title: Preclinical studies of molecular-targeting diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against breast cancer.
abstract: We have investigated protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, a putative differentiation-related and metastasis suppressor gene Cap43/NDRG1/Drg-1, and Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) to identify new molecular targeting for breast cancer. PKC is a family of serine/threonine kinases that is involved in the regulation of cell growth. We have demonstrated that PKC caused G(1) arrest in a breast cancer cell line through a mechanism involving a PKC-ERK MAPK-JNK-Rb protein signaling pathway. We have also characterized a novel mechanism through which all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and antineoplaston, anticancer drug, caused cell growth inhibition in breast cancer cells through effects on intracellular pathways. ATRA decreased the expression of PKCalpha, as well as reduced ERK MAPK phosphorylation, and consequently caused G(1) arrest. Antineoplaston caused the down-regulation of PKCalpha protein expression, resulting in inhibition of ERK MAPK phosphorylation, with resultant inhibition of Rb phosphorylation leading to G(1) arrest. PKC signaling represents a promising target for development of novel therapeutic agents. Cap43 is known as N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1). Treatment with estradiol (E(2)) significantly decreased the expression of Cap43 in ER-alpha-positive breast cancer cell lines. Co-administration of tamoxifen abrogated the E(2)-induced downregulation of Cap43 in ER-alpha-positive cell lines. These results suggested that Cap43 may hold the potential of being a molecular marker to determine the therapeutic efficacy of anti-estrogenic anticancer agents in breast cancer. YB-1 is a member of the cold shock domain protein family. The expression of nuclear YB-1 was correlated with HER2 positively in clinical specimens of human breast cancer. Immunostaining studies showed that nuclear YB-1 expression was an independent prognostic factor of overall survival. Expression of nuclear YB-1 played an essential role in acquirement of malignant characteristics through HER2-dependent pathways in breast cancer patients. PKC, Cap43 and YB-1 may be useful in new molecular-targeting diagnosis and therapeutics in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kurume University, Asahimachi 67, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan. tfujii@med.kurume-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Goro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Roka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Namoto
authors.forename: Shino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Uhi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Toh
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kage
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirouzu
authors.forename: Michihiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuwano
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D051840:Y-Box-Binding Protein 1; D000099259:N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Protein
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051840:Y-Box-Binding Protein 1; D000099259:N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Protein; C070856:YBX1 protein, human