title: Timing is everything: methodologic issues locating and recruiting medically underserved women for abnormal mammography follow-up research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recruiting underserved women in breast cancer research studies remains a significant challenge. We present our experience attempting to locate and recruit minority and medically underserved women identified in a Nashville, Tennessee public hospital for a mammography follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a retrospective hospital-based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 227 women (88 African-American, 65 Caucasian, 36 other minority, 38 race undocumented in the medical record) who had undergone screening mammography and received an abnormal result during 2003-2004. Of the 227 women identified, 159 women were successfully located with implementation of a tracking protocol and more rigorous attempts to locate the women using online directory assistance and public record search engines. Women eligible for the study were invited to participate in a telephone research survey. Study completion was defined as fully finishing the telephone survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An average of 4.6 telephone calls (range 1-19) and 2.7 months (range 1-490 days) were required to reach the 159 women contacted. Within three contact attempts, more cases were located than controls (61% cases vs. 49% controls, p=0.03). African-American women cases were four times likely to be recruited than African-American controls, (OR, 4.07; 95% CI, 1.59-10.30) (p=0.003). After 3 months of effort, we located 67% of African-American women, 63% of Caucasian women, and 56% of other minorities. Ultimately, after a maximum of 12 attempts to contact women, 77% of African-American women and 71% of Caucasian women were eventually found. Of these, 59% of African-American women, 69% Caucasian women, and 50% other minorities were located and completed the study survey for an overall response rate of 59%, 71%, and 47% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data collection and study recruitment efforts were more challenging in racial and ethnic minorities. Continuing attempts to contact women may increase minority group study participation but does not guarantee retention or study completion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA. afair@mmc.edu
authors.forename: Alecia Malin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fair
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wujcik
authors.forename: Jin-Mann S
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008403:Mass Screening; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D018579:Patient Selection; D012107:Research Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data