title: Trend of drug-resistant HIV type 1 emergence among therapy-naive patients in Nagoya, Japan: an 8-year surveillance from 1999 to 2006.
abstract: We studied the emergence of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with major amino acid mutations in 402 therapy-naive patients at Nagoya Medical Center, Japan, between 1999 and 2006. The mean prevalence of drug-resistant HIV-1 was 6.7% (range, 2.3-10.0%; n = 27). HIV-1 variants with protease inhibitor (PI)-resistant mutations alone were most frequently found (3.5%, n = 14), followed by those with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant mutations alone (1.7%, n = 7). Variants with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-resistant mutations alone were sporadically found (1.0%, n = 4). A variant possessing both NRTI- and PI-resistant mutations was detected in one patient (0.2%) and a variant possessing both NNRTI- and PI-resistant mutations was identified in another patient (0.2%). In addition, another 17 variants (4.2%, n = 17) with only 215-revertant mutations (T215C/D/G/L/S) that can easily reconvert to the nucleoside analogue-associated mutation of T215Y/F were found. The 402 viruses were phylogenetically analyzed, revealing three independent clusters comprising PI-resistant variants with the M46I or L90M mutation, NNRTI-resistant variants with the K103N mutation, and 215-revertant variants. The PI-resistant and 215-revertant strains have been spreading since 2000, and the NNRTI-resistant strain has started spreading since 2003. The nature of the epidemic and information for successfully blocking the spread of drug-resistant HIV-1 were clarified in this study.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center (Tokai Area Central Hospital for AIDS Treatment and Research), Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibe
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujisaki
authors.forename: Urara
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shigemi
authors.forename: Saeko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujisaki
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Kazuyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Takejiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kazumi
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yokomaku
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mamiya
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamaguchi
authors.forename: Tsuguhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease