title: Methamphetamine inhibits antigen processing, presentation, and phagocytosis.
abstract: Methamphetamine (Meth) is abused by over 35 million people worldwide. Chronic Meth abuse may be particularly devastating in individuals who engage in unprotected sex with multiple partners because it is associated with a 2-fold higher risk for obtaining HIV and associated secondary infections. We report the first specific evidence that Meth at pharmacological concentrations exerts a direct immunosuppressive effect on dendritic cells and macrophages. As a weak base, Meth collapses the pH gradient across acidic organelles, including lysosomes and associated autophagic organelles. This in turn inhibits receptor-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-coated particles, MHC class II antigen processing by the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, and antigen presentation to splenic T cells by dendritic cells. More importantly Meth facilitates intracellular replication and inhibits intracellular killing of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, two major AIDS-related pathogens. Meth exerts previously unreported direct immunosuppressive effects that contribute to increased risk of infection and exacerbate AIDS pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tallóczy
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Joset
authors.forename: Yonaton
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gácser
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toussi
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mizushima
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nosanchuk
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nosanchuk
authors.forename: Harris
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loike
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sulzer
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santambrogio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000276:immunology; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine; D002738:Chloroquine