title: Functional performance deficits in patients with CAI: validity of the multiple hop test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the reliability and validity of a functional performance test in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All tests were conducted in the practice room of the physical therapy department of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine healthy subjects and 29 patients with CAI were selected. For the main outcome measurements, participants performed a multiple hop test two times, within a 1-week time interval. Subjects hopped on 10 different tape markers and had to try to avoid making any postural correction. Only when subjects stood still were they allowed to continue hopping. The time needed to complete the test and VAS scores for the perceived difficulty were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In unstable ankles, ICCs of time values were >0.90 (SEM = 2.3 seconds); Spearman rho values of VAS scores were >0.80. When hopping on their unstable ankles, patients (41.1 +/- 12.6 seconds) needed significantly more time to complete the test than healthy subjects (31.4 +/- 5.0 seconds; test: P = 0.000; retest: P = 0.002) or when compared with their unaffected contralateral ankles (38.0 +/- 7.1 seconds; test: P = 0.047; retest: P = 0.009). Only with respect to the dominant ankles, patients (median = 64 mm) perceived the test as significantly more difficult than did healthy subjects (median = 37 mm; test: P = 0.018; retest: P = 0.002). VAS scores of unstable ankles in patients (median = 50 mm) were significantly higher than their contralateral, unaffected ankles (median = 30 mm; test: P = 0.001; retest: P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The multiple hop test is a reliable test demonstrating functional performance deficits in patients with CAI.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. christophe.eechaute@belgacom.net
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eechaute
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaes
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duquet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004856:Postural Balance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome