title: Trauma training in simulation: translating skills from SIM time to real time.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  : Training surgical residents to manage critically injured patients in a timely fashion presents a significant challenge. Simulation may have a role in this educational process, but only if it can be demonstrated that skills learned in a simulated environment translate into enhanced performance in real-life trauma situations.
  
  
  METHODS
  : A five-part, scenario-based trauma curriculum was developed specifically for this study. Midlevel surgical residents were randomized to receiving this curriculum in didactic lecture (LEC) fashion or with the use of a human performance simulator (HPS). A written learning objectives test was administered at the completion of the training. The first four major trauma resuscitations performed by each participating resident were captured on videotape in the emergency department and graded by two experienced judges blinded to the method of training. The assessment tool used by the judges included an evaluation of both initial trauma evaluation or treatment skills (part I) and crisis management skills (part II) as well as an overall score (poor/fail, adequate, or excellent).
  
  
  RESULTS
  : The two groups of residents received almost identical scores on the posttraining written test. Average SIM and LEC scores for part I were also similar between the two groups. However, SIM-trained residents received higher overall scores and higher scores for part II crisis management skills compared with the LEC group, which was most evident in the scores received for the teamwork category (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : A trauma curriculum incorporating simulation shows promise in developing crisis management skills that are essential for evaluation of critically injured patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. pknudson@sfghsurg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: M Margaret
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Knudson
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: M Kelley
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bullard
authors.forename: Rochelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dicker
authors.forename: Mitchell Jay
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Kristan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Staudenmayer
authors.forename: Javid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sadjadi
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaba
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krummel
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D016638:Critical Illness; D003479:Curriculum; D003625:Data Collection; D004521:Educational Measurement; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D016544:Patient Simulation; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000193:education*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014194:Traumatology / Q000193:education*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy