title: Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery in rectal cancer: improved local control using a moderately high pelvic radiation dose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine complete resection and sphincter preservation rates, down-staging, local control and survival associated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) using a moderately high pelvic radiation dose before surgery in rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the mid to lower rectum were treated using preoperative CCRT and surgery. Median radiation dose to the pelvis was 5400 cGy (5040-5580 cGy). CCRT was administered during the first and fifth weeks of radiotherapy with bolus intravenous 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m(2)/day and leucovorin (LV) 20 mg/m(2)/day for 5 days. Surgery was attempted 4-8 weeks after completing preoperative CCRT. Post-operative chemotherapy was then added for up to four cycles of intravenous 5-FU and LV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Toxicities during CCRT were generally mild and manageable: Grade 1/2 anemia, 3.5%; Grade 1/2 leukopenia, 45.6%; Grade 3 leukopenia, 3.5%; Grade 1/2 diarrhea, 22.8%; Grade 1/2 abdominal discomfort, 7%; and perianal skin reaction, 5.3%. No late complication requiring surgical intervention occurred. Complete surgical resection with a negative resection margin was achieved in 98.2% of patients, and the down-staging rate was 52.6% (30/57; 95% CI 39.6-65.6%). Complete pathologic response was obtained in 5.3% patients (3/57; 95% CI 0-11.1%) and in other 2 patients only sporadic tumor cells nests were noted in surgical specimens. The sphincter preservation rate was 77.2% (44/57; 95% CI 66.3-88.1%). Of 30 patients with tumors located within 5 cm from the anal verge, sphincter preservation was possible in 18 patients (60.0%; 95% CI 47.3-72.7%). With a median follow-up duration of 40 months, overall and disease-free survival (DFS) rates over 3 years were 91.8% (95% CI 85.5-98.2%) and 79.7% (95% CI 71.2-88.2%), respectively. At univariate analysis, significant factors for DFS was LN involvement status (P = 0.024). Local and distant failure rates over the same period were 5.3 and 21.1%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative CCRT produced encouraging down-staging rates and was found to facilitate complete resection and sphincter saving in distal rectal cancer with acceptable toxicity. Further studies are warranted using this moderately high radiation dose to the pelvis to improve the local control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyu Chan
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jae Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jeong-Heum
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Se Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Dong Bok
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil