title: A novel method of imaging calcium urolithiasis using fluorescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the surgical management of urolithiasis the goal of treatment is not only to remove calculi, but also prevent future stone formation by rendering the patient stone-free/fragment-free. Achieving this goal is often difficult with endoscopic procedures due to the inability to visualize small calculi well even with x-ray or ultrasound. We evaluated fluorescence probes as a novel method of identifying calculi in the urinary tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro calcium stones were incubated with each of the Osteosense 680 and Osteosense 750 calcium binding fluorescence probes, and imaged with a near infrared fluorescence imaging system. Using a mouse model calculi were placed in the renal pelvis and the probes were injected intravenously. Imaging was performed at various times after injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro the Osteosense 680 probe demonstrated high binding affinity for calcium oxalate-struvite, calcium phosphate-struvite and ammonium urate-calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate stones, and lower binding affinity for the calcium phosphate stone. In contrast, the Osteosense 750 probe demonstrated high binding affinity for calcium oxalate-struvite and calcium phosphate-struvite stones, and lower binding affinity for calcium phosphate and ammonium urate-calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate stones. In vivo intravenous administration of the probes was successful in labeling all calcium stone types tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluorescence imaging provides a new method for identifying calculi in the urinary tract. The improved visualization of these stones/fragments would make endoscopic procedures less difficult, decrease the risk of complications and increase the chance of rendering the patient stone-free/fragment-free.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jose Luiz
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: Carlo C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Passerotti
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sponholtz
authors.forename: Hiep T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weissleder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005453:Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium