title: New neurocutaneous syndrome with defect in cell trafficking and melanosome pathway: the future challenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Case study of a CNS impairment lacking in presumptive cause; case presents with a clinical phenotype encompassing multiple differently expressed and combined symptoms, as well as a subtle skin defect.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 6-year-old male with apparently isolated mental delay, speech delay, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, and subtle and insignificant skin dyschromias. The patient underwent a systematic evaluation, including clinical history; medical, neurological and ophthalmologic examinations. Skin, teeth, nails, hair and sudation were examined for defects. Routine laboratory tests for blood, urine, were performed. The proband had thyroid function tests, electrocardiography, genitourinary system and abdominal examinations. Special examinations pertaining to mental performance, biochemistry, chromosome studies, imaging and electrodiagnostic studies, and skin biopsy were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Investigators ruled out genetic syndromes, congenital infections, fetal deprivation, perinatal insults, intrauterine exposure to drug abuse, and postnatal events such as CNS infections as possible common causes of brain impairment. Being all further test negative, the patient exhibited an ultrastructural defect of the skin, identical to that previously described [Buoni S, Zannolli R, de Santi MM, Macucci F, Hayek J, Orsi A et al. Neurocutaneous syndrome with mental delay, autism, blockage in intracellular vesicular trafficking and melanosome defects. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:842-51], suggesting that some cell compartments, such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and the vesicular zone (racket) of Birbeck granules, sharing similar components, can be altered, resulting in a common defect in cell trafficking, associated to melanosome defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new devasting, ultrastructural phenotype accompanied by apparently unspecific and mixed neurological symptoms should represent a future challenge to finally discover the pathogenesis of many childhood CNS symptoms, that currently seem to lack any apparent cause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatrics Neurology and Pediatrics Neuropsychiatric Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, I-53100 Siena, Italy. zannolli@unisi.it
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zannolli
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buoni
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Santi
authors.forename: Clelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miracco
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vonella
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tassini
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vivi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viviano
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orsi
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scarinci
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Ambrosio
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Livi
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Volterrani
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fois
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayek
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020460:Melanosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D020752:Neurocutaneous Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure