title: Integrated care for co-occurring disorders: psychiatric symptoms, social functioning, and service costs at 18 months.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Persons with severe mental illness have high rates of comorbid substance use disorders. These co-occurring disorders present a significant challenge to community mental health services, and few clinical trials are available to guide the development of effective services for this population. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a program for case managers that trained them to manage substance use disorders among persons with severe mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster-randomized controlled trial design was used in South London to allocate case managers either to training or to a waiting list control condition. Outcomes and service costs (health care and criminal justice) over 18 months of 127 patients treated by 40 case managers who received training were compared with those of 105 patients treated by 39 case managers in the control condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores for the intervention group indicated significant improvements in psychotic and general psychopathology symptoms. Participants in the intervention group also reported fewer needs for care at follow-up. No significant differences were found between the two groups in levels of substance use at 18 months. At follow-up both groups reported increased satisfaction with care. Service costs were also similar for the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with standard care, integrated treatment for co-occurring disorders provided by nonspecialist mental health staff produced significant improvements in symptoms and level of met needs, but not in substance use or quality of life, at no additional cost.
authors.affiliation: Health Service and Population Research Department, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom. t.craig@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Tom K J
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCrone
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Afuwape
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gournay
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Shamil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wanigaratne
authors.forename: Morven
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leese
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thornicroft
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D019090:Case Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012919:Social Behavior; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology