title: Impact of socioeconomic factors on prostate cancer outcomes in black patients treated with surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of socioeconomic factors in the worse outcome of black men with prostate cancer remains unclear. To determine whether socioeconomic factors affect prostate cancer outcomes, we studied a cohort of only black patients to minimize known confounding factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied black men treated with radical prostatectomy at New York Veterans Administration Medical Center and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1990 and 2005. A centralized pathology review process determined the Gleason score of all cases. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence at both sites was defined as PSA of 0.2 or greater with a confirmatory rise. By matching patients' home zip codes to the U.S. Census Bureau database, we obtained corresponding socioeconomic data regarding median household income (income) and percentage of population with a high school (degree). We analyzed income, education, and clinical and pathological parameters for the whole cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 430 black patients. They resided in neighborhoods where median household income was $41,498.10 and mean percentage of high school graduates was 73.4%. A total of 88 patients (20.9%) had PSA recurrence. Median follow-up for survivors was 37 months. Neither income nor education evaluated as continuous or categorical variables were predictors of PSA recurrence. When evaluated as composite categorical variable, the combination of greater income and education did not predict disease-free survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggest that socioeconomic factors have limited impact on PSA recurrence in black men treated with radical prostatectomy. Thus, biologic factors might have a role in the poor outcomes in this population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Atreya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jean-Gilles
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taneja
authors.forename: Jaya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Satagopan
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gerald
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eastham
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Osman
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen