title: Lithium blocks stress-induced changes in depressive-like behavior and hippocampal cell fate: the role of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3beta.
abstract: Mood disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders. Although the mechanisms implicated in the genesis of mood disorders are still unclear, stress is known to predispose to depression, and recently, studies have related hippocampal neurogenesis and apoptosis to depression. In the present study we first examined the balance between cell birth-death in the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) of pre-pubertal and adult rats subjected to chronic-mild-stress (CMS). CMS led to increased corticosterone secretion and induced depressive-like symptoms (assessed in the forced-swimming test); these endocrine and behavioral effects were paralleled by decreased hippocampal, but not SVZ, cell proliferation/differentiation and by increased apoptotic rate. In order to determine if lithium, a known mood stabilizer with antidepressant properties, could prevent the stress-induced events, we analyzed the same parameters in a group of rats treated with lithium during the stress exposure period (CMS+Li) and observed that the hormonal, behavioral and cell turnover effects of CMS were abrogated in these animals. Subsequently, to search for possible pathways through which CMS and lithium influence behavior, cell fate and synaptic plasticity, we analyzed the expression of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), as well as some of its downstream targets (B-cell-CLL/lymphoma2-associated athanonege (BAG-1) and synapsin-I). CMS increased GSK-3beta and decreased synapsin-I and BAG-1 expression in the hippocampus. Interestingly, co-administration of lithium precluded the CMS-induced effects in GSK-3beta, synapsin-I and BAG-1 expression. Our observation that specific inhibition of this kinase with AR-A014418 blocked the effects of CMS in depressive-like behavior and in BAG-1 and synapsin-I expression confirmed the involvement of the GSK-3beta pathway in stress-induced effects. In summary, these results reveal that lithium, by regulating the activity of GSK-3beta, prevents the deleterious effects of stress on behavior and cellular functions.
authors.affiliation: Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bessa
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sotiropoulos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leão
authors.forename: O F X
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sousa
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016704:Synapsins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; C091732:BCL2-associated athanogene 1 protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016704:Synapsins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D018021:Lithium Chloride; D003345:Corticosterone