title: Serum endocannabinoid content is altered in females with depressive disorders: a preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preclinical research has suggested that the endocannabinoid system may be involved in the etiology and/or treatment of depression; however, there are no published studies examining circulating endocannabinoid content in patients with clinical depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined the endocannabinoids (anandamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) in serum from ambulatory, medication-free female patients diagnosed with minor or major depression, and in controls matched for demographic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum 2-AG content was significantly decreased in patients diagnosed with major depression, and this decrease was correlated significantly and negatively with duration of the depressive episode, such that 2-AG content was progressively lower the longer the depressive episode. While AEA was not associated with major depression PER SE, a strong negative correlation was found between serum AEA content and Hamilton ratings for cognitive and somatic anxiety, suggesting that AEA content may relate to the anxiety dimension of affective disorders. In subjects with minor depression, serum AEA was significantly elevated, with 2-AG content demonstrating a similar, but statistically insignificant trend.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These are the first clinical data to indicate that the endocannabinoid system may be disturbed in affective disease, and suggest that future research is required to determine the relevance of these changes with respect to disease manifestation and pharmacotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: W-S V
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Gorzalka
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hillard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000097:blood; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000097:blood*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005260:Female; D005989:Glycerides / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000097:blood; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005989:Glycerides; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate; C078814:anandamide