title: Cytomegalovirus infection in early infancy: risk of induction and progression of autoimmunity associated with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease resulting from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the environmental factors implicated in the development of type 1 diabetes, although the association remains unproven. We aimed to clarify the possible correlation between CMV infections and type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity at the time point of autoantibody appearance in young children with HLA-conferred disease susceptibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  CMV-specific IgG antibodies were analysed from serum samples of 169 children who had developed the first type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibody by the age of 2 years and who turned positive for multiple autoantibodies during later follow-up. We also studied 791 control children matched for sex, age and HLA genotype. The subsequent progression to clinical diabetes was analysed. The serum specimens used were collected at the time of autoantibody seroconversion or within the next 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of CMV antibodies was similar in both study groups at the time of the first autoantibody appearance. Of the index children, 38 (22.5%) were CMV IgG antibody-positive, while the figure for control children was 206 (26.0%; p = 0.38). No association between perinatal CMV infection and progression to type 1 diabetes was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to these results, perinatal CMV infections are not associated with early serological signs of beta cell autoimmunity or progression to type 1 diabetes in children with diabetes risk-associated HLA genotype.
authors.affiliation: Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, MediCity, BioCity 4th floor, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland. johanna.aarnisalo@utu.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aarnisalo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vainionpää
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D006680:HLA Antigens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G