title: Galanin hyperinnervation upregulates choline acetyltransferase expression in cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fibers containing galanin (GAL) enlarge and hyperinnervate cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) nucleus basalis (NB) neurons in late-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the physiological consequences of this phenomenon are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether GAL hyperinnervation of cholinergic NB neurons modulates the expression of genes critical to cholinergic transmission [e.g. acetylcholine (ACh) metabolism and ACh receptors] in AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-cell gene expression profiling was used to compare cholinergic mRNA levels in non-GAL-hyperinnervated NB neurons in tissue autopsied from cases classified as having no cognitive impairment (NCI) or late-stage AD (AD/GAL-) and in GAL-hyperinnervated (AD/GAL+) NB neurons from the same AD subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AD/GAL+ cells displayed a significant upregulation in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA expression compared to NCI and AD/GAL- cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GAL fiber hyperinnervation of cholinergic NB neurons upregulates the expression of ChAT, the synthetic enzyme for ACh, suggesting that GAL regulates the cholinergic tone of CBF neurons in AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill. 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Counts
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Shaoli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Che
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: Elliott J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mufson
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000201:enzymology*; D019004:Galanin / Q000502:physiology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology*; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000201:enzymology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019004:Galanin; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase