title: Puberty in modernizing Kazakhstan: a comparison of rural and urban children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data on puberty development are available for several countries but not for Central Asia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using data collected during the Kazakhstan Health and Nutrition Survey (KHA-ES), we evaluated the relationship between the living environment (rural vs. urban), ethnicity (Russians vs. Kazakhs) and pubertal status in children living in Kazakhstan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genital (G1-G5), breast (B1-B5) and pubic hair (PH1-PH5) development were evaluated in a sample of 2389 boys and 2416 girls using Tanner's criteria. Age at menarche was evaluated using the 'status quo' and 'recall' methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rural children were older than urban children at stages > or =G2 for males and > or =B2 for females, and this difference was more evident for Russian males. Differences levelled out at later stages of development in Kazakh males and in the pooled girls. The living environment was slightly but significantly associated with median age at menarche (12.89 years for urban Kazakhs to 13.43 years for rural Kazakhs). Male and female Kazakhs were older than Russians at stages 4 and 5, especially in the urban area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A relationship between pubertal status and the living environment was present in a rapidly modernizing country such as Kazakhstan.
authors.affiliation: Anthropology Unit, Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. fiorenzo.fachini@unibo.it
authors.forename: Fiorenzo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Facchini
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiori
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedogni
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galletti
authors.forename: Orazak
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ismagulov
authors.forename: Ainagul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ismagulova
authors.forename: Turegeldy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharmanov
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsoy
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Belcastro
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizzoli
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan; D008297:Male; D008572:Menarche; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011627:Puberty / Q000208:ethnology*; D012424:Rural Population / Q000639:trends*; D012426:Russia; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012922:Social Change; D013997:Time Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000639:trends*