title: Detection and characterization of F+ RNA bacteriophages in water and shellfish: application of a multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR.
abstract: Genotyping of F+ RNA bacteriophages has been used to distinguish between human and animal contributions to contaminated water and food. There are four genetically distinct genogroups of F+ RNA bacteriophages. Genogroups I and IV predominate in animal wastes and genogroups II and III in wastes of human origin. In this study, a multiplex real-time RT-PCR-based method was developed to detect and genotype F+ RNA bacteriophages. The assay was shown to be broadly reactive against a wide spectrum of F+ RNA bacteriophage strains, including MS2, GA, Q beta, MX1, SP and FI, and was able to detect and genotype F+ RNA bacteriophages in shellfish and river water. The assay is highly sensitive, with detection limits <10 PFU/reaction and <10 copies/reaction of the target sequences carried in plasmids, respectively. The applications of this assay include F+ RNA semi-quantitation and microbial source tracking.
authors.affiliation: Communicable Disease Group, Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd., Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50-348, Porirua, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Malet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rivera-Aban
authors.forename: Gail E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Greening
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012317:RNA Phages / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D045483:Rivers / Q000821:virology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012758:Shellfish / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral