral territory(ies) involved and followed by continuous intravenous infusion until Day 14 after initial bleeding. We evaluated angiographic reversal of CVS, hemodynamic tolerance, and neurological outcome 1 year after aSAH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four selective intraarterial infusions of milrinone were required to treat 72 vasospastic territories. Intraarterial milrinone resulted in 53+/-37% increase in arterial diameter (P<.0001). Milrinone infusion resulted in moderately increased heart rate, but systemic arterial pressure remained unchanged. Five patients (23%) had angiographically-proven vasospasm recurrence within 48 hours after the procedure. Two of them were successfully reversed after another intraarterial infusion of milrinone. The remaining 3 underwent mechanical angioplasty. Two patients (9%) died in ICU, and 2 were lost to follow-up. All other patients had very good neurological outcome (modified Rankin scale: 0.8+/-1.0; Barthel index: 100 [95-100]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that milrinone is effective and safe for reversal of CVS after aSAH and should be tested in a large randomized trial.
authors.affiliation: Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation-SMUR, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
authors.forename: Amanda Tarabini
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Fraticelli
authors.forename: Bernard P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Cholley
authors.forename: Marie-Reine
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Losser
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Saint Maurice
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Payen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017130:Angioplasty; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020105:Milrinone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009420:Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D019233:Retreatment; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D020105:Milrinone