Epigenetics: what is it and why is it important to mental disease?
BACKGROUND
The chemical marking of the DNA and surrounding histone proteins represent some of the means by which gene expression is controlled. Many of these epigenetic modifications are pre-programmed and are an important part of the control of development.


METHODS
There is an accumulating body of evidence from clinical genetics and animal work that suggests some epigenetic processes may also be labile.


RESULTS
A number of these studies have demonstrated that the epigenetic status of genes can be altered through environmental events such as in vitro culture of embryos and exposure to toxins, sometimes resulting in disease.


RESULTS
More routine variations in life events may also be encoded by changes in the epigenetic status of genes, and as such these processes may provide a mechanism mediating interplay between genes and the environment, including the now recognized idea of gene-environment interactions.


CONCLUSIONS
The significance of epigenetics for mental disease is becoming increasingly clear. It is important that the techniques developed to analyse the epigenome are now applied to the study of the molecular basis of mental disease to assess the contribution of gene-environment interactions to brain function.
Isles
Anthony R
AR
Behavioural Genetics Group, Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK. IslesAR1@cardiff.ac.uk
Wilkinson
Lawrence S
LS
D001921:Brain; D002884:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15 / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004777:Environment; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000235:genetics; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy
D006657:Histones