title: Rapid maxillary expansion effects on nocturnal enuresis in children: a follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of 10-14 days of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on nocturnal enuresis (NE) in children who have long-standing resistance to medical therapy and to evaluate the long-term success rate after 10 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three children with NE, aged 6-15 years old (mean age = 10), who wet their bed almost every night and had never been dry were referred from pediatric specialists. Mean RME was 6.5 mm (range = 5-8), but only 7 of the 23 patients had lateral crossbites. Rhinomanometric measurements were taken before and after RME, and patients were interviewed 10 years after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive effects of RME were observed in nearly 50% of the patients within 1 month of treatment: six were completely dry and five had notable improvements. Relapse in the overexpanded arches to a normal transversal occlusion was noted within 1 year. No correlation was found between success and improved airways, familial heritage, school performance, or other social factors. Younger children responded better to the treatment. Results were stable at the 10-year follow-up, and no adverse reactions were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orthodontic RME is a new option for treating children with NE who are resistant to medical therapy; the treatment has no adverse side effects.
authors.affiliation: Specialisttandvården Ortodonti, Folktandvården, Strandvägen 17 Stenungsund, Bohuslän, Sweden. ulrike.fransson@telia.com
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schütz-Fransson
authors.forename: Jüri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurol
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000403:Airway Resistance; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique; D025363:Rhinomanometry; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires