title: High-resolution CT imaging of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plaque morphologic features have been suggested as a complement to luminal narrowing measurements for assessing the risk of stroke associated with carotid atherosclerotic disease, giving rise to the concept of "vulnerable plaque." The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of multidetector-row CT angiography (CTA) to assess the composition and characteristics of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques with use of histologic examination as the gold standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with transient ischemic attacks who underwent carotid CTA and "en bloc" endarterectomy were enrolled in a prospective study. An ex vivo micro-CT study of each endarterectomy specimen was obtained, followed by histologic examination. A systematic comparison of CTA images with histologic sections and micro-CT images was performed to determine the CT attenuation associated with each component of the atherosclerotic plaques. A computer algorithm was subsequently developed that automatically identifies the components of the carotid atherosclerotic plaques, based on the density of each pixel. A neuroradiologist's reading of this computer analysis was compared with the interpretation of the histologic slides by a pathologist with respect to the types and characteristics of the carotid plaques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 72.6% agreement between CTA and histologic examination in carotid plaque characterization. CTA showed perfect concordance for calcifications. A significant overlap between densities associated with lipid-rich necrotic core, connective tissue, and hemorrhage limited the reliability of individual pixel readings to identify these components. However, CTA showed good correlation with histologic examination for large lipid cores (kappa = 0.796; P < .001) and large hemorrhages (kappa = 0.712; P = .102). CTA performed well in detecting ulcerations (kappa = 0.855) and in measuring the fibrous cap thickness (R(2) = 0.77; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The composition of carotid atherosclerotic plaques determined by CTA reflects plaque composition defined by histologic examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA. max.wintermark@radiology.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wintermark
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jawadi
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tihan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Glidden
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abedin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Acevedo-Bolton
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boudignon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Orwoll
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saloner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*