title: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphisms, smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: While tobacco smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) only a fraction of smokers go on to develop the disease. We investigated the relationship between the insertion (I)--deletion (D) polymorphisms in the Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene and the risk of developing COPD in smokers by determining the distribution of the ACE genotypes (DD, ID and II) in 151 life-long male smokers. 74 of the smokers had developed COPD (62 +/- 2 years; FEV1 44 +/- 6% reference) whereas the rest retained normal lung function (56 +/- 2 yrs; FEV1 95 +/- 3% reference). In addition, we genotyped 159 males recruited randomly from the general population. The prevalence of the DD genotype was highest (p = 0.01) in the smokers that developed COPD and its presence was associated with a 2-fold increase in the risk for COPD (OR 2.2; IC95% 1.1 to 5.5). Surprisingly, the 151 individuals in the smoking population did not demonstrate Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium unlike the 159 recruited from the general population. Our results suggest that ACE polymorphisms are associated with both the smoking history of an individual and their risk of developing COPD.
authors.affiliation: IUNICS-Unitat d'Investigació, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Busquets
authors.forename: Niall G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: MacFarlane
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heine-Suñer
authors.forename: Montse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morlá
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torres-Juan
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iglesias
authors.forename: Jeronia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lladó
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sauleda
authors.forename: Alvar G N
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Agustí
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004298:Dopamine; D004646:Emphysema; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking; D013030:Spain; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004298:Dopamine