title: Gang exposure and pregnancy incidence among female adolescents in San Francisco: evidence for the need to integrate reproductive health with violence prevention efforts.
abstract: Among a cohort of 237 sexually active females aged 14-19 years recruited from community venues in a predominantly Latino neighborhood in San Francisco, California, the authors examined the relation between gang exposure and pregnancy incidence over 2 years of follow-up between 2001 and 2004. Using discrete-time survival analysis, they investigated whether gang membership by individuals and partners was associated with pregnancy incidence and determined whether partnership characteristics, contraceptive behaviors, and pregnancy intentions mediated the relation between gang membership and pregnancy. Pregnancy incidence was determined by urine-based testing and self-report. Latinas represented 77% of participants, with one in five born outside the United States. One quarter (27.4%) became pregnant over follow-up. Participants' gang membership had no significant effect on pregnancy incidence (hazard ratio = 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 0.54, 3.45); however, having partners who were in gangs was associated with pregnancy (hazard ratio = 1.90, 95% confidence interval: 1.09, 3.32). The male partner's perceived pregnancy intentions and having a partner in detention each mediated the effect of partner's gang membership on pregnancy risk. Increased pregnancy incidence among young women with gang-involved partners highlights the importance of integrating reproductive health prevention into programs for gang-involved youth. In addition, high pregnancy rates indicate a heightened risk for sexually transmitted infections.
authors.affiliation: Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA. aminnis@rti.org
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Minnis
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Auerswald
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiboski
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Padian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*