title: Ultrastructural findings in progressive macular hypomelanosis indicate decreased melanin production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of progressive macular hypomelanosis (PMH) is unknown. Recently, Westerhof et al. (Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 210-214) hypothesized that Propionibacterium acnes produces a depigmenting factor that interferes with melanogenesis in the skin, resulting in hypopigmented spots. The purpose of the study is to gain an insight into the pathogenesis of PMH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We took a biopsy of 2-mm diameter from normal and lesional skin in eight PMH patients. Using electron microscopy, we compared melanization of melanosomes, melanosome transfer and amount of epidermal melanin in normal and lesional skin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to non-lesional skin, we observed a decrease of epidermal melanin and less melanized melanosomes in lesional skin of all patients. When comparing normal and lesional skin of patients with skin type V and VI, we observed a difference in melanosome size and maturation and a switch of transferred melanosomes from single stage IV transferred melanosomes to aggregated stage I, II and III transferred melanosomes, as seen in healthy skin of skin type I to IV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypopigmentation in PMH seems to be the result of an altered melanogenesis based on a decrease in melanin formation and a change in the distribution of melanosomes. In lesional skin of PMH patients with skin type V and VI less melanized, aggregated melanosomes in stead of single, mature melanosomes are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes. This results in a decrease of epidermal melanin. Further investigations are needed to determine the precise role of Propionibacterium acnes in this alteration of melanogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, and Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. g.n.relyveld@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Relyveld
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Dingemans
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Menke
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Westerhof
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017496:Hypopigmentation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020460:Melanosomes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011425:Propionibacterium acnes / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins