title: Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to review the literature regarding the epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania and the associated prevalence/risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers performed PubMed searches and a hand search of references. A study was considered eligible for inclusion if it reported data about the prevalence of constipation in any population, free of other gastrointestinal disorders, in Europe and Oceania. Studies were evaluated for quality. Data regarding the setting, type of study, definition of constipation, study population, prevalence of constipation, factors associated with increased odds for constipation, and the female to male ratio, were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 21 reviewed studies depict prevalence rates in 34 different population groups ranging widely from a low 0.7% to a high 81%. In the general population of Europe the mean value of the reported constipation rates is 17,1 % and the median value 16.6%. Among the studies conducted in Oceania, the mean value of constipation prevalence was 15.3%. Female gender, age and socioeconomic and educational class seem to have major effect on constipation prevalence. A number of various other risk factors are, less clearly, associated with constipation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review depicts the high prevalence and related risk factors of a disorder that decreases the health-related quality of life and has major economic consequences.
authors.affiliation: Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece. peppasgr@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peppas
authors.forename: Vangelis G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Alexiou
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mourtzoukou
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Falagas
mesh_terms: D003248:Constipation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D044349:Oceania; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors