title: Cocoa procyanidins inhibit expression and activation of MMP-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells by direct inhibition of MEK and MT1-MMP activities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 play pivotal roles in the migration and invasion of human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) originating from normal human tissue, which is strongly linked to atherosclerosis. The present study investigated the possible inhibitory effects of cocoa procyanidin on thrombin-induced expression and activation of MMP-2 in VSMC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cocoa procyanidin fraction (CPF) and procyanidin B2, one of major procyanidins in cocoa (3 microg/mL and 5 microM, respectively), strongly inhibited thrombin-induced activation and expression of pro-MMP-2 in VSMC, as determined by zymography. The thrombin-induced invasion and migration of VSMC were inhibited by CPF or procyanidin B2 (P < 0.05), as assessed by a modified Boyden chamber and wound healing assays, respectively. An enzymatic assay data demonstrated that CPF and procyanidin B2 directly inhibited membrane type-1 (MT1)-MMP activity (P < 0.05), and this inhibition of CPF was greater than those of red wine polyphenols. Western blot data showed that CPF and procyanidin B2 inhibited thrombin-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase but not mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) in VSMC. Kinase and pull-down data revealed that CPF and procyanidin B2 inhibited MEK1 activity and directly bound with glutathione-S-transferase-MEK1. In addition, the thrombin-induced invasion and migration and the activation and expression of pro-MMP-2 in VSMC were attenuated by U0126 (a well-known inhibitor of MEK1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocoa procyanidins are potent inhibitors of MEK and MT1-MMP, and subsequently inhibit the expression and activation of pro-MMP-2, and also the invasion and migration of VSMC, which may in part explain the molecular action of antiatherosclerotic effects of cocoa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nam Joo
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Min-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Oak
authors.forename: Mun Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Jong Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Valérie B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Schini-Kerth
authors.forename: Hyong Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D002099:Cacao; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D028321:Plant Preparations; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C479580:procyanidin B2; D002392:Catechin; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; C482125:MAP2K1 protein, human; D013917:Thrombin; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14