title: The effect of water-soluble chitosan on macrophage activation and the attenuation of mite allergen-induced airway inflammation.
abstract: Chitin and chitosan have versatile anti-tumor, anti-fungal, and antimicrobial biological properties. Oral intakes and intranasal administration of chitin attenuated allergen-induced airway inflammation in sensitized mice, which may be due to its Th1 adjuvant properties. However, their mechanism of action is not entirely clear. In this report, we demonstrate that water-soluble chitosan (WSC) has specific immunomodulatory effects on dust mite allergen Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f)-stimulated, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). These effects include polarizing the cytokine balance towards Th1 cytokines, decreasing the production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha, down-regulating CD44 and TLR4 receptor expression, and inhibiting T cell proliferation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination found that WSC reduced the rate of pseudopodia formation in Der f-stimulated MDM from allergic asthma patients. The effect of WSC on allergen-stimulated MDM may be mediated via inhibition of PKCzeta phosphorylation and NF-kappaB pathway activation. In a murine model of asthma, we found that intranasal application of WSC attenuates Der f-induced lung inflammation by reducing infiltration of inflammatory cells, epithelial damage, and goblet cell hyperplasia and markedly decreasing production of Arg I, iNOs, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the bronchial epithelium. Therefore, we believe that WSC may provide a new therapeutic modality for allergic asthma.
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Basic Medicine Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Lung
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yu-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chia-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jiu-Yao
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D040001:Dermatophagoides farinae / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011554:Pseudopodia / Q000187:drug effects; D012995:Solubility; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D016207:Cytokines; D014867:Water; D048271:Chitosan