Gadolinium-based coronary angiography in patients with contraindication for iodinated x-ray contrast medium: a word of caution.
BACKGROUND
In coronary angiography, the use of contrast agents containing iodine still defines the gold standard. In patients with contraindications for iodine exposition, gadolinium has been considered to be a safe alternative to standard iodinated contrast medium for coronary angiography. The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and technical quality of gadolinium-based coronary angiography.


METHODS
Nineteen consecutive patients with contraindication to iodinated contrast medium underwent gadolinium-based coronary angiography. Contraindications included previous anaphylactic shock or severe allergic reaction to iodinated contrast medium (n = 13) or thyrotoxicosis (n = 6). Gadolinium was diluted 1:1 with sodium chloride before application. Patients were clinically observed for potential side effects, and renal function was assessed by determination of creatinine values and calculation of creatinine clearance in pre- and postprocedural blood samples. Image quality was evaluated by two independent observers, and classified into three different categories (grade 1, high diagnostic quality; grade 2, moderate diagnostic quality; and grade 3, poor quality).


RESULTS
During angiography, a mean of 32.6 +/- 10.9 mL (range 10-45 mL) gadolinium was used. No patient developed a significant impairment of renal function within 24 hours after the examination (mean creatinine value preprocedural: 1.12 +/- 0.15 mg/dL, postprocedural: 6 hours 1.15 +/- 0.18 mg/dL, 24 hours 1.13 +/- 0.16 mg/dL) (baseline vs. 6 hours P = 0.23, baseline vs. 24 hours P = 0.66, 6 hours vs. 24 hours P = 0.12) (mean creatinine clearance preprocedural: 73.8 +/- 18 mg/dL, postprocedural: 6 hours 71.7 +/- 16.8 mg/dL, 24 hours 73.2 +/- 17.8 mg/dL) (baseline vs. 6 hours P = 0.2, baseline vs. 24 hours P = 0.71, 6 hours vs. 24 hours P = 0.21). Four patients (21%) suffered severe complications due to gadolinium application, such as malignant cardiac arrhythmias (n = 3) and hemodynamic decompensation (n = 1). Image quality was generally reduced in comparison to iodine contrast coronary angiography, but was adequate for diagnostic purposes (13 patients [68.4%] had reasonably good picture contrast [grade 2.1 +/- 0.3]; in 6 patients [31.6%], image quality was satisfactory [grade 2.6 +/- 0.13]). Opacification of distal vessels as compared to proximal segments was remarkably reduced.


CONCLUSIONS
Gadolinium-based coronary angiography is a potential alternative technique in patients with allergy to iodinated contrast medium or thyrotoxicosis with reduced, but acceptable, image quality for diagnostic purposes. Nevertheless, possible life-threatening side effects and complications have to be considered.
Kälsch
H
H
University Hospital Essen, West German Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. H.Kaelsch@gmx.de
Kälsch
T
T
Eggebrecht
H
H
Konorza
T
T
Kahlert
P
P
Erbel
R
R
D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D000075202:Contraindications; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging
D015415:Biomarkers; D003287:Contrast Media; D007455:Iodine; D005682:Gadolinium; D003404:Creatinine