title: Intakes from non-breastmilk foods for stunted toddlers living in poor urban villages of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, are inadequate.
abstract: In Cambodia, the energy and nutrient densities of the traditional rice-based complementary diets used for infant feeding are very low. Whether the adequacy improves after the first year of life is uncertain. Therefore, we examined the feeding practices and the energy and nutrient intakes from non-breastmilk foods (NBMFs) of two groups: partially breastfed (PBF) (n = 41) and non-breastfed (NBF) (n = 210) stunted toddlers aged 12-42 months from poor villages in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Intakes of NBMFs were estimated from 24-h recalls and a specially constructed Cambodian food composition table. All the toddlers were breastfed initially, but more than 50% received complementary foods before 6 months of age (mainly rice porridge). Many PBF toddlers received mixed feeding and were often bottle-fed diluted sweetened condensed milk. Unresponsive feeding was widespread. Inappropriate snacks, such as crisps, were the major source of energy, calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin A from NBMFs for the PBF group, and energy and iron for the NBF group. The snacks were often purchased and consumed without any adult supervision. For both groups, intakes of energy, calcium, iron and zinc were consistently below recommendations, as a result of the low micronutrient density of NBMFs and the small amounts fed per feeding. Increasing intakes of animal-source foods and dark-green and yellow fruits and vegetables would enhance micronutrient densities, although this may be neither feasible nor sufficient to overcome the existing deficits. Instead, the feasibility of micronutrient fortification of the rice-based diets of Cambodian toddlers should be explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Victoria P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornwall
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.forename: Rosalind S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002160:Cambodia; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency*; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011203:Poverty; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients