title: Concurrent inspiratory muscle and cardiovascular training differentially improves both perceptions of effort and 5000 m running performance compared with cardiovascular training alone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is a useful additional technique with which to augment cardiovascular exercise training adaptations.
  
  
  METHODS
  16 healthy untrained males agreed to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to training (TRA; n = 8) and placebo (PLA; n = 8) groups. Pre- and post-training measurements of spirometry and maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP) were taken in addition to i) maximal aerobic power (VO(2max)) and ii) 5000 m run time-trial. All subjects completed the same 4 week cardiovascular training programme which consisted of three running sessions (CV1: 5 x 1000 m, CV2: 3 x 1600 m, SP1: 20 min run) in each of the 4 weeks. IMT was performed daily by both groups using an inspiratory muscle trainer (POWERbreathe). TRA completed 30 maximal inspirations while PLA inspired 30 times against a negligible resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean MIP increased significantly in both groups (TRA: 14.5 (SD 6.8)% change, PLA: 7.8 (7.4)% change) from pre- to post-training (p<0.01) but was not significantly related to changes in running performance. Mean CV1 training-repetition runs improved similarly in both groups, but RPE evaluations were significantly reduced in TRA (15.7 (0.7)) compared with PLA (16.6 (0.8)) at week 4 (p<0.05). Pre- to post-training changes in VO(2max) were well-matched between both TRA (+2.1 (2.3)%) and PLA (+1.3 (2.4)%) while post-intervention 5000 m performance was significantly augmented in TRA compared with PLA (TRA: 4.3 (1.6)%, PLA: 2.2 (1.9)%, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of IMT to a cardiovascular training programme augments 5000 m running performance but exerts no additional influence over VO(2max) compared with a cardiovascular-training group. This is probably due to IMT-induced reduction in perceived effort at high ventilatory rates, which is of greater consequence to longer duration time-trial performances than incremental tests of VO(2max).
authors.affiliation: UCOL Institute of Technology, School of Applied Health Sciences, Cnr of Princess and Queen St, Palmerston North, 4412, New Zealand. a.m.edwards@ucol.ac.nz
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Butterly
mesh_terms: D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*