title: Comparison of cutaneous and transosseous electromagnetic position sensors in the assessment of tibial rotation in a cadaveric model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have highlighted the growing interest in validating anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. A simple method of measuring tibial rotation is necessary to provide an objective clinical assessment of restoration of normal knee kinematics after various anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive techniques.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To validate a new method of measuring tibial rotation by comparing cutaneous with transosseous electromagnetic position sensors during a simulated standard knee examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight thawed, fresh-frozen cadaveric knee specimens with skin and soft tissues preserved were mounted on the femoral side in neutral rotation by a rigid clamp, allowing 6 degrees of freedom of the knee joint. With the knee fixed at 30 degrees of flexion, a series of maximal manual internal and external tibial rotations were performed and measured with an electromagnetic tracking system that measures 6 degrees of freedom in a Cartesian coordinate system. During each series of measurements, a cutaneous transmitter was fixed overlying the tibial tuberosity. Simultaneously, a second transducer was rigidly fixed to a trans-osseous pin placed just distal to the tibial tubercle. Measurements were repeated at 90 degrees of flexion. Differences in measurements were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found with maximal internal and external rotation between cutaneous and transosseous measurements at 30 degrees of knee flexion (13.0 degrees vs 14.5 degrees , P = .4) or at 90 degrees of flexion (11.2 degrees vs 12.9 degrees , P = .5). Correlation (R) between cutaneous and transosseous measurements at 30 degrees was .97 (P = .00009) and at 90 degrees was .99 (P < .00001). The accuracy of cutaneous measurements using transosseous as the known was 1.6 degrees +/- 1.3 degrees . Repeatability of cutaneous measurements was 0.8 degrees +/- 0.4 degrees . The repeatability of transosseous measurements was 1.0 degrees +/- 0.5 degrees .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant differences were found at either 30 degrees or 90 degrees of flexion when measuring tibial rotation using cutaneous versus transosseous electromagnetic position sensors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to measure knee rotation using cutaneous electromagnetic position sensors represents a promising new method for assessing various clinical conditions and surgical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, 5901 E. 7th St. (09/151 Long Beach, CA 90822, USA.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Magit
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGarry
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tibone
authors.forename: Thay Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D002102:Cadaver; D004566:Electrodes; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology*