title: Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: a meta-analysis and methodological review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several decades of research have shown that lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults are at high risk for substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs). These problems may often start prior to young adulthood; however, relatively little is known about risk for substance use in LGB adolescents. The primary aims of this paper were to conduct a meta-analysis of the relationship between sexual orientation and adolescent substance use and a systematic review and critique of the methodological characteristics of this literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical and social science journals were searched using Medline and PsychInfo. Studies were included if they tested the relationship between sexual orientation and adolescent substance use. Eighteen published studies were identified. Data analysis procedures followed expert guidelines, and used National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored meta-analysis software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LGB adolescents reported higher rates of substance use compared to heterosexual youth (overall odds ratio = 2.89, Cohen's d = 0.59). Effect sizes varied by gender, bisexuality status, sexual orientation definition and recruitment source. None of the studies tested mediation and only one tested moderation. One employed a matched comparison group design, one used a longitudinal design, and very few controlled for possible confounding variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The odds of substance use for LGB youth were, on average, 190% higher than for heterosexual youth and substantially higher within some subpopulations of LGB youth (340% higher for bisexual youth, 400% higher for females). Causal mechanisms, protective factors and alternative explanations for this effect, as well as long-term substance use outcomes in LGB youth, remain largely unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. marshalmp@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marshal
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stall
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: Melanie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Oscar G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Bukstein
authors.forename: Jennifer Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D019529:Sexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*