title: A prospective analysis of the genotypic diversity and dynamics of the Candida albicans colonizing flora in neutropenic patients with de novo acute leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genotyping studies have shown heterogeneity of Candida albicans flora in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, with possible co-existence of multiple clones with distinct resistance patterns. We report the result of a prospective study aimed at investigating the dynamics and heterogeneity of C. albicans flora in patients with de novo acute leukemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2001 and 2003, 66 consecutive adults with newly diagnosed acute leukemia were monitored for Candida colonization. From 19 patients with repeated multi-site C. albicans colonization, eight were randomly selected and multiple isolates from each individual mucosal site were genotyped sequentially over time using microsatellite markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite topical use of polyenes, 60.6% of the patients were colonized repeatedly and at multiple sites. Altogether, 2,730 peripheral samples were cultured, 379 (13.9%) of which yielded yeasts. C. albicans was the most common species recovered (68%). From eight randomly selected patients colonized with C. albicans, 429 isolates were genotyped. Seven patients carried a unique genotype which was identical in all body niches and over the period of study. In one case, minor genotypic differences were observed. None of the patients shared C. albicans clones with identical genotypic profiles. Candidemia occurred in one of eight patients and the blood strain genotype did not differ from those of colonizing isolates. The genotypic profile was not altered by topical and/or systemic use of antifungal agents in any of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with de novo acute leukemia, genetic evolution of the colonizing C. albicans flora and selection of variants or replacement of the original strain upon antifungal drug pressure or nosocomial transmission are rare events.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Hôpital du Bocage, BP 77 908, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France. frederic.dalle@chu-dijon.fr
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dalle
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lafon
authors.forename: Coralie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: L'ollivier
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrant
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sicard
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Labruère
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jebrane
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laubriet
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vagner
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caillot
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonnin
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007938:Leukemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019653:Myeloablative Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010356:Patient Isolation; D012494:Sampling Studies
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D019653:Myeloablative Agonists