title: Modeling the toxicokinetics of inhaled toluene in rats: influence of physical activity and feeding status.
abstract: Toluene is found in petroleum-based fuels and used as a solvent in consumer products and industrial applications. The critical effects following inhalation exposure involve the brain and nervous system in both humans and experimental animals, whether exposure duration is acute or chronic. The goals of this physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model development effort were twofold: (1) to evaluate and explain the influence of feeding status and activity level on toluene pharmacokinetics utilizing our own data from toluene-exposed Long Evans (LE) rats, and (2) to evaluate the ability of the model to simulate data from the published literature and explain differing toluene kinetics. Compartments in the model were lung, slowly and rapidly perfused tissue groups, fat, liver, gut, and brain; tissue transport was blood-flow limited and metabolism occurred in the liver. Chemical-specific parameters and initial organ volumes and blood flow rates were obtained from the literature. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the single most influential parameter for our experimental conditions was alveolar ventilation; other moderately influential parameters (depending upon concentration) included cardiac output, rate of metabolism, and blood flow to fat. Based on both literature review and sensitivity analysis, other parameters (e.g., partition coefficients and metabolic rate parameters) were either well defined (multiple consistent experimental results with low variability) or relatively noninfluential (e.g. organ volumes). Rats that were weight-maintained compared to free-fed rats in our studies could be modeled with a single set of parameters because feeding status did not have a significant impact on toluene pharmacokinetics. Heart rate (HR) measurements in rats performing a lever-pressing task indicated that the HR increased in proportion to task intensity. For rats acclimated to eating in the lab during the day, both sedentary rats and rats performing the lever-pressing task required different alveolar ventilation rates to successfully predict the data. Model evaluation using data from diverse sources together with statistical evaluation of the resulting fits revealed that the model appropriately predicted blood and brain toluene concentrations with some minor exceptions. These results (1) emphasize the importance of experimental conditions and physiological status in explaining differing kinetic data, and (2) demonstrate the need to consider simulation conditions when estimating internal dose metrics for toxicity studies in which kinetic data were not collected.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA. kenyon.elaina@epa.gov
authors.forename: Elaina M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.forename: Vernon
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Benignus
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: Jerry W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Highfill
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.forename: Tracey E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Samsam
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bushnell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012997:Solvents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014050:Toluene / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D014050:Toluene