title: Patients with depression are at increased risk for secondary cardiovascular events after lower extremity revascularization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), depression is associated with worse patency and recurrent symptoms in the treated leg, but its association with death or cardiovascular events in other vascular beds is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between depression and mortality or cardiovascular events outside the affected leg after PAD revascularization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fifty-seven consecutive patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization for symptomatic PAD at a single institution between January 2000 and May 2005 were included in this study. By protocol, patients were previously screened for depression and diagnosed by the primary care provider.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcomes evaluated included a composite of death or major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; coronary heart disease, contralateral PAD, or cerebrovascular event) as well as major outcome categories of death, coronary heart disease, contralateral PAD, or cerebrovascular events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At revascularization, 35.0% patients had been diagnosed with depression. Those with depression were significantly younger and more likely to use tobacco. By life-table analysis, patients with depression had significantly increased risk for death/MACE, coronary heart disease, and contralateral PAD events, but not cerebrovascular events or death. By multivariate analysis, patients with depression were at significantly increased risk for death/MACE (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.05; p < .0001), contralateral PAD (HR = 2.20; p = .009), and coronary heart disease events (HR = 2.31; p = .005) but not cerebrovascular events or death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression is common among patients undergoing revascularization for symptomatic PAD. After intervention, patients with depression are at significantly increased risk for coronary heart disease events and progression of contralateral PAD. Prospective analysis is required to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. gcherr@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Cherr
authors.forename: Pamela M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hasan H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Dosluoglu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality