title: Patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia have an increased risk for bronchiectasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence, predictors, and course of bronchiectasis in patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had undergone high-resolution computed tomography of the lungs or bronchography were included in the study. Hospital records were coorelated for clinical features, respiratory symptoms, and laboratory variables. Imaging studies were correlated for changes suggestive of bronchiectasis and findings correlated with clinical and immunological measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 15 patients (5 male; median height Z-score, -7.7) aged from 2 to 39 years (median, 10 years). Cell-mediated immunity was impaired in 79% of the subjects, and humoral immunity was impaired in 71% of the subjects. 8 patients (52%) had bronchiectasis, diagnosed by means of high-resolution computed tomography (n = 6) or bronchography (n = 2). The findings ranged from localized mild dilatation of the airways to severe bronchiectasis with saccular airway dilatation. Bronchiectasis progressed during follow-up in 2 patients. Patients with bronchiectasis tended to have more severe growth failure and more often had defective humoral immunity than the general cartilage-hair hypoplasia population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia are at risk of the development of bronchiectasis.
authors.affiliation: Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toiviainen-Salo
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kajosaari
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piilonen
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mäkitie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001987:Bronchiectasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D001995:Bronchography; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002806:Chondrodysplasia Punctata / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed