title: Effects of ischemia on tachykinin-containing nerves and neurokinin receptors in the rabbit bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous studies showed marked changes in efferent nerve structure and reactivity in the ischemic bladder. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of bladder ischemia on tachykinin (TK) containing sensory nerves and neurokinin receptors (NKR) in a rabbit model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded bladder blood flow and spontaneous contractions in treated animals at week 8 after the induction of iliac arteries atherosclerosis and in age-matched controls. Bladder tissues were processed for studies of isometric smooth muscle tension in the organ bath, NK2R gene expression using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemical staining of TK containing nerves and epithelial TK expression, and transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atherosclerosis-induced ischemia significantly increased the frequency of spontaneous bladder contractions in vivo. Electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced smooth muscle contractions were significantly greater in the ischemic tissues. Inhibition of NK1R diminished contractions to low-frequency EFS in control tissues while having no significant effect on the ischemic tissues. In contrast, NK2R inhibition significantly decreased contractions to both low- and high-frequency EFS in the ischemic tissues. Inhibition of NK3R had no significant effect on EFS-induced contractions. Real-time PCR showed a significant increase in NK2R gene expression in the ischemic bladder. The number of TK immunopositive nerves and epithelial TK immunoreactivity were significantly greater in the ischemic bladder. These alterations were associated with marked ultrastructural reactions to bladder ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations of NK2R reactivity and gene expression, increased number of TK immunopositive nerves, and greater epithelial TK immunoreactivity may imply activated bladder afferents to signal ischemic insult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. kazadzoi@bu.edu
authors.forename: Kazem M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Azadzoi
authors.forename: Ziv M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Radisavljevic
authors.forename: Mike B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Siroky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D011817:Rabbits; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D018041:Receptors, Neurokinin-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D018042:Receptors, Neurokinin-3 / Q000502:physiology*; D015320:Tachykinins / Q000502:physiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1; D018041:Receptors, Neurokinin-2; D018042:Receptors, Neurokinin-3; D015320:Tachykinins