title: Right ventricular pacing is an independent predictor for ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation occurrence and heart failure events in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is increasing evidence that right ventricular (RV) pacing may have detrimental effects by increasing morbidity and mortality for heart failure in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) patients. In this study we prospectively tested the hypothesis that cumulative RV pacing increases ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) occurrence (primary endpoint) and hospitalization and mortality for heart failure (secondary endpoint) in a predominantly secondary prophylactic ICD patient population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and fifty patients were divided into two groups according to the median of cumulative RV pacing (< or =2 vs. >2%) and prospectively followed-up for occurrence of primary and secondary endpoints for 18 +/- 4 months. Established predictors for VT/VF occurrence and heart failure events such as age, left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), QRS duration, history of atrial fibrillation, and NT-proBNP were collected at enrollment. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that cumulative RV pacing > 2% and EF < 40% were independent predictors for VT/VF occurrence and heart failure events. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with >2% cumulative RV pacing more frequently suffered from VT/VF occurrence and heart failure hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cumulative RV pacing > 2% and EF < 40% are independent predictors for VT/VF occurrence and mortality and hospitalization for heart failure in predominantly secondary prophylactic ICD patients. Our data show that algorithms capable of reducing cumulative RV pacing should be used more frequently in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Ajmal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gardiwal
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oswald
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Luesebrink
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Andreas Maximilian
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pichlmaier
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Drexler
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain