title: Serum cotinine concentration and wound complications in head and neck reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors examined whether the preoperative serum concentrations of cotinine accurately predict the risk of complications in patients undergoing flap reconstruction of head and neck cancer defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with incident stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck undergoing resection with pedicled or free flap reconstruction were selected from an existing database of 500 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who participated in a prospective epidemiologic study and were reviewed retrospectively. Preoperative serum cotinine concentrations were determined using a competitive microplate immunoassay. Complications were defined as any adverse postoperative wound outcome at either the donor or recipient site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine patients underwent 101 flap reconstructions. Thirty-seven wound complications occurred in 33 patients. Forty of the 89 patients had a serum cotinine concentration greater than 10 ng/ml; twenty (50 percent) developed postoperative complications, whereas only 13 of 49 patients (27 percent) with a serum cotinine concentration of 10 ng/ml or less developed complications (p = 0.028). The relative risk of wound complications for those with a cotinine concentration greater than 10 ng/ml was approximately double that of patients with a lower cotinine concentration (relative risk, 1.9; 95 percent CI, 1.1 to 3.3). Patients with a cotinine concentration greater than 50 ng/ml had a particularly high risk (relative risk, 2.3; 95 percent CI, 1.1 to 16.7; p = 0.024). The relative risk of wound complications was not significantly associated with self-reported smoking status or history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A serum cotinine concentration greater than 10 ng/ml may predict an increased risk of wound complication in head and neck flap reconstruction and may serve as an objective, easily measured variable with which to identify patients who may benefit from an aggressive smoking cessation program before surgery.
authors.affiliation: Dallas and Houston Texas; Chicago, Ill.; and Rochester, N.Y. From the University of Texas Southwestern at Dallas, the University of Illinois at Chicago, the University of Rochester, and the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Vincent P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: Kristen B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Pytynia
authors.forename: Howard N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Langstein
authors.forename: Kristina R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Dahlstrom
authors.forename: Qingyi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Erich M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sturgis
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine