title: Inhibition, flexibility, working memory and planning in autism spectrum disorders with and without comorbid ADHD-symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have not paid a great deal of attention to comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in autistic children even though it is well known that almost half of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suffer from hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare executive functioning (EF) profiles in children with ADHD and in children with ASD with and without comorbid ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 6 to 18 years old with ADHD (n = 20) or ASD (High-Functioning autism or Asperger syndrome) with (n = 20) and without (n = 20) comorbid ADHD and a typically developing group (n = 20) were compared on a battery of EF tasks comprising inhibition, flexibility, working memory and planning tasks. A MANOVA, effect sizes as well as correlations between ADHD-symptomatology and EF performance were calculated. Age- and IQ-corrected z scores were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant effect for the factor group (F = 1.55; dF = 42; p = .02). Post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences between the ADHD and the TD group on the inhibition task for false alarms (p = .01) and between the ADHD group, the ASD+ group (p = .03), the ASD- group (p = .02) and the TD group (p = .01) for omissions. Effect sizes showed clear deficits of ADHD children in inhibition and working memory tasks. Participants with ASD were impaired in planning and flexibility abilities. The ASD+ group showed compared to the ASD- group more problems in inhibitory performance but not in the working memory task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings replicate previous results reporting impairment of ADHD children in inhibition and working memory tasks and of ASD children in planning and flexibility abilities. The ASD + group showed similarities to the ADHD group with regard to inhibitory but not to working memory deficits. Nevertheless the heterogeneity of these and previous results shows that EF assessment is not useful for differential diagnosis between ADHD and ASD. It might be useful for evaluating strengths and weaknesses in individual children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. judith.sinzig@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sinzig
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morsch
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bruning
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lehmkuhl