title: A comparison of the CAM-ICU and the NEECHAM Confusion Scale in intensive care delirium assessment: an observational study in non-intubated patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several reports indicate a high incidence of intensive care delirium. To develop strategies to prevent this complication, validated instruments are needed. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) is widely used. A binary result diagnoses delirium. The Neelon and Champagne (NEECHAM) Confusion Scale recently has been validated for use in the ICU and has a numeric assessment. This scale allows the patients to be classified in four categories: non-delirious, at risk, confused, and delirious. In this study, we investigated the results of the NEECHAM scale in comparison with the CAM-ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample of 172 non-intubated patients in a mixed ICU was assessed after a stay in the ICU for at least 24 hours. All adult patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of greater than 9 were included. A nurse researcher simultaneously assessed both scales once daily in the morning. A total of 599 paired observations were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CAM-ICU showed a 19.8% incidence of delirium. The NEECHAM scale detected incidence rates of 20.3% for delirious, 24.4% for confused, 29.7% for at risk, and 25.6% for normal patients. The majority of the positive CAM-ICU patients were detected by the NEECHAM scale. The sensitivity of the NEECHAM scale was 87% and the specificity was 95%. The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 79% and 97%, respectively. The diagnostic capability in cardiac surgery patients proved to be lower than in other patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In non-intubated patients, the NEECHAM scale identified most cases of delirium which were detected by the CAM-ICU. Additional confused patients were identified in the categorical approach of the scale. The NEECHAM scale proved to be a valuable screening tool compared with the CAM-ICU in the early detection of intensive care delirium by nurses.
authors.affiliation: University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Nursing Science and Midwifery, Belgium, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. bart.vanrompaey@ua.ac.be
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Rompaey
authors.forename: Marieke J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schuurmans
authors.forename: Lillie M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Shortridge-Baggett
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Truijen
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elseviers
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bossaert
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D003221:Confusion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003693:Delirium / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity