title: Indications of the mechanisms involved in improved sperm parameters by zinc therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine possible indications of the mechanisms involved in improved sperm parameters by zinc therapy in asthenozoospermic men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five men with asthenozoospermia (>or=40% immotile sperm) were randomized into four therapy groups: zinc only: n = 11; zinc + vitamin E: n = 12 and zinc + vitamins E + C: n = 14 for 3 months, and non-therapy control group: n = 8. Semen analysis was done according to WHO guidelines. Malone dialdehyde, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase were determined in the semen and serum. Antisperm antibodies IgG, IgM and IgA were evaluated by immunobeads. Sperm chromatin integrity was determined by acid denaturation by acridine orange and sperm apoptosis by light and electron microscopy. The effect of zinc on in vitro induced sperm oxidative stress by NADH was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asthenozoospermia was significantly associated with oxidative stress with higher seminal malone dialdehyde (8.8 vs. 1.8 mmol/l, p < 0.001) and TNF-alpha (60 vs. 12 pg/l, p < 0.001), and low total antioxidant capacity (1.8 vs. 8.4, p < 0.01), SOD (0.8 vs. 3.1, p < 0.01) and glutathione peroxidase (1.6 vs. 4.2, p < 0.05), compared to normozoospermia. Zinc therapy alone, in combination with vitamin E or with vitamin E + C were associated with comparably improved sperm parameters with less oxidative stress, sperm apoptosis and sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI). On the whole, there was no difference in the outcome measures between zinc only and zinc with vitamin E and combination of vitamins E + C. In the in vitro experiment zinc supplementation resulted in significantly lower DFI (14-29%, p < 0.05) compared to zinc deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zinc therapy reduces asthenozoospermia through several mechanisms such as prevention of oxidative stress, apoptosis and sperm DNA fragmentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait. Omu@hsc.edu.kw
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Omu
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Al-Azemi
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Kehinde
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Anim
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oriowo
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Mathew
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D053627:Asthenozoospermia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D014810:Vitamin E; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; D001205:Ascorbic Acid