title: Does this patient with diabetes have osteomyelitis of the lower extremity?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteomyelitis of the lower extremity is a commonly encountered problem in patients with diabetes and is an important cause of amputation and admission to the hospital. The diagnosis of lower limb osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes remains a challenge.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of historical features, physical examination, and laboratory and basic radiographic testing. We searched for systematic reviews of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of lower extremity osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes to compare its performance with the reference standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search of English-language articles published between 1966 and March 2007 related to osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes. Additional articles were identified through a hand search of references from retrieved articles, previous reviews, and polling experts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original studies were selected if they (1) described historical features, physical examination, laboratory investigations, or plain radiograph in the diagnosis of lower extremity osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes mellitus, (2) data could be extracted to construct 2 x 2 tables or had reported operating characteristics of the diagnostic measure, and (3) the diagnostic test was compared with a reference standard. Of 279 articles retrieved, 21 form the basis of this review. Data from a single high-quality meta-analysis were used to summarize the diagnostic characteristics of MRI in osteomyelitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assigned each study a quality grade using previously published criteria and abstracted operating characteristic data using a standardized instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gold standard for diagnosis is bone biopsy. No studies were identified that addressed the utility of the history in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. An ulcer area larger than 2 cm2 (positive likelihood ratio [LR], 7.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-49; negative LR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.31-0.76) and a positive "probe-to-bone" test result (summary positive LR, 6.4; 95% CI, 3.6-11; negative LR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.20-0.76) were the best clinical findings. A erythrocyte sedimentation rate of more than 70 mm/h increases the probability of a diagnosis of osteomyelitis (summary LR, 11; 95% CI, 1.6-79). An abnormal plain radiograph doubles the odds of osteomyelitis (summary LR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.6-3.3). A positive MRI result increases the likelihood of osteomyelitis (summary LR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.5-5.8). However, a normal MRI result makes osteomyelitis much less likely (summary LR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.08-0.26). The overall accuracy (ie, the weighted average of the sensitivity and specificity) of the MRI is 89% (95% CI, 83.0%-94.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An ulcer area larger than 2 cm2, a positive probe-to-bone test result, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of more than 70 mm/h, and an abnormal plain radiograph result are helpful in diagnosing the presence of lower extremity osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes. A negative MRI result makes the diagnosis much less likely when all of these findings are absent. No single historical feature or physical examination reliably excludes osteomyelitis. The diagnostic utility of a combination of findings is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Butalia
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Palda
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sargeant
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Detsky
authors.forename: Ophyr
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mourad
mesh_terms: D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology; D010808:Physical Examination; D011859:Radiography