title: Dissolution of copper, tin, and iron from sintered tungsten-bronze spheres in a simulated avian gizzard, and an assessment of their potential toxicity to birds.
abstract: The rates of dissolution of copper, tin, and iron from sintered tungsten-bronze spheres (51.1%W, 44.4%Cu, 3.9%Sn, 0.6%Fe, by mass) were measured in an in vitro simulated avian gizzard at pH 2.0, and 42C. Most of the spheres had disintegrated completely to a fine powder by day 14. Dissolution of copper, tin, and iron from the spheres was linear over time; all r>0.974; all P<0.001. The mean rate of release of copper, tin, and iron was 30.4 mg, 2.74 mg, and 0.38 mg per g tungsten-bronze per day, respectively. These rates of metal release were compared to those in published studies to determine whether the simultaneous ingestion of eight spheres of 3.48 mm diameter would pose a toxic risk to birds. The potential absorption rates of iron and tin (0.54 mg Fe/day, and 3.89 mg Sn/day) from eight tungsten-bronze spheres of total mass 1.42 g would not prove toxic, based on empirical studies of tin and iron ingestion in waterfowl. The release of 43.17 mg copper/day from eight tungsten-bronze spheres, while exceeding the daily copper requirements of domesticated birds, is far below the levels of copper known to cause copper toxicosis in birds. We conclude that sintered tungsten-bronze material made into gunshot, fishing weights, or wheel balance weights, would not pose a toxic risk to wild birds when ingested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. vthomas@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Vernon G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: McGill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D005895:Gizzard, Avian / Q000187:drug effects*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D012995:Solubility; D014001:Tin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D014414:Tungsten
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D014001:Tin; D003300:Copper; D007501:Iron; D014414:Tungsten