title: Glucose up-regulates HIF-1 alpha expression in primary cortical neurons in response to hypoxia through maintaining cellular redox status.
abstract: It has been suggested that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a key regulator in cell's adaptation to hypoxia, plays an important role in the fate of neurons during ischemia. However, the mechanism of HIF-1 regulation is still not fully understood in neurons subjected to ischemia. In this study, we demonstrated that glucose up-regulated the expression of HIF-1alpha, the oxygen-dependent subunit of HIF-1, in rat primary cortical neurons exposed to hypoxia. To understand the mechanism of glucose-regulated HIF-1alpha expression, we investigated the relationships between HIF-1alpha expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and redox status. Low levels of HIF-1alpha protein expression were observed in the neurons exposed to in vitro ischemic conditions that had high levels of ROS (oxidizing environments), and vice versa. The glutathione (GSH) precursor, N-acetyl cysteine, induced HIF-1alpha protein expression in hypoxic neurons while the GSH synthesis inhibitor, l-buthionine sulfoximine, inhibited the expression. Moreover, (-)-epicatechin gallate, a ROS scavenger, elevated HIF-1alpha expression in the neurons subjected to in vitro ischemia. Furthermore, results from a systemic hypoxia model showed that a reducing environment increased HIF-1alpha expression in rat brains. Taken together, these data presented the first evidence that glucose promoted HIF-1alpha stabilization through regulating redox status in primary neurons exposed to hypoxia. The results imply that hypoxia only may not be sufficient to stabilize HIF-1alpha and that a reducing environment is required to stabilize HIF-1alpha in neurons exposed to hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
authors.forename: Shuhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bragina
authors.forename: Yuexian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zongxian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Marilee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Bing-Hua
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ke Jian
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Honglian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000502:physiology*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D005947:Glucose