title: Cooperative function of Tbx1 and Brn4 in the periotic mesenchyme is necessary for cochlea formation.
abstract: The T-box transcription factor TBX1 has been identified as the major gene responsible for the etiology of velocardiofacial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome (VCFS/DGS). Conductive hearing loss occurs in a majority of patients with this syndrome, while sensorineural deafness has also been reported in some cases. Mutations in POU3F4/BRN4, a POU domain transcription factor, cause DFN3, an X-linked nonsyndromic form of deafness characterized by mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Inactivation of the murine orthologues of these genes causes similar defects to those seen in humans and has provided excellent models for the study of inner ear development. Tbx1 and Brn4 are expressed in the mesenchymal cells surrounding the otic vesicle and have been shown to play roles in cochlear outgrowth. Furthermore, expression of Brn4 is reduced in Tbx1 null mutants, suggesting a possible genetic interaction between these genes. To test whether Tbx1 and Brn4 function in a common pathway, mice mutant for both genes were generated and analyzed for inner ear defects. Brn4-;Tbx1+/- mutants displayed a significant reduction in the number of turns of the cochlea compared to Brn4- or Tbx1+/- mice. In addition, Brn4-;Tbx1+/- mice displayed structural defects in the apical cochlea indicative of Mondini dysplasia found in patients with either VCFS/DGS or DFN3. These data establish a genetic interaction between Tbx1 and Brn4 relevant to human disease and indicate a function of these genes in signaling from the periotic mesenchyme to the otic vesicle to direct proper coiling of the cochlear duct.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Evan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Braunstein
authors.forename: E Bryan
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Crenshaw
authors.forename: Bernice E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Joe C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D003051:Cochlea / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000254:growth & development*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D015870:Gene Expression; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000151:congenital; D008297:Male; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D050809:POU Domain Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D055493:Spiral Ligament of Cochlea / Q000002:abnormalities; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D050809:POU Domain Factors; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C491573:Tbx1 protein, mouse; C074067:Pou3f4 protein, mouse