title: Initial experience with 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate foam and fibered coils for management of adolescent varicocele.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the results of treatment of adolescent patients with varicocele with use of 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate foam (STS) in combination with pushable fibered coils.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 2004 to September 2006, 16 adolescent patients (age 12-19 y) with symptomatic varicocele, testicular atrophy, or surgical recurrence underwent embolization with STS foam and coils. The left internal spermatic vein (ISV) was coaxially catheterized from the right femoral vein. Three percent STS foam was placed distally in the ISV during compression so minimal foam entered the pampiniform plexus. A second nest of coils was placed in the ISV at a position over the sacroiliac (SI) joint that occluded most of the parallel collateral vessels. Coils were not placed above the SI joint in most instances. Additional foam was injected in the ISV at the upper level of the SI joint. The upper ISV was left unoccluded. Our standard follow-up consisting of ultrasound and/or physical examination after varicocele occlusion was performed 2-12 months after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All occlusions were technically successful, and 15 of 16 patients (94%) exhibited proven disappearance of the varicocele. All patients were asymptomatic except one who had pain despite disappearance of the varicocele. One patient with a bleeding disorder had 48 hours of scrotal discomfort as a result of pampiniform phlebitis caused by the deliberate passage of foam into the pampiniform plexus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of 3% STS foam in combination with pushable fibered coils is a safe and effective sclerosing procedure for adolescent subjects with varicocele.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Section of Interventional Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pollak
authors.forename: Katharine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Robert I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014646:Varicocele / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate