title: DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the prevalence or correlates of DSM-IV pathological gambling (PG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a nationally representative US household survey, were used to assess lifetime gambling symptoms and PG along with other DSM-IV disorders. Age of onset (AOO) of each lifetime disorder was assessed retrospectively. AOO reports were used to study associations between temporally primary disorders and the subsequent risk of secondary disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most respondents (78.4%) reported lifetime gambling. Lifetime problem gambling (at least one Criterion A symptom of PG) (2.3%) and PG (0.6%) were much less common. PG was significantly associated with being young, male, and Non-Hispanic Black. People with PG reported first gambling significantly earlier than non-problem gamblers (mean age 16.7 v. 23.9 years, z=12.7, p<0.001), with gambling problems typically beginning during the mid-20s and persisting for an average of 9.4 years. During this time the largest annual gambling losses averaged US$4800. Onset and persistence of PG were predicted by a variety of prior DSM-IV anxiety, mood, impulse-control and substance use disorders. PG also predicted the subsequent onset of generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance dependence. Although none of the NCS-R respondents with PG ever received treatment for gambling problems, 49.0% were treated at some time for other mental disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DSM-IV PG is a comparatively rare, seriously impairing, and undertreated disorder whose symptoms typically start during early adulthood and is frequently secondary to other mental or substance disorders that are associated with both PG onset and persistence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: LaBrie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petukhova
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Shaffer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D015897:Comorbidity; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology