title: Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine is highly effective in the Ugandan routine immunization program: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effectiveness of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination program in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study of Hib vaccine effectiveness against Hib meningitis. Cases were children hospitalized with Hib meningitis confirmed by culture and/or latex agglutination. Cases were identified retrospectively from July 2002 to July 2004, and prospectively from July 2004 to July 2005. Each case-patient was matched by age to three neighbourhood and three hospital controls; all children were eligible to receive Hib vaccine through the routine schedule. Vaccine effectiveness was evaluated by conditional logistic regression, controlling for confounding variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 41 cases; their median age was 6 months. Only six (15%) cases, all HIV-negative, had received >/=2 doses of Hib vaccine, compared with 64% of neighbourhood controls and 70% of hospital controls. Controlling for maternal education, the only variable which remained in the multivariable model, vaccine effectiveness for two or three doses vs. no dose was 99% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 92-100%] and 96% (95% CI 80-100%) when cases were compared with neighbourhood and hospital controls, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Uganda, Hib vaccine was highly effective in the context of the routine immunization schedule. Sustained routine use of Hib vaccine will contribute to the prevention of childhood morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen Hyun-Ju
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Rosamund F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Issa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Makumbi
authors.forename: Adeodata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kekitiinwa
authors.forename: Tom D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ediamu
authors.forename: Monic
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bazibu
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Braka
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Zuber
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Feikin
mesh_terms: D016667:Bacterial Capsules; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008583:Meningitis, Haemophilus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C044237:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate