title: National audit of critical care resources in South Africa - transfer of critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the efficacy of the current system of referral of critical care patients: (i) from public hospitals with no ICU or HCU facilities to hospitals with appropriate facilities; and (ii) from public and private sector hospitals with ICU or HCU facilities to hospitals with appropriate facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive, non-interventive, observational study design was used. An audit of all public and private sector ICUs and HCUs in South Africa was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 100% sample was obtained; 77% of public and 16% of private hospitals have no IC/HC units. Spread of hospitals was disproportionate across provinces. There was considerable variation (less than 1 hour - 6 hours) in time to collect between provinces and between public hospitals that have or do not have ICU/HCU facilities. In the private hospitals, the mean time to collect was less than an hour. In public hospitals without an ICU, the distance to an ICU was 100 km or less for approximately 50% of hospitals, and less than 10% of these hospitals were more than 300 km away. For hospitals with units (public and private), the distance to an appropriate hospital was 100 km or less for approximately 60% of units while for 10% of hospitals the distance was greater than 300 km. For public hospitals without units the majority of patients were transferred by non-ICU transport. In some instances both public and private hospitals transferred ICU patients from one ICU to another ICU in non-ICU transport.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of current resource constraints, the vast distances in some regions of the country and the historical disparities of health resource distribution represent a unique challenge which demands a novel approach to equitable health care appropriation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University of the Witwatersrand and Johannesburg Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa. juan.scribante@wits.ac.za
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scribante
authors.forename: Sats
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhagwanjee
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D054869:Clinical Audit / Q000379:methods; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016304:Hospitals, Private / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013019:South Africa; D013997:Time Factors