title: A 20-year prospective study of mortality and causes of death among hospitalized opioid addicts in Oslo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To study mortality rate and causes of death among all hospitalized opioid addicts treated for self-poisoning or admitted for voluntary detoxification in Oslo between 1980 and 1981, and to compare their mortality to that of the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was conducted on 185 opioid addicts from all medical departments in Oslo who were treated for either self-poisoning (n = 93, 1980), voluntary detoxification (n = 75, 1980/1981) or both (n = 17). Their median age was 24 years; with a range from 16 to 41, and 53% were males. All deaths that had occurred by the end of 2000 were identified from the Central Population Register. Causes of death were obtained from Statistics Norway. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed for mortality, in general, and in particular, for different causes of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a period of 20 years, 70 opioid addicts died (37.8%), with a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) equal to 23.6 (95% CI, 18.7-29.9). The SMR remained high during the whole period, ranging from 32.4 in the first five-year period, to 13.4 in the last five-year period. There were no significant differences in SMR between self-poisonings and those admitted for voluntarily detoxification. The registered causes of death were accidents (11.4%), suicide (7.1%), cancer (4.3%), cardiovascular disease (2.9%), other violent deaths (2.9%), other diseases (71.4%). Among the 50 deaths classified as other diseases, the category "drug dependence" was listed in the vast majority of cases (37 deaths, 52.9% of the total). SMRs increased significantly for all causes of death, with the other diseases group having the highest SMR; 65.8 (95% CI, 49.9-86.9). The SMR was 5.4 (95% CI, 1.3-21.5) for cardiovascular diseases, and 4.3 (95% CI, 1.4-13.5) for cancer. The SMR was 13.2 (95% CI, 6.6-26.4) for accidents, 10.7 (95% CI, 4.5-25.8) for suicides, and 28.6 (95% CI, 7.1-114.4) for other violent deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of death among opioid addicts was significantly higher for all causes of death compared with the general population, implying a poor prognosis over a 20-year period for this young patient group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Acute Medicine, Ullevaal University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway. mabjornaas@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mari A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bjornaas
authors.forename: Anette S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bekken
authors.forename: Aasa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ojlert
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haldorsen
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rostrup
authors.forename: Oivind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekeberg
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D015331:Cohort Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000506:poisoning*; D008297:Male; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D009294:Narcotics / Q000506:poisoning*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D009664:Norway; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012306:Risk; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009294:Narcotics