title: The role of electromagnetic stimulation in the management of established non-union of long bone fractures: what is the evidence?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-union following long bone fractures is a cause of significant morbidity to the patient. The management of this condition has proved difficult for the orthopaedic surgeon. Much research has been carried out on the use of electromagnetic stimulation in the healing of non-union.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review is to determine what evidence exists to support electromagnetic stimulation in the management of established non-union of long bone fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was carried out of the peer-reviewed English language literature to identify all studies investigating electromagnetic stimulation in the treatment of non-union of fractures of long bones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of the articles reviewed were randomised clinical trials. Forty-six other studies were also included in the review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a consensus that electromagnetic stimulation is an effective adjunct to conventional therapy when used in the management of non-union of long bone fractures.
authors.affiliation: Warwick Orthopaedics, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom. x.griffin@warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000628:therapy*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000628:therapy*; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000628:therapy*