title: Longitudinal effects of thymidine analogues on mtDNA, mtRNA and multidrug resistance (MDR-1) induction in cultured cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can cause mitochondrial toxicity. In spite of several studies performed on cells, little is known about their long-term effects on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mitochondrial gene expression (mtRNA) and cellular protective mechanisms that such exposure may trigger. Our aim was to investigate the longitudinal effects of two thymidine analogue NRTIs, zidovudine and stavudine, on human cells, measuring their effects on the levels of mtDNA, mtRNA and on induction of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene MDR-1.
  
  
  METHODS
  K562 lymphoblastoid cells were treated for 74 days with zidovudine or stavudine concentrations corresponding to approximately 1x, 20x and 400x those measured in plasma. Samples were collected longitudinally and assayed for mtDNA, mtRNA and MDR-1 mRNA levels by real-time quantitative PCR. mtDNA deletions were investigated by long PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon exposure to both zidovudine and stavudine, an early dose-dependent and transient increase in mtDNA content was observed. This was followed by a concurrent and transient elevation in both mtRNA and MDR-1 mRNA levels. Interestingly, the increase in mtRNA was most pronounced at low concentrations, whereas that of MDR-1 expression occurred at the highest concentrations only. No mtDNA deletions were detected under any conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cellular response to thymidine analogue NRTI exposure showed a complex, time- and dose-dependent pattern over time. We report for the first time that NRTIs can induce MDR-1 expression; however, this effect is delayed, possibly in response to oxidative damage or mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results indicate that longitudinal experiments may refine our knowledge about NRTI toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Eszter
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papp
authors.forename: Izabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gadawski
authors.forename: Hélène C F
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Côté
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077278:RNA, Mitochondrial; D018119:Stavudine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013936:Thymidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D013997:Time Factors; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D000077278:RNA, Mitochondrial; D015215:Zidovudine; D012313:RNA; D018119:Stavudine; D013936:Thymidine