title: Arsenic as an endocrine disruptor: arsenic disrupts retinoic acid receptor-and thyroid hormone receptor-mediated gene regulation and thyroid hormone-mediated amphibian tail metamorphosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic exposure to excess arsenic in drinking water has been strongly associated with increased risks of multiple cancers, diabetes, heart disease, and reproductive and developmental problems in humans. We previously demonstrated that As, a potent endocrine disruptor at low, environmentally relevant levels, alters steroid signaling at the level of receptor-mediated gene regulation for all five steroid receptors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to determine whether As can also disrupt gene regulation via the retinoic acid (RA) receptor (RAR) and/or the thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR) and whether these effects are similar to previously observed effects on steroid regulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human embryonic NT2 or rat pituitary GH3 cells were treated with 0.01-5 microM sodium arsenite for 24 hr, with or without RA or TH, respectively, to examine effects of As on receptor-mediated gene transcription. At low, noncytotoxic doses, As significantly altered RAR-dependent gene transcription of a transfected RAR response element-luciferase construct and the native RA-inducible cytochrome P450 CYP26A gene in NT2 cells. Likewise, low-dose As significantly altered expression of a transfected TR response element-luciferase construct and the endogenous TR-regulated type I deiodinase (DIO1) gene in a similar manner in GH3 cells. An amphibian ex vivo tail metamorphosis assay was used to examine whether endocrine disruption by low-dose As could have specific pathophysiologic consequences, because tail metamorphosis is tightly controlled by TH through TR. TH-dependent tail shrinkage was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 0.1- 4.0 microM As.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As had similar effects on RAR- and TR-mediated gene regulation as those previously observed for the steroid receptors, suggesting a common mechanism or action. Arsenic also profoundly affected a TR-dependent developmental process in a model animal system at very low concentrations. Because RAR and TH are critical for both normal human development and adult function and their dysregulation is associated with many disease processes, disruption of these hormone receptor-dependent processes by As is also potentially relevant to human developmental problems and disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: Athena P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Nomikos
authors.forename: Manida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wungjiranirun
authors.forename: Jenna R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: Cavus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Batki
authors.forename: Jean P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lariviere
authors.forename: Joshua W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D001151:Arsenic