title: Hospital and operator variations in drug-eluting stent use: a multi-level analysis of 5967 consecutive patients in Scotland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether drug-eluting stent (DES) use varies among Scottish hospitals, and the extent to which any variations are explained by differences between operators, patients and lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-level analysis of consecutive patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between April 2005 and March 2006 in Scotland, using the Scottish Coronary Revascularization Registry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 38 operators performed 5967 PCI procedures on 8489 lesions. Crude level of DES use was 47.6%, and the results varied among hospitals (range 30.6-61.8%, chi(2) = 341.6, P < 0.0001). There was significant between-operator variation in the null model. This was attenuated by the addition of hospital as a fixed effect. Nonetheless, the final model demonstrated significant between-operator variability [sigma(2) = 0.486 (0.249-0.971)] and between-hospital variation, after case-mix adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within Scotland, marked variation existed among hospitals in the use of DES. Operator was the most important factor at patient level, and hospital of treatment, rather than case-mix, was the most important modifier of between-operator variation. Patient selection for DES is complex and may contribute to much of the variations demonstrated. Consensus criteria would provide more detail than is included in current guidance, may aid decision-making for individual patients, reduce opportunity costs and ensure equity of access.
authors.affiliation: Section of Public Health and Health Policy, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, G12 8RZ Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Keith G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Oldroyd
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McConnachie
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Slack
authors.forename: Hany
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eteiba
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Flapan
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Northcote
authors.forename: Alistair C H
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pell
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Starkey
authors.forename: Jill P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000379:methods*; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006753:Hospital Records; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D012606:Scotland