title: Orientation-independent differential interference contrast microscopy and its combination with an orientation-independent polarization system.
abstract: We describe a combined orientation-independent differential interference contrast OI-DIC and polarization microscope and its biological applications. Several conventional DIC images were recorded with the specimen oriented in different directions followed by digital alignment and processing of the images. Then the obtained images are used for computation of the phase gradient magnitude and azimuth distribution and, further, the phase image. The OI-DIC images were obtained using optics having numerical aperture (NA) 1.4, thus achieving a level of resolution not previously achieved with phase contrast or interference microscope. The combined system yields two complementary phase images of thin optical sections of the specimen: distribution of refractive index and distribution of birefringence due to anisotropy of the cell structure. For instance, in a live dividing cell, the OI-DIC image clearly shows the detailed shape of the chromosomes, while the polarization image quantitatively depicts the distribution of birefringent microtubules in the spindle, both without any need for staining or other modifications of the cell. We present pseudo-color combined images of a crane fly spermatocyte at diakinesis and metaphase of meiosis I. Those images provide clear evidence that the proposed technique can reveal fine architecture and molecular organization in live cells without perturbation associated with staining or fluorescent labeling.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. mshribak@mbl.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shribak
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LaFountain
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Biggs
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inouè
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity