title: Optic disc hemorrhages in glaucoma and ocular hypertension: implications and recommendations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiology of disc hemorrhages and underscore the importance of detecting these markers of potential glaucomatous damage and progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study has confirmed that disc hemorrhages are an independent risk factor in the development of glaucoma. The risk of developing glaucoma was six times more likely in ocular hypertensive patients with disc hemorrhages compared with ocular hypertensive patients without disc hemorrhages. This study also highlighted the difficulty in detecting disc hemorrhages on clinical examination, noting that only 16% of disc hemorrhages detected on stereophotographs were identified on funduscopic examination. One study has demonstrated that surgical lowering of intraocular pressure decreased the occurrence of disc hemorrhages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the mechanism for the development of disc hemorrhages remains vague, the recent literature describes the difficulty in detecting disc hemorrhages, the importance of identifying this negative prognostic indicator and the effectiveness of intraocular pressure lowering with trabeculectomy in decreasing the risk of future disc hemorrhages.
authors.affiliation: Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, USA.
authors.forename: Tara A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Uhler
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piltz-Seymour
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D009898:Optic Disk; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors