title: Effect of remineralization/demineralization cycles on mineral profiles of Fuji IX Fast in vitro using electron probe microanalysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been cononcerns about the dissolution of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) and its possible degradation when exposed to an acidic environment over time. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure of Fuji IX Fast to the simulated acidic aspects of the oral environment in terms of any change in the elemental composition of strontium (Sr), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and fluorine (F) which resulted at the surface of this material.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five cylindrical block of Fuji IX Fast were prepared using split moulds. The demineralizing solution was an acetate buffered demineralizing solution at pH 403. The remineralizing solution was a buffered solution containing 1.5 mM Ca, 0.9 mM P and 10 ppm F at pH 7. The blocks of Fuji IX Fast were subjected either to two-day alternating cycles of remineralization and demineralization for up to 24 days (test); 6 two-day cycles of demineralizing or remineralizing solution separately, or deionized distilled water alone (controls) or were left untreated (base line control). Mineral profiles of Ca, P, Sr and F within 100 microm of the material surface were assessed following 8, 16 and 24 days of treatment (test); 4, 8 or 12 days (controls) or for baseline control samples, using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant changes in mineral profile in the test specimens in terms of Sr and Ca concentrations. A molecule for molecule exchange of these elements resulted between GIC and eluant solutions. Fluoride loss from the GIC occurredto the level comparable with uptake levels recorded in eluant solutions from previous studies. The ionic exchanges appeared to be the result of dissolution followed by an equilibrium-driven diffusion. These exchanges were superficial though substantial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulated exposure of Fuji IX to the oral environment resulted in an exchange of Ca from the bathing solutions into Fuji IX to replace any Sr which was lost to the GIC. Fluorine loss from the GIC followed previously described patterns. The possible clinical significance of this exchange was discussed.
authors.affiliation: Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ab-Ghani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McIntyre
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D013324:Strontium / Q000032:analysis; D017001:Tooth Demineralization; D014089:Tooth Remineralization
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; C439808:Fuji IX GP Fast; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D010758:Phosphorus; D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium; D013324:Strontium