title: Observations favouring the occurrence of local production and marked effects of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide in the synovial tissue of the human knee joint--comparisons with substance P and the NK-1 receptor.
abstract: We have previously shown that levels of the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (BN/GRP) in blood and synovial fluid correlate with levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is well-established that SP is present in nerve endings in the synovium whilst the source of BN/GRP in human joints is completely unknown. Nor is it known whether GRP-receptors (GRP-R) are present in human synovial tissue. This study aimed to investigate the expression pattern of SP, BN/GRP and their receptors (NK-1R and GRP-R) in synovial tissue. Synovial tissue specimens from patients with RA or osteoarthritis (OA) were processed for immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridisation and ELISA. The results show the presence of BN/GRP, but not SP, in cells in the synovial tissue at both the protein and mRNA level. We did not find immunoreactive BN/GRP in nerve structures. NK-1R and GRP-R were also expressed at both protein and mRNA levels in cells associated with blood vessels and cells in the interstitial tissue. ELISA analyses revealed both SP and BN/GRP to be present in synovial tissue extracts and that synovial levels of SP were higher in RA patients than those with OA. Our results indicate that BN/GRP is produced by non-neuronal cells in the synovial tissue. Furthermore, both BN/GRP and SP may exert their effects on the synovial tissue through the respective receptors. These results suggest that BN/GRP and SP may modulate inflammation and vascular events, and possibly healing processes in the synovium. Finally, nerves should not be considered as the source of BN/GRP in synovial tissue although this peptide is presumably intimately involved functionally in synovial tissue, a previously unrecognised fact.
authors.affiliation: Section for Anatomy, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, and Department of Rheumatology, Umeå University Hospital, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. ola.grimsholm@anatomy.umu.se
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Grimsholm
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rantapää-Dahlqvist
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dalén
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forsgren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001839:Bombesin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019886:Gastrin-Releasing Peptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013373:Substance P / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1; D013373:Substance P; D019886:Gastrin-Releasing Peptide; D001839:Bombesin