title: The effect of variations in hourglass specimen design on microtensile bond strength to dentin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To correlate the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) of dentin bonding agents to dentin for different hourglass designs with the stress distribution across the adhesive interface utilizing finite element stress analysis (FEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus dentin bonding agent was bonded to flat dentin surfaces in three experimental groups. A 5- to 6-mm layer of resin composite (Filtek Supreme, 3M ESPE) was built up incrementally. After 24 h water storage at 37 degrees C, the bonded teeth were sectioned into hourglass designs of circular, parabolic, and spline shape, with a ca 1 mm2 cross-sectional area at the bonded interface (n=30). The specimens were subjected to microTBS testing at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The fracture surfaces were examined under SEM to determine the modes of failure. FEA models were constructed using the TOMECH program. A load of 100 N was applied and the stresses at the bonded interfaces were viewed using the FEMSYS visualization software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-way ANOVA, Tukey's and Kaplan-Meier tests revealed significant differences in the microTBS for the three designs: 36.7 +/- 8.4, 21.4 +/- 7.9 and 13.8 +/- 4.3 MPa, for the circular, parabolic, and spline hourglass, respectively (p < 0.05). FEA stress distribution data in the adhesive layer showed significant differences among the three designs, which is consistent with the bond strength values. The spline hourglass design showed a three-fold increase in the local stress concentration at its narrowest cross section.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The specimen geometry greatly influences the measurement of the microTBS. The results are consistent with the FEA predictions.
authors.affiliation: Adult Dental Care Department, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. na_bet@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Naeima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Betamar
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cardew
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Noort
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003188:Composite Resins; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D003804:Dentin; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D019279:Resin Cements; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C474035:Filtek Supreme; D019279:Resin Cements; C425844:Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus