title: African regional external quality assessment for CD4 T-cell enumeration: development, outcomes, and performance of laboratories.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An independent African Regional External Quality Assessment Scheme (AFREQAS) was implemented from Johannesburg. The aim was to establish a network of CD4 laboratories supporting HIV/AIDS anti-retroviral therapy programs and improve the quality of regional CD4 testing with EQA assessment, feedback, remedial action, and technical training. The overall performance from 2002 to 2006 (Trials 1-20) is reported, together with cumulative longitudinal performance of the different CD4 methods used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stabilized blood samples with "normal" and/or "low" CD4 values were shipped over 20 Trials. Data was analyzed for each trial including trimmed mean, standard deviation, and percentage coefficient of variation (%CV); "Residual" and SDI values were also calculated for each participating laboratory for both absolute CD4 counts (CD4abs) and CD4 percentage of lymphocytes values (CD4%/Ly). Standardized individual laboratory SDI values across 20 trials were analyzed according to CD4 method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average participation was 91.5%. Overall AFREQAS between-laboratory reproducibility (trimmed %CV) was 10.5% and 9.1% for absolute CD4 and CD4%/Ly, respectively. For the respective CD4abs and CD4%/Ly values in the trials where "normal" material was shipped trimmed %CV of 10.9 and 7.3% were noted, and in "low" value shipments %CV of 13.8% and 12.4% were noted. Cumulative absolute CD4 SDI analysis revealed the best between-laboratory precision amongst FACSCount and PanLeucogating (PLG-CD4) users (both SD of SDI = <1.2 and %CV of <<8%). Dual Platform or Single Platform algorithm-based systems and certain volumetric methods (laboratories who used Partec CyFlow instruments) had higher numbers of outlying laboratories (>12-25%CV and SD(SDI) > 2.2 noted), indicating that additional technical training and/or manufacturer support was required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participation in an AFREQAS with feedback and remedial action improves the quality of CD4 testing. African laboratory professionals can easily master CD4 counting technologies. However, the introduction of the simplest and most cost-effective methodologies is required to take ownership, and enable the delivery of quality CD4 counts in vast numbers necessary to support expansion of African ART programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences and the South African National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. glencross@roussos.co.za
authors.forename: Deborah K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Glencross
authors.forename: Hazel M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Aggett
authors.forename: Wendy S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mandy
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000379:methods*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D005246:Feedback; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories / Q000592:standards*; D016311:Outliers, DRG; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results