title: Wnt signaling pathway in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: relationship between beta-catenin, dishevelled and cyclin D1 expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling cascade is an important signal transduction pathway in human cancers. Overexpression of beta-catenin and its downstream effector, cyclin D1, is implicated in malignant transformation and acquisition of an invasive tumor phenotype. This study aimed to determine the clinical significance of Wnt/beta-catenin canonical pathway components in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of beta-catenin, dishevelled (Dvl) and cyclin D1 was examined in invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) of the breast by immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 98 IDCs analyzed, 30% of tumors displayed both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of Dvl protein, while 52% showed nuclear localization. Loss of cell surface beta-catenin was observed in 66% of breast carcinomas, whereas nuclear expression was observed in 48% IDCs. Cyclin D1 overexpression was observed in 60% IDCs; 31/59 (53%) of these tumors showed nuclear expression of beta-catenin, suggesting upregulation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Our study demonstrates a significant association between nuclear localization of Dvl and beta-catenin (p < 0.01, OR = 15.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first study showing an association between nuclear localization of Dvl and beta-catenin in IDCs and suggests the upregulation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway components, beta-catenin, Dvl and cyclin D1 in IDCs of the breast.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Chandra P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Siddhartha D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: Ranju
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ralhan
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072261:Dishevelled Proteins; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000072261:Dishevelled Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin; D019938:Cyclin D1