title: Synergistic effects of the polymorphisms in the PAI-1 and IL-6 genes with smoking in determining their associated risk with coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between IL-6 and PAI-1 polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD) and to observe the interactions between these polymorphic variants and smoking in the CAD risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 178 patients with angiographically documented CAD and 202 blood donors. The analyses of genetic polymorphisms were performed using the PCR-RFLP method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of PAI-1 5G allele was higher in the entire CAD group than in control group (p=0.04, OR=1.35). Also the 5G allele carriers (4G5G+5G5G) were more frequent in patients than in controls (p=0.03, OR=1.93). The number of women carrying 5G allele was again significantly higher among patients (OR=10.95 p=0.0075). The IL-6 C allele frequency was higher only in the CAD male subgroup (p=0.035, OR=1.44). We found synergistic and cumulative effects between specific genotype patterns and smoking in determining the risk of CAD, especially between PAI-1(4G5G+5G5G)+IL-6(CC) and smoking (SIM=4.18 and p=0.0005, OR=9.20, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are synergistic and cumulative effects of 5G allele of PAI-1 polymorphism and C allele of IL-6 polymorphism with smoking in determining their associated risk with CAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow Str 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland. beatasarecka@poczta.onet.pl
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarecka
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zak
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krauze
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1