title: Liver enzymes compared with alcohol consumption in predicting the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Kansai Healthcare Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been reported that moderate alcohol consumption decreased the risk of type 2 diabetes but that elevated liver enzymes increased it. The comparative importance of alcohol consumption and liver enzymes as predictors of type 2 diabetes remains unconfirmed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants included 8,576 Japanese men, aged 40-55 years, without type 2 diabetes at entry. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed if a fasting plasma glucose level was >or=126 mg/dl or if participants were taking oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 4-year follow-up period, we confirmed 878 cases. In multivariate models, moderate daily alcohol consumption (16.4-42.6 g ethanol/day) decreased the risk of type 2 diabetes, and higher levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased the risk. In joint analyses of alcohol consumption and liver enzymes, moderate drinkers with the lowest tertile of GGT had the lowest risk of type 2 diabetes. Compared with them, nondrinkers with the highest GGT had the highest risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 3.18 [95% CI 1.75-5.76]). At every level of GGT, moderate or heavy alcohol drinkers (>or=42.7 g ethanol/day) had a lower risk of type 2 diabetes than nondrinkers. The relationship of ALT and daily alcohol consumption with the risk of type 2 diabetes was almost the same as that of GGT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GGT, ALT, and daily alcohol consumption were independently associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Nondrinkers with the highest GGT or ALT had a high risk of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. ksato@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kyoko Kogawa
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Tomoshige
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harita
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.forename: Ginji
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kambe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase