title: 3D perfusion mapping and virtual surgical planning in the treatment of pediatric embryonal abdominal tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  3D imaging and surgical planning for the treatment of embryonal tumors using different techniques (CT versus MRI) are presently under discussion. Up to now, the main focus has been on visualizing the anatomy. Contrast medium dynamics have not been taken into consideration. The aim of the present study was to establish the technical means of integrating the 3D images from functional MRI data into the anatomical images and to determine clinical applications for this approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 11 patients (mean age: 2.4 years) with solid tumors, 26 diagnostic MRI examinations were performed for primary diagnosis, treatment monitoring, or as part of the surgical planning. Seven children presented with neuroblastomas, three with Wilms' tumor, and one with advanced bilateral nephroblastomatosis. The MRI data were acquired using a 1.5-T system. For post-processing, we used volume rendering software, including an evaluation of perfusion. By using color-coded parametric images and integrating functional information, perfusion could be visualized and used for interactive surgical planning. Macroscopic and microscopic sections served as the gold standard for assessing tissue viability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We were able to integrate the dynamic data into the anatomical images for all patients. A good agreement was found between the results of surgical planning, including perfusion mapping, with the surgical site, subsequently produced macroscopic sections and the results of random microscopic examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perfusion mapping using color-coded parametric images of pediatric abdominal tumors extends the diagnostic techniques currently available. We provide first proof of the possibility of integrating functional information into 3D MR images in children. Monitoring the treatment of nephroblastoma and surgical planning for pediatric embryonal tumors represent potential applications of this technique.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. patrick.guenther@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tröger
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Autschbach
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holland-Cunz
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schenk
mesh_terms: D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*