title: Lithogenic risk factors in the morbidly obese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To our knowledge baseline lithogenic risk factors in the morbidly obese population are currently unknown. Prior studies evaluated known stone formers and correlated risk with increasing body mass index. We describe risk factors for urinary stone formation in a group of unselected morbidly obese patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients scheduled for gastric bypass provided a 24-hour urine collection before surgery. Patient demographics, medications and supplement consumption were recorded. A dietary intake diary was converted into daily kcal, Ca, Na and protein consumption. Differences between groups based on gender, history of diabetes or nephrolithiasis, diuretic use and Ca supplementation were evaluated. Correlation of stone risk parameters with body mass index was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 45 patients provided samples for analysis. Mean +/- SD body mass index was 49.5 +/- 9.1 kg/m(2) and mean age was 47.0 +/- 10.5 years. Overall 97.8% of patients had at least 1 lithogenic risk factor identified. Low urinary volume was the most common abnormality, affecting 71.1% of patients. Male patients excreted significantly more Ox (p = 0.0014), Na (p = 0.020), PO(4) (p = 0.0083) and SO(4) (p = 0.0014) than females. Patients with a history of nephrolithiasis excreted significantly more oxalate (p = 0.018) and had higher relative Na urate supersaturation (p = 0.00093) than nonstone formers. Hydrochlorothiazide use was associated with significantly increased Na urate relative supersaturation (p = 0.0097). Increasing body mass index was inversely associated with Mg (r = -0.38, p = 0.01) and brushite (r = -0.30, p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of our cohort of morbidly obese patients 98% had at least 1 lithogenic risk factor identified on 24-hour urine collection. This study identified a high urinary stone risk in the morbidly obese and suggests possible avenues for dietary and/or pharmacological preventive measures. Future studies will determine how bariatric surgery alters these risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Branden G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Duffey
authors.forename: Renato N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pedro
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kriedberg
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weiland
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Melquist
authors.forename: Sayeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikramuddin
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kellogg
authors.forename: Antoine A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Makhlouf
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery / Q000652:urine*; D012307:Risk Factors; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000209:etiology*