title: Long-term antibacterial effects and physical properties of a chlorhexidine-containing glass ionomer cement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many regions in the world do not have electricity, water, or access to dental facilities that allows the treatment of caries with dental handpieces and rotary burs. For restorative techniques used in these regions, an antibacterial self-adherent glass ionomer material would contribute considerably.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to test if chlorhexidine diacetate (Fluka BioChemika, Buchs, Switzerland)- or chlorhexidine digluconate (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany)-added ChemFil Superior glass ionomer cement (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) had any long-term antibacterial effect against certain oral bacteria and to test the new formulation's physical properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  ChemFil Superior was used as a control. Chlorhexidine diacetate (powder) was added to the powder and chlorhexidine digluconate (liquid) was mixed with the powder in order to obtain 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5% concentrations of the respective groups. Setting time, compressive strength, and acid erosion were tested according to ISO 9917-1. Working time, hardness, diametral tensile strength, and biaxial flexural strength were also determined. Long-term antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, L. acidophilus, and C. albicans were tested with the agar diffusion method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding the immediate antibacterial effect for S. mutans, all the tested groups showed inhibitions of the strain compared with the control group (p < 0.05), with larger zones for the higher concentration groups and all the diacetates. For L. acidophilus, all the groups were effective compared with the control, but the greatest antibacterial effect was observed with the 2.5% diacetate group. The 2.5% group of chlorhexidine diacetate showed antibacterial activity up to 90 days against S. mutans and up to 60 days against L. acidophilus. The working and setting time, acid erosion test, diametral tensile strength, and biaxial flexural strength of the tested groups were not different from the control ChemFil group. However, the 1.25 and 2.5% groups of chlorhexidine diacetate had significantly lower compressive strengths than the control group. Lower hardness values were obtained with the 0.5 and 2.5% chlorhexidine digluconate groups in comparison with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this in vitro investigation demonstrated that chlorhexidine diacetate or digluconate added to the ChemFil Superior glass ionomer material can exhibit long-term antibacterial effects against S. mutans and L. acidophilus without compromising the physical properties of the material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Ege University, School of Dentistry, Izmir, Turkey. sebnemturkun@hotmail.com
authors.forename: L Sebnem
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Türkün
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Türkün
authors.forename: Fahinur
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ertuğrul
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ateş
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brugger
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003343:Corrosion; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D005779:Immunodiffusion; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000187:drug effects; D008422:Materials Testing; D018583:Pliability; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; C501420:Chemfil Superior; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine