Clinical ethics consultation: examining how American and Japanese experts analyze an Alzheimer's case.
BACKGROUND
Few comparative studies of clinical ethics consultation practices have been reported. The objective of this study was to explore how American and Japanese experts analyze an Alzheimer's case regarding ethics consultation.


METHODS
We presented the case to physicians and ethicists from the US and Japan (one expert from each field from both countries; total = 4) and obtained their responses through a questionnaire and in-depth interviews.


RESULTS
Establishing a consensus was a common goal among American and Japanese participants. In attempting to achieve consensus, the most significant similarity between Japanese and American ethics consultants was that they both appeared to adopt an "ethics facilitation" approach. Differences were found in recommendation and assessment between the American and Japanese participants. In selecting a surrogate, the American participants chose to contact the grandson before designating the daughter-in-law as the surrogate decision-maker. Conversely the Japanese experts assumed that the daughter-in-law was the surrogate.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that consensus building through an "ethics facilitation" approach may be a commonality to the practice of ethics consultation in the US and Japan, while differences emerged in terms of recommendations, surrogate assessment, and assessing treatments. Further research is needed to appreciate differences not only among different nations including, but not limited to, countries in Europe, Asia and the Americas, but also within each country.
Nagao
Noriko
N
Department of Biomedical Ethics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. noriko-nagao@umin.ac.jp
Aulisio
Mark P
MP
Nukaga
Yoshio
Y
Fujita
Misao
M
Kosugi
Shinji
S
Youngner
Stuart
S
Akabayashi
Akira
A
D000544:Alzheimer Disease; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics*; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D026822:Ethicists; D033061:Ethics Consultation; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D005195:Family Relations; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D018447:Medical Futility; D044623:Nutrition Therapy / Q000941:ethics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics*; D020458:Third-Party Consent; D014481:United States