title: On-line multi-slice computed tomography interactive overlay with conventional X-ray: a new and advanced imaging fusion concept.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized noninvasive cardiovascular evaluations. Complicated percutaneous procedures require precise imaging guidance that conventional X-ray is often unable to provide. By combining X-ray imaging with real-time, interactive, CT-based landmarks, interventional procedures could be facilitated. We describe two cases using the first CT/Live X-ray overlay in which this technology shows its potential.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 31-year-old male with an anatomically complicated atrial septal defect (ASD) was referred for percutaneous closure. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed an inferior location of the ASD complicated by it's proximity to a prominent Eustachian ridge. The CT was used to create a patient-specific physical model in preparation for the procedure and an in-lab real-time CT overlay allowing successful closure. A second case of a 41-year-old male with coronary artery disease status-post coronary artery bypass, aortic valve replacement (AVR), and aortic root replacement with an abnormal coronary computed tomography angiogram (CTA). In a prior procedure years ago the saphenous vein graft (SVG) to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) could not be cannulated during invasive angiography, given the patient's complicated and unusual anatomy. Using CT overlay, the superiorly and anteriorly located SVG was cannulated successfully.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT/Live X-ray overlay provided an adequate anatomical intra-procedural ASD evaluation, defect sizing, and guidance in one case and localization of an anatomically challenging graft ostium in the other case. Adding the CT landmarks as an overlay to traditional X-ray techniques provides a revolutionary and advanced imaging fusion concept that should improve procedural success.
authors.forename: Joel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhakta
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Kak-Chen
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Onno
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wink
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruijters
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*