title: Psychological distress and associated risk factors in bronchial asthma patients in Kuwait.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent literature shows a high prevalence of psychological distress in bronchial asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To find the extent of psychological distress and associated risk factors in bronchial asthma patients in Kuwait.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a study at Kuwait's allergy center, 102 patients aged 20-60 years with asthma (67%), asthma with allergic rhinitis (33%) completed a self-administered questionnaire (WHO-Five Well-being Index). A score below 13 was considered as psychological distress; and 13 and above, as normal. An equal number of controls, matched for age, gender, nationality, were also enrolled.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were analyzed using SPSS software, and proportions were tested with Chi-square or Fisher's test. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to quantify the risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly large proportion (69%) of patients were found to be psychologically distressed, compared to 24% among controls (P<0.001, OR=7.5; 95% CI: 4-14). As many as 83.3% of cases, in the younger (20-30 years) age group, were distressed (P<0.044), compared to other age groups. A declining trend in proportion of distressed cases with increasing age was observed (P<0.013). A higher proportion of females (73.8%) and Kuwaitis (71.6%) with distress were observed, both among cases and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a high rate of poor well-being and psychological distress in patients suffering from asthma. Young patients and those with relatively short duration of illness, as well as asthmatic females, are more vulnerable to distress and need further psychological evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Al Rashed Allergy and Respiratory Disease Centre, Ministry of Health, Sulaibikhat, Kuwait. drnrpanicker@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Panicker
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Al-Duwaisan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult