title: HIF-independent regulation of VEGF and angiogenesis by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha.
abstract: Ischaemia of the heart, brain and limbs is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hypoxia stimulates the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other angiogenic factors, leading to neovascularization and protection against ischaemic injury. Here we show that the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha), a potent metabolic sensor and regulator, is induced by a lack of nutrients and oxygen, and PGC-1alpha powerfully regulates VEGF expression and angiogenesis in cultured muscle cells and skeletal muscle in vivo. PGC-1alpha-/- mice show a striking failure to reconstitute blood flow in a normal manner to the limb after an ischaemic insult, whereas transgenic expression of PGC-1alpha in skeletal muscle is protective. Surprisingly, the induction of VEGF by PGC-1alpha does not involve the canonical hypoxia response pathway and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). Instead, PGC-1alpha coactivates the orphan nuclear receptor ERR-alpha (oestrogen-related receptor-alpha) on conserved binding sites found in the promoter and in a cluster within the first intron of the VEGF gene. Thus, PGC-1alpha and ERR-alpha, major regulators of mitochondrial function in response to exercise and other stimuli, also control a novel angiogenic pathway that delivers needed oxygen and substrates. PGC-1alpha may provide a novel therapeutic target for treating ischaemic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. zarany1@partners.org
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Arany
authors.forename: Shi-Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Foo
authors.forename: Yanhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ruas
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bommi-Reddy
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Girnun
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laznik
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chinsomboon
authors.forename: Shamina M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rangwala
authors.forename: Kwan Hyuck
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosenzweig
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097983:ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
chemical_list: D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D010100:Oxygen; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000097983:ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse