title: Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase overexpression enhances insulin sensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies suggest that nitric oxide (NO) may modulate insulin-induced uptake of glucose in insulin-sensitive tissues. Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS). We hypothesized that a reduction in endogenous ADMA would increase NO synthesis and thereby enhance insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To test this hypothesis we used a transgenic mouse in which we overexpressed human dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH-I). The DDAH-I mice had lower plasma ADMA at all ages (22 to 70 wk) by comparison to wild-type (WT) littermates. With a glucose challenge, WT mice showed a prompt increase in ADMA, whereas DDAH-I mice had a blunted response. Furthermore, DDAH-I mice had a blunted increase in plasma insulin and glucose levels after glucose challenge, with a 50% reduction in the insulin resistance index, consistent with enhanced sensitivity to insulin. In liver, we observed an increased Akt phosphorylation in the DDAH-I mice after i.p. glucose challenge. Incubation of skeletal muscle from WT mice ex vivo with ADMA (2 mumol/L) markedly suppressed insulin-induced glycogen synthesis in fast-twitch but not slow-twitch muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the endogenous NOS inhibitor ADMA reduces insulin sensitivity, consistent with previous observations that NO plays a role in insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sydow
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mondon
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.forename: Hakuoh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cooke
mesh_terms: D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006003:Glycogen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D006003:Glycogen; D001120:Arginine; D000581:Amidohydrolases; C059999:dimethylargininase