title: Ethnic differences in the management of lung cancer in New Zealand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major ethnic disparities in lung cancer survival exist in New Zealand, with Mäori having a higher case-fatality ratio than non-Mäori.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether secondary care management of lung cancer differed by ethnicity and could contribute to ethnic survival disparities.
  
  
  METHODS
  An audit of secondary care management in Auckland and Northland of lung cancer patients diagnosed in 2004 permitted comparison of the management of lung cancer in different ethnic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 565 eligible cases comprised: European 378 (67%), Mäori 95 (17%), Pacific Peoples 56 (10%), Asian 23 (4%), and other or unknown ethnicity 13 (2%). In multivariate analysis (adjusting for tumor and patient factors including comorbidity), Mäori were 2.5 times more likely to have locally advanced disease than localized disease compared with Europeans (p < 0.01), and four times less likely to receive curative rather than palliative anticancer treatment compared with Europeans (p < 0.01). Mäori had longer transit times from diagnosis to treatment (p < 0.001). Mäori were more likely to decline treatment and miss appointments than Europeans, although this only partially explained management differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple factors are potentially responsible for the higher case-fatality ratio in Mäori. Such factors include presentation with more advanced disease, lower rates of curative treatment for nonmetastatic disease, and longer transit times from diagnosis to treatment. In this retrospective study, socioeconomic deprivation, comorbidity levels, and failure to accept treatment did not fully explain ethnic differences in management. Further assessment of the underlying issues by prospective evaluation is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Oncology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. w.stevens@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kolbe
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors