title: A member of the maize isopentenyl transferase gene family, Zea mays isopentenyl transferase 2 (ZmIPT2), encodes a cytokinin biosynthetic enzyme expressed during kernel development. Cytokinin biosynthesis in maize.
abstract: Cytokinins (CKs) are plant hormones that regulate a large number of processes associated with plant growth and development such as induction of stomata opening, delayed senescence, suppression of auxin-induced apical dominance, signaling of nitrogen availability, differentiation of plastids and control of sink strength. In maize, CKs are thought to play an important role in establishing seed size and increasing seed set under normal and unfavorable environmental conditions therefore influencing yield. In recent years, the discovery of isopentenyl transferase (IPT) genes in plants has shed light on the CK biosynthesis pathway in plants. In an effort to increase our understanding of the role played by CKs in maize development and sink-strength, we identified several putative IPT genes using a bioinformatics approach. We focused our attention on one gene in particular, ZmIPT2, because of its strong expression in developing kernels. The expression of the gene and its product overlays the change in CK levels in developing kernels suggesting a major role in CK biosynthesis for kernel development. We demonstrate that at 8-10 days after pollination (DAP) the endosperm and especially the basal transfer cell layer (BETL) is a major site of ZmIPT2 expression, and that this expression persists in the BETL and the developing embryo into later kernel development stages. We show that ectopic expression of ZmIPT2 in calli and in planta created phenotypes consistent with CK overproduction. We also show that ZmIPT2 preferentially uses ADP and ATP over AMP as the substrates for dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) IPT activity. The expression pattern of ZmIPT2 in the BETL, endosperm and embryo during kernel development will be discussed with an emphasis on the suggested role of CKs in determining sink-strength and grain production in crop plants.
authors.affiliation: Discovery Group/Agronomic Traits, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., A DuPont Business, Johnston, IA 50131-0522, USA. norbert.brugiere@pioneer.com
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brugière
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Humbert
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bohn
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Habben
mesh_terms: D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001665:Binding Sites; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D003313:Zea mays / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D003583:Cytokinins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C024274:adenylate isopentenyltransferase