title: Development of keratinocyte growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mammary glands of adult female animals are remarkably sensitive to keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). KGF acts at the KGF receptor (KGFR) to produce a rapid and profound stimulation of breast cancer cell proliferation and motility. Further, KGF-induced motility in breast cancer cells is mediated via the Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Thus, enhancement of KGF/KGFR signal transduction may be an early step in the metastatic progression of breast cancer. Receptor modeling of KGFR was used to identify selective KGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) molecules with high receptor affinity. The present study describes the synthesis and biological activity of three of the KGFR TKI compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computer modeling of the KGFR was used to create a virtual library of compounds that have the potential to bind with high affinity to the KGFR. Three of these compounds were synthesized and tested in this study. The compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit KGF-mediated breast cancer cell proliferation and motility using a culture wounding assay. In addition, the effect of the most potent KGFR TKI compound on the relative density of cell membrane KGFR was measured using immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was observed that the KGFR TKIs decreased KGF-mediated activity as predicted by computer modeling. In addition, the most potent inhibitor also reduced the density of the KGFR on the membrane of the cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel inhibitors identified in this project are selective KGFR inhibitors which appear to reduce the expression of KGFR on cancer cells. These results may lead to the development of a novel class of anticancer agents for the chemoprevention of metastatic cancer development and provide a new approach in the treatment of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hackett
authors.forename: Zili
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Xiao-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Megan L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brackett
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Brueggemeier
authors.forename: Pui-Kai
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J Thomas
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pento
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D015363:Quinolones; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; C065104:keratinocyte growth factor receptor