title: Detecting the molecular scars of evolution in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by analyzing interrupted coding sequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computer-assisted analyses have shown that all bacterial genomes contain a small percentage of open reading frames with a frameshift or in-frame stop codon We report here a comparative analysis of these interrupted coding sequences (ICDSs) in six isolates of M. tuberculosis, two of M. bovis and one of M. africanum and question their phenotypic impact and evolutionary significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICDSs were classified as "common to all strains" or "strain-specific". Common ICDSs are believed to result from mutations acquired before the divergence of the species, whereas strain-specific ICDSs were acquired after this divergence. Comparative analyses of these ICDSs therefore define the molecular signature of a particular strain, phylogenetic lineage or species, which may be useful for inferring phenotypic traits such as virulence and molecular relationships. For instance, in silico analysis of the W-Beijing lineage of M. tuberculosis, an emergent family involved in several outbreaks, is readily distinguishable from other phyla by its smaller number of common ICDSs, including at least one known to be associated with virulence. Our observation was confirmed through the sequencing analysis of ICDSs in a panel of 21 clinical M. tuberculosis strains. This analysis further illustrates the divergence of the W-Beijing lineage from other phyla in terms of the number of full-length ORFs not containing a frameshift. We further show that ICDS formation is not associated with the presence of a mutated promoter, and suggest that promoter extinction is not the main cause of pseudogene formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The correlation between ICDSs, function and phenotypes could have important evolutionary implications. This study provides population geneticists with a list of targets, which could undergo selective pressure and thus alters relationships between the various lineages of M. tuberculosis strains and their host. This approach could be applied to any closely related bacterial strains or species for which several genome sequences are available.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Paris Cedex 15, F-75730, France. deshayes@necker.fr
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deshayes
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perrodou
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Euphrasie
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frapy
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Poch
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bifani
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lecompte
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reyrat
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial