title: Relative validity of the Iowa Fluoride Study targeted nutrient semi-quantitative questionnaire and the block kids' food questionnaire for estimating beverage, calcium, and vitamin D intakes by children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Food frequency questionnaires are commonly developed and subsequently used to investigate relationships between dietary intake and disease outcomes; such tools should be validated in the population of interest. We investigated the relative validities of the Iowa Fluoride Study targeted nutrient semi-quantitative questionnaire and Block Kids' Food Questionnaire in assessing beverage, calcium, and vitamin D intakes using 3-day diaries for reference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children who completed Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaire at age 9.0+/-0.7 years (n=223) and/or the Block Kids' Food Questionnaire at age 8.3+/-0.3 years (n=129) and 3-day diaries during similar time periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intakes of beverages, calcium, and vitamin D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spearman correlation coefficients, weighted kappa statistics, and percentages of exact agreement were used to estimate relative validities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlations between milk intakes (r=0.572) reported on diaries and the Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaires were higher than correlations for 100% juice, juice drinks, soda pop, and water (r=0.252 to 0.379). Correlations between milk intakes (r=0.571) and 100% juice intakes (r=0.550) reported on diaries and Block Kids' Food Questionnaires were higher than correlations for other beverages (r=0.223 to 0.326). Correlations with diaries for calcium (r=0.462) and vitamin D (r=0.487) intakes reported on Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaires were similar to correlations with diaries for calcium (r=0.515) and vitamin D (r=0.512) reported on Block Kids' Food Questionnaires. Weighted kappa statistics were similar between the Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaires and the Block Kids' Food Questionnaires for milk, 100% juice, and vitamin D, but were higher on the Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaires than on the Block Kids' Food Questionnaires for calcium. Percentages of exact agreement were higher for calcium, but lower for vitamin D for intakes reported on the Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaires compared to the Block Kids' Food Questionnaires relative to diaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaire and the Block Kids' Food Questionnaire provide reasonable estimates of milk, calcium, and vitamin D intakes when compared to 3-day diaries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, N335 Dental Science Bldg, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. teresa-marshall@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Eichenberger Gilmore
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Broffitt
authors.forename: Phyllis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stumbo
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D014807:Vitamin D; D005459:Fluorides