title: Radiation dose prescription for non-small-cell lung cancer according to normal tissue dose constraints: an in silico clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Local tumor recurrence remains a major problem in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing radiotherapy. We investigated the theoretical gain in the estimated tumor control probability (TCP) using an individualized maximal tolerable dose (MTD) prescription, for both conventional and accelerated fractionation schemes.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 64 non-small-cell lung cancer patients, five treatment plans were compared, dependent on the normal tissue dose constraints for the lung and spinal cord. The first two used a classic fractionation (2 Gy/d, 5 d/wk) to a total dose of 60 Gy (QD(classic)) or determined by the individualized MTD (QD(MTD)). The third scheme assumed a hypofractionated schedule of 2.75-Gy fractions (QD(hypofr)). The fourth and fifth assumed hyperfractionation and acceleration (1.8 Gy twice daily, either BID(classic) or BID(MTD)). The TCPs for the groups of patients were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean biologic equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions for tumor, corrected for accelerated repopulation was significantly greater for the BID(MTD) scheme (62.1 Gy) than for any other scheme (QD(classic), 47.5 Gy; QD(MTD), 52.0 Gy; QD(hypofr), 56.9 Gy; and BID(classic), 56.9 Gy; p < 0.001). Although both dose-escalation (QD(MTD)) and hypofractionation (QD(hypofr)) resulted in an increase in the mean estimated TCP of 5.6% (p < 0.001) and 14.6% (p < 0.001), respectively, compared with QD(classic), the combination of escalation and acceleration (BID(MTD)) improved the mean estimated TCP by 26.4% (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this planning study showed a large gain in the estimated TCP using an MTD scheme with 1.8-Gy fractions BID compared with other fractionation schedules. Clinical studies implementing this concept are ongoing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW Research Institute University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. angela.baardwijk@maastro.nl
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Baardwijk
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bosmans
authors.forename: Søren M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bentzen
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Rinus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanders
authors.forename: Bradly G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lambin
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Ruysscher
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D016896:Treatment Outcome