title: Language affects patterns of brain activation associated with perceptual decision.
abstract: Well over half a century ago, Benjamin Lee Whorf [Carroll JB (1956) Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)] proposed that language affects perception and thought and is used to segment nature, a hypothesis that has since been tested by linguistic and behavioral studies. Although clear Whorfian effects have been found, it has not yet been demonstrated that language influences brain activity associated with perception and/or immediate postperceptual processes (referred hereafter as "perceptual decision"). Here, by using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that brain regions mediating language processes participate in neural networks activated by perceptual decision. When subjects performed a perceptual discrimination task on easy-to-name and hard-to-name colored squares, largely overlapping cortical regions were identified, which included areas of the occipital cortex critical for color vision and regions in the bilateral frontal gyrus. Crucially, however, in comparison with hard-to-name colored squares, perceptual discrimination of easy-to-name colors evoked stronger activation in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule, two regions responsible for word-finding processes, as demonstrated by a localizer experiment that uses an explicit color patch naming task. This finding suggests that the language-processing areas of the brain are directly involved in visual perceptual decision, thus providing neuroimaging support for the Whorf hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Linguistics, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Li Hai
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Alice H D
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Pek-Lan
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Khong
authors.forename: Lawrance K C
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Kang-Kwong
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Luke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003118:Color Perception; D003119:Color Perception Tests; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception