title: Presentation, diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in HIV-infected children in the UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Management of HIV-infected children with tuberculosis (TB) is challenging. The objective of this study was to assess current treatment and outcomes in a resource-rich setting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-note review of coinfected children was carried out in a large UK-based HIV family clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 328 HIV-infected children, 18 were diagnosed and treated for active TB. TB presentation led to HIV diagnosis in eight of these 18 children. TB was confirmed microbiologically in 33% of children. Fifteen of the 18 children presented with pulmonary TB, and three with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Immunological status at TB diagnosis did not predict EPTB. The mean CD4 T-cell count at TB presentation was 402 cells/microL (mean CD4 percentage 16%), with a range of 0-790 cells/microL (0-34%). In seven children concurrently treated with HAART and anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT), therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) guided management. No immune reconstitution disease occurred. There was one death, unrelated to TB, 2 years after completion of ATT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An HIV test should be considered in all children diagnosed with TB, especially if there are epidemiological risk factors. Our experience shows that, even with deferral of HAART in concurrently infected children, good therapeutic responses to ATT can be achieved. Where necessary, TDM guiding concurrent HAART and ATT can facilitate good clinical and virological responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lyall
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tudor-Williams
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kampmann
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents