title: Actual dose variation of parotid glands and spinal cord for nasopharyngeal cancer patients during radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For intensity-modulated radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal cancer, accurate dose delivery is crucial to the success of treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of daily image-guided patient setup corrections and to quantify the parotid gland volume and dose variations for nasopharyngeal cancer patients using helical tomotherapy megavoltage computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five nasopharyngeal cancer patients who underwent helical tomotherapy were selected retrospectively. Each patient had received 70 Gy in 35 fractions. Daily megavoltage CT scans were registered with the planning CT images to correct the patient setup errors. Contours of the spinal cord and parotid glands were drawn on the megavoltage CT images at fixed treatment intervals. The actual doses delivered to the critical structures were calculated using the helical tomotherapy Planned Adaptive application.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximal dose to the spinal cord showed a significant increase and greater variation without daily setup corrections. The significant decrease in the parotid gland volume led to a greater median dose in the later phase of treatment. The average parotid gland volume had decreased from 20.5 to 13.2 cm3 by the end of treatment. On average, the median dose to the parotid glands was 83 cGy and 145 cGy for the first and the last treatment fractions, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily image-guided setup corrections can eliminate significant dose variations to critical structures. Constant monitoring of patient anatomic changes and selective replanning should be used during radiotherapy to avoid critical structure complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA. chan@coh.org
authors.forename: Chunhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yi-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Schultheiss
authors.forename: Jeffrey Y C
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed / Q000379:methods*