title: Girls' hyperactivity and physical aggression during childhood and adjustment problems in early adulthood: a 15-year longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The co-occurrence of hyperactivity and conduct problems in childhood seems to increase the risk of early adulthood adjustment problems in males. However, little is known about this topic in females.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the joint developmental trajectories of female hyperactivity and physical aggression during childhood and to examine the extent to which high trajectories of hyperactivity and physical aggression predict adjustment problems in early adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 881 females from a population-based sample were studied. Developmental trajectories were described using teachers' ratings of behavior problems from the age of 6 to 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age 21 years self-reports of substance use problems, criminal behaviors, aggression in intimate relationships, early pregnancy, educational attainment, and welfare assistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between the ages of 6 and 12 years, the frequency of hyperactivity and physical aggression tended to decrease for most girls. Those on a trajectory of high hyperactivity (HH) and high physical aggression (HPA) and a trajectory of HH alone were significantly more likely to report nicotine use problems (odds ratio [OR], 2.16 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.30-3.56] and OR, 2.23 [95% CI, 1.39-3.58], respectively), mutual psychological aggression in intimate relationships (OR, 2.28 [95% CI, 1.24-4.18] and OR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.19-3.85], respectively), and low educational attainment (OR, 4.09 [95% CI, 2.33-7.18] and OR, 3.21 [95% CI, 1.84-5.59], respectively) compared with the other females at the age of 21 years. Only the HH-HPA females were significantly more likely to report physical aggression (OR, 2.48 [95% CI, 1.41-4.37]) and psychological aggression (OR, 2.54 [95% CI, 1.48-4.36]) in intimate relationships, early pregnancy (OR, 2.31 [95% CI, 1.17-4.56]), and welfare assistance (OR, 2.68 [95% CI, 1.33-5.41]) compared with the other females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elementary school girls with elevated levels of hyperactivity should be targeted for intensive prevention programs. These interventions should take into account the presence or absence of HPA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University College London, London, England.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carbonneau
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vitaro
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.forename: Sylvana M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Côté
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Nagin
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zoccolillo
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tremblay
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D017579:Domestic Violence; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder