title: Heterozygosity for a single mutation in the ABCC6 gene may closely mimic PXE: consequences of this phenotype overlap for the definition of PXE.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate a phenotypic overlap consisting of usual, but limited, or atypical manifestations of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) between heterozygous carriers of a single ABCC6 mutation and patients diagnosed with PXE, carriers of homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation for full and typical, incomplete, mild, or overlooked PXE during a 5-year period (2001-2005) based on the following 1992 expert consensus conference items: (1) yellowish papular skin eruption, (2) dermal elastorrhexis and mineralization of elastic fibers in lesional skin, and (3) angioid streaks. Testing for ABCC6 mutations was performed in all cases after informed consent.
  
  
  METHODS
  French multidisciplinary outpatient clinic for patients with PXE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients prospectively referred for PXE and first-degree relatives. Main Outcome Measure Prevalence of PXE with a limited or atypical phenotype and manifesting heterozygosity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-four patients were diagnosed as having PXE. Fifty-eight relatives were also examined, and none displayed the characteristic signs of the disease. Despite the histoclinical items and ABCC6 genotyping, we were unable to establish a definite diagnosis in 5 additional referred cases, ie, to distinguish between PXE with a limited or atypical phenotype and heterozygosity with skin and/or ophthalmologic and/or cardiovascular manifestations suggestive of PXE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We assume that all categories established at the 1992 consensus conference correspond to PXE, but that the 5 patients reported herein also have PXE. Homozygous, compound heterozygous, or heterozygous individuals may fulfill only some of the clinical and/or histopathologic consensus criteria of PXE. They cannot be placed into any category. Expressivity is highly variable in carriers of 1 or 2 ABCC6 mutations, and the disease manifestations overlap between both genotypes. Physicians should thus be more cautious with respect to the prognosis when faced with heterozygous relatives of a patient diagnosed with undisputable PXE. Indeed, heterozygotes may uncommonly experience severe ophthalmologic complications. Whether they may also have cardiovascular complications related to or worsened by PXE remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Angers, CHU d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers CEDEX 9, France. LuMartin@chu-angers.fr
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maître
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonicel
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Daudon
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verny
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonneau
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Le Saux
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chassaing
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011561:Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; C102029:ABCC6 protein, human