title: Dexamethasone concentration gradients along scala tympani after application to the round window membrane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Local application of dexamethasone-21-dihydrogen-phosphate (Dex-P) to the round window (RW) membrane of guinea pigs produces a substantial basal-apical concentration gradient in scala tympani (ST) perilymph.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In recent years, intratympanically applied glucocorticoids are increasingly being used for the treatment of inner ear disease. Although measurements of intracochlear concentrations after RW application exist, there is limited information on the distribution of these drugs in the inner ear fluids. It has been predicted from computer simulations that substantial concentration gradients will occur after RW application, with lower concentrations expected in apical turns. Concentration gradients of other substances along the cochlea have recently been confirmed using a sequential apical sampling method to obtain perilymph.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dexamethasone-21-dihydrogen-phosphate (10 mg/ml) was administered to the RW membrane of guinea pigs (n = 9) in vivo for 2 to 3 hours. Perilymph was then collected using a protocol in which 10 samples, each of approximately 1 mul, were taken sequentially from the cochlear apex into capillary tubes. Dexamethasone-21-dihydrogen-phosphate concentration of the samples was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Interpretation of sample data using a finite element model allowed the longitudinal gradients of Dex-P in ST to be quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Dex-P content of the first sample in each experiment (dominated by perilymph from apical regions) was substantially lower than that of the third and fourth sample (dominated by basal turn perilymph). These findings qualitatively demonstrated the existence of a concentration gradient along ST. After detailed analysis of the measured sample concentrations using an established finite element computer model, the mean basal-apical concentration gradient was estimated to be 17,000. Both absolute concentrations of Dex-P in ST and the basal-apical gradients were found to vary substantially.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The existence of substantial basal-apical concentration gradients of Dex-P in ST perilymph were demonstrated experimentally. If the variability in peak concentration and gradient is also present under clinical conditions, this may contribute to the heterogeneity of outcome that is observed after intratympanic application of glucocorticoids for various inner ear diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. Stefan.Plontke@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Stefan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Plontke
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Biegner
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kammerer
authors.forename: Ursular
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Delabar
authors.forename: Alec N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Salt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D010498:Perilymph / Q000378:metabolism; D010710:Phosphates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012405:Round Window, Ear; D012533:Scala Tympani / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D010710:Phosphates; D003907:Dexamethasone