title: Infant intestinal Enterococcus faecalis down-regulates inflammatory responses in human intestinal cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the ability of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to modulate inflammatory reaction in human intestinal cell lines (Caco-2, HT-29 and HCT116). Different strains of LAB isolated from new born infants and fermented milk, together with the strains obtained from culture collections were tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  LABs were treated with human intestinal cell lines. ELISA was used to detect IL-8 and TGF-beta protein secretion. Cytokines and Toll like receptors (TLRs) gene expression were assessed using RT-PCR. Conditional medium, sonicated bacteria and UV killed bacteria were used to find the effecter molecules on the bacteria. Carbohydrate oxidation and protein digestion were applied to figure out the molecules' residues. Adhesion assays were further carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that Enterococcus faecalis is the main immune modulator among the LABs by downregulation of IL-8 secretion and upregulation of TGF-beta. Strikingly, the effect was only observed in four strains of E. faecalis out of the 27 isolated and tested. This implies strain dependent immunomodulation in the host. In addition, E. faecalis may regulate inflammatory responses through TLR3, TLR4, TLR9 and TRAF6. Carbohydrates on the bacterial cell surface are involved in both its adhesion to intestinal cells and regulation of inflammatory responses in the host.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide a case for the modulation of intestinal mucosal immunity in which specific strains of E. faecalis have uniquely evolved to maintain colonic homeostasis and regulate inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Shugui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lydia Hui Mei
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Wai Ling
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Yuan Kun
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001483:Base Sequence; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D016207:Cytokines; D017931:DNA Primers; D016209:Interleukin-8; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta