title: Management of the axilla in women with breast cancer: current clinical practice and a new selective targeted approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Axillary nodal status is the most important prognostic factor for patients with breast cancer. Clinical assessment and imaging modalities are not always reliable. Surgical removal and histopathological examination of axillary lymph nodes remain essential methods of staging the axilla. However, the optimal management of the axilla remains uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed Medline searches to identify relevant systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and nonrandomized and randomized controlled trials for the past 5 years (up to December 2007), as well as important historical articles and clinical guidelines relating to management of the axilla in women with breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been the standard surgical approach for many years. It is, however, associated with marked morbidity; survival benefit remains uncertain. Axillary node sampling, widely practiced in the United Kingdom, is a reliable alternative procedure in staging the axilla, with less morbidity. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become an accurate method for staging the axilla in women with operable, clinically node-negative breast cancer. SLNB alone appears to be a safe and acceptable procedure for patients with uninvolved SLNs. Completion ALND or axillary radiotherapy remains the standard treatment for patients with tumor-involved SLNs. SLNB is associated with less morbidity than ALND. However, long-term follow-up and therapeutic outcomes are being awaited from randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several procedures are available for staging and treating the axilla. A tailored surgical approach, with careful assessment of risk-benefit and patient preference, is guiding the evolving modern management of the axilla for women with breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Department, Lincoln County Hospital, Greetwell Road, Lincoln, LN2 5QY, UK. ssamphao@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Srila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samphao
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Eremin
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Sheemy
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Eremin
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008408:Mastectomy; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy