title: Electrical activation of common bile duct nerves modulates sphincter of Oddi motility in the Australian possum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sphincter of Oddi (SO) motility is regulated by extrinsic and intrinsic nerves. The existence of neural circuits between the SO and the proximal extrahepatic biliary tree has been reported, but they are poorly understood. Using electrical field stimulation (EFS), we determined if a neural circuit exists between the common bile duct (CBD) and the SO in anaesthetized Australian brush-tailed possums.
  
  
  METHODS
  The gallbladder, cystic duct or CBD were subjected to EFS with a stimulating electrode. Spontaneous SO phasic waves were measured by manometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EFS at sites on the distal CBD (12-20 mm proximal to the SO), but less commonly at more proximal CBD, evoked a variety of responses consisting of an excitatory and/or inhibitory phase. Bi-phasic responses consisting of an excitation followed by inhibition were the most common. Tri-phasic responses were also observed as well as excitation or inhibition only. These evoked responses were blocked by topical application of local anaesthetic to the distal CBD or transection of the CBD. EFS at sites on the gallbladder body, neck or cystic duct did not consistently evoke an SO response. Pretreatment with atropine or guanethidine reduced the magnitude of the evoked response by about 50% (p<0.05), pretreatment with hexamethonium had no consistent effect and pretreatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor increased the response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A neural circuit(s) between the SO and the distal CBD modulates SO motility. Damage to this area of the CBD during bile duct exploration surgery could adversely affect SO motility.
authors.affiliation: Department of General & Digestive Surgery, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sonoda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahata
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jabar
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Schloithe
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grivell
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Simula
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toouli
authors.forename: G T P
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Saccone