title: Rechargeable spinal cord stimulation versus non-rechargeable system for patients with failed back surgery syndrome: a cost-consequences analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used for almost 40 years to treat refractory neuropathic pain after failed back surgery. Fully implantable non-rechargeable pulse generators have a battery life of between 2 and 5 years. A new SCS system with a rechargeable power source may last 10 to 25 years, or longer. The potential economic implications of longer battery life with a new SCS system has yet to be assessed. The study objective is to estimate the average difference in lifetime costs between rechargeable and non-rechargeable pulse generators used in treatment with SCS for failed back surgery syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A generalized state-transition probability framework was used to model costs. Input parameters for the base case analysis were obtained from several data sources including published literature, Medicare fee schedules, Medicare claims data, and expert opinion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A rechargeable SCS system is projected to require from 2.6 to 4.2 fewer battery generator replacements for battery depletion than a non-rechargeable SCS system. The total lifetime savings of a rechargeable system range from $104,000 to $168,833. In all of the one-way sensitivity analyses conducted, a rechargeable system saves money. Among all of the assumptions underlying the analysis, the annual cost after device removal contributes the most uncertainty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rechargeable SCS system is projected to save up to $100,000 over a patient's lifetime. Fewer pulse generator replacements will also decrease patient discomfort and morbidity from procedural complications.
authors.affiliation: Cedar Associates LLC, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. jhornberger@cedarecon.com
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hornberger
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008136:Longevity; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies