title: Association of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetically determined heightened androgen sensitivity may influence the phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). To date, studies of the androgen receptor exon 1 polymorphic CAG repeat have produced conflicting results in PCOS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that a lower number of CAG repeats is associated with increased odds of PCOS. We also compared X-chromosome inactivation between cases and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with and without PCOS were genotyped for the CAG repeat and assessed for X-chromosome methylation. Association analyses were performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were recruited from the reproductive endocrinology clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham; controls were recruited from the surrounding community. Genotyping took place at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 330 women with PCOS and 289 controls (77% white, 23% black).
  
  
  METHODS
  Androgen receptor genotype, X-chromosome methylation, and phenotyping for PCOS were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A smaller biallelic mean of CAG repeats was associated with increased odds of PCOS. X-chromosome inactivation was not different comparing cases with controls; however, in the subset with nonrandom inactivation, the chromosome bearing the shorter CAG allele was preferentially active in PCOS women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Association of shorter CAG repeats with PCOS is consistent with in vitro functional studies demonstrating higher activity of androgen receptors expressed from alleles with fewer CAG repeats, suggesting inherited alteration in androgen sensitivity may contribute to PCOS. In some women, such heightened sensitivity may also result from preferential expression of androgen receptors with shorter alleles. Thus, genetic and epigenetic changes may be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors.forename: Nissar A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Heath J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Antoine
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pall
authors.forename: Kent D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Azziz
authors.forename: Mark O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Goodarzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D011944:Receptors, Androgen