title: No increase in long-term risk for nicotine use disorders after treatment with methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence from a non-randomised retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate long-term effects of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment in ADHD children on the development of nicotine use disorders (SUD-N).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multisite retrospective non-randomised longitudinal study with 215 ADHD children (diagnosis at 9.2 years of age; reassessment for SUD-N at 21.9 years of age) strictly parallel allocated to MPH treated (n = 106) and drug naive (n = 109) children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference between the groups with respect to frequency (84% MPH; 89% non-MPH; chi(2) = 1.6; p = 0.21) and age of onset for first cigarette smoking (log rank 1.68; p = 0.19). Continuous smoking was reached by 51% (MPH) and 61% (non-MPH) of the patients. Survival analyses revealed a small and nominally significant delay in age of onset for continuous smoking in the MPH-group (log rank = 3.85; p = 0.049). Nicotine dependency was reached by 20% (MPH) and 27% (non-MPH). Age of onset does not differ between groups (log rank = 2.24; p = 0.13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited evidence due to the non-randomised nature of the study is given that MPH does not induce SUD-N. The data suggests there may be a beneficial effect of MPH on delay of onset for continuous nicotine consumption in ADHD patients.
authors.affiliation: Head of Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany. michael.huss@ukmainz.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huss
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Poustka
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lehmkuhl
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lehmkuhl
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate