title: Undifferentiated pelvic adenocarcinomas: diagnostic potential of protein profiling and multivariate analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite improved techniques, the determination of tumor origin in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas still remains a challenge for the pathologist. Here we report the use of protein profiling combined with principal component analysis to improve diagnostic decision-making in tumor samples, in which standard pathologic investigations cannot present reliable results.
  
  
  METHODS
  A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of unknown origin located in the pelvis, infiltrating the sigmoid colon as well as the ovary, served as a model to evaluate our proteomic approach. Firstly, we characterized the protein expression profiles from eight advanced colon and seven ovarian adenocarcinomas using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Qualitative and quantitative patterns were recorded and compared to the tumor of unknown origin. Based on these protein profiles, match sets from the different tumors were created. Finally, a multivariate principal component analysis was applied to the entire 2-DE data to disclose differences in protein patterns between the different tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 89% of the unknown tumor sample spots could be matched with the colon standard gel, whereas only 63% of the spots could be matched with the ovarian standard. In addition, principal component analysis impressively displayed the clustering of the unknown case within the colon cancer samples, whereas this case did not cluster at all within the group of ovarian adenocarcinomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that 2-DE protein expression profiling combined with principal component analysis is a sensitive method for diagnosing undifferentiated adenocarcinomas of unknown origin. The described approach can contribute greatly to diagnostic decision-making and, with further technical improvements and a higher throughput, become a powerful tool in the armentarium of the pathologist.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburgerallee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany. DrDr.UJRoblick@t-online.de
authors.forename: U J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Roblick
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lenander
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hellman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ost
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alaiya
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Bruch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mirow
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franzén
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ried
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Auer
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Habermann
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000556:secondary*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000556:secondary*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D009382:Neoplasms, Unknown Primary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000556:secondary*; D010386:Pelvic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins