title: Prevalence of mild serum vitamin B(12) deficiency in rural and urban Costa Rican young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have shown an increase of mild serum cobalamin (vitamin B(12)) deficiency in some Latin American countries; however, no data are available from Costa Rica. The purpose of this work was to establish the prevalence of serum vitamin B(12) deficiency among Costa Rican young adults and to study some factors that may help explain the serum cobalamin concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 adults aged 20 to 40 years old from urban and rural areas of the central valley of Costa Rica to determine serum vitamin B(12) levels. Additionally, cobalamin dietary intake and the detection of Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies were studied as possible determinants of the serum vitamin B(12) concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean serum concentration of vitamin B(12) was 268 +/- 125 pmol/L, and no significant differences were found by gender or area. Study data indicate an overall prevalence of inadequate serum cobalamin levels of 42.4% (11.2% deficient and 31.2% marginal); more than 50% but less than 75% of individuals had an intake of vitamin B(12) below the U.S. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and 61.2% had IgG antibodies to H. pylori.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of mild serum vitamin B(12) deficiency in young Costa Rican subjects is as high as in other Latin American countries. More investigation should be done to elucidate the etiological factors that are generating deficient and marginal serum cobalamin levels in Costa Rican adults in order to define appropriate public health actions.
authors.affiliation: University of Costa Rica, Investigation Center for Abnormal Hemoglobins and Related Sicknesses, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica. iholst@cariari.ucr.ac.cr
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Holst-Schumacher
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Monge-Rojas
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barrantes-Santamaría
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003364:Costa Rica / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014504:Urban Health; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G