title: Left atrial volume is associated with inflammation and atherosclerosis in patients with kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left atrial volume (LAV) is an independent echocardiographic predictor of cardiovascular events in the general population. We evaluated predictors of LAV in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Increasing LAV identifies increased cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in CKD patients undergoing cardiovascular evaluation prior to listing for renal transplantation. LAV was measured using the biplane area-length formula and indexed for body surface area. Carotid intima-media thickness was assessed by B-mode ultrasound. Lipoproteins were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Values are presented as mean (standard deviation). Relationships with LAV were evaluated using univariate and multivariable regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 99 participants (80% white, 68% male). Their mean age was 55.7 (9.3) years. Significant correlates of LAV were systolic blood pressure (r = 0.24), C-reactive protein (r = 0.29), carotid intima-media thickness (r = 0.29), peak transmitral E-wave (r = 0.38), and severity of mitral regurgitation (r = 0.23, P < 0.05 for all). LAV also was higher among individuals with a history of stroke (45 mL/m2 vs 36.3 mL/m2, P = 0.04) and with >75% stenosis on coronary angiography (38.4 mL/m2 vs 31.8 mL/m2, P = 0.03). In regression models, high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), the transmitral E-wave velocity, and a history of stroke independently predicted LAV (P < or = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In individuals with advanced CKD, LAV is associated with inflammation, increased early transmitral filling velocities, and atherosclerosis. These findings may indicate increased cardiovascular risk with increasing LAV in patients with CKD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Section of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Anupama K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Arjang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Djamali
authors.forename: Claudia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Korcarz
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Aeschlimann
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D016279:Atrial Function, Left; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors