title: Delivery of noncarrier naked DNA vaccine into the skin by supersonic flow induces a polarized T helper type 1 immune response to cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA vaccine is a new and powerful approach to generate immunological responses against infectious disease and cancer. The T helper type (Th)1 immune response is usually required for generating effective anti-tumor responses. A microparticulate bombardment system can induce an immune response using very low amounts of DNA. Using nozzle aerodynamics, a low pressure gene gun has been developed to decrease the noise associated with high pressure gene guns. Particles are propelled by supersonic flow through this novel nozzle. To test whether this gun could inoculate a DNA vaccine that stimulates an anti-tumor Th1 immune response, we examined the effect of direct delivery of naked DNA (i.e. without any carrier) on the anti-tumor immune response of mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The luciferase reporter plasmid DNA was delivered using a low-pressure biolistic device and expressed in C3H/HeN, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasmid DNA expression was mainly in the epidermis. Noncarrier naked neu DNA vaccine and gold particle-coated neu DNA vaccine (at 1 microg per mouse) had similar anti-tumor effects in C3H mice. However, cytokine profile examination showed the Th1-bias of the response induced by naked DNA vaccine and the Th2-bias of the response induced by coated DNA vaccine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A shift in the immune response to favour enhanced tumor rejection can be achieved by skin delivery of naked DNA vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Meng-Chi
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Chiu-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shih-Shien
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Huei-Jiun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Nan-Haw
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Ming-Derg
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019470:Biolistics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004817:Epidermis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008156:Luciferases; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D008156:Luciferases