title: The heavy metal cadmium induces valosin-containing protein (VCP)-mediated aggresome formation.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd2+) is a heavy metal ion known to have a long biological half-life in humans. Accumulating evidence shows that exposure to Cd2+ is associated with neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the retention of ubiquitinated and misfolded proteins in the lesions. Here, we report that Cd2+ directly induces the formation of protein inclusion bodies in cells. The protein inclusion body is an aggresome, a major organelle for collecting ubiquitinated or misfolded proteins. Our results show that aggresomes are enriched in the detergent-insoluble fraction of Cd2+-treated cell lysates. Proteomic analysis identified 145 proteins in the aggresome-enriched fractions. One of the proteins is the highly conserved valosin-containing protein (VCP), which has been shown to colocalize with aggresomes and bind ubiquitinated proteins through its N domain (#1-200). Our subsequent examination of VCP's role in the formation of aggresomes induced by Cd2+ indicates that the C-terminal tail (#780-806) of VCP interacts with histone deacetylase HDAC6, a mediator for aggresome formation, suggesting that VCP participates in transporting ubiquitinated proteins to aggresomes. This function of VCP is impaired by inhibition of the deacetylase activity of HDAC6 or by over-expression of VCP mutants that do not bind ubiquitinated proteins or HDAC6. Our results indicate that Cd2+ induces the formation of protein inclusion bodies by promoting the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in aggresomes through VCP and HDAC6. Our delineation of the role of VCP in regulating cell responses to ubiquitinated proteins has important implications for understanding Cd2+ toxicity and associated diseases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. songc@ncifcrf.gov <songc@ncifcrf.gov>
authors.forename: Changcheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.forename: Chou-Chi H
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lockett
authors.forename: Ren-Ming
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Conrads
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Veenstra
authors.forename: Nancy H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Colburn
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ji Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000073864:Histone Deacetylase 6; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D002479:Inclusion Bodies / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D017510:Protein Folding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074405:Valosin Containing Protein
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D002104:Cadmium; C433811:HDAC6 protein, human; D000073864:Histone Deacetylase 6; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C000614178:VCP protein, human; D000074405:Valosin Containing Protein