title: Effect of long-term repeated deflections on fatigue of preloaded superelastic nickel-titanium archwires.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this in-vitro study was to investigate the changes in force delivery of superelastic nickel-titanium archwires used in combination with a self-ligating bracket system after dynamic fatigue-loading in a 3-bracket model under controlled temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of 2 superelastic nickel-titanium (active austenitic) wires, a conventional nickel-titanium wire, and a stainless steel wire, all 0.014-in round, were divided into 2 groups: static deflection and dynamic deflection. The static specimens were under a constant deflection of 3.0 mm. The dynamic specimens had the same constant deflection of 3.0 mm but were subjected to additional repeated deflections of 0.5 mm, applied by a fatigue tester. The test situation simulates a patient's archwire under deflection and subjected to occlusal contact during 1, 100, 10,000, and 100,000 cycles. Fatigue changes were assessed with a 3-point bending test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type of wire, loading or unloading, and number of cycles as within-subject factors were statistically significantly different. No statistically significant difference between the test condition, static vs dynamic, was found. The repeated deflections of 0.5 mm were not enough to induce an extra effect of fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occlusal forces transferred to a considerably deflected archwire, such as in the large malalignments in the early stages of orthodontic treatment, will have no fatigue effect on the unloading force of that archwire.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis A J M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: van Aken
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pallav
authors.forename: Cornelis J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kleverlaan
authors.forename: Reinder B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kuitert
authors.forename: Birte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prahl-Andersen
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Feilzer
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001732:Bite Force; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D008422:Materials Testing; D009532:Nickel; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D018583:Pliability; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; C013616:nitinol; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium