title: Yeast-derived beta-glucan augments the therapeutic efficacy mediated by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody in human carcinoma xenograft models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bevacizumab is a recombinant IgG1 humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Its proposed mechanism of action is independent of immune effector functions. Many human carcinomas not only secrete VEGF but also express membrane-bound VEGF. In addition, VEGF receptors are expressed on tumor cells. It is hypothesized that bevacizumab could bind membrane-bound VEGF or VEGF-VEGF receptor complexes on tumors, thereby initiating potential immunologic consequences. We previously showed that yeast-derived beta-glucan functions with antitumor antibodies that activate complement to recruit complement receptor 3-expressing leukocytes capable of mediating complement receptor 3-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of tumors opsonized with iC3b. In the current study, the therapeutic efficacy mediated by combining bevacizumab with yeast-derived beta-glucan was studied in human carcinoma xenograft models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human tumor cell lines were screened for membrane-bound VEGF expression both in vitro and in vivo. Complement activation mediated by bevacizumab was examined. Tumor cell lines positive or negative for membrane-bound VEGF expression were implanted in severe combined immunodeficient mice to establish xenograft models. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with different regimens. Tumor regression and long-term survival were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human ovarian carcinoma SKOV-3 cells expressed membrane-bound VEGF both in vitro and in vivo. Bevacizumab was bound to membrane-bound VEGF, activated complement, and synergized with beta-glucan to elicit cellular cytotoxicity in vitro. In vivo study showed that beta-glucan could significantly augment the therapeutic efficacy mediated by bevacizumab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Yeast-derived beta-glucan can synergize with anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab for the treatment of cancer with membrane-bound VEGF expression.
authors.affiliation: Tumor Immunobiology Program of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: Maiying
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003167:Complement Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*; D015003:Yeasts; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D047071:beta-Glucans; D000068258:Bevacizumab