title: Effect of hypoxia on expression of apoptotic proteins in nuclear, mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions of the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets: the role of nuclear Ca++ -influx.
abstract: We have shown that hypoxia results in increased influx of nuclear Ca++ and increased expression of nuclear apoptotic proteins. The present study tests the hypothesis that hypoxia alters the distribution of pro-apoptotic proteins Bad and Bax, and the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xl, and Bcl-2 in the nuclear, mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments of the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets and the administration of Clonidine, an inhibitor of high affinity nuclear Ca++ -ATPase, will prevent the hypoxia-induced increase in apoptotic proteins' expression. Studies were conducted in 19 newborn piglets, 6 normoxic (Nx), 7 hypoxic and 6 Clonidine-treated hypoxic (Hx-Clo). Tissue hypoxia was documented biochemically by measuring cerebral tissue ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) levels. Bax and Bad protein expression increased in all the three compartments during hypoxia, while there was no significant change in the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. In Clonidine pretreated hypoxic group, the hypoxia-induced increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bad and Bax was prevented in all the three fractions. We conclude that hypoxia results in increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in nuclear, mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments and that the increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins during hypoxia is nuclear Ca++ -influx-dependent. We propose that during hypoxia the increased ratio of (pro-apoptotic Bad and Bax/anti-apoptotic Bcl-xl and Bcl-2) in all the three compartments, will lead to altered mitochondrial and nuclear membrane permeability as well as caspase-9 activation in the cytosolic compartment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. delivoria@drexel.edu
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delivoria-Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Qazi M
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Om P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Mishra
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013552:Swine; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D053453:Caspase 9; D003000:Clonidine; D002118:Calcium