title: Effect of in vitro docosahexaenoic acid supplementation to marine algae-adapted and unadapted rumen inoculum on the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in freeze-dried grass.
abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleic (18:2n-6) and linolenic (18:3n-3) acid during in vitro incubations with rumen inoculum from dairy cattle adapted or not to marine algae and with or without additional in vitro docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) supplementation. Treatments were incubated in 100-mL flasks containing 400 mg of freeze-dried grass, 5 mL of strained ruminal fluid, and 20 mL of phosphate buffer. Ruminal fluid was collected just before the morning feeding from 3 cows receiving a control diet (49% ryegrass silage, 39% corn silage, 1% straw, and 11% concentrate, fresh-weight basis) supplemented with marine algae for 21 d (adapted rumen fluid, aRF) or from the same cows receiving the control diet only for 14 d after marine algae supplementation was stopped (unadapted rumen fluid, uRF). In half of the incubation flasks, pure DHA (5 mg) was added as an oil-ethanol solution (100 mL). Incubations were carried out during 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h. After 24 h, in vitro addition of DHA resulted in greater amounts (mg/incubation) of 18:3n-3 (0.23, 0.43, 0.26, and 0.34 for aRF, aRF+DHA, uRF, and uRF+DHA), 18:2n-6 (0.14, 0.22, 0.15, and 0.20 for aRF, aRF+DHA, uRF, and uRF+DHA) and trans-11, cis-15-18:2 (0.27, 2.40, 0.06, and 2.21 for aRF, aRF+DHA, uRF, and uRF+DHA), whereas no effect of inoculum source was observed. Trans-11-18:1 accumulated after 24 h when aRF was incubated irrespective of in vitro DHA supplementation, whereas in incubations with uRF, accumulation of trans-11-18:1 only occurred when DHA was added (6.40, 4.35, 1.06, and 3.91 for aRF, aRF+DHA, uRF, and uRF+DHA). The increased amounts of trans-11-18:1 were due to the strong inhibition of the reduction to 18:0 because no 18:0 was formed when trans-11-18:1 accumulated after 24 h. The results of the current experiment shows hydrogenation of trans-11, cis-15-18:2 occurred in the absence of in vitro DHA only, whereas substantial hydrogenation of trans-11-18:1 to 18:0 only took place in incubations without DHA and with unadapted rumen inoculum, confirming the higher sensitivity of the latter process to DHA.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium. bruno.vlaeminck@ugent.be
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vlaeminck
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mengistu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fievez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Jonge
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000737:chemistry*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism*; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005612:Freeze Drying; D006865:Hydrogenation; D007774:Lactation; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids