title: Real-time quantification of Pseudomonas fluorescens cell removal from glass surfaces due to bacteriophage varphiS1 application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the efficacy of the lytic phage varphiS1 in eliminating Pseudomonas fluorescens in the early stage of biofilm formation, using an in situ and real time methodology for cell quantification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell adhesion and phage infection studies were carried out in a parallel plate flow chamber under laminar conditions. Cells were allowed to adhere until reaching 1.7-1.8 x 10(6) cells cm(-2) and phage infection was performed with two different phage concentrations (2 x 10(9) PFU ml(-1) and 1 x 10(10) PFU ml(-1)). Phage concentration clearly affects the speed of infection. The less concentrated phage solution promoted a three times slower rate of cell removal but did not affect the overall percentage of cell removal. In fact, after a longer infection period the less concentrated phage solution reached the same 93% cell removal value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phages are efficient in the eradication of bacterial cells at the early stage of biofilm formation and their presence at the surface did not allow bacterial recolonization of the surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, no published studies have been made concerning in situ and real time quantification of cell removal from surfaces due to phage action.
authors.affiliation: IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal. s.sillankorva@deb.uminho.pt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sillankorva
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Azeredo
mesh_terms: D000898:Antibiosis; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017105:Pseudomonas Phages / Q000502:physiology*; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000821:virology*; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods