title: Renal hypothermia: experience in pigs and clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of two methods of inducing renal hypothermia through laparoscopy in pigs and humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve pigs were divided into four groups of three animals each. Both kidneys of the animals in Groups A, B, and C were submitted to pelvic irrigation with cold saline (4 degrees C) for 20 minutes, with flow rates of 5 mL/min, 10 mL/min, and 15 mL/min, respectively. In Group D renal hypothermia was induced by intracorporeal ice slush applied to the surface for 20 minutes. All maneuvers were performed laparoscopically and renal cortex temperature was measured by a thermocouple needle. Five human patients also underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy due to renal cell carcinoma. In one case renoprotection was induced by retrograde endoscopic cold saline perfusion at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. In the remaining four patients we induced renal hypothermia via laparoscopic application of ice slush. The renal temperature of the human patients was also monitored using a thermocouple needle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the pigs, at 20 minutes of renal pelvis perfusion the mean renal temperature, the temperature drop, and saline flow per gram of kidney were: Group A, -29.5 degrees C +/- 1.1 (-6.3 degrees C; 0.10 mL); Group B, -22.8 degrees C +/- 1.1 (-13.1 degrees C; 0.22 mL); and Group C, -21.1 degrees C +/- 0.9 (-14.9 degrees C; 0.31 mL). In Group D the mean renal cortex temperature at 20 minutes was 13.6 degrees C +/- 1.2, a drop of -22.5 degrees C. There were striking differences among the groups (P < 0.0001). The laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was uneventful in all five human patients. The lowest renal cortex temperature was 32.5 degrees C, seen in the patient who submitted to pelvic irrigation with cold saline, and the mean temperature drop was 19.1 degrees C +/- 2.5 degrees C in the patients who submitted to ice slush-induced renal hypothermia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induction of renal hypothermia using intracorporeal ice slush confers lower kidney temperatures than endoscopically-induced cold saline perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. antonio@cabovox.com
authors.forename: Antonio C P
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Adauto J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cologna
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dias-Neto
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tucci-Junior
authors.forename: Haylton J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Suaid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D034421:Sus scrofa