Prevalence and factors associated with CKD: a population study from Beijing.
BACKGROUND
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered a serious worldwide public health problem, but data from developing countries are extremely limited.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study.


METHODS
A representative sample of 13,925 adults in Beijing, China.


METHODS
Age (18 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 69, and >70 years), sex, urban or rural area, history of chronic respiratory infection and cardiovascular disease, hepatitis B virus infection, smoking, family history (diabetes, hypertension, and CKD), nephrotoxic medications, central obesity, diabetic and hypertension status, and dyslipidemia.


METHODS
CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or markers of kidney damage. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated by using calibrated serum creatinine level and a formula specific for China. Persistent albuminuria and hematuria were considered markers of kidney damage.


RESULTS
The prevalence of CKD in adults in Beijing was 13.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9 to 14.2). It therefore was estimated that the number of adults in Beijing with CKD was 1.43 million. In subjects aged 18 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 69, and older than 70 years, prevalences of CKD were 10.0% (95% CI, 8.9 to 11.3), 14.2% (95% CI, 13.0 to 15.4), 20.8% (95% CI, 18.1 to 23.9), and 30.5% (95% CI, 26.6 to 34.7), respectively. Factors independently associated with decreased kidney function included older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.22 per 10-year increase), nephrotoxic medications (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.97), rural area (versus urban area; OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.78), history of cardiovascular disease (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.38), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level less than 40 mg/dL (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.39 to 6.51), and hypertension status (with duration > 10 years; OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.19 to 2.88).


CONCLUSIONS
Kidney function and indicators of kidney damage were based on single measurements.


CONCLUSIONS
CKD is a public health burden in Beijing.
Zhang
LuXia
L
Institute of Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
Zhang
PuHong
P
Wang
Fang
F
Zuo
Li
L
Zhou
Ying
Y
Shi
Ying
Y
Li
Gang
G
Jiao
ShuFang
S
Liu
ZeJun
Z
Liang
WanNian
W
Wang
HaiYan
H
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006417:Hematuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D029001:Herbal Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors