title: Is defibrillation testing still necessary? A decision analysis and Markov model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing of implanted cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) on survival.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  DFT testing is generally performed during implantation of ICDs to assess sensing and termination of ventricular fibrillation. It is common clinical practice to defibrillate ventricular fibrillation twice at an output at least 10 J below the maximum output of the device, providing a 10 J safety margin. However, there are few data regarding impact of DFT testing on outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision analysis and Monte Carlo simulation were used to assess expected outcomes of DFT testing. Survival of a hypothetical cohort of patients was assessed according to two strategies-routine DFT testing at time of ICD implant versus no DFT testing. Assumptions in the model were varied over a range of reasonable values to assess outcomes under a variety of scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five-year survival with DFT and no-DFT strategies were similar at 59.72% and 59.36%, respectively. The results were not sensitive to changing risk estimates for arrhythmia incidence and safety margin. Results of the Monte Carlo simulation were qualitatively similar to the base case scenario and consistent with a small and nonsignificant survival advantage with routine DFT testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of DFT testing on 5-year survival in ICD patients, if it exists, is small. Survival appears higher with DFT testing as long as annual risk of lethal arrhythmia or the risk of a narrow safety margin is at least 5%, although the incremental benefit is marginal and 95% confidence intervals cross zero. A prospective randomized study of DFT testing in modern devices is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. lgula@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Lorne J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gula
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Massel
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Krahn
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: Allan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Skanes
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008390:Markov Chains; D018579:Patient Selection; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate