title: Three-dimensional real-time imaging of cardiac cell motions in living embryos.
abstract: While quantitative analysis of dynamic biological cell motions in vivo is of great biomedical interest, acquiring 3-D (plus time) information is difficult due to the lack of imaging tools with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution. A novel 3-D high-speed microscopic imaging system is developed to enable 3-D time series data acquisition, based on a defocusing technique (DDPIV). Depth coordinate Z is resolved by the triangular image patterns generated by a mask with three apertures forming an equilateral triangle. Application of this technique to microscale imaging is validated by calibration of targets spread over the image field. 1-microm fluorescent tracer particles are injected into the blood stream of 32 h post-fertilization developing zebrafish embryos to help describe cardiac cell motions. 3-D and velocity fields of cardiovascular blood flow and trajectories of heart-wall motions are obtained.
authors.affiliation: California Institute of Technology, Option of Bioengineering, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gharib
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D018715:Microscopy, Video / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology*