title: Data mining of plasma peptide chromatograms for biomarkers of air contaminant exposures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interrogation of chromatographic data for biomarker discovery becomes a tedious task due to stochastic variability in retention times arising from solvent and column performance. The difficulty is further compounded when the effects of exposure (e.g. to environmental contaminants) and biological variability result in varying numbers and intensities of peaks among chromatograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a software tool to correct the stochastic time shifts in chromatographic data through iterative selection of landmark peaks and isometric interpolation to improve alignment of all chromatographic peaks. To illustrate application of the tool, plasma peptides from Fischer rats exposed for 4 h to clean air or Ottawa urban particles (EHC-93) were separated by HPLC with autofluorescence detection, and the retention time shifts between chromatograms were corrected (dewarped). Both dewarped and non-dewarped datasets were then mined for models containing peptide peaks that best discriminate among the treatment groups using ClinproToolstrade mark. In general, models generated by dewarped datasets were able to better classify test sample chromatograms into either clean air or EHC-93 exposure groups, and 0 or 24 h post-recovery time groups. Peak areas of peptides in a model that produced the best discrimination of treatment groups were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with exposure (clean air, EHC-93) and recovery time (0 h, 24 h) as factors. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) time-dependent and exposure-dependent increases and decreases were noted establishing these as biomarker candidates for further validation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our software tool provides a simple and portable approach for alignment of chromatograms with complex, bi-directional retention time shifts prior to data mining. Reliable biomarker discovery can be achieved through chromatographic dewarping using our software followed by pattern recognition by commercial data mining applications.
authors.affiliation: Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Subramanian_Karthikeyan@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Subramanian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karthikeyan
authors.forename: Premkumari
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumarathasan
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vincent