title: DSM-IV-TR "pain disorder associated with psychological factors" as a nonhysterical form of somatization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scores on the hysteria (Hy) scale are reported in several forms of pain. Previous results were possibly biased by diagnostic heterogeneity (psychogenic, somatic and mixed pain syndromes included in the same index sample) or Hy heterogeneity (failure to differentiate Hy scores into clinically meaningful subscales, such as admission of symptoms [Ad] and denial of symptoms [Dn]).
  
  
  METHODS
  To overcome this drawback, 48 patients diagnosed as having a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of "pain disorder associated with psychological factors" were compared with 48 patients experiencing somatic pain excluding psychological factors, and 42 somatic controls without pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMPI Hy and hypochondriasis (Hs) scores were significantly higher in the pain disorder group than in control groups, who scored similarly. MMPI correction (K) scores and Dn scores were similar in the three groups, whereas Ad was significantly higher in the pain disorder group and lower and similar in the two control groups, respectively. In the pain disorder group, Ad and Dn were negatively correlated, whereas in control groups they were unrelated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that whereas a pattern of high Hs and Hy scores together with a normal K score might characterize patients with a pain disorder associated with psychological factors, elevated Hy scores per se do not indicate hysterical traits. In the pain disorder group, elevated Hy scores reflected the Ad subscale alone, indicating a strikingly high frequency of distressing somatic symptoms. They tend not to repress or deny the emotional malaise linked to symptoms, as the hysterical construct expects. The pain disorder designation should be considered a nonhysterical form of somatization.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Philosophy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy. massamiliano.aragon@uniroma.it
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aragona
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarsitani
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Nitto
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inghilleri
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006998:Hypochondriasis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007046:Hysteria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008950:MMPI; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*