title: The toxicity of Senecio inaequidens DC.
abstract: This study was designed to confirm the toxicity of a plant implicated in an outbreak of poisoning of stock in Frankfort, Free State Province, South Africa. Cows died acutely after being introduced into a camp, where an abundant, green shrublet was noted to be heavily grazed. This plant was subsequently identified as Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae) by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). Extraction and chemical analyses for pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in Senecio inaequidens revealed the presence of 4 different compounds, namely retrorsine and senecionine (known to be hepatotoxic) and 2 unidentified compounds. The average total PA (free base plus N-oxide) concentration in plant parts of S. inaequidens collected at Frankfort during the outbreak was 0.81%, compared with the total alkaloid content in the dried, milled S. inaequidens plant material, collected 7 weeks after the outbreak, of only 0.18%. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 4), aged 8-9 weeks, were dosed per os. Each rat received a different dose of the crude Senecio inaequidens extract, ranging from 0.049 mg/g body weight (b.w.) to 0.25 mg/g b.w. No clinical signs were observed in the rat receiving the lowest dose. Rats receiving higher doses showed depression, an unsteady gait, pilo-erection and jaundice, which was particularly noticeable in the ears. Clinical chemistry evaluation revealed an increase in the activities of ALP (except Rat 4), AST and GGT in all animals. Total serum bilirubin, creatinine and urea concentrations were also elevated. All rats had low serum globulin concentrations with an A/G ratio above 1.2. Post mortem examination of the rats revealed marked hepatic lesions. Histopathologically, these changes were characterised by necrosis (variable in extent) of the centrilobular and midzonal hepatocytes (but sparing the portal hepatocytes), with extensive haemorrhage and congestion. Proliferation of the bile ducts, fibrosis and oedema were also present. Ultrastructural changes in affected rats were characterised by margination of chromatin, the presence of numerous autolysosomes in necrotic hepatocytes, intramitochondrial woolly inclusions and changes in the endoplasmic reticulum. A sheep, also dosed with the crude extract, failed to exhibit clinical signs, clinical chemistry aberrations or macroscopic lesions; however, examination of the liver of this sheep revealed histopathological and ultrastructural changes similar, though milder, to those displayed by the rats. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids were extracted from the liver and kidneys of the rats and the sheep. In the case of the sheep, retrorsine was also detected in the lungs, urine and bile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
authors.forename: A F P
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Dimande
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Botha
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prozesky
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rösemann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Labuschagne
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Retief
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010939:Plant Poisoning / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012674:Senecio / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; C009237:senecionine; C003300:retrorsine