title: Incidence of ventricular fibrillation during left coronary arteriography in pigs: comparison of a solution of the nonionic dimer iodixanol with solutions of five different nonionic monomers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Solutions of iodine contrast media (CM) used for selective coronary arteriography (CA) should have minimal propensity to cause ventricular fibrillation (VF). Commonly used CM for CA are nonionic monomers or dimers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare VF propensity of ready-to-use solutions of one nonionic dimer, iodixanol, and five nonionic monomers, iobitridol, iopamidol, iomeprol, iopromide, and ioversol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty milliliters of each CM was injected into the left coronary artery (LCA) through an inflated balloon catheter (0.5 ml/s) in 14 pigs; the longest period of injection was 40 s. If VF occurred before 40 s, the injection was stopped and the heart was defibrillated. After VF, there was a delay of 40 min before the next injection. Hemodynamic parameters and vector electrocardiography (VECG) were monitored. A CM with a lower frequency of VF and a longer period between start of injection and start of VF was considered to have a lower VF propensity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following 14 injections, each of the five nonionic monomers caused 14 VF, whereas iodixanol caused three VF (P<0.01). When VF occurred after iodixanol, it occurred later than after the other CM (P<0.001). Iodixanol caused less prolongation in QRS time (P<0.01) and QTc time (P<0.05) than the other CM. Prolongations in QRS and QTc times caused by CM parallel the VF propensities of the CM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ready-to-use solutions of the dimer iodixanol have lower VF propensity than solutions of the five monomeric CM. This is related to the fact that the solutions of the dimer iodixanol have lower osmolality, higher viscosity, and higher concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 than solutions of the five monomers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Department of Experimental Research, University Hospital Malmö, Medical Faculty, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: J O G
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Almén
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects; D004573:Electrolytes; D005260:Female; D015994:Incidence; D007472:Iohexol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014672:Vectorcardiography; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004573:Electrolytes; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; C057937:iomeprol; C093233:iobitridol; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide; C044834:iodixanol; D007479:Iopamidol; C054871:ioversol