title: Experimental demonstration of ecological character displacement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The evolutionary consequences of competition are of great interest to researchers studying sympatric speciation, adaptive radiation, species coexistence and ecological assembly. Competition's role in driving evolutionary change in phenotypic distributions, and thus causing ecological character displacement, has been inferred from biogeographical data and measurements of divergent selection on a focal species in the presence of competitors. However, direct experimental demonstrations of character displacement due to competition are rare.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate a causal role for competition in ecological character displacement. Using populations of the bacterium Escherichia coli that have adaptively diversified into ecotypes exploiting different carbon resources, we show that when interspecific competition is relaxed, phenotypic distributions converge. When we reinstate competition, phenotypic distributions diverge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This accordion-like dynamic provides direct experimental evidence that competition for resources can cause evolutionary shifts in resource-related characters.
authors.affiliation: Dept. Zoology & Centre for Biodiversity, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada. tyerman@zoology.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Jabus G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tyerman
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: Christine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doebeli
mesh_terms: D004463:Ecology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005838:Genotype; D011157:Population Dynamics; D025341:Principal Component Analysis