title: IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a noncancer mode of action for humans.
abstract: Structured frameworks are extremely useful in promoting transparent, harmonized approaches to the risk assessment of chemicals. One area where this has been particularly successful is in the analysis of modes of action (MOAs) for chemical carcinogens in experimental animals and their relevance to humans. The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) recently published an updated version of its MOA framework in animals to address human relevance (cancer human relevance framework, or HRF). This work has now been extended to noncancer effects, with the eventual objective of harmonizing framework approaches to both cancer and noncancer endpoints. As in the cancer HRF, the first step is to determine whether the weight of evidence based on experimental observations is sufficient to establish a hypothesized MOA. This comprises a series of key events causally related to the toxic effect, identified using an approach based on the Bradford Hill criteria. These events are then compared qualitatively and, next, quantitatively between experimental animals and humans. The output of the analysis is a clear statement of conclusions, together with the confidence, analysis, and implications of the findings. This framework provides a means of ensuring a transparent evaluation of the data, identification of key data gaps and of information that would be of value in the further risk assessment of the compound, such as on dose-response relationships, and recognition of potentially susceptible subgroups, for example, based on life-stage considerations.
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Boobis
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Doe
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heinrich-Hirsch
authors.forename: M E Bette
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Meek
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munn
authors.forename: Mathuros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruchirawat
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schlatter
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seed
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vickers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003663:Decision Trees; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000592:standards*; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015262:Xenobiotics