title: Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: an important consideration in coronary heart disease risk assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One aim is to summarize evidence from observational studies and clinical trials evaluating the inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein and coronary heart disease. Other aims are to explore the mechanisms underlying the reported cardioprotective effects of high-density lipoprotein and to evaluate therapeutic modalities to increase high-density lipoprotein levels and functionality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to reverse cholesterol transport, recent data suggest that high-density lipoprotein possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic properties and the inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease is most evident with associated elevations in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride. Recent data suggest, however, that even after low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is sufficiently reduced, residual coronary heart disease risk persists with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The excess death rate reported with the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol raising drug torcetrapib appears to have been the result of an off-target effect of the drug, rather than an effect attributable to cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol remains an important consideration in coronary heart disease risk assessment, however several issues remain unresolved. They include the extent to which low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the absence of other risk factors augments risk, the relationship between high-density lipoprotein functionality and levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and whether and to what extent improving these parameters independently offsets coronary heart disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Farhan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides