title: Citrate anticoagulation protocol for slow extended hemodialysis with the Genius dialysis system in acute renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Genius dialysis system is increasingly used as an intermittent hemodialysis device in the setting of acute renal failure. Slow extended hemodialysis is preferred in the case of critical ill patients. In this study we established a safe and feasible citrate anticoagulation protocol for slow extended hemodialysis (SLED) with the Genius system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared six anticoagulation protocols using SLED in 34 critically ill patients with acute renal failure. One group (A) received only citrate anticoagulation. Four groups (B - D) were treated with citrate and different additional systemic anticoagulation. Patients in the last group (F) were anticoagulated with heparin and were free of citrate anticoagulation. The total number of treatments was 103. A 4% sodium citrate solution was infused into the arterial line of the dialysis device for citrate anticoagulation. The dialysis solution contained one mmol/L of calcium. No additional calcium supplementation was done. We monitored electrolyte, acid-base and cardiovascular status prospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemodialysis was well tolerated hemodynamically. Electrolytes remained stable throughout hemodialysis in all groups. The decrease in ionized and total calcium was within the expected, clinically acceptable range. Bicarbonate and pH levels increased during dialysis, especially if citrate was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Slow extended Genius hemodialysis with citrate is well tolerated and offers a safe and effective alternative to systemic anticoagulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité University Hospital of Berlin, Berlin - Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liefeldt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Slowinski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Neumayer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morgera
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000628:therapy*; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D000077425:Fondaparinux; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D011134:Polysaccharides; D019343:Citric Acid; D000077425:Fondaparinux