title: The effect of fetoscopic laser therapy on fetal cardiac size in twin-twin transfusion syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of fetoscopic laser therapy on fetal cardiac size in monochorionic twins complicated by twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a longitudinal, prospective study, we assessed fetal cardiac size sonographically in monochorionic diamniotic twins with TTTS treated by laser therapy and in monochorionic twins without TTTS. The fetal cardiothoracic ratio (cardiac circumference divided by thoracic circumference) of TTTS twins was determined within 24 h before, 12-24 h after and 1 week after laser treatment, and from then on every 2-4 weeks until birth. TTTS twins were classified into Quintero Stages 1-2 (n = 18) and Stages 3-4 (n = 16), and measurements were compared with biweekly measurements of non-TTTS monochorionic twins matched for gestational age (n = 38). Cardiomegaly was defined as a cardiothoracic ratio above the 97.5th percentile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before laser treatment, cardiomegaly was observed in 44% (8/18) and 50% (8/16) of recipients in Quintero Stages 1-2 and Stages 3-4, respectively. Cardiomegaly occurred in none of the donors before treatment. After laser treatment, cardiomegaly was observed in 76% (13/17) and 50% (7/14) of recipients in Stages 1-2 and Stages 3-4, respectively, and in 17% (3/18) and 13% (2/15) of donors in Stages 1-2 and Stages 3-4, respectively. Cardiomegaly was present in 18% (7/38) and 8% (2/25) of non-TTTS monochorionic twins and singletons. After laser therapy, the cardiothoracic ratio of recipients in Stages 1-2 and Stages 3-4 was not significantly changed (P = 0.34 and P = 0.67, respectively). The cardiothoracic ratio of donors in Stages 1-2 and Stages 3-4 was increased compared with that before laser therapy (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.005, respectively). Cardiothoracic ratios of non-TTTS monochorionic twins were not significantly different from our reference range in singletons throughout gestation, and were smaller than those in both recipients and donors after laser therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TTTS recipients show cardiomegaly before as well as after fetoscopic laser therapy for TTTS. Donors develop cardiomegaly only after laser treatment. Our findings emphasize the significant effect of TTTS and fetoscopic laser therapy on the fetal heart of both recipient and donor twins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. m.sueters@lumc.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sueters
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Middeldorp
authors.forename: F P H A
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Vandenbussche
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Teunissen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopriore
authors.forename: H H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kanhai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le Cessie
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oepkes
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005330:Fetofetal Transfusion / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005332:Fetoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009929:Organ Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography