title: NetB, a new toxin that is associated with avian necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens.
abstract: For over 30 years a phospholipase C enzyme called alpha-toxin was thought to be the key virulence factor in necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens. However, using a gene knockout mutant we have recently shown that alpha-toxin is not essential for pathogenesis. We have now discovered a key virulence determinant. A novel toxin (NetB) was identified in a C. perfringens strain isolated from a chicken suffering from necrotic enteritis (NE). The toxin displayed limited amino acid sequence similarity to several pore forming toxins including beta-toxin from C. perfringens (38% identity) and alpha-toxin from Staphylococcus aureus (31% identity). NetB was only identified in C. perfringens type A strains isolated from chickens suffering NE. Both purified native NetB and recombinant NetB displayed cytotoxic activity against the chicken leghorn male hepatoma cell line LMH; inducing cell rounding and lysis. To determine the role of NetB in NE a netB mutant of a virulent C. perfringens chicken isolate was constructed by homologous recombination, and its virulence assessed in a chicken disease model. The netB mutant was unable to cause disease whereas the wild-type parent strain and the netB mutant complemented with a wild-type netB gene caused significant levels of NE. These data show unequivocally that in this isolate a functional NetB toxin is critical for the ability of C. perfringens to cause NE in chickens. This novel toxin is the first definitive virulence factor to be identified in avian C. perfringens strains capable of causing NE. Furthermore, the netB mutant is the first rationally attenuated strain obtained in an NE-causing isolate of C. perfringens; as such it has considerable vaccine potential.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Keyburn
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.forename: Trudi L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bannam
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Dane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Rubbo
authors.forename: Julian I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rood
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004751:Enteritis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; C035598:enterotoxin, Clostridium