title: Individual detection of genetically modified maize varieties in non-identity-preserved maize samples.
abstract: In many countries, the labeling of grains and feed- and foodstuffs is mandatory if the genetically modified organism (GMO) content exceeds a certain level of approved GM varieties. The GMO content in a maize sample containing the combined-trait (stacked) GM maize as determined by the currently available methodology is likely to be overestimated. However, there has been little information in the literature on the mixing level and varieties of stacked GM maize in real sample grains. For the first time, the GMO content of non-identity-preserved (non-IP) maize samples imported from the United States has been successfully determined by using a previously developed individual kernel detection system coupled to a multiplex qualitative PCR method followed by multichannel capillary gel electrophoresis system analysis. To clarify the GMO content in the maize samples imported from the United States, determine how many stacked GM traits are contained therein, and which GM trait varieties frequently appeared in 2005, the GMO content (percent) on a kernel basis and the varieties of the GM kernels in the non-IP maize samples imported from the United States were investigated using the individual kernel analysis system. The average (+/-standard deviation) of the GMO contents on a kernel basis in five non-IP sample lots was determined to be 51.0+/-21.6%, the percentage of a single GM trait grains was 39%, and the percentage of the stacked GM trait grains was 12%. The MON810 grains and NK603 grains were the most frequent varieties in the single GM traits. The most frequent stacked GM traits were the MON810xNK603 grains. In addition, the present study would provide the answer and impact for the quantification of GM maize content in the GM maize kernels on labeling regulation.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan. akiyama@nihs.go.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: Kozue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Asako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Ming S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Taichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oguchi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furui
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitta
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hino
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Teshima
mesh_terms: D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000032:analysis*; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005515:Food Labeling; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012639:Seeds / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States; D003313:Zea mays / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant