title: H5N1 avian influenza re-emergence of Lake Qinghai: phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the newly isolated viruses and roles of migratory birds in virus circulation.
abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has swept west across the globe and caused serious debates on the roles of migratory birds in virus circulation since the first large-scale outbreak in migratory birds of Lake Qinghai, 2005. In May 2006, another outbreak struck Lake Qinghai and six novel strains were isolated. To elucidate these QH06 viruses, the six isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses show that QH06 viruses are derived from the lineages of Lake Qinghai, 2005. Five of the six novel isolates are adjacent to the strain A/Cygnus olor/Croatia/1/05, and the last one is related to the strain A/duck/Novosibirsk/02/05, an isolate of the flyway. Antigenic analyses suggest that QH06 and QH05 viruses are similar to each other. These findings implicate that QH06 viruses of Lake Qinghai may travel back via migratory birds, though not ruling out the possibility of local circulation of viruses of Lake Qinghai.
authors.affiliation: Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.|China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China.|Center for Molecular Virology and Center for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
authors.forename: Guihua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, PR China.|State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, PR China.
authors.forename: Dawei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning 810008, PR China.
authors.forename: Laixing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China.
authors.forename: Fumin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, PR China.|State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, PR China.
authors.forename: Bohua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China.|Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.|Center for Molecular Virology and Center for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China.|Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.|Center for Molecular Virology and Center for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China.|Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.|Center for Molecular Virology and Center for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
authors.forename: Youjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, PR China.|State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, PR China.|State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, PR China.
authors.forename: Baoan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China.
authors.forename: Zuohua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China.|Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.|Center for Molecular Virology and Center for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning 810008, PR China.|Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaojia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China.
authors.forename: Yanlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, PR China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China.|Center for Molecular Virology and Center for Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, PR China.|State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, PR China.
authors.forename: Qingyu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D002645:Chickens / Q000821:virology; D002681:China; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016679:Genome, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000821:virology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; C109963:hemagglutinin, avian influenza A virus; D009439:Neuraminidase