title: Increase in beta-lactam-resistant Proteus mirabilis strains due to CTX-M- and CMY-type as well as new VEB- and inhibitor-resistant TEM-type beta-lactamases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to characterize the different inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases implicated in beta-lactam resistance in Proteus mirabilis, which has increased over recent years.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 2000 to December 2005, 1423 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis were collected. The AmpC phenotype was checked by means of a double-disc synergy test using cloxacillin as an inhibitor of AmpC enzymes. The production of ESBL was assessed by the double-disc synergy method and by Etest ESBL. Analytical isoelectric focusing, determination of kinetic constants, conjugation, PCR and a sequencing strategy were used to characterize the enzymes. The possible relationships between isolates were analysed by PFGE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-five of 1423 isolates were found to display intermediate or full resistance to co-amoxiclav, cefotaxime or ceftazidime. Seventeen isolates had reduced susceptibility to co-amoxiclav; of these, seven produced TEM-110, eight produced the new TEM-159, one the new TEM-160 and one TEM-1. Five isolates producing TEM-110, TEM-159 or TEM-160 enzymes shared the same PFGE profile. Three isolates produced an ESBL, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-32 and the new variant, VEB-4. Finally, five isolates with an AmpC phenotype produced CMY-2, two with the same PFGE profile. Our data emphasize the diversity of beta-lactamases found in this species.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Aragón
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mirelis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miró
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mata
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Navarro
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D011512:Proteus Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; D001618:beta-Lactamases