title: Predictors of early re-bleeding and mortality after acute variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risk factors for mortality and re-bleeding following acute variceal haemorrhage (AVH) are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for 6-week mortality, and re-bleeding within 5 days in patients with cirrhosis and AVH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to determine risk factors among 256 patients with AVH entered into a randomised, prospective trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five patients (14%) died within 6 weeks of AVH; 14 deaths (40%) occurred within 5 days. Only the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) transfused in the first 24 h were associated with 6-week mortality univariately (HR 1.11, p < 0.001; HR 1.22, p < 0.001) and bivariately (HR MELD = 1.10, p < 0.001; HR per unit of PRBCs transfused = 1.15, p = 0.005). Re-bleeding within 5 days occurred in 37 patients (15%); MELD score (p = 0.01) and a clot on a varix (p = 0.05) predicted re-bleeding. Patients with a MELD score > or = 18; both MELD score > or = 18 and > or = 4 units of PRBCs transfused; both MELD score > or = 18 and active bleeding at index endoscopy; and variceal re-bleeding had increased risk of death 6 weeks post-AVH (HR = 7.4, p < 0.001; 11.3, p < 0.001; 9.9, p < 0.001; 10.2, p < 0.001 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with AVH and MELD score > or = 18, requiring > or = 4 units of PRBCs within the first 24 h or with active bleeding at endoscopy are at increased risk of dying within 6 weeks. MELD score > or = 18 is also a strong predictor of variceal re-bleeding within the first 5 days.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bambha
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bida
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kremers
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kamath
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000209:etiology*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C060347:lanreotide; D013004:Somatostatin