title: Evaluating online data of water quality changes in a pilot drinking water distribution system with multivariate data exploration methods.
abstract: The distribution of drinking water generates soft deposits and biofilms in the pipelines of distribution systems. Disturbances in water distribution can detach these deposits and biofilms and thus deteriorate the water quality. We studied the effects of simulated pressure shocks on the water quality with online analysers. The study was conducted with copper and composite plastic pipelines in a pilot distribution system. The online data gathered during the study was evaluated with Self-Organising Map (SOM) and Sammon's mapping, which are useful methods in exploring large amounts of multivariate data. The objective was to test the usefulness of these methods in pinpointing the abnormal water quality changes in the online data. The pressure shocks increased temporarily the number of particles, turbidity and electrical conductivity. SOM and Sammon's mapping were able to separate these situations from the normal data and thus make those visible. Therefore these methods make it possible to detect abrupt changes in water quality and thus to react rapidly to any disturbances in the system. These methods are useful in developing alert systems and predictive applications connected to online monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Satu M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mustonen
authors.forename: Soile
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tissari
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huikko
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolehmainen
authors.forename: Markku J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lehtola
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
mesh_terms: D004553:Electric Conductivity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009862:Online Systems; D010316:Particle Size; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011312:Pressure; D014867:Water / Q000592:standards*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D014867:Water