title: The frequency of occurrence of abnormal frenal attachment of lips and enamel defects in Turner syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the work was to register the frequency of occurrence of abnormal frenal attachment of lips and enamel defects and find the correlation between these anomalies and three types of Turner syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients (aged 20-40 years) were clinically and cytogenetically diagnosed and divided into three groups, according to karyotype: 45,X (17 cases), with structural aberrations of chromosome X (12 cases) and with mosaic karyotype (21 cases). The control group consisted of 51 healthy woman aged 21-40 years. Subjects were screened for developmental anomalies in the labial frenula and enamel defects in three groups of Turner syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some significant anomalies of soft and hard tissues were found in studied patients: abnormal frenal attachments (42% of cases), enamel opacities (58% of cases) and enamel hypoplasia (38% of cases). Differences in the occurrence of these anomaly in all group with Turner syndrome in comparison with the control group were significantly different. Enamel defects were prevalent in the patients with karyotype 45,X and patients with structural aberrations of chromosome X in comparison with the mosaic karyotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study have shown, that abnormal attachment of lips and enamel defects were more frequent in Turner syndrome patients than in the control group. Enamel defects were correlated with the karyotypes of Turner syndrome and abnormal attachment of lips was not correlated with the karyotypes of Turner syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland. akusiak@amg.gda.pl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kusiak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sadlak-Nowicka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Limon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kochańska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000145:classification; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D007742:Labial Frenum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D009030:Mosaicism / Q000145:classification; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012016:Reference Values; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics