title: Antimyeloma effects of a sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), activated in multiple myeloma (MM) cells by microenvironmental cues, confers resistance to apoptosis. The sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide targets NF-kappaB. However, its therapeutic potential in MM is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explored the effects of parthenolide on MM cells in the context of the bone marrow microenvironment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parthenolide inhibited growth of MM cells lines, including drug-resistant cell lines, and primary cells in a dose-dependent manner. Parthenolide overcame the proliferative effects of cytokines interleukin-6 and insulin-like growth factor I, whereas the adhesion of MM cells to bone marrow stromal cells partially protected MM cells against parthenolide effect. In addition, parthenolide blocked interleukin-6 secretion from bone marrow stromal cells triggered by the adhesion of MM cells. Parthenolide cytotoxicity is both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent. Parthenolide rapidly induced caspase activation and cleavage of PARP, MCL-1, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, and BID. Parthenolide rapidly down-regulated cellular FADD-like IL-1beta-converting enzyme inhibitory protein, and direct targeting of cellular FADD-like IL-1beta-converting enzyme inhibitory protein using small interfering RNA oligonucleotides inhibited MM cell growth and lowered the parthenolide concentration required for growth inhibition. An additive effect and synergy were observed when parthenolide was combined with dexamethasone and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, parthenolide has multifaceted antitumor effects toward both MM cells and the bone marrow microenvironment. Our data support the clinical development of parthenolide in MM therapy.
authors.affiliation: Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. asuvanna@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Attaya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suvannasankha
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Crean
authors.forename: Rajasubramaniam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.forename: Sherif S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.forename: Rafat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abonour
authors.forename: H Scott
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Boswell
authors.forename: Harikrishna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakshatri
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007783:Lactones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007783:Lactones; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C002669:parthenolide; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I