title: A six-month randomized controlled trial of exercise and pyridostigmine in the treatment of fibromyalgia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A subset of fibromyalgia (FM) patients have a dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, as evidenced by low serum levels of IGF-1 and a reduced growth hormone (GH) response to physiologic stimuli. There is evidence that pyridostigmine (PYD) improves the acute response of GH to exercise in FM patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of 6 months of PYD and group exercise on FM symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  FM patients were randomized to 1 of the following 4 groups: PYD plus exercise, PYD plus diet recall but no exercise, placebo plus exercise, and placebo plus diet recall but no exercise. The primary outcome measures were the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain, tender point count, and total myalgic score. Secondary outcome measures were the total score on the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and FIQ VAS scores for individual symptoms (fatigue, poor sleep, stiffness, and anxiety), as well as quality of life (QOL) and physical fitness (lower body strength/endurance, upper and lower body flexibility, balance, and time on the treadmill).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 165 FM patients completed baseline measurements; 154 (93.3%) completed the study. The combination of PYD and exercise did not improve pain scores. PYD groups showed a significant improvement in sleep and anxiety in those who completed the study and in QOL in those who complied with the therapeutic regimen as compared with the placebo groups. Compared with the nonexercise groups, the 2 exercise groups demonstrated improvement in fatigue and fitness. PYD was generally well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither the combination of PYD plus supervised exercise nor either treatment alone yielded improvement in most FM symptoms. However, PYD did improve anxiety and sleep, and exercise improved fatigue and fitness. We speculate that PYD may have improved vagal tone, thus benefiting sleep and anxiety; this notion warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health & Science University School of Nursing, Portland 97239, USA. joneskim@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Burckhardt
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Deodhar
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015444:Exercise; D005221:Fatigue / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011729:Pyridostigmine Bromide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011788:Quality of Life; D012890:Sleep; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D011729:Pyridostigmine Bromide