title: Factors which influence the cardiac surgeon's decision not to operate on patients referred for consideration of surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to document what proportion of patients referred for consideration of cardiac surgery are turned down, the reasons given for not operating and also to evaluate what happens to those patients who do not undergo surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  382 elective patients referred for consideration of cardiac surgery to one of six consultant cardiac surgeons at Wythenshawe Hospital during a one year period from were included in the study. Data for those patients who underwent an operation were collected prospectively in a cardiac surgery database. The case notes of those patients who did not undergo an operation were reviewed to establish reasons given by surgeons for not operating. Patients were followed up to determine vital status at the end of the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  333 (87.2%) patients underwent an operation and 49 (12.8%) did not. 68% of patients turned down were thought to be too high-risk. 14% of patients did not fulfill symptomatic or prognostic criteria for surgery and in 8% of patients coronary artery surgery was thought ineffective due to poor distal vessels. 6% of patients declined an operation and 4% were thought to be more suitable for coronary angioplasty. Patients turned down for surgery had more renal dysfunction (p = 0.017), respiratory disease (p < 0.001) and peripheral vascular disease (p < 0.001), were more likely to have undergone prior heart surgery (p < 0.001) and to have poor left ventricular function (p = 0.003). Patients turned down for surgery had significantly higher EuroSCORE values compared to patients who underwent an operation: 5 versus 4 (p = 0.006). Freedom from death in the patients turned down for surgery at 1-, 6-, 12- and 24-months was 95.9%, 91.8%, 83.7% and 71.4% respectively, compared with 97.9%, 96.7%, 96.4% and 94.5% for the patients who underwent an operation (p < 0.001 [log-rank]). 14 of the 15 deaths that occurred in the turned down group occurred in the category considered too high-risk for surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  12.8% of patients referred for consideration of cardiac surgery did not undergo an operation. Two thirds of patients not accepted for surgery were thought too high risk. Those patients who did not undergo an operation had a significantly worse mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wythenshawe Hospital, University of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. waterworth@lineone.net
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Waterworth
authors.forename: Sing Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Soon
authors.forename: Rohith
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Govindraj
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sivaprakasam
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Antony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Grayson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment