title: Continuous glucose monitoring counseling improves physical activity behaviors of individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the known benefits, 60% of individuals with diabetes do not engage in regular physical activity (PA). This pilot study tested the effects of a counseling intervention using continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) feedback on PA self-efficacy, PA levels, and physiological variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults (N=52) with type 2 diabetes (non-insulin requiring, inactive) were randomized to intervention (n=27) or control (n=25) groups. Both groups received 90min of diabetes education with a follow-up phone call 4 weeks later. The intervention group also received counseling derived from self-efficacy theory. This intervention included feedback on each participant's CGMS graph and used role model CGMS graphs to clearly depict glucose reductions in response to PA. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants receiving the intervention had higher self-efficacy scores than the control group for sticking to activity/resisting relapse at 8 weeks (p<0.05), indicating more confidence in maintaining a PA program. Intervention group participants light/sedentary activity minutes decreased significantly (p<0.05), moderate activity minutes increased significantly (p<0.05), and, HbA1c and BMI decreased significantly (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that PA counseling interventions using CGMS feedback for individuals with type 2 diabetes may improve PA levels and reduce risk factors for diabetes-related complications.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Nursing, 100 Church Street South, P.O. Box 9740, New Haven, CT 06536-0740, United States. nancy.a.allen@yale.edu
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fain
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Stuart R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chipkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003376:Counseling; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D009043:Motor Activity; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010465:Perception; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin