title: Psychiatric diagnosis - is it universal or relative to culture?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little consensus on the extent to which psychiatric disorders or syndromes are universal or the extent to which they differ on their core definitions and constellation of symptoms as a result of cultural or contextual factors. This controversy continues due to the lack of biological markers, imprecise measurement and the lack of a gold standard for validating most psychiatric conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Empirical studies were used to present evidence in favor of or against a universalist or relativistic view of child psychiatric disorders using a model developed by Robins and Guze to determine the validity of psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of some of the most common specific disorders and syndromes as well as its risk and protective factors vary across cultures, yet comorbid patterns and response to treatments vary little across cultures. Cross-cultural longitudinal data on outcomes is equivocal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-cultural validity of child disorders may vary drastically depending on the disorder, but empirical evidence that attests for the cross-cultural validity of diagnostic criteria for each child disorder is lacking. There is a need for studies that investigate the extent to which gene-environment interactions are related to specific disorders across cultures. Clinicians are urged to consider culture and context in determining the way in which children's psychopathology may be manifested independent of their views. Recommendations for the upcoming classificatory system are provided so that practical or theoretical considerations are addressed about how culture and ethnic issues affect the assessment or treatment of specific disorders in children.
authors.affiliation: University of Puerto Rico Medical School, Medical Sciences Campus, Behavioral Research Institute, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA. gcanino@rcm.upr.edu
authors.forename: Glorisa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canino
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alegría
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence