Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq.
BACKGROUND
An important medical concern of the Iraq war is the potential long-term effect of mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion, particularly from blast explosions. However, the epidemiology of combat-related mild traumatic brain injury is poorly understood.


METHODS
We surveyed 2525 U.S. Army infantry soldiers 3 to 4 months after their return from a year-long deployment to Iraq. Validated clinical instruments were used to compare soldiers reporting mild traumatic brain injury, defined as an injury with loss of consciousness or altered mental status (e.g., dazed or confused), with soldiers who reported other injuries.


RESULTS
Of 2525 soldiers, 124 (4.9%) reported injuries with loss of consciousness, 260 (10.3%) reported injuries with altered mental status, and 435 (17.2%) reported other injuries during deployment. Of those reporting loss of consciousness, 43.9% met criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as compared with 27.3% of those reporting altered mental status, 16.2% with other injuries, and 9.1% with no injury. Soldiers with mild traumatic brain injury, primarily those who had loss of consciousness, were significantly more likely to report poor general health, missed workdays, medical visits, and a high number of somatic and postconcussive symptoms than were soldiers with other injuries. However, after adjustment for PTSD and depression, mild traumatic brain injury was no longer significantly associated with these physical health outcomes or symptoms, except for headache.


CONCLUSIONS
Mild traumatic brain injury (i.e., concussion) occurring among soldiers deployed in Iraq is strongly associated with PTSD and physical health problems 3 to 4 months after the soldiers return home. PTSD and depression are important mediators of the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury and physical health problems.
Hoge
Charles W
CW
Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. charles.hoge@us.army.mil
McGurk
Dennis
D
Thomas
Jeffrey L
JL
Cox
Anthony L
AL
Engel
Charles C
CC
Castro
Carl A
CA
D000328:Adult; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003625:Data Collection; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology