title: Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder show decreased reward learning in a probabilistic reward task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bipolar disorder (BPD) features cycling mood states ranging from depression to mania with intermittent phases of euthymia. Bipolar disorder subjects often show excessive goal-directed and pleasure-seeking behavior during manic episodes and reduced hedonic capacity during depressive episodes, indicating that BPD might involve altered reward processing. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that BPD is characterized by impairments in adjusting behavior as a function of prior reinforcement history, particularly in the presence of residual anhedonic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen medicated BPD subjects and 25 demographically matched comparison subjects performed a probabilistic reward task. To identify putative dysfunctions in reward processing irrespective of mood state, primary analyses focused on euthymic BPD subjects (n = 13). With signal-detection methodologies, response bias toward a more frequently rewarded stimulus was used to objectively assess the participants' propensity to modulate behavior as a function of reinforcement history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to comparison subjects, euthymic BPD subjects showed a reduced and delayed acquisition of response bias toward the more frequently rewarded stimulus, which was partially due to increased sensitivity to single rewards of the disadvantageous stimulus. Analyses considering the entire BPD sample revealed that reduced reward learning correlated with self-reported anhedonic symptoms, even after adjusting for residual manic and anxious symptoms and general distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides preliminary evidence indicating that BPD, even during euthymic states, is characterized by dysfunctional reward learning in situations requiring integration of reinforcement information over time and thus offers initial insights about the potential source of dysfunctional reward processing in this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Diego A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pizzagalli
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ostacher
authors.forename: Dan V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Iosifescu
authors.forename: Roy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Perlis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001245:Association Learning; D001288:Attention; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D011337:Probability Learning; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012201:Reward