title: Dimensions of adolescent alcohol involvement as predictors of young-adult major depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adolescent alcohol involvement may increase risk for young-adult depression; however, findings are mixed and important questions remain unanswered. Because alcohol involvement among teens is multidimensional, this study examined the extent to which four different adolescent alcohol dimensions (i.e., frequency of alcohol use, quantity of consumption, frequency of heavy episodic drinking, and frequency of problem use) were predictive of young-adult major depressive disorder (MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in this prospective longitudinal study, which extended from age 11 to age 22, were 429 rural teens (including 222 girls) and their families. Self-reports of each dimension of adolescent alcohol involvement were obtained at ages 16 and 18. Depression diagnoses were obtained at age 22, using a structured interview. Analyses included adolescent depressed mood, measured via self-report at ages 16 and 18. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multidimensional nature of adolescent alcohol involvement was best represented by a first-order problem-use factor and a second-order alcohol-intake factor comprised of quantity, frequency, and heavy drinking. After controlling for gender and depressed mood, adolescent problem use, but not alcohol intake, was a significant positive predictor of young-adult MDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings help clarify the link between alcohol involvement and depression and suggest that harm-reduction strategies may help prevent later mood disorders.
authors.affiliation: Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue NE, 401, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA. wamason@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: W Alex
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kosterman
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Haggerty
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Cleve
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Spoth
authors.forename: Chungyeol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012650:Self Disclosure