title: The utility of supplemental oxygen during emergency department procedural sedation with propofol: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determine whether supplemental oxygen reduces the incidence of hypoxia by 20% compared with breathing room air in adult study patients receiving propofol for emergency department procedural sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive either supplemental oxygen or compressed air by nasal cannula at 3 L per minute. Physicians were blinded to the gas used and end tidal CO(2) (etco(2)) data. Respiratory depression was defined a priori as oxygen saturation less than or equal to 93%, an etco(2) level of greater than or equal to 50 mm Hg, an absolute etco(2) change from baseline of greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg, or loss of the etco(2) waveform.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 110 patients analyzed, 56 received supplemental oxygen and 54 received room air. Ten (18%) patients in the supplemental oxygen group and 15 (28%) patients in the compressed air group experienced hypoxia (P=.3, effect size=10%, 95% confidence interval -24% to 7%). Twenty-seven patients (20 supplemental oxygen; 7 room air) met etco(2) criteria for respiratory depression but did not become hypoxic. Physicians identified respiratory depression in 23 of 25 patients who developed hypoxia compared with only 1 of 27 patients who met etco(2) criteria for respiratory depression but who did not have hypoxia. One patient in the supplemental oxygen group experienced a transient arrhythmia and had a short apneic episode, both of which resolved spontaneously. The patient was admitted for observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplemental oxygen (3 L/minute) trended toward reducing hypoxia in adult study patients; however, the 10% difference observed was not statistically significant and was below our a priori 20% threshold. Blinded capnography frequently identified respiratory depression undetected by the treating physicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA. Deitchk@Einstein.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deitch
authors.forename: Carl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chudnofsky
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dominici
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019296:Capnography; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010100:Oxygen; D015742:Propofol