title: Socio-cultural, psychosexual and biomedical factors associated with genital symptoms experienced by men in rural India.
abstract: Biomedical, anthropological and psychiatric frameworks have been used to research different elements of men's sexual health - sexually transmitted infections, psychosexual concerns and psychological distress - but rarely within the same study. We combined these in a study in rural north India. In Tehri Garhwal and Agra districts, we explored male perceptions of genital and sexual symptoms through focus group discussions and then conducted a clinic-based survey of 366 symptomatic men who presented at rural private provider clinics. Men's urine specimens were tested for gonorrhoea and chlamydia infection using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Researchers screened them for probable psychological distress by administering the General Health Questionnaire (12- items). Results revealed that local and traditional notions of health influenced men's symptom perceptions, with semen loss their predominant concern. Dhat, commonly perceived as an involuntary semen loss, corresponded most closely with the symptom of urethral discharge, but was attributed mainly to non-infectious causes. It could also manifest as a syndrome with physical weakness and mental lethargy. FGD participants lacked correct and complete information on reproductive health. Around 75% of the symptomatic men presented with dhat, but only 5.5% tested positive for gonorrhoea or chlamydia. Application of syndromic sexually transmitted infection (STI) guidelines in these settings could result in over diagnosis and over treatment with antibiotics. In contrast, there was a significant association between dhat and probable psychological distress as detected by the GHQ (Adjusted OR, GHQ case positive: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.51-4.68). Our study confirms the existence of a dhat syndrome in rural India, which is culturally influenced and reflects heightened psychosexual concerns as well as mental distress states. Comprehensive health services for men should include assessments of their psychosexual needs and be supported by reproductive/sexual health education. STI treatment guidelines for urethral symptoms should be revised and be based on epidemiological data.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. Gautham.meenakshi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Meenakshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gautham
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Ruairi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brugha
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Nimesh G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Deoki
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nandan
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kielmann
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grosskurth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003469:Culture; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018456:Reproductive Medicine; D012423:Rural Health; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000523:psychology*