title: Positive affect uniquely predicts lower risk of mortality in people with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether positive affect predicts mortality among people with diabetes and among a comparison group of people with no chronic health conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive affect was significantly associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in people with diabetes (N = 715). Enjoyed life was associated with lower risk of mortality over and above the effects of negative affect or other significant predictors of mortality. In a comparison sample without chronic illness (N = 2,673), positive affect was not associated with mortality. However, when the analysis was restricted to those over the age of 65, specific positive affects, in particular hopeful and enjoyed life were significantly associated with lower risk of mortality, again independent of negative affect. Enjoyed life remained significantly predictive of lower risk of mortality in the older sample when other predictors of mortality were statistically controlled. Positive affect was particularly protective among those over the age of 65 who reported higher levels of stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are discussed in light of possible stress-buffering functions of positive affect.
authors.affiliation: Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA. moskj@ocim.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Judith Tedlie
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: Elissa S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Epel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acree
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001290:Attitude; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States