title: Preventive effect of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus rheedii Wight. on D-galactosamine induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phyllanthus rheedii Wight. (Euphorbiaceae) has been used by Muthuvan tribes of Kerala for curing liver diseases. The present study was conducted to assess the hepatoprotective activity of this plant. The ethanol extract of Phyllanthus rheedii was pharmacologically analysed for its preventive effect in d-galactosamine (d-GalN) induced liver damage in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The levels of hepatotoxicity in various groups were quantified by different parameters of liver damage viz. serum levels of ALT, AST, LDH, GGT, ALP and total bilirubin. The effect of extract on the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta were analysed by RT-PCR. Histological changes in the liver were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining of paraffin processed liver sections. The antioxidant and choleretic activity of the extract were also analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of serum values of control and extract treated groups have revealed that the d-GalN induced alterations in the serum and liver markers were normalized in extract treatment groups showing hepatoprotective activity of the extract. The extract also prevented the toxin induced histological changes in liver. The mRNA levels of TGF-beta and TNF-alpha in the liver were up regulated by the hepatotoxin. The extract treatment has normalized this change, giving light to the probable mechanism of action of the extract. It has showed marked antioxidant and choleretic activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of tannins, flavanoids and phenolics as major components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study concluded the ethanol extract of P. rheedii could be a promissory candidate for drug development and validated the tribal claim.
authors.affiliation: Bio-prospecting and Molecular Pharmacology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Asha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D029803:Phyllanthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000431:Ethanol; D005688:Galactosamine