title: Incomplete cellular depopulation may explain the high failure rate of bovine ureteric grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim was to assess the results of a decellularized bovine ureter graft (SynerGraft) for complex venous access.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine ureter conduits were implanted in patients with a failed fistula or access graft in whom native vessels were unsuitable as conduits. Graft histories were obtained from all patients who had undergone this procedure at one institution. Failed grafts were explanted and subjected to histological examination. A sample of fresh bovine ureter was immunostained for galactose (alpha1 --> 3) galactose (alpha-Gal).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients with a median age of 46 (range 25-70) years underwent complex venous access surgery between August 2004 and November 2006 using a SynerGraft. Graft types included loop superficial femoral artery to stump of long saphenous vein (four patients), loop brachial artery to vein (two), brachial artery to axillary vein (two) and left axillary artery to innominate vein (one). Three grafts developed aneurysmal dilatation and two thrombosed. Histological assessment of the explanted bovine ureters revealed acute and chronic transmural inflammation. Immunostaining of fresh bovine ureter suggested residual cells and the xenoantigen alpha-Gal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Graft failure with aneurysmal dilatation and thrombosis in complex arteriovenous conduits using bovine ureter may be due to residual xenoantigens.
authors.affiliation: Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK. jamesianspark@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Spark
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeluri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derham
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leitch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D015478:Antigens, Heterophile / Q000378:metabolism; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002417:Cattle; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017131:Thrombectomy / Q000379:methods; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000473:pathology; D014181:Transplantation Immunology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014599:Uterus / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*
chemical_list: D015478:Antigens, Heterophile