title: The association of urinary cadmium with sex steroid hormone concentrations in a general population sample of US adult men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies investigating the association of cadmium and sex steroid hormones in men have been inconsistent, but previous studies were relatively small.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a nationally representative sample of 1,262 men participating in the morning examination session of phase I (1998-1991) of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, creatinine corrected urinary cadmium and serum concentrations of sex steroid hormones were measured following a standardized protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age and race-ethnicity, higher cadmium levels were associated with higher levels of total testosterone, total estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, estimated free testosterone, and estimated free estradiol (each p-trend < 0.05). After additionally adjusting for smoking status and serum cotinine, none of the hormones maintained an association with urinary cadmium (each p-trend > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary cadmium levels were not associated with sex steroid hormone concentrations in a large nationally representative sample of US men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. amenke@jhsph.edu <amenke@jhsph.edu>
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menke
authors.forename: Eliseo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guallar
authors.forename: Meredith S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shiels
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.forename: Shehzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basaria
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Platz
mesh_terms: D000731:Androstanes / Q000097:blood; D002104:Cadmium / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053448:Prostatism / Q000097:blood*; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000731:Androstanes; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D002104:Cadmium; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol