title: Adverse events from cough and cold medications in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse drug events in children from cough and cold medications have been identified as a public health issue with clinical and policy implications. Nationally representative morbidity data could be useful for targeting age-appropriate safety interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe emergency department visits for adverse drug events from cough and cold medications in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency department visits for adverse drug events attributed to cough and cold medications among children aged <12 years were identified from a nationally representative stratified probability sample of 63 US emergency departments from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annually, an estimated 7091 patients aged <12 years were treated in emergency departments for adverse drug events from cough and cold medications, accounting for 5.7% of emergency department visits for all medications in this age group. Most visits were for children aged 2 to 5 years (64%). Unsupervised ingestions accounted for 66% of estimated emergency department visits, which was significantly higher than unsupervised ingestions of other medications (47%), and most of these ingestions involved children aged 2 to 5 years (77%). Most children did not require admission or extended observation (93%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Timely national surveillance data can help target education, enforcement, and engineering strategies for reducing adverse events from cough and cold medications among children. Engineering innovations could be particularly helpful in addressing unsupervised ingestions, which is the most frequent cause of adverse events. These innovations could be applicable to other children's medications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shehab
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Budnitz
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017677:Age Distribution; D000996:Antitussive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005100:Expectorants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000996:Antitussive Agents; D005100:Expectorants