title: Effectiveness of atomoxetine and quality of life in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as perceived by patients, parents, and physicians in an open-label study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Health-related quality of life in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may improve with atomoxetine treatment. However, the degree of improvement may be perceived differently by patients, parents, and physicians. The primary aim of this study was to investigate ADHD-related difficulties as perceived from these three perspectives and to compare the perspectives. The degree of perceived difficulties was taken to reflect the health-related quality of life of patients in the study. A second objective was to assess the effectiveness of atomoxetine in children with ADHD in an open-label setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 6-11 years with ADHD were treated for 24 weeks with atomoxetine at a target dose of 0.5-1.2 mg/kg per day. ADHD-related difficulties were assessed after 8 and 24 weeks of treatment using the newly devised Global Impression of Perceived Difficulties (GIPD) scale. This instrument, that has not yet been psychometrically validated, reflects patient quality of life from the three perspectives. Agreement among the perspectives was determined using Cohen's kappa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 262 patients was treated with atomoxetine. The mean dose for the respective visit intervals ranged between 1.15 and 1.17 mg/kg per day. Quality of life as reflected by the degree of perceived difficulties improved over time. Change in GIPD scores was greatest within the first 2 weeks. The course of the mean GIPD total scores over time showed a similar pattern among the three different rater perspectives. However, patients perceived the degree of difficulties as significantly less compared to parents and physicians. Agreement of ratings was highest between physicians and parents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from the GIPD suggest that patient quality of life improves with time on atomoxetine. The effectiveness of atomoxetine in an open-label study was very similar to the effectiveness shown in placebo-controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Saalburgstrasse 153, Bad Homburg, Germany. wehmeier_peter@lilly.com
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wehmeier
authors.forename: Ralf W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Dittmann
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schacht
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minarzyk
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sevecke
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lehmkuhl
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010820:Physicians; D011437:Propylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D011437:Propylamines; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride