title: Prevalence of increased albumin excretion rate in young saudi adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Albuminuria is an important risk predictor of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we aim to evaluate the prevalence of increased urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rate amongst a subgroup of young Saudi army/navy recruits.
  
  
  METHODS
  2,000 Saudi military recruits were tested for microalbuminuria by dipstick and 24-hour urine collection for quantitative evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the whole group studied, the rate of microalbuminuria-positive dipstick testing was 10.3% (n = 206), but decreased on quantitative evaluation of 24-hour urine collection to 6.2% (n = 124). Increased UAE was independently associated with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), obesity, male gender and hypercholesterolemia. 55 of the 124 (44.4%) were diabetics while 14 (11.3%) were hypertensives. Around 21% of individuals with albuminuria were obese; body mass index for the whole group with albuminuria = 31.15 +/- 5.8 kg/m(2) and showed no gender difference. Increased risk of albuminuria was noted with DM (OR = 5.07 [3.5-7.4], p < 0.0001), obesity (OR = 1.59 [1.0-2.5], p = 0.042) and HT (OR = 1.8 [1.0-3.2], p = 0.046). An estimated glomerular filtration rate of approximately 77 ml/min/1.73 m(2) was present in the whole group with a significantly lower level in macroalbuminuric subjects compared to those with microalbuminuria (p = 0.03). Also, age was higher in the macroalbuminuric group (p = 0.004) with comparable prevalence of DM (47.4 vs. 45.2%, p = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first description of increased UAE in a small percentage of young adult Arab subjects from Saudi Arabia detected through a selective screening process carried out on potential army recruits. It highlights the association of albuminuria in the general population with predisposing conditions such as DM, HT and obesity.
authors.affiliation: King Abdulaziz Naval Base-Armed Forces Hospital, Eastern Province, Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abo-Zenah
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Benayan
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El Nahas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006772:Hospitals, Military; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins