title: Survival of gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. in water: implications for transmission.
abstract: Part of the reason for rejecting aquatic environments as possible vectors for the transmission of Helicobacter pylori has been the preference of this microorganism to inhabit the human stomach and hence use a direct oral-oral route for transmission. On the other hand, most enteric bacterial pathogens are well known for being able to use water as an environmental reservoir. In this work, we have exposed 13 strains of seven different Helicobacter spp. (both gastric and enterohepatic) to water and tracked their survival by standard plating methods and membrane integrity assessment. The influence of different plating media and temperatures and the presence of light on recovery was also assessed. There was good correlation between cultivability and membrane integrity results (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.916), confirming that the culture method could reliably estimate differences in survival among different Helicobacter spp. The species that survived the longest in water was H. pylori (>96 h in the dark at 25 degrees C), whereas H. felis appeared to be the most sensitive to water (<6 h). A hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrated that there was no relationship between the enterohepatic nature of Helicobacter spp. and an increased time of survival in water. This work assesses for the first time the survival of multiple Helicobacter spp., such has H. mustelae, H. muridarum, H. felis, H. canadensis, H. pullorum, and H. canis, in water under several conditions and concludes that the roles of water in transmission between hosts are likely to be similar for all these species, whether enterohepatic or not.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. nunoazevedo@deb.uminho.pt
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cerqueira
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Keevil
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vieira
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016998:Helicobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D008027:Light; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D050296:Microbial Viability; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity; D013270:Stomach / Q000382:microbiology; D013696:Temperature; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S