title: Retrojugular versus ventrojugular approach to carotid bifurcation for eversion endarterectomy: a prospective randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective randomized study was to demonstrate the comparability of retrojugular access for carotid eversion endarterectomy compared to the conventional ventrojugular procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Due to the expected minor and major complication rate of 5% in patients undergoing carotid surgery, a patient cohort of 600 study patients was planned. All patients underwent standard preoperative and postoperative assessment including clinical investigation and fiberoptic laryngoscopy. The 6 month follow-up examination included an evaluation of patient contentment, a duplex scan, clinical investigation and a fiberoptic laryngoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the first interim evaluation of 101 patients, the study was stopped because of a significant increase in temporary ipsilateral vocal cord motility dysfunction in the retrojugular access group (31% vs. 6%, p=0.0014). This early postoperative impairment was, however, not statistically significant at the follow-up examination at 6 months (2.4% vs. 0%). No other significant differences concerning major complications (death or stroke), other cranial nerve injuries, wound healing, or patient satisfaction was observed neither in the early postoperative phase nor at follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the high incidence of temporary ipsilateral vocal cord dysfunction in patients undergoing retrojugular exposure of the carotid artery, we recommend the conventional ventrojugular approach, which can be performed by incision along the anterior border of the sternomastoid muscle or by transversal skin incision.
authors.affiliation: Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Regensburg Hospital, Germany. alexander.stehr@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stehr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scodacek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wustrack
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinbauer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Töpel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kasprzak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000209:etiology