title: Activation of the DNA-dependent protein kinase stimulates nuclear export of the androgen receptor in vitro.
abstract: The androgen receptor undergoes nuclear import in response to ligand, but the mechanism by which it undergoes nuclear export is poorly understood. We developed a permeabilized cell assay to characterize nuclear export of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. We found that nuclear export of endogenous androgen receptor can be stimulated by short double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides. This androgen receptor export pathway is dependent on ATP hydrolysis and is enhanced by phosphatase inhibition with okadaic acid. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in permeabilized cells, under the conditions that stimulate androgen receptor export, suggested that double-stranded DNA-dependent export does not simply reflect the relief of a nuclear retention mechanism. A radiolabeled androgen was used to show that the androgen receptor remains ligand-bound during translocation through the nuclear pore complex. A specific inhibitor to the DNA-dependent protein kinase, NU7026, inhibits androgen receptor export and phosphorylation. In living cells, NU7026 treatment increases androgen-dependent transcription from endogenous genes that are regulated by androgen receptor. We suggest that DNA-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of the androgen receptor, or an interacting component, helps target the androgen receptor for export from the nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cell Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Leonard C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Shank
authors.forename: Joshua B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gioeli
authors.forename: Chun-Song
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Lizabeth A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Bryce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Paschal
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008024:Ligands; D008954:Models, Biological; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C479235:2-(morpholin-4-yl)benzo(h)chromen-4-one; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008024:Ligands; D009025:Morpholines; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase