A SPIKE1 signaling complex controls actin-dependent cell morphogenesis through the heteromeric WAVE and ARP2/3 complexes.
During morphogenesis, the actin cytoskeleton mediates cell-shape change in response to growth signals. In plants, actin filaments organize the cytoplasm in regions of polarized growth, and the filamentous arrays can be highly dynamic. Small GTPase signaling proteins termed Rho of plants (ROP)/RAC control actin polymerization. ROPs cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms, and it is the active form that interacts with effector proteins to mediate cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell-shape change. A class of proteins termed guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) generate GTP-ROP and positively regulate ROP signaling. However, in almost all experimental systems, it has proven difficult to unravel the complex signaling pathways from GEFs to the proteins that nucleate actin filaments. In this article, we show that the DOCK family protein SPIKE1 (SPK1) is a GEF, and that one function of SPK1 is to control actin polymerization via two heteromeric complexes termed WAVE and actin-related protein (ARP) 2/3. The genetic pathway was constructed by using a combination of highly informative spk1 alleles and detailed analyses of spk1, wave, and arp2/3 single and double mutants. Remarkably, we find that in addition to providing GEF activity, SPK1 associates with WAVE complex proteins and may spatially organize signaling. Our results describe a unique regulatory scheme for ARP2/3 regulation in cells, one that can be tested for widespread use in other multicellular organisms.
Basu
Dipanwita
D
Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lilly Hall, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.
Le
Jie
J
Zakharova
Taya
T
Mallery
Eileen L
EL
Szymanski
Daniel B
DB
D051376:Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D016764:Cell Polarity; D017343:Genes, Plant; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D009024:Morphogenesis; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051300:Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family / Q000378:metabolism*; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
D051376:Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex; D000199:Actins; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; C455512:SPIKE1 protein, Arabidopsis; D051300:Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins