title: How to perform a literature search.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence based clinical practice seeks to integrate the current best evidence from clinical research with physician clinical expertise and patient individual preferences. We outline a stepwise approach to an effective and efficient search of electronic databases and introduce the reader to resources most relevant to the practicing urologist.
  
  
  METHODS
  The need for additional research evidence is introduced in the context of a urological clinical scenario. This information need is translated into a focused clinical question using the PICOT (population, intervention, comparison, outcome and type of study) format. This PICOT format provides key words for a literature search of pre-appraised evidence and original research studies that address the clinical scenario.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Available online resources can be broadly categorized into databases that focus on primary research studies, ie randomized, controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control or case series, such as MEDLINE and those that focus on secondary research that provides synthesis or synopsis of primary studies. Examples of such sources of pre-appraised evidence that are becoming increasingly relevant to urologists include BMJ Clinical Evidence, ACP Journal Club, The Cochrane Library and the National Guideline Clearinghouse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to search the medical literature in a time efficient manner represents an important part of an evidence based practice that is relevant to all urologists. The use of electronic databases of pre-appraised evidence can greatly expedite the search for high quality evidence, which is then integrated with urologist clinical skills and patient individual circumstances.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27609, USA. krups001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Tracey L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Krupski
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dahm
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Fesperman
authors.forename: Connie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schardt
mesh_terms: D019992:Databases as Topic; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016239:MEDLINE; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D014572:Urology