title: Substance abuse-related mortality among middle-aged male VA psychiatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated mortality and causes of death over a seven-year period among middle-aged male psychiatric patients with and without co-occurring substance use disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cohort study examined mortality among 169,051 male Vietnam-era veterans ages 40 to 59 treated for psychiatric disorders by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) between April and September 1998. Demographic variables, diagnoses, and prior hospitalizations were obtained from VA electronic medical records. Mortality status was obtained from VA benefits records. Cause-of-death data were purchased from the National Death Index for a random sample of 3,383 decedents. Mortality among psychiatric patients with and without diagnosed co-occurring substance use disorders was compared by logistic regression, with controls for demographic factors, psychiatric and medical diagnoses, and prior hospitalizations. Causes of death for psychiatric patients with and without co-occurring disorders were compared by chi square analyses. Results were compared to age- and race-matched norms for the U.S. population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk-adjusted probability of dying was 55% higher among psychiatric patients with co-occurring substance use disorders than among those without substance use disorders (OR=1.58-1.69). Overdoses and substance abuse-linked illnesses accounted for 27.6% of deaths among psychiatric patients with co-occurring substance use disorders, compared with only 8.8% of deaths among other psychiatric patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substance use disorders strongly contributed to premature death among male psychiatric patients. Secondary prevention is needed to reduce substance misuse and improve medical care for substance-related illnesses among psychiatric patients with co-occurring substance use disorders.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. craig.rosen@va.gov
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Greenbaum
authors.forename: Kent D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Drescher
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*