title: The Ross procedure in infants and young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study reviews our experience with the Ross procedure in infants and young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 1993 to September 2004, 52 children less than 15 years of age underwent a Ross procedure. The patients ranged in age from 4 days to 15 years old (median, 5 years). Fifteen patients (29%) were less than 2 years of age. The predominant indication for the Ross procedure was aortic stenosis. Sixteen patients underwent a Ross-Konno procedure for severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Thirty-four patients had 48 previous interventions. Preoperatively, 6 patients showed severe left ventricular dysfunction, and 2 of the patients required ventilation and inotropic support. Concomitant procedures were performed in 8 patients. Three patients had a mitral valve replacement, 2 patients had a ventricular septal defect closure and an aortic arch reconstruction, 2 patients had aortic arch reconstructions, and 1 patient had resection of a coarctation and a ventricular septal defect closure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were followed up for a median of 43 months (range, 1 to 130). Overall survival was 85% +/- 5% at 1 and 82% +/- 5% at 2, 5, and 10 years. Hospital mortality was 5 of 52 patients (9.6%). All deaths occurred in neonates or infants less than 2 months of age, who needed urgent surgery. Three patients died late of noncardiac causes. At last follow-up, all patients were classified in New York Heart Association functional class I or II. No patient had endocarditis of the autograft or the right ventricular outflow tract replacement. During the follow-up, no event of thrombembolism was observed. No patient required the insertion of a permanent pacemaker. Overall freedom from reoperation is 57% +/- 15% at 10 years. One patient required the replacement of the autograft at 6 months postoperatively. The development of mild aortic insufficiency was observed in 24 patients, and moderate aortic insufficiency in 1 patient during follow-up. Freedom from reoperation for the right ventricular outflow tract replacement is 60% +/- 15% at 10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Ross procedure represents an attractive approach to aortic valve disease in young children. However, a high early mortality rate has to be considered when performing this procedure in neonates or infants who present in critical preoperative condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland. a.kadner@web.de
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kadner
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raisky
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Degandt
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tamisier
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sidi
authors.forename: Pascal R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Vouhé
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001021:Aortic Valve; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies