title: Active hexose correlated compound activates immune function to decrease bacterial load in a murine model of intramuscular infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection is a serious, costly, and common complication of surgery and constitutes the principal cause of late death in patients undergoing surgery. The objective of this study was to clarify the mechanisms by which active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) increases survival in a murine model of intramuscular infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Food-deprived mice receiving either AHCC or excipient were infected with bacteria. Kinetics of bacterial load, white blood cell counts, cytokine levels, and antibody levels were compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AHCC-treated mice had reduced bacterial load at day 5 and cleared bacteria entirely at day 6. Levels of interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 peaked earlier in this group (day 3) compared with controls (day 5). Increased percentages of peripheral lymphocytes and monocytes and decreased numbers of polymorphonuclear cells were detected in the AHCC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AHCC appears to induce an early activation of the immune response, leading to an effective clearance of bacteria and rapid recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 85 Murray Hill Rd, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA. haviles@binghamton.edu
authors.forename: Hernan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aviles
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orshal
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Buxiang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sonnenfeld
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D051379:Mice; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D015415:Biomarkers; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018664:Interleukin-12; C499366:Active Hexose Correlated Compound