title: Administration of milrinone before ischemia, in the presence of beta-blockade, to treat metabolic impairment and myocardial stunning in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined effects of phosphodiesterase type III inhibition on regional myocardial metabolism and global left ventricular function, during ischemia, in the presence of beta-blockade.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three pigs were randomized and studied to completion in four groups: C, did not receive drugs; M, received 50 microg/kg milrinone; E, received esmolol (150 microg/kg/min); E+M, received both. The left anterior descending artery (LADa) was then occluded for 15 min, followed by a 60-min reperfusion. Left ventricular (LV) function data obtained included LV pressures, cardiac output (CO), slope of end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (Emax), and dP/dT. Blood lactate concentrations were obtained from the aorta, LADa, and vein at baseline, end of occlusion, and during early (5 min) and late (1 h) reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During ischemia, occlusion produced significant depression in LV dP/dT, Emax and concomitant elevation of LVEDP that persisted over early reperfusion in groups not treated with milrinone. After ischemia, measurements of CO were higher, with lower LVEDP and SVR; LV dP/dT and the Emax were higher, with lower LVEDP in the E+M group vs. the E group. Ischemic region lactate extraction during ischemia was better with E group vs. C group. Esmolol without or with milrinone was associated with nonsignificant lactate ischemic production during early reperfusion from baseline values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that the pre-emptive administration of milrinone before ischemia was associated with less ischemic hemodynamic effects, without worsening the ischemic metabolic process. The combination E+M diminished ischemic metabolic impairment, and preserved left ventricular function and baseline hemodynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA. Asidi@anest.ufl.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sidi
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Muehlschlegel
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Lobato
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000150:complications*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D020105:Milrinone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D011412:Propanolamines; D019344:Lactic Acid; D020105:Milrinone; C036604:esmolol