Regional anesthesia for postoperative pain control in children: focus on continuous central and perineural infusions.
Regional anesthesia is widely employed for postoperative pain control in both adults and children. Central or perineural approaches can be performed as a bolus injection or as a continuous infusion of local anesthetics. However, bolus injections, even with the addition of adjuvants, are inadequate for prolonged surgery and long-term pain control. Continuous infusion remains the technique of choice when there is a prolonged operation or intense postoperative pain. This article reviews the safety and efficacy of central and perineural continuous infusions for postoperative pain control in children. The literature confirms the very low rate of complications and adverse effects of regional anesthesia in children. However, clinicians need to be aware of the key points for performing a block and placing a catheter in children: good knowledge of anatomic and physiologic differences between adults and children is necessary; the use of newer local anesthetics, such as ropivacaine and levobupivacaine, increases the therapeutic window; and that it is mandatory to work with dedicated pediatric equipment. Through the use of new techniques such as nerve mapping and/or ultrasound the success of blocks can be improved and the risks reduced.
Ivani
Giorgio
G
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy. gioivani@libero.it
Mossetti
Valeria
V
D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010372:Pediatrics; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
D000779:Anesthetics, Local