title: SPORT lumbar intervertebral disk herniation and back pain: does treatment, location, or morphology matter?
abstract: METHODS
  Diskectomy candidates with at least 6 weeks of sciatica and confirmatory imaging were enrolled in a randomized or observational cohort.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine: (1) whether diskectomy resulted in greater improvement in back pain than nonoperative treatment, and (2) whether herniation location and morphology affected back pain outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have reported that lumbar diskectomy is less successful for relief of back pain than leg pain and patients with central disc herniations or protrusions have worse outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients underwent diskectomy or received "usual" nonoperative care. Data from the randomized cohort and observational cohort were combined in an as-treated analysis. Low back pain was recorded on a 0 to 6 point scale, and changes in low back pain were compared between the surgical and nonoperative treatment groups. The effects of herniation location and morphology on back pain outcomes were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined analysis included 1191 patients with 775 undergoing surgery within 2 years, whereas 416 remained nonoperative. Overall, leg pain improved more than back pain in both treatment groups. Back pain improved in both surgical and nonoperative patients, but surgical patients improved significantly more (treatment effect favoring surgery -0.9 at 3 months, -0.5 at 2 years, P < 0.001). Patients who underwent surgery were more likely to report no back pain than nonoperative patients at each follow-up period (28.0% vs. 12.0% at 3 months, P < 0.001, 25.5% vs. 17.6% at 2 years, P = 0.009). At baseline, central herniations were associated with more severe back pain than more lateral herniations (4.3 vs. 3.9, P = 0.012). Patients with central herniations and protrusionshad a beneficial treatment effect from surgery similar to the overall surgical group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diskectomy resulted in greater improvement in back pain than nonoperative treatment, and this difference was maintained at 2 years for all herniation locations and morphologies.
authors.affiliation: Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Blood
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Frymoyer
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herkowitz
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Abdu
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longley
authors.forename: Sanford E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lurie
authors.forename: Tor D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Tosteson
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017586:Diskectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012585:Sciatica / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome