title: Vascular factors and risk for neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: the Cache County Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine, in an exploratory analysis, the association between vascular conditions and the occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in a population-based sample of incident Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 254 participants, identified through two waves of assessment. NPS were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Prior to the onset of AD, data regarding a history of stroke, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart attack or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), and diabetes were recorded. Logistic regression procedures were used to examine the relationship of each vascular condition to individual neuropsychiatric symptoms. Covariates considered were age, gender, education, APOE genotype, dementia severity, and overall health status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One or more NPS were observed in 51% of participants. Depression was most common (25.8%), followed by apathy (18.6%), and irritability (17.7%). Least common were elation (0.8%), hallucinations (5.6%), and disinhibition (6.0%). Stroke prior to the onset of AD was associated with increased risk of delusions (OR = 4.76, p = 0.02), depression (OR = 3.87, p = 0.03), and apathy (OR = 4.48, p = 0.02). Hypertension was associated with increased risk of delusions (OR = 2.34, p = 0.02), anxiety (OR = 4.10, p = 0.002), and agitation/aggression (OR = 2.82, p = 0.01). No associations were observed between NPS and diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart attack or CABG, or overall health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that a history of stroke and hypertension increase the risk of specific NPS in patients with AD. These conditions may disrupt neural circuitry in brain areas involved in NPS. Findings may provide an avenue for reduction in occurrence of NPS through the treatment or prevention of vascular risk conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.forename: Constantine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lyketsos
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rabins
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Welsh-Bohmer
authors.forename: John C S
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Breitner
authors.forename: JoAnn T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Tschanz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015995:Prevalence; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology