title: Plasma levels of the beta chemokine regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed, and secreted (RANTES) correlate with severe brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expression of the beta chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed, and secreted) has previously been shown to be elevated after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in animal models, but it was unknown whether the plasma level of RANTES was predictive of TBI in critically injured trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted on 108 critically ill trauma patients. Patients were stratified by radiologic diagnosis of TBI. Severe TBI was classified as the presence of diffuse axonal injury, midline shift, or herniation based on admission head computed tomography findings. Serum levels were evaluated at admission and hospital day 7. RANTES was measured using Luminex multiplex assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four patients with and without TBI were compared. Severe TBI was diagnosed in 23 of the 54 TBI patients (43%) and mild/moderate TBI was found in 31 (57%) patients. The mean age of the study population was 43 +/- 20 years with a mean Injury Severity Score of 29 +/- 14. There was no significant difference between groups in age, sex, and Injury Severity Score. At admission, RANTES was significantly higher in patients with severe brain injury than in non-TBI patients (mean 1,339 pg/mL vs. 708 pg/mL, p = 0.046), and there was a trend toward significance when comparing patients with severe versus mild/moderate brain injury (mean 1,339 pg/mL vs. 752 pg/mL, p = 0.069). There was no statistically significant difference on day 7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RANTES was a significant early marker of severe TBI in critically injured trauma patients, consistent with animal models. Future research on the role of RANTES in the pathogenesis of human TBI is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Outcomes Research, R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lumpkins
authors.forename: Grant V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Bochicchio
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zagol
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ulloa
authors.forename: J Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simard
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaub
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scalea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000097:blood*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018946:Chemokine CCL5