title: A soft-computing methodology for noninvasive time-spatial temperature estimation.
abstract: The safe and effective application of thermal therapies is restricted due to lack of reliable noninvasive temperature estimators. In this paper, the temporal echo-shifts of backscattered ultrasound signals, collected from a gel-based phantom, were tracked and assigned with the past temperature values as radial basis functions neural networks input information. The phantom was heated using a piston-like therapeutic ultrasound transducer. The neural models were assigned to estimate the temperature at different intensities and points arranged across the therapeutic transducer radial line (60 mm apart from the transducer face). Model inputs, as well as the number of neurons were selected using the multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA). The best attained models present, in average, a maximum absolute error less than 0.5 degrees C, which is pointed as the borderline between a reliable and an unreliable estimator in hyperthermia/diathermia. In order to test the spatial generalization capacity, the best models were tested using spatial points not yet assessed, and some of them presented a maximum absolute error inferior to 0.5 degrees C, being "elected" as the best models. It should be also stressed that these best models present implementational low-complexity, as desired for real-time applications.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro Algarve, Portugal. cateixeira@ualg.pt
authors.forename: César A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Maria Graça
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: António E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: Wagner C A
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*