title: [Real time epidemiological surveillance within the armed forces: concepts, realities and prospects in France].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2002, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization took five initiatives in order to enhance the defence capacities against the massive destruction weapons, one of them concerned the development of an interoperable surveillance system, giving in real time some informations permitting early warning to the commanders. Thoughts in France to improve the military surveillance system, methodological constraints and first results are shown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical, technological, human and organisational aspects had to be taken into account to develop real time surveillance within the armed forces, and also specific military constraints. In order to evaluate the validity of its methodology, the "Institut de médecine tropicale du service de santé des armées" developed a prototype, set up in French Guyana and which took part in a second time at a multinational exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The "surveillance spatiale des épidémies au sein des forces armées de Guyane" has been set up in 2004, formed by both a recording and an analysis networks. This system permits to provide in real time some dashboards directly operational for the commanders. The exhaustiveness rate has been evaluated at 104%, compared to the traditional surveillance. It permitted three times to detect outbreaks several weeks before the other systems. Some limits have been identified, as the use of personal digitalized assistants. The involvement in a multinational exercise showed the system's efficacy, by detecting two simulated outbreaks, but also its interoperability. In 2006, it has been decided to extend the concept by deploying its second generation within the French armed forces in Djibouti. The "alerte et surveillance en temps réel" disposal permitted to take into account multiple geographical localizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A real time surveillance system is an essential alarm disposal, however it is only an information tool within the complex activity of piloting the sanitary situation. It must be integrated within the whole situation expertise supports, represented also by medical intelligence, epidemiological investigations and prediction of the epidemiological phenomenon evolution.
authors.affiliation: Unité d'épidémiologie, institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, B.P. 6010, 97306 Cayenne, Guyana. jbmeynard@pasteur-cayenne.fr
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meynard
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chaudet
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Texier
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Queyriaux
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deparis
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boutin
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*