title: Health effects of ambient particulate matter--biological mechanisms and inflammatory responses to in vitro and in vivo particle exposures.
abstract: In this article, we review and analyze different modes of exposure to ultrafine particles in order to assess particle-induced inflammatory responses and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Based on results from monocytic cells cultured under submerged conditions, we discuss (1) the impact of particle properties such as surface area and oxidative potential on lipid metabolism as a highly sensitive regulatory pathway and (2) the interference of diesel exhaust particles with toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses. Furthermore, new developments of air-liquid interface exposure used as an alternative approach to simulate cell particle interactions are presented. In addition to the in vitro approaches, animal exposure studies are described that apply selected mouse models to elucidate potential allergic and inflammatory pulmonary responses and mast-cell-related mechanisms after particle exposure. Long-term inhalation of ultrafine particles might lead to irreversible changes in lung structure and function. Clinical studies addressing the characteristics of inflammatory airway cells are a promising approach to understand underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Finally, a potential outcome of human particle exposure is chronic cough in children. Here, discrimination between asthmatic and nonasthmatic cough by means of immunological parameters appears to be an important step toward improving diagnosis and therapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inhalation Biology, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Germany. kmaier@gsf.de
authors.forename: Konrad Ludwig
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alessandrini
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Beck-Speier
authors.forename: Thomas Philipp Josef
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diabaté
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bitterle
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stöger
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: Heidrun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Behrendt
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horsch
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beckers
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziesenis
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hültner
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frankenberger
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krauss-Etschmann
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D052638:Particulate Matter; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2