title: Sleep and circadian rhythms in spousally bereaved seniors.
abstract: A laboratory study of sleep and circadian rhythms was undertaken in 28 spousally bereaved seniors (> or =60 yrs) at least four months after the loss event. Measures taken included two nights of polysomnography (second night used), approximately 36 h of continuous core body temperature monitoring, and four assessments of mood and alertness throughout a day. Preceding the laboratory study, two-week diaries were completed, allowing the assessment of lifestyle regularity using the 17-item Social Rhythm Metric (SRM) and the timing of sleep using the Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (PghSD). Also completed were questionnaires assessing level of grief (Texas Revised Inventory of Grief [TRIG] and Index of Complicated Grief [ICG]), subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), morningness-eveningness (Composite Scale of Morningness [CSM]), and clinical interview yielding a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score. Grief was still present, as indicated by an average TRIG score of about 60. On average, the bereaved seniors habitually slept between approximately 23:00 and approximately 06:40 h, achieving approximately 6 h of sleep with a sleep efficiency of approximately 80%. They took about 30 min to fall asleep, and had their first REM episode after 75 min. About 20% of their sleep was in Stage REM, and about 3% in Stages 3 or 4 (slow wave sleep). Their mean PSQI score was 6.4. Their circadian temperature rhythms showed the usual classic shape with a trough at approximately 01:00 h, a fairly steep rise through the morning hours, and a more gradual rise to mid-evening, with an amplitude of approximately 0.8 degrees C. In terms of lifestyle regularity, the mean regularity (SRM) score was 3.65 (slightly lower than that usually seen in seniors). Mood and alertness showed time-of-day variation with peak alertness in the late morning and peak mood in the afternoon. Correlations between outcome sleep/circadian variables and level of grief (TRIG score) were calculated; there was a slight trend for higher grief to be associated with less time spent asleep (p=0.07) and reduced alertness at 20:00 h (p=0.05). Depression score was not correlated with TRIG score (p>0.20). When subjects were divided into groups by the nature of their late spouse's death (expected/after a long-term chronic illness [n=18] versus unexpected [n=10]), no differences emerged in any of the variables. In conclusion, when studied at least four months after the loss event, there appears to be some sleep disruption in spousally bereaved seniors. However, this disruption does not appear to be due to bereavement-related disruptions in the circadian system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. monkth@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Monk
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Begley
authors.forename: Bart D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Billy
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Germain
authors.forename: Sati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Moul
authors.forename: M Katherine
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shear
authors.forename: Wesley K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Joette R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zarotney
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001601:Bereavement; D001831:Body Temperature; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003643:Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D018454:Spouses