title: Clinical assessment of motor imagery after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the effects of a stroke on motor imagery vividness as measured by the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ-20); (2) the influence of the lesion side; and (3) the symmetry of motor imagery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two persons who had sustained a stroke, in the right (n = 19) or left (n = 13) cerebral hemisphere, and 32 age-matched healthy persons participated. The KVIQ-20 assesses on a 5-point ordinal scale the clarity of the image (visual scale) and the intensity of the sensations (kinesthetic scale) that the subjects are able to imagine from the first-person perspective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, the visual scores were higher (P = .0001) than the kinesthetic scores and there was no group difference. Likewise, visual scores remained higher than kinesthetic scores irrespective of the lesion side. The visual scores poststroke were higher (P = .001) when imagining upper limb movements on the unaffected side than those on the affected side. When focusing on the lower limb only, however, the kinesthetic scores were higher (P = .001) when imagining movements of the unaffected compared to those on the affected side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vividness of motor imagery poststroke remains similar to that of age-matched healthy persons and is not affected by the side of the lesion. However, after stroke motor imagery is not symmetrical and motor imagery vividness is better when imagining movements on the unaffected than on the affected side, indicating an overestimation possibly related to a hemispheric imbalance or a recalibration of motor imagery perception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Francine.Malouin@rea.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malouin
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doyon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005121:Extremities / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D007699:Kinesthesis / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000523:psychology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology