title: Prevalence of micro-emboli in symptomatic high grade carotid artery disease: a transcranial Doppler study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Echolucent carotid plaques, as well as downstream micro-embolisation, may be associated with an increased risk of stroke. However, the relationship between carotid plaque ultrasound characteristics and micro-embolic signals (MES) detected in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MES in patients with symptomatic high-grade internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and to identify predisposing factors, such as plaque echogenicity and intra stenotic blood flow velocity pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  197 patients (mean age 69.5+/-8.6, 161 males) with confirmed symptomatic high-grade ICA stenosis and anti-platelet treatment underwent bilateral MES monitoring for 30 minutes within the anterior circulation, using Power M-mode transcranial Doppler techniques (TCD). Carotid artery plaques were characterized by Gray-Weale scaling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 32.0% of the patients, we detected MES by TCD within the MCA on the symptomatic side, but the same finding was made in only 4.5% on the corresponding asymptomatic site (p<0.0001). The presence or absence of MES was associated with neither ultrasonic plaque characteristics nor the intrastenotic blood flow velocities at peak systole and end diastole. The median time since the last ischemic event symptoms was shorter in the patient group with MES [+] than in MES [-] (p=0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite optimum standard anti-platelet therapy, cerebral micro-embolisation occurs in 30% of patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease, which might therefore be a possible risk factor for recurrent neurological symptoms. However, the presence of MES is independent of intrastenotic blood flow disturbances and grey scale ultrasound plaque characteristics. The presence of MES as an indicator of unstable plaque and thereby a possible risk factor for stroke should be evaluated prospectively using various algorithms for plaque classifications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zuromskis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wetterholm
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Svedlund
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sixt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jatuzis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Obelieniene
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caidahl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Volkmann
mesh_terms: D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004617:Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008833:Microcirculation; D015995:Prevalence; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler