title: Intrathecally injected morphine inhibits inflammatory paw edema: the involvement of nitric oxide and cyclic-guanosine monophosphate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphine can inhibit inflammatory edema in experimental animals. The mechanisms and sites by which opioids exert this effect are still under debate. Since the spinal level is a site for modulation of the neurogenic component of inflammation, we investigated the effect of intrathecal (i.t.) administration of morphine, and the involvement of spinal nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic-guanosine monophosphate-GMP pathway in carrageenan (CG)-induced paw edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats received i.t. injections of drugs (20 microL) 30 min before paw stimulation with CG (150 microg). Edema was measured as paw volume increase (mL), and neutrophil migration was evaluated indirectly by myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine (37, 75, and 150 nmol) inhibited inflammatory edema, but had no effect on MPO activity. Coinjection with naloxone (64 nmol) reversed the effect of morphine. The corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor, aminoglutethimide (50 mg/kg, v.o.), administered 90 min before morphine injection did not modify its antiedematogenic effect. Low doses of the NO synthase inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 10 and 30 pmol) increased, while higher doses (3 and 30 nmol) inhibited edema. The guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 21 and 42 nmol) increased, while the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil (0.15 and 1.5 nmol) inhibited paw edema. Coadministration of a subeffective dose of L-NNA (3 pmol) or ODQ (10 nmol) with morphine prevented its antiedematogenic effect, but sildenafil (0.15 nmol) rendered a subeffective dose of morphine effective (18 nmol). ODQ also prevented the antiedematogenic effect of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicilamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the idea that morphine can act on opioid receptors at the spinal level to produce antiedematogenic, and that the NO/cGMP pathway seems to be an important mediator in this effect.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brasil.
authors.forename: Sara Comelli
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Carlos Rogério
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tonussi
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002351:Carrageenan; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D011810:Quinoxalines; D013450:Sulfones; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D002351:Carrageenan; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D009195:Peroxidase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP