title: Rickettsial infection in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from São Paulo, Brazil: serological evidence for infection by Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia parkeri.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Brazil, capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are important hosts for Amblyomma ticks, which in turn can transmit rickettsiae to humans and animals. Therefore, capybaras are potential sentinels for rickettsial infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluated rickettsial infection in capybaras in different areas of the state of São Paulo, where rickettsiosis has never been reported. Materials and methods. Blood sera from 73 capybaras from six localities in São Paulo were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay using Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia parkeri, and Rickettsia bellii antigens. Capybara spleens were tested by PCR, targeting a fragment of the rickettsial gltA gene. Ticks were collected from each capybara sample and taxonomically identified to species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 94 positively reacting capybara samples, 19 (26.0%), 25 (34.2%), and 50 (68.5%) capybara sera reacted to R. rickettsii, R. parkeri, and R. bellii, respectively. Twenty-five capybara sera showed titers to R. bellii at least four-fold higher than to any of the other two antigens. These sera were considered homologous to R. bellii. Using the same criteria, 3 capybara sera were considered homologous to R. parkeri. No sera were be considered homologous to R. rickettsii. No rickettsial DNA was detected in capybara spleen samples. Ticks collected on capybaras were Amblyomma dubitatum and Amblyomma cajennense.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first evidence is reported of R. bellii natural infection in vertebrate hosts, and the first evidence of R. parkeri infection in capybaras. While R. parkeri is known to infect and cause disease in humans, no similar evidence for human infection has been indicated by R. bellii.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.forename: Mauricio C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Horta
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moraes-Filho
authors.forename: Alexandre C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ataliba
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinter
authors.forename: Marcelo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Labruna
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000382:microbiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006801:Humans; D012281:Rickettsia / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012282:Rickettsia Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D012377:Rodentia / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology; D012698:Serologic Tests; D013987:Ticks / Q000382:microbiology*; D014709:Vero Cells