title: Science linking environmental contaminant exposures with fertility and reproductive health impacts in the adult female.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To broadly review the recent literature linking environmental factors and adult female reproductive health for the UCSF-CHE Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reviewed articles indexed in PubMed from 1999-2007 addressing environment and puberty, menstrual and ovarian function, fertility, and menopause.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strongest evidence of environmental contaminant exposures interfering with healthy reproductive function in adult females is for heavy metals, particularly lead. Compounds that can influence hormone function, including pesticides and persistent pollutants, are also associated with risk. The pattern of effects for these endocrine-active compounds is often complex, with no clear dose response, but alterations in function and poor reproductive health outcomes are observed. From a clinical perspective, most modifiable risk appears to be associated with exposures in unique populations (contaminated fish consumers) or occupational groups (farmworkers). Many compounds have demonstrated increased risks for reproductive health impairment in women, but the literature is largely cross-sectional in nature and too sparse or inconclusive to support causal inference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reproductive function in adult females is impaired by lead exposure. Pesticides and persistent pollutants can alter hormone function resulting in adverse reproductive health effects. Coordinated research is needed to address contaminant effects across the life span.
authors.affiliation: US EPA, Human Studies Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA. pim9@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mendola
authors.forename: Lynne C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rappazzo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004782:Environmental Health / Q000639:trends*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018456:Reproductive Medicine / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants