title: Evaluation of freshwater submersion in small animals: 28 cases (1996-2006).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcome in dogs and cats evaluated after submersion in freshwater.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  25 dogs and 3 cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were reviewed for signalment; causes, location, and month of submersion; physical examination findings at admission; results of blood gas analysis; treatments administered; duration of hospitalization; and outcome, including evidence of organ failure or compromise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All submersions involved bodies of freshwater. Fourteen animals were submerged in man-made water sources, 13 were submerged in natural water sources, and the body of water was not recorded in 1 case. Twenty (71%) submersions occurred from May through September. Cause was identified in 16 animals and included extraordinary circumstances (n = 6), falling into water (5), breaking through ice (3), and intentional submersion (2). Twelve animals were found submerged in water with unclear surrounding circumstances. Treatment included administration of supplemental oxygen, antimicrobials, furosemide, corticosteroids, and aminophylline and assisted ventilation. Respiratory dysfunction was detected in 21 animals. Neurologic dysfunction was detected in 12 animals, hepatocellular compromise was detected in 6 animals, and cardiovascular dysfunction was detected in 4 animals. Three dogs had hematologic dysfunction, and 2 dogs had acute renal dysfunction. Eighteen (64%) animals survived to hospital discharge, but all of the cats died. In 9 of 10 nonsurvivors, respiratory tract failure was the cause of death or reason for euthanasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that submersion is an uncommon reason for veterinary evaluation but is associated with a good prognosis in dogs in the absence of respiratory tract failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
authors.forename: Geoff G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Heffner
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rozanski
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Beal
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boysen
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adamantos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002415:Cats; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D004285:Dogs; D004332:Drowning / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D007101:Immersion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D016896:Treatment Outcome