title: Interactions between secondhand smoke and genes that affect cystic fibrosis lung disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disease variation can be substantial even in conditions with a single gene etiology such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Simultaneously studying the effects of genes and environment may provide insight into the causes of variation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether secondhand smoke exposure is associated with lung function and other outcomes in individuals with CF, whether socioeconomic status affects the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and lung disease severity, and whether specific gene-environment interactions influence the effect of secondhand smoke exposure on lung function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective assessment of lung function, stratified by environmental and genetic factors. Data were collected by the US Cystic Fibrosis Twin and Sibling Study with missing data supplemented by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Data Registry. All participants were diagnosed with CF, were recruited between October 2000 and October 2006, and were primarily from the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Disease-specific cross-sectional and longitudinal measures of lung function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 812 participants with data on secondhand smoke in the home, 188 (23.2%) were exposed. Of 780 participants with data on active maternal smoking during gestation, 129 (16.5%) were exposed. Secondhand smoke exposure in the home was associated with significantly lower cross-sectional (9.8 percentile point decrease; P < .001) and longitudinal lung function (6.1 percentile point decrease; P = .007) compared with those not exposed. Regression analysis demonstrated that socioeconomic status did not confound the adverse effect of secondhand smoke exposure on lung function. Interaction between gene variants and secondhand smoke exposure resulted in significant percentile point decreases in lung function, namely in CFTR non-DeltaF508 homozygotes (12.8 percentile point decrease; P = .001), TGFbeta1-509 TT homozygotes (22.7 percentile point decrease; P = .006), and TGFbeta1 codon 10 CC homozygotes (20.3 percentile point decrease; P = .005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Any exposure to secondhand smoke adversely affects both cross-sectional and longitudinal measures of lung function in individuals with CF. Variations in the gene that causes CF (CFTR) and a CF-modifier gene (TGFbeta1) amplify the negative effects of secondhand smoke exposure.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Collaco
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanscoy
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bremer
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McDougal
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Blackman
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naughton
authors.forename: Jacky
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ellen
authors.forename: Garry R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cutting
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator