title: Cognitive responses to failure and success relate uniquely to bipolar depression versus mania.
abstract: This project examined cognitive responses to failure and success and their association with depression and mania within bipolar disorder. Many cognitive variables that are associated with unipolar depression have been found to be involved in bipolar disorder, more specifically bipolar depression. This research was the first to examine tendencies to hold high standards, engage in self-criticism, and generalize from failure to an overall sense of self-worth. In Study 1, undergraduates were screened for risk of mood disorders and completed structured diagnostic interviews. History of bipolar spectrum disorders and history of depression had separate associations with negative generalization. The association of generalization with bipolar spectrum disorders was accounted for by current depressive symptoms. For Study 2, the authors developed a measure of the tendency to engage in positive generalization following success experiences. In a sample of 276 undergraduates, this measure related uniquely to risk for mania. Results of these 2 studies suggest that responses to failure are associated with a history of depression, whereas responses to success are associated with a risk for mania. Implications for future research and clinical work are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0751, USA. leisner@psy.miami.edu
authors.forename: Lori R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Eisner
authors.forename: Sheri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carver
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index