title: High birth weight and early postnatal weight gain protect obese children and adolescents from truncal adiposity and insulin resistance: metabolically healthy but obese subjects?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low birth weight (LBW), no early catch-up weight, and subsequent fat accumulation have been associated with increased risks of insulin resistance from childhood onward and later cardiovascular disease. We sought to clarify the effects of high birth weight (HBW) and postnatal weight gain on insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 117 obese children aged 10.4 +/- 2.4 years were divided into three groups according to fetal growth after exclusion of maternal diabetes. They were comparable for age, sex, puberty, and percent body fat. Customized French birth weight standards, adjusted for maternal characteristics and gestation number, identified subjects with true altered fetal growth: 32 had increased fetal growth according to customized standards (HBWcust), 52 were eutrophic, and 33 had restricted fetal growth according to customized standards (LBWcust). Fat distribution by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, insulin sensitivity indexes from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and leptin, adiponectin, and visfatin levels were compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HBWcust subjects had a higher adiponectin level, higher whole-body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI), and lower hepatic insulin resistance index, lower insulin and free fatty acid concentrations during OGTT, and lower trunk fat percent than eutrophic (P < 0.05) and LBWcust subjects (P < 0.05). Besides birth weight, weight gain between 0 and 2 years was a positive predictor (P < 0.05) of WBISI, whereas weight gain after 4 years was a negative predictor (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBW and early weight gain may program insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism and contribute to so-called metabolically healthy obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49000 Angers, France.
authors.forename: Natacha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bouhours-Nouet
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dufresne
authors.forename: Florence Boux
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: de Casson
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Douay
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gatelais
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coutant
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001724:Birth Weight; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011627:Puberty; D015430:Weight Gain