Biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate indicate presence and severity of cystic fibrosis in children.
Chronic airway inflammation is present in cystic fibrosis (CF). Non-invasive inflammometry may be useful in disease management. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate: (i) the ability of fractional exhaled nitric oxide and inflammatory markers (IM) [exhaled breath condensate (EBC) acidity, nitrite, nitrate, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), 8-isoprostane, Th1/Th2 cytokines] to indicate (exacerbations of) CF; and (ii) the ability of these non-invasive IM to indicate CF disease severity. In 98 children (48 CF/50 controls), exhaled nitric oxide was measured using the NIOX, and condensate was collected using a glass condenser. In CF interferon (IFN-gamma) and nitrite concentrations were significantly higher, whereas exhaled nitric oxide levels were significantly lower compared with controls (3.3 +/- 0.3 pg/ml, 2.2 +/- 0.2 microM, 10.0 +/- 1.2 p.p.b. vs. 2.6 +/- 0.2 pg/ml, 1.4 +/- 0.1 microM, 15.4 +/- 1.4 p.p.b. respectively). Using multivariate logistic regression models, the presence of CF was best indicated by 8-isoprostane, nitrite and IFN-gamma [sensitivity 78%, specificity 83%; area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.906, p < 0.001]. An exacerbation of CF was best indicated by 8-isoprostane and nitrite (sensitivity 40%, specificity 97%, AUC curve 0.838, p = 0.009). Most indicative biomarkers of CF severity were exhaled nitric oxide, and condensate acidity (sensitivity 96%, specificity 67%; AUC curve 0.751, p = 0.008). In this cross-sectional study, the combination of different exhaled IM could indicate (exacerbations of) CF, and severity of the disease in children. Longitudinal data are necessary to further confirm the role of these markers for the management of CF in children.
Robroeks
Charlotte M H H T
CM
Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. crob@paed.azm.nl
Rosias
Philippe P R
PP
van Vliet
Dillys
D
Jöbsis
Quirijn
Q
Yntema
Jan-Bart L
JB
Brackel
Hein J L
HJ
Damoiseaux
Jan G M C
JG
den Hartog
Gertjan M
GM
Wodzig
Will K W H
WK
Dompeling
Edward
E
D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015237:Dinoprost; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide