title: Inverse correlation between heart rate recovery and metabolic risks in healthy children and adolescents: insight from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart rate recovery (HRR) is a marker for survival. Little is known about the association between HRR and metabolic risks in healthy children or adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 993 healthy children and adolescents aged 12-19 years with reliable measures of cardiovascular fitness from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. HRR parameters 1-3 min after exercise were calculated from exercise test results. Anthropometric and metabolic risk factors as well as metabolic Z score were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HRR parameters were inversely correlated with most of the metabolic risks, including waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum triglycerides, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and were positively correlated with serum HDL levels. In multiple linear regression analysis, among the metabolic risks, waist circumference was the only parameter associated with HRR parameters (P = 0.038, 0.001, and 0.001 for 1-, 2-, and 3-min HRR, respectively) in boys. In girls, waist circumference (P = 0.001 and <0.001 for 2- and 3-min HRR, respectively), SBP (P = 0.029 for 1-min HRR), serum glucose (P = 0.021 for 2-min HRR), and serum CRP (P = 0.007 for 2-min HRR) levels were the most important determinants of HRR parameters. The adjusted 1-min HRR did not change across four quartiles of metabolic Z score, while the adjusted 3-min HRR decreased significantly with four quartiles of metabolic Z score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic risks are inversely associated with HRR in healthy children and adolescents. Our finding suggests that there is a link between metabolic risks and autonomic nervous system functions in healthy young ages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lian-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hsu-Ko
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Ling-Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jiunn-Lee
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chuen-Den
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Juey-Jen
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein