title: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity in type 2 diabetes: a different relationship with coronary heart disease and diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, a key regulator of fibrinolysis, is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and is a potential therapeutic target for CHD. However, the relationship between PAI-1 and the most common diabetic microvascular complication, retinopathy, is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between PAI-1 activity and both retinopathy and CHD in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined PAI-1 activity and both retinopathy (assessed by masked grading of 3-field retinal photographs) and CHD status (assessed by ECG and standard questionnaires) in 147 men and women with type 2 diabetes, mean age (SD) 64 (7) years, in a cross-sectional setting. Plasma PAI-1 activity was inversely associated with prevalent retinopathy (P=0.006) and severity of retinopathy (P=0.022), and was associated with lower risk of diabetic retinopathy, independent of major retinopathy risk factors (duration of diabetes and HbA1c) and determinants of PAI-1 (obesity and triglyceride level) (OR 0.74 [0.60 to 0.92], P=0.006). Conversely, higher plasma PAI-1 activity was independently associated with greater risk of CHD, after adjusting for the major CHD risk factors and determinants of PAI-1 (OR 1.31 [1.06 to 1.62], P=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support mounting evidence that a higher PAI-1 plasma level is independently associated with a lower risk of retinopathy but a higher risk of CHD in type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, 29 Regent St, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia. laimab@medstv.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Laima
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brazionis
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rowley
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Itsiopoulos
authors.forename: Kerin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Dea
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1