title: Neuroendocrine and immune responses to 16-day bed rest with realistic launch and landing G profiles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spaceflight is associated with increased glucocorticoids and catecholamines, both well-known for their immunosuppressive effects. The objective of this study was to develop a model of spaceflight by using a human centrifuge to reproduce launch and landing G forces along with bed rest to simulate microgravity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Acute changes in G forces are causal factors in neuroendocrine and immune changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects underwent realistic launch G-force profiles followed by 16 d of 60 head-down tilt bed rest. At the end of the bed rest, subjects were subjected to realistic landing G-force profiles. Stress hormones and changes in leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets were measured in blood and urine samples over the course of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar to shorter Shuttle missions (i.e., < or = 9 d), plasma cortisol was significantly decreased at simulated landing while urinary epinephrine was significantly increased. Urinary cortisol was significantly increased after simulated launch. The pattern of leukocyte and lymphocyte changes also mirrored the changes found in shorter 9-d spaceflights.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest a role for both catecholamines and glucocorticoids in mediating changes in leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets during simulated microgravity coupled with hypergravity. Our results were also strikingly similar to those from actual Shuttle missions and support our conclusion that we have developed a model of spaceflight.
authors.affiliation: Microgen Laboratories, La Marque, TX 77568, USA. rpstowe@microgenlabs.com
authors.forename: Raymond P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Stowe
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Yetman
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.forename: Clarence F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Sams
authors.forename: Duane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pierson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001510:Bed Rest / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D018471:Hypergravity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone; D004837:Epinephrine