title: Development of equine upper airway fluid mechanics model for Thoroughbred racehorses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models provide the means to evaluate airflow in the upper airways without requiring in vivo experiments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The physiological conditions of a Thoroughbred racehorse's upper airway during exercise could be simulated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomography scanned images of a 3-year-old intact male Thoroughbred racehorse cadaver were used to simulate in vivo geometry. Airway pressure traces from a live Thoroughbred horse, during exercise was used to set the boundary condition. Fluid-flow equations were solved for turbulent flow in the airway during inspiratory and expiratory phases. The wall pressure turbulent kinetic energy and velocity distributions were studied at different cross-sections along the airway. This provided insight into the general flow pattern and helped identify regions susceptible to dynamic collapse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The airflow velocity and static tracheal pressure were comparable to data of horses exercising on a high-speed treadmill reported in recent literature. The cross-sectional area of the fully dilated rima glottidis was 7% greater than the trachea. During inspiration, the area of highest turbulence (i.e. kinetic energy) was in the larynx, the rostral aspect of the nasopharynx was subjected to the most negative wall pressure and the highest airflow velocity is more caudal on the ventral aspect of the nasopharynx (i.e. the soft palate). During exhalation, the area of highest turbulence was in the rostral and mid-nasopharynx, the maximum positive pressure was observed at the caudal aspect of the soft palate and the highest airflow velocity at the front of the nasopharynx.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the equine upper airway collapsible area, the floor of the rostral aspect of the nasopharynx is subjected to the most significant collapsing pressure with high average turbulent kinetic during inhalation, which may lead to palatal instability and explain the high prevalence of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) in racehorses. Maximal abduction of the arytenoid cartilage may not be needed for optimal performance, since the trachea cross-sectional area is 7% smaller than the rima glottidis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rakesh
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Rakesh
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheetham
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pease
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*