title: Anthrax lethal toxin increases superoxide production in murine neutrophils via differential effects on MAPK signaling pathways.
abstract: The combination of lethal factor and its receptor-binding partner, protective Ag, is termed lethal toxin (LT) and has critical pathogenic activity during infection with Bacillus anthracis. We herein report that anthrax LT binds and enters murine neutrophils, leading to the cleavage of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/MEK/MAPKK 1-4 and 6, but not mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 and 7. Anthrax LT treatment of neutrophils disrupts signaling to downstream MAPK targets in response to TLR stimulation. Following anthrax LT treatment, ERK family and p38 phosphorylation are nearly completely blocked, but signaling to JNK family members persists in vitro and ex vivo. In contrast to previous reports involving human neutrophils, anthrax LT treatment of murine neutrophils increases their production of superoxide in response to PMA or TLR stimulation in vitro or ex vivo. Although this enhanced superoxide production correlates with effects due to the LT-induced blockade of ERK signaling, it requires JNK signaling that remains largely intact despite the activity of anthrax LT. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism through which anthrax LT supports a critical proinflammatory response of murine neutrophils.
authors.affiliation: Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Frucht
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000633:toxicity*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000633:toxicity; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C030325:anthrax toxin; D013481:Superoxides; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3