title: Neural correlates of Early Stone Age toolmaking: technology, language and cognition in human evolution.
abstract: Archaeological and palaeontological evidence from the Early Stone Age (ESA) documents parallel trends of brain expansion and technological elaboration in human evolution over a period of more than 2Myr. However, the relationship between these defining trends remains controversial and poorly understood. Here, we present results from a positron emission tomography study of functional brain activation during experimental ESA (Oldowan and Acheulean) toolmaking by expert subjects. Together with a previous study of Oldowan toolmaking by novices, these results document increased demands for effective visuomotor coordination and hierarchical action organization in more advanced toolmaking. This includes an increased activation of ventral premotor and inferior parietal elements of the parietofrontal praxis circuits in both the hemispheres and of the right hemisphere homologue of Broca's area. The observed patterns of activation and of overlap with language circuits suggest that toolmaking and language share a basis in more general human capacities for complex, goal-directed action. The results are consistent with coevolutionary hypotheses linking the emergence of language, toolmaking, population-level functional lateralization and association cortex expansion in human evolution.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY, UK. dietrich.stout@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaminade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001106:Archaeology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D010163:Paleontology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013672:Technology; D053001:Tool Use Behavior / Q000502:physiology*