title: High prevalence of chronic kidney disease in population-based patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in downtown Shanghai.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the risk factors associated with CKD among Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes aged over 30 in downtown Shanghai and to assess the relationship between CKD and diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 1039 Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes aged over 30 by randomized cluster sampling in downtown Shanghai, and 1009 patients in this study were analyzed based on data integrity. Body measurements including height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference, resting blood pressure, fasting blood measures, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), as well as the digitally stored fundus images, were investigated. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation. The prevalence of CKD was calculated, and the risk factors associated with CKD were evaluated using stepwise logistic regression. The relationship between CKD and DR was evaluated using Spearman correlation and the chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following were the results found in this study: (a) The prevalence rate of CKD (Stages 1-5) was 63.9% in Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, 8.8% in those with CKD Stage 1, 22.3% in those with CKD Stage 2, and 32.8% in those with CKD Stages 3-5 (GFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). The prevalence of CKD increased with age. (b) CKD patients were older and had higher duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, and ACR of the first urine than those without CKD. (c) Male patients had a higher percentage of CKD Stages 3-5, and female patients had a higher percentage of CKD Stages 1-2. (d) CKD was significantly associated with duration of diabetes, older age, systolic blood pressure, and serum urea nitrogen based on logistic regression analysis. (e) Of the patients without CKD, 15.6% had DR, and of those with CKD, 27.6% had DR. The decrease in GFR was significantly correlated with DR after controlling for sex, age, and albuminuria staging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of CKD observed in Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes aged over 30 in downtown Shanghai was similar to that in Western patients, and the cause of CKD is likely to be any of the following: type 2 diabetes, IgA nephropathy, hypertension, or any combination of these. The screening program for GFR in type 2 diabetic patients should be performed even on those with normoalbuminuria. The decrease in GFR might predict the occurrence of DR among patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, HuaShan Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Xuehong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Yehong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhaoyun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Linuo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Naiqing
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xixing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Renming
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin