title: The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation.
abstract: Pupil diameter was monitored during picture viewing to assess effects of hedonic valence and emotional arousal on pupillary responses. Autonomic activity (heart rate and skin conductance) was concurrently measured to determine whether pupillary changes are mediated by parasympathetic or sympathetic activation. Following an initial light reflex, pupillary changes were larger when viewing emotionally arousing pictures, regardless of whether these were pleasant or unpleasant. Pupillary changes during picture viewing covaried with skin conductance change, supporting the interpretation that sympathetic nervous system activity modulates these changes in the context of affective picture viewing. Taken together, the data provide strong support for the hypothesis that the pupil's response during affective picture viewing reflects emotional arousal associated with increased sympathetic activity.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, Box 112766, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. bradley@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miccoli
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Escrig
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*