title: Current trends in the management of heart disease in pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of heart disease in pregnancy is highly specialized. Guidelines are based on observational studies. This paper describes our experience of these patients, including adverse cardiac events, adherence to guidelines, and areas of suboptimal management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients referred to the service between 01/05/1999 and 30/06/2005 were identified using clinic lists and keyword searches in databases. A list of 40 management standards was created from European Society of Cardiology and the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health guidelines. Adherence to these was recorded and adverse cardiac events noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 177 pregnancies in 155 women with a mean age of 28+/-6 years. Service referrals increased linearly throughout the study period. Of 131 cardiac pregnancies 101 had congenital heart disease (77.1%). Pulmonary oedema, deteriorating functional class, sustained arrhythmia or cardiac intervention occurred in 13 pregnancies (10.2%), though not always in high risk cases. Management guidelines were largely followed, though areas of suboptimal management included lack of pre-conception advice and inadequate post-partum follow-up. Controversial areas include the use of beta-blockade in coarctation of the aorta and the use of elective Caesarean section in high risk patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac pregnancies are increasing, mainly due to the rise in patients with congenital heart disease. Some patients will experience adverse cardiac events, including low risk patients. Pre-conception advice and post-partum follow-up should be improved. In the absence of prospective studies, management is likely to be driven by observational studies.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Congenital Heart Centre, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom. sl_curtis@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marsden-Williams
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sellers
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trinder
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scrutton
authors.forename: A Graham
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Stuart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D012189:Retrospective Studies