title: Evidence for different susceptibility to tipranavir and darunavir in patients infected with distinct HIV-1 subtypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tipranavir (TPV) and darunavir (DRV) are potent against protease inhibitor (PI)-resistant viruses. Efficacy of these compounds when confronting distinct HIV subtypes is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  All clinical specimens from HIV-positive patients sent to our institution for drug resistance testing between 1999 and 2006 were analysed. The prevalence of TPV and DRV resistance mutations was assessed based on the latest International AIDS Society-USA panel list. Phenotypic susceptibility to DRV and TPV was examined in a subset of these samples using the PhenoSense assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1364 genotypes were analysed, including 1178 from individuals infected with clade B (285 drug naive) and 186 with non-B subtypes (137 drug naive). The mean number (+/-SD) of DRV resistance-associated mutations was higher in clade B than non-B (0.4 +/- 0.9 versus 0.06 +/- 0.3; P < 0.001), and more frequent among PI-experienced than drug-naive patients (0.6 +/- 1.02 versus 0.02 +/- 0.21; P < 0.001). In contrast, the mean number of TPV resistance-associated mutations was higher in non-B than B subtypes (2.7 +/- 1 versus 1.2 +/- 1.6; P < 0.001), regardless of PI experience. Susceptibility to TPV and DRV was examined in 29 drug-naive patients infected with non-B subtypes (1A, 3C, 2CRF01_AE, 9CRF02_AG, 1CRF12_BF, 3CRF14_BG, 3F and 7G). All showed susceptibility to DRV and 93% to TPV. Interestingly, two subtype F specimens showed reduced TPV susceptibility, with fold-changes of 2.7 and 2.1, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-B subtypes show a greater number of TPV resistance-associated mutations than B viruses, regardless of PI exposure. While HIV clade has no influence on DRV susceptibility, some F subtypes may show reduced TPV susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. evapoveda@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Poveda
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Mendoza
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Parkin
authors.forename: Sunny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: García-Gasco
authors.forename: Angélica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corral
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soriano
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D000069454:Darunavir; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005814:Genes, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011753:Pyrones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D011753:Pyrones; D013449:Sulfonamides; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease; D000069454:Darunavir; C107201:tipranavir