title: Locally administered ketorolac and bupivacaine for control of postoperative pain in breast augmentation patients: part II. 10-day follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, it was shown that locally applied intraoperative ketorolac and bupivacaine significantly reduced pain in the recovery room. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of the same solution over the first 10 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial with ethical approval. Fifty submuscular breast augmentation patients were enrolled, and informed consent was obtained. Standard anesthetic and surgical protocols were followed. Either normal saline or ketorolac and bupivacaine (30 mg and 150 mg, respectively) were placed into the pocket. The power of this study to detect a 20 percent difference was 0.90, and values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. The primary outcome was pain measured with the visual analogue pain scale recorded in a take-home diary. The secondary outcome was codeine usage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients completed the study. Of the patients who did not, three were in the normal saline group (n = 22) and two were in the ketorolac-bupivacaine group (n = 23). The ketorolac-bupivacaine combination significantly reduced pain over the first 5 days. By the tenth day postoperatively, the effect had dissipated. These patients also used less codeine. There were no significant complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Locally applied, intraoperative ketorolac and bupivacaine significantly reduced pain for 5 days after surgery in women who had undergone primary breast augmentation.
authors.affiliation: Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and the Department of Anesthesia, Okanagan Health Surgical Unit, University of British Columbia, and the Kelowna General Hospital.
authors.forename: Raman C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mahabir
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Stan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Valnicek
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: East
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002045:Bupivacaine; D020910:Ketorolac