Cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
The biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is a complex process that involves enzyme reactions that take place in the cytoplasm (synthesis of the nucleotide precursors) and on the inner side (synthesis of lipid-linked intermediates) and outer side (polymerization reactions) of the cytoplasmic membrane. This review deals with the cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which can be divided into four sets of reactions that lead to the syntheses of (1) UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from fructose 6-phosphate, (2) UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, (3) UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide from UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid and (4) D-glutamic acid and dipeptide D-alanyl-D-alanine. Recent data concerning the different enzymes involved are presented. Moreover, special attention is given to (1) the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of the nucleotide precursor substrates that are not commercially available and (2) the search for specific inhibitors that could act as antibacterial compounds.
Barreteau
Hélène
H
Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
Kovac
Andreja
A
Boniface
Audrey
A
Sova
Matej
M
Gobec
Stanislav
S
Blanot
Didier
D
D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010733:Phosphoglucomutase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014537:Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005945:Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D010733:Phosphoglucomutase; D014537:Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine; C520333:GlmU protein, E coli; C097631:phosphoglucosamine mutase; C000731191:component S, glutamate mutase protein, Bacteria; D005945:Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)