title: Nitric oxide levels in rat hypothalamus are increased by restraint stress and decreased by biting.
abstract: Mastication, which includes biting, is of great importance not only for the intake of food but also for the mental, physical and physiological functioning of the body. For example, biting suppresses the stress response. Although biting and nitric oxide (NO) appear to modulate brain dynamics during stress, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, we examined the effect of biting during restraint stress on NO levels in the rat hypothalamus. To this end, we used NO-selective electrodes that were calibrated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. We implanted the electrodes and probes for perfusion of solutions into the brain of rats, near the hypothalamus. Saline containing 10 mM N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), which is one of the most commonly used inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), was employed as the perfusate. L-NAME prevented increases in NO levels in the rat hypothalamus that were induced by restraint stress and biting. Hypothalamic NO levels in rats under restraint stress for 180 min were increased above levels observed in unrestrained control rats. The increase in hypothalamic NO (from 2.123 muM to 4.760 muM) during restraint stress was reduced after biting for 30 min. The decay rate of NO levels after biting was -0.584 pA/min (-0.071 muM/min). We conclude that: (i) it is possible to evaluate NO levels in vivo in rat brain; (ii) NO levels are increased by restraint stress; and (iii) this increase is prevented by biting behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniofacial Growth and Development Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Kanagawa Dental College, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinjiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Shun-Suke
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Todoki
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasaguri
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Masaichi-Chang-il
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester