title: Pharmacological interventions for recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Between 4% and 25% of school-age children complain of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) of sufficient severity to interfere with daily activities. For the majority no organic cause for their pain can be found on physical examination or investigation and although most children are likely managed by reassurance and simple measures, a large range of interventions have been recommended.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of medication for recurrent abdominal pain in school-age children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) 2006 (Issue 4), MEDLINE (1966 to Dec 2006), EMBASE (1980 to Dec 2006), CINAHL (1982 to Dec 2007), ERIC (1966 to Dec 2006), PsycINFO (1872 to Dec 2006), LILACS (1982 to Dec 2006), SIGLE (1980 to March 2005), and JICST (1985 to 06/2000) were searched with appropriate filters
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies on school age children with RAP (Apley or the Rome II criteria for gastrointestinal diseases) allocated by random or quasi-random methods to a drug treatment vs. placebo/ no treatment were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  References identified by the searches were screened against the inclusion criteria by two independent reviewers. Data was extracted and analysed using RevMan 4.2.10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three trials met the inclusion criteria. Symon et al report a cross-over trial comparing pizotifen and placebo in 16 children with "abdominal migraine". Data before cross-over was not available. Results for 14 children showed Mean fewer days in pain of 8.21 (95% CI 2.93, 13.48) while taking the active drug. Kline et al compared peppermint oil capsules with placebo in a randomised trial in 50 children with RAP and IBS. 42 children completed the study. OR for improvement was 3.33 (95% CI 0.93-12.1)See et al compared famotidine with placebo in a randomised cross-over trial in 25 children with RAP and dyspepsia. OR for improvement before cross-over was 11 (95%CI 1.6, 75.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review provides weak evidence of benefit on medication in children with RAP. The lack of clear evidence of effectiveness for any of the recommended drugs suggests that there is little reason for their use outside of clinical trials. Clinicians may choose to prescribe drugs in children with severe symptoms that have not responded to simple management. However, if using drugs as a "therapeutic trial", clinicians should be aware that, RAP is a fluctuating condition and any "response" may reflect the natural history of the condition or a placebo effect rather than drug efficacy.
authors.affiliation: EGA Hospital, Neonatal Unit, UCLH, Huntley Street, London, UK WC1E 6DH. Angela.Huertas-Ceballos@uclh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huertas-Ceballos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macarthur
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015738:Famotidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D036142:Mentha piperita; D010918:Pizotyline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D010938:Plant Oils; D010918:Pizotyline; D015738:Famotidine; C015424:peppermint oil