title: Neurometabolism in human epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of the large and continuous energetic requirements of brain function, neurometabolic dysfunction is a key pathophysiologic aspect of the epileptic brain. Additionally, neurometabolic dysfunction has many self-propagating features that are typical of epileptogenic processes, that is, where each occurrence makes the likelihood of further mitochondrial and energetic injury more probable. Thus abnormal neurometabolism may be not only a chronic accompaniment of the epileptic brain, but also a direct contributor to epileptogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examine the evidence for neurometabolic dysfunction in epilepsy, integrating human studies of metabolic imaging, electrophysiology, microdialysis, as well as intracranial EEG and neuropathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As an approach of noninvasive functional imaging, quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) measured abnormalities of mitochondrial and energetic dysfunction (via 1H or 31P spectroscopy) are related to several pathophysiologic indices of epileptic dysfunction. With patients undergoing hippocampal resection, intraoperative 13C-glucose turnover studies show a profound decrease in neurotransmitter (glutamate-glutamine) cycling relative to oxidation in the sclerotic hippocampus. Increased extracellular glutamate (which has long been associated with increased seizure likelihood) is significantly linked with declining energetics as measured by 31P MR, as well as with increased EEG measures of Teager energy, further arguing for a direct role of glutamate with hyperexcitability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the important contribution that metabolic performance makes toward excitability in brain, it is not surprising that numerous aspects of mitochondrial and energetic state link significantly with electrophysiologic and microdialysis measures in human epilepsy. This may be of particular relevance with the self-propagating nature of mitochondrial injury, but may also help define the conditions for which interventions may be developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Jullie W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Idil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cavus
authors.forename: Hoby P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hetherington
authors.forename: Hitten
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zaveri
authors.forename: Ognen A C
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Petroff
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D051381:Rats; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D005947:Glucose