title: Assessment of the likelihood of the introduction of foot-and-mouth disease through importation of live animals into the Malaysia-Thailand-Myanmar peninsula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the likelihood of an introduction of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) into the Malaysia-Thailand-Myanmar (MTM) peninsula through terrestrial movement of livestock.
  
  
  METHODS
  89,294 cattle and buffalo legally moved into the MTM peninsula.
  
  
  METHODS
  A quantitative risk assessment was conducted by use of a stochastic simulation. Patterns of livestock movement were ascertained through review of relevant governmental records and regulations and by interviewing farmers, traders, and local officers when the records did not exist. Parameters identified in the process were the probabilities of livestock having FMD and of FMD infection going undetected during import processes. The probability of an animal accepted for import having FMD was also assessed. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effects that each parameter had on the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simulation yielded an average consignment prevalence of 10.95%. Typically, each animal in a quarantine facility had a 2.7% chance of having an inapparent form of FMD infection; hence, it was likely an animal would not be identified as infected. Findings revealed that the mean probability of an animal accepted for import having FMD was 2.9%, and the risk was as high as 11%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the model allowed for the evaluation of movement regulations currently imposed in the MTM peninsula. Evidence from the study suggested that current practices in animal movement were far from efficient in preventing introduction of FMD-infected animals into the MTM region, and additional measures will be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Kachen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wongsathapornchai
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Campen
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002020:Buffaloes; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007391:International Cooperation; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D002052:Myanmar / Q000453:epidemiology; D009313:National Health Programs; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology