title: Posterior urethral valves in three siblings: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posterior urethral valves (PUVs), the most common congenital cause of lower urinary tract obstruction, have been described to occur in families. Until now, reports have been published on 10 cases of PUVs in two siblings and 13 cases of PUVs in identical and nonidentical twins, of which we provide an overview.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report for the first time on three siblings with PUVs, with a different presentation and course in the three brothers. This within-family variability is well noted and is even present in identical twins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the presence and severity of PUVs. As brothers of patients with PUVs seem to be at increased risk of having PUVs, we suggest antenatal ultrasound screening in brothers of patients with PUVs in order to guide early and optimal care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, VU University Medical Center, Pediatric Nephro-urology Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.f.schreuder@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Michiel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Schreuder
authors.forename: Henricus J R
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van der Horst
authors.forename: Arend
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bökenkamp
authors.forename: Goedele M A
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Beckers
authors.forename: Joanna A E
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Wijk
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D035781:Siblings; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*