title: Impaired endothelial and smooth muscle functions and arterial stiffness appear before puberty in obese children and are associated with elevated ambulatory blood pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether impaired brachial endothelial (flow-mediated dilation, FMD) and smooth muscle function (nitroglycerin-mediated dilation, NTGMD), and remodelling of the common carotid artery (CCA) develop before puberty in obese children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arterial intima-media thickness (IMT), FMD and NTGMD were measured by high-resolution ultrasound in 48 obese and 23 lean pre-pubertal children (8.8 +/- 1.5 years old). We assessed central pulse pressure, incremental elastic modulus (Einc), casual and ambulatory systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and body fatness by DXA. Obese children had significantly lower FMD (4.5 +/- 4.0 vs. 8.3 +/- 1.7%), NTGMD (19.0 +/- 9.0 vs. 25.8 +/- 6.1%), and increased Einc (13.9 +/- 5.2 vs. 10.4 +/- 5.2 mmHg/10(2)), ambulatory SBP (121.3 +/- 12.6 vs. 106.6 +/- 7.1, mmHg), and DBP (69.1 +/- 5.7 vs. 63.7 +/- 4.5) than lean subjects, whereas IMT was not augmented. Ambulatory systolic hypertension was present in 47% of obese subjects. FMD, NTGMD, and Einc were correlated with body fatness, body mass index, and blood pressure (BP).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired endothelial and smooth muscle functions and altered wall material develop before puberty in obese children, however remodelling of the CCA is not yet present. Arterial dysfunction may be considered as the first marker of atherosclerosis and is associated with elevated BP. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may be a potential tool to improve risk stratification in obese children.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent, University Hospitals of Geneva, 6, rue Willy-Donze, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yacine
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aggoun
authors.forename: Nathalie J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Farpour-Lambert
authors.forename: Laetitia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Golay
authors.forename: Albane B R
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Maggio
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beghetti
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011627:Puberty; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin