title: Adolescent's stress responses and psychological functioning when a parent has early breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors associated with psychological functioning in adolescent children of early-stage breast cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents' self-reported psychological functioning using the Child Behaviour Checklist (YSR), Mental Health subscale of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-MH) and Child Impact of Events (C-IES) scale. The Family Assessment Device (FAD) and the Family Environment Scale (FES cohesion subscale) assessed family functioning. Maternal depression was assessed on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and quality of life using the SF8. Using a cross-sectional within-groups design, assessments were obtained for 56 adolescents of 11-17 years .
  
  
  RESULTS
  High rates of stress were found (C-IES) in 33% males and 45% females. Thirty percent of adolescents reported psychological problems (YSR) (28% males and 32% females) when compared with published norms. Poor family functioning was linked with YSR internalising and externalising problems; poor family cohesion with higher externalising and total YSR psychological problems. Maternal depression was linked with adolescent-reported internalising problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When mothers have breast cancer, a substantial minority of their adolescent children have psychological and stress response-related problems linked with poor family functioning. These results argue in favour of a family-oriented approach to psychological support of breast cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Sutton and London, UK. maggie.watson@rmh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: St James-Roberts
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tilney
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brougham
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osborn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baldus
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010290:Parents; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult