title: Multi locus sequence typing of Chlamydiales: clonal groupings within the obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The obligate intracellular growing bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis causes diseases like trachoma, urogenital infection and lymphogranuloma venereum with severe morbidity. Several serovars and genotypes have been identified, but these could not be linked to clinical disease or outcome. The related Chlamydophila pneumoniae, of which no subtypes are recognized, causes respiratory infections worldwide. We developed a multi locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme to understand the population genetic structure and diversity of these species and to evaluate the association between genotype and disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A collection of 26 strains of C. trachomatis of different serovars and clinical presentation and 18 strains of C. pneumoniae were included in the study. For comparison, sequences of C. abortus, C. psittaci, C. caviae, C. felis, C. pecorum (Chlamydophila), C. muridarum (Chlamydia) and of Candidatus protochlamydia and Simkania negevensis were also included. Sequences of fragments (400 - 500 base pairs) from seven housekeeping genes (enoA, fumC, gatA, gidA, hemN, hlfX, oppA) were analysed. Analysis of allelic profiles by eBurst revealed three non-overlapping clonal complexes among the C. trachomatis strains, while the C. pneumoniae strains formed a single group. An UPGMA tree produced from the allelic profiles resulted in three groups of sequence types. The LGV strains grouped in a single cluster, while the urogenital strains were distributed over two separated groups, one consisted solely of strains with frequent occurring serovars (E, D and F). The distribution of the different serovars over the three groups was not consistent, suggesting exchange of serovar encoding ompA sequences. In one instance, exchange of fumC sequences between strains of different groups was observed. Cluster analyses of concatenated sequences of the Chlamydophila and Chlamydia species together with those of Candidatus Protochlamydia amoebophila and Simkania negevensis resulted in a tree identical to that obtained with 23S RNA gene sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae are highly uniform. The difference in genetic diversity between C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae is in concordance with a later assimilation to the human host of the latter. Our data supports the taxonomy of the order of Chlamydiales.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. y.pannekoek@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pannekoek
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: Barica
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kusecek
authors.forename: Servaas A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Morré
authors.forename: Jacobus M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ossewaarde
authors.forename: Ankie A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Langerak
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Ende
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012338:RNA, Ribosomal, 23S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012338:RNA, Ribosomal, 23S