title: Effects of reloading after simulated microgravity on proteoglycan metabolism in the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus of the lumbar intervertebral disc: an experimental study using a rat tail suspension model.
abstract: METHODS
  An experiment to measure proteoglycan (PG) content and PG-related gene mRNA expressions in the lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD) of rats tail-suspended (TS) for up to 6 weeks with subsequent reloading.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of reloading after simulated microgravity on PG metabolism in nucleus pulposus (NP) and anulus fibrosus (AF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although the PG content of rat lumbar IVD is reportedly decreased by low compressive force (due to so-called microgravity) during spaceflight, it is unknown whether it recovers completely on reloading and whether these effects differ between NP and AF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five F344/N rats were divided as follows: caged control (C) or TS for either 3 or 6 weeks, with some TS rats reloaded for 1 or 2 days or 3 weeks after 3 weeks' suspension (TS+RL-1d, -2d, or -3w). The glycosaminoglycan content and mRNA levels for aggrecan, TIMP1, MMP3, and ADAMTS4 were measured in NP and AF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The glycosaminoglycan contents of NP and AF were significantly decreased (by 27%-42%) in the TS groups, whereas in the TS+RL-3w group recovery was complete in NP, but incomplete in AF, without histologic degenerative changes at any time point. In NP, the aggrecan mRNA level was significantly downregulated in TS-3w, but recovered to control level on reloading (TS+RL-3w). In AF, the MMP3 mRNA level was significantly elevated in TS-6w. In the early (1-2 days) response of PG-related gene expressions to reloading, mRNA levels were significantly increased for aggrecan, TIMP1, and ADAMTS4 in NP and for MMP3 in AF, but significantly decreased for ADAMTS4 in AF (vs. the TS-3w group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that in IVD maintenance against the present type of mechanical stress, modulation of PG plays an important role and may be associated with molecular changes in PG-related genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan. hiroki7@d2.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasuoka
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asazuma
authors.forename: Kuniaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshihara
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomiya
authors.forename: Toshitaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okabayashi
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nemoto
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071121:ADAMTS4 Protein; D053674:Aggrecans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011348:Procollagen N-Endopeptidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D004247:DNA; D051722:ADAM Proteins; D011348:Procollagen N-Endopeptidase; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D000071121:ADAMTS4 Protein