title: In vitro metabolism of a model cyclopropylamine to reactive intermediate: insights into trovafloxacin-induced hepatotoxicity.
abstract: Trovafloxacin (Trovan) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic drug with a long half-life and broad-spectrum activity. Since its entry into the market in 1998, trovafloxacin has been associated with numerous cases of hepatotoxicity, which has limited its clinical usefulness. Trovafloxacin possesses two substructural elements that have the potential to generate reactive intermediates: a cyclopropylamine moiety and a difluoroanilino system. The results presented here describe the in vitro metabolic activation of a synthetic drug model (DM) of trovafloxacin that contains the cyclopropylamine moiety. Cyclopropylamine can be oxidized to reactive ring-opened products-a carbon-centered radical and a subsequently oxidized alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde. Experiments with monoamine oxygenases, horseradish peroxidase, flavin monooxygenase 3, and cDNA-expressed P450 isoenzymes revealed that P450 1A2 oxidizes DM to a reactive alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde, M 1. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase (MPO) was also demonstrated to oxidize DM in the presence of chloride ion to produce M 1. DM proved to be a suicide inhibitor of MPO while showing no inhibition of P450 1A2. The structure of the reactive metabolite was confirmed by LC-MS/MS analysis by comparison with a synthetic standard. M 1 was further shown to react with glutathione and the related thiol nucleophile, 4-bromobenzyl mercaptan, suggesting the potential of this intermediate to react with protein nucleophiles. In summary, these data provide evidence that trovafloxacin-induced hepatotoxicity may be mediated through the oxidation of the cyclopropylamine substructure to reactive intermediates that may form covalent adducts to hepatic proteins, resulting in damage to liver tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Foss
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Macdonald
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000378:metabolism*; D003521:Cyclopropanes / Q000378:metabolism*; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000378:metabolism; D065609:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009287:Naphthyridines / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D011342:Procainamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D019782:Riluzole / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D065609:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D009287:Naphthyridines; D019782:Riluzole; C067351:cyclopropylamine; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C080163:trovafloxacin; D009195:Peroxidase; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D011342:Procainamide