title: Synthesis of N-vinylpyrrolidone modified acrylic acid copolymer in supercritical fluids and its application in dental glass-ionomer cements.
abstract: Compressed fluids such as supercritical CO(2) offer marvellous opportunities for the synthesis of polymers, particularly in applications in medicine and dentistry. It has several advantages in comparison to conventional polymerisation solvents, such as enhanced kinetics and simplified solvent removal process. In this study, poly(acrylic acid-co-itaconic acid-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PAA-IA-NVP), a modified glass-ionomer polymer, was synthesised in supercritical CO(2) (sc-CO(2)) and methanol as a co-solvent. The synthesised polymer was characterized by (1)H-NMR, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy and viscometry. The molecular weight of the final product was also measured using static light scattering method. The synthesised polymers were subsequently used in several glass ionomer cement formulations (Fuji II commercial GIC) in which mechanical strength (compressive strength (CS), diametral tensile strength (DTS) and biaxial flexural strength (BFS)) and handling properties (working and setting time) of the resulting cements were evaluated. The polymerisation reaction in sc-CO(2)/methanol was significantly faster than the corresponding polymerisation reaction in water and the purification procedures were simpler for the former. Furthermore, glass ionomer cement samples made from the terpolymer prepared in sc-CO(2)/methanol exhibited higher CS and DTS and comparable BFS compared to the same polymer synthesised in water. The working properties of glass ionomer formulations made in sc-CO(2)/methanol were comparable and in selected cases better than the values of those made from polymers synthesised in water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moshaverinia
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roohpour
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Billington
authors.forename: Jawwad A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Darr
authors.forename: Ihtesham U
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Rehman
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D011108:Polymers; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C008219:itaconic-acrylic acid copolymer; C042670:N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone