title: Recent corticosteroid use and recent disease activity: independent determinants of coronary heart disease risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by a markedly elevated risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), the exact pathogenesis of which is unknown. In particular, the causal roles of corticosteroid therapy and SLE disease activity, and whether their putative effects are mediated through conventional risk factors, remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data abstracted retrospectively from the charts at 11,359 clinic visits for 310 patients with SLE to the Montreal General Hospital were used to investigate the associations of recent corticosteroid dose and recent Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score with 8 CHD risk factors (total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B [Apo B], triglycerides, systolic blood pressure [BP], body mass index, and blood glucose) and the aggregate estimate of 2-year CHD risk. Separate multivariable linear regression models estimated the mutually-adjusted effects of average daily corticosteroid dose and average SLEDAI score within the past year on the current level of each risk factor while adjusting for age, sex, cumulative damage score, disease duration, and, where appropriate, use of relevant medications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher past-year corticosteroid dose was independently associated with significantly higher overall 2-year CHD risk and with higher levels of all 8 individual risk factors. Higher past-year lupus disease activity was independently associated with higher overall 2-year CHD risk, lower HDL cholesterol, and higher values of systolic BP, Apo B, triglycerides, and blood glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In SLE, both recent use of corticosteroids and recent lupus activity are independently associated with higher values of several well-recognized CHD risk factors and overall 2-year CHD risk.
authors.affiliation: University of Montreal, the Montreal University Health Center, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrahamowicz
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pilote
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pineau
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Esdaile
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides