title: CT scanning for diagnosing blunt ureteral and ureteropelvic junction injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blunt ureteral and ureteropelvic (UPJ) injuries are extremely rare and very difficult to diagnose. Many of these injuries are missed by the initial trauma evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trauma registry data was used to identify all blunt trauma patients with ureteral or UPJ injuries, from 1 April 2001 to 30 November 2006. Demographics, injury information and outcomes were determined. Chart review was then performed to record initial clinical and all CT findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients had ureteral or UPJ injuries. Subtle findings such as perinephric stranding and hematomas, and low density retroperitoneal fluid were evident on all initial scans, and prompted delayed excretory scans in 7/8 cases. As a result, ureteral and UPJ injuries were diagnosed immediately for these seven patients. These findings were initially missed in the eighth patient because significant associated visceral findings mandated emergency laparotomy. All ureteral and UPJ injuries have completely healed except for the case with the delay in diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most blunt ureteral and UPJ injuries can be identified if delayed excretory CT scans are performed based on initial CT findings of perinephric stranding and hematomas, or the finding of low density retroperitoneal fluid.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Program and Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada. sarah.ortega@sunnybrook.ca
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Fernado S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Netto
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Homer C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*