Neural control of heart rate is an arrhythmia risk modifier in long QT syndrome.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that differences in autonomic responses might modify clinical severity in long QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1) patients, those with KCNQ1 mutations and reduced I(Ks), in whom the main arrhythmia trigger is sympathetic activation.


BACKGROUND
Some long QT syndrome (LQTS) patients experience life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, whereas others remain asymptomatic throughout life. This clinical heterogeneity is currently unexplained.


METHODS
In a South African LQT1 founder population segregating KCNQ1-A341V, we correlated major cardiac events to resting heart rate (HR) and to baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) on and off beta-adrenergic blockers (BB).


RESULTS
In 56 mutation carriers (MCs), mean HR was lower among asymptomatic patients (p < 0.05). Among MCs with a QT interval corrected for heart rate <or=500 ms, those in the lower HR tertile were less likely to have suffered prior cardiac events (odds ratio [OR] 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04 to 0.79, p < 0.02). The BRS was lower among asymptomatic than symptomatic MCs (11.8 +/- 3.5 ms/mm Hg vs. 20.1 +/- 10.9 ms/mm Hg, p < 0.05). A BRS in the lower tertile was associated with a lower probability of being symptomatic (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.96, p < 0.05). A similar trend was observed during BB. The MCs in the lower tertile for both HR and BRS were less frequently symptomatic than MCs with different patterns (20% vs. 76%, p < 0.05). Subjects with either ADRA2C-Del322-325 or homozygous for ADRB1-R389, 2 polymorphisms predicting enhanced adrenergic response, were more likely to have BRS values above the upper tertile (45% vs. 8%, p < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Lower resting HR and "relatively low" BRS are protective factors in KCNQ1-A341V carriers. A plausible underlying mechanism is that blunted autonomic responses prevent rapid HR changes, arrhythmogenic when I(Ks) is reduced. These findings help understanding phenotypic heterogeneity in LQTS and identify a physiological risk modifier, which is probably genetically determined.
Schwartz
Peter J
PJ
Section of Cardiology, Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Vanoli
Emilio
E
Crotti
Lia
L
Spazzolini
Carla
C
Ferrandi
Chiara
C
Goosen
Althea
A
Hedley
Paula
P
Heradien
Marshall
M
Bacchini
Sara
S
Turco
Annalisa
A
La Rovere
Maria Teresa
MT
Bartoli
Antonella
A
George
Alfred L
AL
Brink
Paul A
PA
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel / Q000235:genetics*; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel; C496909:KCNQ1 protein, human; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic