title: Functional lipidomics. Calcium-independent activation of endocannabinoid/endovanilloid lipid signalling in sensory neurons by protein kinases C and A and thrombin.
abstract: N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA), is a full agonist at both cannabinoid CB(1) receptors and "transient receptor potential vanilloid" type 1 (TRPV1) channels, and N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) potentiates these effects. In neurons of the rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG), TRPV1 is activated and/or sensitised by AEA as well as upon activation of protein kinases C (PKC) and A (PKA). We investigated here the effect on AEA levels of PKC and PKA activators in DRG neurons. AEA levels were significantly enhanced by both phorbol-miristoyl-acetate (PMA), a typical PKC activator, and forskolin (FSK), an adenylate cyclase stimulant, as well as by thrombin, which also activates PKC by stimulating protease-activated receptors (PARs). The levels of the other endocannabinoid and TRPV1-inactive compound, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), were enhanced only by thrombin and to a lesser extent than AEA, whereas PEA was not affected by any of the treatments. Importantly, FSK- and PMA-induced elevation of AEA levels was not sensitive to intracellular Ca2+ chelation with BAPTA-acetoxymethyl (AM) ester. In human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells, which constitutively express PARs, thrombin, PMA and FSK elevated AEA levels, and the effects of the two former compounds were counteracted by the PKC inhibitor, RO318220, whereas the effect of FSK was reduced by the PKA inhibitor RpcAMPs. In conclusion, we report that AEA levels are stimulated by both PKC, either directly or after thrombin receptor activation, and PKA, possibly in a way independent from intracellular calcium. Since AEA activates TRPV1, these findings may suggest the existence of an amplificatory cascades on this receptor in sensory neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio, Modena (MO), Italy.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vellani
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petrosino
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Petrocellis
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prandini
authors.forename: Pier Cosimo
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Magherini
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McNaughton
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Marzo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology; D005989:Glycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044462:Receptors, Proteinase-Activated / Q000378:metabolism; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005989:Glycerides; D044462:Receptors, Proteinase-Activated; C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester; D005576:Colforsin; D004533:Egtazic Acid; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013917:Thrombin; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D002118:Calcium