title: Donepezil in patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: a randomised double-blind trial in CADASIL.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cholinergic deficits might contribute to vascular cognitive impairment. Trials of cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with vascular dementia are difficult because of heterogeneous disease mechanisms and overlap between vascular and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in the age-group recruited. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a genetic form of subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia. It represents a homogeneous disease process, and because of CADASIL's early onset, comorbid AD pathology is rare. We did a multicentre, 18-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised parallel-group trial to determine whether the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil improves cognition in patients with CADASIL.
  
  
  METHODS
  168 patients with CADASIL (mean age 54.8 years) were assigned to 10 mg donepezil per day (n=86) or placebo (n=82) by a computer-generated randomisation protocol. Inclusion criteria included a mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score of 10-27 or a trail making test (TMT) B time score at least 1.5 SD below the mean, after adjustment for age and education. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in the score on the vascular AD assessment scale cognitive subscale (V-ADAS-cog) at 18 weeks. Secondary endpoints included scores on the ADAS-cog, MMSE, TMT A time and B time, Stroop, executive interview-25 (EXIT25), CLOX, disability assessment for dementia, and sum of boxes of the clinical dementia rating scale. Analysis was done by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00103948.
  
  
  RESULTS
  161 patients were analysed. There was no significant difference between donepezil (n=84) and placebo (n=77) in the primary endpoint. The least-squares mean change from baseline score was -0.81 (SE 0.59) in the placebo group and -0.85 (SE 0.57) in the donepezil group (p=0.956). There was a significant treatment effect favouring donepezil on the following secondary outcomes: TMT B time (p=0.023), TMT A time (p=0.015), and EXIT25 (p=0.022). Ten donepezil-treated patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events compared to seven placebo-treated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Donepezil had no effect on the primary endpoint, the V-ADAS-cog score in CADASIL patients with cognitive impairment. Improvements were noted on several measures of executive function, but the clinical relevance of these findings is not clear. Our findings may have implications for future trial design in subcortical vascular cognitive impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Grosshadern Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany. martin.dichgans@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dichgans
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salloway
authors.forename: Auli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verkkoniemi
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moline
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Posner
authors.forename: Hugues S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chabriat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D046589:CADASIL / Q000150:complications*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D000077265:Donepezil; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007189:Indans; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D000077265:Donepezil