title: Cost-effectiveness of clinical case management for ED frequent users: results of a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that clinical case management is more cost-effective than usual care for frequent users of the emergency department (ED).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is a 24-month randomized trial obtaining data on psychosocial problems through interviews and service usage and cost data from administrative records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-hundred fifty-two frequent users were randomized (167 to case management, 85 to usual care). Case management was associated with statistically significant reductions in psychosocial problems common among ED frequent users, including homelessness, alcohol use, lack of health insurance and social security income, and financial need. Case management was associated with statistically significant reductions in ED use and cost. Case management and usual care patients did not differ in use or cost of other hospital services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Case management appears cost-effective for ED frequent users because it yields statistically and clinically significant reductions in psychosocial problems at a cost similar to that of usual care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. martha.shumway@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shumway
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boccellari
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Okin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019090:Case Management / Q000191:economics*; D003191:Comprehensive Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011584:Psychology