title: Apoptosis induced by t10,c12-conjugated linoleic acid is mediated by an atypical endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
abstract: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits rat mammary carcinogenesis, in part by inducing apoptosis of preneoplastic and neoplastic mammary epithelial cells. The current study focused on the mechanism by which apoptosis is induced. In TM4t mammary tumor cells, trans-10,cis-12 (t10,c12)-CLA induced proapoptotic C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) concurrent with the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Knockdown of CHOP attenuated t10,c12-CLA-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, t10,c12-CLA induced the cleavage of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident caspase-12, and a selective inhibitor of caspase-12 significantly alleviated t10,c12-CLA-induced apoptosis. Using electron microscopy, we observed that t10,c12-CLA treatment resulted in marked dilatation of the ER lumen. Together, these data suggest that t10,c12-CLA induces apoptosis through ER stress. To further explore the ER stress pathway, we examined the expression of the following upstream ER stress signature markers in response to CLA treatment: X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA (unspliced and spliced), phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2 alpha, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and BiP proteins. We found that t10,c12-CLA induced the expression and splicing of XBP1 mRNA as well as the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha. In contrast, ATF4 was induced modestly, but not significantly, and BiP was not altered. In summary, our data demonstrate that apoptosis induced by t10,c12-CLA is mediated, at least in part, through an atypical ER stress response that culminates in the induction of CHOP and the cleavage of caspase-12.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lihui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: Xiaojing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Yung-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Margot M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ip
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D051379:Mice; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014162:Transfection; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1; C000605544:Xbp1 protein, mouse; C000605545:Xbp1 protein, rat; C496197:trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP