title: Differences in the patterns of health care system distrust between blacks and whites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although health care-related distrust may contribute to racial disparities in health and health care in the US, current evidence about racial differences in distrust is often conflicting, largely limited to measures of physician trust, and rarely linked to multidimensional trust or distrust.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that racial differences in health care system distrust are more closely linked to values distrust than to competence distrust.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional telephone survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fifty-five individuals (144 black, 92 white) who had been treated in primary care practices or the emergency department of a large, urban Mid-Atlantic health system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Race, scores on the overall health care system distrust scale and on the 2 distrust subscales, values distrust and competence distrust.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In univariate analysis, overall health care system distrust scores were slightly higher among blacks than whites (25.8 vs 24.1, p = .05); however, this difference was driven by racial differences in values distrust scores (15.4 vs 13.8, p = .003) rather than in competence distrust scores (10.4 vs 10.3, p = .85). After adjustment for socioeconomic status, health/psychological status, and health care access, individuals in the top quartile of values distrust were significantly more likely to be black (odds ratio = 2.60, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-6.58), but there was no significant association between race and competence distrust.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial differences in health care system distrust are complex with far greater differences seen in the domain of values distrust than in competence distrust. This framework may be useful for explaining the mixed results of studies of race and health care-related distrust to date, for the design of future studies exploring the causes of racial disparities in health and health care, and for the development and testing of novel strategies for reducing these disparities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. karmstro@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McMurphy
authors.forename: Lorraine T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Ellyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Micco
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Putt
authors.forename: Chanita Hughes
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Halbert
authors.forename: J Sanford
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sankar
authors.forename: Reed E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pyeritz
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Judy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000208:ethnology*; D015143:Philadelphia; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012945:Social Values; D035502:Trust; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*