title: Publication bias in orthopaedic research: an analysis of scientific factors associated with publication in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Positive outcomes are common in the orthopaedic literature, and there are many who believe it may be due to the preferential publication of studies with positive findings-a phenomenon known as publication bias. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether positive findings rendered a manuscript submitted to The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume) more likely to be accepted for publication.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1181 manuscripts submitted to The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery between January 1, 2004, and June 30, 2005, for publication as scientific articles were analyzed, with 855 meeting the inclusion criteria. The direction of the study findings (positive, neutral, or negative) was independently graded by three blinded reviewers. The final disposition (acceptance or rejection) was recorded, as was information on the scientific characteristics plausibly related to acceptance or rejection. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with acceptance for publication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall acceptance rate was 21.8% (186 of 855 studies). The study outcome was positive for 72.5% (620) of the manuscripts. The acceptance rate for the 235 manuscripts with nonpositive findings was 23.0% (fifty-four studies) compared with 21.3% (132) of the 620 studies with positive findings (crude odds ratio, 1.10 [95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 1.58]; p = 0.593). After controlling for all covariates, the adjusted odds ratio was 0.92 (95% confidence interval, 0.62 to 1.35; p = 0.652). In the multivariate analysis, the only factor significantly associated with acceptance for publication was level of evidence (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence of publication bias in the review of manuscripts for publication by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, as positive and nonpositive studies were accepted at similar rates. The dearth of nonpositive studies in the orthopaedic literature is of concern, and may be due largely to investigator-based factors. Orthopaedic researchers should submit negative and neutral studies for publication, confident that the likelihood of acceptance will not be influenced by the direction of study findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. okike@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Kanu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okike
authors.forename: Mininder S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kocher
authors.forename: Charles T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Mehlman
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.forename: Mohit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhandari
mesh_terms: D015706:Bibliometrics; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009985:Orthopedics; D017712:Peer Review, Research / Q000592:standards*; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017594:Publication Bias / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*