title: Clinical presentations and surgical management of liver hydatidosis: our 20 year experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hydatidosis/echinococcosis of the liver is a very old problem in Greece and still exists, although it is declining. We have reviewed our 20 years' experience, and here we report the various clinical presentations of the disease and evaluate the clinical outcome of the surgical procedures performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective analysis of the past 20 years' medical records; 35 patients (males 34%, females 66%, mean age 58 years) were treated surgically. Results. The presenting symptoms or findings leading to the diagnosis of liver echinococcosis were jaundice (six cases, 17%), abdominal pain (five cases, 14%), gastrointestinal discomfort of the upper abdomen (e.g. nausea, vomiting, distention, anorexia) (two cases, 6%), acute pancreatitis (one case, 3%) and portal hypertension (one case, 3%). The rest of the cases were diagnosed incidentally (20 cases, 57%). External drainage and cystectomy with omentoplasty was performed in 21 cases (60%) and pericystectomy in 14 cases (40%). The mean hospital stay was 16.8 days. Morbidity and mortality were 18% and 3%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences between the two surgical approaches. The recurrence rate averaged 3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high index of suspicion is recommended when variable clinical manifestations of the upper abdomen are present. Meeting all criteria for surgical treatment of hydatid disease, external drainage and cystectomy should be the standard surgical procedure. Pericystectomy could be used for peripherally located liver cysts that are only partially surrounded by parenchyma. Resection procedures are considered too radical for a benign disease. Appropriate randomized controlled studies are needed to establish the definite surgical management of liver hydatidosis, including modern techniques such as laparoscopy and transcutaneous puncture under US guidance (PAIR technique).
authors.affiliation: 2nd Surgical Department, General Hospital Asclepeion, Voulas, Athens, Greece. eavgerinos@medscape.com
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Avgerinos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pavlakis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stathoulopoulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manoukas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skarpas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsatsoulis