Reduced toxicological activity of cigarette smoke by the addition of ammonium magnesium phosphate to the paper of an electrically heated cigarette: smoke chemistry and in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.
The effects of the addition of ammonium magnesium phosphate (AMP) to the paper of an electrically heated cigarette (EHC) prototype on smoke composition and toxicity were quantified and the underlying mechanisms investigated. Smoke from EHC prototypes with and without AMP and from conventional cigarettes, i.e. the University of Kentucky Standard Reference Cigarette 1R4F and eight American-blend market cigarettes, was compared. Endpoints for comparison were smoke chemistry, where toxic constituents were measured, cytotoxic activity, as measured in murine fibroblasts embryo cells by the Neutral Red Uptake Assay, and genotoxic activity, as measured in bacteria by the Salmonella Reverse Mutation Assay and in murine lymphoma cells by the TK Assay. The addition of AMP to the EHC led to a reduction of toxic substances and toxicological activity of approximately 30% compared to the EHC without AMP. Compared to the conventional cigarettes, the EHC with AMP showed reductions of 75-90%. Smoke from the EHCs generated in nitrogen atmospheres supplemented with different concentrations of ammonia and oxygen was assayed for its in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The results indicate that the ammonia released by AMP at the heating site of the EHC is responsible for the reductions in cytotoxicity and mutagenicity for the EHC with AMP compared with the EHC without AMP. Thus, while the EHC approach distinctly reduces toxic smoke constituents compared to conventional cigarettes, the use of AMP in the paper of an EHC leads to further distinct reductions. In the study presented here, in vitro assays were used as quantitative tools to investigate toxicity-related mechanisms.
Roemer
E
E
Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI Research and Development, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. Ewald.Roemer@pmintl.com
Stabbert
R
R
Veltel
D
D
Müller
B P
BP
Meisgen
T J
TJ
Schramke
H
H
Anskeit
E
E
Elves
R G
RG
Fournier
J A
JA
D000818:Animals; D041702:BALB 3T3 Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D010209:Paper; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D000069877:Struvite; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000633:toxicity*
D005740:Gases; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D009153:Mutagens; D010710:Phosphates; D012906:Smoke; D000069877:Struvite