title: Epigenetic regulation of PPARGC1A in human type 2 diabetic islets and effect on insulin secretion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin secretion in pancreatic islets is dependent upon mitochondrial function and production of ATP. The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (protein PGC-1alpha; gene PPARGC1A) is a master regulator of mitochondrial genes and its expression is decreased and related to impaired oxidative phosphorylation in muscle from patients with type 2 diabetes. Whether it plays a similar role in human pancreatic islets is not known. We therefore investigated if PPARGC1A expression is altered in islets from patients with type 2 diabetes and whether this expression is influenced by genetic (PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism) and epigenetic (DNA methylation) factors. We also tested if experimental downregulation of PPARGC1A expression in human islets influenced insulin secretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism was genotyped in human pancreatic islets from 48 non-diabetic and 12 type 2 diabetic multi-organ donors and related to PPARGC1A mRNA expression. DNA methylation of the PPARGC1A promoter was analysed in pancreatic islets from ten type 2 diabetic and nine control donors. Isolated human islets were transfected with PPARGC1A silencing RNA (siRNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPARGC1A mRNA expression was reduced by 90% (p<0.005) and correlated with the reduction in insulin secretion in islets from patients with type 2 diabetes. After downregulation of PPARGC1A expression in human islets by siRNA, insulin secretion was reduced by 41% (p <or= 0. 01). We were able to ascribe reduced PPARGC1A expression in islets to both genetic and epigenetic factors, i.e. a common PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism was associated with reduced PPARGC1A mRNA expression (p<0.00005) and reduced insulin secretion (p<0.05). In support of an epigenetic influence, the PPARGC1A gene promoter showed a twofold increase in DNA methylation in diabetic islets compared with non-diabetic islets (p<0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown for the first time that PPARGC1A might be important in human islet insulin secretion and that expression of PPARGC1A in human islets can be regulated by both genetic and epigenetic factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, CRC, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden. charlotte.ling@med.lu.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Del Guerra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lupi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rönn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Granhall
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luthman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Masiello
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Del Prato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019175:DNA Methylation; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005838:Genotype; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012016:Reference Values; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D007328:Insulin; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014157:Transcription Factors