title: Element shape design of 2-D CMUT arrays for reducing grating lobes.
abstract: Fully populated two-dimensional (2-D) arrays are needed to produce high quality ultrasonic volumetric images for real-time applications, but they present many challenges for their physical realization because of the large number of elements. In fact, lambda/2 and lambda minimum spacing between elements is required, respectively, for pyramidal and rectilinear scanning in order to avoid unwanted grating lobes (GLs). However, in past years, capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) technology has made possible the production of arrays with large flexibility in element shape and size. In this paper, this property is analyzed, and a new element shape, based on the concept of spatial interpenetration of adjacent elements, is proposed in order to design fully populated 2-D CMUT arrays with a low number of elements, whose beam characteristics are valid for volumetric imaging. Through the use of simulations, it is demonstrated that arrays with pitch larger than lambda (up to 3lambda) used for rectilinear scanning, have notably lower GLs than the equivalent standard arrays designed according to the classical squared element shape. As consequence, the proposed geometry has the advantage of reducing the number of elements (up to a factor of 9) and of enlarging the element size, implying an increase of the SNR relative to the single element. When beam steering is required, arrays can be designed with pitch equal to lambda, reducing the number of elements by a factor of 4 if the maximum steering angle is limited to +/-15 degrees .
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy. bavaro@uniroma3.it
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bavaro
authors.forename: Giosuè
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caliano
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pappalardo
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*