title: Ictal impending danger--"sixth sense seizures"--in patients with benign focal epileptic seizures of adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe nine consecutive patients with diagnosis of benign focal epileptic seizures of adolescence (BFSA), who experienced an ictal sensation of impending danger.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected nine BFSA patients after a comprehensive clinical and laboratory investigation, video-EEG analysis and neuroimaging study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients displayed a distinct electro-clinical pattern of seizures characterized by a peculiar subjective feeling of impending danger coming from behind, followed by a coordinated behavior of "head-turning" toward the danger. This feeling was described in all patients as "a shadow behind me on one side" or "something or someone behind me". All of our patients explained that, at the beginning of their seizures, they felt an early warning of a high-risk situation. Electrophysiologic data favored a frontal origin of these seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have described for the first time a distinct electro-clinical pattern of seizures in the context of BFSA, characterized by the ictal feeling of early warning of a high-risk situation, which we thought to term "sixth sense seizure". In the light of current neuro-anatomical knowledge, seizure discharge within anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) structures is the likely explanation for this situation. Further studies are needed to establish if this is an electroclinical variant of BFSA or a new distinct epileptic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry and Neurophysiology, Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico Hospital, Corso di Porta Nuova 23, 20121 Milano, Italy. antonio.romeo@fbf.milano.it
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chifari
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capovilla
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viri
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lodi
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dell'Oglio
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beccaria
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gambardella
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014743:Videotape Recording / Q000379:methods