title: [Severe shoulder dystocia: study of 14 cases treated by Jacquemier's maneuver].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shoulder dystocia is a dreadful complication of vaginal deliveries since it can be responsible of brachial plexus palsies and even neonatal deaths. Unlike most studies, we defined shoulder dystocia as the enclosing of fetal shoulders above the superior strait (cavity station of 1cm) and situations being resolved only by delivery of the posterior arm (Jacquemier's maneuver). The purpose of this study was to analyze cases of shoulder dystocia in terms of maternal and neonatal complications and to compare risk factors with those identified in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study of 14 cases of severe shoulder dystocia (SSD) which occurred at our hospital between January 1995 and January 2007. TSD was diagnosed in the absence of engagement of both fetal shoulders requiring recourse to Jacquemier's maneuver for delivery. Any gestational diabetes, abnormal progression of labour, suspicion or existence of fetal macrosomia, instrumental delivery, and neonatal complications were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of SSD was around 1 per thousand. Multiparity, weight gain greater than 15kg and gestational diabetes were moderately present in our study group. Only 20% of neonates were macrosomic and 50% had a birth-weight of less than 4000g. In 80% of cases, an instrumental extraction was practised. Brachial plexus injuries affected 20% of neonates, no fracture was observed, one child died following an unresolved SSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This series shows that the incidence of SSD is rare and difficultly predictable even though identified risk factors exist. However, an instrumental extraction seems frequently associated with SSD and any extraction should take into account the presence of known risk factors. In spite of the severity of our cases of shoulder dystocia, complications found seemed to be similar to those observed in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Clinique universitaire de gynécologie, d'obstétrique et de la reproduction, CHU de Besançon, avenue du 8-Mai-1945, 25030 Besançon cedex, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collin
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dellis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramanah
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Courtois
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sautière
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maillet
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riethmuller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D004420:Dystocia / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012782:Shoulder