title: Diagnostic accuracy of the protein/creatinine ratio in urine samples to estimate 24-h proteinuria in patients with primary glomerulopathies: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The protein/creatinine (P/C) ratio in urine samples has been used in the clinical management of patients with glomerular diseases. The aim of this study is to perform a prospective evaluation of the P/C ratio accuracy in determining critical levels of proteinuria in patients with glomerulopathies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a longitudinal study of 41 adult patients with primary glomerulopathies treated with immunosuppressive drugs or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in a 6-month follow-up. Correlation and agreement level between P24 and the P/C ratio were evaluated. Kappa statistic was employed to evaluate concordance between the two methods taking into account clinically relevant categories of proteinuria. ANOVA for repeated measures was employed. Diagnostic accuracy of the P/C ratio was evaluated by receiver-operator curves (ROC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant correlation between P24 and the P/C ratio during the 6-month period (P < 0.001 in all time points). Mean differences between P24 and P/C ratios at baseline and from the first to the sixth month were 2.00, 1.88, 1.22, 1.07, 0.65, 0.34 and 0.57 respectively. In spite of the lower agreement between P24 and the P/C ratio for higher levels of proteinuria, we found substantial Kappa values for categories of proteinuria in all periods. ROC considering the cut-off levels of 0.20 g and 3.5 g for P24 showed that the P/C ratio had a very good accuracy, with areas under the curve of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97-1.00) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99-1.00), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This longitudinal analysis corroborates the findings of previous cross-sectional studies, supporting the use of the P/C ratio as an accurate test to define critical levels of proteinuria.
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and Division of Nephrology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Verônica Verleine Hörbe
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: Francisco José Veríssimo
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Veronese
authors.forename: José Vanildo
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Morales
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003404:Creatinine