title: Quality-by-design (QbD): effects of testing parameters and formulation variables on the segregation tendency of pharmaceutical powder measured by the ASTM D 6940-04 segregation tester.
abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the effects of testing parameters and formulation variables on the segregation tendency of pharmaceutical powders measured by the ASTM D 6940-04 segregation tester using design of experiments (DOE) approaches. The test blends consisted of 4% aspirin (ASP) and 96% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with and without magnesium stearate (MgS). The segregation tendency of a blend was determined by measuring the last/first (L/F) ratio, the ratio of aspirin concentrations between the first and last samples discharged from the tester. A 2(2) factorial design was used to determine the effects of measurement parameters [amount of material loaded (W), number of segregation cycles] with number of replicates 6. ANOVA showed that W was a critical parameter for segregation testing. The L/F value deviated further from 1 (greater segregation tendency) with increasing W. A 2(3) full factorial design was used to assess the effects of formulation variables: grade of ASP (unmilled, milled), grade of MCC, and amount of lubricant, MgS. MLR and ANOVA showed that the grade of ASP was the main effect contributing to segregation tendency. Principal Component Regression Analysis established a correlation between L/F and the physical properties of the blend related to ASP and MCC, the ASP/MCC particle size ratio (PSR) and powder cohesion. The physical properties of the blend related to density and flow were not influenced by the grade of ASP and were not related to the segregation tendency of the blend. The direct relationship between L/F and PSR was determined by univariate analysis. Segregation tendency increased as the ASP to MCC particle size increased. This study highlighted critical test parameters for segregation testing and identified critical physical properties of the blends that influence segregation tendency.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Huiquan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Meiyu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Larry L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Augsburger
authors.forename: Robbe C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: Mansoor A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ajaz S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hoag
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D010316:Particle Size; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011208:Powders; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011208:Powders