title: Risk of interference from transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the sensing function of implantable defibrillators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief is increasing. At the same time the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a routine treatment for malignant tachyarrhythmias. Today patients often need devices for more than one condition, and consideration must be given to the interaction between them. We studied the risk of interference between TENS and the ICD function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients who had received an ICD underwent a test protocol including TENS at the mammilla and hip levels, at two energy levels, and at the highest comfortable stimulation level. The effects of TENS on the electrocardiogram lead II, intracardiac electrograms, and the ICD marker channels were analyzed. Disturbance from TENS on the sensing function was seen at all stimulation attempts. Interference between the systems was observed in 16 patients. In eight patients (27%) the interpretation was VT/VF and in 14 patients (47%) as ventricular premature extra beats. Other kinds of interactions were seen in five patients (16%). Each patient could have more than one kind of interference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noise reversion and undersensing might prevent the ICD from delivering shock when it should and the interpretation as VT/VF could result in inappropriate shocks. Because of the potentially serious consequences of interference we do not recommend the use of TENS in patients with ICD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. c.holmgren@telia.com
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmgren
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Clas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mannheimer
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Edvardsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000075202:Contraindications; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*