title: Bladder neck contracture after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: evaluation of incidence and risk factors and impact on urinary function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bladder neck contracture (BNC) after radical prostatectomy has been reported to occur in 5% to 32% of men after open retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) and in 0% to 3% after laparoscopic RRP. Optimal anastomotic closure involves creating a watertight, tension-free anastomosis with well-vascularized, mucosal apposition and correct realignment of the urethra. The cause of BNC is poorly understood; however, it is likely related to multiple factors, including excessive luminal narrowing at the site of reconstruction, local tissue ischemia, failed mucosal apposition, and urinary leakage. In this large series of patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP), we report the incidence of BNC, evaluate the influence of age, body mass index (BMI), estimated blood loss (EBL), surgical time, and prostate weight on its development and assess follow-up urinary function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 2003 and July 2006, 650 consecutive men underwent RLRP at our institution. Patients with aborted or open conversion procedures were excluded from analysis. The mean overall follow-up for the remaining 634 patients was 19.5 months. Patients presenting with symptoms of outlet obstruction were evaluated with cystoscopy to confirm a BNC. Comparisons of age, BMI, EBL, operative time, and prostate weight were performed using the Student t-test and chi-square analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BNC was the diagnosis in seven patients (1.1%) with a mean time of presentation of 4.8 (3-12) months postoperatively. The BNC patients had comparable mean age, BMI, prostate weight, and EBL to the non-BNC cohort. Their operative time, however, was significantly longer (283 v 225 min., P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of BNC after radical prostatectomy is 2.2% in a large series of men undergoing RLRP. The diagnosis was made within 1 year. No significant impact on urinary continence or quality-of-life urinary function was observed after BNC management. A running anastomosis, better visualization, improved instrument maneuverability, and decreased blood loss may account for such a low rate.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Lambda P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Msezane
authors.forename: W Stuart
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Ofer N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Gofrit
authors.forename: Arieh L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zagaja
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Zorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012371:Robotics; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000209:etiology*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology*