title: Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Meta-analyses of antidepressant medications have reported only modest benefits over placebo treatment, and when unpublished trial data are included, the benefit falls below accepted criteria for clinical significance. Yet, the efficacy of the antidepressants may also depend on the severity of initial depression scores. The purpose of this analysis is to establish the relation of baseline severity and antidepressant efficacy using a relevant dataset of published and unpublished clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained data on all clinical trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the licensing of the four new-generation antidepressants for which full datasets were available. We then used meta-analytic techniques to assess linear and quadratic effects of initial severity on improvement scores for drug and placebo groups and on drug-placebo difference scores. Drug-placebo differences increased as a function of initial severity, rising from virtually no difference at moderate levels of initial depression to a relatively small difference for patients with very severe depression, reaching conventional criteria for clinical significance only for patients at the upper end of the very severely depressed category. Meta-regression analyses indicated that the relation of baseline severity and improvement was curvilinear in drug groups and showed a strong, negative linear component in placebo groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug-placebo differences in antidepressant efficacy increase as a function of baseline severity, but are relatively small even for severely depressed patients. The relationship between initial severity and antidepressant efficacy is attributable to decreased responsiveness to placebo among very severely depressed patients, rather than to increased responsiveness to medication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom. i.kirsch@hull.ac.uk
authors.forename: Irving
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: Brett J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.forename: Tania B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Huedo-Medina
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scoboria
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Blair T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000592:standards*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents