title: Negative sequence voltages in spontaneous atrial fibrillation or flutter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The patho-physiology of initiation of atrial fibrillation (af) or flutter (AF) is not known. Would it be possible that the real explanation is hidden in physics territory but not in medicine? Could it be possible that the heart behaves like a biological generator in physics? Can an abnormal inscription direction (AID) or an abnormal slow conduction (ASC) of the P loop explain the genesis of af or AF?
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 160 emergency Frank vectorcardiographic tracings was recorded by one physician from 55 patients with acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty (54%) patients had abnormal inscription direction of the P loop. Seven (13%) among 55 patients developed af or AF. Six of the seven had AID of the P loop. All seven had right or left atrial enlargement. They were among 50 patients (91%) with abnormal atrium enlargement. Four among the seven had ASC of the P loop. There were 27 patients (49%) among the total 55 with ASC of the P loop.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heart is a biological generator, which has also inherited the same problems as generators. The types of figure-of-eight or clockwise rotation of the P loop, which are linked with the partial or complete negative sequence in physics have been documented. Based on negative sequence voltages in physics, a new theory of af, AF, or atrial premature contraction has been proposed.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.1, Chang-Teh Street, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 100.
authors.forename: Wangden
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Yung-Zu
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Tseng
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018880:Atrial Premature Complexes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology; D014672:Vectorcardiography