title: Tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy: an investigative survey of women in 9 developing nations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined pregnant women's use of cigarettes and other tobacco products and the exposure of pregnant women and their young children to secondhand smoke (SHS) in 9 nations in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Face-to-face surveys were administered to 7961 pregnant women (more than 700 per site) between October 2004 and September 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At all Latin American sites, pregnant women commonly reported that they had ever tried cigarette smoking (range: 78.3% [Uruguay] to 35.0% [Guatemala]). The highest levels of current smoking were found in Uruguay (18.3%), Argentina (10.3%), and Brazil (6.1%). Experimentation with smokeless tobacco occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and India; one third of all respondents in Orissa, India, were current smokeless tobacco users. SHS exposure was common: between 91.6% (Pakistan) and 17.1% (Democratic Republic of the Congo) of pregnant women reported that smoking was permitted in their home.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnant women's tobacco use and SHS exposure are current or emerging problems in several low- and middle-income nations, jeopardizing ongoing efforts to improve maternal and child health.
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Control Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North, Room 4038, 6130 Executive Blvd, MSC 7337, Bethesda, MD 20892-7337, USA. blochm@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Althabe
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onyamboko
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaseba-Sata
authors.forename: Eduardo E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Castilla
authors.forename: Salvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Garces
authors.forename: Sailajanandan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parida
authors.forename: Shivaprasad S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Goudar
authors.forename: Muhammad Masood
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kadir
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goco
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thornberry
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartz
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartwell
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001118:Argentina / Q000453:epidemiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006166:Guatemala / Q000453:epidemiology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014583:Uruguay / Q000453:epidemiology; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution