title: Ultrastructural changes, nuclear factor-kappaB activation, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in brain after acute normovolemic hemodilution and controlled hypotension in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine brain damage following different degrees of acute normovolemic hemodilution combined with controlled hypotension (ANH-CH) by neuronal morphological analysis and investigate the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty rats were randomly assigned to receive a sham operation or ANH-CH (with hematocrit 30%, 25%, 20%, and 15%). ANH was performed after baseline physiological parameters had been monitored for 20 minutes. CH was induced 30 minutes later using sodium nitroprusside and mean arterial pressure was maintained at 50-60 mm Hg for 1 hour. Rats were euthanatized 3 and a half hours after operation. TNF-alpha levels and NF-kappaB activities in cerebral temporal cortex were measured. Ultrastructural alterations in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampi were observed. Changes in mitochondria were evaluated semiquantitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marked ultrastructural alterations, such as mitochondrial denaturalization and nucleus distortion, were observed in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the ANH-CH hematocrit 20% group and ANH-CH hematocrit 15% group. TNF-alpha expression and NF-kappaB activity in the cerebral temporal cortex significantly increased in all ANH-CH groups and peaked in the ANH-CH hematocrit 25% group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe ANH-CH with hematocrit < or =20% may induce cerebral damage and should be avoided. NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha expression may play a functional role under the ischemic condition. A better understanding of the role of NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha in the brain may lead to a novel approach for preventing and treating various neurological disorders.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. nuzwlvran@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Manlin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Taidi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006438:Hemodilution; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D007022:Hypotension; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha