title: Dexmedetomidine increases hippocampal phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 content by an alpha 2-adrenoceptor-independent mechanism: evidence for the involvement of imidazoline I1 receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dexmedetomidine is a potent and selective alpha2-adrenoceptor (alpha2AR) agonist that exhibits a broad pattern of actions, including sedation, analgesia, and neuroprotection. Recent studies have emphasized the role of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (pERK1 and 2) in coupling rapid events such as neurotransmitter release and receptor stimulation long-lasting changes in synaptic plasticity and cell survival. Here, the authors hypothesized that dexmedetomidine increases pERK1 and 2 content and examined the mechanisms involved in this effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of dexmedetomidine and their sensitivity to various pharmacologic agents on expression of pERK1 and 2 were studied by Western blots in hippocampal slices obtained from rats, wild-type mice, and mice carrying targeted deletions of the alpha2AR subtypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dexmedetomidine induced a concentration-related increase in the expression of pERK1 and 2 in rat hippocampal slices (EC50 [95% confidence interval] for pERK1, 0.97 [0.68-1.37] microm; for pERK2, 1.15 [0.62-2.14] microm). This effect was insensitive to the inhibitors of the alpha2AR-mediated signaling pathway, to prazosin, and to PP2, an inhibitor of the focal adhesion kinase-Src kinases. In contrast, it was still present in mice deleted for each of the alpha2AR subtypes and was markedly decreased by the antagonist of the I1-imidazoline receptors efaroxan, by phospholipase C and protein kinase C inhibitors, and by PD 098059, a direct inhibitor of ERK1 and 2 phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dexmedetomidine increases the expression of pERK1 and 2 via mechanisms independent of alpha2AR activation. The I1-imidazoline receptors likely contribute to these effects. The results may be relevant to some long-term effects (e.g., neuroprotective) of dexmedetomidine in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beaujon University Hospital, Clichy, France. souhayl.dahmani@bjn.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Souhayl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dahmani
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jannier
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rouelle
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gressens
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mantz
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000818:Animals; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; C410887:imidazoline I1 receptors; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3