title: Surgical implications of early failed endovascular intervention of the superficial femoral artery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is generally accepted that failed infrainguinal bypass with prosthetic material significantly compromises arterial run off, which may limit future revascularization. It is well known that the negative consequences of early vein graft thrombosis are limited, but the effect of failed peripheral angioplasty on the distal vasculature is poorly studied. The purpose of this study was to determine whether early failure after superficial femoral artery intervention influences subsequent revascularization options.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1, 1998, and June 30, 2006, 276 patients underwent endovascular intervention of the superficial femoral artery. A prospective analysis of angiograms done before the intervention and after early failure (<or=200 days) was performed in a blinded fashion by three attending vascular surgeons to determine the optimal distal bypass site if an operation were to be performed. Inter-rater reliability of the angiogram scores was assessed using the Fleiss generalized kappa for multiple raters. Potential distal anastomotic sites were classified as above knee popliteal, below knee popliteal, tibial, or no adequate site. A consensus classification was determined for each patient (2 of 3 raters).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 276 patients who underwent endovascular intervention of the superficial femoral artery, early failure was noted in 24 limbs in 23 patients. Angiographic records were available for 21 limbs in 20 patients (60% men; mean age, 65.3 +/- 11.3 years), of which 60% had critical limb ischemia, 40% had claudication, and 65% had diabetes. The distal bypass site was altered in six limbs (28.6%); four from popliteal to tibial and two from above knee to below knee popliteal. Inter-rater reliability was 0.54 (moderate/good). The procedures performed on these early failures were percutaneous transluminal angioplasty +/- stent (n = 14), infrainguinal bypass (n = 5), and no treatment (n = 1). Only 0.4% (1 of 276) of patients required major limb amputation due to early failure of a superficial femoral artery intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early failure after isolated endovascular intervention of the superficial femoral artery is infrequent and alters the distal target in 30% of early-failure patients if open bypass is planned. Salvage with repeat angioplasty, if necessary, can be accomplished in most patients, and the need for limb amputation is exceedingly rare. The early failure results in this study support a more liberal application of endovascular intervention to the superficial femoral artery in patients with lower extremity ischemia, especially claudication. The repercussions of late endovascular failure as well as the effects of disease progression need further study.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Surgery, Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center, Greenville, SC 29605, USA.
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Joels
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: York
authors.forename: Corey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kalbaugh
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cull
authors.forename: Eugene M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Langan
authors.forename: Spence M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D023821:Limb Salvage; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure