Probing the electron delocalization in liquid water and ice at attosecond time scales.
We determine electron delocalization rates in liquid water and ice using core-hole decay spectroscopy. The hydrogen-bonded network delocalizes the electrons in less than 500 as. Broken or weak hydrogen bonds--in the liquid or at the surface of ice--provide states where the electron remains localized longer than 20 fs. These asymmetrically bonded water species provide electron traps, acting as a strong precursor channel to the hydrated electron.
Nordlund
D
D
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O. Box 20450 Stanford, California 94309, USA.
Ogasawara
H
H
Bluhm
H
H
Takahashi
O
O
Odelius
M
M
Nagasono
M
M
Pettersson
L G M
LG
Nilsson
A
A