title: Gas6-axl receptor signaling is regulated by glucose in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl and its ligand Gas6 are involved in the development of renal diabetic disease. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) Axl is activated by reactive oxygen species and stimulates migration and cell survival, suggesting a role for Axl in the vascular complications of diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the effect of varying glucose concentration on Axl signaling in VSMCs. Glucose exerted powerful effects on Gas6-Axl signaling with greater activation of Akt and mTOR in low glucose, and greater activation of ERK1/2 in high glucose. Plasma membrane distribution and tyrosine phosphorylation of Axl were not affected by glucose. However, coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that glucose changed the interaction of Axl with its binding partners. Specifically, binding of Axl to the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase was increased in low glucose, whereas binding to SHP-2 was increased in high glucose. Furthermore, Gas6-Axl induced migration was increased in high glucose, whereas Gas6-Axl mediated inhibition of apoptosis was greater in low glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates a role for glucose in altering Axl signaling through coupling to binding partners and suggests a mechanism by which Axl contributes to VSMC dysfunction in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cavet
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Smolock
authors.forename: Oktay H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: World
authors.forename: Jinjiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: Bradford C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Berk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005947:Glucose / Q000502:physiology*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D054592:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; D000099255:Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D054592:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; D000099255:Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6