title: Frontiers between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder.
abstract: The co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder has received much recent attention in the literature. The authors review the literature examining associations between ADHD and bipolar disorder in children, and data concerning severe irritability in youth with ADHD. This article focuses on (1) population-based studies examining ADHD and bipolar disorder or ADHD and co-occurring irritability, (2) the co-occurrence and prospective relationships of ADHD and bipolar disorder in clinical samples, (3) phenomenology and assessment of bipolar disorder and ADHD, (4) treatment of comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder, (5) family and genetic studies of ADHD and bipolar disorder, and (6) pathophysiologic comparisons between children with ADHD and irritability and bipolar disorder. We draw on the research to make clinical recommendations and highlight important directions for future research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, #78, New York, NY 10032, USA. cg168@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Cathryn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Galanter
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibenluft
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008403:Mass Screening; D012306:Risk