title: Blood-derived smooth muscle cells as a target for gene delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the feasibility of using blood-derived smooth muscle cells (BD-SMCs) as a target for to deliver therapeutic proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated from peripheral blood. The outgrowth colonies from MNC culture were differentiated into BD-SMCs in media containing platelet-derived growth factor BB. Phenotypic characterization of BD-SMCs was assessed by immunocytochemistry. Cell proliferation, gene transfer efficiency with a retroviral vector, apoptosis, and the biological activity of the transduced gene product from the BD-SMCs were evaluated in vitro and in vivo in comparison with vascular derived SMC (VSMCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  BD-SMCs stained positive for SMC markers. No significant difference was observed between BD-SMCs and VSMCs in cell proliferation, migration, adhesiveness, and gene transfer efficiency. After BD-SMCs were transduced with a retroviral vector carrying the secreted alkaline phosphatase gene (SEAP), 174 +/- 50 mug biologically active SEAP was produced per 10(6) cells over 24 hours. After injecting 5 x 10(6) cells expressing SEAP intravenously into rabbits, SEAP concentration increased significantly in the circulation from 0.14 +/- 0.04 mug/ml to 2.34 +/- 0.16 mug/ml 3 days after cell injection (P < .01, n = 3). Circulating levels of SEAP decreased to 1.76 mug /ml 1 week later and remained at this level up to 8 weeks, then declined to pre-cell injection level at 12 weeks. VSMC in vivo gene expression data were equivalent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BD-SMCs have similar characteristics to mature VSMCs and can be used as a novel target for gene transfer to deliver a therapeutic protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Yaohong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Darwin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eton
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D000077214:Becaplermin; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000637:transplantation; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000637:transplantation; D010641:Phenotype; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D011817:Rabbits; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014161:Transduction, Genetic
chemical_list: D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D000077214:Becaplermin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase