title: Molecular identification of lice from pre-Columbian mummies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three distinctly different lineages of head and body lice are known to parasitize humans. One lineage includes head and body lice and is currently worldwide in distribution (type A). The other 2 (types B and C) include only head lice and are geographically restricted. It was hypothesized that head louse phylotypes were exchanged only recently, after European exploration and colonization (after Columbus).
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine which louse type or types were found in the Americas before European colonization, we used polymerase chain reaction in 2 laboratories to amplify DNA from 2 genes (Cytb and Cox1) belonging to 1000-year-old lice collected from Peruvian mummies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the worldwide type (type A) was found. Therefore, this phylotype was worldwide before European colonization, as type A lice were common in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study show that several phylotypes of head lice have coexisted for centuries in humans and support the claim that type A lice were present in the Americas before the time of Columbus.
authors.affiliation: Unité des Rickettsies CNRS UMR 6020, Faculté de Médecine Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France. didier.raoult@gmail.com
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dittmar
authors.forename: Jeremy J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kirchman
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rolain
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guillen
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Light
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000883:Anthropology; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D010373:Lice Infestations / Q000235:genetics*; D009106:Mummies / Q000469:parasitology*; D010374:Pediculus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010568:Peru; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004247:DNA