title: Executive dysfunction in medicated, remitted state of major depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Past neuropsychological studies on depression have documented executive dysfunction and it has been reported that some dysfunction persists even after depressive symptoms disappear. Studies have shown a correlation between cerebrovascular lesions and executive dysfunction in depression among the elderly. The aim of the present study was to focus on executive functions in remitted major depressive disorder (MDD) patients, and to investigate whether remitted young and elderly patients show different patterns of executive dysfunction, and to ascertain the relationships with vascular lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 79 inpatients with MDD and 85 healthy controls. Each subject received Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop test, and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) in a remitted state. Both the MDD and control groups were divided into young and elderly groups, and the performances between 4 groups were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For Stroop test, the scores of the MDD group were significantly lower than controls. In addition, as for VFT, the scores for the elderly MDD group were significantly lower than the other groups. Multiple regression analysis showed that VFT scores were affected by the presence of vascular lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study demonstrated that executive dysfunction remained even in a remitted state in MDD patients, but the patterns of impairment were different between young and elderly patients. The results also suggested that vascular lesions affect executive dysfunction, particularly in elderly depressive patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maeshima
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Toshihito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mimura
authors.forename: Heii
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D035061:Control Groups; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome