title: Metabolic and morphological alterations induced by proteolysis-inducing factor from Walker tumour-bearing rats in C2C12 myotubes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with advanced cancer suffer from cachexia, which is characterised by a marked weight loss, and is invariably associated with the presence of tumoral and humoral factors which are mainly responsible for the depletion of fat stores and muscular tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work, we used cytotoxicity and enzymatic assays and morphological analysis to examine the effects of a proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF)-like molecule purified from ascitic fluid of Walker tumour-bearing rats (WF), which has been suggested to be responsible for muscle atrophy, on cultured C2C12 muscle cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WF decreased the viability of C2C12 myotubes, especially at concentrations of 20-25 mug.mL-1. There was an increase in the content of the pro-oxidant malondialdehyde, and a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity. Myotubes protein synthesis decreased and protein degradation increased together with an enhanced in the chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity, a measure of functional proteasome activity, after treatment with WF. Morphological alterations such as cell retraction and the presence of numerous cells in suspension were observed, particularly at high WF concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that WF has similar effects to those of proteolysis-inducing factor, but is less potent than the latter. Further studies are required to determine the precise role of WF in this experimental model.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. clyano@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Claudia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Gislaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ventrucci
authors.forename: William N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tisdale
authors.forename: Maria Cristina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gomes-Marcondes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D002100:Cachexia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002279:Carcinoma 256, Walker / Q000737:chemistry / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D032446:Myoblasts; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D011509:Proteoglycans; C042057:proteolysis-inducing peptide