title: Saffron supplement maintains morphology and function after exposure to damaging light in mammalian retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether the saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) given as a dietary supplement counteracts the effects of continuous light exposure in the albino rat retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three experimental groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Experimental animals were prefed either saffron or beta-carotene (1 mg extract/kg/d) before they were exposed to bright continuous light (BCL) for 24 hours. Flash electroretinograms (fERGs) were recorded in control and treated rats the day before and 1 week after light exposure. At the end of the second recording session, the animals were killed and the retinas were quickly removed, fixed, cryosectioned, and labeled so that the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) could be analyzed. Changes in protein level and cellular localization of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 were determined by Western blot analysis and retinal immunohistochemistry, respectively. In a second series of experiments, rats were killed at the end of light exposure, and the amount of apoptotic figures in the ONL was assessed by terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (d-UTP)-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL). BCL induced DNA fragmentation, characteristic of dying cells, almost exclusively in the photoreceptor layer. The rate of photoreceptor death induced by BCL is expressed as the frequency of TUNEL-positive profiles per millimeter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The photoreceptor layer was largely preserved in saffron-treated animals because it was the fERG response. In addition, the rate of photoreceptor death induced by BCL appeared drastically reduced in treated animals. In beta-carotene prefeeding experiments, morphologic analysis showed preservation of the ONL similar to that obtained with saffron prefeeding, whereas the fERG response was unrecordable. Western blot analysis showed that exposure to light induced a strong upregulation of FGF2 in control and beta-carotene-treated rats, but s no change was noted in saffron-treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that saffron may protect photoreceptors from retinal stress, maintaining both morphology and function and probably acting as a regulator of programmed cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maccarone
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Marco
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bisti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D027622:Crocus; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D004596:Electroretinography; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D035264:Flowers; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D019207:beta Carotene; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2