title: Essential n-3 fatty acids in pregnant women and early visual acuity maturation in term infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important to neural development. Whether DHA intakes are low enough in some pregnant women to impair infant development is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether DHA deficiency occurs in pregnant women and contributes to poor infant development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biochemical cutoffs, dietary intakes, or developmental scores indicative of DHA deficiency are not defined. Infant development has a distribution in which an individual's potential development is unknown. This was a randomized intervention to establish a distribution of developmental scores for infants of women with DHA intakes considered to be above requirements against which to compare the development of infants of mothers consuming their usual diet. DHA (400 mg/d; n = 67) or a placebo (n = 68) was consumed by the women from 16 wk gestation until delivery. We determined maternal red blood cell ethanolamine phosphoglyceride fatty acids, dietary intakes at 16 and 36 wk gestation, and infant visual acuity at 60 d of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We described an approach to identify DHA deficiency when biochemical and functional markers of deficiency are unknown. In multivariate analyses, infant visual acuity was related to sex (beta = 0.660, SE = 0.93, and odds ratio = 1.93) and maternal DHA intervention (beta = 1.215, SE = 1.64, and odds ratio = 3.37). More infant girls in the placebo than in the DHA intervention group had a visual acuity below average (P = 0.048). Maternal red blood cell ethanolamine phosphoglyceride docosatetraenoic acid was inversely related to visual acuity in boys (rho = -0.37, P < 0.05) and girls (rho = -0.48, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that some pregnant women in our study population were DHA-deficient.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V56Z 4H4. sinnis@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Innis
authors.forename: Russell W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Friesen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids