title: Visual efference in Limulus: in vitro temperature-dependent neuromodulation of photoreceptor potential timing by octopamine and substance P.
abstract: Efferents from the brain of Limulus course toward its lateral eye and release octopamine and substance P into it. These neurotransmitters have previously been found to act as neuromodulators in this visual system by altering the size of its responses to light. We report here that both also modulate the timing of the receptor potentials (RPs) evoked by brief light flashes and that these timing effects are temperature dependent. Specifically: We extend our previous report that octopamine prolongs ambient RPs in a categorical fashion and here demonstrate that it does the same at colder temperatures. Categorical means that a given RP is either clearly prolonged in a dramatic fashion or its duration is otherwise unremarkable. Octopamine also accelerates the onsets of RPs when they are evoked by weak flashes under cold temperatures. Contrariwise, substance P accelerates RPs at all temperatures and this acceleration dramatically reduces the sluggishness that is otherwise typically present at low temperatures. Quantitative analysis of intensity-response functions also demonstrated that light sensitivity under substance P is significantly augmented. The plain temporal antagonism between these two modulators demonstrates that the visual system of Limulus possesses a well-poised mechanism which could be used to adjust the timing of its neural processing to interface well with the temporal characteristics of those visual stimuli that are currently present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Monmouth College, Monmouth, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Corrinne C M
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lim-Kessler
authors.forename: Amanda R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bolbecker
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gerald S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wasserman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006737:Horseshoe Crabs / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009655:Octopamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D017956:Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013373:Substance P / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D009655:Octopamine; D013373:Substance P