title: Evidence of thalamic gray matter loss in pediatric multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to assess the pattern of regional gray matter (GM) loss in patients with pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) and its relation with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, disease duration, and the extent of T2 lesion load (LL).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 28 patients with pediatric relapsing-remitting MS (16 girls; mean age = 14.4 years, range = 7 to 16 years) and 21 matched controls, dual-echo and three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo sequences were acquired. T2 LL was measured using a local thresholding segmentation technique. Data were analyzed using an optimized VBM analysis and statistical parametric mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In pediatric patients with MS, mean brain T2 LL was 7.8 mL +/- 11.3. Intracranial volume did not differ between patients and controls. Compared to controls, patients with pediatric MS had significant GM loss in the thalamus, bilaterally, which was significantly correlated with T2 LL (r = -0.80 for the right thalamus, r = -0.74 for the left thalamus, p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). No correlation was found between thalamic GM loss, disease duration, and disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS), differently from what happens in adult-onset MS, gray matter (GM) atrophy seems to involve the thalamus only, with sparing of the cortex and other deep GM nuclei. The correlation found between atrophy and T2 lesion load suggests transsynaptic and Wallerian degenerations as the most likely substrate of tissue loss in the thalamus of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Research Unit, Scientific Institute and University Hospital San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mesaros
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Absinta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moiola
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veggiotti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filippi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D001284:Atrophy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology