title: Bacteria and salivary profile of adolescents with and without cleft lip and/or palate undergoing orthodontic treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL&/P) experience a higher caries prevalence. This study aimed to determine if patients with CL&/P, undergoing and not undergoing orthodontic treatment, have a different salivary biochemical profile and different salivary levels of Mutans Streptococci (MS) and Lactobacilli (LB) compared to patients undergoing and not undergoing orthodontic treatment without CL&/P.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ten subjects aged between 12 and 17 years were recruited into one of four different groups comprising two control groups and two treatment groups. The control groups comprised of subjects with and without CL&/P who were not undergoing orthodontic treatment. The treatment groups comprised of subjects with and without CL&/P undergoing orthodontic treatment. Regular reinforcement of oral hygiene instructions, dietary counselling and debridement, when necessary, were offered to subjects in the treatment groups following their orthodontic adjustment appointments. The salivary secretion time, pH of resting and stimulated saliva, salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, quantity of salivary MS and LB were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with CL&/P undergoing orthodontic treatment at the Children's Oral Health Service tended to present with microbiological and salivary profiles that were less favourable for caries development. There was a significant difference in the percentage of subjects with > or = 10(5) colony forming units (CFU)/mL of MS between the cleft treatment and non-cleft treatment groups. Subjects in the non-cleft treatment group had the highest percentage of subjects (86.7 per cent) with > or = 10(5) CFU/mL of MS whereas subjects in the cleft treatment group had the lowest percentage of subjects (60 per cent) with > or = 10(5) CFU/mL of MS. For LB, there were significantly higher percentages of subjects with > or =10(5) CFU/mL of LB in the non-cleft treatment (76.7 per cent) and cleft treatment (73.3 per cent) groups compared to the non-cleft control (46.7 per cent) and cleft control (40.0 per cent) groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular oral hygiene reinforcement and dental health education appears to have a positive effect in reducing the percentage of subjects with > or = 10(5) CFU/mL of MS.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Moor
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kravchuk
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: C T C
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000382:microbiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000382:microbiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D013234:Stem Cells; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification