title: [The microanatomic study of the endoscope-assisted far-lateral retro-condylar approach to the jugular foramen region].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the possibility of far-lateral retro-condylar approach in an attempt to apply endoscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  For anatomical information, the microneurosurgical anatomical dissection, observation and measurement had been performed under microscope and endoscope by mimicking the far-lateral retro-condylar approach on 10 adult cadaver heads and 10 adult dry skulls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The complex relationship exists between the osseous jugular foramen and its adjacent structures. The exposed anatomic structures of jugular foramen region were observed under microscope and endoscope without drilling occipital condyle and jugular tubercle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the technology of modern microsurgery and endoscope, several diseases in jugular foramen region can be operated via far-lateral retro-condylar approach without drilling occipital condyle and jugular tubercle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. pengzhiqiang@163.com
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Dachuang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wanxin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Guangyong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*