title: Effects of pain stimulation on bispectral index, heart rate and blood pressure at different minimal alveolar concentration values of sevoflurane.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to examine the level of unconsciousness measured with bispectral index (BIS) at different minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) levels of sevoflurane, and to study the hemodynamic and BIS reactions during noxious stimulation with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and an ice water pain test (IWP).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was approved by the Ethics Committee and was performed on 10 healthy, young volunteers (six males and four females), ASA physical status I. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane in an oxygen/air mixture. The volunteers were spontaneously breathing, but if necessary, ventilation was mechanically supported. TENS and IWP were performed at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 MAC of sevoflurane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1.0 MAC, there was a significant increase in BIS during pain stimulation both with IWP (P<0.03) and with TENS (P<0.005), but at 1.5 MAC there were no changes. A marked variation in BIS was seen at 2.0 MAC, with periods of burst suppression and periods of high BIS values despite clinical signs of deep anesthesia. These marked variations in BIS were seen before, during and after pain stimulation. One volunteer (# 8) had a short episode of convulsions at 2.0 MAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BIS, heart rate and blood pressure increased during pain stimulation at 1.0 MAC but not at 1.5 MAC of sevoflurane. There was a remarkable variation in BIS at 2.0 MAC of sevoflurane, with BIS values indicating wakefulness despite clinical signs of deep anesthesia. This BIS variation is probably caused by epileptogenic activity due to sevoflurane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Orebro, Orebro, Sweden. mathias.sandin@orebroll.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandin
authors.forename: S-E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Thörn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahlqvist
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wattwil
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wattwil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane