title: Tprg, a gene predominantly expressed in skin, is a direct target of the transcription factor p63.
abstract: p63 and p73 are highly homologous members of the p53 family that originated by gene duplication at the invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition. We characterize here a previously unreported gene, Transformation-related protein 63 regulated (Tprg), located upstream of the p63 gene in the vertebrate genome, with striking similarity to Transformation related protein 63 regulated like (Tprgl), an uncharacterized gene located upstream of p73, suggesting that p63/Tprg and p73/Tprgl are embedded in a paralogue region originated from a single duplication event. Tprg is predominantly expressed in the epithelial compartment of the skin, more abundantly in differentiated cells. Consistent with its relative higher expression in differentiated keratinocytes, finely tuned p63 expression levels are required for optimal Tprg expression in primary keratinocytes. p63 is essential for Tprg expression as shown in p63-knockdown keratinocytes; however, high levels of p63 result in Tprg downregulation. p63 directly binds in vivo to a canonical p63-binding site in an evolutionary conserved genomic region located in Tprg intron 4. This genomic region is sufficient to function as a p63-inducible enhancer in promoter studies. Thus, we demonstrate that the Tprg gene is predominantly expressed in skin, is physically associated with the p63 gene during evolution, and directly regulated by p63 through a long-distance enhancer located within the Tprg locus.
authors.affiliation: CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antonini
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dentice
authors.forename: Parvesh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahtani
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Rosa
authors.forename: Giusy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Della Gatta
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mandinova
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.forename: Elia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stupka
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Missero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012867:Skin / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000072160:Tumor Protein p73; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C115051:TP63 protein, human; C000606460:TP73 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C486419:Trp63 protein, mouse; C000606368:Trp73 protein, mouse; D000072160:Tumor Protein p73; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D002118:Calcium