title: Blood dendritic cell levels and phenotypic characteristics in relation to etiology of end-stage heart failure: implications for dilated cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysregulation of dendritic cell (DC) mediated immune responses towards auto-antigens, is considered an important feature in the maintenance of experimentally induced heart failure (HF). In order to evaluate the role of blood DCs in cardiomyopathies of different origins, we examined myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) subset levels and maturation characteristics, according to HF severity and etiology in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Absolute numbers of mDCs and pDCs in 12 New York Heart Association (NYHA) class-II, 28 NYHA class III-IV HF patients and 18 healthy controls, were studied by 4-colour whole blood flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  End-stage (NYHA III-IV) HF patients had comparable circulating DC subset levels to NYHA-II patients and controls. However, within the NYHA III-IV group total DC levels in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were higher (P<0.001) than in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or other HF etiology. This was due to a significant increase of primarily mDCs (P<0.0001) and to a lesser extent of pDCs (P<0.05) in idiopathic DCM patients, independent of systolic or diastolic cardiac dysfunction. Maturation marker CD83 and lymphoid homing chemokine receptor CCR7 surface expression was enhanced only on mDCs, but not pDCs from DCM patients (P<0.05), compared to patients with CAD, HCM or other underlying cardiac pathophysiology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total blood DC levels in end-stage HF are elevated in patients with DCM. Whole blood DC characterisation may lead to new insights into the pathophysiology of idiopathic DCM in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. p.athanassopoulos@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Athanassopoulos
authors.forename: Aggie H M M
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Balk
authors.forename: Leonard M B
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vaessen
authors.forename: Kadir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caliskan
authors.forename: Johanna J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Takkenberg
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weimar
authors.forename: Ad J J C
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bogers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged