Anxiety and depression among subjects attending genetic counseling for hereditary cancer.
OBJECTIVE
The main aims of the study were to investigate changes in anxiety and depression over time in subjects attending genetic counseling (GC) for hereditary cancer, and secondly, to identify psychological, social, and medical variables associated with the course and outcome of anxiety and depression.


METHODS
Of 275 eligible individuals, 221 consented to participate, 214 returned the baseline questionnaire, and were included in a prospective multi-center study. Questionnaires were mailed to the subjects before and after the GC.


RESULTS
The mean values for anxiety and depression were quite low at all assessments. Mixed linear analyzes revealed that both anxiety and depression declined over time. Higher age, GC-related self-efficacy, and social support were associated with lower levels of anxiety. More social support, satisfaction with GC, self-rated physical function, and GC-related self-efficacy were associated with lower levels of depression. The effects of social support on both anxiety and depression had a significant interaction with time.


CONCLUSIONS
The results support the buffer theory, which proposes that social support acts as a buffer, protecting people from the potentially pathogenic influence of stressful life events, such as GC.


CONCLUSIONS
Subjects with less social support and less GC-related self-efficacy seem to be more vulnerable to anxiety and depression and should be offered extra attention by counselors.
Bjorvatn
Cathrine
C
Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. cathrine.bjorvatn@isf.uib.no
Eide
Geir Egil
GE
Hanestad
Berit R
BR
Havik
Odd E
OE
D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009386:Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D009664:Norway; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires