title: Evaluation of solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus excretion models for lactating dairy cows.
abstract: Monitoring or accurately predicting manure quantities and nutrient concentrations is important for dairy farms facing strict environmental regulations. The objectives of this project were to determine the daily out-flow of manure nutrients from a free-stall barn using mass balance and to compare results with published excretion models. The project was conducted at the free-stall facility housing the lactating cow herd of the Virginia Tech Dairy Center in 2005. The herd consisted of 142 (+/-8.9) Holstein and Jersey cows with a mean body weight of 568 (+/-6.2) kg and average milk yield of 29.8 (+/-1.7) kg/d with 3.18% (+/-0.07) true protein and 3.81% (+/-0.13) milk fat on 18 sampling days. The intakes of dry matter (DM), N, and P were estimated from the formulated ration. Daily consumption averaged 21.7 (+/-0.27) kg of DM with 17.7% (+/-0.26) crude protein and 0.46% (+/-0.03) P. Approximately 110 (+/- 27.9) kg/d of sawdust was used as bedding; its contribution to manure flow was subtracted. The alleys in the free-stall barn were flushed every 6 h with recycled wastewater, and the slurry was collected. On 18 sampling days the volumes and constituents of the flushwater and the flushed manure were determined for a 6-h flush cycle and extrapolated to daily values. Net daily flow of solids and nutrients in manure were calculated as the differences between masses in flushed slurry and flushwater. Nitrogen and P excretion were also calculated from dietary inputs and milk output. The flow was compared with the American Society of Agricultural Engineers' (ASAE) standards. Each cow produced 5.80 kg/d of total solids (remainder after drying at 105 degrees C). The ASAE standard predicted DM (remainder after drying at 60 degrees C) excretion of 8.02 to 8.53 kg/d per cow. Recovery of P amounted to 74.8 g/d per cow. Overall, 102% of intake P was recovered; 75.1% in the manure outflow and 26.9% in milk. About 285 g/d and 148 g/d of N per cow were recaptured in manure and milk, respectively; 182 g/d was presumably volatilized. All models of N excretion appeared to underestimate N excretion. Volatilization rate of N amounted to 18.1%/h for the 6-h flush interval. Measured outflow of manure-P from the facility was similar to excretion predictions. Presentation of excreted solids as both total solids and DM is warranted. We conclude that using excretion prediction equations is useful for predicting excretion and outflow of P in a lactating cow facility, but N excretion predictions exhibited bias and have to be used prudently for predicting N outflow and N volatilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hollmann
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Knowlton
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hanigan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D008372:Manure; D008894:Milk Proteins; D010758:Phosphorus; D014508:Urea; D009584:Nitrogen