title: The differentiation/retrodifferentiation program of human U937 leukemia cells is accompanied by changes of VCP/p97.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retrodifferentiation and regained proliferative capacity of growth-arrested human leukemic cells after monocyte-like differentiation requires proteolytic activities together with distinct regulatory factors. The AAA ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) contributes to protein degradation and cell cycle regulation, respectively, and it was of interest to study a possible role of VCP/p97 during this myelomonocytic differentiation and retrodifferentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Separation of autonomously proliferating human U937 myeloid leukemia cells by centrifugal elutriation demonstrated unaltered VCP/p97 expression levels throughout distinct phases of the cell cycle. However, phorbol ester-induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in differentiating human U937 leukemia cells was associated with a significantly increased protein and mRNA amount of this AAA ATPase. These elevated VCP/p97 levels progressively decreased again when growth-arrested U937 cells entered a retrodifferentiation program and returned to the tumorigenic phenotype. Whereas VCP/p97 was observed predominantly in the cytosol of U937 tumor and retrodifferentiated cells, a significant nuclear accumulation appeared during differentiation and G0/G1 growth arrest. Analysis of subcellular compartments by immunoprecipitations and 2D Western blots substantiated these findings and revealed furthermore a tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of VCP/p97 in the cytosolic but not in the nuclear fractions. These altered tyrosine phosphorylation levels, according to distinct subcellular distributions, indicated a possible functional involvement of VCP/p97 in the leukemic differentiation process. Indeed, a down-modulation of VCP/p97 protein by siRNA revealed a reduced expression of differentiation-associated genes in subsequent DNA microarray analysis. Moreover, DNA-binding and proliferation-associated genes, which are down-regulated during differentiation of the leukemic cells, demonstrated elevated levels in the VCP/p97 siRNA transfectants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings demonstrated that monocytic differentiation and G0/G1 growth arrest in human U937 leukemia cells was accompanied by an increase in VCP/p97 expression and a distinct subcellular distribution to be reverted during retrodifferentiation. Together with a down-modulation of VCP/p97 by siRNA, these results suggested an association of this AAA ATPase in the differentiation/retrodifferentiation program.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Gynecology, Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str, 1, D - 30625 Hannover, Germany. bertram.catharina@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Catharina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: von Neuhoff
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Skawran
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinemann
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schlegelberger
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hass
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection; D020298:U937 Cells; D000074405:Valosin Containing Protein
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C000614178:VCP protein, human; D000074405:Valosin Containing Protein; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate