title: In vitro and in vivo effects of the conformationally restricted polyamine analogue CGC-11047 on small cell and non-small cell lung cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polyamines are essential for normal growth; however, the requirement for, and the metabolism of, polyamines are frequently dysregulated in cancer. Polyamine analogues have demonstrated promising preclinical results in multiple model systems of cancer, but their clinical utility has been limited by apparent toxicity. A representative compound of a new generation of short chain, conformationally restricted polyamine analogues, CGC-11047 has been synthesized and ongoing phase I clinical trials indicate it to be well tolerated at weekly doses of 610 mg (dose escalation is still in progress). Therefore, studies were designed to gain a better understanding of its effects on cellular polyamine biochemistry and efficacy in the treatment of human lung cancer models in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human lung cancers cell lines representing non-small cell and small cell lung cancers were investigated for their growth and biochemical response to CGC-11047. Effects of in vitro treatment with CGC-11047 on cell growth, the activity of the polyamine biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and the expression and activity of the polyamine catabolic enzymes spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and spermine oxides (SMO) were measured. Additionally, the overall effects on intracellular polyamine pools were monitored. Finally, the in vivo efficacy of CGC-11047 in the treatment of a nude mouse model of human non-small cell lung cancer was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CGC-11047 effectively inhibited the growth of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro. The greatest biochemical effects were observed in the non-small cell lung cancer cells where in addition to a profound down regulation of ODC activity, there was a significant increase in polyamine catabolism leading to a greater degree of polyamine pool depletion and greater accumulation of CGC-11047 when compared with the changes observed for the small cell lines. Importantly, CGC-11047 was found to be highly significant (P < 0.0001) in delaying the progression of established tumors in an in vivo model of human non-small cell lung cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CGC-11047 represents a promising new polyamine analogue that warrants further preclinical and, potentially, clinical evaluation in lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.forename: Laurence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Marton
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sobolewski
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Casero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C515675:CGC 11047; D011073:Polyamines