title: [Gray matter abnormalities in developmental stuttering determined with voxel-based morphometry].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the differences of regional grey matter volume between adults with persistent developmental stuttering and fluent speaking adults, and to determine whether stutterers have anomalous anatomy of speech-relevant brain areas that possibly affect speech fluency.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning was performed on 10 adults with developmental stuttering, aged 26 (21 - 35) with the onset age of 4 (3 - 7) and 12 age, sex, hand preference, and education-matched controls. The customized brain templates were created in order to improve spatial normalization and segmentation. Then automated preprocessing of MRI data was conducted using an optimized version of VBM, a fully automated unbiased and objective whole-brain MRI analysis technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VBM analysis revealed that compared with the controls, the stuttering adults had significant clusters of locally gray matter volume increased in the superior temporal, middle temporal, precentral and postcentral gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule of the bilateral hemisphere (P < 0.001), the numbers of increased gray matter volume in the right and left hemispheres were 60,247 and 48,782 voxels respectively. The, Grey matter decrease was shown with an overall decreased gray matter volume of 32 394 voxels, mainly in the bilateral cerebella posterior lobe and dorsal part of medulla, especially inferior semi-lunar lobule, followed by cerebellar tonsil and bilateral medulla in comparison with the controls (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduction of the regional gray matter volume of bilateral cerebella and medulla is related to the neural mechanism of the controlling disorder of speech production and may be the essential cause of stuttering. Some areas with increased gray matter volume in temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe, may be the result of long term functional compensation for the cerebella and medulla function deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China.
authors.forename: Lu-ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Dan-ling
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Xiao-juan
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D013342:Stuttering / Q000473:pathology*