title: Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: a randomized, sham-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because neuroimaging studies have shown that cue-provoked smoking craving is associated with changes in the activity of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), we aimed to investigate whether a powerful technique of noninvasive brain stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), reduces cue-provoked smoking craving as indexed by a visual analog scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a randomized, sham-controlled crossover study in which 24 subjects received sham and active tDCS (anodal tDCS of the left and right DLPFC) in a randomized order. Craving was induced by cigarette manipulation and exposure to a smoking video. The study ran from January 2006 to October 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking craving was significantly increased after exposure to smoking-craving cues (p < .0001). Stimulation of both left and right DLPFC with active, but not sham, tDCS reduced craving significantly when comparing craving at baseline and after stimulation, without (p = .007) and with (p = .005) smoking-craving cues. There were no significant mood changes in any of the conditions of stimulation. Adverse events were mild and distributed equally across all treatment conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings extend the results of a previous study on the use of brain stimulation to reduce craving, showing that cortical stimulation with tDCS is beneficial for reducing cue-provoked craving, and thus support the further exploration of this technique for smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. 02215, USA. ffregni@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liguori
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fecteau
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nitsche
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.forename: Paulo S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Boggio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003463:Cues; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011537:Pruritus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos