title: Physiological functions of the imprinted Gnas locus and its protein variants Galpha(s) and XLalpha(s) in human and mouse.
abstract: The stimulatory alpha-subunit of trimeric G-proteins Galpha(s), which upon ligand binding to seven-transmembrane receptors activates adenylyl cyclases to produce the second messenger cAMP, constitutes one of the archetypal signal transduction molecules that have been studied in much detail. Over the past few years, however, genetic as well as biochemical approaches have led to a range of novel insights into the Galpha(s) encoding guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha-stimulating (Gnas) locus, its alternative protein products and its regulation by genomic imprinting, which leads to monoallelic, parental origin-dependent expression of the various transcripts. Here, we summarise the major characteristics of this complex gene locus and describe the physiological roles of Galpha(s) and its 'extra large' variant XLalpha(s) at post-natal and adult stages as defined by genetic mutations. Opposite and potentially antagonistic functions of the two proteins in the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism have been identified in Gnas- and Gnasxl (XLalpha(s))-deficient mice, which are characterised by obesity and leanness respectively. A comparison of findings in mice with symptoms of the corresponding human genetic disease 'Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy'/'pseudohypoparathyroidism' indicates highly conserved functions as well as unresolved phenotypic differences.
authors.affiliation: Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK. a.plagge@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Antonius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plagge
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Germain-Lee
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D002864:Chromogranins; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002864:Chromogranins; D000242:Cyclic AMP; C406732:GNAS protein, human; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; C498642:Gnas protein, mouse; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs