title: Shifts in the distributional ranges of Boophilus ticks in Tanzania: evidence that a parapatric boundary between Boophilus microplus and B. decoloratus follows climate gradients.
abstract: Based on a national tick survey conducted in Tanzania between 1998 and 2001, predictive maps of tick distribution for B. microplus and B. decoloratus were computed and compared with historical maps that originated about 40 years ago. The new data collected showed that except for extremely cold and dry areas B. microplus has extended its distribution range and is now present in all the northern regions of Tanzania, and that high suitability is currently recorded for most of the previously non-occupied areas. In contrast, B. decoloratus, once abundant in Tanzania, has largely retreated to highlands in north and central Tanzania and several other high-altitude refuges. Geostatistical analysis revealed a dissimilar character of distribution for the two species at a local and regional scale, as well as an antagonistic relationship between them in a spatial context. The Tanzania data suggest that an equilibrium phase with a stable parapatric boundary that follows a climate gradient has been achieved. The zone of overlap in the distribution ranges of B. microplus and B. decoloratus is characterized by a decreased infestation rate as well as mutual exclusion on infested cattle. This finding matches studies on parapatry with hybrid zones, where the latter zones that separate species tend to rest in density troughs. Analysis of the Tanzania data shows that the critical factor for the advance of B. microplus and the retreat of B. decoloratus is associated with the 58 mm isohyet and the 22-23 degrees C isotherm and indicates a well developed higher-temperature tolerance for B. microplus. It can be anticipated that climate changes may enhance the spread of B. microplus and consequently Babesia bovis into new areas of the African continent.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Veterinary Investigation Centre, P.O. Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania. llynen@habari.co.tz
authors.forename: Godelieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lynen
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zeman
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bakuname
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Giulio
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mtui
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanka
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jongejan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000469:parasitology; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D005843:Geography; D011156:Population Density; D013636:Tanzania; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D013987:Ticks / Q000145:classification*