title: Preliminary outcomes of the SmartWheel Users' Group database: a proposed framework for clinicians to objectively evaluate manual wheelchair propulsion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a standard clinical protocol for the objective assessment of manual wheelchair propulsion; to establish preliminary values for temporal and kinetic parameters derived from the protocol; and to develop graphical references and a proposed application process for use by clinicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six research institutions that collect kinetic wheelchair propulsion data and contribute that data to an international data pool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with spinal cord injury (N=128).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects propelled a wheelchair from a stationary position to a self-selected velocity across a hard tile surface, a low pile carpet, and up an Americans with Disabilities Act-compliant ramp. Unilateral kinetic data were obtained from subjects using a force and moment sensing pushrim.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences in self-selected velocity, peak resultant force, push frequency, and stroke length across all surfaces, relationship between (1) weight-normalized peak resultant force and self-selected velocity and (2) push frequency and self-selected velocity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Graphical references were generated for potential clinical use based on the relation between body weight-normalized peak resultant force, push frequency, and velocity. Self-selected velocity decreased (ramp < carpet < tile), peak resultant forces increased (ramp > carpet > tile), and push frequency and stroke length remained unchanged when compared across the different surfaces. Weight-normalized peak resultant force was a significant predictor of velocity on tile and ramp. Push frequency was a significant predictor of velocity on tile, carpet, and ramp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present preliminary data generated from a clinically practical manual wheelchair propulsion evaluation protocol and we describe a proposed method for clinicians to objectively evaluate manual wheelchair propulsion.
authors.affiliation: Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boninger
authors.forename: Bonita J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sawatzky
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Mazoyer
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001107:Architectural Accessibility; D004867:Equipment Design; D016552:Ergometry; D005260:Female; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013499:Surface Properties; D019415:Torque; D014910:Wheelchairs