title: Alarm criteria for motor-evoked potentials: what's wrong with the "presence-or-absence" approach?
abstract: METHODS
  Combined prospective and retrospective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate 2 published criteria for interpreting motor-evoked potentials (MEP) in response to repetitive transcranial electrical stimulation (rTES) during surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is controversy regarding how to interpret MEPs elicited by rTES. Many centers warn the surgical team only if the MEP is lost entirely ("Presence-or-Absence" method). Alternatively, we monitor the stimulus energy needed to elicit a minimal evoked EMG response; significant increases in this energy reflect impending motor tract injury and serve as the basis for warning the surgical team ("Threshold-Level" method).
  
  
  METHODS
  We documented target muscle thresholds for rTES throughout each subject's surgical procedure. The time (in hours) between intraoperative threshold change and (a) complete loss of response or (b) until the end of the surgical procedure was determined. Short-term postoperative motor status was documented by either direct physical examination or by chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 903 subjects, from whom intraoperative rTES-evoked responses could be elicited in 859 subjects. Of these, 93 subjects sustained intraoperative damage to central motor pathways. Significant increases in target muscle thresholds were often noted many minutes, and sometimes hours before complete signal loss. In other cases, thresholds increased significantly without ever losing the muscle response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Threshold-Level method is highly sensitive and specific to deterioration in central motor function, and provides early warning of such an event. Conversely, in some cases the Presence-or-Absence method may fail to detect episodes of partial loss, and in other cases typically introduces a delay between the times when motor dysfunction begins to occur and when the response is lost (at which time an alarm is triggered). We conclude that use of the Presence-or-Absence alarm criteria for interpreting MEPs during surgery is often incompatible with the requirement for accurate and early warning of impending injury to central motor pathways, and should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA. calancib@upstate.edu
authors.forename: Blair
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Calancie
authors.forename: Maria R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Molano
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation*; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors