title: E2F1 and E2F3 activate ATM through distinct mechanisms to promote E1A-induced apoptosis.
abstract: Deregulation of the Rb-E2F pathway occurs in many cancers and results in aberrant cell proliferation as well as an increased propensity to undergo apoptosis. In most cases, apoptosis in response to Rb inactivation involves the activation of p53 but the molecular details of the signaling pathway connecting Rb loss to p53 are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the E1A oncoprotein, which binds and inhibits Rb family members, induces the accumulation and phosphorylation of p53 through the DNA damage-responsive ATM kinase. As a result, E1A-induced apoptosis is significantly impaired in cells lacking ATM. In contrast, inactivation of ARF, which is widely believed to activate p53 in response to oncogenic stress, has no effect on p53 induction and only a modest effect on apoptosis in response to E1A. Both E2F1 and E2F3 contribute to ATM-dependent phosphorylation of p53 and apoptosis in cells expressing E1A. However, deregulated E2F3 activity is implicated in the DNA damage caused by E1A while E2F1 stimulates ATM- and NBS1-dependent p53 phosphorylation and apoptosis through a mechanism that does not involve DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA.
authors.forename: Sungki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Qiwei X
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D017500:Adenovirus E1A Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D050699:E2F3 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017500:Adenovirus E1A Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D050699:E2F3 Transcription Factor; C098319:E2F3 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; C576325:Atm protein, mouse; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases