title: The cardiovascular profile of soccer referees: an echocardiographic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During a soccer game, the cardiovascular system is severely taxed The referees must be alert and their level of fitness must be such that fatigue will not impair their decision-making. Referee's peak overall performance is usually after 40 when the performance starts to decline. We evaluated the morphological and functional cardiac profile of professional soccer referees.
  
  
  METHODS
  We submitted to a clinical and echocardiographic exam a group of 120 professional soccer referees aged 25 - 45 years, including the first division of the Italian Championship, matched with 120 soccer players, including élite soccer players. Data were compared using an unpaired Student's t test. Statistical significance was with p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Right ventricle dimensions (22.2 +/- 3.8 vs 25.9 +/- 2.4 mm) and Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMi) (100.5 +/- 45.2 vs 105.4 +/- 17.3) were significantly greater in referees than in active soccer players. Left atrium dimensions (33.7 +/- 8.9 vs 36.2 +/- 3.1 mm), aortic root (29.7 +/- 7.9 vs 32.1 +/- 3 mm) and LVMi (115.1 +/- 16.7 vs 134.1 +/- 19.9 g/m2) were significantly greater in élite soccer players than in first-division referees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our investigation shows that right ventricle is greater in referees than in soccer players. The differences (left atrium, aortic root and LVMi) between first division referees and élite soccer players may derive from the different training workloads.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate School of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Laboratory Dept Emergency Medicine, University of Florence, Italy. g.galanti@dac.unifi.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galanti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pizzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucarelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stefani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gianassi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Tante
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toncelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Del Furia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008875:Middle Aged; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*