title: Suggestions for improving the long-term effects of treatments for stuttering: A Review and synthesis of frequency-shifted feedback and operant techniques.
abstract: The present article outlines the potential benefits to the treatment of stuttering, if altered auditory feedback methods, especially frequency-shifted feedback, were to be combined with behaviour modification techniques. A potential framework for understanding the integration of these approaches is presented in the context of assessing the limitations of each approach in isolation. A number of suggestions concerning the use of partial prompting and partial reinforcement, drawn from the animal conditioning literature, that may promote the efficacy of such a treatment are also made.
authors.affiliation: University College London.
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howell