title: Carbohydrates--the good, the bad and the whole grain.
abstract: Weight loss can be achieved by any means of energy restriction, but the challenge is to achieve sustainable weight loss and prevent weight 'creep' without increasing the risk of chronic disease. The modest success of low fat diets has prompted research on alternative dietary strategies including high protein diets and low glycemic index (GI) diets. Conventional high carbohydrate diets, even when based on whole grain foods, increase postprandial glycaemia and insulinemia and may compromise weight control via mechanisms relating to appetite stimulation, fuel partitioning and metabolic rate. This paper makes the case for the benefits of low glycemic index diets over higher protein diets. Both strategies are associated with lower postprandial glycemia and both are commonly labelled as 'low glycemic load' but the long-term health effects are likely to be different. There is now a large body of evidence comprising observational prospective cohort studies, randomised controlled trials and mechanistic experiments in animal models, that provides robust support for low GI carbohydrate diets in the prevention of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While lower carbohydrate, higher protein diets also increase the rate of weight loss, cohort studies and meta-analyses of clinical trials suggest the potential for increased mortality.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. j.brandmiller@mmb.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brand-Miller
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMillan-Price
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steinbeck
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caterson
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins