Use and misuse of buprenorphine in the management of opioid addiction.
Buprenorphine was approved in late 2004 for the treatment of opioid abuse and dependence in specially trained and certified physicians' offices. At the time of the approval, there was a regulatory concern that given the anticipated wide exposure there would be unexpectedly high levels of abuse in the high-risk population for which it was intended. To assess its abuse potential, the authors recruited more than 1000 individuals seeking treatment for prescription opioid abuse from 100 stand-alone (i.e., self-pay or insurance) drug abuse treatment programs around the country to determine whether they misused buprenorphine in the past 30 days to get high. The results indicate that there was a time-related increase in the number of subjects who used buprenorphine to get high, reaching 30-35 percent of individuals completing a questionnaire in the second quarter of 2006. At this time, it was equivalent to the misuse of methadone, both of which, however, were considerably lower than hydrocodone and oxycodone. Thereafter, the number of individuals using buprenorphine to get high dropped in a near linear fashion to less than 20 percent of those completing a questionnaire in the second quarter of 2007, significantly lower than that for methadone, oxycodone, and hydrocodone. The most likely interpretation of these data is that the poly-substance-abusing population, for whom buprenorphine is intended, experimented with this medication for its mood-altering effects for a period of time, but presumably because of its lack of euphorogenic properties, its use has now dissipated. Additionally, support for this conclusion is the very rare endorsement of buprenorphine as a primary drug (<3 percent of the total sample). Thus, the results indicate that it is unlikely that buprenorphine abuse will ever reach the epidemic that was feared by some regulatory groups and that its use in opioid detoxification and maintenance should continue.
Cicero
Theodore J
TJ
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Surratt
Hilary L
HL
Inciardi
James
J
D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002047:Buprenorphine