title: Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and MR imaging features of T1 hypointensities in a [corrected] murine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively determine how T1 hypointensities (T1 black holes) on brain magnetic resonance (MR) images are generated by the immune system by using a Theiler murine encephalitis virus-induced model of multiple sclerosis and high-field-strength MR imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  All animal protocols and experiments were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Volumetric MR imaging studies were conducted at 7 T in six C57BL/6 mice and in immune differentiation marker (recombination activation gene [RAG]-1)-, immune cell (CD4, CD8)-, and immune effector molecule (Fas ligand, perforin)-deficient mice (six mice in each group) to determine which immune cell types and effector molecules lead to T1 hypointensities. The main outcome measure was the total T1 black hole volume per animal, as determined with volumetric analysis, and was analyzed statistically by using software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with C57BL/6 mice, RAG-1-deficient mice showed a significant (P = .003) decrease in total T1 black hole volume, suggesting a clear role for the adaptive immune system. While CD4-deficient mice did not show a significant decrease in T1 black hole volume (P = .33), CD8-deficient mice did (P = .003). Perforin-deficient mice showed a significant reduction of T1 black hole volume (P = .002), whereas Fas ligand-deficient mice did not (P = .77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that CD8 T cells utilizing perforin effector molecules are responsible for T1 black hole formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, 260 Stetson St. Suite 2300, PO Box 670525, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525, USA. Istvan.Pirko@uc.edu
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pirko
authors.forename: Tifany K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017945:Theilovirus