title: Water diffusion anisotropy in white and gray matter of the human spinal cord.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a reliable technique for diffusion imaging of the human spinal cord at 1.5 Tesla and to assess potential differences in diffusion anisotropy in cross-sectional images.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-shot echo-planar imaging sequence with double spin-echo diffusion preparation was optimized regarding cerebrospinal fluid artifacts, effective resolution, and contrast-to-noise ratios. Eleven healthy volunteers participated in the study for quantitative characterization of diffusion anisotropy in white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) by means of two diffusion encoding schemes: octahedral-six-directions for fractional anisotropy (FA) evaluation and orthogonal-three-directions for anisotropy index (AI) calculation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulse-trigger gated sequences with optimal matrix size (read x phase = 64 x 32) and b-value (700 s/mm(2)) allowed the acquisition of high-resolved images (voxel size = 0.9 x 0.9 x 5.0 mm(3)). The GM butterfly shape was recognizable in both AI and FA maps. Both encoding schemes yielded high diffusion anisotropy in dorsal WM (FA = 0.79 +/- 0.07; AI = 0.39 +/- 0.04). Lateral WM showed slightly lower anisotropy (FA = 0.69 +/- 0.08; AI = 0.35 +/- 0.03) than dorsal WM. Clearly smaller anisotropy was found in regions containing GM (FA = 0.45 +/- 0.06; AI = 0.21 +/- 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diffusion anisotropy data of the spinal cord can be obtained in a clinical setting. Its application seems promising for the assessment of neurological disorders.
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. cristina.rossi@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boss
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steidle
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martirosian
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Klose
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capuani
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maraviglia
authors.forename: Claus D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Claussen
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016880:Anisotropy; D016477:Artifacts; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid; D004058:Diffusion; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water