title: Konjac glucomannan/xanthan gum enzyme sensitive binary mixtures for colonic drug delivery.
abstract: The polysaccharide konjac glucomannan (KGM) is degraded in the colon but not the small intestine, which makes it potentially useful as an excipient for colonic drug delivery. With xanthan gum (XG) KGM forms thermoreversible gels with hitherto unexplored biodegradation properties. In this work, rheological measurements of KGM and KGM/XG systems incubated with and without Aspergillus niger beta-mannanase (used to mimic colonic enzymes) showed that KGM was degraded by the enzyme even when interacting with XG. Tablets with KGM/XG/sucrose matrices that varied in accordance with a simplex design and bore diltiazem as a typical highly soluble drug load were prepared by wet granulation, and in most cases were found to possess satisfactory mechanical strength and exhibit slow, nearly zero-order drug release. Drug release from these tablets remained zero-order, but was accelerated (presumably due to degradation of KGM), in the presence of A. niger beta-mannanase at concentrations equivalent to human colonic conditions. However, marked differences between Japanese and American varieties of KGM as regards degree of acetylation and particle size led to significant differences in swelling rate and drug release between formulations prepared with one and the other KGM: whereas a formulation with Japanese KGM released its entire drug load within 24h in the presence of beta-mannanase, only 60% release was achieved under the same conditions by the corresponding formulation with American KGM, suggesting that with this KGM it will be necessary to optimize technological variables such as compression pressure in order to achieve suitable porosity, swelling rate, and drug release. To sum up, the results of this study suggest that sustained release of water-soluble drugs in the colon from orally administered tablets may be achieved using simple, inexpensive formulations based on combinations of KGM and XG that take the variability of KGM characteristics into account.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Manceñido
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landin
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martínez-Pacheco
mesh_terms: D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000201:enzymology; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003106:Colon / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005079:Excipients; D008351:Mannans / Q000737:chemistry*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry*; D012212:Rheology; D013607:Tablets; D014783:Viscosity; D044902:beta-Mannosidase / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D005079:Excipients; D008351:Mannans; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D013607:Tablets; C022901:(1-6)-alpha-glucomannan; D044902:beta-Mannosidase; D004110:Diltiazem; C002563:xanthan gum