title: Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in a South Indian Type 2 diabetic population--the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) Eye Study 4.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in an urban South Indian Type 2 diabetic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study is a large cross-sectional study conducted in Chennai, South India. A total of 1736 Type 2 diabetic subjects were recruited for this study, which included 1382 known diabetic subjects (90.4% response rate) and 354 randomly selected, newly detected diabetic subjects diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test. All subjects underwent four-field stereo retinal colour photography, graded by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1736 Type 2 diabetic subjects photographed, photographs could be graded in 1715 subjects. Stepwise ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender (P = 0.041), duration of diabetes (P < 0.0001), glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c); P < 0.0001), macroalbuminuria (P = 0.0002) and insulin therapy (P = 0.0001) were significantly associated with severity of DR. The risk for developing DR was 7.7 times (95% confidence interval 4.71-12.48, P < 0.0001) for elevated postprandial plasma glucose levels compared with 4.2 times (95% confidence interval 2.78-6.34, P < 0.0001) for elevated fasting plasma glucose when the fourth quartile values were compared with the first quartile glucose values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In South Indian Type 2 diabetic subjects, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, male gender, macroalbuminuria and insulin therapy were independent risk factors for severity of DR. Postprandial hyperglycaemia indicated a higher risk for DR compared with elevated fasting plasma glucose levels.
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anitha
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganesan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rema
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin