title: Factors associated with hepatitis C viremia in a large cohort of HIV-infected and -uninfected women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common among HIV-infected women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To further our understanding of the risk factors for HCV viremia and the predictors of HCV viral load among women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated sociodemographic, immunologic, and virologic factors associated with presence and level of HCV viremia among 1049 HCV-seropositive women, 882 of whom were HIV-infected and 167 HIV-uninfected at their entry into the Women's Interagency HIV Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma HCV RNA was detected in 852 (81%) of these 1049 women (range: 1.2-7.8 log(10)copies/ml). HCV-viremic women were more likely to have an HIV RNA level >100,000 copies/ml (P=0.0004), to have reported smoking (P=0.01), or to be Black (P=0.005). They were less likely to have current or resolved hepatitis B infection. HCV RNA levels were higher in women who were >35 years old, or HIV-infected. Current smoking and history of drug use (crack/freebase cocaine, marijuana, amphetamines, or heroin) were each associated with both presence and level of viremia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substance abuse counseling aimed at eliminating ongoing use of illicit drugs and tobacco may reduce clinical progression, improve response to treatment, and decrease HCV transmission by lowering levels of HCV viremia in women.
authors.affiliation: Maternal Child and Adolescent Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. eva@usc.edu
authors.forename: Eva A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Operskalski
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Howard D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Strickler
authors.forename: Audrey L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Augenbraun
authors.forename: Phyllis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Villacres
authors.forename: LaShonda Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Degiacomo
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovacs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010949:Plasma / Q000821:virology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral