title: Sleep difficulties in infants at risk for developmental delays: a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the sleep of infants at risk for neuromotor delays to that of infants without such risks, and examined the predictive validity of risk indicators to the development of sleep problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conveniently recruited infants (n = 142) were assessed for neuromotor achievements and sleep behaviors at 4-6 months and 10-12 months of age. Assessment tools were the Harris Infant Neuromotor Test and Morrell's Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Based on a cumulative risk index, three groups were defined: higher risk (n = 28), lower risk (n = 42), and no risk (n = 72).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At both ages, the sleep scores were similar among the groups. In the no risk and lower risk group, sleep difficulties decreased with age, while for infants in the higher risk group, more difficulties were reported over time. Overall, the neuromotor attainments were not related to sleep fragmentation or settling difficulties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a diverse sample of infants, with and without risks for developmental delays, overall, sleep patterns were similar. It appears that the neuromotor achievements are not associated with sleep-wake regulation, as measured by caregivers' report.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. anats@construct.haifa.ac.il
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scher
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: Virginia E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tardif
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires