title: Bowel symptoms in nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease: nature, prevalence, and relation to acid reflux.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD) patients frequently show features of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence and intensity of bowel symptoms and their relationship to esophageal acid exposure in NERD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bowel and reflux symptoms and IBS status were assessed in NERD patients (normal upper endoscopy; esophageal pH <4 for >or= 5% of the time on 24-h pH monitoring; n=326), in relation to nonpatient controls. Bowel symptoms were scored on the 3 scales: diarrhea, constipation, and pain/gas symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NERD and age were independently associated with bowel symptoms. NERD patients scored significantly higher than controls on all bowel scales. In a multivariate analysis, the scores on the pain/gas scale were independently associated with NERD. In NERD patients, reflux symptoms independently predicted the bowel symptoms while acid exposure did not. Forty-nine percent of the NERD patients and 18% of the controls met the criteria for IBS [IBS(+)NERD]. IBS(+)NERD patients scored significantly higher than those not meeting IBS criteria [IBS(-)] on all bowel scales. Yet IBS(-) patients scored significantly higher than controls on the scales of constipation and pain/gas. IBS(+)NERD patients scored higher than IBS(-) also on the GERD symptoms scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) NERD patients scored significantly higher than controls on all the bowel scales; (2) Bowel symptoms were associated with reflux symptom scores, but not with acid exposure. (3) The presence of IBS features in a large proportion of NERD patients reflects a high prevalence of visceral hypersensitivity that may aggravate acid reflux symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Tiberiu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hershcovici
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires