title: Assessment of regional right ventricular velocities, strain, and displacement in normal children using velocity vector imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Velocity vector imaging (VVI) is a novel technique to assess regional myocardial mechanics. We evaluated the utility of VVI in the assessment of right ventricular (RV) function in normal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  RV images (apical 4-chamber view, high frame rate capture) from 30 normal children (mean 8.7 years; range 1.1-18) were selected. Longitudinal myocardial velocities, peak systolic strain (PSS), maximal longitudinal displacement (LD), and times to peak for these parameters were obtained from six RV segments. Simultaneous Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) derived peak systolic and early diastolic velocities were obtained from the free tricuspid annulus. Measurements were made independently by two observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Qualitative analysis shows dominant longitudinal systolic and diastolic myocardial motion, particularly at the basal segments. Velocities and LD were greatest at the basal segments and decreased from base to apex. PSS values were less consistent between segments and observers, with the greatest PSS generally found in the apical segments. LD and time to peak displacement (TPD) were the most reproducible. TPD in the basal segments were strikingly similar in each patient and correlated with R-R intervals. Peak diastolic velocities in the right base did correlate with corresponding annular DTI velocities; DTI velocities were consistently higher than VVI velocities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RV segmental velocities and LD are reliably obtained by VVI. PSS is less reproducible. LD is a reproducible measure of systolic function and TPD appears to be useful in the assessment of synchrony. Correlation of these findings with children who have known RV pathology is an important next step.
authors.affiliation: Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Shelby
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kutty
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Deatsman
authors.forename: Melodee L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Frommelt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right