title: Abuse potential of carbohydrates for overweight carbohydrate cravers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The long-rejected construct of food addiction is undergoing re-examination.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether a novel carbohydrate food shows abuse potential for rigorously defined carbohydrate cravers, as evidenced by selective self-administration and mood enhancement during double-blind discrimination testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Discrete trials choice testing was performed with 61 overweight (BMI m = 27.64, SD = 2.59) women (ages 18-45; 19.70% African American) whose diet records showed >4 weekly afternoon/evening emotional-eating episodes confined to snacks with carbohydrate to protein ratio of >6:1. After being induced into a sad mood, participants were exposed, double-blind and in counterbalanced order, to taste-matched carbohydrate and protein beverages. They were asked to choose and self-administer the drink that made them feel better.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women overwhelmingly chose the carbohydrate beverage, even though blinded. Mixed-effects regression modeling, controlling for beverage order, revealed greater liking and greater reduction in dysphoria after administration of the carbohydrate beverage compared to the protein beverage but no differential effect on vigor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For women who crave them, carbohydrates appear to display abuse potential, plausibly contributing to overconsumption and overweight.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. bspring@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spring
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Malaina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Darla
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kendzor
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Appelhans
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hedeker
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pagoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D050177:Overweight / Q000523:psychology*; D012646:Self Administration; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins