title: Prescribing opioids in renal failure.
abstract: Opioids are commonly used in both cancer and noncancer pain. Many patients who require opioids have renal impairment. This can adversely influence the safety of opioids in these patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to (1) determine which opioids are most commonly prescribed in patients with renal impairment, (2) to identify differences in prescribing practices between two groups of physicians, and (3) to determine how renal impairment was recognized in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire postal survey was sent out to renal and palliative medicine consultants in U.K. and Ireland. One hundred and seventy-eight (30.5 percent) questionnaires were completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A larger proportion of renal than palliative medicine physicians prescribed morphine in patients with renal impairment. A significant number of physicians did not adjust doses of morphine or codeine. Palliative medicine physicians were more likely to prescribe opioids other than morphine, with the exception offentanyl which was widely used by both groups. Renal physicians were more likely to base their choice of opioid on glomerular filtration rate while palliative medicine physicians were more likely to be influenced by serum creatinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consensus guidelines drawing on expertise from both palliative and renal physicians are needed to promote safer use of opioids in this vulnerable patient group.
authors.affiliation: Palliative Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Droney
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Columba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quigley
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D009398:Nephrology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid