title: [Variability of clinical manifestations in the family with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is an ocular anterior segment dysgenesis, autosomal dominantly inherited, commonly associated with glaucoma and systemic anomalies. This study presents various clinical manifestations of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome within one family.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three members of the family: patient 1--father (54 years old), patient 2--son (31 years old), and patient 3--daughter (30 years old), underwent complete ophthalmic examination, including standard glaucoma diagnostics. Additional investigations, such as: ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM, Opticon 2000), corneal topography Orbscan II (Bausch & Lomb, Inc., Rochester, N.Y., USA), corneal confocal microscopy ConfoScan 3 (Nidek Technologies), central corneal thickness measurements with optical low-coherence reflectometer (OLCR, pachymeter Haag-Streit), were carried out. It was impossible to perform complete eye examination in one case (patient 1) because of severity of ocular changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All family members described had iris abnormalities (hypoplastic iris stroma) and early-onset glaucoma, however severity of symptoms were different in each case. The most advanced disease was recognized in patient 1. Other findings included: posterior embryotoxon (patients 2 and 3), iridocorneal angle abnormalities (patients 2 and 3), microcornea (patient 2) and extraocular features (patients 1 and 2): dental anomalies (microdontia and hypodontia), maxillary hypoplasia and periumbilical skin fold. All of these symptoms supported the diagnosis of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. In addition, we also diagnosed keratoconus in patient 2 and hypermetropia, strabismus and corneal scar in patient 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reported cases of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome demonstrate phenotypic variability of the disease among family members, which is characteristic for this disorder and can cause diagnostic problems.
authors.affiliation: Katedry i Kliniki Okulistyki II Wydziatu Lekarskiego Akademii Medycznej w Warszawie.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamińska
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sokołowska-Oracz
authors.forename: Martyna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pawluczyk-Dyjecińska
authors.forename: Jacek P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Szaflik
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D003315:Cornea / Q000002:abnormalities*; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015785:Eye Diseases, Hereditary / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007498:Iris / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013577:Syndrome; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis