title: Determination of myocardial infarct size by noncontact mapping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Once chamber geometry is determined, the EnSite 3000 noncontact mapping system can create a voltage map during a single cardiac cycle. The EnSite uses an inverse solution to the Laplace equation to process the amplified far-field signals from the noncontact catheter. This process creates a three-dimensional endocardial potential map from a single cardiac cycle. Dynamic substrate mapping (DSM) is an algorithm designed to identify conduction boundaries, such as myocardial scars based on voltage distribution within the corresponding chamber.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between DSM- and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-determined scar areas and to identify a suitable DSM voltage threshold.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of eight dogs were studied. Four healthy foxhounds underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Evidence of myocardial infarction, including ECG changes and elevated cardiac troponin T levels, was noted in all animals. Cardiac MRI scan was performed 29 +/- 2 days after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Subsequently, noncontact mapping of the left ventricle was obtained in each dog, and myocardial infarction size was determined using DSM at different filter settings. As a control group, another four foxhounds underwent sham thoracotomy/pericardiotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant linear correlation of infarction size using DSM compared with MRI measurements was found at the filter setting "peak negative 34%" (P = .001, r = 0.99). Mean relative infarction size was 15.9% +/- 4.5% with DSM and 16.0% +/- 4.2% with MRI. Compared with the sham group, a significant reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction was found after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (51.0% +/- 3.8% vs 69.2% +/- 5.9%, P = .002). Pathoanatomic studies were performed to confirm the measured infarct dimensions. No scars were detectable in sham-operated dogs using DSM or MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noncontact mapping allows identification of scar tissue within the left ventricle. An excellent correlation was observed between DSM-scar surface and MRI-determined scar size. Identifying and marking these areas can be useful when planning an ablation strategy in the clinical setting of ischemic heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Frederik_Voss@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giannitsis
authors.forename: Hugo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.forename: Ruediger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013318:Stroke Volume; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D020107:Troponin T