title: Ethnicity, sex, and the incidence of congenital heart defects: a report from the National Down Syndrome Project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The population-based National Down Syndrome Project combined epidemiological and molecular methods to study congenital heart defects in Down syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2000 and 2004, six sites collected DNA, clinical, and epidemiological information on parents and infants. We used logistic regression to examine factors associated with the most common Down syndrome-associated heart defects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1469 eligible infants, major cardiac defects were present in 44%; atrioventricular septal defect (39%), secundum atrial septal defect (42%), ventricular septal defect (43%), and tetralogy of Fallot (6%). Atrioventricular septal defects showed the most significant sex and ethnic differences with twice as many affected females (odds ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.40-2.67) and, compared with whites, twice as many blacks (odds ratio, 2.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-3.21) and half as many Hispanics (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.30-0.77). No associations were found with origin of the nondisjunction error or with the presence of gastrointestinal defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sex and ethnic differences exist for atrioventricular septal defects in Down syndrome. Identification of genetic and environmental risk factors associated with these differences is essential to our understanding of the etiology of congenital heart defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, USA. sfreeman@genetics.emory.edu
authors.forename: Sallie B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Lora H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Bean
authors.forename: Emily G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Stuart W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tinker
authors.forename: Adam E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Locke
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Druschel
authors.forename: Charlotte A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Romitti
authors.forename: Marjorie H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Royle
authors.forename: Claudine P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Torfs
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sherman
mesh_terms: D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology