title: How the nature of an observation affects single-trajectory entropies.
abstract: Projection of a Markov process with constant rates of transition to a small number of observable aggregated states can result in complex kinetics with memory. Here, we define the entropy production along a single sequence of aggregated states and show that it obeys detailed and integral fluctuation theorems. More importantly, we prove that projection shifts the distribution of entropy production over the ensemble of paths for a nonequilibrium process toward one characteristic of a system at equilibrium. This statement represents an analog of the second law of thermodynamics for path-dependent entropies and thus a new form of constraint of irreversible systems. Numeric examples are presented to illustrate these ideas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Prabhakar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhimalapuram
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dinner
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019277:Entropy; D008956:Models, Chemical; D044367:Phase Transition