title: Imaging of cell trafficking and metastases of paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to establish a preclinical mouse model to study metastases of paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma at the macroscopic and cellular levels, with different imaging methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  The alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell line Rh30 was stably transfected with the red fluorescent protein (DsRed2) then was xenotransplanted (intravenous injection [n = 8], and footpad injection [n = 8]) into nude mice (NMRI nu/nu). Macroscopic imaging of metastases was performed using DsRed2-fluorescence and flat-panel volumetric computed tomography scan. In a further series of animals (n = 8), in vivo cell trafficking of rhabdomyosarcoma cells using cellular imaging with an Olympus OV100 variable-magnification small-animal imaging system was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metastases in the pelvis, thoracic wall and skin were visualized by fluorescence imaging. Pelvic metastases were found after tail vein injection and at other metastatic sites after footpad injection. Flat-panel volumetric computed tomography scan data allowed highly specific analysis of contrast between tumour and surrounding tissue. Correlation between fluorescence and flat-panel volumetric computed tomography scan imaging data was observed. Single-cell imaging visualized tumour cells in the vessels and demonstrated the arrest of tumour cells at vessel junctions followed by extravasation of the tumour cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We established a model for visualization of experimental metastatic invasion and describe relevant tools for imaging childhood rhabdomyosarcoma metastases at the macroscopic and cellular levels. Imaging of cell trafficking visualized the behaviour of tumour cells and development of metastases by accumulation and extravasation of rhabdomyosarcoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany. guido.seitz@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Warmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heitmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mahrt
authors.forename: A-C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Busse
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruck
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wessels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein