title: The pedunculopontine nucleus and movement disorders: anatomy and the role for deep brain stimulation.
abstract: The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a brainstem locomotive center that also processes sensory and behavioral information. Through its connections with basal ganglia structures and the spinal cord, the PPN may play a role in axial motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). We review the anatomical features of the PPN, its role in motor control, and its potential role as a target for PD surgery, including the results of recently published clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamani
authors.forename: Scellig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laxton
authors.forename: Andres M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lozano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D045042:Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*