title: Emotional stimuli and context moderate effects of nicotine on specific but not global affects.
abstract: The authors tested the hypothesis that the effects of nicotine on affect are moderated by the presence or absence of emotionally positive and negative stimuli and by attentional choice to avoid attending to emotionally negative stimuli. Thirty-two habitual smokers were assigned to tasks allowing attentional freedom to look back and forth at 2 simultaneously presented pictures, whereas another 32 habitual smokers viewed single pictures without attentional choice. Picture contents in both tasks were 1 of 4 combinations: emotionally negative + neutral, negative + positive, positive + neutral, or neutral + neutral. Participants wore a nicotine patch on 1 day and placebo patch on another day. Nicotine reduced anxiety most when negative pictures were presented in combination with neutral pictures, but it had no effect on anxiety when negative pictures were presented in combination with positive pictures and when negative pictures were not presented. In contrast, nicotine only reduced depressive affect when the participant had attentional choice between positive and negative pictures. Nicotine also enhanced positive affect and reduced negative affect as measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, but these effects were not moderated by task manipulations. Overall, the findings support the view that nicotine's ability to reduce specific negative affects is moderated by emotional context and attentional freedom. Nicotine tended to enhance eye-gaze orientation to emotional pictures versus neutral pictures in women, but it had no significant effect on eye-gaze in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6502, USA. dgilbert@siu.edu
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Hege
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riise
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Norka E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Rabinovich
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sugai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine