title: Extraction of chromium(VI) by salting-out with a homogeneous, mixed solvent of water and 2-propanol: a laboratory study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chromium enters into the aquatic environment as a result of effluent discharge from steel works, electroplating, leather tanning industries and chemical industries. As the Cr(VI) is very harmful to living organisms, it should be quickly removed from the environment when it happens to be contaminated. Therefore, the aim of this laboratory research was to develop a rapid, simple and adaptable solvent extraction system to quantitatively remove Cr(VI) from polluted waters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous salt-solutions containing Cr(VI) as CrO4(2-) at ppm level (4-6 ppm) were prepared. Equal volumes (5 ml) of aqueous and organic (2-PrOH) phases were mixed in a 10 ml centrifuge tube for 15 min, centrifuged and separated. Concentrations of Cr(VI), in both the aqueous and organic phases, were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of salt and acid concentrations, and phase-contact time on the extraction of Cr(VI) were investigated. In addition, the extraction of Cr(VI) was assessed in the presence of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC) in 2-PrOH phase. Effects of some other metals, (Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)), on the extraction of Cr(VI) were also investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Cr(VI) at ppm level was extracted quantitatively by salting-out the homogeneous system of water and 2-propanol(2-PrOH) using chloride salts, namely CaCl2 or NaCl, under acidic chloride media. The extracted chemical species of Cr(VI) was confirmed to be the CrO3Cl-. The ion-pair complex extracted into the organic phase was rationalized as the solvated ion-pair complex of [2-PrOH2+, CrO3Cl-]. The complex was no longer stable. It implied the reaction between extracted species. Studies revealed that salts and acid directly participated in the formation of the above complex. Use of extracting agents (TMAC) didn't show any significant effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) under high salting-out conditions. There is no significant interference effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) by the presence of other metals. The Cr(VI) in the organic phase was back-extracted using an aqueous ammonia solution (1.6 mol dm(-3)) containing 3 mol dm(-3) NaCl. The extraction mechanism of Cr(VI) is also discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salting-out of homogeneous mixed solvent of 2-propanol can be employed to extract Cr(VI) quantitatively, as an ion-pair of [2-PrOH2+ * CrO3Cl-] solvated by 2-PrOH molecules. Then, the complex becomes 'solvent-like' and is readily separated into the organic phase. The increase of Cl- ion concentration in the aqueous phase favors the extraction. The 2-PrOH, salts and acid play important roles in the extraction process. There is no need to use an extracting agent at a high salting-out condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chromium(VI) must be quickly removed before it enters into the natural cycle. As the 2-PrOH is water-miscible in any proportion, ion-pairing between 2-PrOH2+ and CrO3Cl- becomes very fast. As a result, Cr(VI) can easily be extracted. Therefore, the method is recommended as a simple, rapid and adaptable method to quickly separate Cr(VI) from aqueous samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Sethsiri S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Samaratunga
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabata
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D002840:Chromates / Q000737:chemistry; D017608:Chromium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D002840:Chromates; D017608:Chromium Compounds; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012997:Solvents; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014867:Water; C028801:chromium trioxide; C027917:tetramethylammonium; D019840:2-Propanol