title: A followup study of antiphospholipid antibodies and associated neuropsychiatric manifestations in 137 children with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein I (anti-beta(2)GPI) antibodies, and lupus anticoagulant (LAC) in a large cohort of children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to evaluate the associations with neuropsychiatric manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-center retrospective cohort study with longitudinal followup of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in 137 children with SLE (25 boys and 112 girls, mean age at diagnosis 13.0 years) was performed. Patients were followed up for a mean of 31 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of diagnosis, 65% of the children were aCL positive, 41% had anti-beta(2)GPI antibodies, and 26% were LAC positive. Analysis of the association between presence of aPL and individual neuropsychiatric manifestations at diagnosis showed a statistically significant association of positive LAC with cerebrovascular disease (5 patients; P = 0.015). A persistently positive aCL was observed in 50%, anti-beta(2)GPI antibodies in 29%, and LAC in 16% of children over time. The prevalence of anti-beta(2)GPI antibodies, but not aCL and LAC, was found to be statistically significantly higher in children with neuropsychiatric disease compared with those without (P = 0.02). Comparison for specific neuropsychiatric manifestations showed a statistically significant association between a persistently positive LAC and chorea (2 patients; P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of anti-beta(2)GPI antibodies was found to be higher in the group of SLE patients with neuropsychiatric disease compared with those without. Our data suggest an association between LAC and cerebrovascular disease at the time of SLE diagnosis and chorea over the disease course, but not between aPL and other neuropsychiatric manifestations.
authors.affiliation: The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tadej
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Avcin
authors.forename: Susanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Benseler
authors.forename: Pascal N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cucnik
authors.forename: Earl D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002819:Chorea / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor / Q000097:blood*; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D009188:Myelitis, Transverse / Q000453:epidemiology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I