title: Normal fetal urine production rate estimated with 3-dimensional ultrasonography using the rotational technique (virtual organ computer-aided analysis).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess hourly fetal urine production rates (HFUPRs) and establish a nomogram by measuring bladder volumes with 3-dimensional ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal urine bladder volume was estimated in 167 normal singleton pregnancies with neither oligohydramnios nor polyhydramnios, at a gestational age of 20-41 weeks. HFUPR was estimated in a regression analysis that included at least 3 volumes calculated during the filling phase with the Virtual Organ Computed-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) technique. We estimated interoperator variability for HFUPR less than 10 mL/h and HFUPR greater than 10 mL/h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fetal urine production rates at 25, 30, 35, and 40 weeks were 7.5, 22.2, 56.1, and 125.1 mL/h, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients for interoperator variability were 99.2% for HFUPR less than 10 mL/hour and 97.1% for HFUPR greater than 10 mL/h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal measurement of HFUPR with 3-dimensional VOCAL ultrasound is reproducible and may help to determine the cause and prognosis of amniotic fluid volume abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and Université Paris-Sud, Clamart, France.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Touboul
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boulvain
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Picone
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Levaillant
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frydman
authors.forename: Marie-Victoire
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Senat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D015588:Observer Variation; D016104:Oligohydramnios / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006831:Polyhydramnios / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D014556:Urine