title: Optimized dosage and frequency of cefozopran for patients with febrile neutropenia based on population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a cefozopran (a fourth-generation cephem) population pharmacokinetic model using patient data and use it to explore alternative dosage regimens that could optimize the currently used dosing regimen to achieve higher likelihood of pharmacodynamic exposure against pathogenic bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective clinical trial of cefozopran for haematological patients with febrile neutropenia (FN). Twenty-two patients (30 episodes) were selected to receive intravenous cefozopran every 8 h on a daily basis. We gathered concentration data and performed the NONMEM program. The Monte Carlo simulation was performed to assess the pharmacodynamic exposure based on the population pharmacokinetics and MIC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NONMEM program demonstrated that a two-compartment model provided a best fit for the data, that is, CL of 4.62 (L/h), V1 of 10.3 (L), Q of 4.47 (L/h), and V2 of 4.48 (L). On the basis of the Japanese national surveillance findings for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, viridans group streptococci, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Monte Carlo simulation data showed that probability of target attainment(T>MIC = 70%) is 67% to 97% for dosing every 8 h, and 48% to 88% for dosing every 12 h. For the patients in whom the efficacy of cefozopran could be evaluated, 17 of 22 patients (77.2%) survived the episode of FN without requiring further antibacterial treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study proved that Monte Carlo simulation based on population pharmacokinetics can determine optimized dosage and method. The optimal regimen for this cephem was found to be three times daily.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology and Oncology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan. nomuken@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Norifumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: Kazuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikawa
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Kazuho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimura
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanbayashi
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komori
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Naohisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shimazaki
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taniwaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D000097586:Cefozopran
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D000097586:Cefozopran