title: Long-term sodium chloride retention in a rural watershed: legacy effects of road salt on streamwater concentration.
abstract: Sodium and chloride concentrations and export increased from 1986 to 2005 in a rural stream in southeastern New York. Concentrations increased 1.5 mg/L per year (chloride) and 0.9 mg/L per year (sodium), and export increased 33,000 kg/year (chloride) and 20,000 kg/year (sodium) during this period. We estimate that salt used for deicing accounted for 91% of the sodium chloride input to the watershed, while sewage and water softeners accounted for less than 10% of the input. Road salt use in the watershed did not increase during the study, but sodium and chloride from sewage and water softeners is likely to have increased slightly due to a small increase in population. Increased input from sewage and water softeners cannot account for the increase in concentration and export from the watershed. Model results suggest that the increase in streamwater concentration and export was likely due to a lag effect of long-term road salt use and subsurface buildup.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York 12545, and Dutchess County Environmental Management Council, Millbrook, New York 12545, USA. kellyv@ecostudies.org
authors.forename: Victoria R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lovett
authors.forename: Kathleen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Weathers
authors.forename: Stuart E G
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Strayer
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Gene E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Likens
mesh_terms: D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009518:New York; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D054712:Salinity; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012964:Sodium