title: Combined effect of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-13 polymorphisms on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in Korean children with asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  TNF-alpha and IL-13, two pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokines, are increased in asthmatic airways and may be linked to asthma susceptibility and/or bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association between the TNF-alpha-308G/A polymorphism and asthma susceptibility or asthma-related phenotypes in Korean children with asthma, and tested for a combined effect with IL-13 polymorphisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Asthmatic children (n=719) and non-atopic healthy control children (n=243) were evaluated for asthma phenotypes including total serum IgE and BHR to methacholine. Genotypes were determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The allele frequency of TNF-alpha-308A in asthmatics (14.1%) was higher than that in control children [8.7%, odds ratio (OR) 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.82]. Significantly lower PC(20) values were found in asthmatic children carrying one or two copies of the TNF-alpha risk allele (-308A) vs. those homozygous for the common allele (P=0.026). Combined analysis revealed that atopic asthmatic children co-inherited the risk alleles of TNF-alpha-308G/A and IL-13 +2044G/A more frequently than control children (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.00-3.65), and asthmatic children co-inheriting both risk alleles had significantly lower PC(20) values vs. asthmatic children homozygous for the common alleles (P=0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism (-308G/A) may be associated with asthma susceptibility and BHR in Korean children with asthma. In addition, there appears to be a synergistic effect between the TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism and an IL-13 coding region polymorphism in terms of asthma susceptibility and BHR in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: H-B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H-S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: B-S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S-O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Y-C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M-H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: K-E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S-J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000235:genetics*; D007723:Korea; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018793:Interleukin-13; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha