title: Interacting haplotypes at the NPAS3 locus alter risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
abstract: The neuronal PAS domain 3 (NPAS3) gene encodes a neuronal transcription factor that is implicated in psychiatric disorders by the identification of a human chromosomal translocation associated with schizophrenia and a mouse knockout model with behavioural and hippocampal neurogenesis defects. To determine its contribution to the risk of psychiatric illness in the general population, we genotyped 70 single-nucleotide polymorphisms across the NPAS3 gene in 368 individuals with bipolar disorder, 386 individuals with schizophrenia and 455 controls. Modestly significant single-marker and global and individual haplotypes were identified in four discrete regions of the gene. The presence of both risk and protective haplotypes at each of these four regions indicated locus and allelic heterogeneity within NPAS3 and suggested a model whereby interactions between variants across the gene might contribute to susceptibility to illness. This was supported by predicting the most likely haplotype for each individual at each associated region and then calculating an NPAS3-mediated 'net genetic load' value. This value differed significantly from controls for both bipolar disorder (P=0.0000010) and schizophrenia (P=0.0000012). Logistic regression analysis also confirmed the combinatorial action of the four associated regions on disease risk. In addition, sensitivity/specificity plots showed that the extremes of the genetic loading distribution possess the greatest predictive power-a feature suggesting multiplicative allele interaction. These data add to recent evidence that the combinatorial analysis of a number of relatively small effect size haplotypes may have significant power to predict an individual's risk of a complex genetic disorder such as psychiatric illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. ben.pickard@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Pickard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christoforou
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fawkes
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Porteous
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Blackwood
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C502963:NPAS3 protein, human