title: Longitudinal analysis of androgen deprivation of prostate cancer cells identifies pathways to androgen independence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following androgen ablation therapy, the majority of prostate cancer patients develop treatment resistance with a median time of 18-24 months to disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify molecular targets that promote prostate cancer cell survival and contribute to androgen independence, we evaluated changes in LNCaP cell gene expression during 12 months of androgen deprivation. At time points reflecting critical growth and phenotypic changes, we performed Affymetrix expression array analysis to examine the effects of androgen deprivation during the acute response, during the period of apparent quiescence, and following the emergence of a highly proliferative, androgen-independent prostate cancer cell phenotype (LNCaP-AI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We discovered alterations in gene expression for molecules associated with promoting prostate cancer cell growth and survival, and regulating cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Additionally, expression of AR co-regulators, adrenal androgen metabolizing enzymes, and markers of neuroendocrine disease were significantly altered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings contribute greatly to our understanding of androgen-independent prostate cancer. The value of this longitudinal approach lies in the ability to examine gene expression changes throughout the adaptive response to androgen deprivation; it provides a more dynamic illustration of genes which contribute to disease progression in addition to specific genes which constitute an androgen-independent phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Program in Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: D'Antonio
authors.forename: Changqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Federico A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Monzon
authors.forename: Beth R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Pflug
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D019332:Endothelin-1; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; D011944:Receptors, Androgen