title: Effect of thyroid hormone concentration on the transcriptional response underlying induced metamorphosis in the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thyroid hormones (TH) induce gene expression programs that orchestrate amphibian metamorphosis. In contrast to anurans, many salamanders do not undergo metamorphosis in nature. However, they can be induced to undergo metamorphosis via exposure to thyroxine (T4). We induced metamorphosis in juvenile Mexican axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) using 5 and 50 nM T4, collected epidermal tissue from the head at four time points (Days 0, 2, 12, 28), and used microarray analysis to quantify mRNA abundances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals reared in the higher T4 concentration initiated morphological and transcriptional changes earlier and completed metamorphosis by Day 28. In contrast, initiation of metamorphosis was delayed in the lower T4 concentration and none of the individuals completed metamorphosis by Day 28. We identified 402 genes that were statistically differentially expressed by > or = two-fold between T4 treatments at one or more non-Day 0 sampling times. To complement this analysis, we used linear and quadratic regression to identify 542 and 709 genes that were differentially expressed by > or = two-fold in the 5 and 50 nM T4 treatments, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that T4 concentration affected the timing of gene expression and the shape of temporal gene expression profiles. However, essentially all of the identified genes were similarly affected by 5 and 50 nM T4. We discuss genes and biological processes that appear to be common to salamander and anuran metamorphosis, and also highlight clear transcriptional differences. Our results show that gene expression in axolotls is diverse and precise, and that axolotls provide new insights about amphibian metamorphosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506 USA . robert.page@uky.edu
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: Jeramiah J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Srikrishna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Putta
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Beachy
mesh_terms: D000558:Ambystoma mexicanum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013045:Species Specificity; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013974:Thyroxine