title: Dysphagia following anterior cervical arthrodesis is associated with continuous, strong retraction of the esophagus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of dysphagia after anterior cervical decompression and arthrodesis is estimated to be 50% within one month and 21% at twelve months. However, its exact etiology is not well understood. The objective of the present study was to explore the relationship between intraoperative intra-esophageal pressure due to surgical retraction, esophageal mucosal blood flow at the level of surgery, and postoperative dysphagia. Our hypothesis was that sustained elevated pressure on the esophagus during anterior cervical arthrodesis is associated with postoperative dysphagia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen selected patients scheduled for anterior cervical arthrodesis were studied. Throughout the procedure, intraluminal pressure in the upper esophageal sphincter was measured (mm Hg) with a custom-made manometer probe and mucosal perfusion was measured at the level of surgery with a laser Doppler flowmeter. The type of retraction chosen by the surgeon was noted. Postoperatively, the patients were specifically evaluated for dysphagia on the first postoperative day and at six weeks, three months, and six months postoperatively with use of the M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of the eleven patients who had dynamic retraction and five of the six patients who had static retraction during surgery had postoperative dysphagia. In the group of patients with dysphagia, the average M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory score decreased from 93.8 +/- 12.1 preoperatively to 67.7 +/- 11.4 on the first postoperative day (p < 0.001). The patients with dysphagia had a significantly higher average intraluminal pressure (60.8 +/- 54.3 compared with 54.4 +/- 51.8 mm Hg; p < 0.0001) as well as significantly lower average mucosal perfusion (26.1 +/- 18.1 compared with 40.8 +/- 26.2 tissue perfusion units; p < 0.0001) in comparison with the asymptomatic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with dysphagia following anterior cervical arthrodesis were exposed to higher intraoperative esophageal pressure and decreased esophageal mucosal blood flow during surgical retraction as compared with patients without dysphagia. In this small series, dynamic retraction seemed to be associated with a lower prevalence of postoperative dysphagia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. sergio-mendoza@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Lattes
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bartelt
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: André P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Boezaart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects