title: Racial/ethnic and gender disparities in renal cell carcinoma incidence and survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used a population based cancer registry to examine trends in renal cell carcinoma incidence and survival among 4 racial/ethnic groups (white, black, Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islander) and both genders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Race/ethnicity, gender, age, staging, length of survival and cause of death data were analyzed using 39,434 cases of renal cell carcinoma from 1988 to 2004 from the California Cancer Registry. Annual age adjusted incidence rates and relative survival rates were calculated for the racial/ethnic and gender groups. These rates and the percent of localized cancer were plotted by year, and Microsoft Excel was used to calculate linear regression equations. Median age was also calculated. Z-tests and chi-square tests were performed to determine p values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in renal cell carcinoma incidence was found with localized cancer accounting for most of the increase. Black patients had a significantly higher incidence rate (p <0.0001) and lower survival rate (p <0.0001) than all other races/ethnicities despite having more localized cancer (p <0.005). Black patients were also diagnosed at a younger age (p <0.0001) than their counterparts. On the other hand Asian/Pacific Islanders had a lower incidence rate (p <0.0001) and higher survival rate (p <0.05) than all other races/ethnicities. Males had approximately twice the incidence rate of females and a lower survival rate (p <0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher incidence rates and lower survival rates were identified among black and male patients compared to their counterparts, while Asian/Pacific Islanders showed the opposite trends. Such racial/ethnic and gender disparities in renal cell carcinoma incidence and survival may help elucidate biological, behavioral and environmental factors that can potentially be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, California 92093-0850, USA. heshi@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Helen Shi
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Sidney L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Saltzstein
authors.forename: Suzuho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimasaki
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Tracy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: Georgia Robins
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sadler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American