title: Deafferentation of neighbouring motor cortex areas does not further enhance saturated practice-dependent plasticity in healthy adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess effects of deafferentation of the arm representation of primary motor cortex (M1) on practice-dependent plasticity in healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy, right-handed adults (18-48 years, median 20.2 years) performed two consecutive experiments (exp. 1 and exp. 2). Exp. 1 consisted of a motor practice (MP) of repeated ballistic flexion movements of the left thumb. This was followed by exp. 2 consisting of selective anaesthesia of the upper brachial plexus (SPA) to disinhibit the training M1 and a second period of the same MP. Peak acceleration of the trained thumb movement and the motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude in the flexor pollicis brevis muscle elicited by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of the training M1 were studied before and after exp. 1 and after exp. 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After exp. 1 all subjects demonstrated an increase of peak acceleration (baseline: 19.23+/-3.81ms(-2); after exp. 1: 43.28+/-17.63ms(-2), p=0.008) and MEP amplitude (from 0.46+/-0.23mV to 1.26+/-0.77mV, p=0.03). There was no additional increase of these measures after exp. 2 (44.37+/-19.56ms(-2), p=0.78, 1.69+/-1.21mV (p=0.07)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training of ballistic thumb movements leads to behavioural improvement as well as to an increased excitability of the corresponding M1 representation. These effects do not increase further during deafferentation of the training M1. In contrast to stroke patients [Muellbacher W, Richards C, Ziemann U, Wittenberg G, Weltz D, Boroojerdi B, et al. Improving hand function in chronic stroke. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1278-82], practice-dependent plasticity in healthy subjects cannot be enhanced by deafferentation of neighbouring motor cortex areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy subjects, in contrast to patients with central motor lesions, are capable of saturating practice-dependent plasticity to a level that cannot be further enhanced by experimental manipulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Children's Hospital, Freiburg, Germany. michael.walther@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuhnke
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schessl
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Delvendahl
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kreml
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ziemann
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D013933:Thumb / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine