title: How accurate is the phenotype? - an analysis of developmental noise in a cotton aphid clone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The accuracy by which phenotype can be reproduced by genotype potentially is important in determining the stability, environmental sensitivity, and evolvability of morphology and other phenotypic traits. Because two sides of an individual represent independent development of the phenotype under identical genetic and environmental conditions, average body asymmetry (or "fluctuating asymmetry") can estimate the developmental instability of the population. The component of developmental instability not explained by intrapopulational differences in gene or environment (or their interaction) can be further defined as internal developmental noise. Surprisingly, developmental noise remains largely unexplored despite its potential influence on our interpretations of developmental stability, canalization, and evolvability. Proponents of fluctuating asymmetry as a bioindicator of environmental or genetic stress, often make the assumption that developmental noise is minimal and, therefore, that phenotype can respond sensitively to the environment. However, biologists still have not measured whether developmental noise actually comprises a significant fraction of the overall environmental response of fluctuating asymmetry observed within a population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a morphometric study designed to partition developmental noise from fluctuating asymmetry in the wing morphology of a monoclonal culture of cotton aphid, Aphis gosspyii, it was discovered that fluctuating asymmetry in the aphid wing was nearly four times higher than in other insect species. Also, developmental noise comprised a surprisingly large fraction ( approximately 50%) of the overall response of fluctuating asymmetry to a controlled graded temperature environment. Fluctuating asymmetry also correlated negatively with temperature, indicating that environmentally-stimulated changes in developmental instability are mediated mostly by changes in the development time of individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount of developmental noise revealed in this trait potentially does interfere with a substantial amount of the sensitivity of fluctuating asymmetry to change in temperature. Assuming that some genetic-based variation in individual buffering of developmental instability exists in natural aphid populations, the amount of internal developmental noise determined in this study could also substantially reduce evolvability of the aphid wing. The overall findings here suggest that individual response to the seemingly high cost of stabilizing some aspects of the phenotype may account for the frequent observation of trait and species specificity in levels of fluctuating asymmetry.
authors.affiliation: Center for Evolutionary Functional Genomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-5301, USA. gregory.babbitt@asu.edu
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Babbitt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000196:embryology*; D019976:Cloning, Organism; D003368:Gossypium / Q000469:parasitology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010641:Phenotype; D036226:Seedlings; D013696:Temperature; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology