title: Decision tree algorithms predict the diagnosis and outcome of dengue fever in the early phase of illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dengue is re-emerging throughout the tropical world, causing frequent recurrent epidemics. The initial clinical manifestation of dengue often is confused with other febrile states confounding both clinical management and disease surveillance. Evidence-based triage strategies that identify individuals likely to be in the early stages of dengue illness can direct patient stratification for clinical investigations, management, and virological surveillance. Here we report the identification of algorithms that differentiate dengue from other febrile illnesses in the primary care setting and predict severe disease in adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,200 patients presenting in the first 72 hours of acute febrile illness were recruited and followed up for up to a 4-week period prospectively; 1,012 of these were recruited from Singapore and 188 from Vietnam. Of these, 364 were dengue RT-PCR positive; 173 had dengue fever, 171 had dengue hemorrhagic fever, and 20 had dengue shock syndrome as final diagnosis. Using a C4.5 decision tree classifier for analysis of all clinical, haematological, and virological data, we obtained a diagnostic algorithm that differentiates dengue from non-dengue febrile illness with an accuracy of 84.7%. The algorithm can be used differently in different disease prevalence to yield clinically useful positive and negative predictive values. Furthermore, an algorithm using platelet count, crossover threshold value of a real-time RT-PCR for dengue viral RNA, and presence of pre-existing anti-dengue IgG antibodies in sequential order identified cases with sensitivity and specificity of 78.2% and 80.2%, respectively, that eventually developed thrombocytopenia of 50,000 platelet/mm(3) or less, a level previously shown to be associated with haemorrhage and shock in adults with dengue fever.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows a proof-of-concept that decision algorithms using simple clinical and haematological parameters can predict diagnosis and prognosis of dengue disease, a finding that could prove useful in disease management and surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Jenny G H
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolfvenstam
authors.forename: Yee Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Lee Ching
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Yee Sin
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thi Puong
authors.forename: Subhash G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Vasudevan
authors.forename: Cameron P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hibberd
authors.forename: Eng Eong
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Ooi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D003663:Decision Trees; D003715:Dengue / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019595:Severe Dengue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral