title: Sleep-wake patterns and sleep disturbance among Hong Kong Chinese adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine sleep-wake patterns and evaluate sleep disturbance in Hong Kong adolescents; to identify factors that are associated with sleep disturbance; and to examine the relationship of sleep-wake variables and academic performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A school-based cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sample included 1629 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-report questionnaires, including sleep-wake habit questionnaire, Sleep Quality Index, Morningness/ Eveningness scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, academic performance, and personal data were administered. The average school-night bedtime was 23:24, and total sleep time was 7.3 hr. During weekends, the average bedtime and rise time was delayed by 64 min and 195 min, respectively. The prevalence of sleep disturbances occurring > or = 3 days per week in the preceding 3 months were: difficulty falling asleep (5.6%), waking up during the night (7.2%), and waking up too early in the morning (10.4%). The prevalence of > or = 1 of these three symptoms was 19.1%. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that circadian phase preference was the most significant predictor for school night bedtime, weekend oversleep, and daytime sleepiness. Perceived stress was the most significant risk factor for sleep disturbance. Students with marginal academic performance reported later bedtimes and shorter sleep during school nights, greater weekend delays in bedtime, and more daytime sleepiness than those with better grades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of sleep deprivation and sleep disturbance among Hong Kong adolescents is comparable to those found in other countries. An intervention program for sleep problems in adolescents should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. kfchung@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Ka-Fai
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Miao-Miao
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011594:Psychometrics; D012572:School Health Services; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires