title: Methods for the prediction of low-molecular-weight occupational respiratory sensitizers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is recognition that respiratory sensitization is an occupational hazard of high concern. Despite international regulatory requirements there is no established protocol for the efficient prospective identification of chemical respiratory sensitizers. We review the predictive behaviour of available methods and suggest a possible high-throughput protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animal or in-vitro tests specific to respiratory exposure and resulting in direct asthma-related outcomes have not been developed, although the use of a local lymph node assay originally designed for skin sensitization has been advocated in a respiratory context. Various methods have been used to develop quantitative structure-activity relationship models for prediction of low-molecular-weight organic chemical respiratory sensitizers. The estimated negative predictive value for all of the published models is 1, but their differences in positive predictive value can be exploited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most pragmatic as well as valid approach for screening large numbers of industrial chemicals for respiratory sensitization hazard is likely to consist of an algorithm starting with quantitative structure-activity relationship models. Further corroboration from animal or human data, however, may be required for chemicals with a positive result by quantitative structure-activity relationship.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Seed
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cullinan
authors.forename: Raymond M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Agius
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000633:toxicity*; D000485:Allergens / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006241:Haptens; D006801:Humans; D007158:Immunologic Techniques; D008403:Mass Screening; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D023421:Models, Animal; D008954:Models, Biological; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D021281:Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000485:Allergens; D006241:Haptens