title: Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of transdermal fentanyl administration in foals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and the tolerance of foals to the drug following a single application of a commercially available transdermal system (TS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six (two male, four female) foals aged 4-8 days, weighing 56-74 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  After placement of a jugular sampling catheter, one fentanyl TS (FTS) containing 10.2 mg fentanyl, released at 100 microg hour(-1), was applied for 72 hours. Blood samples were withdrawn over the course of 90 hours for fentanyl plasma analysis. Before and after the study, weight, complete blood count and blood chemistry values were obtained. During the study, tolerance and safety were monitored by physical examination and assessment of behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fentanyl was detected as early as 20 minutes after FTS placement. Peak plasma concentrations were variable (0.1-28.7 ng mL(-1)), were reached after 14.3 +/- 7.6 hours (mean +/- SD), and returned to baseline concentrations 12 hours after FTS removal. All foals satisfactorily tolerated the FTS application and no significant adverse effects were observed. Rectal temperature increased above 38.5 degrees C (max. 39.0 degrees C) in all foals, although this did not correlate with fentanyl plasma concentrations. Results of hematological and biochemical analyses were within reference ranges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that 100 microg hour(-1) fentanyl administered by an FTS results in time-related but variable plasma concentrations in foals. The FTS was easy to apply and was well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. eva.eberspaecher@vu-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eberspächer
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Marlis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezende
authors.forename: Eugene P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Steffey
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl