title: Incidence of lower urinary tract injury at the time of total laparoscopic hysterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of and risk factors for injury to the lower urinary tract during total laparoscopic hysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign disease from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2005, at an academic medical center are included. Subjects undergoing laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, supracervical hysterectomy, or hysterectomy for malignancy were excluded. Intraoperative cystoscopy with intravenous indigo carmine was routinely performed. Relevant data were abstracted to determine the incidence of lower urinary tract injury, predictors of injury, and postoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total laparoscopic hysterectomy was performed in 126 consecutive subjects. Two (1.6%) cystotomies were noted and repaired before cystoscopy was performed. Two (1.6%) additional cystotomies were detected during cystoscopy. Absent ureteral spill of indigo carmine was detected in 2 subjects: 1 (0.8%) with previously unknown renal disease and 1 (0.8%) with ureteral obstruction that was relieved with subsequent suture removal. Only 40% (2/5) of injuries were recognized without the use of cystoscopy with indigo carmine. The overall incidence of injury to the lower urinary tract was 4.0%. No subjects required postoperative intervention to the lower urinary tract within the 6-week perioperative period. Performing a ureterolysis was associated with an increased rate (odds ratio 8.7, 95%CI, 1.2-170, P=0.024) of lower urinary tract injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons should consider performing cystoscopy with intravenous indigo carmine dye at the time of total laparoscopic hysterectomy.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic, Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. jelovsj@ccf.org
authors.forename: J Eric
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jelovsek
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiung
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Soldrea L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Marie Fidela R
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Paraiso
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Falcone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D015994:Incidence; D007203:Indigo Carmine; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007203:Indigo Carmine