title: Analysis of integrin beta4 expression in human breast cancer: association with basal-like tumors and prognostic significance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The beta4 integrin has been implicated in functions associated with the genesis and progression of carcinomas based on data obtained from cell lines and mouse models. Data on its expression and relevance to human carcinomas, however, are relatively scant. The aim of this study was to assess its expression and prognostic significance in human breast carcinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  We integrated data on beta4 expression from multiple gene profiling studies of breast tumors of known clinical outcome with immunohistochemical analysis of 105 breast carcinomas, and we identified genes whose expression correlates with that of beta4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of both beta4 mRNA and protein is not homogeneous in breast cancer and it associates most significantly with the "basal-like" subtype of breast tumors (P = 0.008). No association between beta4 and HER2 expression was evident from either gene profiling or immunohistochemical analysis. To gain insight into the relevance of beta4 expression to human breast carcinomas, we generated a 65-gene "beta4 signature" based on integration of four published gene profiling studies that included the top 0.1% of genes that correlated with beta4, either positively or negatively. This beta4 signature predicted decreased time to tumor recurrence and survival of patients when applied to four data sets including two independent ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations indicate that beta4 expression in human breast cancer is restricted and associated with basal-like cancers, and they support the hypothesis that beta4 may function in concert with a discrete set of proteins to facilitate the aggressive behavior of a subset of tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
authors.forename: Shaolei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Simin
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Arthur M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mercurio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D039663:Integrin beta4 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D053555:Keratin-5 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053553:Keratin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D039663:Integrin beta4; D053555:Keratin-5; D053553:Keratin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone