title: Antimicrobial activity of lupulone against Clostridium perfringens in the chicken intestinal tract jejunum and caecum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Owing to the spread of antibiotic resistance among human infectious agents, there is a need to research antibiotic alternatives for use in animal agricultural systems. Antibiotic-free broiler chicken production systems are known to suffer from frequent outbreaks of necrotic enteritis due in part to pathogenic type A Clostridium perfringens. Hop (Humulus lupulus) bitter acids are known to possess potent antimicrobial activity. Lupulone was evaluated for in vivo antimicrobial activity to inhibit C. perfringens in a chick gastrointestinal colonization model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a week-2 per os inoculated C. perfringens chicken colonization model, C. perfringens counts in mid-intestinal and caecal contents were compared between chickens administered lupulone at 62.5, 125 and 250 ppm in drinking water versus 0 ppm control. Results At day 22, post-hatch intestinal C. perfringens counts of lupulone-treated chickens were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than water-treated control groups in both jejunal and caecal sampling sites across all lupulone dosages tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lupulone administered through water inhibits gastrointestinal levels of inoculated pathogenic clostridia within the chicken gastrointestinal tract. Lupulone was effective within the chemically complex mixture of material within the gastrointestinal tract, thereby making this agent a target of further research as an antibiotic alternative for this and possibly other intestinal infections.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research UnitRussell Research Center, Athens, GA, USA. gsiragusa@agtechproducts.com
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Siragusa
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Buhr
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Wise
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology*; D002645:Chickens; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000187:drug effects*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D007583:Jejunum / Q000382:microbiology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D013729:Terpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013729:Terpenes; C008299:lupulon