title: Natural killer cells in peripheral blood and lung tissue are associated with chronic rejection after lung transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural killer (NK) cells have the capacity to recognize and respond to alloantigen, yet their role in lung transplant rejection is not well defined. The aim of this study was to correlate NK cell numbers and immunophenotype in peripheral blood and tissue with graft function after lung transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  NK cell subsets were immunophenotyped in peripheral blood (n = 41). Lung tissue was stained for NK cells via CD16 and morphologic assessment (n = 30).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peripheral blood NK cells were activated in patients with chronic rejection, but the overall number of cells was lower in these patients when compared with stable patients. Furthermore, there was significantly more CD16(+) NK cells in the lung compartment of patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome compared with stable patients (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with chronic rejection, peripheral blood NK cells are activated but their numbers decrease, while the number of NK cells in the lungs increases. This suggests NK cells systemically activate and migrate to the lung during the progression of chronic rejection after lung transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Transplant Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK. james.fildes@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fildes
authors.forename: Nizar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yonan
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tunstall
authors.forename: Antony H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Griffiths-Davies
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Colm T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Leonard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014181:Transplantation Immunology; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers