title: Intensive care unit nurses' perceptions of safety after a highly specific safety intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unknown if successful changes in specific safety practices in the intensive care unit (ICU) generalize to broader concepts of patient safety by staff nurses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore perceptions of patient safety among nursing staff in ICUs following participation in a safety project that decreased hospital acquired infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  After implementation of practices that reduced catheter-related bloodstream infections in ICUs at four community hospitals, ICU nurses participated in focus groups to discuss patient safety. Audiotapes from the focus groups were transcribed, and two independent reviewers categorised the data which were triangulated with responses from selected questions of safety climate surveys and with the safety checklists used by management leadership on walk rounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three nurses attended eight focus groups; 92 nurses and managers completed safety climate surveys, and three separate leadership checklists were reviewed. In focus groups, nurses predominantly related patient safety to dangers in the physical environment (eg, bed rails, alarms, restraints, equipment, etc.) and to medication administration. These areas also represented 47% of checklist items from leadership walk rounds. Nurses most frequently mentioned self-initiated "double checking" as their main safety task. Focus-group participants and survey responses both noted inconsistency between management's verbal and written commitment compared with their day-to-day support of patient safety issues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICU nurses who participated in a project to decrease hospital acquired infections did not generalize their experience to other aspects of patient safety or relate it to management's interest in patient safety. These findings are consistent with many adult learning theories, where self-initiated tasks, combined with immediate, but temporary problem-solving, are stronger learning forces than management-led activities with delayed feedback.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 670589, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA. eldernc@fammed.uc.edu
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Brungs
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kudel
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Render
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003625:Data Collection; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis