title: Effect of continuous milking and prostaglandin E2 on milk production and mammary epithelial cell turnover, ultrastructure, and gene expression.
abstract: Mammary epithelial cell (MEC) growth is reduced in continuously milked (CM) mammary glands, and administration of a mammogenic compound such as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) at parturition might improve MEC growth in CM tissue. The objectives were to 1) compare MEC turnover, ultrastructure, and gene expression in CM and involuting mammary tissue, and 2) evaluate the effects of CM and intramammary infusion of PGE(2) on early lactation MEC turnover, ultrastructure, mammary gene expression, milk yield, and composition. First- and second-lactation cows (n = 8) were used in a half-udder model, in which one-half was dry for 60 d (CTL) and the other was CM. Udder halves (n = 16) were assigned to a postpartum (PP) treatment of PGE(2) (+PGE(2); 875 mug/10 mL of medium-chain triglyceride oil) or no PGE(2) (-PGE(2)) treatment at parturition and at 72 h PP. Biopsies of CM and CTL quarters were obtained during milk stasis (MS) of the CTL half at 3 and 7 d after dry-off of the CTL half (3d-MS; 7d-MS) and postpartum (PP) at 2 and 4 d (2d-PP; 4d-PP). Milk yield was reduced (P < 0.01) in CM udder halves compared with CTL halves (13.2 vs. 22.1 kg/d), but reductions were less in second-lactation cows. The apoptotic index was greater (P < 0.05) in CTL glands than in CM glands (3d-MS, 0.52 vs. 0.11% and 7d-MS, 0.24 vs. 0.12, respectively). Proliferation of MEC was unchanged at 3d-MS, but was increased (P = 0.01) in CTL halves at 7d-MS compared with CM halves (3.10 vs. 0.93%). At 2d-PP, MEC proliferation was increased (P = 0.05) in CM halves compared with CTL halves (1.3 vs. 0.6%), but was unaffected by PGE(2) (P > 0.2). Apoptosis was elevated in early lactation regardless of treatment. Ultrastructure was unchanged by dry period length or PGE(2). In prepartum tissue, involution in CTL halves increased (P < 0.05) the expression of the proapoptotic genes Bcl-2-associated x protein (bax) and IGFBP5 and decreased (P < 0.05) alpha-lactalbumin expression compared with CM tissue. In PP mammary tissue, CTL halves expressed greater (P < 0.05) levels of ATP-binding cassette 1 (ABC1) and IGFBP5. Treatment with PGE(2) did not alter (P > 0.1) gene expression. The results confirm that CM reduced milk yield of cows with a mammary growth requirement. Reduced MEC turnover and milk yield were not alleviated by IMI of PGE(2), which indicates that peripartum PGE(2) concentrations in CM glands are not limiting mammary growth or milk synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Annen
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stiening
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Crooker
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Collier
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000662:veterinary; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010298:Parity; D036801:Parturition / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015232:Dinoprostone