title: Unexplained seizures, confusion or hallucinations: think Hashimoto encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE) is a serious but treatable condition that is probably underdiagnosed. We summarize and review all published cases to delineate the disease and to alert paediatricians so that they recognize the disease in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched three data sources, PubMed, Cochrane and Embase, to find the articles on the subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five children (85.8% girls) were reported being diagnosed with HE. The median age was 14 years (range 9-18 years). The most frequent clinical symptoms were seizures (80%), confusion (52%), headache (40%), hallucinations (32%) and ataxia (36%). Antimicrosomal antibodies were demonstrated in all patients, other diagnostic methods were not specific. Treatment with steroids was effective with 55% of patients showing complete recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend measuring antimicrosomal antibodies in all children with unexplained seizures, hallucinations or confusion and, if positive, initiating treatment with prednisolone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jorien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alink
authors.forename: Tjalling W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003221:Confusion / Q000209:etiology; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology; D050031:Hashimoto Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology