title: [Drug withdrawal in newborns - clinical data of 49 infants with intrauterine drug exposure: what should be done?].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infants of drug abusing mothers are at high risk to suffer from neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Depending on the drug signs of neonatal withdrawal vary but mainly include central nervous system irritability. NAS causes long duration of hospital stay. Severe withdrawal signs are seen in infants exposed to methadone, infants exposed to other opioids like heroin or buprenorphine have been shown to be less symptomatic. Between the years 1997 and 2003 following the border opening there was a dramatic increase in drug exposed newborns seen in the area of Leipzig (East Germany).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study maternal and infant characteristics, severity of symptoms, duration of withdrawal and hospital stay, duration and kind of treatment as well as modalities for release from hospital were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1997 to 2003 49 drug exposed newborns were admitted to our neonatal care unit. There was an increase of the number of affected infants within these years ( ). Maternal drug abuse (n=48) included mainly methadone (n=33), in second line heroine and benzodiazepines, in a few cases also cocaine and cannabinoides. 3 mothers received substitution therapy with buprenorphine. Additional drug use to substitution therapy was seen in 15 mothers. Drugs of abuse were detected in infant urine specimen (36/48). 35 of exposed newborns showed signs of NAS (incidence of NAS 71%). For evaluation of withdrawal signs and conduction of therapy the Finnegan score was used. As first line pharmacological treatment phenobarbitone was administered (n=42), secondary morphine was used (n=14, treatment failure 33%). Mean duration of hospital stay was 21 days. Mean duration of pharmacological treatment was 14 days with longer duration for methadone exposed infants vs. non-methadone exposed infants (16 vs. 10 days). Hospital stay was longer for non-methadone exposed infants. Maternal intake of more than 20 mg methadone per day vs. up to 20 mg per day caused longer duration of hospital stay (28 vs. 20 days, p=0,015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long duration of hospital stay and pharmacological treatment call for optimised principal guide lines for diagnosis, treatment and long term follow-up. The results also underline the need for further research for an effective pharmacological treatment.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche Leipzig.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bläser
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pulzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knüpfer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robel-Tillig
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogtmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nickel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kiess
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009020:Morphine; D008691:Methadone; D010634:Phenobarbital