title: Ametropia, preschoolers' cognitive abilities, and effects of spectacle correction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine cognitive abilities of low-income preschoolers with uncorrected ametropia and effects of spectacle correction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline and 6-week data from a longitudinal controlled study were analyzed. Subjects were 70 preschoolers (mean age, 4.6 years; 60.0% were female; and 85.7% were Latino), including 35 children with previously uncorrected ametropia and 35 emmetropic control subjects. Ametropia was defined as bilateral hyperopia of 4.00 diopters (D) or more in children aged 3 to 5 years, astigmatism of 2.00 D or more in children aged 3 years and 1.50 D or more in children aged 4 and 5 years, or a combination of both. Emmetropia was defined as 2.00 sphere diopters or less and 1.00 cylinder diopter or less in both eyes. Ametropes were assessed before and 6 weeks after correction and compared with control subjects. Primary and secondary outcome measures were Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised scores, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, uncorrected ametropes scored significantly lower on the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (P = .005) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised performance scale (P = .01). After 6 weeks of correction, the ametropic group significantly improved on the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration compared with emmetropic control subjects (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preschoolers with uncorrected ametropia had significant reduction in visual-motor function. Wearing spectacles for 6 weeks improved Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration scores to emmetropic levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0946, USA.
authors.forename: Anne-Catherine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Roch-Levecq
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Stuart I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011203:Poverty; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*