title: Moyamoya disease in pediatric patients: outcomes of neurosurgical interventions.
abstract: Neurosurgical interventions for moyamoya disease (MMD) in pediatric patients include direct, indirect, and combined revascularization procedures. Each technique has shown efficacy in the treatment of pediatric MMD; however, no single study has demonstrated the superiority of one technique over another. In this review, the authors explore the various studies focused on the use of these techniques for MMD in the pediatric population. They summarize the results of each study to clearly depict the clinical outcomes achieved at each institution that had utilized direct, indirect, or combined techniques. In certain studies, multiple techniques were used, and the clinical or radiological outcomes were compared accordingly. Direct techniques have been shown to aid a reduction in perioperative strokes and provide immediate revascularization to ischemic areas; however, these procedures are technically challenging, and not all pediatric patients are appropriate candidates. Indirect techniques have also shown efficacy in the pediatric population but may require a longer period for revascularization to occur and perfusion deficits to be reversed. The authors concluded that the clinical efficacy of one technique over another is still unclear, as most studies have had small populations and the same outcome measures have not been applied. Authors who compared direct and indirect techniques noted approximately equal clinical outcomes with differences in radiological findings. Additional, larger studies are needed to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques for the pediatric age group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veeravagu
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Chirag G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Lewis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D002548:Cerebral Revascularization / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome