title: Bronchial response pattern of antigen presenting cells and regulatory T cells in children less than 2 years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In early childhood, the ability to mount protective immune responses in the airways is impaired, with increased risk of allergic sensitisation to inhaled allergens. Antigen presenting cells (APC) and regulatory T cells (Treg) are important modifiers of T cell immunity but little is known about their distribution in bronchial mucosa at this age. Here the subset distribution of APC and the appearance of Foxp3(+) Treg and bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) were examined immunohistochemically in children less than 2 years of age with chronic asthma-like symptoms of the lower airways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunophenotyping was performed in situ on bronchial biopsy specimens obtained from 45 infants, 4-23 months of age, under investigation for airway disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A well developed HLA-DR(+) network of APC was present in all samples, approximately 50% of the cells being CD68(+) macrophages and the remainder various subsets of dendritic cells. The density of HLA-DR(+) cells increased significantly with age but was not related to atopy, clinical symptoms or lung function. Comparing the density of APC subsets and clinical parameters, only the number of intraepithelial CD1a(+) dendritic cells was significantly increased in infants who had recently suffered a respiratory infection. BALT structures were identified in 22 children, with no relation to lung function, atopic status or human rhinovirus positivity. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and Foxp3(+) Treg were located primarily within these isolated lymphoid follicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A bronchial network of dendritic cells and macrophages develops quite rapidly after birth, apparently independent of clinical symptoms or atopy. The high frequency of BALT structures containing putative tolerogenic dendritic cells and Treg suggests that these lymphoid follicles play an important role in bronchial immune homeostasis during infancy.
authors.affiliation: LIIPAT, the Pathology Clinic, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malmström
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pelkonen
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kajosaari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turpeinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lindahl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brandtzaeg
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Jahnsen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
mesh_terms: D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001980:Bronchi / Q000276:immunology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015415:Biomarkers; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors