title: Physiological promoters reduce the genotoxic risk of integrating gene vectors.
abstract: The possible activation of cellular proto-oncogenes as a result of clonal transformation is a potential limitation in a therapeutic approach involving random integration of gene vectors. Given that enhancer promiscuity represents an important mechanism of insertional transformation, we assessed the enhancer activities of various cellular and retroviral promoters in transient transfection assays, and also in a novel experimental system designed to measure the activation of a minigene cassette contained in stably integrating retroviral vectors. Retroviral enhancer-promoters showed a significantly greater potential to activate neighboring promoters than did cellular promoters derived from human genes, elongation factor-1alpha (EF1alpha) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). Self-inactivating (SIN) vector design reduced but did not abolish enhancer interactions. Using a recently established cell culture assay that detects insertional transformation by serial replating of primary hematopoietic cells, we found that SIN vectors containing the EF1alpha promoter greatly decrease the risk of insertional transformation. Despite integration of multiple copies per cell, activation of the crucial proto-oncogene Evi1 was not detectable when using SIN-EF1alpha vectors. On the basis of several quantitative indicators, the decrease in transforming activity was highly significant (more than tenfold, P < 0.01) when compared with similarly designed vectors containing a retroviral enhancer-promoter with or without a well-characterized genetic insulator core element. In this manner, the insertional biosafety of therapeutic gene vectors can be greatly enhanced and proactively evaluated in sensitive cell-based assays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zychlinski
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schambach
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Modlich
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maetzig
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grassman
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D000074008:MDS1 and EVI1 Complex Locus Protein; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011519:Proto-Oncogenes / Q000235:genetics; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000074008:MDS1 and EVI1 Complex Locus Protein; C063575:MECOM protein, human; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D014157:Transcription Factors; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase