title: Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected cattle using infrared thermography.
abstract: In this study, infrared thermography (IRT) was assessed as a means of detecting foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected cattle before and after the development of clinical signs. Preliminary IRT imaging demonstrated that foot temperatures increased in FMDV-infected animals. The maximum foot temperatures of healthy (n=53), directly inoculated (DI) (n=12), contact (CT) (n=6), and vaccine trial (VT) (n=21) cattle were measured over the course of FMD infection. A cut-off value was established at 34.4 degrees C (sensitivity=61.1%, specificity=87.7%) with the aim of detecting FMDV-infected animals both before and after clinical signs were observed. Seven of 12 (58%) DI and 3/6 (50%) CT animals showed maximum foot temperatures exceeding the 34.4 degrees C cut-off before the development of foot vesicles. In contrast, only 5/21 (24%) VT animals displayed pre-clinical foot temperatures above this cut-off possibly indicating partial vaccine protection of this group. These results show IRT as a promising screening technology to quickly identify potentially infected animals for confirmatory diagnostic testing during FMD outbreaks. Further evaluation of this technology is needed to determine the value of IRT in detecting animals with mild clinical signs or sub-clinical infections.
authors.affiliation: Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
authors.forename: Kaitlin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rainwater-Lovett
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: Luis L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005334:Fever / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*