title: Independent measures of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity during the same test: the glucagon-insulin tolerance test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To validate a test for independent assessment of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity during the same occasion for metabolic studies in clinical practice, i.e. combined glucagon-stimulated C-peptide test and insulin tolerance test (GITT).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured C-peptide response to 0.5 mg of intravenous glucagon followed 30 min later by administration of 0.05 U kg(-1) insulin (insulin tolerance test, ITT). Ten subjects with normal glucose tolerance participated on different days in an ITT, glucagon-C-peptide test, ITT followed by glucagon-C-peptide test and glucagon-C-peptide test followed by ITT to establish whether and how the tests could be combined. The test was then repeated in nine patients with type 2 diabetes to investigate its reproducibility. In 20 subjects with varying degrees of glucose tolerance, the test was compared with the Botnia clamp (an intravenous glucose tolerance test combined with a euglycaemic hyperinsulinemic clamp).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When ITT preceded the glucagon test, C-peptide response was blunted. Therefore, we first administered glucagon and then insulin (GITT). The K(ITT) from the GITT was reproducible (CV = 13 %) and correlated strongly with the glucose disposal rate from the Botnia clamp (r = 0.87, r(2) = 0.75, P < 0.001). The C-peptide response to glucagon was reproducible (CV = 13 %). The disposition index, providing a measure of beta-cell function adjusted for insulin sensitivity, calculated from the GITT showed good discrimination between individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GITT provides simple, reproducible and independent estimates of insulin sensitivity and secretion on the same occasion for metabolic studies in individuals with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. mozhgan.dorkhan@med.lu.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dorkhan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tripathy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malm
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asgharian
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique / Q000379:methods; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000379:methods; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D006728:Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D005934:Glucagon