title: Thinking activates EMG in scalp electrical recordings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fast electrical rhythms in the gamma range (30-100Hz) in scalp (but not intracranial) recordings are predominantly due to electromyographic (EMG) activity. We hypothesized that increased EMG activity would be augmented by mental tasks in proportion to task difficulty and the requirement of these tasks for motor or visuo-motor output.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG was recorded in 98 subjects whilst performing cognitive tasks and analysed to generate power spectra. In four other subjects, neuromuscular blockade was achieved pharmacologically providing EMG-free spectra of EEG at rest and during mental tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to the paralysed condition, power of scalp electrical recordings in the gamma range varied in distribution, being maximal adjacent to cranial or cervical musculature. There were non-significant changes in mean gamma range activity due to mental tasks in paralysed subjects. In normal subjects, increases in scalp electrical activity were observed during tasks, without relationship to task difficulty, but with tasks involving limb- or eye-movement having higher power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrical rhythms in the gamma frequency range recorded from the scalp are inducible by mental activity and are largely due to EMG un-related to cognitive effort. EMG varies with requirements for somatic or ocular movement more than task difficulty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe restrictions exist on utilizing scalp recordings for high frequency EEG.
authors.affiliation: Schools of Medicine, Informatics and Engineering, and Psychology, Department of Neurology, Flinders University and Medical Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: Emma M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Whitham
authors.forename: Trent
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fitzgibbon
authors.forename: C Richard
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loveless
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeLosAngeles
authors.forename: Angus K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broberg
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Willoughby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016477:Artifacts; D001279:Atracurium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D004576:Electromyography / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010243:Paralysis / Q000139:chemically induced; D012535:Scalp / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D013850:Thinking / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; D001279:Atracurium; C101584:cisatracurium