title: Distinct association of genetic variations of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, and fibroblast growth factor receptors with atopy and airway hyperresponsiveness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies showed that high levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in the airways reduced airway responsiveness, which was reversed in conditions of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) deficiency, whereas high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) enhanced airway sensitization to allergens and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VEGF, TGF-beta1, and FGF2 receptors on the expression of atopy and AHR in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Atopy and AHR were evaluated in a cohort of 2055 children and adolescents. Direct sequencing was used to identify informative SNPs (minor allele frequency >5%) in the receptors of candidate genes. Tagging SNPs were scored using the high-throughput single-base pair extension method, and the statistical significance of these scores was assessed via haplotype analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Informative SNPs were identified for VEGF receptors 1 (Flt-1); TGF-beta receptor 3 (TGFBR3); and FGR receptors 1, 2, and 4 (FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR4), and 13 tagging SNPs were scored in the cohort. Atopy was significantly associated with haplotypes of TGFBR3, FGFR1, and FGFR2. Meanwhile, AHR was significantly associated with haplotypes of Flt-1, FGFR1, and FGFR4. However, atopy was not associated with genetic variations of Flt-1 and FGFR4, whereas AHR not associated with TGFBR3 and FGFR2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of atopy and AHR is distinctly associated with genetic variations in VEGF, TGF-beta1, and FGFR in the Korean population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: H-K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: E-S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Gho
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Y-Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y-K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D002648:Child; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; C496353:FGFR2 protein, human; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I