title: Developing clinical recommendations for breast, colorectal, and lung cancer adjuvant treatments using the GRADE system: a study from the Programma Ricerca e Innovazione Emilia Romagna Oncology Research Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the area of anticancer drugs, the legitimate search for effective interventions can be jeopardized by the strong pressure for accelerated approval, which may hinder the full assessment of their benefit-risk profile. We aimed to produce drug-specific recommendations using an explicit approach that separates the judgments on quality of evidence from the judgment about strength of recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system to develop recommendations for the use of specific anticancer drugs/regimens; 12 clinical questions relevant to adjuvant treatment of breast (three), colorectal (four) and lung (five) cancer have been assessed by multidisciplinary panels supported by a group of methodologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For nine of 12 questions, recommendations were produced (one strong and six weak in favor and one weak and one strong against the index treatment); for the remaining three questions no specific course of action could be recommended. The perceived benefits to risk balance of the treatment was the most important and statistically significant (P < .01) predictor of panels' recommendations and of their strength, whereas panelists' personal (age, sex) and professional (specialty) characteristics were not statistically associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the GRADE system sets out an explicit process going from evaluation of the quality of evidence and benefit-risk profile to the judgment of the strength of recommendations, in this experience, it proved very useful to combine methodologic rigor with the interdisciplinary participation that is important in the definition of evidence based clinical policies.
authors.affiliation: PRI-ER Oncology Research Group, Agenzia Sanitaria Regionale, Viale Aldo Moro 21, Bologna, Italy. rdepalma@regione.emilia-romagna.it
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Palma
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liberati
authors.forename: Giovannino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciccone
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bandieri
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belfiglio
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceccarelli
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leoni
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magrini
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marangolo
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roila
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents