title: Haemodynamic response of intravenous tramadol and intravenous morphine during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the haemodynamic response of equipotent analgesic doses of morphine and tramadol to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized double blind study of eighty ASA 1 and ASA II patients, age 18-50 years for elective surgery requiring endotracheal intubation was conducted. Forty patients were selected for each group, M (morphine) and T (tramadol). All patients received study drug three minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) between the groups and within the groups from base line and from preintubation period was significantly (p<0.05)different at different time intervals.. When compared from base line maximum increase in heart rate in group M and T was 11.86% and 28.92% and maximum decrease was 12.08% and 1.43% respectively. Mean maximum increase in SBP was 8.06% in group T. Decrease was 18%and 10.48% in group M and T respectively. Maximum increase and decrease in DBP and MAP follow the same pattern and increase in blood pressures remained below 15% of the baseline value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphine is a better drug as compared to tramadol for attenuation of laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Aga Khan University, Karachi.
authors.forename: Muhammad Qamar Ul
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Hoda
authors.forename: Mueen Ullah
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Mohammad Qamar
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014147:Tramadol; D009020:Morphine