A model for estimating the potential biomagnification of chemicals in a generic food web: preliminary development.
OBJECTIVE
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of organic pollutants have been increasingly assessed and modeled during the last years. Due to the complexity of these processes and the large variability of food webs, setting generic assessments for these parameters is really difficult. Equilibrium models, based on a compound's lipophylicity, are the main tool in regulatory proposals, such as for identifying Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Substances (PBTs), although a refinement has been claimed by the scientific community. Toxicokinetic studies offer an alternative for these estimations, where biomagnification is modeled as a succession of bioaccumulation processes, each one regulated by toxicokinetic parameters.


METHODS
A review of kinetic models covering species belonging to different trophic levels and with different ecological behavior has been conducted. The results were employed for setting a conceptual model for estimating the biomagnification potential in a generic food web, which was mathematically implemented through system dynamic models developed under data sheet software. Crystal Ball was then employed for allowing Monte Carlo based probabilistic calculations. Bioaccumulation laboratory assays have been performed to estimate toxicokinetic parameters in mussels (Mytilus edulis) with two PAHs (chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene). The contamination was delivered via food. The exposure period lasted more than one month followed then by a depuration phase. The contaminant content was determined on an individual basis on five replicates.


CONCLUSIONS
. The reviewed information suggested the development of a tiered conceptual biomagnification model, starting with a simplified food chain which can be refined to more realistic and complex models in successive levels.


CONCLUSIONS
The mathematical implementation of the conceptual model offers tools for estimating the potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification of chemicals under very different conditions. The versatility of the model can be used for both comparative estimations and for validating the model.


CONCLUSIONS
Since bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes are crucial elements for a proper risk assessment of chemicals, their estimation by mathematical models has been widely tested. However, inregulatory assessments, too simplistic models are still being used quite often. The biomagnification model presented in this study should be amore accurate alternative to these models. In comparison to other previously published biomagnification models, the present one covers the time variation of bioaccumulation using just a few toxicokinetic parameters.
Alonso
Elena
E
Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, INIA, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain. elalonso@inia.es
Tapie
Nathalie
N
Budzinski
Hélène
H
Leménach
Karyn
K
Peluhet
Laurent
L
Tarazona
José V
JV
D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002911:Chrysenes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D020387:Food Chain; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D049880:Mytilus edulis / Q000378:metabolism; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
D002911:Chrysenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C031180:chrysene; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene