title: Quadriceps force during knee extension after non-hinged and hinged TKA: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Problems during knee extension, due to kinematic alterations, are not uncommon after total knee arthroplasty. Hinged prostheses provide higher stability than non-hinged designs and may minimize these alterations. Thus, in this in vitro study we investigated the quadriceps force required to extend the knee during an isokinetic extension cycle generating a constant extension moment after non-hinged and hinged total knee arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human knee specimens were tested in a kinematic knee simulator under physiological conditions, after implantation of two types of non-hinged cruciate retaining prosthesis (Gemini; Link, Germany and Interax I.S.A.; Stryker, Ireland) and a hinged prosthesis (Rotations-Knie; Link, Germany). During simulation of an extension cycle from 120 degrees knee flexion to full extension, the change in quadriceps force to produce the constant extension moment of 31 Nm was dynamically measured using a load cell attached to the quadriceps tendon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After implantation of the non-hinged pros-theses, there was no alteration in maximum quadriceps force in knee flexion compared to physiological conditions, but alteration occurred at lower flexion angle (p=0.002) and increased up to 1,257 (SD 273) N (p=0.04) in knee extension. Following implantation of the hinged prosthesis, there was no alteration in quadriceps extension force in flexion but it decreased to 690 (SD 81) N (p=0.003) in extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hinged knee prostheses restore the quadriceps lever arm in knee flexion and improve the lever arm in knee extension due to higher constraint and knee joint stability. This would offer a potential advantage for patients with weak quadriceps strength by making it easier to stabilize the knee in full extension during walking.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics Department, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany. sven.ostermeier@annastift.de
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ostermeier
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Friesecke
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fricke
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hurschler
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stukenborg-Colsman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology*; D007720:Knee Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000502:physiology*