title: Pretreatment of poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds with sodium hydroxide enhances osteoblastic differentiation and slows proliferation of mouse preosteoblast cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surface topography is important in the creation of a scaffold for tissue engineering. Chemical etching of poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) with sodium hydroxide has been shown to enhance adhesion and function of numerous cell types. The authors investigated the effects of sodium hydroxide pretreatment of three-dimensional poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds on the adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 murine preosteoblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded onto three-dimensional poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds with and without 1 M sodium hydroxide pretreatment. Cells were then cultured in osteogenic medium and harvested at varying time points for RNA extraction. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to measure mRNA expression of several osteogenic marker genes. In addition, cell numbers were determined at varying time points during the culture period. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment of three-dimensional poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds with sodium hydroxide resulted in statistically significant up-regulation of mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and vascular endothelial growth factor during the first 10 days of culture. Histologic analysis demonstrated a striking increase in mineralized cell matrix deposition in the sodium hydroxide-treated group. Cell number was statistically higher in the sodium hydroxide-treated group immediately after cell seeding, suggesting improved adhesion. During the first 24 hours of culture, cells grew faster in the control group than in the sodium hydroxide-treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemical etching of poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds with sodium hydroxide strongly influences the behavior of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts in vitro by enhancing adhesion and differentiation and slowing proliferation. Sodium hydroxide treatment may represent a simple and inexpensive way of improving scaffolds for use in bone tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles, Calif. From the Plastic Surgery Section, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Carpizo
authors.forename: Madeleine J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Saran
authors.forename: Weibiao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roostaeian
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.forename: Catherine K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: George H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Rudkin
authors.forename: Dean T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D002424:Caustics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004337:Drug Carriers; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002424:Caustics; D004337:Drug Carriers; C546872:Ibsp protein, mouse; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D011108:Polymers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide