title: Racial differences and other risk factors for incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration: Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) Project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate risk factors for the incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a racially heterogeneous, geriatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n = 2240) aged 65 to 84 years underwent 2 examinations separated by 2 years, of which 1937 subjects (85%) were included in this report. Fundus photographs were performed at each examination and were graded by trained readers. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, and clustering between eyes were used to evaluate risk factors for AMD incidence and progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking was a strong, dose-dependent, risk factor for progression from medium size drusen to large drusen or pigmentary abnormalities within the central 1500-microm macular zone. Smoking was also a strong risk factor for development of incident focal pigmentation within 3000 microm of the foveal center. White participants were significantly more likely than blacks to develop large drusen and focal pigmentation and to progress from medium- to large-sized drusen or pigment abnormalities within the central 1500 microm macular zone. However, whites did not have an increased risk of progression from large drusen or pigment abnormalities within the central 1500-microm perimacular zone to foveal GA or CNV when compared with blacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking and race are important risk factors for progression from medium to large drusen or to pigment abnormalities within the central 1500-microm macular zone. Limitations in the power of this study preclude assessment of the roles of smoking and race on the ultimate progression to foveal GA or CNV once central large drusen or pigment abnormalities are present.
authors.affiliation: Retina Division and Dana Center for Preventative Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. mchang19@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bressler
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: Sheila K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*