title: Association between heart rate and multiple risk factor syndrome: cross-sectional analysis of a screened cohort in Okinawa, Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased heart rate (HR) and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but their relationship has not been studied in a large, screened cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association between HR and multiple risk factor syndrome, resembling metabolic syndrome, was examined in participants of a health evaluation program in 1997. Of the 8,432 subjects (5,223 males, 3,209 females, 18-89 years of age), 1,502 (1,185 males, 317 females) were diagnosed with multiple risk factor syndrome and these subjects had higher HR than those without the syndrome (p<0.0001); subjects with a higher number of risk factors had higher HR than those with fewer risk factors (males, p<0.0001; females, p<0.0001). After adjusting for age, sex, and lifestyle factors, subjects within the highest HR quartile had a 2.5-fold higher risk for multiple risk factor syndrome than those in the lowest quartile (p<0.0001). An increase of 10 beats/min was associated with an approximately 30% increase in the risk for multiple risk factor syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher HR is closely associated with multiple risk factor syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Heart Life Hospital. imtak-ryk@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Kunitoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohya
authors.forename: Kozen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinjo
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takishita
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors