title: Smoking related systemic and oral diseases.
abstract: This article reviewed smoking related systemic diseases and oral diseases. Smoking is related to lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases and many other systemic diseases. Cigarette smoke affects the oral cavity first, so it is evident that smoking has many negative influences on oral cavity, for example, staining of teeth and dental restorations, wound healing, reduction of the ability to smell and taste, and development of oral diseases such as oral cancer, periodontitis, smoker's palate, smoker's melanosis, hairy tongue, leukoplakia, oral candidiasis and implant survival rate. The article also discusses the relationship between smoking and dental caries in detail.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine, Hradec Králové. drvellappally@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Sajith
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vellappally
authors.forename: Zdenĕk
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fiala
authors.forename: Jindra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smejkalová
authors.forename: Vimal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Somanathan
mesh_terms: D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*