title: Long- term effects of previous experience determine nutrient discrimination abilities in birds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Foraging behaviour is an essential ecological process linking different trophic levels. A central assumption of foraging theory is that food selection maximises the fitness of the consumer. It remains unknown, however, whether animals use innate or learned behaviour to discriminate food rewards. While many studies demonstrated that previous experience is a strong determinant of complex food choices such as diet mixing, the response to simple nutritional stimuli, such as sugar concentrations, is often believed to be innate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show that previous experience determines the ability to track changes in sugar composition in same-aged individuals of a short-lived migratory songbird, the garden warbler (Sylvia borin). Although birds received identical foods for seven months prior to the experiment, wild-caught birds achieved higher sugar intake rates than hand-raised birds when confronted with alternative, differently coloured, novel food types. Hand-raised and wild birds did not differ in their initial colour selection or overall food intake, but wild birds were quicker to adjust food choice to varying sugar intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over a period of at least seven months, broader previous experience translates into a higher plasticity of food choice leading to higher nutrient intake. Our results thus highlight the need to address previous long-term experience in foraging experiments. Furthermore, they show that hand-raised animals are often poor surrogates for testing the foraging behaviour of wild animals.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Hauptstr, 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. martin.schaefer@biologie.uni-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: H Martin
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bairlein