title: Steinernema feltiae: ammonia triggers the emergence of their infective juveniles.
abstract: Entomopathogenic nematodes complete their life cycles inside dead insects. The emergence of new infective juveniles from the cadaver has been attributed (but never demonstrated) to food depletion or to the accumulation of metabolites from the breakdown of the host's tissues. Here we give evidence that emergence is triggered by ammonia, a product of nematode defecation. We found that the emergence of Steinernemafeltiae infective juveniles from Galleriamellonella cadavers was stimulated by a particular level of ammonia. Emergence was delayed when ammonia in the cadaver was decreased and was prompted when increased. These findings will further improve the understanding of the nematode life cycle. Here we speculate that production of infective juveniles can be mediated by ammonia and work in a manner analogous to that of the dauer recovery inhibiting factor (DRIF) in Caenorhabditiselegans.
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, The University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 237, Reading RG6 6AR, UK. esanblas@yahoo.com <esanblas@yahoo.com>
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: San-Blas
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gowen
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pembroke
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D017168:Rhabditida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013559:Symbiosis; D020593:Xenorhabdus / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia