title: Contrast-enhanced versus non-enhanced three-dimensional echocardiography of left ventricular volumes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE), individual endocardial trabeculae are not clearly visible necessitating left ventricular (LV) volumes to be measured by tracing the innermost endocardial contour. Ultrasound contrast agents aim to improve endocardial definition, but may delineate the outermost endocardial contour by filling up intertrabecular space. Although measurement reproducibility may benefit, there may be a significant influence on absolute LV volume measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with a recent myocardial infarction and good ultrasound image quality underwent 3DE using the TomTec Freehand method before and during continuous intravenous contrast infusion. LV volumes were measured offline using TomTec Echo-Scan software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of contrast enhancement increased end-diastolic (110+/-35 vs. 144+/-53 ml; p<0.01) and end-systolic volume measurements (68+/-31 vs. 87+/-45 ml; p<0.01) significantly compared with non-contrast; the ejection fraction remained unchanged (40+/-13 vs. 41+/-14%, p=NS). Measurement reproducibility did not improve significantly, however.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volumes measured by 3DE are significantly larger when ultrasound contrast is used. Possibly, intertrabecular space comprises a substantial part of the LV cavity. In the presence of an adequate apical acoustic window, ultrasound contrast does not improve LV volume measurement reproducibility. (Neth Heart J 2008;16:47-52.).
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van der Heide
authors.forename: H F J
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Mannaerts
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Sieswerda
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kamp