title: Acute effects of caffeine and cigarette smoking on ventricular long-axis function in healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few data exist regarding the direct effects of caffeine and smoking on cardiac function. We sought to explore the acute effects of caffeine assumption, cigarette smoking, or both on left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function in a population of young normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five healthy subjects aged 25 +/- 2 years underwent echocardiography. Fifteen of them were non-smokers and habitual coffee consumers (group 1), 15 were smokers and not habitual coffee consumers (group 2), and 15 were smokers and habitual coffee consumers (group 3). Peak systolic (Sa), early diastolic Ea, and late diastolic (Aa) velocity of mitral annulus were measured by pulsed Tissue Doppler, and left atrioventricular plane displacement was determined by M-mode. Tricuspid annular velocities and systolic excursion (TAPSE) were also determined. Measurements were performed at baseline and after oral assumption of caffeine 100 mg in group 1, one cigarette smoking in group 2, and both in group 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No changes in ventricular function were observed in group 1 after caffeine administration. In group 2, cigarette smoking yielded an acute increase in mitral Aa (+12.1%, p = 0.0026), tricuspid Sa (+9.8%, p = 0.012) and TAPSE (+7.9%, p = 0.017), and a decrease in the mitral Ea/Aa ratio (-8.5%, p = 0.0084). Sequential caffeine assumption and cigarette smoking in group 3 was associated with an acute increase in mitral Aa (+13.0%, p = 0.015) and tricuspid Aa (+11.6%, p < 0.0001) and a reduction in mitral Ea/Aa ratio (-8.5%, p = 0.0084) tricuspid Ea (-6.6%, p = 0.048) and tricuspid Ea/Aa ratio (-9.6%, p = 0.0003). In a two-way ANOVA model controlling for hemodynamic confounding factors, changes in the overall population remained significant for mitral Aa and Ea/Aa ratio, and for tricuspid Aa and Ea/Aa ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In young healthy subjects, one cigarette smoking is associated to an acute impairment in LV diastolic function and a hyperdynamic RV systolic response. Caffeine assumption alone does not exert any acute effect on ventricular long-axis function, but potentiates the negative effect of cigarette smoking by abolishing RV supernormal response and leading to a simultaneous impairment in both LV and RV diastolic function.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Operative Unit, S, Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy. pcballo@tin.it
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giacomin
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palmerini
authors.forename: Piercarlo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ballo
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zacà
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bova
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mondillo
mesh_terms: D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012906:Smoke; D012907:Smoking; D014026:Nicotiana; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016276:Ventricular Function
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D002110:Caffeine