title: Secondhand smoke exposure among women and children: evidence from 31 countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to describe the range of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among women and children living with smokers around the world and generate locally relevant data to motivate the development of tobacco control policies and interventions in developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2006, we conducted a cross-sectional exposure survey to measure air nicotine concentrations in households and hair nicotine concentrations among nonsmoking women and children in convenience samples of 40 households in 31 countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median air nicotine concentration was 17 times higher in households with smokers (0.18 mug/m(3)) compared with households without smokers (0.01 mug/m(3)). Air nicotine and hair nicotine concentrations in women and children increased with the number of smokers in the household. The dose-response relationship was steeper among children. Air nicotine concentrations increased an estimated 12.9 times (95% confidence interval=9.4, 17.6) in households allowing smoking inside compared with those prohibiting smoking inside.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that women and children living with smokers are at increased risk of premature death and disease from exposure to SHS. Interventions to protect women and children from household SHS need to be strengthened.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, W6027, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. hwipfli@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wipfli
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Avila-Tang
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navas-Acien
authors.forename: Sungroul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Georgiana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Onicescu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Breysse
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Samet
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019992:Databases as Topic; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine