title: Delayed homicides due to infant head injury initially reported as natural (cerebral palsy) deaths.
abstract: A spectrum of neuropathology occurs in infants who sustain traumatic brain injury. Because of a prolonged survival interval, there is a risk that these deaths may not be recognized as a sequel of trauma. We reviewed the records in New York City of 5 delayed fatalities due to nonaccidental infant head injury that had survival intervals from 2.5 to 17 years. The head injuries occurred at 2 to 3 months of age, and death occurred at 2.5 to 17 years of age. Initially, they were reported as natural deaths by treating physicians, families, and/or police. All 5 infants had unexplained or poorly explained remote traumatic head injury that included subdural hematomas. At autopsy, the neuropathologic exam demonstrated remote subdural hemorrhages and lesions related to chronic hypoxic-ischemic injury including atrophy, arterial infarcts, border-zone infarcts, and cystic encephalomalacia. Each child survived the initial injury but later succumbed to the delayed effects of secondary hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. These 5 deaths highlight the need to investigate independently the medical history of any child (or adult) who dies with a clinical diagnosis of "cerebral palsy." The term cerebral palsy often is used as a catchall for any patient who has had neurologic impairment since infancy or childhood. If there is a direct link between the initial injury and the death, even if the injury occurred many years before death, then the injury is the proximate cause of death and dictates the manner of death. All 5 deaths were certified as homicides.
authors.affiliation: New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. jgill@ocme.nyc.gov
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Raffaella A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Morotti
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tranchida
authors.forename: Jacquelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morhaime
authors.forename: Hernando
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mena
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D001344:Autopsy; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D004678:Encephalomalacia / Q000473:pathology; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000473:pathology; D020199:Hematoma, Subdural, Acute; D006708:Homicide; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D007223:Infant; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City