title: Early frontal executive impairment as a predictor of subsequent behavior disturbance in dementia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent to which frontal executive impairment early in the course of dementia is predictive of subsequent disturbed behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective follow-up study set in the Memory Clinic, Leicester, United Kingdom. A patient cohort (N = 42) diagnosed with mild to moderate dementia was followed up between three and six years after initial assessment. Executive function at baseline was assessed using the The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly-Revised (CAMCOG-R) Executive Function score. Disturbed behavior and caregiver distress at follow-up were assessed on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), and Dementia Apathy Interview and Rating (DAIR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment, the Executive Function score at baseline was predictive of disturbed behavior and caregiver distress (NPI, CMAI, DAIR) at follow up, with higher levels of executive impairment associated with higher levels of disturbance/distress. Baseline measures of global cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Exam, CAMCOG) were not predictive of subsequent disturbed behavior or caregiver distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Executive impairments identifiable relatively early in the clinical course of dementia are predictive of disturbed behavior and associated caregiver distress at long-term follow-up, which supports the view that executive dysfunction is important in the etiology of these problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsoi
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baillon
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindesay
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology