title: Gene expression profiling of chondrocytes from a porcine impact injury model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify differentially expressed genes between axially impacted and control articular cartilage taken from porcine patellae maintained in organ culture for 14 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine patellae were impacted perpendicular to the articular surface to create an impact injury. Intact patellae (control and impacted) were maintained in culture for 14 days. Total RNA was then extracted from the articular cartilage beneath the impaction and used to prepare two Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) libraries. Approximately 42,500 SAGE long tags were sequenced from the libraries. The expression of select genes was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine SAGE tags were significantly differentially expressed in the impacted and control libraries, representing 30 different annotated pig genes. These genes represented gene products associated with matrix molecules, iron and phosphate transport, protein biosynthesis, skeletal development, cell proliferation, lipid metabolism and the inflammatory response. Twenty-three of the 30 genes were down-regulated in the impacted library and five were up-regulated in the impacted library. Quantitative real-time PCR follow-up of four genes supported the results found with SAGE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified 30 putative genes differentially expressed in a porcine impact injury model and validated these findings for four of these genes using real-time PCR. Results using this impact injury model have contributed further evidence that damaged chondrocytes may de-differentiate into fibroblast-like cells and proliferate in an attempt to repair themselves. Additional work is underway to study these genes in further detail at earlier time points to provide a more complete story about the fate of chondrocytes in articular cartilage following an injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States. msashwel@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ashwell
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: O'Nan
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Mente
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000378:metabolism; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000378:metabolism; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013552:Swine; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism