title: Sedation in uncooperative children undergoing dental procedures: a comparative evaluation of midazolam, propofol and ketamine.
abstract: Dentists usually face a common problem dealing with pediatric patients due to their high levels of anxiety and fear, associated with dental procedures. Such children are usually managed by various pharmacological methods. The efficacy and safety of conscious sedation, using intravenous short acting group of drugs (midazolam, propofol and ketamine) in uncooperative children, requiring oral rehabilitation was thus evaluated in this study. A total of 30 uncooperative children, aged 3-6 years, belonging to ASA I, II category formed the study group. The efficacy of the three group of drugs was evaluated on the basis of the onset of sedation, duration of action, side effects encountered, and the overall cooperative behavior of the child throughout the course of the procedure, after obtaining parental consent. Results showed that propofol was highly effective in terms of onset of sedation, although increased body movements and crying, pain on injection and intermittent cough was observed as the main side effects of the drug. Midazolam showed the longest duration of action, but was not very effective in terms of treatment completion due to increased movements and crying. Maximum cooperation during the procedure was obtained with ketamine and no adverse effects were encountered. We preferred ketamine from the results of our study and recommended future evaluation of ketamine in combination with other sedatives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Children Dentistry, A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.forename: Amitha M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hegde
authors.forename: Kukul
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goel
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000379:methods*; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D015742:Propofol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol