title: Clinical predictors and relationship between early and late atrial tachyarrhythmias after pulmonary vein antrum isolation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have reported early (EAT) and late (LAT) atrial tachyarrhythmias following atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, but the factors associated with them and their clinical significance are not well known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors and the relationship between EAT and LAT after AF ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1298 patients with paroxysmal (54%), persistent (18%), or permanent (28%) AF underwent intracardiac echocardiography-guided pulmonary vein antrum isolation and were followed for 41 +/- 10 months. EAT and LAT were defined as an episode of AF or atrial flutter/tachycardia lasting longer than 1 minute that occurred within the first 3 months of ablation and after 3 months postablation, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a single ablation procedure, EAT developed in 514 (40%) patients and LAT in 292 (22%) patients. At a multivariable analysis, longer AF duration (odds ratio [OR] 1.03), history of hypertension (OR 1.32), left atrial enlargement (OR 1.55), permanent AF (OR 1.72), and lack of superior vena cava isolation (OR 1.60) were significantly associated with EAT. Independent predictors of LAT were longer AF duration (OR 1.03), history of hypertension (OR 1.65), persistent (OR 2.17) or permanent AF (OR 2.28), and occurrence of EAT (OR 30.62). The risk of LAT was inversely related to the time to first EAT occurrence (OR 20, 54, and 1,052 in first, second, and third month, respectively). Notably, 49% of patients with EAT did not experience LAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EAT strongly predict LAT. However, EAT did not automatically mean ablation failure. Delaying redo procedure may be appropriate during the first 2 months after ablation. Longer AF duration, hypertension, and nonparoxysmal AF are independent predictors of EAT and LAT.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Department, Umberto I Hospital, Mestre-Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Sakis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Themistoclakis
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schweikert
authors.forename: Walid I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Saliba
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonso
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossillo
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Oussama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wazni
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raviele
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natale
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000209:etiology*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome