title: Delayed celiotomy or laparoscopy as part of the nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonoperative management (NOM) is considered standard treatment for 80% of blunt hepatic trauma (BHT). NOM is associated with some events that may require delayed operation (DO), usually considered a criterion of failure of NOM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case note review was performed on 257 consecutive patients with BHT, with a median age of 32.7 years, admitted from 1994 to 2005. We considered the 186 patients (72%) who had an initial indication of NOM, and focused on the 28 patients who were secondarily operated (DO), mainly on the 22 patients operated on for liver-related indications. Celioscopy was used in five cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The severity grade of these 22 patients was: zero grade I, seven grade II, ten grade III, four grade IV, one grade V. The timing of DO varied from day 0 to day 11. Ten patients were operated on for a peritoneal inflammatory syndrome. Death occurred in three patients at days 2, 10, and 125. One was attributed to underestimation of hepatic necrosis, another to a nondiagnosed peritoneal inflammatory syndrome; 27, 3% of the patients had liver-related complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that BHT treated by NOM must be frequently reevaluated and that DO is an actual part of the so-called nonoperative treatment. The use of laparoscopic washing has to be proposed as soon as day 3 or 5 in patients with large hemoperitoneum and any sign of inflammatory response (fever, leukocytosis, discomfort, tachycardia).
authors.affiliation: Departement de chirurgie digestive et de l'urgence, Hopital Michallon, BP 217, 38043, Grenoble, cedex, France. CLetoublon@chu-grenoble.fr
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Letoublon
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arvieux
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Voirin
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Morra
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Broux
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Risse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007813:Laparotomy; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D010533:Peritoneal Lavage; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy