title: Quantification of bone strength by intraoperative torque measurement: a technical note.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone strength describes the resistance of bone against mechanical failure. Bone strength depends on both the amount of bone and the bone's quality, and the bone strength may be looked upon as a relevant parameter to judge an osteosynthesis' stability. Information about bone strength was barely available intraoperatively in the past. The previous work of our group reported on development and laboratory evaluation of mechanical torque measurement as a method for the intraoperative quantification of bone strength. With the clinical series presented here we intend to verify that the im gesamten Text DensiProbe instrumentation for intraoperative torque measurement and the related measurement method are eligible for intraoperative use based on the following criteria: application of the method may not create complications, the measurement can be performed by the surgeon himself and may only cause a limited increase in the procedure time.
  
  
  METHODS
  From December 2006 until May 2007 ten patients with a pertrochanteric femoral fracture or a lateral femoral neck fracture eligible for stabilization with DHS were included in the study after having received informed consent. Any medication and comorbidity that might have influenced bone quality or bone mineral density (BMD) in these patients was documented. Bone strength was intraoperatively measured with DensiProbe. Complications that were obviously related with torque measurement were documented as well as any deviation from the suggested procedure; 6 and 12 weeks postoperative follow-up included clinical and radiological examination. The time required for torque measurement, the overall operating time and the number of persons present in the operating room were protocolled. BMD values of the contralateral femoral neck were postoperatively assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and compared to intraoperative peak torque values measured by DensiProbe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major complication was observed during intraoperative application of DensiProbe by trained surgeons. The unintended extraction of the guide wire together with the torque measurement probe was reported only once and is looked upon as a minor complication. Fracture healing was uneventful in all patients. The mean time for torque measurement was 2.35 +/- 0.9 min accounting for 2.2 +/- 1.1% of total surgery time. The presence of an additional person was not required to perform torque measurement but to protocol the data. There was a tendency towards correlation between BMD values of the femoral neck and intraoperative peak torque values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data presented clearly indicate that the DensiProbe instrumentation and measurement principle are eligible for routine intraoperative use by trained surgeons. Interpretation of possible correlations between BMD values measured by means of DEXA and the Peak Torque values assessed by DensiProbe has to be considered very carefully, because BMD and Peak Torque analyse bone at a different scale. Only within the framework of a multicenter study it will be possible to include a sufficient number of patients for calculation of the methods' predictive value towards implant failure and to verify acceptance of the method by the surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Behandlungszentrum Bewegungsapparat, Universitätsspital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, Basel, Switzerland. nsuhm@web.de
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suhm
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haenni
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwyn
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirschmann
authors.forename: Andreas Marc
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001864:Bone Wires; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019415:Torque