title: Trypanosomosis in The Gambia: prevalence in working horses and donkeys detected by whole genome amplification and PCR, and evidence for interactions between trypanosome species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Gambia has an increasing population of equidae largely used for agriculture and transportation. A review of cases at The Gambian Horse and Donkey Trust (GHDT) indicated that a common reason for presentation is a poorly defined medical condition often attributed to trypanosomosis. There are few reports describing the prevalence or the range of clinical signs associated with infection with different species of trypanosomes in horses and donkeys, but given the importance of these animals, the role of trypanosomosis requires investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total 241 animals from the Central River Division in The Gambia (183 horses and 58 donkeys) were screened using Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) followed by trypanosome species identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results indicated overall trypanosome prevalence of 91%; with an infection rate of 31% for Trypanosoma congolense Savannah, 87% for Trypanosoma vivax and 18% for Trypanosoma brucei sp. Multiple species were present in 43% of infections. Microscopy had a good specificity (100%) and positive predictive value (100%) for trypanosome detection, but the sensitivity (20%) and negative predictive value (10.5%) were low relative to PCR-based diagnosis. Infection with T congolense showed the greatest negative effect on packed cell volume (PCV), while infection with T. brucei sp also had a significant, although lesser, negative effect on PCV. In addition, cases positive by microscopy were associated with significantly lower PCV. However, concurrent infection with T. vivax appeared to cause less effect on PCV, compared to animals infected with T. congolense alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of Trypanosomosis was high in both horses and donkeys. Infection with T. congolense appeared to have the greatest clinical significance, while T. vivax infection may be of limited clinical significance in this population. Indeed, there is evidence of T. vivax co-infection ameliorating the pathology caused by T. congolense. WGA and PCR allowed a more comprehensive analysis of field infections with the detection of infections below the threshold of microscopy, and provided indications of interactions between parasite species that would otherwise remain undetected. The study raises important questions about the epidemiology of trypanosome infection in relation to disease that require a full scale longitudinal analysis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK. ginap@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gina L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Pinchbeck
authors.forename: Liam J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: Lucinda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.forename: Saloum
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jallow
authors.forename: Jibril
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jallow
authors.forename: Amadou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jallow
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Christley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005714:Gambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006400:Hematocrit / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D006736:Horses; D016014:Linear Models; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012621:Seasons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014352:Trypanosomiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer