title: Proteomics and phylogenetic analysis of the cathepsin L protease family of the helminth pathogen Fasciola hepatica: expansion of a repertoire of virulence-associated factors.
abstract: Cathepsin L proteases secreted by the helminth pathogen Fasciola hepatica have functions in parasite virulence including tissue invasion and suppression of host immune responses. Using proteomics methods alongside phylogenetic studies we characterized the profile of cathepsin L proteases secreted by adult F. hepatica and hence identified those involved in host-pathogen interaction. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Fasciola cathepsin L gene family expanded by a series of gene duplications followed by divergence that gave rise to three clades associated with mature adult worms (Clades 1, 2, and 5) and two clades specific to infective juvenile stages (Clades 3 and 4). Consistent with these observations our proteomics studies identified representatives from Clades 1, 2, and 5 but not from Clades 3 and 4 in adult F. hepatica secretory products. Clades 1 and 2 account for 67.39 and 27.63% of total secreted cathepsin Ls, respectively, suggesting that their expansion was positively driven and that these proteases are most critical for parasite survival and adaptation. Sequence comparison studies revealed that the expansion of cathepsin Ls by gene duplication was followed by residue changes in the S2 pocket of the active site. Our biochemical studies showed that these changes result in alterations in substrate binding and suggested that the divergence of the cathepsin L family produced a repertoire of enzymes with overlapping and complementary substrate specificities that could cleave host macromolecules more efficiently. Although the cathepsin Ls are produced as zymogens containing a prosegment and mature domain, all secreted enzymes identified by MS were processed to mature active enzymes. The prosegment region was highly conserved between the clades except at the boundary of prosegment and mature enzyme. Despite the lack of conservation at this section, sites for exogenous cleavage by asparaginyl endopeptidases and a Leu-Ser[downward arrow]His motif for autocatalytic cleavage by cathepsin Ls were preserved.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Level 6, Building 4, corner of Thomas and Harris Streets, Ultimo, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia. mark.robinson-2@uts.edu.au
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Jose F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Tort
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lowther
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Weibo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Colin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Padula
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D056668:Cathepsin L; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000737:chemistry; D005210:Fasciola hepatica / Q000201:enzymology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors; D002403:Cathepsins; D010450:Endopeptidases; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D056668:Cathepsin L