title: Antiglucocorticoid treatments for mood disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiglucocorticoids may have antidepressant effects and have been reported to be efficacious in the treatment of severe psychiatric disorders. The efficacy and safety of antiglucocorticoid treatments for mood disorders is the subject of this systematic review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of antiglucocorticoid agents in the treatment of mood episodes (manic, mixed affective or depressive) with placebo or alternative drug treatment in mood disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  CCDANCTR-Studies and CCDANCTR-References were searched on 11-9-2007. Additional searches of electronic databases were conducted in December 2006. Conference proceedings were searched. Experts and pharmaceutical companies were contacted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing antiglucocorticoid drugs in the treatment of mood episodes with placebo or alternative drug treatment in mood disorders were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted and the methodological quality of each study was assessed independently by two review authors. Meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager software. Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for dichotomous outcomes. For continuous data, weighted mean differences (WMD) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies met criteria for inclusion. A number of drugs were examined, including mifepristone [RU-486], ketoconazole, metyrapone and DHEA. Three trials were in patients with psychotic major depression (pMDD), five trials in non-psychotic major depression and one trial in bipolar disorder. When examining all trials together across all affective episodes, there was no significant difference in the overall proportion of patients responding to antiglucocorticoid treatment over placebo, although the mean change in HAM-D scores indicated a significant difference in favour of treatment (WMD -4.54, 95%CI -6.78 to -2.29). Of the five trials in non-psychotic depression (unipolar or bipolar), there was a significant difference favouring treatment (HAM-D 50% reduction: RR 0.72, 95%CI 0.56 to 0.91). In pMDD, there was no evidence of an overall antidepressant effect (HAM-D 50% reduction: RR 0.98, 95%CI 0.79 to 1.22) or an effect on overall psychopathology (BPRS 30% reduction: RR 0.96, 95%CI 0.76 to 1.22). In these subtypes, the mean change in HAM-D indicated a significant difference in favour of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of antiglucocorticoids in the treatment of mood disorders is at the proof-of-concept stage. Considerable methodological differences exist between studies with respect to the compounds used and the patient cohorts studied. Results in some diagnostic subtypes are promising and warrant further investigation to establish the clinical utility of these drugs in the treatment of mood disorders.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Newham
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Ferrier
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mackin
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006854:Hydrocortisone