title: Antifungal drugs and the risk of selected birth defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether first-trimester antifungal drug use was associated with the risk of selected birth defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were participants in a case-control study, the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, with singleton deliveries from 1997 to 2003. Based on maternal interviews, first-trimester antifungal drug use was compared between 7047 cases with isolated defects and 4774 nonmalformed controls using unconditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk was elevated for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (odds ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.04, 5.06) but not for other cardiovascular defects. An increased risk of 1.88 was observed for diaphragmatic hernia but was not statistically significant. Estimates approximated unity for neural tube defects, oral clefts, anorectal atresia, hypospadias, and craniosynostosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First-trimester antifungal drug exposure was not strongly associated with the risk of most birth defects, but further studies should examine the preliminary results of an association with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, USA. carterto@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Tonia C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Charlotte M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Druschel
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Romitti
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Werler
authors.forename: Allen A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents