title: Factors associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review reported neurodevelopmental outcome data for patients with congenital heart disease, identify risk factors for adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae and summarize potential neuromonitoring strategies that have been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was performed utilizing combinations of the keywords congenital heart, cardiac, neurologic, neurodevelopment, neuromonitoring, quality of life, and outcome. All prospective and longitudinal follow-up studies of patients with congenital heart disease were included. Additionally, studies that examined neuroimaging, neuromonitoring, and clinical factors in relation to outcome were examined. Case reports and editorials were excluded. Additional references were retrieved from selected articles if the abstract described an evaluation of neurodevelopmental outcomes and/or predictors of outcome in patients with congenital heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, patients with CHD have increased rates of neurodevelopmental impairments, although intelligence appears to be in the normal range. Preoperative risk stratification, intraoperative techniques, postoperative care, and neuromonitoring strategies may all contribute to ultimate long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in patients with CHD postsurgical repair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As advances in the medical and surgical management improves survival in patients with CHD, increasing knowledge about neurodevelopmental outcomes and the factors that affect them will provide for strategies to optimize long-term outcome in this high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, United States. anguyenm@cnmc.org
authors.forename: An N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Dib
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Hany
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012307:Risk Factors