title: Proteomic analysis to characterize differential mouse strain sensitivity to cadmium-induced forelimb teratogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cadmium ion (Cd2+) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and it is a potent teratogen in mice. An intraperitoneal dose of 4 mg/kg of CdCl2 at gestational day 9 causes forelimb ectrodactyly in the C57BL/6N mouse strain, but the SWV/Fnn strain is resistant. The objective of this study was to identify differentially displayed proteins in two target tissues for cadmium teratogenesis, and to derive hypotheses regarding the mechanisms involved in the murine strain difference in Cd-induced forelimb ectrodactyly.
  
  
  METHODS
  The global proteomics strategy used two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for protein separation, and MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-MS/MS for protein identification, to compare and identify proteins in forelimb buds and yolk sacs from the two mouse strains following Cd administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 1,000 protein spots were detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in day 10.0 mouse forelimb buds and yolk sacs. Thirty-eight proteins had identifiable differences in abundance levels in Cd-treated forelimb buds between the two strains. Of those 38 proteins, 14 could be associated with the unfolded protein response process and seven are associated with actin polymerization. The proteins that were found to be differentially abundant between the strains in yolk sacs that were exposed to CdCl2 were predominantly different than the proteins detected differentially in the limb buds of the two strains with an overlap of approximately 20%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These patterns of differentially displayed proteins rationalize a hypothesis that the differential murine strain response to cadmium-induced forelimb ectrodactyly is due to differences in their pathways for the unfolded protein response and/or actin polymerization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Pinmanee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boontheung
authors.forename: Rachel R Ogorzalek
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: Jian-yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D004351:Drug Resistance; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008954:Models, Biological; D038081:Organogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D040901:Proteomics; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D011108:Polymers; D002104:Cadmium