title: Ionizing radiation induces macrophage foam cell formation and aggregation through JNK-dependent activation of CD36 scavenger receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Irradiated arteries of cancer patients can be associated with atherosclerosis-like lesions containing cholesterol-laden macrophages (foam cells). Endothelial cell damage by irradiation does not completely explain the foam cell formation. We investigated the possible underlying mechanisms for ionizing radiation (IR)-induced foam cell formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human peripheral blood monocytes were activated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor and then treated with varying doses of IR in vitro in the absence of endothelial cells. Scavenger receptor expression and foam cell formation of IR-treated macrophages were investigated in the presence or absence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. We also assessed the importance of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in the macrophage colony-stimulating factor-activated human monocytes (macrophages) for the foam cell formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that IR treatment of macrophage colony-stimulating factor-activated human peripheral blood monocytes resulted in the enhanced expression of CD36 scavenger receptors and that cholesterol accumulated in the irradiated macrophages with resultant foam cell formation in the presence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, when cultured on collagen gels, human macrophages formed large foam cell aggregates in response to IR. Antibodies against CD36 inhibited the IR-induced foam cell formation and aggregation, indicating that the IR-induced foam cell formation and the subsequent aggregation are dependent on functional CD36. In addition, we found that IR of human macrophages resulted in c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and that c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibition suppressed IR-induced CD36 expression and the subsequent foam cell formation and aggregation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results suggest that IR-induced foam cell formation is mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent CD36 activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Cancer Biology, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hotokezaka
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
authors.forename: Tadateru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sumi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000528:radiation effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018955:CD36 Antigens; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D002784:Cholesterol; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases