title: Unfair treatment, racial/ethnic discrimination, ethnic identification, and smoking among Asian Americans in the National Latino and Asian American Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relations of self-report of general unfair treatment and self-report of race/ethnicity-specific discrimination with current smoking among Asian Americans. We investigated whether ethnic identification moderated either association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weighted logistic regressions were performed among 1977 Asian Americans recruited to the National Latino and Asian American Study (2002-2003).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In weighted multivariate logistic regression models including both general unfair treatment and racial/ethnic discrimination, odds of current smoking were higher among Asian Americans who reported high levels of unfair treatment (odds ratio [OR]=2.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.13, 6.95) and high levels of racial/ethnic discrimination (OR=2.40; 95% CI=0.94, 6.12) compared with those who reported no unfair treatment and discrimination, respectively. High levels of ethnic identification moderated racial/ethnic discrimination (F(3) =3.25; P =.03). High levels of ethnic identification were associated with lower probability of current smoking among participants reporting high levels of racial/ethnic discrimination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that experiences of unfair treatment and racial/ethnic discrimination are risk factors for smoking among Asian Americans. Efforts to promote ethnic identification may be effective in mitigating the influence of racial/ethnic discrimination on smoking in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. dhchae@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Barbeau
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindsey
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krieger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology