title: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as a potentially aggravating factor in borderline personality disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical experience suggests that people with borderline personality disorder often meet criteria for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, empirical data are sparse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the prevalence of childhood and adult ADHD in a group of women with borderline personality disorder and to investigate the psychopathology and childhood experiences of those with and without ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed women seeking treatment for borderline personality disorder (n=118) for childhood and adult ADHD, co-occurring Axis I and Axis II disorders, severity of borderline symptomatology and traumatic childhood experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Childhood (41.5%) and adult (16.1%) ADHD prevalence was high. Childhood ADHD was associated with emotional abuse in childhood and greater severity of adult borderline symptoms. Adult ADHD was associated with greater risk for co-occurring Axis I and II disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adults with severe borderline personality disorder frequently show a history of childhood ADHD symptomatology. Persisting ADHD correlates with frequency of co-occurring Axis I and II disorders. Severity of borderline symptomatology in adulthood is associated with emotional abuse in childhood. Further studies are needed to differentiate any potential causal relationship between ADHD and borderline personality disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philipsen
authors.forename: Matthias F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Limberger
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lieb
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feige
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kleindienst
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ebner-Priemer
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmahl
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bohus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011599:Psychopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index