title: Lymphatic venous anastomosis (LVA) for treatment of secondary arm lymphedema. A prospective study of 11 LVA procedures in 10 patients with breast cancer related lymphedema and a critical review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) varies between 7-35% depending on the combination of treatment modalities. Early detection of BCRL is crucial in order to start an effective non-operative treatment program. Because of the lack of prospective research on this topic, this study was undertaken to prospectively determine the effect of Lympho Venous Anastomosis (LVA) on BCRL and to review the current literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients who were previously treated for breast cancer by surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, and were unresponsive to 12-weeks of non-operative treatment, underwent an LVA procedure (Degni-Cordeiro). Objective measurements were gathered for circumferential measurement and water volumetry, and quality of life. Various types of lymphoscintigraphy were carried out pre-operatively and post-operatively at 3 and 12 months. Treatment was embedded in a multidisciplinary setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-operative volume measurements initially showed a 4.8% reduction of lymphedema at 3 months and a 2% reduction after one year. Various scintigraphic parameters showed some improvement. Quality of life questionnaires reported minimal improvement. Reviewing the literature, only retrospective studies were found; these reported varying results for LVA procedures. The selection of patients, classification of lymphedema, indications and types of LVA, and additional therapeutic options were heterogeneous, not comparable, and lacked a validated method of effect-assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed a minimal reduction in volume of lymphedema following LVA; in the literature, there was no convincing evidence of the success of LVA. Non-operative treatment and elastic stockings are still preferred by most patients with lymphedema, especially in early stages with few irreversible changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Phlebology and Lymphology, Nij Smellinghe Hospital, Compagnonsplein 1, 9202 NN, Drachten, The Netherlands. r.damstra@nijsmellinghe.nl
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Damstra
authors.forename: H G J
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Voesten
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: van Schelven
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van der Lei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001458:Bandages; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects*; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000601:surgery*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D008405:Massage; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012008:Recurrence; D053828:Stockings, Compression; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014680:Veins / Q000601:surgery*