title: Properties and toxicological effects of particles from the interaction between tyres, road pavement and winter traction material.
abstract: In regions where studded tyres and traction material are used during winter, e.g. the Nordic countries, northern part of USA, Canada, and Japan, mechanically generated particles from traffic are the main reason for high particle mass concentrations in busy street and road environments. In many Nordic municipalities the European environmental quality standard for inhalable particles (PM(10)) is exceeded due to these particles. In this study, particles from the wear of studded and studless friction tyres on two pavements and traction sanding were generated using a road simulator. The particles were characterized using particle sizers, Particle Induced X-Ray Emission Analysis and electron microscopy. Cell studies were conducted on particles sampled from the tests with studded tyres and compared with street environment, diesel exhaust and subway PM(10), respectively. The results show that in the road simulator, where resuspension is minimized, studded tyres produce tens of times more particles than friction tyres. Chemical analysis of the sampled particles shows that the generated wear particles consist almost entirely of minerals from the pavement stone material, but also that Sulfur is enriched for the submicron particles and that Zink is enriched for friction tyres for all particles sizes. The chemical data can be used for source identification and apportionment in urban aerosol studies. A mode of ultra-fine particles was also present and is hypothesised to originate in the tyres. Further, traction material properties affect PM(10) emission. The inflammatory potential of the particles from wear of pavements seems to depend on type of pavement and can be at least as potent as diesel exhaust particles. The results imply that there is a need and a good potential to reduce particle emission from pavement wear and winter time road and street operation by adjusting both studded tyre use as well as pavement and traction material properties.
authors.affiliation: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden. mats.gustafsson@vti.se
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blomqvist
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gudmundsson
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Swietlicki
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bohgard
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindbom
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ljungman
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D012621:Seasons; D013548:Sweden; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha