title: Arrested on heroin: a national opportunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heroin addiction in the United States exacts significant social, economic, medical, and public health costs, estimated at almost $22 billion in 1996. The national drug control strategy of arrest and mandatory sentencing of drug offenders over the past two decades has resulted in ever greater numbers of drug users who encounter the criminal justice system each year. No estimate of heroin use among the U.S. incarcerated population exists. The authors attempted to estimate the proportion of heroin-using individuals who pass through the corrections system annually to determine the potential impact of interventions designed to link heroin-using individuals to addiction treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors constructed an estimate by employing the following elements: arrestee drug-testing data, total number of arrests, an estimate of the mean annual number of arrests in a drug-using population, estimates of arrestees incarcerated, and estimates of heroin use and addiction in the U.S. population. The authors present each component of the estimate and how it was derived, and conclude by discussing the degree of uncertainty in the estimates and the implications of our results for policy makers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a conservative estimate, the authors found that 24 percent to 36 percent of all heroin addicts pass through the corrections system each year, representing more than 200,000 individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viewed as a public health opportunity, effective linkage to addiction treatment could ultimately reduce the costs associated with poor health, disease transmission, criminality, and recidivism that heroin use exacts on individuals and communities.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Boutwell
authors.forename: Ank
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nijhawan
authors.forename: Nickolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zaller
authors.forename: Josiah D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D003415:Crime / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006302:Health Services Research; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology