title: Neuroimaging analysis of an anesthetic gas that blocks human emotional memory.
abstract: It is hypothesized that emotional arousal modulates long-term memory consolidation through the amygdala. Gaseous anesthetic agents are among the most potent drugs that cause temporary amnesia, yet the effects of inhalational anesthesia on human emotional memory processing remain unknown. To study this, two experiments were performed with the commonly used inhalational anesthetic sevoflurane. In experiment 1, volunteers responded to a series of emotional and neutral slides while under various subanesthetic doses of sevoflurane or placebo (no anesthesia). One week later, a mnemonic boost for emotionally arousing stimuli was evident in the placebo, 0.1%, and 0.2% sevoflurane groups, as measured with a recognition test. However, the mnemonic boost was absent in subjects who received 0.25% sevoflurane. Subsequently, in experiment 2, glucose PET assessed brain-state-related activity of subjects exposed to 0.25% sevoflurane. Structural equation modeling of the PET data revealed that 0.25% sevoflurane suppressed amygdala to hippocampal effective connectivity. The behavioral results show that 0.25% sevoflurane blocks emotional memory, and connectivity results demonstrate that this dose of sevoflurane suppresses the effective influence of the amygdala. Collectively, the findings support the hypothesis that the amygdala mediates memory modulation by demonstrating that suppressed amygdala effectiveness equates with a loss of emotional memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA. malkire@uci.edu
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Alkire
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruver
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jayme R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McReynolds
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cahill
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane