title: Is the tumour necrosis factor-alpha response following resuscitation gender dependent in the swine model?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reperfusion results in a proinflammatory cytokine response, as has been observed following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Variations in the inflammatory response have been shown to be gender dependent and mediated by steroid hormones. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the tumour necrosis factor-alpha response following resuscitation was gender dependent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anaesthetized swine (15 males and 15 females, weighs 32-47 kg) underwent 7 min of electrically induced cardiac arrest, followed by conventional resuscitation and then measurement of tumour necrosis factor-alpha by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at intervals for up to 3h. Testosterone and 17-estradiol were measured in 8 males and 8 females.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all animals 17-estradiol was undetectable. Testosterone exceeded the lower limit of detection in 3 females and 1 male. Levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha were higher in males than females, from 30 min after resuscitation to 3h. In females, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels were significantly higher than control values only at 15 min following restoration of circulation; the levels in males demonstrated marked inter-animal variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this swine model, males demonstrated an augmented post-resuscitation tumour necrosis factor-alpha response when compared with females. This difference was not related to steroid hormone levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, United States.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rosborough
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Youngquist
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha