title: Telephone intervention to promote diabetic retinopathy screening among the urban poor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Participation in diabetic retinopathy screening is suboptimal. The Vision is Precious study (2001-2005) tested the hypothesis that a tailored telephone intervention in urban minority diabetes populations, offered in English or Spanish, would result in greater screening for retinopathy than a standard print intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (N=598) were adults with diabetes without a dilated fundus examination (DFE) in >1 year from three healthcare centers in Bronx NY.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tailored telephone intervention to promote retinopathy screening compared to a standard print intervention over a 6-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Documentation of a DFE within 6 months was the main outcome. Data on risk perceptions using the Risk Perception Survey for Diabetes were collected pre- and post-intervention. Electronic databases were used to obtain hemoglobin A1c information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects were 40% men, mean age 57 years; 39% reported household incomes as <$15K; 45% reported their race as black, and 42% reported ethnicity as Hispanic/Latino; 23% chose Spanish as their preferred language. Data were analyzed in 2006. There was a 74% increase in retinopathy screening in the telephone versus print group (p<0.0005), with no differences by intervention language or by gender. Predictors of undergoing a DFE included: telephone intervention, baseline risk-perception scores indicating less worry and more realism about diabetes complications, and the interaction of self-reported worry and being in the telephone intervention. Subjects who had poor diabetes control responded with greater success to telephone interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A limited telephone intervention can improve significantly participation in retinopathy screening in a minority, low-income population. This intervention influenced risk perceptions about diabetes complications. Further research is needed to develop effective risk communications to prevent the complications of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. walker@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Clyde B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caban
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Basch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D011203:Poverty; D013689:Telephone