title: Improving outcome after stroke: overcoming the translational roadblock.
abstract: Stroke poses a massive burden of disease, yet we have few effective therapies. The paucity of therapeutic options stands contrary to intensive research efforts. The failure of these past investments demands a thorough re-examination of the pathophysiology of ischaemic brain injury. Several critical areas hold the key to overcoming the translational roadblock: (1) vascular occlusion: current recanalization strategies have limited effectiveness and may have serious side effects; (2) complexity of stroke pathobiology: therapy must acknowledge the 'Janus-faced' nature of many stroke targets and must identify endogenous neuroprotective and repair mechanisms; (3) inflammation and brain-immune-system interaction: inflammation contributes to lesion expansion, but is also instrumental in lesion containment and repair; stroke outcome is modulated by the interaction of the injured brain with the immune system; (4) regeneration: the potential of the brain for reorganization, plasticity and repair after injury is much greater than previously thought; (5) confounding factors, long-term outcome and predictive modelling. These 5 areas are linked on all levels and therefore need to be tackled by an integrative approach and innovative therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research, Charité, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endres
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koistinaho
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lindvall
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meairs
authors.forename: Jay P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Planas
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaninger
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vivien
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wieloch
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dirnagl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D035843:Biomedical Research; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012107:Research Design; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents