title: Impact of previous bacille Calmette-Guérin failure pattern on subsequent response to bacille Calmette-Guérin plus interferon intravesical therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) failure pattern in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer on the subsequent response to intravesical immunotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the national Phase II multicenter trial for BCG plus interferon-alpha intravesical therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer were analyzed. The cancer-free rates for BCG-naive (BCG-N) and BCG-failure (BCG-F) patients with different failure patterns were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a median follow-up of 24 months, the BCG-N and BCG-F patients had a cancer-free rate of 59% and 45%, respectively. The BCG-F patients with immediate recurrence (refractory disease), within 6, 6 to 12, 12 to 24, and longer than 24 months had a cancer-free rate of 34%, 41%, 43%, 53%, and 66%, respectively (P = 0.005 for trend). No statistically significant difference was found in the cancer-free rates between patients with failure after 12 months and those with failure after 24 months or between BCG-N patients and those with failure after 12 and 24 months. A multivariate analysis of patients with failure after 12 months revealed that the number of previous courses of BCG did not significantly affect the treatment response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with disease recurrence more than 1 year after BCG treatment and who were treated with low-dose BCG plus interferon-alpha had response rates similar to those of BCG-N patients treated with regular-dose BCG plus interferon. Although cystectomy should still be strongly considered, these patients might benefit from another trial with intravesical immunotherapy. In contrast, recurrence within 1 year of BCG treatment should lead to consideration of either cystectomy or alternative intravesical therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1089, USA.
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Fadi N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Joudi
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Maymí
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016898:Interferon-alpha