Chemoresistance in gliomas.
Despite improved knowledge and advanced treatments of gliomas, the overall survival rate for glioma patients remains low. Gliomas comprise of significant cell heterogeneity that contains a large number of multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes and cancer stem cells (CSCs), a combination that may contribute to the resistance to treatment. This article reviews the MDR related genes, major-vault protein (MVP), anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to chemoresistance, in addition to the upregulated MDR phenotypes present in CSCs that has recently been identified in gliomas. Moreover, future potential therapies that modulate MDR phenotypes and CSCs are also reviewed. An improved understanding of MDR may lead to a combined treatment, targeting both CSCs and their protective MDR phenotypes leading eventually to attractive strategies for the treatment of gliomas.
Lu
Chen
C
Brain Tumour North West, Faculty of Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
Shervington
Amal
A
D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D019254:Genes, bcl-2 / Q000502:physiology; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005810:Multigene Family; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D020394:Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000099187:Major Vault Protein
D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D020394:Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles; D000099187:Major Vault Protein; C116614:ABCG2 protein, human