title: A role for aquaporin-4 during induction of form deprivation myopia in chick.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aquaporins (AQP) form a family of specialized water channels known to transport water across cell membranes and reduce osmotic gradients. The isoform AQP4 is highly expressed in the astroglia of the brain and Müller cells in the retina. In the brain, AQP4 play a role in the control of cerebral edema by shunting excess fluid into blood vessels and by upregulating during conditions of hyperosmolarity. Thus, on the basis of the hyperosmolarity seen across the retina and choroid of hatchling chickens made myopic by form deprivation (FD), we predicted an upregulation of retinal AQP4 expression during induction of myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-day-old hatchling chicks were monocularly form-deprived for 48, 72, or 96 h, and then after biometric assessment, the eyes of these animals and the normal controls of the same age were enucleated. Retinal tissue was prepared either for western blot analysis to show the presence of the AQP4 protein in the chick retina or for immunolocalization using polyclonal AQP4 antibodies to determine regional distribution and intensity of labeling during the induction of form deprivation myopia (FDM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, ultrasonography demonstrated that all post hatchling eyes showed rapid elongation with occluded eyes elongating faster than fellow eyes or normal controls and becoming progressively more myopic with the duration of visual deprivation. Western blot analyses revealed an approximately 30 kDa band immunoreactive for AQP4 protein and confirmed the presence of AQP4 in chicks. Immunohistochemical staining showed the greatest positive immunoreactivity for antibodies to AQP4 in the inner retina along the vitreoretinal interface, nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer in all animals. The control eyes showed relatively constant levels of AQP4 expression until day 5 after which the level appeared to decrease. By comparison, positive AQP4 immunoreactivity in the nerve fiber layer increased significantly over the first 48 h in form-deprived eyes and in fellow eyes and then decreased over the next 48 h but not to the level of expression in the normal untreated eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to demonstrate the presence of AQP4 protein in the chick retina and to associate AQP4 expression in the inner retina with the initiation of form deprivation and the period of fastest axial elongation. This increased expression of AQP4 channels near the vitread border during the time of rapid growth suggests a role for AQP4 as a conduit for movement of retinal fluid into the vitreous in form-deprived chicks.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Melinda J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goodyear
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Junghans
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giummarra
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Crewther
authors.forename: Sheila G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Crewther
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009216:Myopia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D012031:Refractometry; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012683:Sensory Deprivation
chemical_list: D051401:Aquaporin 4