title: Are progenitor cells pre-programmed for sequential cell cycles not requiring cyclins D and E and activation of Cdk2?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Based on studies of unicellular organisms or cultured mammalian cells, the generally accepted model of cell-cycle regulation has been developed in which sequential (scheduled) expression of cyclins D, E, A and B and activation of Cdk2 and Cdk1 takes place. It is assumed that the same model is applicable both in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we compared proliferating marrow cells freshly isolated from healthy individuals with proliferating lymphocytes in cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that during progression of freshly collected human bone marrow cells through G(1), S and G(2)/M, only Cdk1 combined with cyclins A and B(1) was distinctly present and active, and its activity gradually increased. In contrast, in vitro growing mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes had perfectly scheduled sequential expression of all four cyclins and Cdk1 and Cdk2 activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that the pattern of cyclin expression and Cdk activity in bone marrow in vivo is distinctly different from the one observed for normal cells in vitro. Because proliferating bone marrow cells are predominantly expanding populations of committed progenitors, it is likely that during the expansion phase their cell-cycle progression is pre-programmed, being driven solely by Cdk1 combined either with cyclin A or with cyclin B(1). Expansion of progenitor cells thus may not require the early steps of cell-cycle regulation, associated with triggering progression by availability of growth factors and mitogens.
authors.affiliation: Tongji Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College in Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: D-X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: X-L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Y-D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: D-D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000378:metabolism*; D019926:Cyclin B / Q000378:metabolism*; D056744:Cyclin B1; D056741:Cyclin D; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C534699:CCNB1 protein, human; D019925:Cyclin A; D019926:Cyclin B; D056744:Cyclin B1; D056741:Cyclin D; D019927:Cyclin E; D016213:Cyclins; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2