title: Missed lumbar disc herniations diagnosed with kinetic magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: METHODS
  A novel dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, kinetic MRI (kMRI), was used to study lumbar disc herniations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine if adding flexion and extension MRI studies to the traditional neutral views would be beneficial in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Prior studies demonstrate that only 70% of patients with lumbar disc herniations based on physical examinations are confirmed by MRI studies. Recently, kMRI delivers the ability to scan patients in neutral, flexion, and extension positions, which may allow for improved diagnosis of this problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred fifty-three patients underwent kMRI with assessment of the degree of disc bulge in neutral and flexion and extension. The images were analyzed using computer measurement technology to objectively quantify the amount of disc herniation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For patients with normal or <3 mm of disc bulge in neutral, 19.46% demonstrated an increase in herniation to >3 mm bulge in extension, and 15.29% demonstrated an increase to >3 mm bulge in flexion. For patients in the neutral view that had a baseline disc bulge of 3 to 5 mm, 13.28% had increased herniations to >5 mm in extension and 8.47% had increased herniations to >5 mm in flexion. For patients with a baseline disc bulge of 5 to 7 mm in neutral, 10.58% increased in extension and 5.78% increased in flexion. In addition, for patients with a baseline disc bulge of 7 to 9 mm in neutral, 9.09% increased in extension and 4.55% increased in flexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant increase in the degree of lumbar disc herniation was found by examining flexion and extension views when compared with neutral views alone. kMRI views provide valuable added information, especially in situations where symptomatic radiculopathy is present without any abnormalities demonstrated on conventional MRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Huilin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Soon W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Seung H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000473:pathology*; D007700:Kinetics; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000473:pathology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture