title: Contractile properties of the pig bladder mucosa in response to neurokinin A: a role for myofibroblasts?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The bladder urothelium is now known to have active properties. Our aim was to investigate the contractile properties of the urinary mucosa in response to the tachykinin neurokinin A (NKA) and carbachol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Discrete concentration-response curves for carbachol and NKA were obtained in matched strips of porcine detrusor, mucosa and intact bladder, suspended in organ baths. The effects of inhibitors and tachykinin receptor antagonists were studied on NKA-mediated contractions in mucosal strips. Intact sections of bladder and experimental strips were processed for histology and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All types of strips contracted to both carbachol and NKA. Mucosal responses to NKA (pD2 7.2) were higher than those in intact strips and were inhibited by the NK2 receptor antagonist SR48968 (pKB 9.85) but not the NK1 receptor antagonist SR140333, tetrodotoxin or indomethacin. Immunostaining for smooth muscle actin and vimentin occurred under the urothelium and on blood vessels. Desmin immunostaining and histological studies showed only sparse smooth muscle to be present in the mucosal strips. Removal of smooth muscle remnants from mucosal strips did not alter the responses to NKA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown both functional and histological evidence for contractile properties of the mucosa, distinct from the detrusor. Mucosal contractions to NKA appear to be directly mediated via NK2 receptors. The main cell type mediating mucosal contractions is suggested to be suburothelial myofibroblasts. Mucosal contractions may be important in vivo for matching the luminal surface area to bladder volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sadananda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chess-Williams
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burcher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015288:Neurokinin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018041:Receptors, Neurokinin-2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D018041:Receptors, Neurokinin-2; D015288:Neurokinin A; D002217:Carbachol