title: The Sea Empress oil spill (Wales, UK): effects on Common Scoter Melanitta nigra in Carmarthen Bay and status ten years later.
abstract: Carmarthen Bay, UK, regularly supports internationally important numbers (>16,000) of non-breeding Common Scoters Melanitta nigra. The spill of 72,000 tonnes of crude oil from the Sea Empress in 1996 affected birds both through direct mortality and likely pollution of key food resources. Numbers were greatly reduced following the spill, whilst changes in the distribution of birds within Carmarthen Bay suggested that potentially sub-optimal foraging zones were used. However, ten years after the incident, numbers of Common Scoter were no different to those recorded immediately before the spill. Compared to some other spills, rapid revival is evident. Numbers increased to pre-spill levels within three winters and distributional changes suggested a concurrent return to previously contaminated feeding areas, implying that the ecosystem had regenerated sufficiently to support its top predator. The importance of prolonged, standardised monitoring of bird numbers and distribution as indicators of ecological recovery from environmental damage is emphasised.
authors.affiliation: British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cranswick
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Musgrove
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haycock
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Fairney
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D000818:Animals; D046090:Anseriformes; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D010578:Petroleum; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012767:Ships; D014852:Wales; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical