title: Prevalence and factors associated with CKD: a population study from Beijing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered a serious worldwide public health problem, but data from developing countries are extremely limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample of 13,925 adults in Beijing, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age (18 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 69, and >70 years), sex, urban or rural area, history of chronic respiratory infection and cardiovascular disease, hepatitis B virus infection, smoking, family history (diabetes, hypertension, and CKD), nephrotoxic medications, central obesity, diabetic and hypertension status, and dyslipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or markers of kidney damage. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated by using calibrated serum creatinine level and a formula specific for China. Persistent albuminuria and hematuria were considered markers of kidney damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CKD in adults in Beijing was 13.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9 to 14.2). It therefore was estimated that the number of adults in Beijing with CKD was 1.43 million. In subjects aged 18 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 69, and older than 70 years, prevalences of CKD were 10.0% (95% CI, 8.9 to 11.3), 14.2% (95% CI, 13.0 to 15.4), 20.8% (95% CI, 18.1 to 23.9), and 30.5% (95% CI, 26.6 to 34.7), respectively. Factors independently associated with decreased kidney function included older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.22 per 10-year increase), nephrotoxic medications (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.97), rural area (versus urban area; OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.78), history of cardiovascular disease (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.38), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level less than 40 mg/dL (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.39 to 6.51), and hypertension status (with duration > 10 years; OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.19 to 2.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kidney function and indicators of kidney damage were based on single measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CKD is a public health burden in Beijing.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: LuXia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: PuHong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: ShuFang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: ZeJun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: WanNian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: HaiYan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006417:Hematuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D029001:Herbal Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors