title: Association of HIV infection and HIV/HCV coinfection with C-reactive protein levels: the fat redistribution and metabolic change in HIV infection (FRAM) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation is a potential mechanism to explain the accelerated atherosclerosis observed in HIV- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons. We evaluated C-reactive protein (CRP) in HIV-infected and HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals in the era of effective antiretroviral (ARV) therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV Infection (FRAM) cohort and controls from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  CRP levels were measured in 1135 HIV-infected participants from the FRAM cohort and 281 controls from the CARDIA study. The associations of HIV and HIV/HCV infection with CRP levels were estimated by multivariable linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, HIV monoinfection was associated with an 88% higher CRP level in men (P < 0.0001) but with no difference in women (5%; P = 0.80) in multivariate analysis. CRP levels were not associated with ARV therapy, HIV RNA level, or CD4 cell count. Compared with controls, HIV/HCV coinfection was associated with a 41% lower CRP level in women (P = 0.012) but with no difference in men (+4%; P = 0.90). Among HIV-infected participants, HCV coinfection was associated with 50% lower CRP levels after multivariable analysis (P < 0.0001) in men and women. Greater visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were strongly associated with CRP levels. Among HIV-infected participants, CRP levels were 17% (P < 0.001) and 21% (P = 0.002) higher per doubling of VAT and SAT; among controls, CRP levels were 34% (P < 0.001) and 61% (P = 0.009) higher, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of HCV coinfection, HIV infection is associated with higher CRP levels in men. HCV coinfection is associated with lower CRP levels in men and women.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reingold
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanke
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kotler
authors.forename: Cora
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heymsfield
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bacchetti
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scherzer
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grunfeld
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shlipak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D002097:C-Reactive Protein