title: Persistent pain biases item response on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): preliminary evidence for validity of the GDS-PAIN.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Differential item functioning (DIF) assesses the consistency of items on a metric across clinical samples in relation to the attribute being measured. We hypothesized that in older adults with persistent pain, items of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) would evidence DIF based on presence or intensity of pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unidimensionality was determined by factor and item analyses. DIF was tested using Rasch Modeling. We then evaluated the psychometric properties of a revised GDS (GDS-PAIN), comprised of items that did not evidence DIF. PATIENT AND SETTINGS: A total of 677 community dwelling older adults (age 65-91) participating in observational or treatment studies of low back or knee pain who endorsed at least moderate pain for at least 3 months. A total of 201 pain-free controls were included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten of the 30 items displayed significant DIF. These items were: 1) dropping activities and interests; 2) bothered by persistent thoughts; 3) often get fidgety and restless; 4) prefer to stay home; 5) do not feel full of energy; 6) do not enjoy getting up in the morning; 7) mind is not as clear as it was, 8) feel life is empty; 9) feel more problems with memory; and 10) do not find life very exciting. The modified GDS-PAIN scale did not adversely affect the psychometric properties of the scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The performance of the GDS is affected by pain. When unstable items are removed, the revised GDS (GDS-PAIN) appears to be psychometrically stable and maintains both internal consistency and similar correlation values with a measure of pain as the original scale.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. karpjf@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Jordan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rudy
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors