title: Vein wall re-endothelialization after deep vein thrombosis is improved with low-molecular-weight heparin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vein wall endothelial turnover after stasis deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has not been well characterized. The purpose of this study was to quantify re-endothelialization after DVT and determine if low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) therapy affects this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stasis DVT was generated in the rat by inferior vena cava ligation, with harvest at 1, 4, and 14 days. Immunohistologic quantification of vascular smooth muscle cells and luminal endothelialization was estimated by positive staining for alpha-smooth muscle actin and von Willebrand factor, respectively. In separate experiments, rats were treated either before or after DVT with subcutaneous LMWH (3 mg/kg daily) until harvesting at 4 and 14 days. The inferior vena cava was processed for histologic analysis or was processed for organ culture after the thrombus was gently removed. The vein wall was stimulated in vitro with interleukin-1beta (1 ng/mL), and the supernatant was processed at 48 hours for nitric oxide. Cells were processed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, and thrombomodulin at 4 and 14 days, and collagen I and III at 14 days. Comparisons were done with analysis of variance or t test. A P < .05 was significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombus size peaked at 4 days, whereas luminal re-endothelialization increased over time (1 day, 11% +/- 2%; 4 days, 23% +/- 4%; 14 days, 64% +/- 7% (+) von Willebrand factor staining; P < .01, n = 3 to 4, compared with non-DVT control). Similarly, vascular smooth muscle cell staining was lowest at day 1 and gradually returned to baseline by 14 days. Both before and after DVT, LMWH significantly increased luminal re-endothelialization, without a difference in thrombus size at 4 days, but no significant difference was noted at 14 days despite smaller thrombi with LMWH treatment. Pretreatment with LMWH was associated with increased vascular smooth muscle cell area and recovery of certain inducible endothelial specific genes. No significant difference in nitric oxide levels in the supernatant was found at 4 days. At 14 days, type III collagen was significantly elevated with LMWH treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Venous re-endothelialization occurs progressively as the DVT resolves and can be accelerated with LMWH treatment, although this effect appears limited to the early time frame. These findings may have clinical relevance for LMWH timing and treatment compared with mechanical forms of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  How the vein wall endothelium responds after deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has not been well documented owing to limited human specimens. This report shows that low-molecular-weight heparin accelerates or protects the endothelium and preserves medial smooth muscle cell integrity after DVT, but that this effect is limited to a relatively early time period. Although most DVT prophylaxis is pharmacologic (a heparin agent), use of nonpharmacologic measures is also common. The use of heparin prophylaxis, compared with after DVT treatment, and the acceleration of post-DVT re-endothelialization require clinical correlation.
authors.affiliation: Jobst Vascular Surgery Laboratory, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Daria K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moaveni
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Gilbert R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Upchurch
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Wakefield
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Henke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003094:Collagen; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases