title: Fast sleep spindle (13-15 hz) activity correlates with sleep-dependent improvement in visuomotor performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between memory enhancement and fast (13-16 Hz) versus slow (10-13 Hz) spindle activity during sleep was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard polysomnographic recordings were conducted during an adaptation, control nonlearning, and learning night. Automatic spindle detection and measurement was utilized with visual confirmation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants slept in individual, temperature-controlled bedrooms in a sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy student volunteers (9 women and 3 men, mean age: 22.3 years) participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the learning night, participants completed a presleep learning session on a modified version of mirror-tracing task followed by a postsleep test session. No learning or test sessions were performed on the adaptation and nonlearning nights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tracing time was reduced by 6.4 seconds (20.6% +/- 2.07%) from the presleep to the postsleep session. Mean amplitude and duration of fast spindles was greater on the learning night than on the nonlearning night (both P values < 0.05). Skill improvement and fast-spindle activity were positively correlated (density [r = 0.76, P < 0.01], amplitude [r = 0.69, P < 0.05], and duration [r = 0.67, P <0.05]). Significant correlations between fast-spindle activity and mirror-tracing performance were also evident for the nonlearning night. There was no significant relationship between mirror-tracing performance and slow-spindle activity on any night.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thalamocortical network underlying fast-spindle generation may contribute to or reflect plasticity during sleep.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan.
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nittono
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors