title: Lairage during transport of eighteen-kilogram pigs has an impact on innate immunity and commensal bacteria diversity in the intestines.
abstract: Long distance transportation may affect the health of pigs; thus, adding a rest stop (lairage) during long journeys may improve their well-being. The objective of this study was to determine whether a mid-journey lairage influenced swine innate immunity and intestinal microbial populations after a 16-h transport. Four replications were conducted, 1 in each of 4 seasons. Eighteen-kilogram pigs were housed in 16 pens (13 to 16 pigs/pen) with 8 pens/treatment. Lairage pigs were transported for 8 h, given a rest with food and water for 8 h, then transported for an additional 8 h. Continuous pigs were continuously transported for 16 h. Jugular blood samples and intestinal tissue and contents were collected from 16 pigs (8/treatment) on d 1, 3, 7, and 14 posttransport. Hematocrit and white blood cell counts were determined and neutrophil cell functions, including phagocytosis/oxidative burst and phagocytosis of latex beads and leukocyte phenotypic cell markers (CD14 and CD18), were analyzed using flow cytometry. Expression of toll-like receptors 2, 4, and 5; IL-8 (a cytokine that is a chemoattractant for neutrophils); CCL20 (a chemokine that is a chemoattractant for dendritic cells); and the antimicrobial peptide PR39 were determined from ileal and jejunal total RNA. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to determine shifts in intestinal microbial populations. Total white blood cell and granulocyte counts in continuous pigs were greater (P < 0.01) on d 1 than in lairage pigs. Phagocytosis of microbeads was greater in continuous (P < 0.05) than in lairage pigs on d 7. Expression of IL-8 in jejunum was greater (P < 0.05) for continuous than for lairage pigs on d 1. Expression of CCL20 in the ileum was greater (P < 0.05) on d 14 for the continuous pigs. Expression of PR39 was greatest (P < 0.05) in the jejunum of lairage pigs on d 3. Lairage pigs had a greater (P < 0.05) variation in microbial populations (lower similarity coefficient) in the jejunum contents on d 1 and 7, in the cecum contents and tissue on d 3, and in the jejunum contents and tissue on d 14. However, continuous pigs had greater (P < 0.05) variation in the ileal tissues on d 14. This study indicates that adding a lairage to an extended transport alters immune functions, receptor, cytokine and chemokine expression, and gut microbiota compared with pigs transported for 16 h without lairage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Minton
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marchant Forde
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Eicher
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000662:veterinary; D015870:Gene Expression; D006813:Humidity; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines