title: Hypermethylated MAL gene - a silent marker of early colon tumorigenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor-derived aberrantly methylated DNA might serve as diagnostic biomarkers for cancer, but so far, few such markers have been identified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of the MAL (T-cell differentiation protein) gene as an early epigenetic diagnostic marker for colorectal tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) the promoter methylation status of MAL was analyzed in 218 samples, including normal mucosa (n = 44), colorectal adenomas (n = 63), carcinomas (n = 65), and various cancer cell lines (n = 46). Direct bisulphite sequencing was performed to confirm the MSP results. MAL gene expression was investigated with real time quantitative analyses before and after epigenetic drug treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of MAL was done using normal colon mucosa samples (n = 5) and a tissue microarray with 292 colorectal tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bisulphite sequencing revealed that the methylation was unequally distributed within the MAL promoter and by MSP analysis a region close to the transcription start point was shown to be hypermethylated in the majority of colorectal carcinomas (49/61, 80%) as well as in adenomas (45/63, 71%). In contrast, only a minority of the normal mucosa samples displayed hypermethylation (1/23, 4%). The hypermethylation of MAL was significantly associated with reduced or lost gene expression in in vitro models. Furthermore, removal of the methylation re-induced gene expression in colon cancer cell lines. Finally, MAL protein was expressed in epithelial cells of normal colon mucosa, but not in the malignant cells of the same type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Promoter hypermethylation of MAL was present in the vast majority of benign and malignant colorectal tumors, and only rarely in normal mucosa, which makes it suitable as a diagnostic marker for early colorectal tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Guro.Elisabeth.Lind@rr-research.no
authors.forename: Guro E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahlquist
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolberg
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eknaes
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kallioniemi
authors.forename: Gunn I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Meling
authors.forename: Rolf I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Skotheim
authors.forename: Torleiv O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Rognum
authors.forename: Espen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiis-Evensen
authors.forename: Ragnhild A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lothe
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009185:Myelin Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D062806:Myelin and Lymphocyte-Associated Proteolipid Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011510:Proteolipids / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C569026:MAL protein, human; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D062806:Myelin and Lymphocyte-Associated Proteolipid Proteins; D011510:Proteolipids