title: Angiopoietin-related growth factor enhances blood flow via activation of the ERK1/2-eNOS-NO pathway in a mouse hind-limb ischemia model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transgenic mice overexpressing angiopoietin-related growth factor (AGF) exhibit enhanced angiogenesis, suggesting that AGF may be a useful drug target in ischemic disease. Our goal was to determine whether AGF enhances blood flow in a mouse hind-limb ischemia model and to define molecular mechanisms underlying AGF signaling in endothelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intramuscular injection of adenovirus harboring AGF into the ischemic limb increased AGF production, which increased blood flow through induction of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, thereby reducing the necessity for limb amputation. In vitro analysis showed that exposing human umbilical venous endothelial cells to AGF increased nitric oxide (NO) production through activation of an ERK1/2-endothelial NO synthetase (eNOS) signaling pathway. AGF-stimulated eNOS phosphorylation, NO production, and endothelial cell migration were all abolished by specific MEK1/2 inhibitors. Moreover, AGF did not restore blood flow to ischemic hind-limbs of either mice receiving NOS inhibitor L-NAME or eNOS knockout mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of an ERK1/2-eNOS-NO pathway is a crucial signaling mechanism by which AGF increases blood flow through induction of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Further investigation of the regulation underlying AGF signaling pathway may contribute to develop a new clinical strategy for ischemic vascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Metabolism, Center for Integrated Medical Research, Department of Cell Differentiation, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Urano
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akao
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.forename: Keishi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Mitsuhisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morisada
authors.forename: Tai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hato
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadomatsu
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasunaga
authors.forename: Rei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Toyoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murohara
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akaike
authors.forename: Hidenobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanihara
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suda
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oike
mesh_terms: D000091308:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 6; D000075802:Angiopoietin-like Proteins; D042682:Angiopoietins; D000818:Animals; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000091308:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 6; D000075802:Angiopoietin-like Proteins; D042682:Angiopoietins; C477602:Angptl6 protein, mouse; D001685:Biological Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3