title: Chalk dustfall during classroom teaching: particle size distribution and morphological characteristics.
abstract: The study was undertaken to examine the nature of particulate chalk dust settled on classroom floor during traditional teaching with dusting and non-dusting chalks on two types of boards viz. rough and smooth. Settling chalk particles were collected for 30 min during teaching in glass Petri plates placed in classrooms within 3 m distance from the teaching boards. Particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopic images of chalk dusts and compressive strength of two types of chalks were tested and evaluated. Results showed that a larger proportion of dusts generated from anti-dusting chalks were of <4.5 and <2.5 microm size on both smooth and rough boards, as compared to dusting chalks. Non-dusting chalks, on an average, produced about 56% and 62% (by volume) of <4.5 microm (respirable) diameter, on rough and smooth boards, respectively, while the corresponding values for dusting chalks were 36% and 45%. Also, on an average, 83% and 94% (by volume) of the particles were <11 microm (thoracic) in case of non-dusting chalks against 61% and 72% for dusting chalks on rough and smooth boards, respectively. Interestingly, taking into account the mass of chalk dust produced per unit time, which was higher in dusting chalks than non dusting chalks, the former was actually producing higher amount of PM <4.5 and <11 particles from both types of boards. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that chalk particles had random shape, although in dusting chalks prevalence of elongated particles was observed, apparently due to the longitudinal breaking of the chalks during writing, which was confirmed during compressive strength testing. We could conclude that dusting chalks could be potentially more harmful than anti dusting chalks, as they produced higher amount of potentially dangerous PM 4.5 and PM 11.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120, India. d_majumdar@neeri.res.in
authors.forename: Deepanjan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: S P M Prince
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: William
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000032:analysis*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012574:Schools
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002119:Calcium Carbonate