title: Heart rate-based protocols for exercise challenge testing do not ensure sufficient exercise intensity for inducing exercise-induced bronchial obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if a heart rate-based protocol for bronchial provocation testing ensures sufficient exercise intensity for inducing exercise-induced bronchial obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 clinically healthy non-asthmatic sports students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects underwent an exercise challenge test (ECT) on a treadmill ergometer for bronchial provocation according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society (ATS). Heart rate (HR), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), pH (pH) and lactate concentration were measured before and after exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After exercise in 56% of the examined subjects lactate concentrations were < 6 mmol/l. A highly significant decrease in FEV(1) (mean -4.41 (SD 1.5%)) was found at concentrations of > 6 mmol/l, whereas at concentrations < 6.48 mmol/l, no participant showed an impairment of lung function (FEV(1) values < or = 90%). In five subjects, a bronchial obstruction was found, as shown by decreases in FEV(1) of -10 to -47% after exercise. The lactate concentrations in these individuals were between 6.48 and 11.7 mmol/l, indicating a predominantly anaerobic metabolic response to exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that the ATS standard protocol, using a heart rate formula for assessing the exercise intensity, is not sufficient to cause predominantly anaerobic lactate metabolism and hence exercise-induced hyperventilation. Therefore, a potential bronchial obstruction could not be induced in 56% of the subjects. For a sensitive study design, exercise intensities demanding anaerobic lactate metabolism should always be ensured. A more precise protocol is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Sports Science, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany. christian.truemper@uni-bielefeld.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trümper
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mäueler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vobejda
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001982:Bronchial Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates