title: A systematic review and meta-analyses on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) is regarded as a risk predictor for cardiovascular diseases. This systematic review explored the robustness of observations that CRP is elevated in periodontitis. Similarly, the effect of periodontal therapy on CRP levels was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selection of publications was based on: (1) cross-sectional (case-control) studies; (2) longitudinal (treatment) studies; (3) high-sensitivity CRP measurement; (4) median and/or mean (+/-SD) values presented; and (5) subjects with no systemic disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening of the initially 448 identified studies and reference checking resulted in 18 suitable papers. The majority of the studies showed that CRP levels are higher in patients than in controls. Often, studies showed that patients had CRP levels >2.1 mg/l. A meta-analysis of 10 cross-sectional studies showed that the weighted mean difference (WMD) of CRP between patients and controls was 1.56 mg/l (p<0.00001). Evidence from available treatment studies (n=6) showed lower levels of CRP after periodontal therapy. Eligible treatment studies in a meta-analysis demonstrated a WMD of reductions of CRP after therapy of 0.50 mg/L (95% CI 0.08-0.93) (p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is strong evidence from cross-sectional studies that plasma CRP in periodontitis is elevated compared with controls. There is modest evidence on the effect of periodontal therapy in lowering the levels of CRP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.paraskevas@acta.nl
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paraskevas
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Huizinga
authors.forename: Bruno G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Loos
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D012534:Dental Scaling; D006801:Humans; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002097:C-Reactive Protein