title: 4Beta-hydroxycholesterol is a new endogenous CYP3A marker: relationship to CYP3A5 genotype, quinine 3-hydroxylation and sex in Koreans, Swedes and Tanzanians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the potential endogenous marker of CYP3A activity, 4beta-hydroxycholesterol, and its relation to sex and the CYP3A5 geno/haplotypes and compare with CYP3A4/5 catalyzed 3-hydroxylation of quinine in the three major races.
  
  
  METHODS
  The plasma concentration of 4beta-hydroxycholesterol was measured in healthy Tanzanians (n=138), Swedes (n=161) and Koreans (n=149) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The metabolic ratio of quinine/3-hydroxyquinine in plasma 16-h post dose was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, previously reported in Tanzanians and Swedes, and now also in Koreans. The participants were genotyped for relevant alleles of CYP3A5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean plasma concentrations of 4beta-hydroxycholesterol in Koreans, Swedes and Tanzanians were 29.3, 26.8 and 21.9 ng/ml, respectively (P<0.01 between all three populations). Within all three populations there were significant differences in 4beta-hydroxycholesterol levels between the CYP3A5 genotypes. Women had higher concentrations than men, but the difference was only significant in Tanzanians (P<0.001) and Koreans (P<0.00001). The quinine/3-hydroxyquinine metabolic ratio was significantly different in all three populations with the highest CYP3A activity in Koreans and the lowest in Tanzanians. Korean women had a lower metabolic ratio than men (P<0.00001). Significant correlations between 4beta-hydroxycholesterol and quinine 3-hydroxylation were found in Tanzanians and Koreans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clear differences in the activity of both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were shown in the three major human races. Both 4beta-hydroxycholesterol and quinine/3-hydroxyquinine metabolic ratio showed a higher CYP3A activity in women than in men. The results give strong evidence that the plasma concentration of 4beta-hydroxycholesterol may be used as an endogenous marker of CYP3A activity (CYP3A4+5).
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden. ulf.diczfalusy@karolinska.se
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Diczfalusy
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Hyung-Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.forename: Rajaa A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mirghani
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sayi
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Bodin
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allqvist
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jande
authors.forename: Jong-Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aklillu
authors.forename: Lars L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertilsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols / Q000097:blood*; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007723:Korea; D008297:Male; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011803:Quinine / Q000378:metabolism*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013548:Sweden; D013636:Tanzania; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols; C099828:cholest-5-ene-3,4-diol; D011803:Quinine; C510164:CYP3A5 protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human