title: Extraction of domoic acid from seawater and urine using a resin based on 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid.
abstract: A new solid-phase extraction (SPE) matrix with high affinity for the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) was designed and tested. A computational modelling study led to the selection of 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid (TFMAA) as a functional monomer capable of imparting affinity towards domoic acid. Polymeric adsorbents containing TFMAA were synthesised and tested in high ionic strength solutions such as urine and seawater. The TFMAA-based polymers demonstrated excellent performance in solid-phase extraction of domoic acid, retaining the toxin while salts and other interfering compounds such as aspartic and glutamic acids were removed by washing and selective elution. It was shown that the TFMAA-based polymer provided the level of purification of domoic acid from urine and seawater acceptable for its quantification by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) without any additional pre-concentration and purification steps.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK. e.piletska@cranfield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Piletska
authors.forename: Fernando Navarro
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Villoslada
authors.forename: Iva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chianella
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bossi
authors.forename: Kal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Whitcombe
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Piletsky
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Doucette
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ramsdell
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051381:Rats; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance
chemical_list: C411824:2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid; D000179:Acrylates; C012301:domoic acid; D007608:Kainic Acid