title: Reference curves for the Gross Motor Function Measure: percentiles for clinical description and tracking over time among children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physical therapists frequently use the 66-item Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) with the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) to examine gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Until now, reference percentiles for this measure were not available. The aim of this study was to improve the clinical utility of this gross motor measure by developing cross-sectional reference percentiles for the GMFM-66 within levels of the GMFCS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,940 motor measurements from 650 children with CP were used to develop percentiles. These observations were taken from a subsample, stratified by age and GMFCS, of those in a longitudinal cohort study reported in 2002. A standard LMS (skewness-median-coefficient of variation) method was used to develop cross-sectional reference percentiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reference curves were created for the GMFM-66 by age and GMFCS level, plotted at the 3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 97th percentiles. The variability of change in children's percentiles over a 1-year interval also was investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reference percentiles extend the clinical utility of the GMFM-66 and GMFCS by providing for appropriate normative interpretation of GMFM-66 scores within GMFCS levels. When interpreting change in percentiles over time, therapists must carefully consider the large variability in change that is typical among children with CP. The use of percentiles should be supplemented by interpretation of the raw scores to understand change in function as well as relative standing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Investigator, CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, IAHS 408, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 1C7. hannas@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Doreen J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rivard
authors.forename: Dianne J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000145:classification* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000145:classification*; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index