title: Degradation rates of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in anoxic shallow aquifers of Araihazar, Bangladesh.
abstract: Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 (CCl(3)F), CFC-12 (CCl(2)F(2)), and CFC-113 (CCl(2)F-CClF(2)) are used in hydrology as transient tracers under the assumption of conservative behavior in the unsaturated and saturated soil zones. However, laboratory and field studies have shown that these compounds are not stable under anaerobic conditions. To determine the degradation rates of CFCs in a tropical environment, atmospheric air, unsaturated zone soil gas, and anoxic groundwater samples were collected in Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh. Observed CFC concentrations in both soil gas and groundwater were significantly below those expected from atmospheric levels. The CFC deficits in the unsaturated zone can be explained by gas exchange with groundwater undersaturated in CFCs. The CFC deficits observed in (3)H/(3)He dated groundwater were used to estimate degradation rates in the saturated zone. The results show that CFCs are degraded to the point where practically no (<5%) CFC-11, CFC-12, or CFC-113 remains in groundwater with (3)H/(3)He ages above 10 yr. In groundwater sampled at our site CFC-11 and CFC-12 appear to degrade at similar rates with estimated degradation rates ranging from approximately 0.25 yr(-1) to approximately 6 yr(-1). Degradation rates increased as a function of reducing conditions. This indicates that CFC dating of groundwater in regions of humid tropical climate has to be carried out with great caution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. Horneman@ldeo.columbia.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horneman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stute
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schlosser
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smethie
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santella
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mailloux
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Geen
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D017402:Chlorofluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D006371:Helium / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D014316:Tritium / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017402:Chlorofluorocarbons; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014316:Tritium; D006371:Helium