title: State change in preterm infants in response to nursing caregiving: possible gender effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the effect of nursing caregiving on infant sleep-wake states by gender in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive measures at 34 weeks postmenstrual age and at discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two hospitalized preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infant state and caregiving episodes were coded in 15-second intervals from video recordings of approximately three hours duration. Time plots of state and caregiving were analyzed visually to summarize spontaneous state changes and state change associated with caregiving.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep and wake state distribution did not differ statistically by gender; however, the rate of state change in male infants was twice that of females (p=.012) at discharge. At discharge, male infants received approximately twice as many care episodes as females. At discharge, the rate of state change in response to caregiving in male infants was four times that of female infants (p=.026). Males exhibited a greater percentage of caregiving episodes related to state change than did females at discharge (p=.018). Findings suggest further exploration of possible gender differences in state regulation and state change in response to caregiving.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Department of Family and Child Nursing, Seattle 98195-7262, USA. kthomas@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Shao-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Sara N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001034:Apgar Score; D001724:Birth Weight; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D017050:Episode of Care; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D007224:Infant Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000458:organization & administration; D008297:Male; D017283:Neonatal Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009742:Nursing Theory; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology; D015430:Weight Gain