title: Msx1 and Msx2 are functional interacting partners of T-box factors in the regulation of Connexin43.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  T-box factors Tbx2 and Tbx3 play key roles in the development of the cardiac conduction system, atrioventricular canal, and outflow tract of the heart. They regulate the gap-junction-encoding gene Connexin43 (Cx43) and other genes critical for heart development and function. Discovering protein partners of Tbx2 and Tbx3 will shed light on the mechanisms by which these factors regulate these gene programs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Employing an yeast 2-hybrid screen and subsequent in vitro pull-down experiments we demonstrate that muscle segment homeobox genes Msx1 and Msx2 are able to bind the cardiac T-box proteins Tbx2, Tbx3, and Tbx5. This interaction, as that of the related Nkx2.5 protein, is supported by the T-box and homeodomain alone. Overlapping spatiotemporal expression patterns of Msx1 and Msx2 together with the T-box genes during cardiac development in mouse and chicken underscore the biological significance of this interaction. We demonstrate that Msx proteins together with Tbx2 and Tbx3 suppress Cx43 promoter activity and down regulate Cx43 gene activity in a rat heart-derived cell line. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis we demonstrate that Msx1 can bind the Cx43 promoter at a conserved binding site located in close proximity to a previously defined T-box binding site, and that the activity of Msx proteins on this promoter appears dependent in the presence of Tbx3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Msx1 and Msx2 can function in concert with the T-box proteins to suppress Cx43 and other working myocardial genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Heart Failure Research Centre, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kees-Jan
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Boogerd
authors.forename: L Y Elaine
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Christoffels
authors.forename: Meinke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klarenbeek
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ruijter
authors.forename: Antoon F M
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Moorman
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barnett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002642:Chick Embryo; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; C084119:MSX2 protein; C484084:Msx1 protein, mouse; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C097348:T-Box Domain Protein 2; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C103172:T-box transcription factor 5; C491460:Tbx3 protein, mouse