title: Systematic review: tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tranexamic acid may reduce upper gastrointestinal bleeding and stabilize patients before endoscopic treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review randomized trials on tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Manual and electronic searches of The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Science Citation Index were combined. Intention-to-treat random effect meta-analyses were performed and results presented as RRs with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven double-blind randomized trials on tranexamic acid vs. placebo were included. Of 1754 patients randomized, 21% were excluded. Only one trial included endoscopic treatments or proton pump inhibitors. Five per cent of patients on tranexamic acid and 8% of controls died (RR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.42-0.89). No significant differences were found on bleeding, bleeding-related mortality, surgery or transfusion requirements. Adverse events were unclearly reported. Data from three of the included trials suggested that tranexamic acid did not significantly increase the risk of thromboembolic disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present review suggests that tranexamic acid may reduce all-cause mortality. However, because of limitations in the internal and external validity of included trials, additional evidence is needed before treatment recommendations can be made.
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. liselottegluud@yahoo.dk
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gluud
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Klingenberg
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Langholz
mesh_terms: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D014148:Tranexamic Acid