title: Translation of artemether-lumefantrine treatment policy into paediatric clinical practice: an early experience from Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the quality of outpatient paediatric malaria case-management approximately 4-6 months after artemether-lumefantrine (AL) replaced sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as the nationally recommended first-line therapy in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey at all government facilities in four Kenyan districts. Main outcome measures were health facility and health worker readiness to implement AL policy; quality of antimalarial prescribing, counselling and drug dispensing in comparison with national guidelines; and factors influencing AL prescribing for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in under-fives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 193 facilities, 227 health workers and 1533 sick-child consultations. Health facility and health worker readiness was variable: 89% of facilities stocked AL, 55% of health workers had access to guidelines, 46% received in-service training on AL and only 1% of facilities had AL wall charts. Of 940 children who needed AL treatment, AL was prescribed for 26%, amodiaquine for 39%, SP for 4%, various other antimalarials for 8% and 23% of children left the facility without any antimalarial prescribed. When AL was prescribed, 92% of children were prescribed correct weight-specific dose. AL dispensing and counselling tasks were variably performed. Higher health worker's cadre, in-service training including AL use, positive malaria test, main complaint of fever and high temperature were associated with better prescribing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in clinical practices at the point of care might take longer than anticipated. Delivery of successful interventions and their scaling up to increase coverage are important during this process; however, this should be accompanied by rigorous research evaluations, corrective actions on existing interventions and testing cost-effectiveness of novel interventions capable of improving and maintaining health worker performance and health systems to deliver artemisinin-based combination therapy in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurovac
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Njogu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Akhwale
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Snow
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006282:Health Personnel; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007630:Kenya; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes