title: Serum trace elements in tube-fed neurological dysphagia patients correlate with nutritional indices but do not correlate with trace element intakes: case of patients receiving enough trace elements intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients who have neurological dysphagia induced by cerebrovascular disease are at high risk of malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia. Since trace elements in serum bind to serum protein, serum trace elements concentration is influenced by serum protein concentration. In addition, serum protein concentration is influenced by malnutrition and inflammation. Therefore, evaluation of serum trace elements concentration has to consider influence of malnutrition and inflammation. In recent years, enteral formula including rich trace elements were developed to prevent trace elements deficiency. However, serum trace elements concentration showed a low level even if patients were receiving enough trace elements intake. We thought that it was effective in nutritional management of patients with malnutrition and inflammation to clarify about correlation among nutritional indices, serum trace elements, and the amount of trace element intake in tube-fed patients. In this study, we aimed to determine nutritional indices that are predictors of serum trace elements in patients with neurological dysphagia on long-term tube feeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 40 elderly bedridden patients with neurological dysphagia induced by cerebrovascular disease. All subjects were fed total enteral nutrition via nasogastric tube. We investigated serum trace elements (iron, copper, zinc) and nutritional indices (body mass index, albumin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, C-reactive protein, hemoglobin, lymphocyte, trace elements intake), and analyzed by multiple regression analysis. In addition, we divided subjects into two groups based on inflammatory response. The first group was 20 patients with inflammation (inflammation group), and another group was 20 patients without pneumonia (control group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects were malnourished and showed inflammatory response: low body weight (55%), hypoalbuminemia (58%), moderate or severe inflammation (53%), anemia (38%). Ratio of low serum iron concentration was 43%. Ratio of high serum copper concentration was 45%. Ratio of low serum zinc concentration was 65%. Mean of trace elements intake was slightly more than requirements. In multiple regression analysis in all subjects, predictor of serum iron was hemoglobin (P<0.01) and transferrin (P<0.05), predictor of serum copper was ceruloplasmin (P<0.001) and C-reactive protein (P<0.05), predictor of serum zinc was albumin (P<0.05). In comparisons of nutritional status between inflammation group and control group, serum zinc concentration in inflammation group was significantly lower than control group. On the other hand, ceruloplasmin, C-reactive protein and serum copper concentration in inflammation group were significantly higher than control group. There was no significant difference in daily trace elements intake between inflammation group and control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In tube-fed patients with neurological dysphagia, serum trace elements concentration was influenced by malnutrition and inflammation. It was suggested that serum trace elements concentration might not be normalized if malnutrition and inflammation are not treated. We recommend periodical monitoring of trace elements for long-term tube-fed patients with neurological dysphagia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Management, National Hospital Organization Kamaishi National Hospital, Sadanaicho 4-7-4, Kamaishi, Iwate 026-0053, Japan. hitoshio@kamaisi.hosp.go.jp
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.forename: Yasuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomite
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001510:Bed Rest; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014131:Trace Elements