title: Amiloride-sensitive and amiloride-insensitive kaliuresis in advanced chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salt delivery to the distal nephron and sodium reabsorption in this segment are considered critical factors that modulate kaliuresis in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Amiloride, a drug that blocks Na(+) reabsorption in the distal nephron, can help to assess the role of Na+ transport in this segment on the kaliuresis of CKD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A bolus of amiloride (1 mg/kg body weight) followed by an intravenous infusion (1 mg/kg body weight per hour) was administered to 6 normal subjects and 10 patients with CKD undergoing water diuresis. Serum and urine electrolytes were measured. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured with clearance of (125)I-iodothalamate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal subjects and CKD patients had a control fractional excretion of potassium (FE(K)(+)) of 26% +/- 11% and 126% +/- 28%, respectively; the corresponding FE(Na)(+) was 2.3% +/- 0.8% and 15% +/- 3%. In response to amiloride, FE(Na)(+)increased significantly to 3.5% +/- 0.6% and 20% +/- 3% in normal and CKD subjects, respectively, and FE(K)(+) decreased significantly to 6.5% +/- 0.6% and 39% +/- 8%, respectively. Amiloride-sensitive and amiloride-insensitive kaliuresis in normal subjects were 71.4% and 28.6%, respectively; the corresponding values for CKD patients were 73% and 27%, respectively. Urine output correlated positively with kaliuresis in CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The very high FEK+ observed in CKD occurs in the absence of hyperkalemia and is largely amiloride-sensitive; therefore maintenance of potassium balance by the kidney in CKD is mostly dependent on sodium reabsorption through channels along the distal nephron. The high urinary flow of CKD further promotes potassium excretion.
authors.affiliation: Renal Section, Hospital de Clinicas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires - Argentina.
authors.forename: Nesmo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Levy Yeyati
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fellet
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arranz
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Balaszczuk
authors.forename: Horacio J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Adrogué
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000584:Amiloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D053503:Epithelial Sodium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D053503:Epithelial Sodium Channels; D000584:Amiloride; D011188:Potassium