title: Combined percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk locations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether combining percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) with radiofrequency ablation in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high-risk locations improves treatment outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the outcome of management of high-risk tumors with PEI and radiofrequency ablation (n = 50) or radiofrequency ablation alone (n = 114) with the outcome of radiofrequency ablation of non-high-risk tumors (n = 44). We also compared the survival rates of patients with and those without high-risk HCC. PEI was performed into the part of the tumor closest to a blood vessel or vital structure before radiofrequency ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 142 patients with 208 HCCs managed with radiofrequency ablation. Despite larger tumor sizes (2.8 +/- 1 cm vs 1.9 +/- 0.7 cm vs 2.5 +/- 0.1 cm for the high-risk radiofrequency plus PEI, non-high-risk radiofrequency, and high-risk radiofrequency groups, respectively; p < 0.001), the primary effectiveness rate of high-risk radiofrequency ablation and PEI (92%) was similar to that of non-high-risk radiofrequency ablation (96%). The primary effectiveness rate of high-risk radiofrequency ablation and PEI was slightly higher (p = 0.1) than that of high-risk radiofrequency ablation (85%). The local tumor progression rates (21% vs 33% vs 24% at 18 months) of the three respective groups were not statistically different (p = 0.91). Patients with and those without high-risk tumors had equal survival rates (p = 0.42) after 12 (87% vs 100%) and 24 (77% vs 80%) months of follow-up. Independent predictors of primary effectiveness were a tumor size of 3 cm or less (p = 0.01) and distinct tumor borders (p = 0.009). Indistinct borders (p = 0.033) and non-treatment-naive status of HCC (p = 0.002) were associated with higher local tumor progression rates. The only predictor of survival was complete ablation of all index tumors (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of radiofrequency ablation and PEI in the management of HCC in high-risk locations has a slightly higher primary effectiveness rate than does radiofrequency ablation alone. A randomized controlled study is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Liver Research Unit, Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, 199, Tunghwa Rd., Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Chun-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chen-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wei-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ian Homer Y
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Cua
authors.forename: Shi-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012997:Solvents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol