title: Tocolytic effectiveness of nifedipine versus ritodrine and follow-up of newborns: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have demonstrated the superior tocolytic effectiveness of nifedipine over ritodrine. Only 1 trial conducted a long-term follow-up of newborns and found no difference in psychosocial and motor functioning. In a randomised, multicentre trial, we compared the tocolytic effectiveness of nifedipine and ritodrine and included a long-term follow-up of the newborns after 2 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with imminent preterm labour were randomised and received either nifedipine or ritodrine. Side-effects, tocolytic effectiveness and neonatal outcome were studied. Development of the children was studied after the age of 2 years by a parental questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-three patients were included. Birth was postponed for an average of 4.3 weeks in the ritodrine group and 5.0 weeks in the nifedipine group (p=0.4). Patients who received ritodrine experienced significantly more side-effects compared to patients who received nifedipine (29 versus 4%, p<0.05). No significant differences were found in either group for average birth weight, Apgar scores after 1 min, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and neonatal complications. Parental questionnaires after 2 years had a response rate of 70%. Two-thirds of the children had developed normally in both groups. In both groups, only a few children were severely retarded (n=4). No significant differences in development were found between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both nifedipine and ritodrine proved effective tocolytic drugs, however ritodrine caused significantly more maternal side-effects. Neonatal outcome and long-term development after 2 years of age were not significantly different. We favour nifedipine over ritodrine as a tocolytic drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Máxima Medical Centre, The Netherlands. m.vandewater@alumni.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van De Water
authors.forename: E Timmerman-Van
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kessel
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: De Kleine
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Oei
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012312:Ritodrine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015145:Tocolysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015149:Tocolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015149:Tocolytic Agents; D012312:Ritodrine; D009543:Nifedipine