title: Dietary intake of lactose as a strong predictor for secretor status of nipple aspirate fluid in healthy premenopausal nonlactating women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) is considered a potential source for discovering breast cancer biomarkers. However, the success rate of obtaining NAF was reported to vary from 48% to 77%, and mechanisms for its secretion are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary, demographic, reproductive, hormonal, and anthropometric factors that are associated with the ability to obtain NAF by aspiration (secretor status) from premenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  NAF procedures were attempted for women who were 30 to 40 years old, not pregnant, not breast-feeding, and not taking contraceptive medications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with nonsecretors, secretors of NAF consumed significantly more dietary lactose (mainly from milk), were more likely to be parous, were older at first and last childbirth, breast-fed their babies for a longer period of time, and had an earlier menarche and lower plasma concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (P < 0.05). Using multivariate logistic regression models, higher dietary intake of lactose [odds ratio (OR), 2.7; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.5-4.8], earlier menarche (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7-1.0), being parous (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0-5.6), and being older at first childbirth (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.1) were found to be independent and positive predictors for being a secretor of NAF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that dietary intake of lactose, a modifiable factor, may be used to change the NAF secretor status of women. This finding may facilitate the use of NAF as a diagnostic material for detecting breast diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1109, USA.
authors.forename: Yafei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Karl E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Manubai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagamani
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Lee-Jane W
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009558:Nipples / Q000378:metabolism*; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D017697:Premenopause; D017584:Reproductive History; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007785:Lactose