title: Optimizing outcomes for patients with advanced disease in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
abstract: The treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has been revolutionized by the development of the small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. The primary target for this drug is the oncogenic BCR-ABL kinase. Five-year survival rates for patients in chronic phase CML is now greater than 80%. Patients who have advanced beyond the chronic phase to the accelerated phase or blast crisis, however, have not faired as well. Progression occurs for a variety of reasons, including late diagnosis, slow response to imatinib, and the development of imatinib-resistant clones. Imatinib resistance has, in part, been addressed with the introduction of the new BCR-ABL inhibitors, namely dasatinib and nilotinib. These drugs have shown efficacy in CML patients with wild-type BCR-ABL and some BCR-ABL mutants that are imatinib-resistant. Unfortunately, some BCR-ABL mutations remain resistant to these therapies and will require the development of alternative treatments, and other mechanisms of imatinib resistance besides BCR-ABL mutation exist. In the future, genetic and pharmacologic tests may allow the clinician to predict response to imatinib. More aggressive therapies are being considered for high-risk patients, including increased dosage of the current tyrosine kinase inhibitors, along with combination therapies. Aggressive therapy holds promise, as the data suggest that responses are improved. Unfortunately, toxicities are also increased, and thus a balance must be found to ensure safety and compliance. This is especially important for young CML patients, who hopefully will remain in remission for decades. Polymerase chain reaction analysis has become of primary importance as a means of assessing disease burden, and given the idiosyncrasies of this technique, standards must be established to allow results to be compared across different institutions. Additionally, the nature of advanced disease is being explored. Intriguingly, genetic analysis of transformed blasts from patients in blast crisis has identified numerous members of the Wnt/B-catenin pathway and JunB as being activated. Increased activity of these pathways correlates with poor response and eventual disease progression. In addition to these data, evidence is emerging associating survival of the quiescent blast cell with Wnt activity, leading to the hope that Wnt inhibitors will increase the likelihood of eradicating these cells. Other areas such as microRNA profiling and DNA methylation patterns are likely to provide important information.
authors.affiliation: Professor of Medicine, and Chief, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. frankgiles@aol.com
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: DeAngelo
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baccarani
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deininger
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guilhot
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mauro
authors.forename: Jerald
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radich
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ottmann
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cortes
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016313:Genes, abl / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin