title: Incidence and outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in Kenyan children: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is the most common neurological emergency in childhood and is often associated with fever. In sub-Saharan Africa, the high incidence of febrile illnesses might influence the incidence and outcome of CSE. We aimed to provide data on the incidence, causes, and outcomes of childhood CSE in this region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March, 2006, and June, 2006, we studied all children who had been admitted with CSE to a Kenyan rural district hospital in 2002 and 2003. Confirmed CSE had been observed directly; probable CSE was inferred from convulsions on arrival, requirement for phenobarbital or phenytoin, or coma with a recent history of seizures. We estimated the incidence with linked demographic surveillance, and risk factors for death and neurological sequelae were analysed by multivariable analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 388 episodes of CSE, 155 (40%) were confirmed CSE and 274 (71%) were caused by an infection. The incidence of confirmed CSE was 35 (95% CI 27-46) per 100,000 children per year overall, and was 52 (21-107) and 85 (62-114) per 100,000 per year in children aged 1-11 months and 12-59 months, respectively. The incidence of all CSE was 268 (188-371) and 227 (189-272) per 100,000 per year in these age-groups. 59 (15%) children died in hospital, 81 (21%) died during long-term follow-up, and 46 (12%) developed neurological sequelae. Mortality of children with confirmed CSE while in hospital was associated with bacterial meningitis (adjusted relative risk [RR]=2.6; 95% CI 1.4-4.9) and focal onset seizures (adjusted RR=2.4; 1.1-5.4), whereas neurological sequelae were associated with hypoglycaemia (adjusted RR=3.5; 1.8-7.1) and age less than 12 months (adjusted RR=2.5; 1.2-5.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevention of infections and appropriate early management of seizures might reduce the incidence and improve the outcome of CSE in children in sub-Saharan Africa.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kilifi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadarangani
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seaton
authors.forename: J Anthony G
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Bernhards
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ogutu
authors.forename: Tansy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: Hellen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gatakaa
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Idro
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Berkley
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peshu
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010672:Phenytoin; D010634:Phenobarbital