title: Diagnosing subtypes of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: an introduction to the Lee-Carroll Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) shares common features with catatonia and serotonin syndrome (SS). For instance, catatonia is a risk factor for the development of NMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a pilot study to examine if the Lee-Carroll Scale is able to differentiate the proposed NMS subtypes and explore possible relationship between NMS and SS. A consecutive series of cases reported to the Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Information Service (NMSIS) were reviewed with 29 cases of "definite NMS." The Hynes-Vickar Scale (an NMS scale), Hegerl Scale (a SS scale), and Lee-Carroll Scale (an NMS subtype scale) were applied to these case report forms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the groups were too small for statistical analysis, the 2 catatonic NMS subtypes appear to have higher NMS scores on the Hynes-Vickar Scale, and lower SS scores on the Hegerl Scale than the non-catatonic NMS subtype. The scores on the Lee-Carroll Scale were highest for non-catatonic NMS subtype. This pilot study suggests that the Lee-Carroll scale may help differentiate the subtypes of NMS, and provides some support that non-catatonic NMS may be a form of SS. NMS subtypes may be important in the early detection and treatment of NMS.
authors.forename: Brendan T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Joseph W Y
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thalassinos
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirkhart
mesh_terms: D002389:Catatonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D009459:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020230:Serotonin Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis