title: Inhibition of Sudan I genotoxicity in human liver-derived HepG2 cells by the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol.
abstract: The chemoprotective effect of hydroxytyrosol (HT) against Sudan I-induced genotoxicity was investigated in a human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. The comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay were used to monitor genotoxicity. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was measured using a fluorescent probe, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). The levels of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were estimated by immunocytochemistry analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and by measuring levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), respectively. Intracellular glutathione (GSH) level was estimated by fluorometric methods. The results showed that HT significantly reduced the genotoxicity caused by Sudan I. Furthermore, HT ameliorated lipid pexidation as demonstrated by a reduction in TBARS formation and attenuated GSH depletion in a concentration-dependent manner. It was also found that HT reduced intracellular ROS formation and 8-OHdG level caused by Sudan I. These results strongly suggest that HT has significant protective ability against Sudan I-induced genotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Chengyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Cunli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Laifu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009284:Naphthols / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D009153:Mutagens; D009284:Naphthols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; C024336:1-phenylazo-2-naphthol; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D005978:Glutathione; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol