title: Side effects of a non-peroxide-based home bleaching agent on dental enamel.
abstract: Changes in the chemistry and structure of enamel due to a non-peroxide-based home bleaching product (Rapid White) were studied in vitro using attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, and total reflection X-ray fluorescence. The results revealed that the citric-acid-containing gel-like component of the bleaching system substantially impacts on the dental hard tissue. Enamel is affected on several levels: (i) the organic component is removed from superficial and deeper enamel layers and remnants of the bleaching gel are embedded in the emptied voids; (ii) cracks and chemical inhomogeneities with respect to Ca and P occur on the surface; and (iii) within a submicron layer of enamel, the Ca-O bond strength in apatite decreases, thus enhancing calcium leakage from the bleached enamel hard tissue.
authors.affiliation: Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 48, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Boriana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mihailova
authors.forename: Arndt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klocke
authors.forename: Ursula E A
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Fittschen
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heidrich
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stosch
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Güttler
authors.forename: José A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Broekaert
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bismayer
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium; D019343:Citric Acid; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D005782:Gels; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D010758:Phosphorus; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D010758:Phosphorus; D019343:Citric Acid; D002118:Calcium