title: Enhanced antithrombotic effects of unfractionated heparin in rats after repeated oral doses and its relationship to endothelial heparin concentration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An oral, single dose of 7.5 mg kg(-1) of unfractionated heparin (UFH) reduces thrombosis by 50% in a rat model of venous thrombosis. As long-term use is required clinically, our objectives were to study the antithrombotic effects following repeated oral UFH administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine lung UFH was administered by oral gavage to rats in 3 doses of 7.5 mg kg(-1) each 12, 24, 48, and 72 h apart; and in 3 or 15 doses of 1 mg kg(-1) every 48 h. The last dose was given immediately after thrombus initiation where 10% formalin in methanol was applied to the jugular vein. The vessel was examined for thrombosis 4 h later. Amounts of heparin in tissue and endothelium, and plasma anticoagulant activity were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When 3 x 7.5 mg kg(-1) heparin was given, thrombotic incidence was most reduced at 48 h dose-intervals and was significantly less than single dose treatment. There was a negative correlation between endothelial heparin content and thrombotic incidence, but not anticoagulant activity. When 3 doses of 1 mg kg(-1) every 48 h were given, thrombotic incidence was similar to single dose treatment. When 15 doses were given, total thrombotic incidence was less than for 3 doses and was similar to that after s.c. administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antithrombotic activity increased with repeated doses of oral UFH, with antithrombotic effects similar to s.c. administration. Antithrombotic activity was related to heparin on endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. linda.hiebert@usask.ca
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hiebert
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wice
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin