title: Thrombolytic evacuation of post-craniotomy epidural haematomas using closed suction drains: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As an effective treatment for post-craniotomy epidural haematomas (EDHs), a novel method of urokinase instillation using a closed suction drain is presented and the procedure feasibility and outcomes assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A closed system, comprising a closed suction drain with a three-spring 200 mL evacuator, fluid bag with urokinase, and syringe, was constructed to instill urokinase and evacuate a postoperative EDH. Nine patients with a symptomatic, localised EDH under a bone flap after a craniotomy underwent successive urokinase instillation following the proposed protocol. Measurement of the EDH volume and clinical evaluation were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An improvement of computerised tomography findings and clinical state after urokinase instillation was observed in all patients. Six urokinase instillations lasting 12 h in 6 patients with an EDH (18.2 +/- 2.4 mL) and 12 urokinase instillations lasting 24 h in the other 3 patients with an EDH (33.0 +/- 7.9 mL) succeeded in achieving a minimal residual EDH (6.1 +/- 2.8 mL). The EDH volume decreased at a rate of 13.0 +/- 2.3 mL/12 h. The GCS scores increased immediately after thrombolytic evacuation of the EDHs in 6 out of the 9 patients. For the other three patients who did not show a change of GCS score, the severe headaches were improved. All the patients were successfully treated using the proposed technique with no procedural complications such as haemorrhage or infection in the operative wound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study demonstrated that thrombolytic evacuation of a post-craniotomy EDH using a closed suction drain is feasible without complications and may be associated with better outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea. jparkmd@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: G-J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S-K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003399:Craniotomy; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator