title: Electromagnetic interference with pacemakers caused by portable media players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electromagnetic fields generated by electrical devices may cause interference with permanent pacemakers. Media players are becoming a common mode of portable entertainment. The most common media players used worldwide are iPods. These devices are often carried in a shirt chest pocket, which may place the devices close to an implanted pacemaker.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine if iPods cause interference with pacemakers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, single-blinded study, 100 patients who had cardiac pacemakers were tested with four types of iPods to assess for interference. Patients were monitored by a single-channel ECG monitor as well as the respective pacemaker programmer via the telemetry wand. iPods were tested by placing them 2 inches anterior to the pacemaker and wand for up to 10 seconds. To simulate actual use, standard-issue headphones were plugged into the iPods. To maintain consistency, the volume was turned up maximally, and the equalizer was turned off. A subset of 25 patients underwent testing on 2 separate days to assess for reproducibility of interference. Pacemaker interference was categorized as type I or type II telemetry interference. Type I interference was associated with atrial and/or ventricular high rates on rate histograms. Type II interference did not affect pacemaker rate counters. Electromagnetic emissions from the four iPods also were evaluated in a Faraday cage to determine the mechanism of the observed interference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred patients (63 men and 37 women; mean age 77.1 +/- 7.6 years) with 11 single-chamber pacemakers and 89 dual-chamber pacemakers underwent 800 tests. The incidence of any type of interference was 51% of patients and 20% of tests. Type I interference was seen in 19% of patients and type II in 32% of patients. Reproducibility testing confirmed that interference occurred regardless of pacing configuration (unipolar or bipolar), pacing mode (AAI, VVI, or DDD), and from one day to the next. Electromagnetic emissions testing from the iPods demonstrated maximum emissions in the pacemaker carrier frequency range when the iPod was turned "on" with the headphones attached.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  iPods placed within 2 inches of implanted pacemakers monitored via the telemetry wand can cause interference with pacemakers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Jay P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Thaker
authors.forename: Mehul B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Krit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jongnarangsin
authors.forename: Valdis V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Liepa
authors.forename: Ranjan K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Thakur
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation