title: Learning curves and mathematical models for interventional ultrasound basic skills.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to construct learning curves and mathematical learning models for ultrasound basic skills: optimizing needle-ultrasound beam alignment and reaching a target inside a phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty subjects participated in the study. Each subject performed 25 trials. Linear ultrasound probes and a bovine muscular phantom were used. In Experiment 1, subjects tried to insert a needle parallel to the ultrasound beam with full imaging of the needle. For Experiment 2, a segment of tendon was inserted longitudinally into the phantom at a depth of 1 to 1.5 cm. Subjects tried to insert the needle until contacting the tendon. Learning curves were constructed using the cumulative sum (cusum) method. Bush and Mosteller's mathematical learning models were constructed for each skill.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 30% and 11% of subjects attained proficiency in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The predicted average numbers of trials to achieve 95% success rates as estimated from Bush and Mosteller's models were 37 and 109, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Learning interventional ultrasound basic skills may require a considerable number of trials. Cusum charts revealed that individuals acquire such abilities at variable rates. As skills were assessed in phantoms, our results do not apply to blocks given to real patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Governador Celso Ramos, Nucleus for Teaching and Research in Medical Education, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. grof@th.com.br
authors.forename: Getúlio Rodrigues
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Filho
authors.forename: Pablo Escovedo
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Helayel
authors.forename: Diogo Brüggemann
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: da Conceição
authors.forename: Ivo Sebastião
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Garzel
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavei
authors.forename: Maurício Sperotto
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ceccon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000592:standards; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards