title: Isoflurane reduces excitability of Drosophila larval motoneurons by activating a hyperpolarizing leak conductance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanisms of anesthetic-mediated presynaptic inhibition are incompletely understood. Isoflurane reduces presynaptic excitability at the larval Drosophila neuromuscular junction, slowing conduction velocity and depressing glutamate release. Mutations in the Para voltage-gated Na channel enhance anesthetic sensitivity of adult flies. Here, the author examines the role of para in anesthetic sensitivity and seeks to identify the conductance underlying presynaptic inhibition at this synapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuromuscular transmission was studied using a two-electrode voltage clamp, with isoflurane applied in physiologic saline. The relation between ionic conductances and presynaptic function was modeled in the Neuron Simulation Environment. Motoneuron ionic currents were monitored via whole cell recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presynaptic inhibition by isoflurane was enhanced significantly in para mutants. Computer simulations of presynaptic actions of anesthetics indicated that each candidate target conductance would have diagnostic effects on the relation between latency and amplitude of synaptic currents. The experimental latency-amplitude relation for isoflurane most closely resembled activation of a simulated hyperpolarizing leak. Simulations indicated that increased isoflurane potency in para axons resulted from reduced excitability of mutant axons. In whole cell recordings, isoflurane activated a hyperpolarizing leak current. The effects of isoflurane at the neuromuscular junction were insensitive to low pH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of isoflurane on presynaptic excitability are mediated via an acid-insensitive inhibitory leak conductance. para mutations enhance the sensitivity of this anesthetic-modulated neural pathway by reducing axonal excitability. This work provides a link between anesthetic-sensitive leak currents and presynaptic function and has generated new tools for analysis of the function of this synapse.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, MSC 3736, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. sandstrd@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sandstrom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D004330:Drosophila / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007530:Isoflurane