title: Effects of antiretroviral therapy on semen quality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on semen quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HIV outpatient clinic of the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 34 male patients with different estimated duration of HIV-1 infection, who were about to start various combinations of cART.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood and semen analyses before the start of cART and 4, 12, 24, 36 and 48 weeks thereafter.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effect of cART on semen parameters by a repeated measurements procedure using a mixed-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median period of follow up was 48 weeks (interquartile range 33-52 weeks). Five patients used thymidine analogue-containing cART, 23 used tenofovir-based cART, six used other regimens. At all timepoints the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa was low according to WHO criteria, and it decreased significantly from 28 to 17% during follow-up (P = 0.02). All other semen parameters were in the normal range and remained stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  cART negatively affected the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa. Whether this reduced motility affects the chances of fathering a child or leads to an increased need for artificial reproductive techniques is at present unknown.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. e.vanleeuwen@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Ferdinand W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Wit
authors.forename: Sjoerd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Repping
authors.forename: Jan Karel M
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Eeftinck Schattenkerk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Fulco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van der Veen
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Prins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012661:Semen / Q000187:drug effects; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D012367:RNA, Viral; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone