title: Stimulation of the neurokinin 3 receptor activates protein kinase C epsilon and protein kinase D in enteric neurons.
abstract: Tachykinins, acting through NK(3) receptors (NK(3)R), contribute to excitatory transmission to intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) of the small intestine. Although this transmission is dependent on protein kinase C (PKC), its maintenance could depend on protein kinase D (PKD), a downstream target of PKC. Here we show that PKD1/2-immunoreactivity occurred exclusively in IPANs of the guinea pig ileum, demonstrated by double staining with the IPAN marker NeuN. PKCepsilon was also colocalized with PKD1/2 in IPANs. PKCepsilon and PKD1/2 trafficking was studied in enteric neurons within whole mounts of the ileal wall. In untreated preparations, PKCepsilon and PKD1/2 were cytosolic and no signal for activated (phosphorylated) PKD was detected. The NK(3)R agonist senktide evoked a transient translocation of PKCepsilon and PKD1/2 from the cytosol to the plasma membrane and induced PKD1/2 phosphorylation at the plasma membrane. PKCepsilon translocation was maximal at 10 s and returned to the cytosol within 2 min. Phosphorylated-PKD1/2 was detected at the plasma membrane within 15 s and translocated to the cytosol by 2 min, where it remained active up to 30 min after NK(3)R stimulation. PKD1/2 activation was reduced by a PKCepsilon inhibitor and prevented by NK(3)R inhibition. NK(3)R-mediated PKCepsilon and PKD activation was confirmed in HEK293 cells transiently expressing NK(3)R and green fluorescent protein-tagged PKCepsilon, PKD1, PKD2, or PKD3. Senktide caused membrane translocation and activation of kinases within 30 s. After 15 min, phosphorylated PKD had returned to the cytosol. PKD activation was confirmed through Western blotting. Thus stimulation of NK(3)R activates PKCepsilon and PKD in sequence, and sequential activation of these kinases may account for rapid and prolonged modulation of IPAN function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. pooled@surgery.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amadesi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rozengurt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thacker
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Bunnett
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Furness
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000294:innervation; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D009197:Myenteric Plexus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000091283:Protein Kinase D2; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000819:agonists; D018042:Receptors, Neurokinin-3 / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D013373:Substance P / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D004224:Diterpenes; C444647:N-(alpha-ethylbenzyl)-3-(carboxymethoxy)-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxamide; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D000091283:Protein Kinase D2; D011804:Quinolines; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018042:Receptors, Neurokinin-3; C054724:senktide; D013373:Substance P; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate; C011875:ingenol dibenzoate; D011494:Protein Kinases; C119190:protein kinase C nu; C089212:protein kinase D; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon