title: Evolving paradigm in the management of allergic rhinitis-associated ocular symptoms: role of intranasal corticosteroids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Along with nasal symptoms, ocular symptoms such as itching, tearing, and redness are common, bothersome components of the allergic rhinitis (AR) profile. Treatment of the patient with ocular allergy symptoms should take into account a variety of factors, including severity of symptoms, convenience/compliance issues, and patient preferences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review from the primary care perspective the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of ocular symptoms associated with AR, and to evaluate the emerging role of intranasal corticosteroids (INSs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A search of the PubMed database identified clinical trials that assessed efficacy of agents in reducing ocular allergy symptoms. Internet searches identified further information including data on over-the-counter agents for treatment of ocular symptoms. Searches were conducted using search terms such as pathophysiology, epidemiology, ocular allergy, quality of life, drug class, and drug names. Primary care physicians are often the first point of contact for patients with seasonal AR (SAR) or perennial AR (PAR) symptoms. Ocular allergy associated with SAR and PAR (seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, respectively) is characterized by both early- and late-phase reactions, with symptoms often persisting long after allergen exposure. Non-pharmacologic measures such as allergen avoidance, use of artificial tears, and cool compresses are pertinent for all ocular allergy sufferers, but may not afford adequate symptom control. Pharmacotherapy options have traditionally included topical ophthalmic products for cases of isolated ocular symptoms, and oral antihistamines for patients with both nasal and ocular symptoms. However, this paradigm is changing with new evidence regarding the efficacy of INSs in reducing ocular symptoms. A number of meta-analyses and individual studies, most of which studied ocular symptoms as secondary variables, have demonstrated the ocular effects of INSs versus topical and oral antihistamines. Additional prospective studies on this topic are encouraged to provide further evidence for these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In light of their well-established efficacy in reducing nasal allergy symptoms, INSs offer a comprehensive treatment option in patients with nasal and ocular symptoms. Oral antihistamines and/or topical eye drops may also be necessary depending on symptom control.
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Germantown, TN 38138, USA. mblaiss@allergymemphis.com
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Blaiss
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008407:Mast Cells; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents