title: Protoapigenone, a novel flavonoid, induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2.
abstract: In this study, we investigated the anticancer effect of protoapigenone on human prostate cancer cells. Protoapigenone inhibited cell growth through arresting cancer cells at S and G(2)/M phases as well as inducing apoptosis. Blockade of cell cycle by protoapigenone was associated with an increase in the levels of inactivated phospho (p)-Cdc25C (Ser216) and a decrease in the levels of activated p-cyclin B1 (Ser147), cyclin B1, and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2. Protoapigenone triggered apoptosis by increasing the levels of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3. In addition, activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2 was a critical mediator in protoapigenone-induced cell death. Inhibition of the expression of p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 by pharmacological inhibitors or specific small interfering RNA reversed the protoapigenone-induced apoptosis through decreasing the level of cleaved caspase-3. In contrast, p38 MAPK, but not JNK1/2, was involved in the protoapigenone-mediated S and G(2)/M arrest by modulating the levels of Cdk2 and p-Cdc25C (Ser216). Moreover, in vivo xenograft study showed that protoapigenone had a significant inhibition of prostate tumor growth without major side effects on the mice we tested. This inhibition was associated with induction of apoptosis and activation of p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 in protoapigenone-treated tumor tissues. In conclusion, our results demonstrated protoapigenone suppressed prostate cancer cell growth through the activation of p38 MAPK and JNK1/2, with the potential to be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsueh-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yang-Chang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jinu-Huang
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Yao-Tsung
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Shyng-Shiou F
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047309:Flavones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D047309:Flavones; C524112:protoapigenone; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases