title: Resistance of planktonic and biofilm-grown Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates to the transition metal gallium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Burkholderia cepacia complex is a group of pathogens that can cause severe pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro activity of gallium against planktonic and biofilm-grown B. cepacia complex isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six B. cepacia complex isolates (belonging to three different species) as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were included in the present study. MICs of Ga(NO(3))(3) for planktonic cells were determined using a broth microdilution method. Biofilms were formed in 96-well microtitre plates, and the fraction of surviving cells following Ga(NO(3))(3) treatment was determined using resazurin as a marker for cell viability. The antimicrobial effect of Ga(NO(3))(3) was assessed in the presence (50 microM) and absence of Fe(3+).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When tested against planktonic cells, the MICs of Ga(NO(3))(3) in the absence of Fe(3+) were 64 mg/L for all B. cepacia complex strains investigated. However, the addition of 50 microM Fe(3+) in the presence of 64 mg/L Ga(NO(3))(3) resulted in increased growth for all B. cepacia complex strains investigated. In sessile cells, resistance to Ga(NO(3))(3) and the extent of the protective effect of 50 microM Fe(3+) against Ga(NO(3))(3) appear to be strain-dependent: the Burkholderia cenocepacia strains investigated are insensitive to Ga(NO(3))(3) in the presence of 50 microM Fe(3+), whereas the presence of Fe(3+) has no protective effect for both Burkholderia multivorans strains investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As maximal tolerable Ga(3+) levels in plasma are estimated to be approximately 200 microM and considering the high levels of Fe(3+) in the lungs of people with CF, our data suggest that the added value of a Ga(NO(3))(3) treatment of B. cepacia complex-infected patients may be limited.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nelis
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coenye
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D018441:Biofilms; D016956:Burkholderia cepacia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005708:Gallium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D005708:Gallium