title: Application of immunohistochemistry to liver and gastrointestinal neoplasms: liver, stomach, colon, and pancreas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunohistochemistry has become an integral component of the practice of pathology. Newer antibodies allow for increasingly precise diagnoses for tumors that previously could not be easily identified. Recently, immunohistochemical evaluations have begun to allow pathologists to actively assist in determining prognosis and even in selecting therapies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the usefulness of currently available immunostains for the study of liver and gastrointestinal system neoplasms and to make recommendations for panels of immunostains that can be particularly helpful.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information has been collected from recent literature as well as from personal experience and practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many immunostains are now available for the practicing pathologist that allow for increasing accuracy in diagnosis of liver and gastrointestinal tract neoplasms. Panels of immunostains can be used to differentiate between various tumors and also to identify site of origin in the case of a metastatic neoplasm. Immunostains that allow for prognostic determinations and for guidance in the selection of chemotherapeutic agents can also be used by pathologists to assist in the management of patients with malignant tumors affecting the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Room 8728, Los Angeles, CA 90048-0750, USA. stephen.geller@cshs.org
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: Deepti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dhall
authors.forename: Randa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alsabeh
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor