title: Homocysteine concentration, related B vitamins, and betaine in pregnant women recruited to the Seychelles Child Development Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both folate and betaine are important predictors of total homocysteine (tHcy) during pregnancy. However, studies to date have only been undertaken in populations with Western dietary patterns.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the predictors of tHcy in pregnant women recruited in the Seychelles, a population where access to fortified foods is limited and where women habitually consume diets rich in fish, eggs, rice, and fruit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women (n = 226) provided blood samples at enrollment, at week 28 of gestation, and at delivery. Cord blood was obtained from a subset of participants (n = 135).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As in other studies, maternal tHcy was lower during pregnancy than at delivery, whereas folate and vitamin B-12 status declined significantly to delivery. Despite low maternal folate status at delivery (median: 9.0 nmol/L), with 35% of women in the deficient range (serum folate: <6.8 nmol/L), cord blood folate status (median: 40.2 nmol/L) was similar to concentrations reported in Western populations. Folate was a significant predictor of tHcy at all time points (P < 0.001). In contrast with previous studies, betaine was only a significant predictor of maternal tHcy (P < 0.001) when the essential amino acid methionine was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study reports 2 important findings. First, fetal requirements for folate are paramount, such that cord blood folate status is maintained, even when maternal status is low. Second, betaine is a significant predictor of tHcy in pregnant women with low serum folate and low serum methionine concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom. j.wallace@ulster.ac.uk
authors.forename: Julie Mw
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Maxine P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bonham
authors.forename: Jj
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strain
authors.forename: Emeir M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Paula J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McNulty
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Conrad F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Shamlaye
authors.forename: Tom W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Clarkson
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Molloy
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Per M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ueland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001622:Betaine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008715:Methionine / Q000097:blood; D036801:Parturition; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012750:Seychelles; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D001622:Betaine; D005492:Folic Acid; D008715:Methionine; D014805:Vitamin B 12