title: The influence of expectation on spinal manipulation induced hypoalgesia: an experimental study in normal subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms thorough which spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) exerts clinical effects are not established. A prior study has suggested a dorsal horn modulated effect; however, the role of subject expectation was not considered. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of subject expectation on hypoalgesia associated with SMT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty healthy subjects agreed to participate and underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST) to their leg and low back. Next, participants were randomly assigned to receive a positive, negative, or neutral expectation instructional set regarding the effects of a specific SMT technique on pain perception. Following the instructional set, all subjects received SMT and underwent repeat QST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No interaction (p = 0.38) between group assignment and pain response was present in the lower extremity following SMT; however, a main effect (p < 0.01) for hypoalgesia was present. A significant interaction was present between change in pain perception and group assignment in the low back (p = 0.01) with participants receiving a negative expectation instructional set demonstrating significant hyperalgesia (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study replicates prior findings of c- fiber mediated hypoalgesia in the lower extremity following SMT and this occurred regardless of expectation. A significant increase in pain perception occurred following SMT in the low back of participants receiving negative expectation suggesting a potential influence of expectation on SMT induced hypoalgesia in the body area to which the expectation is directed.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Department of Physical Therapy, Gainesville, Florida, USA. bialosky@phhp.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bialosky
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Josh A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barabas
authors.forename: Steven Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000523:psychology*