title: Computer-based laparoscopic and robotic surgical simulators: performance characteristics and perceptions of new users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to define perceptions of the need and the value of new simulation devices for laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery. The initial experience of surgeons using both robotic and nonrobotic laparoscopic simulators to perform an advanced laparoscopic skill was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the 2006 Society of American Gastroesophageal Surgeons (SAGES) meeting, 63 Learning Center attendees used a new virtual reality robotic surgery simulator (SEP Robot) and either a computer-enhanced laparoscopic simulator (ProMIS) or a virtual reality simulator (SurgicalSIM). Demographic and training data were collected by an intake survey. Subjects then were assessed during one iteration of laparoscopic suturing and knot-tying on the SEP Robot and either the ProMIS or the SurgicalSIM. A posttask survey determined users' impressions of task realism, interface quality, and educational value. Performance data were collected and comparisons made between user-defined groups, different simulation platforms, and posttask survey responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The task completion rate was significantly greater for experts than for nonexperts on the virtual reality platforms (SurgicalSIM: 100% vs 36%; SEP Robot: 93% vs 63%; p < 0.05). Prior robot use was predictive of task completion on the SEP Robot, and nonexperts were more likely to complete the virtual reality task on the SEP Robot than on the SurgicalSIM. Experts performed better than nonexperts for all performance measures on the ProMIS. All the survey scores pertaining to realism except image quality were higher for the ProMIS than for either virtual reality trainer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The task completion rate was the best discriminant of expert performance on both virtual reality platforms, whereas simulator metrics best discriminated expertise for the videoscopic platform. Similar comparisons for the virtual reality platforms were not feasible because of the low task completion rate for nonexperts. The added degrees of freedom associated with the robotic surgical simulator instruments facilitated completion of the task by nonexperts. All platforms were perceived as effective training tools.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Baystate Medical Center, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Romanelli
authors.forename: Jay N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Renee E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Ron W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Neal E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Seymour
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003479:Curriculum; D006804:Ergonomics; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009048:Motor Skills; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface