title: Fracture healing: the diamond concept.
abstract: Fracture healing is a complex physiological process. With the latest advances made in molecular biology and genetics it is now known that it involves the spatial and temporal coordinated action of several different cell types, proteins and the expression of hundreds of genes working towards restoring its structural integrity without scar formation. The standard tissue engineering approach to provide solutions for impaired fracture healing, bone restoration and regeneration includes the utilisation of growth factors, scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells (triangular concept). However, although the mechanical environment is discussed and is considered as an important element in bone regeneration, its importance is often underestimated and it is not always given the necessary attention. The available scientific evidence supports the view that all the 4 known factors contributing to bone restoration should be given an equal acknowledgment and recognition. The traditional discussed triangular concept therefore should be reconsidered and be accepted as the 'diamond concept'.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, University of Leeds, UK. pgiannoudi@aol.com
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Einhorn
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002146:Bony Callus / Q000502:physiology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins