title: Automated image alignment for 2D gel electrophoresis in a high-throughput proteomics pipeline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quest for high-throughput proteomics has revealed a number of challenges in recent years. Whilst substantial improvements in automated protein separation with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC/MS), aka 'shotgun' proteomics, have been achieved, large-scale open initiatives such as the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) Brain Proteome Project have shown that maximal proteome coverage is only possible when LC/MS is complemented by 2D gel electrophoresis (2-DE) studies. Moreover, both separation methods require automated alignment and differential analysis to relieve the bioinformatics bottleneck and so make high-throughput protein biomarker discovery a reality. The purpose of this article is to describe a fully automatic image alignment framework for the integration of 2-DE into a high-throughput differential expression proteomics pipeline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed method is based on robust automated image normalization (RAIN) to circumvent the drawbacks of traditional approaches. These use symbolic representation at the very early stages of the analysis, which introduces persistent errors due to inaccuracies in modelling and alignment. In RAIN, a third-order volume-invariant B-spline model is incorporated into a multi-resolution schema to correct for geometric and expression inhomogeneity at multiple scales. The normalized images can then be compared directly in the image domain for quantitative differential analysis. Through evaluation against an existing state-of-the-art method on real and synthetically warped 2D gels, the proposed analysis framework demonstrates substantial improvements in matching accuracy and differential sensitivity. High-throughput analysis is established through an accelerated GPGPU (general purpose computation on graphics cards) implementation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementary material, software and images used in the validation are available at http://www.proteomegrid.org/rain/.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Dowsey
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Guang-Zhong
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D010449:Peptide Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D020543:Proteome / Q000737:chemistry*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein / Q000379:methods*; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D018511:Systems Integration
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome