title: Analgesic properties of oral sucrose during routine immunizations at 2 and 4 months of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to evaluate the analgesic properties of oral sucrose during routine immunizations in infants at 2 and 4 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted at a pediatric ambulatory care clinic. One-hundred healthy term infants scheduled to receive routine immunizations were recruited, randomly stratified into 2- or 4-month study groups, and further randomly assigned to receive 24% oral sucrose and pacifier or the sterile water control solution. The study preparations were administered 2 minutes before the combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis, inactivated polio vaccine, and hepatitis B vaccine. Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine was administered 3 minutes after the combined injection, followed by the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 2 minutes after the H. influenzae type b injection. The University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital Pain Scale measured serial acute pain responses for the treatment and control groups at baseline and 2, 5, 7, and 9 minutes after solution administration. Repeated-measures analysis of variance examined between-group differences and within-subject variability of treatment effect on overall pain scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two- and 4-month-old infants receiving oral sucrose (n = 38) displayed reductions in pain scores 2 minutes after solution administration compared with 2- and 4-month-old infants in the placebo group (n = 45). Between-group comparisons for the oral sucrose and placebo groups showed lower pain responses at 5, 7, and 9 minutes after solution administration. The oral sucrose and placebo groups demonstrated their highest mean pain score at 7 minutes, with a mean pain score of 3.8 and 4.8, respectively. At 9 minutes, the placebo group had a mean pain score of 2.91 whereas the mean pain score for the oral sucrose group returned to near baseline, reflecting a 78.5% difference in mean pain score (oral sucrose - placebo) relative to the placebo mean.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral sucrose is an effective, easy-to-administer, short-acting analgesic for use during routine immunizations.
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State University School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Development, 307B HHD East, University Park, PA 16802, USA. lal153@psu.edu
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hatfield
authors.forename: Maryellen E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gusic
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Rosemary C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Polomano
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013395:Sucrose / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D014612:Vaccines; D013395:Sucrose