title: Noninvasive optical imaging of staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection in living mice using a Bis-dipicolylamine-Zinc(II) affinity group conjugated to a near-infrared fluorophore.
abstract: Optical imaging of bacterial infection in living animals is usually conducted with genetic reporters such as light-emitting enzymes or fluorescent proteins. However, there are many circumstances where genetic reporters are not applicable, and there is a need for exogenous synthetic probes that can selectively target bacteria. The focus of this study is a fluorescent imaging probe that is composed of a bacterial affinity group conjugated to a near-infrared dye. The affinity group is a synthetic zinc (II) coordination complex that targets the anionic surfaces of bacterial cells. The probe allows detection of Staphylococcus aureus infection (5 x 10 (7) cells) in a mouse leg infection model using whole animal near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Region of interest analysis showed that the signal ratio for infected leg to uninfected leg reaches 3.9 +/- 0.5 at 21 h postinjection of the probe. Ex vivo imaging of the organs produced a signal ratio of 8 for infected to uninfected leg. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that the probe targeted the bacterial cells in the infected tissue. Optimization of the imaging filter set lowered the background signal due to autofluorescence and substantially improved imaging contrast. The study shows that near-infrared molecular probes are amenable to noninvasive optical imaging of localized S. aureus infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Walther Cancer Research Center, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: W Matthew
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Leevy
authors.forename: Seth T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lampkins
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piwnica-Worms
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Suckow
authors.forename: Bradley D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000345:Affinity Labels; D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000345:Affinity Labels; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010848:Picolinic Acids; C529174:bis-dipicolylamine-Zinc(II)