title: Effects of resuscitation fluid on neurologic physiology after cerebral trauma and hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current standard of care for fluid resuscitation of hemorrhagic hypotensive patients involves the use of crystalloid solutions. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often associated with hemorrhage and hypotension, which can contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Guidelines for the choice of fluid resuscitation and the use of red blood cell transfusions are not yet clear in the context of brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various fluid resuscitation strategies were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats using fresh blood, normal saline, hypertonic saline, and albumin fluid resuscitation protocols. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and cerebral oximetry were assessed in hemorrhaged groups and the mean population spike amplitudes (PSA) from the hippocampus were examined in fluid percussion injured (FPI) animals subject to hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAP in control animals, hemorrhage and hemorrhage + albumin treated groups was 82.4 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, 55.7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, and 97.0 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, respectively. Arterial PaO2 was higher in albumin-treated animals relative to other fluid alternatives. Regional tissue oxygen tension (PbrO2) levels in hemorrhaged animals reached significantly higher levels in albumin treated group compared with in normal saline and hypertonic saline (p < 0.001, p = 0.034, respectively). After FPI+hemorrhage, PSA values in albumin- resuscitated animals were significantly higher than in normal saline-resuscitated animals (p = 0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of normal saline resuscitation, relative to other fluid alternatives, suggest that a re-evaluation of current treatment strategies in hemorrhagic hypotensive TBI patients is warranted. Albumin demonstrated the greatest beneficial effects on neurophysiology endpoints over crystalloid alternatives. These data suggests that albumin resuscitation may play an important role in the treatment of hemorrhagic hypotension and TBI.
authors.affiliation: Cara Phelan Center for Trauma Research, Department of Anaesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bakera@smh.toronto.on.ca
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Greg M T
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hare
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sikich
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mazer
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D010100:Oxygen