title: Impairment in the achievement domain in bipolar spectrum disorders: role of behavioral approach system hypersensitivity and impulsivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research indicates that bipolar disorder is characterized by both high levels of impairment and high levels of achievement. A critical, and yet largely unexamined question, is: what psychological mechanisms promote high accomplishment (and low impairment) among bipolar spectrum individuals? The aim of this study was to examine this question. The Authors also conceptually explore how the answer to this question can enhance the development of intervention and prevention strategies for adolescents with a bipolar spectrum condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic transcript data were obtained for 120 college students who had either a bipolar spectrum disorder (N=54) or no major psychopathology (N=66).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bipolar spectrum individuals obtained a lower cumulative grade point average (GPA, t=-2.9, P=0.005) and dropped more classes (t=2.1, P=or<0.04) than normal controls. The findings also have relevance to the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation theory of bipolar disorder, as well as research on impulsivity among bipolar individuals. Specifically, follow-up analyses revealed that bipolar individuals exhibiting a combination of high BAS drive and low impulsivity earned higher GPAs than the remaining bipolar individuals. Thus, high BAS sensitivity, when paired with low impulsivity, may not be impairing and may contribute to the high achievement sometimes observed among bipolar individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such information is important for the development of prevention and intervention programs designed adolescents that lower risk for bipolar impairment without decreasing achievement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. nusslock@gmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nusslock
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Alloy
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Harmon-Jones
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hogan
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000209:etiology*; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013334:Students; D013694:Temperament; D014495:Universities; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology