title: Quantitative trait locus and computational mapping identifies Kcnj9 (GIRK3) as a candidate gene affecting analgesia from multiple drug classes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interindividual differences in analgesic drug response complicate the clinical management of pain. We aimed to identify genetic factors responsible for variable sensitivity to analgesic drugs of disparate neurochemical classes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative trait locus mapping in 872 (C57BL/6x129P3)F2 mice was used to identify genetic factors contributing to variability in the analgesic effect of opioid (morphine), alpha2-adrenergic (clonidine), and cannabinoid (WIN55,212-2) drugs against thermal nociception. A region on distal chromosome 1 showing significant linkage to analgesia from all three drugs was identified. Computational (in silico) genetic analysis of analgesic responses measured in a panel of inbred strains identified a haplotype block within this region containing the Kcnj9 and Kcnj10 genes, encoding the Kir3.3 (GIRK3) and Kir4.1 inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunits. The genes are differentially expressed in the midbrain periaqueductal gray of 129P3 versus C57BL/6 mice, owing to cis-acting genetic elements. The potential role of Kcnj9 was confirmed by the demonstration that knockout mice have attenuated analgesic responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single locus is partially responsible for the genetic mediation of pain inhibition, and genetic variation associated with the potassium channel gene, Kcnj9, is a prime candidate for explaining the variable response to these analgesic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Shad B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marker
authors.forename: Cydne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Guochun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Susana G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sotocinal
authors.forename: Jean-Sebastien
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Melmed
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peltz
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wickman
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mogil
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D051676:G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006239:Haplotypes; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000235:genetics; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D000098854:Kcnj10 Channel
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D048588:Benzoxazines; D051676:G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels; D000098854:Kcnj10 Channel; C497072:Kcnj9 protein, mouse; D009025:Morpholines; D009281:Naphthalenes; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; C070417:(3R)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone; D009020:Morphine; D003000:Clonidine