title: Effects of pharmacological intervention on coagulopathy and organ function in xenoperfused kidneys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following pig to primate kidney transplantation, xenogenic activation of the coagulation (XAC) system of the recipient eventually leading to organ dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can be observed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an ex-vivo perfusion circuit based on low-dose heparin-mediated anticoagulation and exogenous complement inhibition by C1- Inhibitor (C1-Inh), we have analysed XAC following contact of human blood with porcine endothelium. Porcine kidneys (n = 23) were recovered following in situ cold perfusion with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution and were connected to a perfusion circuit utilizing freshly drawn pooled human AB blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kidney survival during organ perfusion with human blood, CI-Inh, heparin but without any further pharmacological intervention was 126 +/- 78 min. XAC was observed with significantly elevated levels of D-dimer and thrombin antithrombin complexes (TAT). Pharmacological intervention with nitroprusside and prostacycline resulted in increased organ survival (220 +/- 28 min and 180 +/- 85 min respectively) but failed to inhibit XAC. In contrast, addition of activated protein C (APC) significantly reduced the increase in D-dimer and TAT and prolonged organ survival to 240 min (+/-0). On histology, no remarkable signs of XAC were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that exogenous APC is able to reduce XAC in this ex vivo perfusion model.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Sllgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ramackers
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiede
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuettler
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schuerholz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mengel
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goudeva
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganser
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klempnauer
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piepenbrock
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winkler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism; D015996:Survival Rate; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D011486:Protein C