title: In vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived metabolite variations between acute-on-chronic liver failure and acute liver failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), acute liver failure (ALF) and chronic liver disease (CLD) are common forms of liver failure and present with similar clinical profiles. The aim of this study was to compare brain metabolite alterations in all the three groups of patients with controls, using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and to look for any significant differences in metabolites that may help in differentiating between these three conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients with ACLF, 10 with ALF, 10 patients with CLD and 10 age-matched controls were studied. The relative concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), glutamine/glutamate (Glx) and myoinositol (mI) with respect to creatine (Cr) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACLF (3.07+/-0.72), ALF (4.39+/-1.25) and CLD (3.15+/-0.69) patients exhibited significantly increased Glx/Cr ratios compared with controls (2.14+/-0.42). The NAA/Cr ratio was significantly decreased in both ACLF (mean=0.84+/-0.28) and CLD (mean=0.97+/-0.21) patients as compared with that in controls (mean=1.24+/-0.20). No significant difference among ALF, ACLF and CLD patients was noted in the Cho/Cr ratios. ACLF patients showed significantly lower mI/Cr and Glx/Cr ratios compared with the ALF group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo proton MRS-derived cerebral metabolite alterations in hepatic encephalopathy owing to ALF are significantly different from the one owing to ACLF and CLD; these may be due to the differences in the pathogenesis of these two overlapping clinical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Vivek Anand
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Saraswat
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Radha Krishna
authors.forename: Kavindra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: M Albert
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Rakesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007294:Inositol / Q000378:metabolism; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007294:Inositol; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline