title: Evidence for a strong genetic influence on childhood adiposity despite the force of the obesogenic environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body mass index (BMI) has been shown to be highly heritable, but most studies were carried out in cohorts born before the onset of the "obesity epidemic."
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to quantify genetic and environmental influences on BMI and central adiposity in children growing up during a time of dramatic rises in pediatric obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out twin analyses of BMI and waist circumference (WC) in a UK sample of 5092 twin pairs aged 8-11 y. Quantitative genetic model-fitting was used for the univariate analyses, and bivariate quantitative genetic model-fitting was used for the analysis of covariance between BMI and WC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative genetic model-fitting confirmed substantial heritability for BMI and WC (77% for both). Bivariate genetic analyses showed that, although the genetic influence on WC was largely common to BMI (60%), there was also a significant independent genetic effect (40%). For both BMI and WC, there was a very modest shared-environment effect, and the remaining environmental variance was unshared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic influences on BMI and abdominal adiposity are high in children born since the onset of the pediatric obesity epidemic. Most of the genetic effect on abdominal adiposity is common to BMI, but 40% is attributable to independent genetic influences. Environmental effects are small and are divided approximately equally between shared and non-shared effects. Targeting the family may be vital for obesity prevention in the earliest years, but longer-term weight control will require a combination of individual engagement and society-wide efforts to modify the environment, especially for children at high genetic risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom. j.wardle@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardle
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carnell
authors.forename: Claire Ma
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Plomin
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D050177:Overweight / Q000235:genetics; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio