title: Absence of urinary opioid peptides in children with autism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been claimed for a number of years that the urine of children with autism contains exogenously derived opioid peptides. This finding is said to reflect a disturbance in the integrity of the gut epithelium, act as a diagnostic marker for autism and predict treatment response to a diet excluding gluten and casein. The aim of the present study was to determine whether exogenous or endogenous peptides were present in the urine of children with autism or of control children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were recruited from two tertiary referral centres specialising in autistic spectrum disorders, while controls were recruited from mainstream primary and secondary schools in the same geographical area.
  
  
  METHODS
  65 boys with autism, mean age 7.4 years (range 5-11) and 158 control boys, mean age 7.8 years (range 4.2-11).
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples were examined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix assisted laser desorbtion ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the presence of a number of putative opioid peptides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between the HPLC urinary profiles of the children affected by autism and the typically developing controls. In those cases where HPLC showed peaks in the locations at which opioid peptides might be expected to be found, MALDI-TOF established that these peaks did not, in fact, represent opioid peptides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the lack of evidence for any opioid peptiduria in children with autism, opioid peptides can neither serve as a biomedical marker for autism nor be employed to predict or monitor response to a casein- and gluten-free diet.
authors.affiliation: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, UK. cassh@gosh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cass
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gringras
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: McKendrick
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: O'Hare
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pollin
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002364:Caseins / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005983:Glutens / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000172:deficiency / Q000652:urine*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002364:Caseins; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D005983:Glutens