title: Optical properties of apple skin and flesh in the wavelength range from 350 to 2200 nm.
abstract: Optical measurement of fruit quality is challenging due to the presence of a skin around the fruit flesh and the multiple scattering by the structured tissues. To gain insight in the light-tissue interaction, the optical properties of apple skin and flesh tissue are estimated in the 350-2200 nm range for three cultivars. For this purpose, single integrating sphere measurements are combined with inverse adding-doubling. The observed absorption coefficient spectra are dominated by water in the near infrared and by pigments and chlorophyll in the visible region, whose concentrations are much higher in skin tissue. The scattering coefficient spectra show the monotonic decrease with increasing wavelength typical for biological tissues with skin tissue being approximately three times more scattering than flesh tissue. Comparison to the values from time-resolved spectroscopy reported in literature showed comparable profiles for the optical properties, but overestimation of the absorption coefficient values, due to light losses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems, Division of Mechatronics Biostatistics and Sensors, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. wouter.saeys@biw.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saeys
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Velazco-Roa
authors.forename: Suresh N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Thennadil
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramon
authors.forename: Bart M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Nicolaï
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D004867:Equipment Design; D027845:Malus / Q000502:physiology*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D010858:Pigmentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013045:Species Specificity; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll