title: Technical Note: Effects of tethering on herbage selection, intake and digestibility, grazing behavior, and energy expenditure by Boer x Spanish goats grazing high-quality herbage.
abstract: Twenty-four yearling Boer x Spanish goats were used in a crossover experiment to determine the effects of tethering on herbage selection, intake and digestibility, grazing behavior, and energy expenditure (EE) with high-quality herbage. Four 0.72-ha paddocks of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) were grazed in the spring. Each paddock hosted 6 animals, 3 with free movement and 3 attached to a 3-m tether that was moved daily and provided access to an area of 28.3 m(2). One animal of each treatment and paddock was used to determine herbage selection, fecal output, or grazing behavior and EE. Herbage DM mass in tethered areas before grazing averaged 2,649 and 2,981 kg/ha in periods 1 and 2, respectively. The CP concentration in ingesta was greater (P < 0.05; 23.1 and 20.3 +/- 0.82%) for free vs. tethered animals, although in vitro true DM digestion (75.7 and 76.5 +/- 1.20%, respectively) did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Intake of ME based on in vitro true DM digestion and fecal output was greater (P < 0.05) for free vs. tethered animals (12.7 and 10.4 +/- 0.89 MJ/d). No treatment effects were observed (P > 0.05) for time spent ruminating or grazing (405 and 366 +/- 42.5 min/d, respectively), although mean EE was greater (P < 0.05) for free vs. tethered animals (633 and 512 +/- 27.4 kJ/kg of BW(0.75) for free and tethered, respectively), with differences (P < 0.05) between treatments at each hour of the day. Tethering animals may be acceptable to model those with free movement for some measures such as ingesta composition but appears inappropriate for others, such as energy metabolism.
authors.affiliation: E. (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Patra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puchala
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Detweiler
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sahlu
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Goetsch
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004063:Digestion; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D006041:Goats / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D006109:Poaceae; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors