title: Atomoxetine for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study we examined the effectiveness of atomoxetine for the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were aged 6 to 12 years and met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with a Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Revised attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subscale score above age and gender norms; Clinical Global Impressions-Severity Scale score of > or = 4; and Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Revised oppositional defiant disorder subscale score of > or = 15. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive 1.2 mg/kg per day of atomoxetine (n = 156) or placebo (n = 70) for 8 weeks. Treatment effect on oppositional defiant disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms was measured by using the investigator-rated Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Revised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated-measures analysis demonstrated a statistically significant difference favoring atomoxetine over placebo in the reduction of Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Revised oppositional defiant disorder total scores. There were significant pairwise treatment differences at weeks 2 and 5 but not at week 8 postbaseline. A last-observation-carried-forward analysis showed Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Revised scores at endpoint for the atomoxetine and placebo groups were significantly different for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms but not for oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. Atomoxetine was superior to placebo in a last-observation-carried-forward analysis of Clinical Global Impression-Improvement and Clinical Global Impression-Severity scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms previous findings that patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder show statistically and clinically significant improvement in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and global clinical functioning when treated with atomoxetine. It remains uncertain, however, whether atomoxetine exerts a specific and enduring effect on oppositional defiant disorder symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA. bangsme@lilly.com
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bangs
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hazell
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danckaerts
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoare
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Coghill
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wehmeier
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011437:Propylamines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D011437:Propylamines; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride