title: Global costs of attaining the Millennium Development Goal for water supply and sanitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Target 10 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to "halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation". Because of its impacts on a range of diseases, it is a health-related MDG target. This study presents cost estimates of attaining MDG target 10.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimate the population to be covered to attain the MDG target using data on household use of improved water and sanitation for 1990 and 2004, and taking into account population growth. We assume this estimate is achieved in equal annual increments from the base year, 2005, until 2014. Costs per capita for investment and recurrent costs are applied. Country data is aggregated to 11 WHO developing country subregions and globally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated spending required in developing countries on new coverage to meet the MDG target is US$ 42 billion for water and US$ 142 billion for sanitation, a combined annual equivalent of US$ 18 billion. The cost of maintaining existing services totals an additional US$ 322 billion for water supply and US $216 billion for sanitation, a combined annual equivalent of US$ 54 billion. Spending for new coverage is largely rural (64%), while for maintaining existing coverage it is largely urban (73%). Additional programme costs, incurred administratively outside the point of delivery of interventions, of between 10% and 30% are required for effective implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In assessing financing requirements, estimates of cost should include the operation, maintenance and replacement of existing coverage as well as new services and programme costs. Country-level costing studies are needed to guide sector financing.
authors.affiliation: Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. ghutton@worldbank.org
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartram
mesh_terms: D002201:Capital Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000379:methods; D003906:Developing Countries; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007449:Investments / Q000191:economics*; D009937:Organizational Objectives / Q000191:economics; D011158:Population Growth; D011635:Public Health Administration / Q000191:economics*; D012499:Sanitation / Q000191:economics*; D014480:United Nations; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*