title: Theophylline-associated seizures and their clinical characterizations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To elucidate the basic mechanism of theophylline-associated seizures (TAS), the clinical symptoms, electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuroradiological imaging of eight pediatric patients were all retrospectively evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients whose seizures represented their first episode were selected, while patients with cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities including pleocytosis and protein elevation, present illness of head trauma, epilepsy, febrile convulsion or any psychomotor retardation were excluded although they were given theophylline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients, 3.5 +/- 1.7 years of age, thus fulfilled the definition of TAS in the past 5 years. Based on their seizure patterns, EEG findings, brain single-photon emission computed tomography and head magnetic resonance imaging, a total of seven of eight patients had either localized or unilateral dominant lesions. They all had fever, > or =38 degrees C, and six of eight patients had a family history of febrile convulsions and/or idiopathic epilepsy. Thereafter none of them had convulsions after the cessation of theophylline administration. Through the TAS event, a 6-year-old female patient was found to have a right deep lateral cerebral venous angioma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In infants with idiopathic low seizure threshold and fever, theophylline administration might possibly trigger a seizure. Moreover, based on these patients' clinical findings, some kind of cerebral vascular involvements is speculated to be related with TAS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Nerve Science, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan. kseigo@med.oita-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Seigo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korematsu
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagakura
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suenobu
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Izumi
mesh_terms: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D013806:Theophylline / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D013806:Theophylline