title: Ecstasy (MDMA) and oral health.
abstract: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), more commonly known as 'ecstasy' or XTC, is frequently used by young adults in the major cities. Therefore, it is likely that dentists might be confronted with individuals who use ecstasy. This review describes systemic and oral effects of ecstasy. Life-threatening complications include hyperthermia, hyponatraemia and liver failure. In addition, psychotic episodes, depression, panic disorders and impulsive behaviour have been reported. Oral effects include xerostomia, bruxism, and an increased risk of developing dental erosion. Mucosal changes have also been reported. Recent use of ecstasy may interfere with dental treatment. Finally, the potential use of saliva for non-invasive detection of ecstasy is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Basic Sciences, Section of Oral Biochemistry, Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands. hs.brand@vumc.nl
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Dun
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Nieuw Amerongen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002012:Bruxism / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications; D017742:Dental Care for Chronically Ill; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D019226:Oral Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D014072:Tooth Abrasion / Q000209:etiology; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000139:chemically induced; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine