title: Effects of individual and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence: a population-based study of women in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the role of women's education and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence (IPV).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a sample of 83627 married women aged 15 to 49 years from the 1998 to 1999 Indian National Family Health Survey. We used multilevel multiple logistic regression modeling to estimate the relative effect of women's and their husband's levels of education, spousal education differential, and community-level literacy on women's risk of recent and lifetime IPV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adjusted models, odds of recent IPV among women without any education were 5.61 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.53, 8.92) those of college-educated women, and odds among wives of uneducated men were 1.84 times (95% CI=1.44, 2.35) those of wives of college-educated men. Women with more education than their husbands were more likely than those with educational parity to report recent IPV (odds ratio [OR]=1.18; 95% CI=1.05, 1.33). The results were similar for lifetime IPV. After we controlled for individual factors, as community male and female literacy levels increased, likelihood of IPV declined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although increasing women's levels of education is crucial to reducing IPV for women, proximate educational context is also an important factor in reducing this public health burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Kresge Building, 7th flr, Boston, MA 02115-6096, USA. svsubram@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Leland K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Ackerson
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Barbeau
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Subramanian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018454:Spouses