title: The runner's high: opioidergic mechanisms in the human brain.
abstract: The runner's high describes a euphoric state resulting from long-distance running. The cerebral neurochemical correlates of exercise-induced mood changes have been barely investigated so far. We aimed to unravel the opioidergic mechanisms of the runner's high in the human brain and to identify the relationship to perceived euphoria. We performed a positron emission tomography "ligand activation" study with the nonselective opioidergic ligand 6-O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-6-O-desmethyldiprenorphine ([(18)F]FDPN). Ten athletes were scanned at 2 separate occasions in random order, at rest and after 2 h of endurance running (21.5 +/- 4.7 km). Binding kinetics of [(18)F]FDPN were quantified by basis pursuit denoising (DEPICT software). Statistical parametric mapping (SPM2) was used for voxelwise analyses to determine relative changes in ligand binding after running and correlations of opioid binding with euphoria ratings. Reductions in opioid receptor availability were identified preferentially in prefrontal and limbic/paralimbic brain structures. The level of euphoria was significantly increased after running and was inversely correlated with opioid binding in prefrontal/orbitofrontal cortices, the anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral insula, parainsular cortex, and temporoparietal regions. These findings support the "opioid theory" of the runner's high and suggest region-specific effects in frontolimbic brain areas that are involved in the processing of affective states and mood.
authors.affiliation: Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany. henning.boecker@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boecker
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sprenger
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Spilker
authors.forename: Gjermund
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koppenhoefer
authors.forename: Klaus J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valet
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berthele
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Tolle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004174:Diprenorphine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005059:Euphoria / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: C411951:6-O-(2-(18F)fluoroethyl)-6-O-desmethyldiprenorphine; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D004174:Diprenorphine