title: [The anti-diabetic drug troglitazone sensitizes colon cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by down-regulating FLIP].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Induction of apoptosis by the death ligand TRAIL might be a promising therapeutic approach in colorectal cancer therapy. However, some colon cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL because of the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as FLIP. We studied the role of FLIP for apoptosis resistance in colon cancer and developed an approach to overcome the resistance to TRAIL.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mechanisms of TRAIL-induced cell death in colon cancer cells were studied by Western blot analysis, apoptosis assays, transient and stable transfections, siRNA-mediated knockdown, and FACS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anti-apoptotic protein FLIP is expressed in the majority of colon carcinoma. Stable over-expression of FLIP renders colon carcinoma cells resistant to the death ligand, TRAIL. siRNA-mediated down-regulation of FLIP sensitizes the cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. FLIP-expressing colon cancer cells can be sensitized to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by the anti-diabetic drug troglitazone. Troglitazone induces a pronounced reduction in protein expression levels of FLIP. The troglitazone-dependent down-regulation of FLIP occurs on a post-translational level and involves the accelerated FLIP degradation by the proteasome. Moreover, troglitazone suppresses the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, survivin, and induces the cell surface expression of the TRAIL receptor 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anti-apoptotic FLIP protein plays an important role in apoptosis resistance of colon carcinoma cells. Troglitazone down-regulates FLIP and sensitizes the cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. A combined treatment with troglitazone and TRAIL might be a promising experimental therapy for some forms of colorectal cancer because troglitazone sensitizes tumor cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via various mechanisms, thereby minimizing the risk of acquired tumor cell resistance.
authors.affiliation: Pathologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grund
authors.forename: O D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Wiestler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schirmacher
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; D002839:Chromans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077288:Troglitazone