title: When pliers become fingers in the monkey motor system.
abstract: The capacity to use tools is a fundamental evolutionary achievement. Its essence stands in the capacity to transfer a proximal goal (grasp a tool) to a distal goal (e.g., grasp food). Where and how does this goal transfer occur? Here, we show that, in monkeys trained to use tools, cortical motor neurons, active during hand grasping, also become active during grasping with pliers, as if the pliers were now the hand fingers. This motor embodiment occurs both for normal pliers and for "reverse pliers," an implement that requires finger opening, instead of their closing, to grasp an object. We conclude that the capacity to use tools is based on an inherently goal-centered functional organization of primate cortical motor areas.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Umiltà
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Escola
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Intskirveli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grammont
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rochat
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caruana
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jezzini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gallese
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rizzolatti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*