title: Neuroprotective effects of ketorolac tromethamine after spinal cord injury in rats: an ultrastructural study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intrathecally administered ketorolac tromethamine on ultrastructural changes of the spinal cord in spinal cord-traumatised rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were used and divided into three groups for this study. The rats in Group S (n=6) were control animals and received 10 mul of saline. Groups K50 (n=6) and K400 (n=6) received intrathecally 50 mug and 400 mug of ketorolac tromethamine, respectively, immediately after trauma was induced. All rats underwent laminectomy and the spinal cord was traumatised using the clip-compression technique. Electron microscopic examination of the cord samples was carried out 3 days after spinal cord injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrastructural findings showed severe injury with extensive axoplasmic and cytoplasmic oedema in Group S. Minor neural damage occurred in Group K50 and increased ultrastructural protection was observed in the Group K400.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that intrathecal administration of ketorolac tromethamine protects the spinal cord following injury in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Balcova, Izmir, 35340, Turkey. alper.bagriyanik@deu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Husnu Alper
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bagriyanik
authors.forename: Candan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozogul
authors.forename: Ergin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alaygut
authors.forename: Necati
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gokmen
authors.forename: Semih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kucukguclu
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gunerli
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine