title: Bioinformatics prediction of overlapping frameshifted translation products in mammalian transcripts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exceptionally, a single nucleotide sequence can be translated in vivo in two different frames to yield distinct proteins. In the case of the G-protein alpha subunit XL-alpha-s transcript, a frameshifted open reading frame (ORF) in exon 1 is translated to yield a structurally distinct protein called Alex, which plays a role in platelet aggregation and neurological processes. We carried out a novel bioinformatics screen for other possible dual-frame translated sequences, based on comparative genomics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our method searched human, mouse and rat transcripts in frames +1 and -1 for ORFs which are unusually well conserved at the amino acid level. We name these conserved frameshifted overlapping ORFs 'matreshkas' to reflect their nested character. Select findings of our analysis revealed that the G-protein coupled receptor GPR27 is entirely contained within a frame -1 matreshka, thrombopoietin contains a matreshka which spans ~70% of its length, platelet glycoprotein IIIa (ITGB3) contains a matreshka with the predicted characteristics of a secreted peptide hormone, while the potassium channel KCNK12 contains a matreshka spanning >400 amino acids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the in vivo existence of translated matreshkas has not been experimentally verified, this genome-wide analysis provides strong evidence that substantial overlapping coding sequences exist in a number of human and rodent transcripts.
authors.affiliation: Genedata AG, Maulbeerstrasse 46, CH-4016 Basel, Switzerland. sebastien.ribrioux@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ribrioux
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brüngger
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baumgarten
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seuwen
authors.forename: Markus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: John
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D018965:Frameshifting, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D039661:Integrin beta3 / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics*; D051381:Rats; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C111343:Gpr27 protein, mouse; D039661:Integrin beta3; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D013925:Thromboplastin