title: Serum pro-inflammatory cytokines in physiological and pre-eclamptic pregnancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pre-eclampsia is a heterogeneous syndrome ranging from mild hypertension and proteinuria to severe pre-eclampsia with complications, which can also be associated with an enhanced maternal inflammatory response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were evaluated by multiplexed sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 14 pre-eclamptic women, 57 normotensive pregnant women (20 in the first, 20 in the second and 17 in the third trimester) and 21 non-pregnant women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of serum TNF-alpha was lower than the sensitivity limit of the assay in all groups. The prevalence of measurable IL-1 and IL-6 values, but not that of IFN-gamma, increased significantly in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. However, the percentage of subjects with higher or detectable values of pro-inflammatory cytokines was statistically different between pre-eclamptic women and those in the second and third trimester of physiological pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study do not support standard screening for pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6 and IFN-gamma) in pre-eclampsia.
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Chimica e Microscopia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy. martina.montagnana@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montagnana
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lippi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albiero
authors.forename: Gian Luca
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Salvagno
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: Gian Cesare
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Guidi
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma