title: Type C coping, alexithymia, and heart rate reactivity are associated independently and differentially with specific immune mechanisms linked to HIV progression.
abstract: The maladaptive Type C coping style has been linked to disease progression in HIV and other immunologically mediated disorders. We hypothesized that strong Type C coping, higher levels of alexithymia, and greater cardiovascular (particularly heart rate) responses to, and prolonged recovery from stress would be associated with poorer functioning of immune parameters previously linked to HIV pathogenesis and progression: (1) antigen-stimulated production of the beta (beta)-chemokines MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta, which bind to the HIV co-receptor CCR5 and block HIV entry into CD4(+) lymphocytes; and (2) antigen-stimulated production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which synergizes immune activation associated with HIV replication. We examined relations among psychological, cardiovascular, and immune variables in a baseline sample of 200 HIV-infected, predominantly African American outpatients attending an HIV primary care clinic in inner-city Baltimore. In regression analyses adjusted for CD4(+) count and age, strong Type C coping was associated with significantly higher IL-6 production, as predicted. The theoretically related construct of alexithymia was correlated with significantly lower stimulated production of HIV-inhibiting MIP-1 alpha. Independent of alexithymia, greater heart rate reactivity, and poorer heart rate recovery in response to experimental stressors were also significantly associated with lower production of MIP-1 alpha, adjusted for cardiovascular medications, methadone use, CD4(+) count, and age. These findings support our primary set of hypotheses that maladaptive Type C coping, alexithymia, and heart rate reactivity/recovery are associated with disturbances in two key immune parameters implicated in HIV pathogenesis. Our secondary hypothesis, that dysregulated heart rate reactivity may mediate the connections between Type C coping and/or alexithymia and IL-6/ MIP-1 alpha was not confirmed. The finding that Type C coping, alexithymia, and heart rate reactivity/recovery are associated independently and differentially with specific aspects of relevant immune functioning may reflect distinct biobehavioral pathways that contribute to HIV progression.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Virology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, N 146, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. ltemoshok@ihv.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Lydia R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Temoshok
authors.forename: Shari R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Waldstein
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garzino-Demo
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Synowski
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wiley
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011598:Psychoneuroimmunology / Q000379:methods; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D015850:Interleukin-6