title: Host-bacterial coevolution and the search for new drug targets.
abstract: Understanding the coevolution between humans and our microbial symbionts and pathogens requires complementary approaches, ranging from community analysis to in-depth analysis of individual genomes. Here we review the evidence for coevolution between symbionts and their hosts, the role of horizontal gene transfer in coevolution, and genomic and metagenomic approaches to identify drug targets. Recent studies have shown that our symbiotic microbes confer many metabolic capabilities that our mammalian genomes lack, and that targeting mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer is a promising new direction for drug discovery. Gnotobiotic ('germ-free') mice are an especially exciting new tool for unraveling the function of microbes, whether individually or in the context of complex communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zaneveld
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Turnbaugh
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lozupone
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.forename: Micah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamady
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000235:genetics