title: Measuring nonsolar tanning behavior: indoor and sunless tanning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop items to measure indoor tanning and sunless tanning that can be used to monitor trends in population surveys or to assess changes in behavior in intervention studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of experts on indoor tanning convened in December 2005, as part of a national workshop to review the state of the evidence, define measurement issues, and develop items for ever tanned indoors, lifetime frequency, and past-year frequency for both indoor tanning and sunless tanning. Each item was subsequently assessed via in-person interviews for clarity, specificity, recall, and appropriateness of wording.
  
  
  METHODS
  Universities in Tennessee and Virginia, a medical center in Massachusetts, and a high school in New Hampshire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 24 adults and 7 adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants understood indoor tanning to represent tanning from beds, booths, and lamps that emit artificial UV radiation, rather than sunless tanning, even though both can be obtained from a booth. Two items were required to distinguish manually applied from booth-applied sunless tanning products. Frequency of use was easier for participants to recall in the past year than for a lifetime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While indoor tanning items may be recommended with confidence for clarity, sunless tanning items require additional testing. Memory aids may be necessary to facilitate recall of lifetime use of nonsolar tanning. In addition, studies that assess reliability and validity of these measures are needed. Since study participants were primarily young and female, testing in other populations should also be considered.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S 2nd St, Ste 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. lazovich@epi.umn.edu
authors.forename: Deann
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lazovich
authors.forename: Jo Ellen
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Stryker
authors.forename: Joni A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hillhouse
authors.forename: Leslie K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Latrice
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pichon
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pagoto
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.forename: Ardis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Vilma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cokkinides
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001505:Beauty Culture; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays