title: Loss of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression disrupts urothelial differentiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urothelial differentiation is essential for the maintenance of urinary bladder function. We explored the expression and function of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) during urothelial differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated expression of PGDH by Northern and Western blotting and immunostaining in human urothelial cultures, cell lines, and tissues. We determined enzymatic function using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Small inhibitory ribonucleic acids were used to inhibit PGDH expression in human bladder cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found PGDH messenger ribonucleic acid was increased in an in vitro model of human urothelial differentiation by Northern blotting. Western blotting of human bladder cancer cell lines showed expression in the well-differentiated RT4 cells and no expression in poorly differentiated UC3 cells. Immunostaining showed that PGDH expression increased with differentiation in normal bladder urothelium. The enzyme was functional in the well-differentiated RT4 human bladder cancer cell line. Inhibition of PGDH expression resulted in disruption of E-cadherin expression at cell-cell contacts in well-differentiated RT4 bladder cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies indicate that PGDH expression is associated with urothelial differentiation, and loss of PGDH expression results in disruption of urothelial differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0330, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tseng-Rogenski
authors.forename: I-Ling
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liebert
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases; C035859:15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase