title: Temporal profile of fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in malignant lesions and normal organs over extended time periods in patients with lung carcinoma: implications for its utilization in assessing malignant lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake was prospectively investigated in tumors as well as the normal organs over 8 h in patients with non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The intent of this study was to collect positron emission tomography (PET) data with regard to the time course of FDG uptake in the primary and metastatic sites and the normal tissues over extended time periods (up to 8 h) after intravenous FDG injection in patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients (2 males, 1 female; mean age: 64 years; age range: 57-76 years) with the diagnosis of NSCLC underwent a series of whole body FDG-PET at several time points, beginning at 5 min and extending up to 8 h after the intravenous administration of FDG. We calculated the standardized uptake values (SUVmax) in the malignant lesions and all organs. SUVmax was calculated over contiguous slices and the highest value was considered for the analysis. Similar locations were used for the placement of regions of interest in subsequent images. Time activity curves (TACs) were generated utilizing these SUV values for each of these sites. The ratios of the SUVmax of the malignant lesions to those of normal organs (viz. lung and liver) at specific time points were also calculated and the TACs for these ratios were generated. The blood and plasma decay curves of (18)F activity over time were generated based on the counts obtained from blood sample analysis. The ratios of 18F activity of blood to plasma were also calculated and the TACs of this ratio were generated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observed mean SUVmax at different time points (5 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 8 h) in the organs and the lesions were as follows: 1) heart: 2.9, 2, 1.9, 1.6, 1.3, 1.5; 2) kidney: 3.3, 3.5, 2.6, 2.1, 2, 2; 3) liver: 3.9, 2.2, 1.9, 1.6, 1.5, 1.8; 4) lung: 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4; 5) large bowel: 2.1, 1.4, 1.8, 1.4, 2, 2.2; 6) small bowel: 2.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5; 7) lung neoplasm: 3.7, 5.1, 6.1, 6.8, 6.9, 6.8; 8) mediastinal lesion 1: 6.8, 8.8, 13, 12.7, 13.8, 12.5; 9) mediastinal lesion 2: 5.5, 8.6, 10.7, 13.2, 11.7, 12.1; 10) adrenal metastasis (starting at 1 h): 3.3, 3.7, 4.7, 4.7, 4.7; 11) right iliac metastasis: 2.6, 2.6, 3.1, 3.5, 3.4. For the right iliac metastasis, we had SUVmax up to 6 h. The SUVmax ratios of malignant lesions to those of normal lung and liver and their TACs demonstrate initial rise followed by a delayed plateau. Increasing (18)F count ratios of blood to plasma with time was observed in 2 patients where these data were available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this preliminary study indicate that while the tumor sites show increased uptake of FDG during the course of 8 h, surrounding normal tissues demonstrate declining or stable values with time. This would indicate increasing contrast between the lesion and the background and, therefore, possibly improved sensitivity of the test. While the high SUV at 5 min can be explained by the blood pool activity in the organs and the malignant lesions, the SUVmax values at the later times decreases or remains the same in normal organs. The observation on the different slopes of the curves among the various malignant lesions can be partly explained by the well known ''seed and soil'' theory in cancer biology. The finding of continued increases in the blood to plasma count ratios of (18)F activity is also noteworthy and most likely reflects GLUT-1 mediated glucose transport into red blood cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. abass.alavi@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Houseni
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Tidmarsh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alavi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18