title: Octopamine in male aggression of Drosophila.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In mammals and humans, noradrenaline is a key modulator of aggression. Octopamine, a closely related biogenic amine, has been proposed to have a similar function in arthropods. However, the effect of octopamine on aggressive behavior is little understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An automated video analysis of aggression in male Drosophila has been developed, rendering aggression accessible to high-throughput studies. The software detects the lunge, a conspicuous behavioral act unique to aggression. In lunging, the aggressor rears up on his hind legs and snaps down on his opponent. By using the software to eliminate confounding effects, we now show that aggression is almost abolished in mutant males lacking octopamine. This suppression is independent of whether tyramine, the precursor of octopamine, is increased or also depleted. Restoring octopamine synthesis in the brain either throughout life or in adulthood leads to a partial rescue of aggression. Finally, neuronal silencing of octopaminergic and tyraminergic neurons almost completely abolishes lunges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Octopamine modulates Drosophila aggression. Genetically depleting the animal of octopamine downregulates lunge frequency without a sizable effect on the lunge motor program. This study provides access to the neuronal circuitry mediating this modulation.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Genetik und Neurobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hoyer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eckart
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herrel
authors.forename: Troy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zars
authors.forename: Susanne A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hardie
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heisenberg
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009655:Octopamine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014439:Tyramine / Q000378:metabolism; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009655:Octopamine; D014439:Tyramine