title: Nanomechanical evaluation of nickel-titanium surface properties after alkali and electrochemical treatments.
abstract: In this paper, the suitability of alkali treatment followed by heat treatment at 600 degrees C, and spark oxidation for nickel-titanium, intended for medical applications such as pins, wires and clamps, was evaluated on the basis of nanomechanical and wear testing. In addition, the chemical composition and topography of the surface layer, wetting ability, corrosion resistance and influence of the heat treatment on structure of the alloy were also investigated. The results showed that the highest hardness was observed for alkali-treated samples, and this could be correlated with the structure of the sample that contained martensite and a higher phase transformation temperature. This treatment caused a very large increase of nickel in the top layer and decreased resistance in pitting corrosion. These results disqualified the treatment to be considered as useful for medical applications. On the other hand, the hardness of the oxidized samples was at the same level as that obtained for ground reference samples. Moreover, the oxide layer was enriched with phosphorus, and it was predominantly composed of TiO2 and phosphorus oxides. This 3.1 microm thick layer had good adhesion to the substrate as indicated by scratch testing and wear resistant in nanowear testing. However, the oxidation did not significantly increase the corrosion resistance of the alloy compared with reference samples.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chrzanowski
authors.forename: Ensanya Ali Abou
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Neel
authors.forename: David Andrew
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Walke
authors.forename: Jonathan Campbell
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Knowles
mesh_terms: D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D006244:Hardness; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium