title: Intranasal naloxone for the treatment of suspected heroin overdose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reviews available literature regarding the effectiveness, safety and utility of intranasal (i.n.) naloxone for the treatment of heroin overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scientific literature in the form of published articles during the period January 1984 to August 2007 were identified by searching several databases including Medline, Cinahl and Embase for the following terms: naloxone, narcan, intranasal, nose. The data extracted included study design, patient selection, numbers, outcomes and adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reports of the pharmacological investigation and administration of i.n. naloxone for heroin overdose are included in this review. Treatment of heroin overdose by administration of i.n. naloxone has been introduced as first-line treatment in some jurisdictions in North America, and is currently under investigation in Australia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently there is not enough evidence to support i.n. naloxone as first-line intervention by paramedics for treatment of heroin overdose in the pre-hospital setting. Further research is required to confirm its clinical effectiveness, safety and utility. If proved effective, the i.n. route may be useful for drug administration in community settings (including peer-based administration), as it reduces risk of needlestick injury in a population at higher risk of blood-borne viruses. Problematically, naloxone is not manufactured currently in an ideal form for i.n. administration.
authors.affiliation: Joseph Epstein Centre for Emergency Medicine Research, The University of Melbourne, Australia. debbie.kerr@wh.org.au
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dietze
authors.forename: Anne-Maree
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000188:drug therapy; D004630:Emergencies; D003932:Heroin / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D003932:Heroin