title: Rhein reverses the diabetic phenotype of mesangial cells over-expressing the glucose transporter (GLUT1) by inhibiting the hexosamine pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rhein, an anthraquinone compound isolated from rhubarb, has been proved effective in treatment of experimental diabetic nephropathy (DN). To explore the mechanism of its therapeutic effect on DN, rhein was tested for its effect on the hexosamine pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of rhein on cellular hypertrophy, fibronectin synthesis, glucose uptake, glutamine: fructose 6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) activity, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) level and TGF-beta1 and p21 expression was evaluated in MCGT1 cells, a GLUT1 transgenic rat mesangial cell line. GFAT activity in normal rat mesangial cells in high glucose concentrations and in vitro was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly increased fibronectin synthesis, cellular hypertrophy, much higher GFAT activity and UDP-GlcNAc level and increased TGF-beta1 and p21 expression were found in MCGT1 cells cultured in normal glucose concentration. Rhein treatment decreased all these features of MCGT1 cells but did not exert a direct effect on GFAT enzymatic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was over-activity of the hexosamine pathway in MCGT1 cells, which may explain the higher expression of TGF-beta1 and p21, the cellular hypertrophy and the increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the cells. By inhibiting the increased activity the hexosamine pathway, rhein decreased TGF-beta1 and p21 expression and thus contributed to the decreased cellular hypertrophy and ECM synthesis. Inhibition of the hexosamine pathway may be one of the mechanism through which rhein exerts its therapeutic role in diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Nephrology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: L-S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Z-H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006595:Hexosamines / Q000378:metabolism; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D050527:Mesangial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D006595:Hexosamines; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C020491:rhein