title: Rosiglitazone inhibits metastasis development of a murine mammary tumor cell line LMM3.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARgamma) induces diverse effects on cancer cells. The thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as troglitazone and ciglitazone, are PPARgamma agonists exhibiting antitumor activities; however, the underlying mechanism remains inconclusive. Rosiglitazone (RGZ), a synthetic ligand of PPARgamma used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes, inhibits growth of some tumor cells and is involved in other processes related to cancer progression. Opposing results have also been reported with different ligands on tumor cells. The purpose of this study was to determine if RGZ and 15d-PGJ2 induce antitumor effects in vivo and in vitro on the murine mammary tumor cell line LMM3.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect on LMM3 cell viability and nitric oxide (NO) production of different doses of RGZ, 15-dPGJ2, BADGE and GW9662 were determined using the MTS colorimetric assay and the Griess reaction respectively. In vivo effect of orally administration of RGZ on tumor progression was evaluated either on s.c. primary tumors as well as on experimental metastasis. Cell adhesion, migration (wound assay) and invasion in Transwells were performed. Metalloproteinase activity (MMP) was determined by zymography in conditioned media from RGZ treated tumor cells. PPARgamma expression was detected by inmunohistochemistry in formalin fixed tumors and by western blot in tumor cell lysates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RGZ orally administered to tumor-bearing mice decreased the number of experimental lung metastases without affecting primary s.c. tumor growth. Tumor cell adhesion and migration, as well as metalloproteinase MMP-9 activity, decreased in the presence of 1 muM RGZ (non-cytotoxic dose). RGZ induced PPARgamma protein expression in LMM3 tumors. Although metabolic activity -measured by MTS assay- diminished with 1-100 microM RGZ, 1 microM-treated cells recovered their proliferating capacity while 100 microM treated cells died. The PPARgamma antagonist Biphenol A diglicydyl ether (BADGE) did not affect RGZ activity. On the contrary, the specific antagonist GW9662 completely abrogated RGZ-induced decrease in cell viability. A decrease in NO levels was detected in the presence of either 1 or 100 microM RGZ. The natural ligand 15d-PGJ2 did not affect metabolic activity although it induced a significant decrease in NO production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant decrease in the number of experimental LMM3 lung metastasis, but not on primary tumor growth, after oral RGZ administration was observed. In vitro, 100 microMRGZ also reduced cell viability and NO production, while no changes were observed in the presence of 15d-PGJ2. BADGE did not reverse RGZ effect while the antagonist GW9662 completely abrogated it, suggesting a PPARgamma- dependent mechanism. Inhibition of lung metastatic nodules by RGZ administered in vivo, might be associated with the observed decrease in MMP-9 expression, in cell adhesion, migration and invasion. RGZ augmented its expression. PPARgamma was detected in cell lysates by western blot and by immunohistochemistry in tumors from RGZ-treated mice. In summary we can suggest that RGZ or any other TZDs might be possible future approaches in the treatment of metastasis of PPARgamma-expressing cells.
authors.affiliation: Research Area, Institute of Oncology AH Roffo, Av, San Martín 5481 (CP 1417), Buenos Aires, Argentina. gaby.magenta@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Magenta
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Borenstein
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rolando
authors.forename: María Adela
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jasnis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000517:prevention & control; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists* / Q000032:analysis; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C457499:2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide; D000813:Anilides; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases