title: Role of collateral paths in long-range diffusion in lungs.
abstract: The long-range apparent diffusion coefficient (LRADC) of (3)He gas in lungs, measured over times of several seconds and distances of 1-3 cm, probes the connections between the airways. Previous work has shown the LRADC to be small in health and substantially elevated in emphysema, reflecting tissue destruction, which is known to create collateral pathways. To better understand what controls LRADC, we report computer simulations and measurements of (3)He gas diffusion in healthy lungs. The lung is generated with a random algorithm using well-defined rules, yielding a three-dimensional set of nodes or junctions, each connected by airways to one parent node and two daughters; airway dimensions are taken from published values. Spin magnetization in the simulated lung is modulated sinusoidally, and the diffusion equation is solved to 1,000 s. The modulated magnetization decays with a time constant corresponding to an LRADC of approximately 0.001 cm(2)/s, which is smaller by a factor of approximately 20 than the values in healthy lungs measured here and previously in vivo and in explanted lungs. It appears that collateral gas pathways, not present in the simulations, are functional in healthy lungs; they provide additional and more direct routes for long-range motion than the canonical airway tree. This is surprising, inasmuch as collateral ventilation is believed to be physiologically insignificant in healthy lungs. We discuss the effect on LRADC of small collateral connections through airway walls and rule out other possible mechanisms. The role of collateral paths is supported by measurements of smaller LRADC in pigs, where collateral ventilation is known to be smaller.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics-1105, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
authors.forename: Seth-Emil T
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bartel
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Haywood
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Yulin V
authors.initials: YV
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menard
authors.forename: Dmitriy A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Yablonskiy
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gierada
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Conradi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011381:Programming Languages; D011653:Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine