title: Limits and advantages of fundus-first laparoscopic cholecystectomy: lessons learned.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fundus-first cholecystectomy is well recognized as a safe technique during open cholecystectomy (OC) because it minimizes the risk of injuries to the biliary structures at the Calot's triangle. Fundus-first laparoscopic cholecystectomy (FFLC), like the OC, has been proposed as a safe method to approach the cystic duct in cases of difficult anatomy in order to limit biliary injuries and to reduce the conversion rate. The aim of our study was to highlight the limits and advantages of the FFLC, in order to evaluate whether the potential complications are counterbalanced by the expected reduction of the conversion rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 1965 consecutive cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed for gallbladder disease from 1994 to 2005. Reasons for adoption of the FFLC, conversion to OC, and complications were compiled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FLC was performed in 29 cases (1.5%) and was successful in 23 patients (80%). The median operating time for the FFLC was 65 minutes (range, 40-170). In 6 patients (20%), FFLC was eventually converted to open operation. Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) was performed successfully in 17 cases (74%). Common bile duct (CBD) stones were found in 6 cases (20%). Minor complications occurred in 6 patients (20%). No CBD injuries occurred. Two cases of residual CBD stones were treated postoperatively. Mortality rate was nil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FLC remains a safe option when dealing with patients with difficult anatomy at the Calot's triangle, but its adoption needs a good surgical judgment. Considering the high incidence of CBD stones in this series, the high failure rates in performing an IOC represent the most important limiting factor.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Vascolare, Clinica Sant'Elena, Quartu Sant'Elena, Cagliari, Italy. massimiliano.tuveri@libero.it
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tuveri
authors.forename: Pietro G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Calò
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Medas
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuveri
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolosi
mesh_terms: D002758:Cholangiography; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D042882:Gallstones / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies