title: Effect of flunarizine, a calcium channel blocker, on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor dynamics in monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of flunarizine, a nonselective calcium channel blocker, on intraocular pressure (IOP) in monkeys with laser-induced unilateral glaucoma and on aqueous humor dynamics in normal monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  The IOP was measured before and hourly for 6 hours after single-dose administration of 0.5%, 1%, or 2% flunarizine to the glaucomatous eye of 8 monkeys with unilateral laser-induced glaucoma. In a separate multiple-dose study, 0.5% flunarizine was applied twice daily for 5 consecutive days to the glaucomatous eye of the same 8 monkeys. IOP was measured at untreated baseline, after treatment with vehicle only, and on treatment days 1, 3, and 5. Tonographic outflow facility and fluorophotometric flow rates of aqueous humor were measured in 7 normal monkeys before and after the fifth dose of twice-daily treatment with 0.5% flunarizine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unilateral application of 50 microL of 0.5%, 1%, or 2% flunarizine reduced IOP bilaterally. In the treated glaucomatous eyes, flunarizine reduced the IOP for 2, 3, or 5 hours, with a maximum reduction of 2.5+/-0.5 (mean+/-SEM) mm Hg (9%), 3.0+/-0.4 mm Hg (10%), and 5.0+/-0.8 mm Hg (18%) following the 0.5%, 1%, and 2% concentrations, respectively (P<0.01). The maximum reductions in IOP in the contralateral untreated eyes were 1.3+/-0.5 mm Hg, 1.5+/-0.3 mm Hg, and 2.9+/-0.7 mm Hg following the 0.5%, 1%, and 2% concentrations, respectively (P<0.05). Both the magnitude and duration of the ocular hypotensive effect of 0.5% flunarizine were enhanced with twice-daily administration for 5 days. Outflow facility in normal monkey eyes was increased (P<0.05) by 39% in the treated eyes compared with vehicle-treated contralateral eyes and by 41% compared with baseline values, and aqueous humor flow rates were unchanged (P>0.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flunarizine reduces IOP in a dose-dependent manner when administered to glaucomatous monkey eyes, but also has an ocular hypotensive effect on the contralateral untreated eyes. An increase in tonographic outflow facility seems to account for the IOP reduction in normal monkey eyes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10029, USA. rong-fang.wang@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Rong-Fang
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Donna J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gagliuso
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Podos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005444:Flunarizine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015590:Fluorophotometry; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D005444:Flunarizine