title: Long-standing, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with complications respond well to short-term resistance and interval exercise training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the feasibility and the benefits of combined resistance and interval exercise training on phenotype characteristics and skeletal muscle function in deconditioned, type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with polyneuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Short-term, single-arm intervention trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven male T2D patients (age: 59.1+/-7.5 years; body mass index: 32.2+/-4.0 kg/m2) performed progressive resistance and interval exercise training thrice a week for 10 weeks. Besides primary diabetes outcome measures, muscle strength (MUST), maximal workload capacity (Wmax), whole-body peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and muscle oxidative capacity (MUOX), intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and glycogen (IMCG) storage, and systemic inflammation markers were determined before and after training. Daily exogenous insulin requirements (EIR) and historic individualized EIR were gathered and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MUST and Wmax increased with 17% (90% confidence intervals 9-24%) and 14% (6-21) respectively. Furthermore, mean arterial blood pressure declined with 5.5 mmHg (-9.7 to -1.4). EIR dropped with 5.0 IU/d (-11.5 to 1.5) compared with baseline. A decline of respectively -0.7 mmol/l (-2.9 to 1.5) and -147 micromol/l (-296 to 2) in fasting plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids concentrations were observed following the intervention, but these were not accompanied by changes in VO2peak, MUOX, IMCL or IMCG, and blood glycolysated haemoglobin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and/or cholesterol concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term resistance and interval exercise training is feasible in deconditioned T2D patients with polyneuropathy and accompanied by moderate improvements in muscle function and blood pressure. Such a specific exercise regimen may provide a better framework for future exercise intervention programmes in the treatment of deconditioned T2D patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. stephan.praet@bw.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: S F E
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Praet
authors.forename: R A M
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jonkers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schep
authors.forename: C D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Keizer
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Loon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014937:Work
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin