title: National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the national scope and magnitude of outpatient adverse drug events (ADEs) that lead to emergency department (ED) visits in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  To conduct an active surveillance of patients 18 years of age or younger who came to EDs with ADEs from Jan 1, 2004, to Dec 31, 2005, through a nationally representative, stratified probability sample of 63 US hospitals with EDs. The main outcome measures were national estimates of the number, type, patient demographics, and clinical characteristics of ADEs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annually, an estimated 158,520 patients </=18 years old (95% CI, 117,745-199,295; 2 per 1000 persons) were treated in EDs for ADEs. Almost half (49.4%) of these visits occurred in patients between 1 and 4 years of age. Unintentional overdoses were the most common type of ADE (44.9%), followed by allergic reactions (35%), and adverse effects (12.6%). Antimicrobial agents, analgesic medications, and respiratory medications accounted for almost half of ADEs (25.2%, 13.7%, and 10.6%, respectively). Fewer than 1 in 10 patients (9.5%) required hospitalization or extended observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions targeting unintentional overdoses of medications commonly given to preschool-aged children would likely have the highest impact in reducing ED visits from outpatient ADEs.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Budnitz
authors.forename: Kelly N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Weidenbach
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Jernigan
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shehab
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States