title: Competition between larvae in a butterfly Pieris napi and maintenance of different life-history strategies.
abstract: 1. In scramble competition all individuals suffer equally from competition, whereas in contest competition some individuals outperform the others. Generally, larger individuals gain asymmetric advantage in competition over smaller ones. Given the positive correlation between age and size, asynchronous birth may result in asymmetric competition among juveniles. 2. In Pieris napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), reproductive rate is determined by the females' intrinsic mating tactic. The early reproductive rate is high in females with a low mating frequency and low in females with a high mating frequency, whereas lifetime fecundity shows the opposite pattern. Thus, offspring of monandrous females start to develop in relatively low densities and they are relatively large when the offspring of highly polyandrous females start to hatch. 3. The purpose of this study was to explore if asymmetry in larval competition could outweigh the late-life benefits of polyandry. In a laboratory experiment, P. napi larvae of different ages were reared together in different densities. 4. Increasing density decreased both larval survival and reachable pupal mass, but had no effect on duration of larval period. Younger larvae suffered from high mortality and reduced size compared with the older larvae. Mortality decreased in the older cohort with increasing age difference between the cohorts, and the reverse occurred in the younger cohort. Increasing age difference between the cohorts was associated with increase in pupal mass in both cohorts. All the variables showed a lot of variation between broods of different females. 5. The results suggest that polyandrous females, or more generally females with a low early reproductive rate, may lose a great proportion of their late-life benefits, which may partly explain the maintenance of polymorphism in reproductive strategies within species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland. sami.kivela@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Sami M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kivelä
authors.forename: Panu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Välimäki
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D002080:Butterflies / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011156:Population Density; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors