Protein kinase d in the cardiovascular system: emerging roles in health and disease.
The protein kinase D (PKD) family is a recent addition to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase group of serine/threonine kinases, within the protein kinase complement of the mammalian genome. Relative to their alphabetically superior cousins in the AGC group of kinases, namely the various isoforms of protein kinase A, protein kinase B/Akt, and protein kinase C, PKD family members have to date received limited attention from cardiovascular investigators. Nevertheless, increasing evidence now points toward important roles for PKD-mediated signaling pathways in the cardiovascular system, particularly in the regulation of myocardial contraction, hypertrophy and remodeling. This review provides a primer on PKD signaling, using information gained from studies in multiple cell types, and discusses recent data that suggest novel functions for PKD-mediated pathways in the heart and the circulation.
Avkiran
Metin
M
Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom. metin.avkiran@kcl.ac.uk
Rowland
Alexandra J
AJ
Cuello
Friederike
F
Haworth
Robert S
RS
D000818:Animals; D006332:Cardiomegaly; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling
C089212:protein kinase D; D011493:Protein Kinase C