title: Impact of audio-coaching on the position of lung tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Respiration-induced organ motion is a major source of positional, or geometric, uncertainty in thoracic radiotherapy. Interventions to mitigate the impact of motion include audio-coached respiration-gated radiotherapy (RGRT). To assess the impact of coaching on average tumor position during gating, we analyzed four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scans performed both with and without audio-coaching.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our RGRT protocol requires that an audio-coached 4DCT scan is performed when the initial free-breathing 4DCT indicates a potential benefit with gating. We retrospectively analyzed 22 such paired scans in patients with well-circumscribed tumors. Changes in lung volume and position of internal target volumes (ITV) generated in three consecutive respiratory phases at both end-inspiration and end-expiration were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Audio-coaching increased end-inspiration lung volumes by a mean of 10.2% (range, -13% to +43%) when compared with free breathing (p = 0.001). The mean three-dimensional displacement of the center of ITV was 3.6 mm (SD, 2.5; range, 0.3-9.6mm), mainly caused by displacement in the craniocaudal direction. Displacement of ITV caused by coaching was more than 5 mm in 5 patients, all of whom were in the subgroup of 9 patients showing total tumor motion of 10 mm or more during both coached and uncoached breathing. Comparable ITV displacements were observed at end-expiration phases of the 4DCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in ITV position exceeding 5 mm between coached and uncoached 4DCT scans were detected in up to 56% of mobile tumors. Both end-inspiration and end-expiration RGRT were susceptible to displacements. This indicates that the method of audio-coaching should remain unchanged throughout the course of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. cja.haasbeek@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Cornelis J A
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Haasbeek
authors.forename: Femke O B
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Spoelstra
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lagerwaard
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: van Sörnsen de Koste
authors.forename: Johan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Slotman
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009068:Movement; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome