title: The interaction between inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase in formalin-induced pain in mice: an isobolographic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenases (COX) in the production of prostaglandins in carrageenan-induced inflammation has been established. However, limited information is available about the interaction between inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and COX inhibitors in pain perception. Therefore, in the present study we assessed the nature of the interaction between S-methylisothiourea (a moderately selective iNOS inhibitor) with rofecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor) and mefenamic acid (a nonselective COX inhibitor) in formalin- induced pain in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dose-response relation of S-methylisothiourea, rofecoxib, mefenamic acid, and their combination was studied in the late phase of formalin-induced pain in mice over the time spent in licking the hindpaw after formalin injection. The interaction was evaluated by simultaneous administration of fixed proportions of S-methylisothiourea with each COX inhibitor and the nature of the interaction was determined by isobolographic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each drug alone produced a dose-dependent suppression of the late stage of formalin-induced behaviors with rank order of potency being rofecoxib > mefenamic acid > S-methylisothiourea. Isobolographic analysis of the combination of S-methylisothiourea with rofecoxib or mefenamic acid revealed a synergistic interaction. The experimental ED50 of the combination was significantly lower than the theoretical additive ED50 of the corresponding drug combination that substantiated the synergistic interaction between iNOS or NO and COX isoforms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results explicitly indicate the synergistic nature of the interaction between NOS and COX inhibitors in formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in mice, and provide an alternative approach for controlling pain.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122, India.
authors.forename: Abdul-Shakoor
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: Surendra Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tandan
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Vamsi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: Vellanki Ravi
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Prakash
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007550:Isothiuronium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008528:Mefenamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007550:Isothiuronium; D008528:Mefenamic Acid; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse; C027744:S-methylisothiopseudouronium