title: Evidence-based recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis: systematic literature search of the 3E Initiative in Rheumatology involving a broad panel of experts and practising rheumatologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recommendations and/or guidelines represent a popular way of integrating evidence-based medicine into clinical practice. The 3E Initiatives is a multi-national effort to develop recommendations for the management of rheumatic diseases, which involves a large number of experts combined with practising rheumatologists addressing specific questions relevant to clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten countries participated in three rounds of discussions and votes concerning the management of AS. A set of nine questions was formulated in the domains of diagnosis, monitoring and treatment, after a Delphi procedure. A literature search in MedLine was conducted. Predefined outcome parameters for the domains of diagnosis, monitoring and treatment were assessed. The evidence to support each proposition was evaluated and scored. After discussion and votes, the final recommendations were presented using brief statements by each national group, following which the final international recommendations were formulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2699 papers were found and 467 were selected for analysis. Twelve key recommendations were developed: three in the domain of diagnosis addressing general diagnostic considerations, early AS diagnosis and general practitioners' referral recommendations; three concerning monitoring of AS disease activity, severity and prognosis; six concerning pharmacological treatment (except biologics): non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/COX-II inhibitors, bisphosphonates and treatment of enthesitis. The compiled agreement among experts ranged from 72% to 93%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations for the management of AS were developed using an evidence-based approach followed by expert/physician consensus with high level of agreement. Involvement of a larger and more representative group of rheumatologists may improve their dissemination and implementation in daily clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Crete, Medical School, Voutes 71500, Heraklion, Greece. sidiropp@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Sidiropoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hatemi
authors.forename: I-H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avouac
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Collantes
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hamuryudan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herold
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kvien
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mielants
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Olivieri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schachna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sieper
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Boumpas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dougados
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors