title: Effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on rheumatoid arthritis: the women's health initiative randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT) on the incidence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trials evaluated the effects of unopposed estrogen (E-alone) and estrogen plus progestin (E+P) compared with placebo on a diverse set of health outcomes over 7.1 and 5.6 years, respectively. RA cases were identified using historical and medication data. The hazard of developing RA was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Disease symptom severity was estimated using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and self-reported joint pain scores at baseline and after 1 year. Mean changes in severity were compared using linear regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 27,347 participants, 63 prevalent cases and 105 incident cases of RA were identified. A nonsignificant reduction in the risk of developing RA (hazard ratio 0.74; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.51, 1.10) was noted with PHT use. PHT use led to improved SF-36 scores in unadjusted analyses (percent change 12.5%; 95% CI -24.45, -0.57) but not after adjustment for relevant covariates (P = 0.33). Nonsignificant improvements in joint pain scores were seen with PHT use (odds ratio [OR] 4.10; 95% CI 0.83, 20.20). PHT did not improve swelling (OR 1.27; 95% CI 0.08, 19.63) or prevent new joint pains (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.11, 4.68) in RA participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no statistically significant differences in the risk of developing RA or the severity of RA between the PHT and placebo groups.
authors.affiliation: Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA. brian.t.walitt@medstar.net
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walitt
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pettinger
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torner
authors.forename: Mary Chester
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wasko
authors.forename: Barbara V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011374:Progesterone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol