title: The HIV-1 protease substitution K55R: a protease-inhibitor-associated substitution involved in restoring viral replication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The identification and in vitro characterization of novel protease mutations strongly associated with known protease resistance mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association between pairs of protease amino acid substitutions was identified using a database of protease sequences derived from protease inhibitor-experienced patients (n = 803). In vitro characterization included drug susceptibility and viral replication studies performed on recombinant viruses harbouring site-directed mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The K55R mutation, which is not a natural polymorphism, was identified to be strongly associated with protease mutations M46I/L and to a lesser extent L24I, I54V and V82A/T/S/F. In vitro characterization of the K55R substitution indicated a primary role for this substitution in increasing replicative capacity in the presence of specific protease mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The K55R mutation is a secondary drug resistance mutation that can improve viral replication capacity in the presence of other primary protease mutations.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK. liz.margerison@lab-21.com
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Margerison
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pillay
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cane
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Elston
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D016333:HIV Protease; C514803:p16 protease, Human immunodeficiency virus 1