title: High frequency of hypermethylation of p14, p15 and p16 in oral pre-cancerous lesions associated with betel-quid chewing in Sri Lanka.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral squamous cell carcinoma and the most common oral pre-malignancies appear to be related to the habit of betel-quid chewing in Sri Lanka. Although hypermethylation of the tumour suppressor genes in oral cancer have been well documented, little information has been available concerning hypermethylation in oral pre-cancerous lesions. In the present study, we investigated the hypermethylation of p14, p15 and p16 in pre-cancerous lesions including epithelial dysplasia and submucous fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All samples were obtained from patients with a betel-quid chewing habit in Sri Lanka. Sixty-four patients were clinically diagnosed with leukoplakia, and histopathologically diagnosed with mild or severe dysplasia. Ten patients were diagnosed with submucous fibrosis without epithelial dysplasia. CpG island hypermethylation was assessed by a methylation-specific PCR method. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti-p53 antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high frequency of hypermethylation of p14, p15 and p16 was detected in the pre-cancerous lesions, although no hypermethylation was found in normal epithelium. The frequency of hypermethylation was higher than that of positive staining for p53 mutation except in the case of p16 in mild dysplasia. No significant correlation was observed between p53-positive reactions and hypermethylation in any lesions. The hypermethylation was highly detectable even in p53-negative lesions, suggesting that hypermethylation of p14, p15 and p16 occur regardless of whether the lesions have p53 mutations or not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that hypermethylation may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral pre-cancerous lesions associated with betel-quid chewing in Sri Lanka.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, School of Dentistry, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeshima
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kusano
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagayasu
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurashige
authors.forename: Muthumala
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malsantha
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: Taishin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takuma
authors.forename: Itsuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaku
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abiko
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 / Q000235:genetics*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D003596:Cytosine / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D019942:Genes, p16; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D013188:Sri Lanka; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF / Q000235:genetics*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics; D014498:Uracil / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D014498:Uracil; D003596:Cytosine