title: Effects of HMX exposure upon metabolic rate of northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) in ovo.
abstract: We evaluated the use of the gas exchange rate as an ecologically relevant indicator of chemical stress in avian embryos/eggs. Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were exposed to octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) via feed containing nominal concentrations of 0, 12.5, 50.0, and 125.0 mg kg(-1). Metabolic rates (oxygen consumption) of developing quail eggs were then measured via respirometry to examine potential effects of HMX exposure. Metabolic rates were examined on 5, 9, and 21 d of incubation. Next, concentrations of HMX in embryos/eggs were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mean (+/-SE) concentrations of HMX in eggs were 21.0+/-5.9, 1113+/-79.0, 3864+/-154.0, and 7426+/-301.1 ng g(-1) in control, low, medium and high dose groups, respectively. There were significant differences in oxygen consumption among the three embryo ages, however differences among the ages were not consistent among dose groups (age x dose group interaction p<0.0001). Oxygen consumption rates did not vary as a function of HMX in embryos (p=0.18). No evidence was observed for alterations of in ovo metabolic rates associated with HMX exposure.
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Blake
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beall
authors.forename: Kristina J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brunjes
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: McMurry
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001392:Azocines / Q000633:toxicity*; D003088:Colinus / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D015053:Zygote / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001392:Azocines; D053834:Explosive Agents; C007950:octogen; D010100:Oxygen