title: Monitoring quality loss of pasteurized skim milk using visible and short wavelength near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis.
abstract: Visible and short wavelength near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (600 to 1,100 nm) was evaluated as a technique for detecting and monitoring spoilage of pasteurized skim milk at 3 storage temperatures (6, 21, and 37 degrees C) over 3 to 30 h (control, t = 0 h; n = 3). Spectra, total aerobic plate count, and pH were obtained, with a total of 60 spectra acquired per sample. Multivariate statistical procedures, including principal component analysis, soft independent modeling of class analogy, and partial least squares calibration models were developed for predicting the degree of milk spoilage. Principal component analysis showed apparent clustering and segregation of milk samples that were stored at different time intervals. Milk samples that were stored for 30 h or less at different temperatures were noticeably separated from control and distinctly clustered. Soft independent modeling of class analogy analysis could correctly classify 88 to 93% of spectra of incubated samples from control at 30 h. A partial least squares model with 5 latent variables correlating spectral features with bacterial counts and pH yielded a correlation coefficient (R = 0.99 and 0.99) and a standard error of prediction (0.34 log(10) cfu/mL and 0.031 pH unit), respectively. It may be feasible to use short wavelength near-infrared spectroscopy to detect and monitor milk spoilage rapidly and noninvasively by correlating changes in spectral features with the level of bacterial proliferation and milk spoilage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan. h.qadiri@ju.edu.jo
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al-Qadiri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Al-Holy
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cavinato
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rasco
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D011786:Quality Control; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors