title: Sentinel node dissection is safe in the treatment of early-stage vulvar cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the safety and clinical utility of the sentinel node procedure in early-stage vulvar cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter observational study on sentinel node detection using radioactive tracer and blue dye was performed in patients with T1/2 (< 4 cm) squamous cell cancer of the vulva. When the sentinel node was found to be negative at pathologic ultrastaging, inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy was omitted, and the patient was observed with follow-up for 2 years at intervals of every 2 months. Stopping rules were defined for the occurrence of groin recurrences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From March 2000 until June 2006, a sentinel node procedure was performed in 623 groins of 403 assessable patients. In 259 patients with unifocal vulvar disease and a negative sentinel node (median follow-up time, 35 months), six groin recurrences were diagnosed (2.3%; 95% CI, 0.6% to 5%), and 3-year survival rate was 97% (95% CI, 91% to 99%). Short-term morbidity was decreased in patients after sentinel node dissection only when compared with patients with a positive sentinel node who underwent inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (wound breakdown in groin: 11.7% v 34.0%, respectively; P < .0001; and cellulitis: 4.5% v 21.3%, respectively; P < .0001). Long-term morbidity also was less frequently observed after removal of only the sentinel node compared with sentinel node removal and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (recurrent erysipelas: 0.4% v 16.2%, respectively; P < .0001; and lymphedema of the legs: 1.9% v 25.2%, respectively; P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In early-stage vulvar cancer patients with a negative sentinel node, the groin recurrence rate is low, survival is excellent, and treatment-related morbidity is minimal. We suggest that sentinel node dissection, performed by a quality-controlled multidisciplinary team, should be part of the standard treatment in selected patients with early-stage vulvar cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands. a.g.j.van.der.zee@og.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Ate G J
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Van der Zee
authors.forename: Maaike H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Oonk
authors.forename: Joanne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: De Hullu
authors.forename: Anca C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ansink
authors.forename: Ignace
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vergote
authors.forename: René H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Verheijen
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.forename: Katja N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Gaarenstroom
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Eleonore B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Van Dorst
authors.forename: Jacobus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van der Velden
authors.forename: Ralph H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van der Putten
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drouin
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Wim J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sluiter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006119:Groin; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*