title: Pharmacological management of dry eye in the elderly patient.
abstract: Dry eye disease is a common and increasingly prevalent condition particularly associated with advancing age and postmenopausal women. Epidemiological studies identify prevalence rates ranging from 7% in the US to 33% in the Asian population. Research increasingly identifies risk factors of increasing age, female sex, smoking, use of video display terminals and use of certain medications as well as environmental stresses as aggravating factors for the disease. Basic and clinical investigations provide cumulative evidence of hyperosmolarity of the tear film and ocular surface/lacrimal gland inflammation as pathogenic features of dry eye disease. A decline in systemic and local levels of sex hormones is associated with advancing age and advancing disease. Pharmacological therapeutic interventions include enhanced lubricants and anti-inflammatory drugs such as topical corticosteroids and ciclosporin (cyclosporine A). Secretagogues and hormonal supplementation are potential future therapies. The increased understanding of the contributing and pathogenetic factors responsible for dry eye provides a rationale for multiple therapeutic options for this multi-factorial disease. In the elderly patient it is important to recognize the physical and cognitive limitations that will influence the selection of appropriate topical medication.
authors.affiliation: Arthur and Virginia Keeney Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Gary N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Foulks
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D008153:Lubrication; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D044967:Serum
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D016572:Cyclosporine