title: Crying behaviour in early infancy is associated with developmental outcome at two years of age in very low birth weight infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between infant fussing and crying and developmental outcome in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hundred and seventeen VLBW infants were followed up to 24 months of corrected age. The duration of fussing and crying and frequency of fuss/cry bouts were measured at term 6 weeks and 5 months of corrected age. Cognitive and motor development was assessed at 24 months of corrected age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increased duration of combined fuss/cry at term associated with lower psychomotor developmental index (PDI), [regression coefficient (b)=-0.83, p=0.025]. Crying at term associated negatively with mental developmental index (MDI) (b=-0.91, p=0.040) and PDI (b=-1.10, p=0.015). The associations between fuss/cry and PDI, and crying and PDI persisted in multiple regression analysis (b=-0.89, p=0.030 and b=-1.23, p=0.018, respectively). Excessive fuss/cry (>or=180 min/day) at term associated with lower PDI (p=0.005) and at 6 weeks with lower MDI (p=0.024) and PDI (p=0.012). Increase in the frequency of fuss/cry bouts at 5 months associated with higher PDI in both simple (b=2.90, p=0.045) and in multiple regression analysis (b=3.60, p=0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In VLBW infants, longer duration of fussing and crying in very early infancy, but not at 5 months, is associated with less optimal development at 24 months of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, and Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. petmun@utu.fi
authors.forename: Petriina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munck
authors.forename: Jonna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maunu
authors.forename: Jarkko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirjavainen
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lapinleimu
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haataja
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003448:Crying; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development*; D008499:Medical Records; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D012044:Regression Analysis