title: The effects of the market withdrawal of temazepam gel capsules on benzodiazepine injecting in Sydney, Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the impact on benzodiazepine injection among IDU in Sydney of removing temazepam gel capsule preparations from the Australian market.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several data sources were used: (1) data from the NSW Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) (an annual, cross-sectional survey of regular IDU in Sydney) for the period 1996 - 2005; (2) data from inner Sydney outreach services and the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) on last drug injected; and (3) national benzodiazepine prescription data, by formulation, from the Drug Utilisation Sub-Committee for the period 2001 - 06.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Removal of temazepam gel capsule formulations from the Australian market in 2004 resulted in increased prescribing of tablet formulations but overall benzodiazepine prescription numbers remained stable. Injection of benzodiazepines ceased as a mode of administration of benzodiazepines among IDU in inner Sydney, but very frequent oral use of benzodiazepines remained highly prevalent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Removal of an easily injectable form of benzodiazepines appeared to halt injection of benzodiazepines among disadvantaged IDU. However, IDU continue to use the drug heavily and interventions to assist IDU with reducing dependent benzodiazepine use are warranted. There is a need for continued vigilance to emergent injecting drug use risks to implement timely harm reduction strategies.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. l.degenhardt@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roxburgh
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Beek
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Maxine K F
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mant
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002214:Capsules; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005782:Gels; D019981:Health Care Sector / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D017150:Public Sector / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013693:Temazepam
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D002214:Capsules; D005782:Gels; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D013693:Temazepam