title: Oral lesions and immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV+/AIDS patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Epidemiological evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether opportunistic oral infections associated to HIV infection (OOI-HIV) are found in HIV+/AIDS patients with immune reconstitution related to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  METHODS
  From among 1100 HIV+/AIDS patients (Service of Internal Medicine, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain) subjected to review of the oral cavity between January 1996 and May 2007, we identified those examined in 1996 and which were again examined between 1997 and 2007, and were moreover receiving HAART. The following data were collected: age, gender, form of contagion, antiretroviral therapy at the time of review, number of CD4+ lymphocytes/ml, and viral load (from 1997 onwards). We identified those subjects with an increase in CD4+ lymphocytes/ml associated to HAART, and classified them as subjects with quantitative evidence of immune reconstitution (QEIR). Among these individuals with QEIR we moreover identified those with undetectable viral loads (QEIR+VL), and differentiated those patients with an increase in CD4+ lymphocytes >500/ml (QEIRm+VL). In each group we determined the prevalence of OOI-HIV, following the diagnostic recommendations of the EC-Clearinghouse (CDC-Atlanta, USA - WHO). In addition, we analyzed the prevalence of OOI-HIV in the different groups in relation to the duration of HAART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 86 subjects were included (44 females and 42 males; 19 heterosexuals, 34 male homosexuals, and 33 intravenous drug abusers). Forty-two patients showed QEIR: 21 belonged to the QEIR+VL group, and 17 conformed the QEIRm+VL group. The prevalence of OOI-HIV per group was as follows: QEIR = 54.8%; QEIR+VL = 33%; QEIRm+VL = 35%. The most prevalent lesion in all groups was erythematous candidiasis. OOI-HIV increased with the duration of HAART (p = 0.008), and were seen to be dependent upon late appearance of the mycotic lesions (after 24 months under HAART).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that opportunistic oral infections associated to HIV infection form part of the clinical picture of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, though such infections are of late onset.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Dental School, Mexico National Autonomous University, Mexico.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gaitan Cepeda
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceballos Salobreña
authors.forename: Karem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: López Ortega
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arzate Mora
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiménez Soriano
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence