title: Iron, folate, and vitamin B12 stores among pregnant women in a rural area of Haryana State, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiencies have adverse effects on pregnancy outcome. In India, data on the concomitant prevalence of these deficiencies among pregnant women are meager.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a community-based study to assess the prevalence of deficiencies of iron, folate, and vitamin B12 among pregnant women in a rural block of Haryana State.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was approved by the ethics committee of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. A total of 283 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. After oral informed consent had been obtained from the women, blood was drawn from the antecubital vein for estimation of the levels of serum ferritin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (levels < 12 ng/ mL were considered as indicative of poor iron stores); serum folate was determined by radioimmunoassay (levels <3 ng/mL were considered as indicative of poor folate stores); and serum vitamin B12 was estimated by the microbiologic method (levels < 200 pg/mL were considered as indicative of poor vitamin B12 stores).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that 67.7%, 26.3%, and 74.1% of the women had poor iron, folate, and vitamin B12 stores, respectively. Concomitant deficiencies of iron, folate, and vitamin B12 occurred in 16.2% of the women. We found that 59.9% of the women were consuming less than 75% of the recommended daily caloric allowance (2175 kcal), indicating an overall poor food intake. This could be one of the predominant reasons for poor iron, folate, and vitamin B12 stores among the women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that apart from iron and folate, vitamin B12 deficiencies may play an important role in causing anemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Priyali
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pathak
authors.forename: Umesh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kapil
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yajnik
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: Rajvir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D005492:Folic Acid; D007501:Iron; D014805:Vitamin B 12