title: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastric botulinum toxin injections in obese subjects: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastric injections of botulinum toxin A (BTA) may induce changes in gastric emptying and body weight, but results vary. BTA dose and depth of injection may affect efficacy. This study assessed changes in gastric emptying, satiation, symptoms, and body weight after endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided injection of 100 or 300 U BTA into gastric antral muscularis propria of obese subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open label study of ten healthy, obese adults (age = 29-49 years, body mass index = 31-54 kg/m(2)) who received 100 U (n = 4) or 300 U (n = 6) BTA and were followed for 16 weeks. Measures included gastric emptying of solids (by scintigraphy), satiation (by maximum tolerated volume [MTV] during nutrient drink test), gastrointestinal symptoms (by the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale), caloric intake (by food frequency questionnaire), and body weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire cohort, MTV decreased from 1,380 cc (range: 474-2,014) at baseline to 620 cc (range: 256-1,180) 2 weeks after BTA injection; decreases were statistically significant in the subjects receiving 300 U BTA (p = 0.03). Average body weight loss was 4.9 (+/-6.3) kg after 16 weeks. Gastric emptying T(1/2) was prolonged in the 300 U BTA group, but not significantly different from baseline (p = 0.17). BTA injections were well tolerated without significant adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EUS-guided injection of BTA into gastric muscularis propria can be performed safely with minimal adverse effects. A dose of 300 U BTA significantly enhances satiation, is associated with weight loss, and may slow gastric emptying. Further study of higher dose BTA in obese subjects is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. topazian.mark@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Topazian
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camilleri
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De La Mora-Levy
authors.forename: Felicity B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Enders
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Foxx-Orenstein
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nehra
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Talley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects; D005753:Gastric Mucosa; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009765:Obesity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A