title: Lipodystrophy and metabolic changes in HIV-infected children on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has recently been implemented in Thailand. Its long-term effects have not been clearly evaluated. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of lipodystrophy (LD) and other metabolic changes in HIV-infected children receiving HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety children who began HAART (either nevirapine or efavirenz, together with lamivudine and stavudine) were prospectively followed. LD was assessed by waist-to-hip ratio and LD checklist. Hypercholesterolaemia was defined as total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > 130 mg/dl. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperglycaemia were defined as HDL-c < 40 mg/dl, triglyceride > 200 mg/dl and plasma glucose > 110 mg/dl, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at entry was 7.6 (SD 2.9) years. Fifty-three children received nevirapine- and 37 received efavirenz-based HAART. The prevalence of LD was 9%, 47% and 65% at 48, 96 and 144 weeks after HAART initiation, respectively. Patterns of LD at week 144 were central lipohypertrophy (46%), peripheral lipoatrophy (20%), and combined type (34%). A higher prevalence of LD was found among females (61% versus 39%; P = 0.04) and those with more advanced disease (CDC category B or C) at baseline (73% versus 51%; P = 0.04). There was no difference in prevalence of LD between the two regimens. At 144 weeks, fasting hypertriglyceridaemia was detected in 12%, hypercholesterolaemia in 11%, and increased plasma glucose in 4% of children. Low HDL-cholesterolaemia decreased from 94% at baseline to 12% at week 144 (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than half of the children developed LD at 144 weeks after HAART. Dyslipidaemia occurred in 11-12% of children.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aurpibul
authors.forename: Thanyawee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Puthanakit
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ampica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangklabruks
authors.forename: Thira
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sirisanthana
authors.forename: Virat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sirisanthana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000480:Alkynes; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018119:Stavudine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019259:Lamivudine; D019829:Nevirapine; D018119:Stavudine; C098320:efavirenz