title: Themes and strategies for studying the biology of stroke recovery in the poststroke epoch.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review will focus on the emerging principles of neural repair after stroke, and on the overlap between cellular mechanisms of neural repair in stroke and clinical principles of recovery and rehabilitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stroke induces axonal sprouting and neurogenesis. Axonal sprouting occurs in tissue adjacent to the stroke and its connected cortical areas, and from sites that are contralateral to the infarct. Neurogenesis produces newly born immature neurons in peri-infarct striatum and cortex. Stimulation of both axonal sprouting and neurogenesis is associated with improved recovery in animal models of stroke. A unique cellular environment in the poststroke brain supports neural repair: an association of angiogenic and remodeling blood vessels with newly born immature neurons in a neurovasclar niche. Controversies in the field of neural repair after stroke persist, and relate to the locations of axonal sprouting in animal models of stroke and how these correlate to patterns of human remapping and recovery, and to the different models of stroke used in studies of neurogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On a cellular level, the phenomenology of neural repair after stroke has been defined and unique regenerative environments in the poststroke brain identified. As the field moves toward specific studies of causal mechanisms in poststroke repair, it will need to maintain a perspective of the animal models suited to the study of neural repair after stroke as they relate to the patterns of recovery in humans in this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Neuroscience Research Building, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. scarmichael@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: S Thomas
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Carmichael
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*