title: Forearm bone-anchored amputation prosthesis: a case study on the osseointegration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bone-anchored titanium implants have been used for anchorage of amputation prostheses for more than one and a half decades. Histo-logical and ultrastructural analyses were performed on a forearm amputation prosthesis after being in use for more than 11 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The implant was retrieved from the ulnar bone after a fatigue fracture of the titanium implant, and was clinically stable at the time of removal. The histological findings showed a large amount of bone within the threads and a high degree of apposition of mineralized bone to the implant surface. Ultrastructural analysis of thin samples prepared by focused ion-beam microscopy revealed an electron-dense layer at the interface and direct apposition of crystalline hydroxyapatite at the implant surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations in this retrieval study provide a structural correlate to the functional properties and clinical results of amputation prostheses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. anders.palmquist@biomaterials.gu.se
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palmquist
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jarmar
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emanuelsson
authors.forename: Rickard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brånemark
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Engqvist
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomsen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D000672:Amputation Stumps / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017886:Durapatite; D005542:Forearm / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017886:Durapatite; D014025:Titanium