title: Effectiveness of distant healing for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomised controlled partially blinded trial (EUHEALS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Distant healing, a form of spiritual healing, is widely used for many conditions but little is known about its effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to evaluate distant healing in patients with a stable chronic condition, we randomised 409 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) from 14 private practices for environmental medicine in Germany and Austria in a two by two factorial design to immediate versus deferred (waiting for 6 months) distant healing. Half the patients were blinded and half knew their treatment allocation. Patients were treated for 6 months and allocated to groups of 3 healers from a pool of 462 healers in 21 European countries with different healing traditions. Change in Mental Health Component Summary (MHCS) score (SF-36) was the primary outcome and Physical Health Component Summary score (PHCS) the secondary outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This trial population had very low quality of life and symptom scores at entry. There were no differences over 6 months in post-treatment MHCS scores between the treated and untreated groups. There was a non-significant outcome (p = 0.11) for healing with PHCS (1.11; 95% CI -0.255 to 2.473 at 6 months) and a significant effect (p = 0.027) for blinding; patients who were unblinded became worse during the trial (-1.544; 95% CI -2.913 to -0.176). We found no relevant interaction for blinding among treated patients in MHCS and PHCS. Expectation of treatment and duration of CFS added significantly to the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with CFS, distant healing appears to have no statistically significant effect on mental and physical health but the expectation of improvement did improve outcome.
authors.affiliation: Samueli Institute, European Office, School of Social Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK. harald.walach@northampton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walach
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewith
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naumann
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwarzer
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kohls
authors.forename: Erlendur
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haraldsson
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wiesendanger
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordmann
authors.forename: Helgi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomasson
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: Heiner C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Bucher
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D003469:Culture; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006694:Holistic Health; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008602:Mental Healing; D008875:Middle Aged; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome