title: Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS) for outpatients with borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial and 1-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS) is a 20-week manual-based group treatment program for outpatients with borderline personality disorder that combines cognitive behavioral elements and skills training with a systems component. The authors compared STEPPS plus treatment as usual with treatment as usual alone in a randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with borderline personality disorder were randomly assigned to STEPPS plus treatment as usual or treatment as usual alone. Total score on the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcomes included measures of global functioning, depression, impulsivity, and social functioning; suicide attempts and self-harm acts; and crisis utilization. Subjects were followed 1 year posttreatment. A linear mixed-effects model was used in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data pertaining to 124 subjects (STEPPS plus treatment as usual [N=65]; treatment as usual alone [N=59]) were analyzed. Subjects assigned to STEPPS plus treatment as usual experienced greater improvement in the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder total score and subscales assessing affective, cognitive, interpersonal, and impulsive domains. STEPPS plus treatment as usual also led to greater improvements in impulsivity, negative affectivity, mood, and global functioning. These differences yielded moderate to large effect sizes. There were no differences between groups for suicide attempts, self-harm acts, or hospitalizations. Most gains attributed to STEPPS were maintained during follow-up. Fewer STEPPS plus treatment as usual subjects had emergency department visits during treatment and follow-up. The discontinuation rate was high in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  STEPPS, an adjunctive group treatment, can deliver clinically meaningful improvements in borderline personality disorder-related symptoms and behaviors, enhance global functioning, and relieve depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Nancee
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: St John
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pfohl
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008370:Manuals as Topic; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010919:Placebos; D011340:Problem Solving; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos