title: Effects of isoflurane on echocardiographic parameters in healthy dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the echocardiographic effects of isoflurane at an end-tidal concentration approximating 1.0 times the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in healthy unpremedicated dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective experimental trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen mature mongrel dogs of either sex weighing 11.06 +/- 2.72 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  After performing a baseline echocardiogram in the awake animal, anesthesia was induced with increasing inspired concentrations of isoflurane via a face mask until tracheal intubation was possible. Following intubation, the end-tidal concentration was decreased to 1.4% for the rest of the anesthetic period. Serial echocardiograms were recorded at 25, 40, and 55 minutes after the end-tidal concentration was reached.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No changes were observed in heart rate. However, significant decreases were seen in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (Mean maximal change: 13.8%), interventricular septal thickness during systole (15.2%), interventricular septal thickening fraction (72.2%), left ventricular free wall thickening fraction (63.5%), ejection fraction (39.9%), and fractional shortening (46.7%). In addition, peak flow velocities across mitral, pulmonic, and aortic valves were significantly lower than baseline values. Decreases were also observed in end-diastolic left ventricular volume index (approximately 32.1% from the awake value), stroke index (58.2%), and cardiac index (55.3%) when compared with awake measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  and clinical relevance Our results indicate that 1 x MAC isoflurane caused significant myocardial depression in healthy dogs. These changes in myocardial function need to be considered carefully when isoflurane is to be used in dogs with poor cardiovascular reserve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marlos G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carareto
authors.forename: Andrigo B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: De-Nardi
authors.forename: Fábio L C
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Newton
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Aparecido A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Camacho
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000187:drug effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane