title: Cognitive-behavioural therapy v. mirtazapine for chronic fatigue and neurasthenia: randomised placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single interventions in chronic fatigue syndrome have shown only limited effectiveness, with few studies of comprehensive treatment programmes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of a comprehensive cognitive-behavioural treatment (CCBT) programme compared with placebo-controlled mirtazapine medication in patients with chronic fatigue, and to study the effect of combined medication and CCBT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-armed randomised clinical trial of mirtazapine, placebo and a CCBT programme was conducted to investigate treatment effect in a patient group (n=72) with chronic fatigue referred to a specialist clinic. The CCBT programme was compared with mirtazapine or placebo therapy for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks treatment with a mixed crossover-combination design. Assessments were done at 12 weeks and 24 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By 12 weeks the treatment effect was significantly better in the group initially receiving CCBT, as assessed with the Fatigue Scale (P=0.014) and the Clinical Global Impression Scale (P=0.001). By 24 weeks the treatment group initially receiving CCBT for 12 weeks followed by mirtazapine for 12 weeks showed significant improvement compared with the other treatment groups on the Fatigue Scale (P<0.001) and the Clinical Global Impression Scale (P=0.002). Secondary outcome measures showed overall improvement with no significant difference between treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multimodal interventions may have positive treatment effects in chronic fatigue syndrome. Sequence of interventions seem to be of importance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. bjarte.stubhaug@helse-bergen.no
authors.forename: Bjarte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubhaug
authors.forename: Stein Atle
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ursin
authors.forename: Hege R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Eriksen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008803:Mianserin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D000078785:Mirtazapine; D009440:Neurasthenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D008803:Mianserin; D000078785:Mirtazapine