title: Biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate indicate presence and severity of cystic fibrosis in children.
abstract: Chronic airway inflammation is present in cystic fibrosis (CF). Non-invasive inflammometry may be useful in disease management. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate: (i) the ability of fractional exhaled nitric oxide and inflammatory markers (IM) [exhaled breath condensate (EBC) acidity, nitrite, nitrate, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), 8-isoprostane, Th1/Th2 cytokines] to indicate (exacerbations of) CF; and (ii) the ability of these non-invasive IM to indicate CF disease severity. In 98 children (48 CF/50 controls), exhaled nitric oxide was measured using the NIOX, and condensate was collected using a glass condenser. In CF interferon (IFN-gamma) and nitrite concentrations were significantly higher, whereas exhaled nitric oxide levels were significantly lower compared with controls (3.3 +/- 0.3 pg/ml, 2.2 +/- 0.2 microM, 10.0 +/- 1.2 p.p.b. vs. 2.6 +/- 0.2 pg/ml, 1.4 +/- 0.1 microM, 15.4 +/- 1.4 p.p.b. respectively). Using multivariate logistic regression models, the presence of CF was best indicated by 8-isoprostane, nitrite and IFN-gamma [sensitivity 78%, specificity 83%; area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.906, p < 0.001]. An exacerbation of CF was best indicated by 8-isoprostane and nitrite (sensitivity 40%, specificity 97%, AUC curve 0.838, p = 0.009). Most indicative biomarkers of CF severity were exhaled nitric oxide, and condensate acidity (sensitivity 96%, specificity 67%; AUC curve 0.751, p = 0.008). In this cross-sectional study, the combination of different exhaled IM could indicate (exacerbations of) CF, and severity of the disease in children. Longitudinal data are necessary to further confirm the role of these markers for the management of CF in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. crob@paed.azm.nl
authors.forename: Charlotte M H H T
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Robroeks
authors.forename: Philippe P R
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Rosias
authors.forename: Dillys
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Vliet
authors.forename: Quirijn
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jöbsis
authors.forename: Jan-Bart L
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Yntema
authors.forename: Hein J L
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Brackel
authors.forename: Jan G M C
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Damoiseaux
authors.forename: Gertjan M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: den Hartog
authors.forename: Will K W H
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Wodzig
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dompeling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015237:Dinoprost; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide