title: Adherent self-renewable human embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cell line: functional engraftment in experimental stroke model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offer a virtually unlimited source of neural cells for structural repair in neurological disorders, such as stroke. Neural cells can be derived from hESCs either by direct enrichment, or by isolating specific growth factor-responsive and expandable populations of human neural stem cells (hNSCs). Studies have indicated that the direct enrichment method generates a heterogeneous population of cells that may contain residual undifferentiated stem cells that could lead to tumor formation in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We isolated an expandable and homogenous population of hNSCs (named SD56) from hESCs using a defined media supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and leukemia inhibitory growth factor (LIF). These hNSCs grew as an adherent monolayer culture. They were fully neuralized and uniformly expressed molecular features of NSCs, including nestin, vimentin and radial glial markers. These hNSCs did not express the pluripotency markers Oct4 or Nanog, nor did they express markers for the mesoderm or endoderm lineages. The self-renewal property of the hNSCs was characterized by a predominant symmetrical mode of cell division. The SD56 hNSCs differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes throughout multiple passages in vitro, as well as after transplantation. Together, these criteria confirm the definitive NSC identity of the SD56 cell line. Importantly, they exhibited no chromosome abnormalities and did not form tumors after implantation into rat ischemic brains and into naïve nude rat brains and flanks. Furthermore, hNSCs isolated under these conditions migrated toward the ischemia-injured adult brain parenchyma and improved the independent use of the stroke-impaired forelimb two months post-transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SD56 human neural stem cells derived under the reported conditions are stable, do not form tumors in vivo and enable functional recovery after stroke. These properties indicate that this hNSC line may offer a renewable, homogenous source of neural cells that will be valuable for basic and translational research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. mdaadi@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Marcel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Daadi
authors.forename: Anne-Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Maag
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000637:transplantation; D051381:Rats; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers