title: Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR of fishes and amphibians: varying the number of double-stranded RNA binding domains and lineage-specific duplications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Double-stranded (ds) RNA, generated during viral infection, binds and activates the mammalian anti-viral protein kinase PKR, which phosphorylates the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha leading to the general inhibition of protein synthesis. Although PKR-like activity has been described in fish cells, the responsible enzymes eluded molecular characterization until the recent discovery of goldfish and zebrafish PKZ, which contain Z-DNA-binding domains instead of dsRNA-binding domains (dsRBDs). Fish and amphibian PKR genes have not been described so far.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we report the cloning and identification of 13 PKR genes from 8 teleost fish and amphibian species, including zebrafish, demonstrating the coexistence of PKR and PKZ in this latter species. Analyses of their genomic organization revealed up to three tandemly arrayed PKR genes, which are arranged in head-to-tail orientation. At least five duplications occurred independently in fish and amphibian lineages. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the kinase domains of fish PKR genes are more closely related to those of fish PKZ than to the PKR kinase domains of other vertebrate species. The duplication leading to fish PKR and PKZ genes occurred early during teleost fish evolution after the divergence of the tetrapod lineage. While two dsRBDs are found in mammalian and amphibian PKR, one, two or three dsRBDs are present in fish PKR. In zebrafish, both PKR and PKZ were strongly upregulated after immunostimulation with some tissue-specific expression differences. Using genetic and biochemical assays we demonstrate that both zebrafish PKR and PKZ can phosphorylate eIF2alpha in yeast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the important role for PKR in host defense against viruses, the independent duplication and fixation of PKR genes in different lineages probably provided selective advantages by leading to the recognition of an extended spectrum of viral nucleic acid structures, including both dsRNA and Z-DNA/RNA, and perhaps by altering sensitivity to viral PKR inhibitors. Further implications of our findings for the evolution of the PKR family and for studying PKR/PKZ interactions with viral gene products and their roles in viral infections are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. rothenst@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rothenburg
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Deigendesch
authors.forename: Madhusudan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Dever
authors.forename: Loubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tazi
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000663:Amphibians / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005399:Fishes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020440:Gene Duplication; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015151:Immunoblotting; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010802:Phylogeny; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000235:genetics*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D023721:Tetraodontiformes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase