title: The placebo response in studies of acute migraine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the magnitude of the placebo response in trials of migraine therapy in children and adolescents, and to identify its determinants.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and CENTRAL were searched through November 2006 for randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials of pediatric acute migraine pharmacologic treatment that included a placebo comparator group. The main outcomes were headache relief and pain-free response, and effect estimates for risk differences were calculated whenever possible. The influence of placebo response determinants was studied using subgroup analysis. A total of 13 trials (1324 participants in the placebo groups) were included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pooled placebo responses for pain relief and pain-free at 2 hours were 46% (range, 38% to 53%) and 21% (range, 17% to 26%). Parallel studies conducted in North American centers demonstrated a significantly higher placebo response, as did trials that used 4-point pain scales. Other placebo determinants did not influence the effect estimate, although insufficient data were available to study some of them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a widely variable placebo response in pediatric migraine trials, supporting the continued use of placebo groups and suggesting the need for more research into the placebo effect in the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Department, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal. ricardocunhafernandes@clix.pt
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Joaquim J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sampaio
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015990:Placebo Effect