title: Association of chronic stress, depression symptoms and cortisol with low saliva flow in a sample of south-Brazilians aged 50 years and older.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have evaluated the relationship between depression symptoms, chronic stress or physiological measures of stress such as cortisol levels and saliva secretion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association of low saliva flow with chronic stress, depression symptoms and cortisol in a population aged 50 years and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 227) were recruited from community clubhouses and among dementia caregivers. Stress was assessed using the Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory and salivary cortisol measurements. In addition, taking care of a relative with dementia was included as a proxy variable for chronic stress. Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Saliva flow rate was assessed by measuring unstimulated and chewing-stimulated saliva flow. Further saliva samples were collected (morning, noon, night) for cortisol analysis by means of radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gender, being a dementia caregiver, self-reported diabetes and prescriptive medication intake were independently associated with a low stimulated saliva flow. Prescriptive medication intake was also associated with a low unstimulated saliva flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caregiving, a proxy of chronic stress, was associated with low stimulated saliva flow, indicating that stress may have a potential role in salivary gland hypofunction.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil. fnhugo@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Fernando Neves
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.forename: Juliana Balbinot
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hilgert
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corso
authors.forename: Dalva Maria Pereira
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Padilha
authors.forename: Mary Clarisse
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bozzetti
authors.forename: Denise R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bandeira
authors.forename: Josiane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawlowski
authors.forename: Tonantzin Ribeiro
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012636:Secretory Rate; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone