title: Prematurity, chorioamnionitis, and the development of recurrent wheezing: a prospective birth cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prematurity (< 37 weeks) has been inconsistently associated with asthma and wheezing. Chorioamnionitis may promote both prematurity and inflammatory pathways in infants' airways.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship of prematurity and chorioamnionitis with the development of early childhood recurrent wheezing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Boston Birth Cohort (n = 1096) were followed prospectively from birth to a mean age of 2.2 +/- 2 years. Perinatal and postnatal clinical data and placental pathology were collected. The primary outcome was recurrent wheezing (> or =2 physician documented episodes). Secondary outcomes included physician-diagnosed asthma, food allergy, and eczema. Preterm children were grouped by gestational age into moderately (33-36.9 weeks) and very preterm (< 33 weeks) with and without chorioamnionitis, and compared with term children without chorioamnionitis (reference group). Chorioamnionitis was diagnosed either by intrapartum fever or by placental histology findings. Logistic regression models were performed to investigate the independent and joint associations of degree of prematurity and chorioamnionitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prematurity was associated with recurrent wheezing (odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.6). However, when subjects were grouped by degree of prematurity with or without chorioamnionitis, the highest risk of wheezing (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.0-8.0) and physician-diagnosed asthma (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 2.2-8.7) was present in the very preterm children with chorioamnionitis. The effect on both wheezing (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 2.4-12.0) and asthma (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 2.3-11.9) was greater in African Americans. Neither prematurity nor chorioamnionitis was associated with food allergy or eczema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a strong joint effect of prematurity and chorioamnionitis on early childhood wheezing. This effect was stronger in African American subjects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614, USA. rkumar@childrensmemorial.org
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Yunxian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Story
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pongracic
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Bauchner
authors.forename: Xiaobin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D044383:Black People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D001741:Black or African American