title: In vivo measurement of the hypoxia marker EF5 in Shionogi tumours using (19)F magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (19)F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to non-invasively detect EF5 [2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide] adducts in the Shionogi tumour model of prostate cancer to evaluate hypoxia.
  
  
  METHODS
  (19)F MRS signal of EF5 in Shionogi mouse tumours was acquired using a 2 cm diameter solenoid volume coil with a 7.05 T Bruker scanner. MRS signal was observed in mouse tumours longitudinally following intraperitoneal (IP) injection of EF5. Another mouse group was injected intravenously (IV) with EF5, and in vivo MRS signal was obtained two hours after injection. This data was compared with the ex vivo percentage of hypoxic cells present in the corresponding excised tumours, determined by flow cytometry of bound EF5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Longitudinal (19)F MRS signal attributable to EF5 began to decline within five hours of EF5 administration. Flow cytometry comparisons yielded an inverse correlation (p-value < 0.006) between the MRS signal and tumour hypoxic cell percentage. The tumours exhibited an average cell viability of 34 +/- 26%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirmed that MRS of EF5 in mice is an unsuitable technique for the determination of EF5 binding as a measure of tumour hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. mnhoff@phas.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Donald T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Yapp
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017341:Etanidazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D017341:Etanidazole; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C096011:2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide; D005466:Fluorocarbons