title: Effect of a nutrition intervention during early childhood on economic productivity in Guatemalan adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substantial, but indirect, evidence suggests that improving nutrition in early childhood in developing countries is a long-term economic investment. We investigated the direct effect of a nutrition intervention in early childhood on adult economic productivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained economic data from 1424 Guatemalan individuals (aged 25-42 years) between 2002 and 2004. They accounted for 60% of the 2392 children (aged 0-7 years) who had been enrolled in a nutrition intervention study during 1969-77. In this initial study, two villages were randomly assigned a nutritious supplement (atole) for all children and two villages a less nutritious one (fresco). We estimated annual income, hours worked, and average hourly wages from all economic activities. We used linear regression models, adjusting for potentially confounding factors, to assess the relation between economic variables and exposure to atole or fresco at specific ages between birth and 7 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to atole before, but not after, age 3 years was associated with higher hourly wages, but only for men. For exposure to atole from 0 to 2 years, the increase was US$0.67 per hour (95% CI 0.16-1.17), which meant a 46% increase in average wages. There was a non-significant tendency for hours worked to be reduced and for annual incomes to be greater for those exposed to atole from 0 to 2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improving nutrition in early childhood led to substantial increases in wage rates for men, which suggests that investments in early childhood nutrition can be long-term drivers of economic growth.
authors.affiliation: International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoddinott
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maluccio
authors.forename: Jere R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Behrman
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Reynaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martorell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000178:diet therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006166:Guatemala; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012923:Social Class