title: Racial and ethnic changes in heroin injection in the United States: implications for the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Racial/ethnic differences in drug injection prevalence contribute to disparities in HIV infection rates in the US between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. We examine trends in the demographic characteristics of heroin injection drug users (IDUs) that may impact future HIV rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive analyses were conducted of (1) the national Treatment Episode Data Set for 1992-2004 and of the 2002-2004 baseline data from (2) CIDUS-III, a 5-city study that recruited 3285 young IDUs, and (3) NIHU-HIT, a Chicago study of 647 young noninjecting heroin users.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1992 and 2004, heroin was the injected drug most often reported at admission to drug treatment. During this period, the proportion of admissions reporting injection declined 44% among Blacks but only 14% for Whites. The peak age for heroin IDUs in treatment increased 10 years for Blacks while declining over 10 years for Whites. CIDUS-III enrolled about 8 times more White (64%) than Black (8%) young IDUs despite recruiting two-thirds of the sample in cities where Blacks constituted 27-64% of the population. Blacks comprised 53% of noninjecting heroin users in the Chicago NIHU-HIT, but only 2% of Chicago's CIDUS-III sample of heroin IDUs. Among current noninjecting heroin users, Whites were more likely than Blacks to have ever injected (X(d.f.=1)(2)=17.1, p<0.001). Qualitative data supported greater resistance to injection among young Blacks than Whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among heroin users, young Blacks are resisting injection while young Whites exhibit the opposite tendency. New research should investigate reasons for this trend and its impact on the HIV epidemic and future service needs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, 1603 W. Taylor Street (M/C 923), Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dbroz2@uic.edu
authors.forename: Dita
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Broz
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ouellet
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D002648:Child; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American