title: Network competition in a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement.
abstract: Attempts have been made to improve the mechanical properties and convenience of use of glass-ionomer cement (GIC) by various modifications, in particular by including a free radical-polymerizable component ("resin-modified" GIC, RMGIC). Necessarily, the one replaces part of the other, but the chemistry suggests that the formation of each network separately would inhibit diffusion and thus the other reaction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain whether interference occurs between the components of an RMGIC by variation of the irradiation regime.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cylindrical specimens (6 mm x 3 mm diameter) of one brand of RMGIC (Shades A3, D2; Fuji II LC, GC; capsules) were prepared in ptfe moulds. After machine-mixing for 10s, each of the three increments was irradiated from the top for various times (0-60s). In addition, extra irradiation from the bottom; from the bottom before, and from the side after, ejection from the mould; the same using two curing lamps; and at various delays after mixing (0-18 h), with four replicates of each. After exposure, or as appropriate, specimens were wrapped tightly in aluminium foil for dry storage in the dark at 37 degrees C for testing at 24h after mixing. Specimens with evident defects were replaced before testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No increase in strength was found beyond the recommended 20-s irradiation, indeed further exposure reduced the strength. For top-only irradiation, strength rose from the unirradiated value (66+/-9 MPa) to a peak at 20s (215+/-25 MPa), after which it declined steadily. Adding bottom irradiation gave a small decrease in peak value (194+/-36 MPa); adding side irradiation reduced it substantially (113+/-7 MPa). Delay for 2 min gave a marked reduction (155+/-15 MPa), declining to the unirradiated value at 18 h (70+/-15 MPa). No effect due to shade was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Competition between network-forming reactions leads to a sensitive balance between the two, and a critical optimum irradiation: too much may be detrimental, as is delay. The essential compromise involved in such mixed chemistry jeopardizes reliability. It is advisable to follow the duration of exposure prescribed by the manufacturer to achieve optimal performance.
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. abhiram.yelamanchili@gmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yelamanchili
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Darvell
mesh_terms: D020770:Compomers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020770:Compomers; C079765:Fuji II LC cement; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D019279:Resin Cements; D012117:Resins, Synthetic