title: Primary immune deficiency disorders presenting as autoimmune diseases: IPEX and APECED.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several primary immune deficiency disorders are associated with autoimmunity and malignancy, suggesting a state of immune dysregulation. The concept of immune dysregulation as a direct cause of autoimmunity in primary immune deficiency disorders (PIDDs) has been strengthened by the recent discovery of distinct clinical entities linked to single-gene defects resulting in multiple autoimmune phenomena including immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy and X-linked (IPEX) syndrome, and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reviewing recent advances in our understanding of the small subgroup of PIDD patients with defined causes for autoimmunity may lead to the development of more effective treatment strategies for idiopathic human autoimmune diseases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM/56) and Primary Immunodeficiency Outpatient Unit (ADEE-3003), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil. dmvascon@usp.br
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moraes-Vasconcelos
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Costa-Carvalho
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Torgerson
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Ochs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics; D002176:Candida albicans; D002178:Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous / Q000276:immunology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D016884:Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017634:Self Tolerance; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000096927:AIRE Protein
chemical_list: D001324:Autoantigens; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000096927:AIRE Protein; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human