title: Cardiovascular and respiratory considerations with pharmacotherapy of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
abstract: Glaucoma and ocular hypertension are highly prevalent conditions in individuals over the age of 40 and are commonly seen together in patients with cardiovascular disease. Many of the antiglaucoma medications, when systemically absorbed, affect the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems of patients and can cause cardiovascular toxicity. Such adverse effects are frequently associated with the long-term use of potentially toxic agents in elderly people, who are most prone to chronic eye disease. Moreover, patients may not associate their symptoms with the topical eye medications, and consequently may not report adverse drug effects. Drug-drug interactions can also occur when patients are taking medications for both cardiovascular disease and glaucoma. In this review, the systemic toxicity of these agents is reviewed, along with possible drug-drug interactions. Mention is made of other antiglaucoma medications used alone and in combination with topical beta-blockers. Identification of genetic loci-a bold new step toward glaucoma treatment-is mentioned briefly at the end of the article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mt. Vernon Hospital, Mt. Vernon, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jung A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Frishman
authors.forename: Sung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu Sun
authors.forename: Pat-Michael
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Palmiero
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petrillo
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists