title: Atypical acute rejection after hand transplantation.
abstract: Skin rejection after hand transplantation is characterized by a maculopapular erythematous rash that may be diffuse, patchy or focal, and distributed over forearms and dorsum of the hands. This 'classical' pattern of rejection usually spares the skin of the palm and does not affect the nails. Herein, we report the experience on four cases presenting with an 'atypical' pattern of rejection that is novel in involving the palmar skin and the nails. All patients were young and exposed to repetitive and persistent mechanical stress of the palm. Characteristic features of rejection included a desquamative rash associated with dry skin, red papules, scaling and lichenification localized to the palm. Skin lesions were associated with nail dystrophy, degeneration, deformation or loss. Histology of the skin and nail bed revealed a lymphocytic infiltrate with predominance of T cells (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), with small numbers of B cells (CD20+ and CD79a+) and a low number of Forkhead transcription factor 3 (FOXP3)-positive cells in one patient. The lesions persisted over weeks to months, responded poorly to steroid treatment and were managed with antithymocyte globulin (ATG; Thymoglobulin, Genzyme, Cambridge, MA), alemtuzumab and/or intensified maintenance immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneeberger
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Gorantla
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: van Riet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lanzetta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vereecken
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Holder
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rorive
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Remmelink
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Moine
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abramowicz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zelger
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Breidenbach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Margreiter
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schuind
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D063987:Hand Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D008297:Male; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD