title: Secondary malignancies after treatment for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a 16-year follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Relatively little information is available on the incidence of secondary cancer in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The aim of this long-term follow-up study was to determine the incidence, the time free of second tumors, and risk factors for developing secondary cancer in a homogeneous group of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated a total of 563 patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma enrolled in Gruppo Italiano Studio Linfomi trials from 1988 to 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median follow-up of 62 months, 39 patients (6.9%) developed secondary cancer: 12 myelodysplastic syndromes/acute myeloid leukemia, and 27 solid tumors. The overall standardized incidence ratio of secondary malignancy in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was higher than the risk of malignancy in the general population. The standardized incidence ratio was elevated in male patients and in patients under 65 years old at first treatment. Overall, the cumulative incidence of secondary cancer at 12 years was 10.5%, after correction in a competing-risk model. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that older age at the time of diagnosis, male sex, and fludarabine-containing therapy had significant negative impacts on the time free of second tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified subgroups of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients with increased standardized incidence ratios of secondary malignancy and variables that have a negative impact on the time free of second tumors. This information could help physicians to select the most appropriate treatments. Finally, taking into account the possible occurrence of secondary neoplasia, long-term monitoring must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Ematologia, Università di Modena Centro Oncologico Modenese Policlinico, 41100 Modena, Italy. ssacchi@unimo.it
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sacchi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marcheselli
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bari
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marcheselli
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pozzi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luminari
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buda
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazzaro
authors.forename: Paolo G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Gobbi
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stelitano
authors.forename: Fortunato
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Quarta
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brugiatelli
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous / Q000009:adverse effects; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D014740:Vidarabine; C024352:fludarabine