title: Sequestration of free cholesterol in cell membranes by prions correlates with cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), otherwise known as the prion diseases, occur following the conversion of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) to an alternatively folded isoform (PrPSc). The accumulation of PrPSc within the brain leads to neurodegeneration through an unidentified mechanism. Since many neurodegenerative disorders including prion, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases may be modified by cholesterol synthesis inhibitors, the effects of prion infection on the cholesterol balance within neuronal cells were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report the novel observation that prion infection altered the membrane composition and significantly increased total cholesterol levels in two neuronal cell lines (ScGT1 and ScN2a cells). There was a significant correlation between the concentration of free cholesterol in ScGT1 cells and the amounts of PrPSc. This increase was entirely a result of increased amounts of free cholesterol, as prion infection reduced the amounts of cholesterol esters in cells. These effects were reproduced in primary cortical neurons by the addition of partially purified PrPSc, but not by PrPC. Crucially, the effects of prion infection were not a result of increased cholesterol synthesis. Stimulating cholesterol synthesis via the addition of mevalonate, or adding exogenous cholesterol, had the opposite effect to prion infection on the cholesterol balance. It did not affect the amounts of free cholesterol within neurons; rather, it significantly increased the amounts of cholesterol esters. Immunoprecipitation studies have shown that cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) co-precipitated with PrPSc in ScGT1 cells. Furthermore, prion infection greatly increased both the phosphorylation of cPLA2 and prostaglandin E2 production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prion infection, or the addition of PrPSc, increased the free cholesterol content of cells, a process that could not be replicated by the stimulation of cholesterol synthesis. The presence of PrPSc increased solubilisation of free cholesterol in cell membranes and affected their function. It increased activation of the PLA2 pathway, previously implicated in PrPSc formation and in PrPSc-mediated neurotoxicity. These observations suggest that the neuropathogenesis of prion diseases results from PrPSc altering cholesterol-sensitive processes. Furthermore, they raise the possibility that disturbances in membrane cholesterol are major triggering events in neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK. cbate@rvc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bate
authors.forename: Mourad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tayebi
authors.forename: Alun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018621:PrPC Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018620:PrPSc Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017096:Prion Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018621:PrPC Proteins; D018620:PrPSc Proteins; D002784:Cholesterol; D054467:Phospholipases A2