title: Predictors of persistent and new-onset fatigue in adolescent girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of fatigue in adolescents and to explore whether psychological, somatic, and lifestyle factors are involved in the onset and persistence of fatigue during adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this longitudinal study, a total of 653 adolescent girls (aged 14.40 +/- 1.45 years) who previously participated in an epidemiological study filled out questionnaires 6 (T2) and 12 (T3) months after the initial assessment (T1). Fatigue severity, depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue syndrome-related symptoms were assessed. We determined the prevalence of severely fatigued cases at T2 and T3 and evaluated whether persistently fatigued participants initially differed from nonfatigued participants and participants with transient fatigue. We examined which factors predicted the development of new-onset fatigue and investigated whether changes in fatigue covaried with changes in other complaints and changes in lifestyle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all participants who were severely fatigued at T1, 25.7% were persistently fatigued throughout the study. Persistently fatigued participants had higher levels of depression and anxiety at the beginning of the study, were less physically active, and slept shorter. New-onset fatigue was predicted by depression, less physical activity, and more nightlife activities. Interestingly, new onset was not predicted by initial levels of fatigue. Persistently fatigued participants did not differ in initial fatigue severity from short-term fatigued patients. A decrease in fatigue severity was associated with a decrease in depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue syndrome-related symptoms and, to a lesser extent, with an increase in physical activity and sleep duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stability of severe fatigue among adolescents is substantial. The involvement in the onset and persistence of fatigue suggests that both preventive and therapeutic strategies with respect to fatigue treatment in adolescents should concentrate on emotional well-being. Moreover, adolescents at risk should be stimulated to spend more time on physical activities and to sleep longer.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: ter Wolbeek
authors.forename: Lorenz J P
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Doornen
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavelaars
authors.forename: Cobi J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heijnen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires