title: In vivo MR imaging of hippocampal lesions in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether a recently improved version of the three-dimensional double inversion-recovery (3D-DIR) technique enables the in vivo detection of hippocampal lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance images of 16 patients and nine healthy control subjects were acquired at 1.5T. Lesions were scored on 3D-DIR images and were anatomically classified as white matter (WM), cortical, or hippocampal lesions. Associations between hippocampal, cortical, and WM lesion numbers were evaluated. Also, hippocampal lesions were retrospectively assessed on 3D-T2 and hippocampal and brain volumes were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No hippocampal lesions were detected in control subjects. By contrast, 14 out of 16 MS patients had at least one hippocampal lesion. The mean number (+/-SD) of hippocampal lesions detected with 3D-DIR was 2.6 +/- 1.8 in MS patients; only 56% of these lesions could be observed on 3D-T2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hippocampal lesions can be visualized in vivo with 3D-DIR and occur frequently in MS. The ability to visualize hippocampal lesions in vivo is of fundamental importance to future studies focusing on the role of gray matter (GM) damage in cognitive deficits, which are common in MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, MS Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands. s.roosendaal@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Stefan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Roosendaal
authors.forename: Bastiaan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moraal
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vrenken
authors.forename: Jonas A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Castelijns
authors.forename: Petra J W
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pouwels
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: Jeroen J G
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Geurts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology*