title: Social inequality in fetal growth: a comparative study of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in the period 1981-2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the socioeconomic patterns and time trends in fetal growth in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden from 1981 to 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on all live-born singleton births was drawn from national population registries in each of the four countries (Denmark n = 1,077,584; Finland n = 400,442; Norway n = 929,458; Sweden n = 1,761,562).
  
  
  METHODS
  Slope index of inequality (SII) and mean differences in birthweight for gestational age, SII and risk differences in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all countries, gradients in fetal growth by parental education existed. Low parental education was associated with lower birthweight, increased risk of SGA and decreased risk of LGA. Mother's education exerted the strongest influence on outcomes, whereas father's education had a weaker effect. The educational gradients as measured by the SII were generally steepest in Denmark, followed by Norway, Sweden, and Finland. From 1981 to 2000, the educational gradients in birthweight decreased in all countries, except Denmark where it increased. All countries experienced small decreases in the educational gradient in SGA over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The economic recession in Denmark in the 1980s was concurrent with an increase in disparities in fetal growth, whereas the economic recession in Finland and Sweden in the early 1990s did not substantially increase the socioeconomic inequality in fetal growth. The economic growth in the later part of the 1990s may have diminished the socioeconomic inequality in fetal growth in Finland, Norway, and Sweden.
authors.affiliation: Research Programme on Child Health, National Institute of Public Health, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen, Denmark. lmo@niph.dk
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diderichsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arntzen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gissler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cnattingius
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schnor
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey-Smith
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nybo Andersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005220:Fathers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries / Q000453:epidemiology