title: Protein-leverage in mice: the geometry of macronutrient balancing and consequences for fat deposition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Protein-Leverage Hypothesis proposes that humans regulate their intake of macronutrients and that protein intake is prioritized over fat and carbohydrate intake, causing excess energy ingestion when diets contain low %protein. Here we test in a model animal, the mouse: (i) the extent to which intakes of protein and carbohydrate are regulated; (ii) if protein intake has priority over carbohydrates so that unbalanced foods low in %protein leads to increased energy intake; and (iii) how such variations in energy intake are converted into growth and storage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We fed mice one of five isocaloric foods having different protein to carbohydrate composition, or a combination of two of these foods (N = 15). Nutrient intake and corresponding growth in lean body mass and lipid mass were measured. Data were analyzed using a geometric approach for analyzing intake of multiple nutrients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (i) Mice fed different combinations of complementary foods regulated their intake of protein and carbohydrate toward a relatively well-defined intake target. (ii) When mice were offered diets with fixed protein to carbohydrate ratio, they regulated the intake of protein more strongly than carbohydrate. This protein-leverage resulted in higher energy consumption when diets had lower %protein and led to increased lipid storage in mice fed the diet containing the lowest %protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the protein-leverage in mice was less than what has been proposed for humans, energy intakes were clearly higher on diets containing low %protein. This result indicates that tight protein regulation can be responsible for excess energy ingestion and higher fat deposition when the diet contains low %protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Arhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mayntz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raubenheimer
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001823:Body Composition; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005518:Food Preferences; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000378:metabolism*; D023421:Models, Animal; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients