title: Cerebral cortical microvascular flow during and following cardiopulmonary resuscitation after short duration of cardiac arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine changes in cerebral cortical macro- and microcirculation and their relationship to the severity of brain ischaemia during and following resuscitation from a short duration of cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral cranial windows were created in eight domestic pigs weighing 41+/-1 kg, exposing the frontoparietal cortex for orthogonal polarization spectral imaging together with estimation of cortical-tissue partial pressure of carbon dioxide, a quantitator of the severity of cerebral ischaemia. After 3 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was begun and continued for 4 min before defibrillation. Aortic pressure, end-tidal and cortical-tissue partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and cortical microcirculatory blood flow in vessels of less and more than 20 microm in diameter were continuously measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cerebral microcirculatory blood flow progressively decreased over the 3-min interval that followed onset of ventricular fibrillation. Chest compression restored cortical microvascular flow to approximately 40% of the pre-arrest value. Following return of spontaneous circulation, microvascular flow velocity was restored to baseline values over 3 min. Reversal of cerebral ischaemia with normalisation of cerebral cortical-tissue partial pressure of carbon dioxide occurred over 7 min after resuscitation. Cortical microcirculatory blood flow in microvessels less than 20 microm was highly correlated with flow in vessels more than 20 microm together with mean aortic pressure and end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral cortical microcirculatory flow ceased only 3 min after onset of cardiac arrest. Flow was promptly restored to 40% of its pre-arrest value after start of chest compression. After resuscitation, both macro- and microcirculatory flows were fully restored over 3 min, but cerebral ischaemia reversed more slowly.
authors.affiliation: Weil Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Rancho Mirage, CA 92270, USA.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ristagno
authors.forename: Wanchun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Shijie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Max Harry
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Weil
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide