title: Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils extracted from Korean endemic citrus species.
abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of 14 kinds of citrus oils and to test their biological activities. Citrus essential oils were obtained by steam distillation from immature fruits collected from Jeju Island and were analyzed using gas chromatograph (GC)- flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Limonene (55.4% to 91.7%), myrcene (2.1% to 32.1%), alpha-pinene (0.6% to 1.6%) and linalool (0.4% to 6.9%) were the major components in most citrus species. To evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity, all essential oils were tested against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Nine out of fourteen citrus oils exhibited antibacterial activity against P. acnes, but not against S. epidermidis. The effects of the citrus oils on DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide radical anion scavenging, nitric oxide radical, and cytotoxicity were also assessed. Three essential citrus oils, Joadeung, Dongjunggyul, and Bujiwha, exhibited potent inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production. Two essential oils, Dongjunggyul and Joadeung, showed potent free radical scavenging activities in the DPPH assay. For future applications in cosmetic products, we also performed MTT assays in a human dermal fibroblast cell line. The majority of the essential oils showed no cytotoxicity. The results indicate that citrus essential oils can be useful natural agents for cosmetic application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.forename: Sang-Suk
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tae-Heon
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Ji-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Nam Ho
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chang-Gu
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Hyun
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000475:Alkenes / Q000032:analysis; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000032:analysis; D020405:Dermis / Q000166:cytology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D000077222:Limonene; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D011425:Propionibacterium acnes / Q000187:drug effects*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000475:Alkenes; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D013729:Terpenes; C509595:myrcene; D000077222:Limonene; C018584:linalool; C005451:alpha-pinene