title: Perioperative hyperinsulinaemic normoglycaemic clamp causes hypolipidaemia after coronary artery surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) administration is advocated on the premise of preventing hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia during reperfusion after cardiac interventions. Current research has focused on hyperglycaemia, largely ignoring lipids, or other substrates. The present study examines lipids and other substrates during and after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and how they are affected by a hyperinsulinaemic normoglycaemic clamp.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients were randomized to a control group (n=21) or to a GIK group (n=23) receiving a hyperinsulinaemic normoglycaemic clamp during 26 h. Plasma levels of free fatty acid (FFA), total and lipoprotein (VLDL, HDL, and LDL)-triglycerides (TG), ketone bodies, and lactate were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control group, mean FFA peaked at 0.76 (sem 0.05) mmol litre(-1) at early reperfusion and decreased to 0.3-0.5 mmol litre(-1) during the remaining part of the study. GIK decreased FFA levels to 0.38 (0.05) mmol litre(-1) at early reperfusion, and to low concentrations of 0.10 (0.01) mmol litre(-1) during the hyperinsulinaemic clamp. GIK reduced the area under the curve (AUC) for FFA by 75% and for TG by 53%. The reduction in total TG was reflected by a reduction in the VLDL (-54% AUC) and HDL (-42% AUC) fraction, but not in the LDL fraction. GIK prevented the increase in ketone bodies after reperfusion (-44 to -47% AUC), but was without effect on lactate levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild hyperlipidaemia was only observed during early reperfusion (before heparin reversal) and the hyperinsulinaemic normoglycaemic clamp actually resulted in hypolipidaemia during the largest part of reperfusion after cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.j.zuurbier@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Zuurbier
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Abeling
authors.forename: J C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Meijers
authors.forename: J H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Levels
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Jonge
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: de Mol
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Van Wezel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D007657:Ketone Bodies; D008074:Lipoproteins; D014280:Triglycerides; C030087:lipoprotein triglyceride; D019344:Lactic Acid