title: DNA-binding study identifies C-box and hybrid C/G-box or C/A-box motifs as high-affinity binding sites for STF1 and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 proteins.
abstract: LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) is a bZIP (basic leucine zipper) transcription factor that activates photomorphogenesis and root development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Previously, STF1 (soybean [Glycine max] TGACG-motif binding factor 1), a homologous legume protein with a RING-finger motif and a bZIP domain, was reported in soybean. To investigate the role of STF1, the phenotypes of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing STF1 and HY5 were compared. In addition, the DNA-binding properties of STF1 and HY5 were extensively studied using random binding site selection and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Overexpression of STF1 in the hy5 mutant of Arabidopsis restored wild-type photomorphogenic and root development phenotypes of short hypocotyl, accumulation of chlorophyll, and root gravitropism with partial restoration of anthocyanin accumulation. This supports that STF1 is a homolog of HY5 with a role in light and hormone signaling. The DNA-binding properties of STF1 and HY5 are shown to be similar to each other in recognizing many ACGT-containing elements with a consensus sequence motif of 5'-(G/A)(G/A) TGACGT(C/G/A)(A/T/G)-3'. The motif represents a characteristically strong preference for flanking sequence to TGACGT and a larger sequence than the sequences recognized by the G-box binding factor and TGA protein families. The finding of C-box, hybrid C/G-, and C/A-boxes as high-affinity binding sites over the G-box and parameters associated with HY5 recognition define the criteria of HY5/STF1 protein-DNA interaction in the promoter regions. This study helps to predict the precise in vivo binding sites of the HY5 protein from the vast number of putative HY5 genomic binding sites analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation on chip.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Environmental Biotechnology Research Center, National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Hun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Cheol Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: An Pio
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Seong Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hee Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Su Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Hye Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dae-Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Chae Oh
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jeong Dong
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bahk
authors.forename: Sang Yeol
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ron T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: Joe L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Key
authors.forename: Jong Chan
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000378:metabolism*; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D018744:DNA, Plant; C109254:HY5 protein, Arabidopsis; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C114565:STF1 protein, Glycine max; D030262:Soybean Proteins