title: Persistence of challenging behaviours in adults with intellectual disability over a period of 11 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Challenging behaviours in people with an intellectual disability (ID) often develop early and tend to persist throughout life. This study presents data on the chronicity of challenging behaviours in adults with ID over a period of 11 years, and explores the characteristics of people with persistent serious behaviour problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Support staff provided data on 58 adults living in a long-term residential facility using an interview survey schedule assessing challenging behaviours in 1992 and 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants presenting with serious physical attacks, self-injury and frequent stereotypy were the most likely to persist in these behaviours over time. These behaviours were characterised by high persistence percentages and associations over time. However, the earlier presence of serious challenging behaviours did not significantly affect the likelihood of serious challenging behaviours in 2003. Individuals with persisting behaviour problems differed from those who did not present serious behaviour problems on the basis of their younger age, increased mobility, and decreased sociability and daily living skills in 1992.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimates of persistence for challenging behaviours are affected by the statistics chosen to represent stability. The apparent persistence of serious challenging behaviours highlights the need to identify the factors related to maintenance of these behaviours over time. The participant characteristics and adaptive behaviours identified in the present study were not consistently related to the persistence of challenging behaviours. Therefore, other factors, including environmental characteristics, are likely to be related to challenging behaviour persistence.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK. v.totsika@bangor.ac.uk
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Totsika
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toogood
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hastings
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D012306:Risk; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012919:Social Behavior; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data