title: Head movements of children in MEG: quantification, effects on source estimation, and compensation.
abstract: Head movements during magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings may lead to inaccurate localization of brain activity. This can be particularly problematic for studies with children. We quantified head movements in 8- to 12-year-old children performing a cognitive task and examined how the movements affected source estimation. Each child was presented auditory word stimuli in five 4-min runs. The mean change in the MEG sensor locations during the experiment ranged from 3 to 26mm across subjects. The variation in the head position was largest in the up-down direction. The mean localization error in equivalent current dipole (ECD) simulations was 12mm for runs with the most head movement, with the frontal cortex appearing to be most prone to errors due to head movements. In addition, we examined the effect of head movements on two types of source estimates, ECDs and minimum-norm estimates (MNE), for an auditory evoked response. Application of a recently introduced signal space separation (SSS) method to compensate for the head movements was found to increase the goodness-of-fit of the ECDs, reduce the spatial confidence intervals of the ECDs, and enhance the peak amplitude in the MNE. These results are indicative of the SSS method being able to compensate for the spatial smoothing of the signals caused by head movements. Overall, the results suggest that MEG source estimates are relatively robust against head movements in children, and that confounds due to head movements can be successfully dealt with in MEG studies of developmental cognition.
authors.affiliation: MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Wehner
authors.affiliation: MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Matti S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
authors.affiliation: MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mody
authors.affiliation: MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address: seppo@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Seppo P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ahlfors
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography