title: The interleukin-10 promoter haplotype ATA is a putative risk factor for aggressive periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin-10 has been described as an anti-inflammatory cytokine and a B-cell proliferation factor. Promoter polymorphisms of the interleukin-10 gene have been associated with altered interleukin-10 expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate three polymorphisms at positions -1082G>A, -819C>T and -590C>A in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (n = 27) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (n = 32) in comparison with periodontitis-free controls (n = 34).
  
  
  METHODS
  Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). Distributions of single alleles, genotypes and haplotypes were calculated by the chi-square test. Risk factor analyses were carried out by logistic regression. Subgingival bacteria were subjected to molecular biological analyses using the micro-Ident test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination ATA/ATA was found only in patients with aggressive periodontitis (15.6 vs. 0.0%, p = 0.023). Taking into account age, gender, smoking and plaque level, an increased odds ratio (3.7, p = 0.04) for aggressive periodontitis was shown for subjects with the haplotype ATA. Prevotella intermedia was found to be decreased in ACC- positive (41.3 vs. 66.7%, p = 0.022), ATA-positive (33.3 vs. 57.1%, p = 0.032) and ACC/ATA-positive (20.0 vs. 55.9%, p = 0.002) individuals. In GCC/GCC-positive subjects, P. intermedia occurred more frequently (86.7 vs. 42.3%, p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The haplotype ATA, which is known as a 'low interleukin-10 producer' is a putative risk indicator for generalized aggressive periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: University School of Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther University Hall-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany. stefan.reichert@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: H K G
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Machulla
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klapproth
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gläser
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000150:complications; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D016753:Interleukin-10