title: Smoking affects prognosis after lung cancer surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of smoking on the postoperative outcome of lung cancer surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 571 patients who underwent surgery for primary lung cancer. The patients were divided into the following groups according to their smoking history: a nonsmoker group (n = 218), a former smoker group (n = 140), and a current smoker group (n = 213).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year survival rates were 56.2%, 40.9%, and 34.0% in the nonsmoker, former smoker, and current smoker groups, respectively. These differences were significant. According to a multivariable analysis, smoking was a significant factor affecting the postoperative prognosis of patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer. In analyzing the causes of death, there were more deaths caused by other diseases such as multiple organ cancer, respiratory disorder, cardiovascular disease, and surgery-related events in the former smoker and current smoker groups than in the nonsmoker group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking was significantly predictive of a poor prognosis after lung cancer surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Tottori University Hospital, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshige
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haruki
authors.forename: Yoshin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujioka
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*