title: MDR1 and BCRP1 expression in leukemic progenitors correlates with chemotherapy response in acute myeloid leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overexpression of members of the adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily has been implicated in multidrug resistance in cancer, but results in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been inconsistent. We investigated the expression and activity of ABC transporters in patient total blasts and subpopulations along the leukemic stem cell hierarchy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we measured expression of the ABC transporter superfamily in the blast cells from AML patients prior to chemotherapy. In addition, we measured ex vivo daunorubicin resistance of subpopulations with or without ABC inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total blasts, no consistent difference was observed in 18 patients achieving complete remission (CR) and 13 patients who were refractory to induction chemotherapy (NR). However, among the subpopulation of CD34(+)CD38(-) AML cells (candidate "leukemic stem cells"), elevated expression of MDR1 and/or BCRP1, two ABC transporters associated with drug resistance, was found in 8 of 10 NR patients as compared to 0 of 7 CR patients. No such association was observed in the more differentiated CD34(+)CD38(+) or CD34(-) subpopulations. There was no significant difference in MRP1 expression between CR and NR patient samples in any of the subpopulations examined. The increased expression of MDR1 and BCRP1 in leukemic cells correlated with increased cellular daunorubicin resistance, which could be reversed by the ABC transporter inhibitors verapamil and PSC-833.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of MDR1 and BCRP1 in leukemic stem cells correlates with chemotherapy response both at the cellular level and in AML patients.
authors.affiliation: Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Donna E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hogge
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; C116614:ABCG2 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003630:Daunorubicin