title: Oligosaccharides as anti-angiogenic agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies of drugs that inhibit tumour angiogenesis have shown improvements in the survival of cancer patients, thus validating angiogenesis as a clinically relevant target. Both intracellular and extracellular approaches have shown promising results in clinical situations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare and contrast oligosaccharide therapies and other anti-angiogenic compounds for their benefits and toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of the relevant literature including presentations at recent conferences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors are orally available but have a broad spectrum of activity which is associated with toxicity. Antibodies are associated with different toxicities, however, they are administered parenterally. Oligosaccharides that act as competitive inhibitors of heparan sulfate (HS) are in the early and late phases of clinical development. The advantage of oligosaccharides should be that they can be designed to target several angiogenic molecules, that they are relatively safe and that they can be administered subcutaneously at home. The key questions concerning their development focus on whether compounds with sufficient affinity and relative specificity can be generated, whether they are active at doses that do not perturb the coagulation cascade to a clinically dangerous level, whether the synthetic routes are scalable and, whether the current Phase III trials will yield positive results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Saccharides represent a novel and exciting therapeutic approach that targets a spectrum of angiogenic molecules that cannot be inhibited through established drug development programmes.
authors.affiliation: Translational Angiogenesis Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. ccole@picr.man.ac.uk
authors.forename: Claire Louise
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Gordon C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Jayson
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009844:Oligosaccharides