title: Clinical and laboratory characteristics and long-term outcome of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and characteristics of clinical signs, symptoms, laboratory findings, and medication use in children with pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE) at presentation and during the course of the disease, and to examine correlations among disease manifestations, disease activity, and damage over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved an analysis of medical records and the SLE database of an inception cohort of 256 patients with pSLE (female:male ratio, 4.7:1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common clinical manifestations were arthritis (67%), malar rash (66%), nephritis (55%), and central nervous system (CNS) disease (27%). At diagnosis, patients with both renal and CNS disease had the highest SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores (P < .0001), but these scores were similar to those of the total group at 1 year (P = .11). Patients who developed renal and CNS disease more than 1 year after diagnosis had higher SLEDAI scores at disease onset. Some 34% of patients had Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics Damage Index (SLICC-DI) scores >1 at a mean follow-up of 3.5 years. A greater proportion of patients with renal and CNS disease had SLICC-DI scores of >1, and these patients had higher mean scores compared with patients without major organ involvement (70% vs 11% [P < .0001] and 1.4 vs 0.1 [P < .0001], respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the patients in our cohort exhibited major organ involvement. These patients had the highest SLEDAI scores at diagnosis, which normalized at 1 year but preceded development of renal and CNS disease. The average SLICC-DI score was lower than that previously reported in patients with pSLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Linda T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Hiraki
authors.forename: Susanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Benseler
authors.forename: Pascal N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Earl D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D001323:Autoantibodies; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D001379:Azathioprine; D011241:Prednisone