title: Structural requirements for the cytoprotective actions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in the pancreatic beta-cell line, BRIN-BD11.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to long-chain free fatty acids leads to differential responses according to the chain length and degree of unsaturation. In particular, long-chain saturated molecules such as palmitate (C16:0) cause apoptosis, whereas equivalent mono-unsaturated species (for example, palmitoleate (C16:1)) are not overtly toxic. Moreover, mono-unsaturates exert a powerful cytoprotective response against a range of proapoptotic stimuli. However, the structural requirements that determine cytoprotection have not been determined and form the basis of the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  BRIN-BD11 and INS-1 beta-cells were exposed either to the saturated fatty acid palmitate, or to serum withdrawal, to mediate cytotoxicity. The protective effects of a wide range of mono-unsaturated fatty acid derivatives were tested in cytotoxicity assays. Effector caspase activity was also measured and correlated with viability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cytotoxic actions of palmitate were inhibited dose-dependently by long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids with a defined potency order C18:1>C16:1>>C14:1. The configuration of the double bond was also important with cis forms being more potent than trans forms. Alkylated mono-unsaturated fatty-acid derivates were also cytoprotective, although their efficacy declined as the alkyl chain length increased. Cytoprotection was achieved rapidly on addition of mono-unsaturates and correlated with a rapid and dramatic inhibition of caspase-3/7 activity in palmitate-treated cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data reveal the structural requirements that dictate the cytoprotective actions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in pancreatic beta-cells. Metabolic activation is not required and the data point at the potential involvement of a fatty acid receptor in mediating cytoprotection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhayal
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Welters
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated