title: Early childhood risk factors associated with daytime wetting and soiling in school-age children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of a range of early childhood factors on the risk for daytime wetting and soiling.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a longitudinal study based on a UK population of over 10,000 children from age 4 to 9 years. Parents completed questionnaires on child development (at 18 months); child temperament (24 months); maternal depression/anxiety (21 months), and parenting behaviors (24 months). The analysis examined whether these risk factors distinguish between children with normal development of daytime bladder and bowel control and those with delayed acquisition of daytime continence; persistent daytime wetting/soiling, and relapse in wetting/soiling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Delayed development, difficult temperament, and maternal depression/anxiety were associated with an increase in the odds of experiencing problems with bladder and bowel control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings provide evidence that risk factors in early childhood are associated with a subsequent increase in the odds of children experiencing daytime wetting and soiling at school age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. carol.joinson@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joinson
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gontard
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Emond
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000150:complications; D053207:Diurnal Enuresis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D004688:Encopresis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D016487:Parenting; D012307:Risk Factors; D013694:Temperament; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology