title: Enhanced initial cell responses to chemically modified anodized titanium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, we reported that anodized porous titanium implants have photocatalytic hydrophilicity. However, this effect was not always sufficient for the significant improvement of bone apposition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to improve the photocatalytic properties of porous titanium implants by the fluoride modification of the anodized titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), and to investigate the initial cell response to it.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ideal concentration of ammonium hydrogen fluoride (NH(4)F-HF(2)) used in this study was determined by a static water contact angle assay. The ideal concentration of NH(4)F-HF(2) was 0.175%, and experimental disks were treated with this concentration. A pluripotent mesenchymal cell line, C2C12, was cultured on the disks in order to investigate cell attachment, morphology, and proliferation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell attachment after 30 minutes of culturing was significantly higher for the ultraviolet-irradiated, fluoride-modified anodized TiO(2) (p < .05), and the simultaneous scanning electron microscope observation showed a rather flattened and extended cell morphology. The proliferation rate after 24 hours was also significantly higher for the fluoride-modified anodized TiO(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoride chemical modification enhances the hydrophilic property of the anodized TiO(2) and improves the initial cell response to it.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Prosthodontics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jimbo
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawase
authors.forename: Koumei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Tadafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurogi
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atsuta
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048430:Cell Shape; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003764:Dental Materials; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C009495:titanium dioxide; C024822:ammonium fluoride; D014025:Titanium; D005459:Fluorides