title: The interferon-induced protein BST-2 restricts HIV-1 release and is downregulated from the cell surface by the viral Vpu protein.
abstract: The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu counteracts a host factor that restricts virion release from infected cells. Here we show that the interferon-induced cellular protein BST-2/HM1.24/CD317 is such a factor. BST-2 is downregulated from the cell surface by Vpu, and BST-2 is specifically expressed in cells that support the vpu phenotype. Exogenous expression of BST-2 inhibits HIV-1 virion release, while suppression of BST-2 relieves the requirement for Vpu. Downregulation of BST-2 requires both the transmembrane/ion channel domain and conserved serines in the cytoplasmic domain of Vpu. Endogenous BST-2 colocalizes with the HIV-1 structural protein Gag in endosomes and at the plasma membrane, suggesting that BST-2 traps virions within and on infected cells. The unusual structure of BST-2, which includes a transmembrane domain and a lumenal GPI anchor, may allow it to retain nascent enveloped virions on cellular membranes, providing a mechanism of viral restriction counteracted by a specific viral accessory protein.
authors.affiliation: The San Diego Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Damme
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katsura
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jorgenson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Edward B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guatelli
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D014771:Virion / Q000502:physiology*; D014779:Virus Replication; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000378:metabolism; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D007372:Interferons; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C514859:vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins