title: The association of psychosocial factors with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify predictors for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A large German health insurance company provided data on prescription reimbursements and socio-demographics for all women giving birth between June 2000 and May 2001. The prescribed drugs were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code. The data was linked to the database of the Bavarian Perinatal Study in psychosocial variables as possible predictors of NVP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of developing NVP was two times higher for non-smokers than for smokers (OR=2.03 KI [1.02-4.05]) and dropped about 3% (OR=0.97 KI [0.94-0.99]) with every year of age. Being single raised the risk of NVP by about 50% (OR=1.49 KI [1.24-1.79]) compared to women who lived with a partner, and among these women living alone, working lowered the adjusted risk about two thirds (OR=0.34 KI [0.24-0.49]) compared to women who did not work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychosocial variables have a clear influence on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Physicians should be aware of this fact when seeing women asking for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Munich, Germany. markl@ibe.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Gertraud E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Markl
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strunz-Lehner
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Egen-Lappe
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lack
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hasford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000932:Antiemetics; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D048968:Morning Sickness / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics