title: Technical Note: Comparison of traditional needle vaccination with pneumatic, needle-free vaccination for sheep.
abstract: Lateral transmission of blood-borne diseases can occur when a single needle is used repeatedly to vaccinate livestock. Needle-free technology to vaccinate sheep without damaging the carcass, causing lesions, or leaving needle fragments, and eliciting a similar antibody response as traditional needle vaccinations, has been hampered due to variable wool length. Vaccine delivery, injection time, and antibody response were evaluated for a prototype pneumatically powered, needle-free injector and for traditional needle injections. To determine optimal pressure for vaccine delivery with the pneumatic, needle-free injector, two 8-mo-old wethers were injected at pressures from 207 to 414 kPa in increments of 69 kPa. Injection time and antibody responses were evaluated using one hundred 8-mo-old wethers given primary and secondary inoculations of ovalbumin. Serum samples were collected before and after the inoculations on d 0, 14, 28, and 42. Optimal pressure to deliver a s.c. inoculation with the pneumatic, needle-free injector was 207 to 276 pKa. Inoculation of 100 wethers required 60% less time with the pneumatic, needle-free injector than with needle injections when a new needle was used on every animal. Antibody titers were the same (P > 0.12) for the pneumatic, needle-free and the needle injections on d 14, 28, and 42. In addition, antibody titers increased after primary and secondary inoculations, as expected. This study indicated that a pneumatic, needle-free injector can be used to elicit the same antibody response in sheep as a needle injection, and the pneumatic, needle-free injector was faster. The pneumatic, needle-free injector also would be expected to reduce lateral transmission of blood-borne diseases, and will save time, eliminate biohazard waste (e.g., used needles), and eliminate accidental needle sticks for livestock handlers when vaccinating sheep.
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, US Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID 83423, USA. Michelle.Mousel@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mousel
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Leeds
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Herrmann-Hoesing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles / Q000662:veterinary; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011312:Pressure; D012756:Sheep / Q000293:injuries; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D013594:Syringes / Q000662:veterinary; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies