title: Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited data are available on the prevalence and patterns of body weight discrimination from representative samples. This study examined experiences of weight/height discrimination in a nationally representative sample of US adults and compared their prevalence and patterns with discrimination experiences based on race and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, a 1995-1996 community-based survey of English-speaking adults aged 25-74 (N=2290). Reported experiences of weight/height discrimination included a variety of institutional settings and interpersonal relationships. Multivariate regression analyses were used to predict weight/height discrimination controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and body weight status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of weight/height discrimination ranged from 5% among men to 10% among women, but these average percentages obscure the much higher risk of weight discrimination among heavier individuals (40% for adults with body mass index (BMI) of 35 and above). Younger individuals with a higher BMI had a particularly high risk of weight/height discrimination regardless of their race, education and weight status. Women were at greater risk for weight/height discrimination than men, especially women with a BMI of 30-35 who were three times more likely to report weight/height discrimination compared to male peers of a similar weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weight/height discrimination is prevalent in American society and is relatively close to reported rates of racial discrimination, particularly among women. Both institutional forms of weight/height discrimination (for example, in employment settings) and interpersonal mistreatment due to weight/height (for example, being called names) were common, and in some cases were even more prevalent than discrimination due to gender and race.
authors.affiliation: Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8369, USA. rebecca.puhl@yale.edu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Puhl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andreyeva
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Brownell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology; D011287:Prejudice; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups; D012938:Social Perception; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology