title: Factors related to declining luteal function in women during the menopausal transition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reproductive hormones are incompletely characterized during the menopause transition (MT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Increased anovulation and decreased progesterone accompany progress through the MT.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Daily Hormone Study (DHS) of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) included 848 women aged 43-53 yr at baseline who collected daily urine for one cycle or up to 50 d annually for 3 yr.
  
  
  METHODS
  LH, FSH, estrone conjugates, and pregnanediol glucuronide levels were assessed. Cycles were classified by presumed luteal (ovulatory) status and bleeding. Hormones were related to time in study, age, menopausal status, and selected variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ovulatory-appearing cycles declined from 80.9% at baseline to 64.7% by the third assessment (H3). Cycles presumed anovulatory and not ending with bleeding by 50 d (anovulatory/nonbleeding) increased from 8.4 to 24% by H3 and were associated with progress to early perimenopause [odds ratio (OR) = 2.66; confidence interval (CI) = 1.17-6.04] or late perimenopause (OR = 56.21; CI = 18.79-168.12; P < 0.0001), African-American ethnicity (OR = 1.91; CI = 1.06-3.43), and less than high school education (OR = 3.51; CI = 1.62-7.62). Anovulatory cycles ending with bleeding remained at about 10% from baseline to H3; compared with ovulatory cycles, they were associated with obesity (OR = 4.68; CI = 1.33-16.52) and more than high school education (OR = 2.12; CI = 1.22-3.69; P = 0.02). Serum estradiol in both the highest and lowest categories was associated with anovulatory/nonbleeding collections. Pregnanediol glucuronide decreased 6.6% for each year on study. Insulin sensitivity measures did not relate strongly to menstrual cycle hormones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anovulation without bleeding represents progression of the MT. A small but detectable decrease in luteal progesterone excretion occurs as women progress through the MT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. glicktoro@aol.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lasley
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Luborsky
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Greendale
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Korenman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sowers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004970:Estrone / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011276:Pregnanediol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D044465:White People
chemical_list: C022270:pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide; D004970:Estrone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D011276:Pregnanediol