What is new in autism?
OBJECTIVE
Autism is now recognized in one out of 150 children. This review highlights the topics within the growing autism literature that are shaping current thinking on autism and advancing research and clinical understanding of autism spectrum disorders.


RESULTS
The role of single-stranded microdeletions and epigenetic influences on brain development has dramatically altered our understanding of the etiology of the autisms. Recent research has focused on the role of synapse structure and function as central to the development of autism and suggests possible targets of interventions. Brain underconnectivity has been a focus in recent imaging studies and has become a central theme in conceptualizing autism. Despite increased awareness of autism there is no 'epidemic' and no one cause for autism. Data from the sibling studies are identifying early markers of autism and defining the broader autism phenotype.


CONCLUSIONS
Larger datasets in genetics, a focus on the early signs of autism, and increased recognition of the importance of defining subgroups of children with autism are leading to a greater understanding of the etiologies of autism. A growing interest in defining the molecular biology of social cognition, which is at the core of autism, will lead to expansion of our presently limited choices of mechanistically based interventions.
Rapin
Isabelle
I
Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, and Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. rapin@aecom.yu.edu
Tuchman
Roberto F
RF
D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000639:trends; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology; D012919:Social Behavior; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology