title: [The application of new technologies to solving maths problems for students with learning disabilities: the 'underwater school'].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different procedures have demonstrated efficacy to teach cognitive and metacognitive strategies to problem solving in mathematics. Some studies have used computer-based problem solving instructional programs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze in students with learning disabilities the efficacy of a cognitive strategies training for problem solving, with three instructional delivery formats: a teacher-directed program (T-D), a computer-assisted instructional (CAI) program, and a combined program (T-D + CAI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four children with mathematics learning disabilities, between 8 and 10 years old participated in this study. The children were randomly assigned to one of the three instructional formats and a control group without cognitive strategies training. In the three instructional conditions which were compared all the students learnt problems solving linguistic and visual cognitive strategies trough the self-instructional procedure. Several types of measurements were used for analysing the possible differential efficacy of the three instructional methods implemented: solving problems tests, marks in mathematics, internal achievement responsibility scale, and school behaviours teacher ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that the T-D training group and the T-D + CAI group improved significantly on math word problem solving and on marks in Maths from pre- to post-testing. In addition, the results indicated that the students of the T-D + CAI group solved more real-life problems and developed more internal attributions compared to both control and CAI groups. Finally, with regard to school behaviours, improvements in school adjustment and learning problems were observed in the students of the group with a combined instructional format (T-D + CAI).
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España. ana.miranda@uv.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda-Casas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marco-Taverner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soriano-Ferrer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melià de Alba
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simó-Casañ
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000628:therapy*; D008282:Mainstreaming, Education; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D011340:Problem Solving