title: Intracellular copper deficiency increases amyloid-beta secretion by diverse mechanisms.
abstract: In Alzheimer's disease there is abnormal brain copper distribution, with accumulation of copper in amyloid plaques and a deficiency of copper in neighbouring cells. Excess copper inhibits Abeta (amyloid beta-peptide) production, but the effects of deficiency have not yet been determined. We therefore studied the effects of modulating intracellular copper levels on the processing of APP (amyloid precursor protein) and the production of Abeta. Human fibroblasts genetically disposed to copper accumulation secreted higher levels of sAPP (soluble APP ectodomain)alpha into their medium, whereas fibroblasts genetically manipulated to be profoundly copper deficient secreted predominantly sAPPbeta and produced more amyloidogenic beta-cleaved APP C-termini (C99). The level of Abeta secreted from copper-deficient fibroblasts was however regulated and limited by alpha-secretase cleavage. APP can be processed by both alpha- and beta-secretase, as copper-deficient fibroblasts secreted sAPPbeta exclusively, but produced primarily alpha-cleaved APP C-terminal fragments (C83). Copper deficiency also markedly reduced the steady-state level of APP mRNA whereas the APP protein level remained constant, indicating that copper deficiency may accelerate APP translation. Copper deficiency in human neuroblastoma cells significantly increased the level of Abeta secretion, but did not affect the cleavage of APP. Therefore copper deficiency markedly alters APP metabolism and can elevate Abeta secretion by either influencing APP cleavage or by inhibiting its degradation, with the mechanism dependent on cell type. Overall our results suggest that correcting brain copper imbalance represents a relevant therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cater
authors.forename: Kelly T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: McInnes
authors.forename: Qiao-Xin
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Volitakis
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: La Fontaine
authors.forename: Julian F B
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Ashley I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bush
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C084104:APLP2 protein, human; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D003300:Copper; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases