title: A sensitivity analysis using information about measured confounders yielded improved uncertainty assessments for unmeasured confounding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the analysis of observational data, the argument is sometimes made that if adjustment for measured confounders induces little change in the treatment-outcome association, then there is less concern about the extent to which the association is driven by unmeasured confounding. We quantify this reasoning using Bayesian sensitivity analysis (BSA) for unmeasured confounding. Using hierarchical models, the confounding effect of a binary unmeasured variable is modeled as arising from the same distribution as that of measured confounders. Our objective is to investigate the performance of the method compared to sensitivity analysis, which assumes that there is no relationship between measured and unmeasured confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We apply the method in an observational study of the effectiveness of beta-blocker therapy in heart failure patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BSA for unmeasured confounding using hierarchical prior distributions yields an odds ratio (OR) of 0.72, 95% credible interval (CrI): 0.56, 0.93 for the association between beta-blockers and mortality, whereas using independent priors yields OR=0.72, 95% CrI: 0.45, 1.15.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If the confounding effect of a binary unmeasured variable is similar to that of measured confounders, then conventional sensitivity analysis may give results that overstate the uncertainty about bias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada. lawrence@stat.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Lawrence C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: McCandless
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Adrian R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D015982:Bias; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists