title: Risk factors for nephrotoxicity associated with continuous vancomycin infusion in outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Continuous vancomycin infusion is increasingly used for outpatient management of infections, but the relationship between vancomycin and nephrotoxicity is controversial. We investigated the risk factors associated with nephrotoxicity in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study of patients receiving continuous vancomycin infusion as outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) was performed. The likelihood of developing nephrotoxicity (> or =50% increase in serum creatinine from baseline) was evaluated in relation to demographic variables, underlying co-morbidities, infectious disease diagnoses, concomitant drug exposures and vancomycin concentration. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of various variables. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to determine the most significant breakpoint for continuous variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined 102 adult patients between January 2004 and June 2007. The mean +/- SD age, baseline serum creatinine and steady-state vancomycin concentration were 48.2 +/- 17.6 years, 78.0 +/- 32.5 micromol/L and 15.5 +/- 10.8 mg/L, respectively. The majority of the patients (66.7%) were treated for bone and joint infection. The cumulative incidence of nephrotoxicity was 15.7%. Nephrotoxicity was found to be associated with hypertension [odds ratio (OR) 5.302 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.159-24.246), P = 0.031], exposure to aminoglycosides [OR 6.594 (95% CI 1.026-42.385), P = 0.047], loop diuretics [OR 8.123 (95% CI 1.449-45.528), P = 0.017], and steady-state vancomycin concentration > or =28 mg/L [OR 21.236 (95% CI 2.687-167.857), P = 0.004].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified independent risk factors for nephrotoxicity in patients receiving continuous infusion vancomycin in OPAT. A serum steady-state vancomycin concentration > or =28 mg/L markedly increases the risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lye
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tambyah
authors.forename: Wei P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Vincent H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin; D003404:Creatinine