title: Gynaecologic surgery from uncertainty to science: evidence-based surgery is no passing fad.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the least biased measure of the effectiveness of interventions, including surgical interventions. The aim was to review the available evidence base in gynaecologic surgery, to assess what progress has been made and to determine gaps in the evidence for clinical decision-making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic reviews involving gynaecological surgery interventions were extracted from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Issue 2, 2007) and data were extracted for key primary outcomes from each of the randomized trials in the reviews. The reviews were categorized as to whether they had provided evidence of effectiveness for pre-defined outcomes of most relevance to patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 371 reviews or protocols published on the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Issue 2, 2007), only 30 were completed reviews assessing surgical interventions. Seven reviews concluded there was evidence of a significant effect (whether beneficial or harmful) of the interventions studied for pre-defined primary outcomes; 11 reviews concluded there was some evidence of significant effects for primary outcomes along with some gaps for primary outcomes; 12 reviews concluded insufficient evidence of effectiveness. Common themes of unique methodological challenges and pitfalls with trials of surgical interventions were apparent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cochrane reviews have gone a long way to establishing a sound evidence base in gynaecologic surgery: some gaps in the evidence have been eliminated and others highlighted. In general, gynaecology has been a specialty where surgical interventions have been well exposed to the scrutiny of RCTs compared with other surgical specialties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, National Women's Health, Level 12, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. n.johnson@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Selman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D006176:Gynecology / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic