title: Nitric oxide mediates acute lung injury caused by fat embolism in isolated rat's lungs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in acute lung injury (ALI) induced by fat embolism (FE) has not been investigated. The present study elucidated the role of NO in ALI because of FE.
  
  
  METHODS
  FE was produced by introduction of fatty acid (corn oil micelles) into the isolated rat's lungs. Nonselective NO synthase (NOS) and selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitors, N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and l-N(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (l-Nil) as well as NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) at a dose of 10 mol/L were given 60 minutes before FE. There were six groups of isolated lungs randomly assigned to receive vehicle (physiologic saline solution), FE, FE with pretreatment of l-NAME, l-Nil, SNP, or SNAP. Each group was observed for 4 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FE significantly increased the lung weight changes, pulmonary arterial pressure, and microvascular permeability. The concentration of nitrate or nitrite, methyl guanidine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1beta was significantly elevated after FE. Hisotopathologic examination revealed lung edema with multiple fatty droplets in lung tissue. Pretreatment with l-NAME or l-Nil attenuated, whereas SNP or SNAP exacerbated most of the FE-induced changes. Addition of NO donors (SNP or SNAP) into the isolated lungs did not produce significant changes in the lungs, suggesting that NO donation alone without FE does not exerts harmful effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that NO production through the iNOS isoform plays a detrimental role in the FE-induced ALI. Free radical and proinflammatory cytokines may also be involved in the pathogenesis of ALI because of FE.
authors.affiliation: Division of Chest Medicine, Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, and School of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Medical University and Fu-Jen Catholic Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shang-Jyh
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Hsing I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D004620:Embolism, Fat / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009569:Nitric Oxide