title: Expected performance of second trimester maternal serum testing followed by a 'genetic sonogram' in screening of fetal Down syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of screening for fetal Down syndrome through the sequential provision of second trimester maternal serum tests and fetal ultrasound (the 'genetic sonogram').
  
  
  METHODS
  Monte Carlo modeling was used to generate typical results for second trimester serum screening. Serum test likelihood ratios were then multiplied by likelihood ratios associated with the provision of a genetic sonogram. The impact of adding the genetic sonogram on the detection rate (DR) and false-positive rate (FPR) were assessed for typical protocols that are currently in use. The effect of expanding the number of women who receive the genetic sonogram, variation in the marker frequencies in the genetic sonogram, and a multivariate Gaussian model that incorporated both serum and ultrasound measurements as continuous variables were also considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the genetic sonogram is offered only to those women who are screen-positive by serum testing, there can be a substantial reduction in the number of women with an indication for amniocentesis but also some loss in detection. The extent of these changes will partially depend on the serum tests and cutoff used. Providing the genetic sonogram to more women can reduce loss in detection without resulting in high amniocentesis rates. As a sequential screening tool, the genetic sonogram can be improved by incorporating markers that have a high frequency in affected pregnancies and by using ultrasound measurements as continuous variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It should be possible to provide highly effective multistep screening protocols that maximize the benefits of both maternal serum and ultrasound while minimizing the amount of testing offered.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Genetics, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, USA. benn@nso1.uchc.edu
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Benn
authors.forename: James F X
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Egan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal