title: Pre-pubertal paediatric bipolar disorder: a controversy from America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper was to explore the rapid rise in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) in the paediatric, particularly pre-pubertal, age group, in the USA over the past decade and to look at associated controversies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been a very marked rise in the diagnosis of BD among pre-pubertal children, and to a lesser extent adolescents, in the USA since the mid 1990s. The rise appears to have been driven by a reconceptualizing of clusters of emotional and behavioural symptoms in the paediatric age group by some academic child psychiatry departments, most notably in St Louis, Boston and Cincinnati. There is controversy in both the academic literature and public media centring on diagnostic methods, epidemiological studies, adverse effects of medication including media-reported fatalities, and pharmaceutical company influence. With some exceptions, the traditional view of BD as being very rare prior to puberty and uncommon in adolescence appears accepted beyond the USA, though whether this is changing is as yet uncertain, and thus there are implications for Australian and New Zealand child and adolescent psychiatry.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Southern Adelaide Health Service, SA, Australia. peter.parry@fmc.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002665:Child Psychiatry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States