title: Abnormal maxillary trapezoid pattern in human fetal cleft lip and palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate abnormal growth patterns of human fetal maxillae with cleft lip and palate (CLP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 71 fetal maxillae with CLP were obtained from aborted human fetuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dimensions of the maxillary trapezoid (MT), formed by the maxillary primary growth centers (MxPGC), were taken from radiographic images. The CLP dimensions were compared with maxillary trapezoid dimensions of normal fetuses from a previous study (Lee et al., 1992).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cleft lip subjects without a cleft palate, unilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (UCL+A/UCLP), and bilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (BCL+A/BCLP) displayed abnormal MT patterns. MT abnormalities were most marked in the BCL+A/BCLP cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MT growth of prenatal CLP maxillae was severely arrested, resulting in abnormal MT shape on palatal radiograms. BCL+A/BCLP subjects had a more protruded nasal septum than subjects with other types of CLPs, while UCL+A/UCLP subjects showed severe deviation of the protruded nasal septum toward the noncleft side. Cleft lip-only subjects also exhibited abnormal MT growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MT is primarily involved in CLPs, so that the MT shape could be utilized as a sensitive indicator for the analysis of maxillary malformation in different types of CLPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kangnung National University, Gangeung, Korea.
authors.forename: Soung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang Shin
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yeon Sook
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Suk Keun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Il Bong
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Je Geun
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chi
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000196:embryology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000196:embryology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000196:embryology; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000196:embryology; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000196:embryology; D015050:Zygoma / Q000196:embryology