title: Seemingly paradoxical seasonal influences on vitamin D status in nursing-home elderly people from a Mediterranean area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated vitamin D status in institutionalized elderly subjects by measuring serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and its association with season and other factors: age, gender, nutritional status, cognitive function, functional ability, dietary intake, vitamin D supplement consumption, and disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study included 86 subjects, 65-94 y of age (29 men and 57 women), who lived in three nursing homes in Murcia, a Spanish Mediterranean area. The Mini Nutritional Assessment, Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, and BI were used to evaluate nutritional status, functional ability, and cognitive function, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were used to assess vitamin D status. The thresholds of inadequacy were considered to be <25 nmol/L (vitamin D deficiency) and <50 nmol/L (vitamin D insufficiency).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body mass index was 28.8 +/- 5.8 kg/m(2) (mean +/- SD). Vitamin D dietary intake was very much below the recommended dietary intake. The Mini Nutritional Assessment was 23.6 +/- 4.0, cognitive function was 7.8 +/- 1.9, and functional ability 82.9 +/- 23.1. The percentages of subjects with inadequate serum 25(OH)D concentrations were 58.2% and 32.6%, taking into consideration cutoffs of 50 and 25 nmol/L, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was more common in women (40.3%) than in men (20.7%). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations varied significantly with the season in which the samples were taken, but not with the other factors analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this Mediterranean area, a substantial percentage of institutionalized subjects showed an inadequate vitamin D status, which could be remedied by the consumption of vitamin D-fortified foods and/or vitamin D supplements, especially during the summer months.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. frapella@um.es
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pérez-Llamas
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: López-Contreras
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: López-Azorín
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Moreiras
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D