title: Motives for nonsuicidal self-injury among women with borderline personality disorder.
abstract: Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are known to use nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) as a dysfunctional strategy to regulate intense emotions. The primary purpose of this study was to clarify the motives for NSSI along with their interrelations. We further investigated the variety of emotions preceding NSSI and possible effects of NSSI on these emotions. To this end, a structured self-rating questionnaire on NSSI was administered to 101 female BPD-patients exhibiting NSSI. Most patients reported multiple motives for NSSI. The motives were more likely to compound than to exclude one another. Negative reinforcement was almost always involved in NSSI, whereas positive reinforcement (e.g., "getting a kick") played an additional role among about half of the patients. NSSI was usually preceded by a large variety of negative feelings that were reported to clearly improve with NSSI. In conclusion, therapists should anticipate a multidimensional functional spectrum when exploring motives of NSSI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany. nikolaus.kleindienst@zi-mannheim.de
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kleindienst
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bohus
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ludäscher
authors.forename: Matthias F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Limberger
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuenkele
authors.forename: Ulrich W
authors.initials: UW
authors.lastname: Ebner-Priemer
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reicherzer
authors.forename: Rolf-Dieter
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stieglitz
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires