title: Stress and prolactin effects on bone marrow myeloid cells, serum chemokine and serum glucocorticoid levels in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current evidence supports the conclusion that prolactin (PRL) is not an obligate immunoregulatory hormone and influences the immune system predominantly during stress conditions. In this study, we examined the impact of PRL on the psychogenic stress-induced responses of myeloid cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven-week-old PRL+/- (normal) and PRL-/- (deficient) mice were exposed to a predator for 1 h/day on 3 consecutive days. Another group of PRL-deficient mice received either 1 pituitary graft (hyperprolactinemic) or sham surgery at 5 weeks of age, while PRL-normal mice only received sham surgery. Two weeks later, these mice were also subjected to predator exposure. One day after the last predator exposure session, all mice were killed and the bone marrow and blood harvested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in the myeloid cells between PRL-normal and PRL-deficient mice only occurred in stressed conditions. The median serum corticosterone levels were consistently higher in PRL-deficient mice. The implantation of a pituitary graft lowered the corticosterone levels to those observed in PRL-normal mice. The absolute number of immature neutrophils as well as the numbers of granulocyte macrophage, monocyte/macrophage and granulocyte colonies were significantly higher in the stressed PRL-deficient mice; however, only the increased number of immature neutrophils was reversed by pituitary grafting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support previous observations that PRL influences myeloid cells of the bone marrow most profoundly in stressed conditions. However, the mechanism by which PRL influences bone marrow myeloid cells during stress cannot be explained solely by its effect on serum corticosterone.
authors.affiliation: Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA. duganal@ucmail.uc.edu
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dugan
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwemberger
authors.forename: Greg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Babcock
authors.forename: Cora K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Ogle
authors.forename: Donna J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Nelson D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Horseman
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gregerson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000097:blood*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D011388:Prolactin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011388:Prolactin