title: Racial disparity in amniotic fluid concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and soluble TNF receptors in spontaneous preterm birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preterm birth rate in the United States is higher in blacks than whites. It has been hypothesized that a differential inflammatory response may explain this disparity. The objective of this study is to examine the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and soluble TNF receptor concentrations (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) in the amniotic fluid of black and white women at delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amniotic fluid samples were collected during active labor from 158 cases (preterm births, gestational age 22(0/7) weeks to 36(0/7) weeks, 52 black and 106 white) and 175 controls (term births, gestational age 37(0/7) weeks to 42(0/7) weeks, 87 black and 88 white) at Centennial Women's Hospital, Nashville, TN. Amniotic fluid TNF-alpha, sTNFR1, and sTNFR2 concentrations and the molar ratios of TNF-alpha to its receptors were compared between cases and controls within each racial group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median TNF-alpha concentration was associated with preterm birth when whites and blacks were analyzed together, with cases having higher values (191.5 pg/mL) than controls (68.9 pg/mL; P < .001). There were no significant associations with sTNFR1 or sTNFR2 concentrations between cases (2409.4 and 2934.3 pg/mL, respectively) and controls (2759.9 and 3084.1 pg/mL, respectively) when the racial groups were analyzed together (P = .08, P = .4, respectively). Black cases associated with higher TNF-alpha concentrations (1287.0 pg/mL in cases and 67.3 pg/mL in controls; P < .001). In whites there was no association between TNF-alpha and preterm birth (P = .3). The molar ratio of TNF-alpha/total sTNFR (R1 plus R2) associated with higher TNF-alpha in black cases, compared with black controls (P < .001). There was no significant association between white cases and controls for ligand receptor ratios (P = .3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TNF-alpha/sTNFR profile in pregnancy differs between racial groups, suggesting a difference in bioavailability of TNF-alpha. The larger molar ratio of TNF-alpha/sTNFR in black cases may be indicative of a TNF-alpha mediated pathological process of preterm birth in blacks but not in whites.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Research Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
authors.forename: Ramkumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: Poul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thorsen
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacobsson
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fortunato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D012995:Solubility; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha