title: Cocaine-induced reinstatement in rats: evidence for a critical role of cocaine stimulus properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The exact behavioral nature of drug-induced reinstatement of drug seeking is still debated. As an incentive, the drug can have general facilitatory influences on appetitive behaviors. As an interoceptive stimulus, the drug can acquire discriminative properties and control behavior.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the relative contribution of the incentive versus discriminative properties of cocaine in food-seeking reinstatement.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Experiment 1, eight groups of rats were trained to press a lever for food pellets and experienced cocaine (0, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg; i.p.), either during the operant conditioning sessions or 4 h after, in another environment without food access. In Experiment 2, to dissociate the role of the operant response per se from the consummatory response, two groups of rats experienced food consumption under cocaine (10 mg/kg; i.p.) either during operant conditioning sessions or during alternate sessions of free access to the food. Then, for both experiments, food pellets were withheld and cocaine injections ceased (extinction). The reinstating effects of noncontingent cocaine (10 mg/kg; i.p.) and food pellet delivery were assessed. Locomotor activity was recorded to probe expression of behavioral sensitization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cocaine reinstated lever pressing only in rats having previously performed the operant responses under cocaine. In contrast, food pellet delivery reinstated lever pressing independently of rats' history with cocaine. Locomotor sensitization was evidenced for all cocaine-pre-exposed rats, dissociating sensitization from reinstatement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When present during operant conditioning, the stimulus "cocaine" acquires conditioned properties which can then promote reinstatement of the extinguished behavior.
authors.affiliation: University of Bordeaux 2, CNRS, UMR 5227, Movement-Adaptation-Cognition, Team neuropsychopharmacology of addiction, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France. ronald.keiflin@etud.u-bordeaux2.fr
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keiflin
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isingrini
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cador
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D001245:Association Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects*; D009042:Motivation; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003042:Cocaine