title: Detecting depressive disorder with a 19-item local instrument in Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based on experience with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) in a Tanzanian population, this study attempted to develop a locally specific screen that employs indigenous expressions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Thirty ethnographically derived local idioms were added and the final 47-item questionnaire administered to 787 randomly selected antenatal clinic attendees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression identified 19 items for the Dar-es-Salaam Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ), which demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84), interrater reliability (intraclass r = 0.89), and test-retest reliability (intraclass r = 0.82). Positive endorsement overall increased only slightly, but the report of mild symptoms was more frequent with the DSQ (15.0%) than the HSCL-25 (10.8%). Content and discriminant validation of the local scale conformed to expectation, but depressed affect failed to emerge as an important feature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Locally derived expressions may aid in the reporting of illness and illness severity. Further studies are recommended to uncover universal aspects and culturally specific manifestations of illness expression.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  None to report.
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences.
authors.forename: Sylvia F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Kaaya
authors.forename: Bandy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jessie K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mbwambo
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smith-Fawzi
authors.forename: Melkizedek T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Leshabari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards; D013636:Tanzania