title: Type 3 neovascularization: the expanded spectrum of retinal angiomatous proliferation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) is a distinct form of neovascularization in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Lacking definitive sequential histopathologic evidence of its intraretinal versus choroidal origin, the clinical observations of early stages of RAP lesions may provide clues to help further expand our understanding of this entity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five eyes of four patients with early Stage 1 RAP were examined. Fundus photography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography as well as time-domain and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were performed. Images were assessed to determine the characteristics of neovascularization in early stage RAP lesions and the response of the lesions to treatment or observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of the selected cases suggests a choroidal origin of the neovascular complex with the early formation of a retinal choroidal anastomosis without evidence of underlying occult Type 1 neovascularization. Three eyes responded to a single treatment with intravitreal ranibizumab (0.5 mg) and 2 eyes (1 patient) resolved spontaneously without treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neovascularization in RAP may originate not only from deep retinal capillaries but also from the choroid. We therefore propose the more descriptive term "Type 3 neovascularization" for this entity to emphasize the intraretinal location of the vascular complex and distinguish this type from the two types of neovascularization previously described by J. Donald Gass in his classic text.
authors.affiliation: Vitreous, Retina, Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY 10022, USA. vrmny@aol.com
authors.forename: K Bailey
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: I-Van
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Irene A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Barbazetto
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Ketan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laud
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sorenson
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yannuzzi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007267:Injections; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D015861:Retinal Neovascularization / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D000069579:Ranibizumab