title: Walking or vitamin B for cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment? A randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of aerobic exercise or vitamin B supplementation on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  General community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling adults aged 70-80 with MCI. Interventions : The 152 participants were randomly assigned to two
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) a twice-weekly, group-based, moderate-intensity walking programme (WP, n = 77) or a low-intensity placebo activity programme (n = 75) for one year; and (2) daily vitamin pill containing 5 mg folic acid, 0.4 mg vitamin B-12, 50 mg vitamin B-6 (FA/B12/B6, n = 78) or placebo pill (n = 74) for one year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive function, measured with neuropsychological tests at baseline and after six and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median session attendance at the exercise programmes (25th-75th percentile) was 63% (2%-81%) and median compliance with taking pills (25th-75th percentile) was 100% (99%-100%). Gender was an effect modifier. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed no main intervention effect for either intervention. In women in the WP, attention (Stroop combination task) improved by 0.3 seconds (p = 0.04) and memory (auditory verbal learning test) by 0.04 words (p = 0.06) with each percentage increase in session attendance. In men attending at least 75% of the sessions, the WP improved memory (beta 1.5 (95% CI: 0.1 to 3.0) words).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The walking programme and/or FA/B12/B6 supplementation were not effective in improving cognition within one year. The walking programme, however, was efficacious in improving memory in men and memory and attention in women with better adherence.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register, 19227688, http://www.controlled-trials.com/isrctn/
authors.affiliation: Body@Work, Research Center Physical Activity, Work and Health, TNO-VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J G Z
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van Uffelen
authors.forename: M J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chinapaw
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Mechelen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hopman-Rock
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D009426:Netherlands; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12