title: Complications of diabetes in urban Indigenous Australians: the DRUID study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To accurately assess the management and complications of type 2 diabetes in urban Indigenous Australians and compare the risk of complications with a general Australian population (AusDiab Study).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Darwin Region Urban Indigenous Diabetes (DRUID) Study included 1004 volunteers aged >/=15 years; diabetes status was classifiable for 866. The assessment of diabetic complications and metabolic control was performed in participants with known diabetes (KDM) and diabetes newly diagnosed by the study (NDM) using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and clinical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 172 DRUID participants eligible for complications assessment, 135 were assessed, including 99 KDM (mean age 53 years) and 36 NDM (mean age 47 years). Percentages of KDM participants meeting therapeutic targets were: HbA1c<7%, 29%; blood pressure<130/80mmHg, 45%; total cholesterol<5.5mmol/L, 65%. Among KDM, 39% had albuminuria, 21% retinopathy, 12% peripheral vascular disease (PVD), 9% neuropathy. Factors independently associated with diabetic complications were: albuminuria-HbA1c, systolic blood pressure; retinopathy-diabetes duration; PVD-age. Compared to AusDiab participants after adjusting for other risk factors, DRUID participants had 2-3-fold increased risk of albuminuria and PVD and a non-significant increased risk of neuropathy, but no increased risk of retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urban Indigenous Australians with diabetes are relatively young and have poor glycaemic control. Compared to the general Australian population with type 2 diabetes, they have greater adjusted risk of albuminuria and PVD but not retinopathy. Urgent action is required to prevent diabetes at a population level and improve diabetes management in this high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Menzies School of Health Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, Charles Darwin University, NT, Australia. louise.maple-brown@menzies.edu.au
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maple-Brown
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: Cherie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitbread
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weeramanthri
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tatipata
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: Colin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Hugh R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zimmet
authors.forename: Kerin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Dea
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D015876:Northern Territory / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018579:Patient Selection