title: Biomarkers of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury.
abstract: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Epidemiologic data suggest that a significant proportion of AKI cases is at least partially attributable to nephrotoxin exposure. This is not surprising given intrinsic renal susceptibility to toxicant-induced injury, a consequence of the unique physiologic and biochemical properties of the normally functioning kidney. A number of pathophysiologic mechanisms have been identified that mediate toxic effects on the kidney, resulting in a variety of clinical syndromes ranging from subtle changes in tubular function to fulminant renal failure. Unfortunately, standard metrics used to diagnose and monitor kidney injury, such as blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, are insensitive and nonspecific, resulting in delayed diagnosis and intervention. Considerable effort has been made to identify biomarkers that will allow the earlier diagnosis of AKI. Further characterization of these candidate biomarkers will clarify their utility in the setting of acute nephrotoxicity, define new diagnostic and prognostic paradigms for kidney injury, facilitate clinical trials, and lead to novel effective therapies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Boston, Hunnewell 319, Boston, MA 02115, United States. michael.ferguson@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Vishal S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Vaidya
authors.forename: Joseph V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Bonventre
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000419:Albuminuria; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000201:enzymology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D020382:Interleukin-18; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus