Calf welfare.
Many factors contribute to the well-being of calves on the commercial dairy including housing and environment; nutritional and health programs; handling and caretaker interactions; herd dynamics; and the common management practices of transportation, euthanasia, dehorning, and teat removal. Ensuring and assessing the welfare of calves on commercial dairies is a complex challenge, especially because the terminology and factors contributing to assessing animal welfare in agricultural animals, such as dairy calves, has not been clearly defined within the scientific community.
Stull
Carolyn
C
Veterinary Medicine Extension, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Reynolds
Jim
J
D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards