title: Active and passive smoking and depression among Japanese workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relation of passive and active smoking to depressive symptoms in 1839 men and 931 women working in a suburb of Tokyo in 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported smoking history and exposure to passive smoking (no, occasional, or regular) at work and at home. Depressive symptoms according to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, with a cut-off point of 16.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to never smokers unexposed to passive smoking, never smokers reporting regular and occasional exposure to passive smoking at work had increased depressive symptoms. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were 1.92 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14, 3.23) for regular exposure and 1.63 (95% CI 1.08, 2.47) for occasional exposure. Current smokers had significantly increased depressive symptoms (aOR ranging from 2.25 to 2.38) but former smokers had only marginal increases of depressive symptoms (aOR ranging from 1.43 to 1.55). Gender did not modify the effects of active/passive smoking on depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive smoking at work and current smoking appear associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA. cji5@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hojou
authors.forename: Jeannie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nigam
authors.forename: Naomi G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014041:Tokyo / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution