title: Khat (Catha edulis) induces reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in normal human oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
abstract: Khat chewing is widely practiced in Eastern Africa and the Middle East. Khat is genotoxic to cells within the oral mucosa, and several studies have suggested an association between khat use and oral lesions like hyperkeratosis and oral cancer. This study investigated the mechanism of khat-induced cytotoxicity using primary normal human oral keratinocytes (NOK) and fibroblasts (NOF). Khat induced rounding up of cells, plasma membrane blebbing, and condensation of nuclear chromatin within 3-6 h of exposure. The cells also showed externalization of phosphatidylserine and fragmentation of DNA. Morphological and biochemical features were compatible with cell death by apoptosis. Khat also induced an increase in cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) within 1 h of exposure. Antioxidants reduced ROS generation, GSH depletion and delayed the onset of cytotoxicity in both cell types. Generally, NOF cells were more sensitive to khat-induced cytotoxicity than NOK cells. These effects were elicited at concentrations of khat expected to occur in the oral cavity during khat chewing. In summary, khat induced apoptotic cell death in primary normal oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts by an early effect on mechanisms that regulate oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Section for Pathology, The Gade Institute, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ochiba M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Lukandu
authors.forename: Daniela E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Costea
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neppelberg
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Johannessen
authors.forename: Olav K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Vintermyr
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D029754:Catha / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002843:Chromatin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species