title: Calf welfare.
abstract: Many factors contribute to the well-being of calves on the commercial dairy including housing and environment; nutritional and health programs; handling and caretaker interactions; herd dynamics; and the common management practices of transportation, euthanasia, dehorning, and teat removal. Ensuring and assessing the welfare of calves on commercial dairies is a complex challenge, especially because the terminology and factors contributing to assessing animal welfare in agricultural animals, such as dairy calves, has not been clearly defined within the scientific community.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medicine Extension, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stull
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards