title: Echocardiographic predictors of severe heart failure symptoms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with sinus rhythm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptoms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) appear to be caused by diastolic dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, left ventricle (LV) outflow obstruction, and atrial fibrillation. However, clinical deterioration and severe heart failure symptoms can be observed in patients without any of these factors. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the echocardiographic predictors of severe heart failure symptoms in patients with HC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  86 HC patients were compared according to symptomatic status. Patients with severe heart failure symptoms were older, preponderantly female, had more often LV outflow obstruction and mitral regurgitation, longer E wave deceleration time (EDt), higher E/Ea ratios and lower LV tissue Doppler (TD) velocities when compared to rest of the patients. LV outflow obstruction (r = 0.43, R2 = 0.19, p < 0.0001), LV lateral mitral annular systolic TD velocity (LMSa) (r = 0.51, R2 = 0.26, p < 0.006) and EDt (r = 0.55, R2 = 0.30, p < 0.027) were found to be the independent predictors for severe heart failure symptoms in forward stepwise regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HCM patients with sinus rhythm and normal LV systolic function, LMSa, EDt and LV outflow obstruction are independent predictors of heart failure symptoms. Diastolic dysfunction determined with EDt, occult systolic dysfunction which is detected with TD analysis, and afterload increase as result of LV outflow obstruction seem to be the main echocardiographic factors affecting symptomatic status in HCM patients with sinus rhythm and normal systolic function.
authors.affiliation: Yeditepe University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey. dfatihbayrak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bayrak
authors.forename: Gokhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kahveci
authors.forename: Muzaffer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Degertekin
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mutlu