title: TGF-beta1 targets the GSK-3beta/beta-catenin pathway via ERK activation in the transition of human lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is known to induce the transition of human lung fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, a primary event in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The molecular pathways involved in myofibroblast transformation are only partially identified. We found that a 24-h treatment with TGF-beta1 (10 ng/ml) induced alpha-smooth actin (SMA) expression and collagen production in human lung fibroblasts. These effects were abrogated by PD98059, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. TGF-beta1 treatment activated the MAPK pathway, as shown by an increased phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 after 30 min of exposure. TGF-beta1 also increased the expression of the Ser-9-phosphorylated inactive form of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), an effect that was largely attenuated by PD98059. A nuclear translocation of beta-catenin in human lung fibroblasts was observed 2h after TGF-beta1 addition both by confocal microscopy and nuclear protein analysis. At this time, TGF-beta1 also increased the total levels of beta-catenin, an effect that was prevented by PD98059. Similarly to TGF-beta1, the GSK-3beta inhibitor lithium chloride (10mM), increased the total levels of beta-catenin and promoted alpha-SMA expression and collagen production. This study demonstrates that TGF-beta1 induces alpha-SMA expression and collagen production in human lung fibroblasts via ERK1/2 activation, GSK-3beta inhibition and nuclear beta-catenin translocation. The evidence that the silencing of beta-catenin by siRNAs was able to prevent the induction of alpha-SMA expression in TGF-beta1-treated fibroblasts further supports the hypothesis of a contribution of the GSK-3beta/beta-catenin pathway in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caraci
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gili
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calafiore
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Failla
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Rosa
authors.forename: Nunzio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Crimi
authors.forename: Maria Angela
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sortino
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Copani
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vancheri
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C541116:ACTA2 protein, human; D000199:Actins; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D051176:beta Catenin; D003094:Collagen; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3