title: Arginase I induction by modified lipoproteins in macrophages: a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma/delta-mediated effect that links lipid metabolism and immunity.
abstract: Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play essential roles in innate immunity and lipid homeostasis. The uptake of modified lipoproteins is an important early event in the development of atherosclerosis. We analyzed the ability of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (oxidized and acetylated) to alter the expression and activity of arginases (ArgI and ArgII) in macrophages. We show that ArgI expression is potently induced by both oxidized and acetylated LDL in macrophages. We further show that this effect is mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). ArgI expression is highly responsive to agonists for PPARgamma and PPARdelta but not PPARalpha. Moreover, the induction of ArgI by both PPAR agonists and IL-4 is blocked in macrophages from PPARgamma- and PPARdelta-deficient mice. Functionally, PPAR activity induces macrophage activation toward a more Th2 immune phenotype in a model of Leishmania major infection. We show that PPARgamma and -delta ligands promote intracellular amastigote growth in infected macrophages, and this effect is dependent on both PPAR expression and Arg activity. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that ArgI is a key marker of the alternative program triggered by PPAR in macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10071 Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallardo-Soler
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gómez-Nieto
authors.forename: María Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: Chaitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marathe
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tontonoz
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castrillo
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Corraliza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D047494:PPAR delta; D047495:PPAR gamma; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D001119:Arginase