title: Plasma D-dimer concentration in sick newborn foals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Septicemia is associated with a systemic inflammatory response, hemostatic activation, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Increased plasma d-dimer concentration occurs in septic neonates and can reliably detect sepsis or DIC, and predict death in ill neonatal foals.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 septic, 41 nonseptic hospitalized foals, and 22 healthy neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational clinical study. Blood samples were collected on admission, at 24-48 hours after admission, and at the time of discharge or euthanasia. Plasma d-dimer concentration, clotting times, antithrombin activity, and fibrinogen concentration were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On admission, d-dimer concentration values were significantly higher in septic foals (median, 25-75th percentiles; 568, 245-2013 ng/mL) compared with the nonseptic and healthy groups (386, 175-559 and 313, 152-495 ng/mL, respectively), and in septic foals at the age of 2-7 days compared with similar-age nonseptic foals. By means of samples taken at 24-48 hours of hospitalization and a cut-off value of > 2000 ng/mL, D dimer concentration was significantly associated with the diagnosis of septicemia (odds ratio [OR] = 19.6, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.9-203) and death (OR = 8.7, 95% CI 1.8-43). Owing to a high false-positive prediction rate (71%), a normal d-dimer concentration is better at eliminating the diagnosis of sepsis than an increased d-dimer concentration at predicting sepsis. Fifty percent of septic foals had a diagnosis of DIC, but d-dimer concentration was not significantly associated with the diagnosis of DIC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Septic foals showed a marked activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic systems and a high prevalence of DIC. Increased plasma d-dimer concentration is significantly associated with the diagnosis of sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Armengou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monreal
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tarancón
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ríos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Segura
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D006736:Horses; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D