title: Nephrotic state as a risk factor for developing posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in paediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a distinctive and potentially serious complication of the nephrotic syndrome. The objective of the present study is to characterize the factors predisposing the development of PRES in paediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated paediatric patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome who developed PRES between 1999 and 2005 in our institution. Patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and those with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome that were proven to be idiopathic were eligible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, seven patients ranging in age from 1.5 to 15.1 years old were analysed. At the onset of PRES, six of the seven patients were in a nephrotic state. Various degrees of acute renal insufficiency were shown in four patients. The re-administration of cyclosporine after the episodes of PRES was carried out in four patients. During the observation for 17-51 months after the re-administration, the recurrence of PRES did not develop in these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of PRES occurred at the time of moderate to severe nephrotic state in most of our paediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome. Besides the administration of cyclosporine and having hypertension, there appear to be several additive factors predisposing the development of PRES in these patients, namely low serum albumin level, generalized oedema, increase in vascular permeability, unstable fluid status and renal insufficiency. The re-administration of cyclosporine to those patients with anamnesis of PRES may be considered after the management and close monitoring of these factors as well as hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Metropolitan Kiyose Children's Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. kenzo@ii.e-mansion.com
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikura
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamasaki
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hataya
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Ryugo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hiramoto
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honda
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications; D000293:Adolescent; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003898:Desonide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004487:Edema / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D054038:Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D012709:Serum Albumin; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003898:Desonide