title: Sequencing-based genotyping and association analysis of the MICA and MICB genes in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related molecules (MICs), encoded within the MHC, function in immunity. The transmembrane polymorphism in MICA (MICA-STR) has been reported to be associated with type 1 diabetes. In this study, we directly sequenced both of the highly polymorphic MIC genes (MICA and MICB) in order to establish whether they are associated with type 1 diabetes independently of the known type 1 diabetes MHC class II genes HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a sequencing-based typing method and genotyped MICA and MICB in 818 families (2,944 individuals) with type 1 diabetes from the U.K. and U.S. (constructing the genotype from single nucleotide polymorphisms in exons 2-4 of MICA and 2-5 of MICB) and additionally genotyped the MICA-STR in 2,023 type 1 diabetic case subjects and 1,748 control subjects from the U.K. We analyzed the association of the MICA and MICB alleles and genotypes with type 1 diabetes using regression methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified known MICA and MICB alleles and discovered four new MICB alleles. Based on this large-scale and detailed genotype data, we found no evidence for association of MICA and MICB with type 1 diabetes independently of the MHC class II genes (MICA P = 0.08, MICA-STR P = 0.76, MICB P = 0.03, after conditioning on HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Common MICA and MICB genetic variations including the MICA-STR are not associated, in a primary way, with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nejentsev
authors.forename: Neil M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Joanna M M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Howson
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jolley
authors.forename: Matthew P A
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Todd
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D005091:Exons; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006681:HLA-D Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D006681:HLA-D Antigens; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; C099187:MHC class I-related chain A; C098080:MICB antigen