title: Pedicled and free radial forearm flaps for reconstruction of the elbow, wrist, and hand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A single surgeon's experience with 67 pedicled and free radial forearm flaps for reconstruction of the elbow, wrist, and hand was analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven pedicled (43 reverse and 14 antegrade flow) and 10 free radial forearm flaps were performed in 66 patients, including seven fascial flaps and one osteocutaneous flap. Indications involved soft-tissue coverage of the elbow (n = 11), dorsal wrist and hand (n = 24), palmar wrist and hand (n = 12), and thumb amputations (n = 5); after release of thumb-index finger web space contractures (n = 6) and radioulnar synostosis (n = 2); before toe-to-thumb transfers (n = 3); for reconstruction following tumor excision (n = 13); and for wrapping of the median, ulnar, and radial nerves for traction neuritis (n = 5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary healing of the soft-tissue defect of the elbow, wrist, and hand was successful in 95 percent of patients. There was one flap dehiscence, partial loss of two reverse radial forearm flaps, and complete loss of one free radial forearm flap. Eleven donor sites were closed primarily and 56 were covered with a split-thickness skin graft. No patients complained specifically of cold intolerance of the hand or dysesthesias in the superficial radial nerve or lateral antebrachial nerve distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest reported series of radial forearm flaps for reconstruction of the upper extremity. The authors believe the antegrade pedicled radial forearm flap is the optimal flap for coverage of defects around the elbow, and the reverse radial forearm flap is the optimal choice for coverage of moderate-sized defects of the wrist and hand.
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles, Calif. From the UCLA Hand Center, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Neil F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jarrahy
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004550:Elbow / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D014953:Wrist / Q000601:surgery*