title: Antiangiogenic therapy with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor RAD001 (Everolimus) increases radiosensitivity in solid cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiotherapy exerts direct antivascular effects in tumors and also induces a proangiogenic stress response in tumor cells via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Therefore, the combination of radiotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy with mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (Everolimus) might exert additive/synergistic effects on tumor growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of radiation combined with mTOR inhibitor RAD001 were studied on proliferation of murine colon cancer CT-26, human pancreatic cancer L3.6pl, and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells in vitro. In vivo tumor growth of subcutaneous colon cancer CT 26 and orthotopic pancreatic cancer L3.6pl was assessed after fractionated radiotherapy (5 x 2 or 5 x 4 Gy) with or without the addition of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001. RAD001 (1.5 mg/kg/d) was administered until the end of experiments beginning before or after radiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single dose of 2 Gy reduced in vitro proliferation of L3.6pl (-16%), CT-26 (-70%), and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC; -72%). The mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (10 ng/mL) suppressed proliferation of HUVEC (-83%), L3.6pl (-8%), and CT-26 (-82%). Combination of even low concentrations of 0.01 ng/mL RAD001 and 0.25 Gy radiation significantly reduced proliferation of HUVECs (-57%), whereas additive effects of RAD001 and radiation on tumor cells were seen only at the highest concentrations tested. In vivo, RAD001 introduced before radiotherapy (5 x 2 Gy) improved tumor growth control in mice (L3.6pl: 326 mm(3) versus 1144 mm(3); CT-26: 210 mm(3) versus 636 mm(3); P < 0.05 versus control). RAD001 turned out to possess a dose-modifying effect on radiotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endothelial cells seem to be most sensitive to combination of mTOR inhibition and radiotherapy. Additive tumor growth delay using the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 and radiotherapy in vivo therefore might rely on combined antiangiogenic and antivascular effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. Philipp.Manegold@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Philipp C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Manegold
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paringer
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kulka
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krimmel
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Eichhorn
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilkowski
authors.forename: Karl-Walter
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Jauch
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guba
authors.forename: Christiane J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bruns
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D000068338:Everolimus; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D000068338:Everolimus; D020123:Sirolimus