title: Cerebral cortical arteriolar angiopathy, vascular beta-amyloid, smooth muscle actin, Braak stage, and APOE genotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the associations among the vascular beta-amyloid levels, smooth muscle actin, wall thickness, and lumen diameter to achieve greater understanding of the arteriolar changes that accompany Alzheimer disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Post-mortem pathology brain specimens from 76 patients with AD and 19 non-AD age control subjects were studied. We analyzed arterioles of the frontal cortex (Brodmann area 10) by immunohistochemistry and morphometry, and derived measures of vascular beta-amyloid level, smooth muscle actin (SMA) volume, and arteriolar wall thickness and lumen diameter. APOE genotype was determined for each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there was a striking reciprocal relationship between arteriolar beta-amyloid volume and smooth muscle actin (P<0.0001). In addition, there was a strong positive association between progressively accumulating vascular beta-amyloid and augmentations in both wall thickness (P<0.0001) and lumen width (P<0.0001). In comparison with non-AD control subjects, smooth muscle actin was decreased in patients clinically diagnosed with AD and was reduced >10-fold in cases with AD pathology (Braak I to VI) compared with those lacking AD neuropathology. Significantly altered composition and structure of cortical vessels in pre-Braak stages corroborated our hypothesis that arterioles are devastated early in the AD pathological process. Smooth muscle actin, arteriolar wall thickness, and luminal diameter did not vary with Braak stage severity (P>0.05), indicating that substantial arteriolar damage may precede at least some of the interstitial plaques and neuronal tangles. Moreover, the structural and biochemical arteriolar abnormalities did not vary as a function of APOE genotype (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We postulate that in elderly patients, the continually progressing beta-amyloid-associated angiopathy, at the arteriolar level, harms the contractile apparatus and cerebral blood flow autoregulation, thereby making the downstream capillaries vulnerable to damage. Collectively, our observations lend further support to the idea that microvascular damage has a role, perhaps relatively early, in the onset of major AD pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Stopa
authors.forename: Parag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Butala
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salloway
authors.forename: Conrad E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Johanson
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hovanesian
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hulette
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vitek
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D001160:Arterioles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D001057:Apolipoproteins E