title: An ultrastructural study of the early cercarial development in Prosorhynchoides borealis (Digenea: Bucephalidae) with special reference to formation of the primitive epithelium.
abstract: Primitive epithelium and outer tegumental layer formation during early cercarial development was studied in Prosorhynchoides borealis using electron microscopy. It demonstrated that germinal cells freely floating in the sporocyst body cavity divide to give rise to naked cell aggregates. These early embryos are highly irregular in outline and are composed of blastomeres differing in size and structure. In embryos consisting of about 12-14 cells a few (possibly only two) superficial macromeres become concave and produce thin extensions which envelop the embryonic mass before fusing to form a syncytial primitive epithelium. This primitive epithelium forms syncytial connections with underlying embryonic cells. Primordial tegumental cells become apparent in late germinal balls below the primitive epithelium. These cells expand and fuse to give rise to an embryonic nucleated tegument. The embryonic tegument is connected to peripheral embryonic cells by thin cytoplasmic bridges until the basement lamina is formed. Subsequently, the primitive epithelium is shed by the embryos and the nuclei in the embryonic tegument undergo pyknotic degeneration. These results are analysed and compared with data from studies on other trematode species and it is concluded that the primitive epithelium is derived from the embryo in at least the majority of digeneans.
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory of Parasitic Worms, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia. podvyaznaya_vermes@zin.ru
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Podvyaznaya
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Galaktionov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004848:Epithelium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D033661:Oocysts / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D014200:Trematoda / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*