title: Androgen receptor is expressed in both X- and Y-carrier human spermatozoa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the amount of AR messenger RNA (mRNA) and to analyze the presence and functionality of the AR protein in X- and Y-carrier human spermatozoa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A molecular and cellular research study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research clinic and laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten normozoospermic volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm were analyzed for expression of AR mRNA and protein. The functionality of AR protein was assessed after incubation with 1 nM of synthetic androgen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, Western immunoblotting, confocal immunofluorescence, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant amount of AR mRNA (around 30% of that found in the testis) was found in sperm. Androgen receptor protein was found in both X- and Y-carrier spermatozoa and translocates into the nucleus in the presence of synthetic androgen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A functional AR is expressed in human sperm. In view of the fact that AR protein is found in both X- and Y-carrier spermatozoa, it most probably is translated in earlier steps of spermatogenesis and moves to Y-carrier spermatids through the cytoplasmic bridges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zuccarello
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garolla
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferlin
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menegazzo
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Toni
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carraro
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Veronese
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foresta
mesh_terms: D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D004247:DNA