title: The internal-brooding apparatus in the bryozoan genus Cauloramphus (Cheilostomata: Calloporidae) and its inferred homology to ovicells.
abstract: We studied by SEM the external morphology of the ooecium in eight bryozoans of the genus Cauloramphus (Cheilostomata, Calloporidae): C. spinifer, C. variegatus, C. magnus, C. multiavicularia, C. tortilis, C. cryptoarmatus, C. niger, and C. multispinosus, and by sectioning and light microscopy the anatomy of the brooding apparatus of C. spinifer, C. cryptoarmatus, and C. niger. These species all have a brood sac, formed by invagination of the non-calcified distal body wall of the maternal zooid, located in the distal half of the maternal (egg-producing) autozooid, and a vestigial, maternally budded kenozooidal ooecium. The brood sac comprises a main chamber and a long passage (neck) opening externally independently of the introvert. The non-calcified portion of the maternal distal wall between the neck and tip of the zooidal operculum is involved in closing and opening the brood sac, and contains both musculature and a reduced sclerite that suggest homology with the ooecial vesicle of a hyperstomial ovicell. We interpret the brooding apparatus in Cauloramphus as a highly modified form of cheilostome hyperstomial ovicell, as both types share 1) a brood chamber bounded by 2) the ooecium and 3) a component of the distal wall of the maternal zooid. We discuss Cauloramphus as a hypothetical penultimate stage in ovicell reduction in calloporid bryozoans. We suggest that the internal-brooding genus Gontarella, of uncertain taxonomic affinities, is actually a calloporid and represents the ultimate stage in which no trace of the ooecium remains. Internal brooding apparently evolved several times independently within the Calloporidae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology & Soil Science, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Ostrovsky
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Shunsuke F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Mawatari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002013:Bryozoa / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity