title: Discussion of alternatives, risks and benefits in pediatric acute care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Across adult healthcare, discussions of alternatives, risks and benefits vary in inclusiveness or are even absent. We examine these discussions and their associated factors in pediatric visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coders noted speaker and recipient for alternatives, risks and benefits from 98 videotaped visits. Outcomes included discussion of alternatives, risks or benefits (yes/no) and involvement of parent or child in discussions (active or passive). Bivariate techniques were used to relate visit factors to outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most visits included discussion of alternatives (58% of visits), risks (54%) and benefits (69%). Longer visits were more likely to include risk discussions. For alternatives, active parent/child involvement was more likely with college graduate parents; for risks active involvement was more likely with female and more experienced physicians. Parents and children raised risks more frequently than benefits, often focusing on disadvantages such as taste or frequency/duration of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most pediatric visits include alternatives, risks and benefits but parent/child involvement in raising these topics is limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When parents or children initiate these discussions, they often mention risks salient to adherence. Future work could explore whether longer visits or interventions targeted for specific participants could foster such discussions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Women's Health Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53715, United States.
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Sonja E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Raaum
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010358:Patient Participation; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000458:organization & administration; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D002666:Psychology, Child; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013637:Tape Recording; D014922:Wisconsin