title: Detection of benign intracavitary lesions in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding: a prospective comparative study on outpatient hysteroscopy and blind biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the specificity of blind biopsy in detecting benign intracavitary lesions as causes of postmenopausal bleeding in comparison with directed biopsy via hysteroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective trial without randomization (Canadian Task Force classification II-1).
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred nineteen postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients underwent both blind biopsy (Novak's curette) and directed biopsy via hysteroscopy (after at least a week). All patients with benign intracavitary lesions underwent operative hysteroscopy to enable the removal of polyps and intracavitary myomas or endometrial resection if required. All patients with pathologic reports of complex hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia (20 patients) underwent vaginal hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy. All patients with histology reports of endometrial carcinoma (15 patients) underwent abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral adnexectomy, and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Histopathologic findings from endometrial specimens obtained after operative hysteroscopy or uterine specimens obtained after hysterectomy were used as a reference test to establish the prevalence of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of blind biopsy and hysteroscopy were assessed to distinguish benign intracavitary formations such as polyps, submucous myomas, and endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. The level of agreement was evaluated by use of the coefficient of concordance kappa. Blind biopsy showed a sensitivity of 11% and a specificity of 93%, with an accuracy of 59% in detecting endometrial polyps, a sensitivity and specificity of 13% and 100%, respectively, with an accuracy of 98% for submucous myomas, and values of 25%, 92%, and 80%, respectively, in diagnosing hyperplasia. On the other hand, hysteroscopy demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97%, with an accuracy of 91% in diagnosing endometrial polyps, a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 98%, respectively, with an accuracy of 99% for submucous myomas. The coefficient of concordance kappa (95% CI) was 0.12 for blind biopsy and 0.82 for hysteroscopy, corresponding, respectively, to slight concordance and almost perfect agreement with final pathologic diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blind biopsy (Novak's curette) demonstrates very low sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of benign focal intracavitary lesions. Hysteroscopy is confirmed as the gold standard in the assessment of abnormal uterine bleeding in menopause, permitting the elimination of the false-negative results of blind biopsy through direct visualization of the uterine cavity and the performance of targeted biopsy in case of doubt.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Pathophysiology of Human Reproduction, Department of Surgery, Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Imaging, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. sangioni@yahoo.it
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Angioni
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loddo
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Milano
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piras
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minerba
authors.forename: Gian Benedetto
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Melis
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008796:Metrorrhagia / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery