title: Blocking transforming growth factor-beta up-regulates E-cadherin and reduces migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is challenging because the mechanisms underlying tumor progression are still largely unknown. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is considered a crucial molecule in HCC tumorigenesis because increased levels of patients' serum and urine are associated with disease progression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibition of TGF-beta signaling and its impact on HCC progression. Human HCC cell lines were treated with a TGF-beta receptor kinase inhibitor (LY2109761) whose selectivity was determined in a kinase assay. Exogenous TGF-beta1 phosphorylates the TGF-beta receptor, consequently activating Smad-2, whereas the drug selectively blocks this effect and dephosphorylates autocrine p-Smad-2 at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 microM. A cytotoxic effect documented by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), trypan blue, and propidium iodide staining assays was observed at 10microM, whereas the drug inhibits (P < 0.001) the migration of HCC cells on fibronectin, laminin-5, and vitronectin and invasion through Matrigel (P < 0.001) at concentrations up to 0.1 microM. LY2109761 up-regulates (P < 0.001) E-cadherin mRNA and protein levels. This increase was localized at the cellular membrane where E-cadherin mediates anchorage that is cell-cell dependent. Consistently, a functional monoclonal antibody that inhibits E-cadherin-dependent cell-cell contact restores the migratory and invasive activity. Finally, nonmetastatic HCC tissues from 7 patients were cultured with TGF-beta1 in the presence or absence of LY2109761. E-cadherin expression was reduced by TGF-beta1 and was significantly (P < 0.0001) increased by LY2109761 treatment, measured by quantitative real-time PCR on microdissected tissues and by immunohistochemistry on serial sections. In 72 patients, E-cadherin tissue expression was more weakly expressed in metastatic than in nonmetastatic HCC (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LY2109761 blocks migration and invasion of HCC cells by up-regulating E-cadherin, suggesting that there could be a mechanistic use for this molecule in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fransvea
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Angelotti
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antonaci
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giannelli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077157:Sorafenib; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D015820:Cadherins; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib