title: Elucidating nuclear reprogramming mechanisms: taking a synergistic approach.
abstract: Nuclear reprogramming is the process by which a differentiated somatic nucleus has developmental potential restored to it. It involves heritable changes in gene expression as well as structural and functional changes to chromatin structure. This process is naturally induced immediately after fertilization, but can also be artificially induced by nuclear transfer, cell fusion and also now by viral transduction with four stem cell genes. However, the frequency of successful reprogramming is low in each system. The highest success rates, those using nuclear transfer, are only of the order of 2-5%. This article briefly reviews these three methods and proposes a synergistic approach where conditions that facilitate reprogramming in one system are transposed to the others. This might increase the incidence of successful reprogramming and identify common steps necessary for the reacquisition of developmental potential.
authors.affiliation: Stowers Medical Institute and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Justin K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ichida
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umezawa
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akutsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002459:Cell Fusion; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques