title: Free p-cresol is associated with cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease, suggesting that molecules retained in uremia might contribute to this increased risk. We explored the relationship between p-cresol, a protein-bound uremic retention solute, and CVD by comparing the strength of this relationship relative to traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors. Univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that the free serum p-cresol concentration was significantly associated with CVD when the primary end point was the time to the first cardiovascular event. In multivariate analysis, free p-cresol was significantly associated with CVD in non-diabetics. In diabetic patients, however, a significant relationship between p-cresol and cardiovascular events could not be demonstrated despite their having significantly higher p-cresol levels. Our study shows that free p-cresol is a novel cardiovascular risk factor in non-diabetic hemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: B K I
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Meijers
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bammens
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Moor
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verbeke
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vanrenterghem
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Evenepoel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003408:Cresols / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003408:Cresols; C032538:4-cresol