title: Minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in captive thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha).
  
  
  METHODS
  15 healthy thick-billed parrots.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. In the first bird that was anesthetized, end-tidal isoflurane concentration was maintained at 1.0% for 15 minutes. After this period of anesthetic equilibration, an end-tidal gas sample was obtained for verification of isoflurane concentration. A toe was pinched to determine the bird's response to pain, and the bird was then allowed to recover from aesthesia. To determine MAC, a so-called up-and-down approach was subsequently used in all 15 birds. Compared with the isoflurane concentration used for MAC determination in the first bird, maintenance isoflurane concentration for the second bird was increased by approximately 10% if the first bird reacted and decreased by approximately 10% if the first bird did not react to a toe pinch. These steps were then followed until all 15 birds had been anesthetized. Crossover events occurred when birds in sequence had discordant results (ie, 1 reactor and 1 nonreactor). The MAC was defined as the mean of the isoflurane concentrations measured during these crossover events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean MAC of isoflurane in thick-billed parrots was estimated to be 1.07% (95% confidence interval, 0.97% to 1.16%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoflurane MAC appears to be lower in thick-billed parrots than the MAC determined for other bird species. Determination of the species-specific requirements of thick-billed parrots should allow isoflurane anesthesia to be performed more safely in this endangered species.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Julio A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mercado
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Raymund F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wack
authors.forename: Bruno H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Pypendop
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010311:Parrots; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane