title: Determinants of thrombin generation, fibrinolytic activity, and endothelial dysfunction in patients on dual antiplatelet therapy: involvement of factors other than platelet aggregability in Virchow's triad.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to assess mechanisms and clinical backgrounds in order to determine residual platelet aggregability in dual antiplatelet therapy and to ascertain whether platelet aggregability is involved in systemic thrombogenicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in 85 consecutive patients who underwent dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and thienopyridine/cilostazol) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Although serum thromboxane B(2) and dephosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein were significantly abolished, the platelet aggregation tests showed inter-individual differences that could be partly explained by plasma glucose levels. Platelet aggregability was not related to other factors involved in thrombogenicity. Thrombin generation assessed by soluble fibrin was independently associated with total cholesterol (beta = 0.349, P < 0.001), brain natriuretic peptide (beta = 0.222, P = 0.018), and ankle-brachial index (beta = -0.330, P = 0.001). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was associated with the apnea-hypopnea index (beta = 0.300, P = 0.006). E-selectin was correlated with diabetes mellitus (beta = 0.279, P = 0.008) and body mass index (beta = 0.323, P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although dual antiplatelet therapy effectively inhibited its pharmacological targets, thrombin generation, inhibition of fibrinolytic activity, and endothelial dysfunction were determined by other clinical backgrounds. Our data suggested that some patients remain at risk of thrombotic complications after PCI and that these may benefit from anticoagulant treatment despite adequate dual antiplatelet therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohmori
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoshide
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madoiwa
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsuki
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitsuhashi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mimuro
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Kazuomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kario
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakata
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013917:Thrombin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D013917:Thrombin