title: Seizures in adults with bacterial meningitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the occurrence and prognostic relevance of seizures in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational cross-sectional study, in which patients with seizures are selected from a prospective nationwide cohort of 696 episodes of community-acquired bacterial meningitis, confirmed by culture of CSF in patients aged >16 years. We retrospectively collected data on EEGs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seizures occurred in 121 of 696 episodes (17%). Death occurred in 41% of patients with seizures compared to 16% of patients without seizures (p < 0.001). The median number of seizures was 2 (interquartile range [IQR] 1 to 4). The median time between admission and the first seizure was 1 day (IQR 0 to 3). Patients with in-hospital seizures were more likely to have a CSF leukocyte count below 1,000 cells/mm(3) (36% vs 25%; p = 0.01), had higher median CSF protein levels (4.8 g/L [IQR 3.4 to 7.6] vs 4.1 g/L [IQR 2.1 to 6.8]), and higher median erythrocyte sedimentation rate (46 mm/hour [IQR 31 to 72] vs 36 mm/hour [IQR 18 to 69]; p = 0.02) than patients without in-hospital seizures. Focal cerebral abnormalities developed more often in patients with in-hospital seizures than in those without (41% vs 14%; p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, seizures were significantly more likely in patients with predisposing conditions, tachycardia, a low Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission, infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, and focal cerebral abnormalities. Neuroimaging was performed on admission in 70% of episodes with prehospital seizures, with CT revealing a focal lesion in 32% of those episodes. Antiepileptic drugs were administered in 82% of patients with seizures and EEG was performed in 31% of episodes; a status epilepticus was recorded in five patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seizures occur frequently in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Seizures are associated with severe CNS and systemic inflammation, structural CNS lesions, pneumococcal meningitis, and predisposing conditions. The high associated mortality rate warrants a low threshold for starting anticonvulsant therapy in those with clinical suspicion of a seizure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zoons
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weisfelt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Gans
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spanjaard
authors.forename: J H T M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Koelman
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van de Beek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*