title: Perceived responsibility for change as an outcome predictor in cognitive-behavioural group therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study of control beliefs in psychotherapy research has been neglected in the past years. Based on the evidence that some patients do not benefit enough from therapy because of inadequate expectancies regarding the responsibility and the mechanisms of therapeutic change, assessing control beliefs specific to the psychotherapy context and linking them to therapy outcome can help highlighting this specific aspect and reactivating a neglected field of clinical research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a new validated instrument (Questionnaire on Control Expectancies in Psychotherapy, TBK), this study investigated whether and how perceived responsibility for change predicts favourable response to group cognitive-behavioural therapy in a sample of 49 outpatients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Patient engagement and therapy-related self-efficacy were assessed as possible process variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among therapy-related control beliefs, low powerful others expectancies (towards the therapist) were found to be the strongest predictor for clinical improvement at follow-up. At a process level, analyses of mediation showed that powerful others expectancies predicted therapy engagement, which then influenced the degree of clinical improvement on social anxiety levels and global symptoms. The association between therapy-specific internality and outcome was confirmed for social anxiety at follow-up and was partially mediated by therapy-related self-efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings confirm that therapy-related control beliefs predict psychotherapy process (patient engagement and therapy-specific self-efficacy) and outcome in cognitive-behavioural group therapy for SAD. Implications for clinicians and for future research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Zurich University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland. aba.delsignore@usz.ch
authors.forename: Aba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delsignore
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carraro
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mathier
authors.forename: Hansjörg
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Znoj
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schnyder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011336:Probability; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013811:Psychotherapeutic Processes; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome