title: Microsurgery for vestibular schwannoma after gamma knife radiosurgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the clinical characteristics of microsurgery for vestibular schwannoma (VS) after failed gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients, 5 men and 7 women aged 19 to 70 years (mean 54.5 years), who underwent microsurgery after failed GKS for VS were studied retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median interval between GKS and microsurgery was 28.8 months (range, 6.6-120 months) and 4 patients had undergone previous microsurgery. The mean volume of tumour at GKS was 6.9 cm(3) (range, 0.5-19.7 cm(3)) and the mean prescription dose to the tumour margin was 12.3 Gy. Microsurgery involved the lateral suboccipital approach in all patients. Tumour expansion involved solid enlargement in 7 patients, cystic enlargement in 3, and central necrosis in 2. Bleeding was slight in all patients except in one, probably because of the previous irradiation. Adhesion to the brain stem was severe in 7 patients. Identification of the facial nerve was easy in 5 operations and difficult in 7. Dissection of the tumour from the facial nerve was difficult in most interventions because of severe adhesions or colour change. Severe adhesions between the trigeminal nerve and the tumour was observed in 2 patients. The tumour was subtotally removed except around the internal auditory canal in most patients. Only one residual tumour increased in size and needed second GKS. The function of the facial nerve deteriorated in 3 patients, was unchanged in 7, and improved in 2. All patients had lost hearing on the affected side at the time of microsurgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microsurgery for VS after failed GKS presents some technical difficulties. Dissection of the tumour from the facial nerve or brain stem is likely to be difficult. We recommend subtotal resection without dissection of the facial nerve and tumour, because growth of the residual tumour was rare in our series.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. shuto@yokohamah.rofuku.go.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shuto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inomori
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003390:Cranial Nerve Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D020220:Facial Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D009464:Neuroma, Acoustic / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010579:Petrous Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000160:Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*