title: Perinatal and maternal risk factors for autism spectrum disorders in New South Wales, Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was commenced in 1999 with the aim of examining risk factors for autism using established population-based data for comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were ascertained using active surveillance and compared with birth data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four risk factors were found to be significantly associated with autism using binary logistic regression analysis; being male [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 4.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-7.0], being born prematurely (adjusted OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5-3.5), having maternal age >/=35 years (adjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.4) and having a mother born outside Australia (adjusted OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.9). For analysis completed for pregnancies, rather than live births, multiple birth was also a significant risk factor for one or more children of the pregnancy to be affected by autism (adjusted OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.5). There was a statistically significant trend towards increasing risk with increasing risk factor 'dose' for gestational age (P = 0.019), multiple birth (P = 0.016) and maternal age (P < 0.001). For mother's country of birth the group with the highest risk were children of mother's born in south-east or north-east Asia. There was a non-significant trend towards a higher proportion of children with developmental disability having risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Replication of risk factors from previous studies and a significant risk factor 'dose' effect add to growing evidence that maternal and perinatal factors are low magnitude risk factors for autism. The association between developmental disability and autism risk factors warrants further examination.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia. katrina.williams@sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helmer
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Peat
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mellis
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors