title: Experimental assessment of corneal anisotropy.
abstract: To determine the variation of corneal biomechanical properties with anatomical orientation.
  
  
  
  Strip specimens extracted from fresh porcine corneas were tested under uniaxial tension with strain rates representing static and dynamic loading conditions. The specimens were extracted from the vertical, horizontal, and 45 degrees diagonal directions. The load elongation results were used to derive the stress-strain behavior of each specimen. The average behavior for specimens taken in each anatomical direction was determined along with the effect of strain rate. Specimens from a small number of human corneas were included in the study to verify the findings.
  
  
  
  Specimens extracted from the vertical direction of porcine and human corneas demonstrated the highest strength (fracture stress) followed by horizontal then diagonal specimens. Vertical specimens were 10% to 20% stronger than horizontal specimens in porcine and human corneas. At low strain rates (1%/min), vertical specimens displayed similar stiffness (resistance to deformation) to horizontal specimens but greater stiffness than diagonal specimens. On increasing the strain rate to 500%/min, the stiffness behavior matched that of strength with vertical specimens being 10% to 20% stiffer than horizontal specimens in porcine and human corneas.
  
  
  
  The corneal anisotropic behavior is compatible with the preferential orientation of stromal fibrils in the vertical and horizontal directions. Quantifying the effect of this nonuniform fibril organization on corneal anisotropic behavior will be useful in developing numerical models of the cornea for applications where its integrity is compromised such as in simulating refractive surgery procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Civil Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom. a.i.h.elsheikh@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elsheikh
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Daad
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alhasso
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rama
authors.forename: Marino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campanelli
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garway-Heath
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology*