title: Computerized tomography findings in pediatric renal trauma--indications for early intervention?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine if initial computerized tomography findings in pediatric patients suffering blunt renal trauma with urinary extravasation were predictive of the need for operative intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 17 patients with grade IV blunt renal trauma and urinary extravasation were identified between 2000 and 2007. Each computerized tomogram was reviewed to determine location, size and number of sites of extravasation, as well as the presence of contrast material in the ipsilateral ureter. These findings were compared with subsequent ureteral stent placement, percutaneous urinoma drainage, angiographic embolization and nephrectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13 male and 4 female patients (mean age 11.1 years) were identified. Eight patients (47%) required delayed intervention. Conservative treatment was unsuccessful in patients with absence of contrast material in the ipsilateral ureter and large separation of the upper and lower poles, and in 3 of 5 patients with multiple areas of extravasation and 4 of 5 patients with transfusion requirements. The diameter (9.6 vs 9.7 mm, p = 0.96) and location of extravasation were not predictive of subsequent intervention. Two of 5 patients with posterior extravasation required intervention, both for symptomatic urinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early ureteral stent placement may be considered for pediatric patients with blunt renal trauma who demonstrate absence of contrast material in the ipsilateral ureter, since clinical indications for stent placement will likely develop. Further study may show if wide separation of the upper and lower poles, multiple areas of extravasation and transfusion requirement are factors in the decision for early intervention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Ethan G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Polsky
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smaldone
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.forename: Francis X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Schneck
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bellinger
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Docimo
authors.forename: Hsi-Yang
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014556:Urine; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating