title: Neonatal hip instability: a prospective comparison of clinical examination and anterior dynamic ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound is increasingly being used to complement the clinical examination in assessing neonatal hip instability. The clinical examination, although highly sensitive in detecting hip instability, can lead to considerable overtreatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare anterior dynamic ultrasound and clinical examination in the assessment of neonatal hip instability and regarding treatment rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  536 newborn infants (out of a population of 18,031) were selected, on the basis of a combination of risk factors, clinical signs of hip instability or ambiguous clinical findings, to undergo an anterior dynamic ultrasound examination of the hip, by a method developed by our group. This examination, performed by one out of seven experienced examiners, was compared with the standard clinical hip examination conducted by one of four pediatric orthopedic surgeons. The clinical examination was carried out both prior to and within a few hours after the ultrasound examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical examination diagnosed 81.7% of the hips as normal, 14.5% as unstable, and 3.8% as dislocatable or dislocated. With the dynamic ultrasound method, the corresponding figures were 87.8%, 10.4%, and 1.8%, respectively. Use of the criteria of the clinical examination resulted in treatment of 147 infants. Using the dynamic ultrasound examination as a criterion meant that 87 infants would receive treatment. The calculated treatment rate was 0.85% when based on the clinical stress test and 0.49% when based on the dynamic ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dynamic ultrasound results reduced the treatment rate by over 40% when used as a basis for the decision regarding treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Radiology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. throstur.finnbogason@karolinska.se
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Finnbogason
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jorulf
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Söderman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rehnberg
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006618:Hip Dislocation, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014463:Ultrasonography