title: Swallowing and dysphagia rehabilitation: translating principles of neural plasticity into clinically oriented evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review presents the state of swallowing rehabilitation science as it relates to evidence for neural plastic changes in the brain. The case is made for essential collaboration between clinical and basic scientists to expand the positive influences of dysphagia rehabilitation in synergy with growth in technology and knowledge. The intent is to stimulate thought and propose potential research directions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A working group of experts in swallowing and dysphagia reviews 10 principles of neural plasticity and integrates these advancing neural plastic concepts with swallowing and clinical dysphagia literature for translation into treatment paradigms. In this context, dysphagia refers to disordered swallowing associated with central and peripheral sensorimotor deficits associated with stroke, neurodegenerative disease, tumors of the head and neck, infection, or trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal treatment parameters emerging from increased understanding of neural plastic principles and concepts will contribute to evidence-based practice. Integrating these principles will improve dysphagia rehabilitation directions, strategies, and outcomes. A strategic plan is discussed, including several experimental paradigms for the translation of these principles and concepts of neural plasticity into the clinical science of rehabilitation for oropharyngeal swallowing disorders, ultimately providing the evidence to substantiate their translation into clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Madison, WI, USA. jrobbin2@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Susan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Stephanie K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Roxann
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diez Gross
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Langmore
authors.forename: Cathy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lazarus
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martin-Harris
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Musson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenbek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity