title: Multiple central-place territories in wild young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.
abstract: 1. The space use of central-place foragers, animals that forage from and return to a single central place such as a nest, burrow or sleeping site, is well documented. Limited data, however, exist for multiple central-place foragers that alternate among several central places. 2. The conventional view of stream-dwelling salmonids suggests that they conform to the central-place territorial model (CPTM) by (i) attacking prey and intruders from one primary foraging station, and defending (ii) small (iii) exclusive areas that (iv) increase with body size. 3. Recent studies suggest greater variability in salmonid space-use than would be expected by the CPTM, but tend to focus on the time allocated towards different activities rather than their distribution in space, especially for young-of-the-year (YOY) fish that are hard to tag and monitor in the wild. 4. In this study, the validity of CPTM was tested by mapping the daily space use of 50 YOY Atlantic salmon in a natural stream via repeated observations of tagged fish in diverse habitats, and by comparing these to earlier estimates of territory use in YOY salmonids. 5. The 50 YOY Atlantic salmon were multiple central-place foragers. All fish visited more than one foraging station (median = 12.5 stations), visited most stations (68.5%) repeatedly, showed limited fidelity to a particular station and typically attacked prey only while holding a position at a station. 6. The multiple central-place territories of the 50 fish were large (mean = 0.932 m(2)) compared to earlier territory size estimates (mean = 0.107 m(2)) for salmonids of similar size and, surprisingly, did not increase with body size. Focal fish attacked intruders from similar distances as reported earlier for much smaller territories, suggesting that large territories are less exclusively defended at any given time. 7. Overall, this study provides a new view on foraging and territoriality in stream salmonids, and on the small but diverse literature on multiple central-place foragers. Further studies, however, are needed to clarify the evolutionary benefits and population consequences of multiple central-place space-use in mobile animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street W, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada. stefan@holar.is
authors.forename: Stefán O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Steingrímsson
authors.forename: James W A
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009425:Nesting Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D011156:Population Density; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D045483:Rivers; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors