title: Surrogate endpoints and emerging surrogate endpoints for risk reduction of cardiovascular disease.
abstract: This article reviews surrogate endpoints and emerging biomarkers that were discussed at the annual "Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints" symposium cosponsored by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Montreal Heart Institute. The FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) uses surrogate endpoints in its scientific review of a substance/disease relationship for a health claim. CFSAN currently recognizes three validated surrogate endpoints: blood pressure, blood total cholesterol, and blood low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration in its review of a health claim for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Numerous potential surrogate endpoints of CVD are being evaluated as the pathophysiology of heart disease is becoming better understood. However, these emerging biomarkers need to be validated as surrogate endpoints before they are used by CFSAN in the evaluation of a CVD health claim.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Programs Staff, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA. crystal.rasnake@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Crystal M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rasnake
authors.forename: Paula R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Trumbo
authors.forename: Therese M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Heinonen
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000592:standards; D058870:Food, Organic / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D016885:United States Department of Agriculture
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D002784:Cholesterol