title: Human rhinovirus 1B exposure induces phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent airway inflammation in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection with rhinovirus (RV) triggers exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to develop a mouse model of RV employing RV1B, a minor group serotype that binds to the low-density lipoprotein receptor.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intranasally with RV1B, replication-deficient ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated RV1B, or RV39, a major group virus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viral RNA was present in the lungs of RV1B-treated mice, but not in those exposed to UV-irradiated RV1B or RV39. Lung homogenates of RV-treated mice contained infectious RV 4 days after inoculation. RV1B exposure induced neutrophilic and lymphocytic airway inflammation, as well as increased lung expression of KC, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, and IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. RV1B-exposed mice showed airway hyperresponsiveness 1 and 4 days after inoculation. UV-irradiated RV1B induced modest neutrophilic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness 1 day after exposure. Both RV1B and UV-irradiated RV1B, but not RV39, increased lung phosphorylation of Akt. Confocal immunofluorescence showed colocalization of RV1B and phospho-Akt in the airway epithelium. Finally, pretreatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 attenuated chemokine production and neutrophil infiltration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that RV1B induces airway inflammation in vivo. Evidence is presented that viral replication occurs in vivo and is required for maximal responses. On the other hand, viral replication was not required for a subset of RV-induced responses, including neutrophilic inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and Akt phosphorylation. Finally, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling is required for maximal RV1B-induced airway neutrophilic inflammation, likely via its essential role in virus internalization.
authors.affiliation: Medical Sciences Research Building II, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0688, USA.
authors.forename: Dawn C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Newcomb
authors.forename: Umadevi S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Sajjan
authors.forename: Deepti R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nagarkar
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Suparna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanua
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: McHenry
authors.forename: Kenneth T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Hennrick
authors.forename: Wan C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: J Kelley
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Nicholas W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Lukacs
authors.forename: Sebastian L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Marc B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hershenson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D002633:Chemotaxis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt