title: Disentangling the roles of disability and morbidity in survival to exceptional old age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although it is commonly held that survival to age 100 years entails markedly delaying or escaping age-related morbidities, nearly one-third of centenarians have age-related morbidities for 15 or more years. Yet, we have previously observed that many centenarians compress disability toward the end of their lives. Therefore, we hypothesize that for some centenarians, compression of disability rather than morbidity is a key feature for survival to old age.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional, nationwide study included 523 women and 216 men 97 years or older. The participants were stratified by sex and age at onset (age <85 years [termed survivors] and age >or=85 years [termed delayers]) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, Parkinson disease, and stroke. Dependent variables were the Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index (Barthel Index) and the Information-Memory-Concentration test of the Blessed Dementia Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two percent of the participants were survivors. For men with hypertension and/or heart disease for 15 or more years, the median Barthel Index score was 90 (independence range, 80-100). For female survivors with hypertension, heart disease, and/or osteoporosis, the median Barthel Index score was 65 (minimal assistance range, 60-79). Generally, men had better function than women: 60% of male survivors had Barthel Index scores of 90 or higher compared with 18% of female survivors (P < .001) and 50% of male delayers had Barthel Index scores of 90 or higher compared with 27% of females delayers (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas the compression of both morbidity and disability are essential features of survival to old age for some centenarians, for others, the compression of disability alone may be the key prerequisite. Though far fewer in number, male centenarians tend to have significantly better cognition and physical function than their female counterparts.
authors.affiliation: New England Centenarian Study, Geriatrics Section of the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, MA 02118, USA. laterry@bu.edu
authors.forename: Dellara F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sebastiani
authors.forename: Stacy L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Thomas T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Perls
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000369:Aged, 80 and over / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D011788:Quality of Life; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors