title: Vaccination of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) using iophenoxic acid as a simulated vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an encapsulation method for delivery of vaccines to feral pigs, and quantify the effect of iophenoxic acid on captive feral pig blood iodine concentrations to assist in investigation of factors affecting vaccine uptake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Feral pigs were administered iophenoxic acid by oral gavage, and consumption was assessed for different encapsulation methods in baits. Blood iodine concentrations were monitored for eight days after consumption. The relationship between dose rate, time since dosing and blood iodine concentration was assessed for gavaged and baited captive feral pigs. Wild feral pigs were baited with PIGOUT baits containing 20 mg of encapsulated iophenoxic acid to simulate a vaccination program. Using knowledge from the pen studies, bait uptake and factors affecting bait uptake were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bait-delivered iophenoxic acid led to variable and inconsistent changes in blood iodine concentrations, in contrast to pigs receiving iophenoxic acid by gavage. This precluded accurate assessment of the quantity consumed, but still allowed a conservative determination of bait uptake. Iophenoxic acid in smaller capsules was consumed readily. Increasing baiting intensity appeared to increase bait uptake by wild feral pigs, and pigs of varying sexes, ages and weights appeared equally likely to consume baits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Encapsulated liquids can be delivered to feral pigs within baits, should the need to vaccinate feral pigs for fertility or disease management arise. High baiting intensities may be required.
authors.affiliation: Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia. brendan.cowled@daff.gov.au
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Cowled
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lapidge
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Staples
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000662:veterinary; D007455:Iodine / Q000097:blood; D007480:Iopanoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: C008160:iophenoxic acid; D007455:Iodine; D007480:Iopanoic Acid