title: Changes in gene expression induced by chemoradiation in advanced cervical carcinoma: a microarray study of RTOG C-0128.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate gene expression patterns in patients with advanced cervix cancer before and during chemoradiation in a multi-institutional cooperative group setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  RTOG C0128 was designed as a Phase II trial of radiation therapy with concomitant chemotherapy and Celecoxib at 400 mg twice daily for one year. Tumor samples were obtained for microarray gene expression analysis before treatment and at the time of the first implant (paired sample). RNA was extracted, linearly amplified, and purity was assessed by gel electrophoresis. Each sample was hybridized against a universal RNA mixture on a customized spotted array consisting of >10,000 genes. Gene expression pre-treatment was compared with clinical characteristics. Changes in gene expression following radiation were assessed within the paired samples (same patient) and then compared across all paired samples. Data were normalized using the AROMA software, and clustering analysis was performed using Ward's method in Spotfire. Differences in paired samples were calculated with Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From August 2001 to March 2004, 84 patients were accrued to the trial. Tissue was obtained prior to initiation of therapy from 34 patients (40%). FIGO stages of the patients providing tissue were IB (23%), II (57%), and IIIA-IVA (20%). RNA quality was sufficient in 22 pre-treatment and 14 post-treatment samples. Among pre-treatment samples, no significant differences in gene expression were observed by FIGO stage, age, or race. However, between comparison of histologic subtypes (adenocarcinoma, n=5; squamous cell carcinoma, n=17) demonstrated 45 genes differentially expressed with a false discovery rate of 0.018. Cluster analysis segregated unpaired samples into 2 groups: 18/22 comprising pre-treatment samples and 10/14 in group 2 representing post-treatment samples. In all 13 paired samples, gene expression after chemoradiation was significantly upregulated in 91 genes and downregulated in 251 genes (false discovery rate of 0.0018). Genes significantly upregulated included bax, cdk inhibitor 1, MMP2, and adhesion molecules PECAM1, VCAM1, and ICAM2. Genes significantly downregulated included topoisomerase II alpha, myc, H2AX, MSH2, RAD51, RAD53, PCNA, and cell cycle-regulating molecules chk1, CDK2, cyclinB1, cyclin D3, cdc2, and cdc25.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microarray analysis was successfully performed in a multi-institutional cooperative group trial. Gene expression significantly correlated with histology, but not stage, age or race. Cluster analysis identified two groups of gene expression profiles correlating with pre or post-treatment acquisition of tissue. Notably, paired samples showed significant changes in gene expression following chemoradiation, including several downregulated radiation response genes. Further analysis comparing gene expression to clinical outcomes, acute and late toxicities awaits maturation of clinical data. Hopefully, this data will lead to the development of molecularly based therapies.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah and Huntsman Cancer Institute, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zempolich
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fuhrman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Milash
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flinner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Greven
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kerlin
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gaffney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*