title: Hazardous alcohol drinking in the former Soviet Union: a cross-sectional study of eight countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hazardous consumption of large quantities of alcohol is a major cause of ill-health in the former Soviet Union (fSU). The objective of this study was to describe episodic heavy drinking and other hazardous drinking behaviors in eight countries of the fSU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from national surveys of adults conducted in Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine in 2001 were used (overall sample size 18,428; response rates 71-88%). Heavy episodic drinking, high alcohol intake, drinking alcohol during the working day, and using illegally produced strong spirits were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, 23% of men and 2% of women were defined as heavy episodic drinkers (> or = 2 l of beer or > or = 750 g bottle of wine or > or = 200 g strong spirits at least once every 2-3 weeks). This was more common in young males, women who are single or who are divorced/separated/widowed, in smokers, and in frequent alcohol drinkers. About half the respondents who drank strong spirits obtained at least some alcohol from private sources. Among drinkers, 11% of males and 7% of women usually took their first drink before the end of working day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heavy episodic alcohol drinking is frequent in males throughout the region--although prevalence rates may have been affected by underreporting--but is still relatively rare in women. Alcohol policies in the region should address hazardous drinking patterns and the common use of illegally produced alcohol.
authors.affiliation: European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Joceline.Pomerleau@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Joceline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pomerleau
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Christian W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Haerpfer
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rotman
authors.forename: Sergej
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tumanov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000506:poisoning*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol