title: Ischemic preconditioning blocks BAD translocation, Bcl-xL cleavage, and large channel activity in mitochondria of postischemic hippocampal neurons.
abstract: Transient forebrain or global ischemia induces delayed neuronal death in vulnerable CA1 pyramidal cells with many features of apoptosis. A brief period of ischemia, i.e., ischemic preconditioning, affords robust protection of CA1 neurons against a subsequent more prolonged ischemic challenge. Here we show that preconditioning acts via PI3K/Akt signaling to block the ischemia-induced cascade involving mitochondrial translocation of Bad, assembly of Bad with Bcl-x(L), cleavage of Bcl-x(L) to form its prodeath fragment, DeltaN-Bcl-x(L), activation of large-conductance channels in the mitochondrial outer membrane, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/direct IAP-binding protein with low pI), caspase activation, and neuronal death. These findings show how preconditioning acts to prevent the release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO from mitochondria and to preserve the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane. The specific PI3K inhibitor LY294002 administered in vivo 1 h before or immediately after ischemia or up to 120 h later significantly reverses preconditioning-induced protection, indicating a requirement for sustained PI3K signaling in ischemic tolerance. These findings implicate PI3K/Akt signaling in maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
authors.affiliation: Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyawaki
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mashiko
authors.forename: Dimitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ofengeim
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: Kyung-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.forename: Sho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonanni
authors.forename: Michael V L
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: R Suzanne
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Zukin
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jonas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D051036:Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002867:Chromones; D051036:Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; D009025:Morpholines; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt