title: Does hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women have any effect upon nasal physiology?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and the oral contraceptive pill have an effect upon nasal physiology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to assess the effects upon nasal physiology of female hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women. This has not been previously studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty post-menopausal women (age range 36 to 70 years; mean age 57.0 years) underwent measurements of the nasal airway, including anterior rhinoscopy, peak nasal inspiratory flow rate, acoustic rhinometry, anterior rhinomanometry, mucociliary clearance time and rhinitis quality of life questionnaire. Measurements of nasal patency were recorded prior to commencing hormone replacement therapy and at a time point 77-195 days (mean 101.9 days) following commencement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistical difference found for any of the variables, using the paired t-test (p > 0.05 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female hormone replacement therapy has no discernable effect upon nasal physiology and should not be considered a cause of rhinitic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Colchester, UK.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Philpott
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wolstenholme
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Murty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007320:Inspiratory Capacity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000139:chemically induced; D025363:Rhinomanometry / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral