title: The what and how of observational learning.
abstract: Neuroimaging evidence increasingly supports the hypothesis that the same neural structures subserve the execution, imagination, and observation of actions. We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to investigate the specific roles of cerebellum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in observational learning of a visuomotor task. Subjects observed an actor detecting a hidden sequence in a matrix and then performed the task detecting either the previously observed sequence or a new one. rTMS applied over the cerebellum before the observational training interfered with performance of the new sequence, whereas rTMS applied over the DLPFC interfered with performance of the previously observed one. When rTMS applied over cerebellar or prefrontal site was delivered after the observational training, no influence was observed on the execution of the task. These results furnish new insights on the neural circuitry involved in the single component of observational learning and allow us to hypothesize that cerebellum and DLPFC interact in planning actions, the former by permitting the acquisition of procedural competencies and the latter by providing flexibility among already acquired solutions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, IRCCS Fondazione "Santa Lucia," via Ardeatina 306, 00178 Rome, Italy. s.torriero@libero.it
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torriero
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveri
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caltagirone
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petrosini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology; D007100:Imitative Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012938:Social Perception; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation