title: An investigation of a personal norm of condom-use responsibility among African American crack cocaine smokers.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the unique contribution of a personal norm of condom-use responsibility to the formation of intentions to use male condoms during vaginal sex. Data were collected from 402 male and 157 female heterosexual African American crack cocaine smokers in Houston, Texas, US. Two structural equation models of the intention to use a condom with the last sex partner were estimated. One model included measures of condom-use attitudes, subjective norms and condom-use self-efficacy. A second model included these three measures and a fourth measure of a personal norm of condom-use responsibility. Separate models were estimated for men and women. The addition of a personal norm of condom-use responsibility provided a significantly better fit to the data than did models including only outcome expectations, subjective norms and self-efficacy. Results also showed distinctly different underlying cognitive structures of condom-use intention for men and women. A personal norm of condom-use responsibility had a strong direct effect on men's intentions to use condoms with the last sex partner. Other variables appeared to have no direct effect on men's intentions. Women's intentions were strongly influenced by a personal norm and social subjective norms. Situational self-efficacy and outcome expectations had weaker, yet significant, effects on women's intentions. Given the strong effect of personal norms on men's intentions to use condoms, further research should be undertaken.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Mark.L.Williams@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Timpson
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pallonen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Amos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine