title: Delusions and reasoning: a study involving cognitive behavioural therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anomalies on probabilistic reasoning, theory of mind (ToM) tasks, and attributional biases have been found in delusional people. Delusions are also effectively modified by cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). We sought to examine whether CBT reduces delusional conviction by changing such general reasoning anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients commenced an 8-11 week CBT programme that targeted their delusions. Probabilistic reasoning, attributional biases, and ToM were assessed pre- and post-treatment. Delusional conviction, preoccupation, and distress were rated at each session. Pretreatment task performances were compared to norms. Repeated measures analyses compared pre- and posttreatment task performances and ratings of delusions. Correlational analyses were used to identify factors associated with reduced delusional conviction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 11 patients showed some form of abnormal probabilistic reasoning, 13 excessive attributional biases, and 13 defective ToM compared to norms. Fourteen patients completed the CBT programme and showed significant reductions in delusional conviction and preoccupation. Despite some inconsistent evidence of improvement in verbal ToM tasks, reasoning styles in these 14 patients were largely unchanged by CBT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reasoning anomalies associated with delusions in this sample mark a vulnerability that persists and is independent of the effectiveness of CBT.
authors.affiliation: Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney and Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW, Australia. vbrakoulias@bigpond.com
authors.forename: Vlasios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brakoulias
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langdon
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sloss
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coltheart
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meares
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011340:Problem Solving