title: The development of a questionnaire for evaluating process-oriented group supervision during nursing education.
abstract: The benefits of process-oriented group supervision are difficult to evaluate, as the validity and reliability of the existing instruments have been questioned. The aim was to develop and test the psychometric properties of a questionnaire in order to evaluate the effects of process-oriented group supervision on nursing students during their three-year nursing education. A 55-item Process-oriented Group Supervision Questionnaire (PGSQ) with a developmental design was formulated on the basis of a literature review and the expectations of nursing students who participated in a three-year nursing education programme (N=176). Construct validity and internal consistency reliability were tested at the end of each study year: year 1 (T1), year 2 (T2), and year 3 (T3) by means of exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. An adequate explorative factor analysis (principal component analysis, varimax rotation) with an Eigenvalue >1.0 and factor loadings >0.40, reduced the questionnaire to 18 items comprising three factors labelled educative, supportive and developmental, which explained 60.2% at T1, 71.8% at T2, and 69.3% at T3 of the total cumulative variance. The corresponding Cronbach's alpha coefficient figures were 0.89 (T1), 0.94 (T2) and 0.93 (T3). The 18-item PGSQ is considered to be a short and useful tool due to its satisfactory validity and reliability figures.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Health Sciences, Halmstad University, P.O. Box 823, SE 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden. barbro.arvidsson@hos.hh.se
authors.forename: Barbro
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arvidsson
authors.forename: Ingela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skärsäter
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baigi
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fridlund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate / Q000592:standards*; D005181:Faculty, Nursing / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research / Q000379:methods*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards; D013548:Sweden