title: Gluten-free vegan diet induces decreased LDL and oxidized LDL levels and raised atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vegan diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on blood lipids oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and natural atheroprotective antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients with active RA were randomly assigned to either a vegan diet free of gluten (38 patients) or a well-balanced non-vegan diet (28 patients) for 1 year. Thirty patients in the vegan group completed more than 3 months on the diet regimen. Blood lipids were analyzed by routine methods, and oxLDL and anti-PCs were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data and serum samples were obtained at baseline and after 3 and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean ages were 50.0 years for the vegan group and 50.8 years for controls. Gluten-free vegan diet induced lower body mass index (BMI) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and higher anti-PC IgM than control diet (p < 0.005). In the vegan group, BMI, LDL, and cholesterol decreased after both 3 and 12 months (p < 0.01) and oxLDL after 3 months (p = 0.021) and trendwise after 12 months (p = 0.090). Triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein did not change. IgA anti-PC levels increased after 3 months (p = 0.027) and IgM anti-PC levels increased trendwise after 12 months (p = 0.057). There was no difference in IgG anti-PC levels. In the control diet group, IgM anti-PC levels decreased both after 3 and 12 months (p < 0.01). When separating vegan patients into clinical responders and non-responders at 12 months, the effects on oxLDL and anti-PC IgA were seen only in responders (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A gluten-free vegan diet in RA induces changes that are potentially atheroprotective and anti-inflammatory, including decreased LDL and oxLDL levels and raised anti-PC IgM and IgA levels.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden. ann-charlotte.elkan@ki.se
authors.forename: Ann-Charlotte
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Elkan
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sjöberg
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kolsrud
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ringertz
authors.forename: Ingiäld
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hafström
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frostegård
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D005260:Female; D005983:Glutens; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; D005983:Glutens