title: Current trends in the assessment and somatic treatment of resistant/refractory major depression: an overview.
abstract: A significant proportion of depressed patients eventually present with treatment-resistant/refractory major depression (TRD), a debilitating condition that imposes significant health, social, and economic burdens. Recently, a growing level of consensus has been reached on the general meaning of TRD, according to which, depression is considered resistant when at least two trials with antidepressants from different pharmacologic classes (adequate in terms of dose, duration, outcome, and compliance) failed to achieve clinical remission. Regarding the management of TRD, a two-step approach is suggested, involving first the evaluation of factors that may contribute to treatment nonresponse (such as comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions), and second, the use of the four classical strategies for enhancing antidepressant efficacy (namely optimization, augmentation, combination, and switching). Finally, future research on TRD should include studies addressing, among other issues, the validity of the proposed definitional criteria, the evaluation of reliable predictors of treatment outcome, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Depressive Disorders Program, and the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marcelo T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Berlim
authors.forename: Marcelo P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turecki
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D013000:Psychiatric Somatic Therapies / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D018490:Serotonin Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D014284:Triiodothyronine