title: A quantitative risk assessment of West Nile virus introduction into Barbados.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a quantitative risk assessment of West Nile (WNV) virus introduction into Barbados, West Indies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three possible modes were considered: a) WNV infected mosquitoes via air transport, by city of departure, b) WNV infected mosquitoes via marine transport and c) viraemic migratory, birds. We estimated the number of WNV infected migratory birds as the product of the proportion of migratory birds infected and the number of migratory birds entering Barbados in three taxonomic groups. We further estimated the number of days these birds would be infectious as: [formula: see text]. We then estimated the number (#) of infectious mosquito-days for mosquitoes entering Barbados via air transport as: # infected mosquitoes = (total flights per week/city) x (duration of WNV season) x (number of Culex mosquitoes aboard each flight) x (Culex mosquito WNV infection prevalence) x (vector competence index) x (days infectious). The number of infected mosquitoes entering Barbados via marine transport was estimated using a similar expression as for air transport, except that the number of airplanes and mosquitoes/airplane were substituted with the # of sea containers during a 22-week mosquito season and # of mosquitoes/container.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Migratory birds (approximately 69-101 infected birds/year) were associated with the highest introductory risk followed by mode (a) (approximately 2 infected mosquitoes/year) and mode (b) (0. 004 infected mosquitoes/year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Migratory birds and mosquitoes via air are imminent threats for virus introduction. Impending co-circulation of West Nile virus and four strains of dengue virus may present new challenges for public health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies. douglas.o.k@medscape.com
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Levett
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lavoie
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D001460:Barbados / Q000453:epidemiology; D001717:Birds; D009033:Culicidae; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011634:Public Health; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D014902:West Nile virus