title: Signalling pathways for transactivation by dexmedetomidine of epidermal growth factor receptors in astrocytes and its paracrine effect on neurons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stimulation of astrocytes by the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine, a neuroprotective drug, transactivates epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors. The present study investigates signal pathways leading to release of an EGF receptor ligand and those activated during EGF receptor stimulation, and the response of neurons to dexmedetomidine and to astrocyte-conditioned medium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phosphorylation of ERK(1/2) was determined by western blotting and immunocytochemistry, and phosphorylation of EGF receptors by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. mRNA expression of fos family was measured by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pertussis toxin (0.2 microg ml(-1)) an inhibitor of betagamma subunit dissociation from Galpha(i) protein, and GF 109203X (500 nM), a protein kinase C inhibitor, abolished ERK(1/2) phosphorylation. PP1 (10 microM), inhibiting Src kinase and GM 6001 (10 microM), an inhibitor of Zn-dependent metalloproteinase, abolished ERK(1/2) phosphorylation by dexmedetomidine (50 nM), but not that by EGF (10 ng ml(-1)), showing Src kinase and metalloproteinase activation during the first stage only; AG 1478 (1 microM), an inhibitor of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase, abolished ERK(1/2) phosphorylation. Dexmedetomidine-induced EGF receptor phosphorylation was prevented by AG 1478, GM 6001, PP1 and GF 109203X and its induction of cfos and fosB by AG 1478 and by U0126 (10 microM), an inhibitor of ERK phosphorylation, indicating downstream effects of ERK(1/2) phosphorylation. EGF and conditioned medium from dexmedetomidine-treated astrocytes, but not dexmedetomidine itself, induced ERK phosphorylation in primary cultures of cerebellar neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dexmedetomidine-induced transactivation pathways were delineated. Its paracrine effect on neurons may account for its neuroprotective effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hertz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D016762:Genes, fos / Q000187:drug effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000187:drug effects*; D037342:Pertussis Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000187:drug effects; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3