Indirect exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks: does symptom structure resemble PTSD?
The authors conducted confirmatory factor analyses of reports of posttraumatic stress reactions using a national probability sample of individuals indirectly exposed to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (n = 675). Reactions at three time points in the year after the attacks were best accounted for by a lower-order, 4-factor solution (Reexperiencing, Strategic Avoidance, Emotional Numbing, and Hyperarousal Symptoms). Indirect exposure to a traumatic event appears to induce a response with a similar symptom structure as responses to direct exposure.
Suvak
Michael
M
Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. suvakmi@yahoo.com
Maguen
Shira
S
Litz
Brett T
BT
Silver
Roxane Cohen
RC
Holman
E Alison
EA
D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires