title: Treatment strategies and outcome in patients with non-tuberculous spinal epidural abscess--a review of 46 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is a rare disease and its early detection and appropriate treatment is essential to prevent high morbidity and mortality. There are only few single-institution series who report their experiences with the microsurgical management of SEA and treatment strategies are discussed controversially. Within the last 15 years the authors have treated 46 patients with SEA. This comparatively high number of cases encouraged us to review our experiences with SEA focussing on the clinical presentation, microsurgical management and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical charts of 46 cases with a spinal epidural abscess treated between 1990 and 2004 were reviewed. There were 30 men and 16 women, the age ranged between 32 and 86 years (mean: 57 years). The clinical mean follow-up was 8.5 months (range: 2-84). The clinical presentation and severity of neurological deficits were measured by the Frankel grading system on admission and on follow-up visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The abscess was located in the cervical spine in 8, the thoracic spine in 17 and the lumbar spine in 21 patients. On admission 8 patients were in Frankel grade A, 7 in B, 15 in C, 8 in D and 8 in E. During follow-up 1 patient was in Frankel grade A, 1 in B, 5 in C, 13 in D and 24 in E. 37 patients underwent primary microsurgery with abscess drainage or removal of chronic granulomatous tissue. The clinical symptoms in 4 patients worsened shortly after the operation due to a compression fracture of the vertebral body (n=2) or progress of the abscess (n=2) making re-operation necessary. 9 patients with severe critical illness or without neurological deficits had primarily a CT-guided puncture for assessment of the causative organism. 3 of them needed additional surgical therapy within the hospital stay because of a new neurological deficit. All patients were immobilised and treated with antibiotics for at least 6 weeks. The mortality was 6.5%. As for complications we noted septicaemia (n=5), meningitis (n=1) and a transient malresorptive hydrocephalus (n=1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis, microsurgical therapy with appropriate antibiotic therapy and careful observation of patients are the keys to successful management of SEA. The goal of surgical treatment is to isolate the causative organism and to perform a decompression at the site of maximal cord compression in cases of neurological deterioration or severe pain. Instrumentation with primary fixation does not seem to be imperative. In cases of post-operative worsening, a fracture of additionally infected bony elements has to be considered and a stabilisation should be discussed on an individual basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen and Bonn, Germany. azize.bostroem@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boström
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oertel
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ryang
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bürgel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korinth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D020802:Epidural Abscess / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome