title: Pelvic inflammatory disease attributable to the IUD: modeling risk in West Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Africa, use of the intrauterine device (IUD) is avoided because of perceived risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) associated with sexually transmitted infections (STI). However, one recent model suggests that the risk of PID attributable to the IUD is very low, only 0.15% or less than 1 in 600.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using rates from a 2004 study of cervical STI prevalence in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, and Mali; we calculate PID risk attributable to the IUD in West Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on 4.4% combined prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections, we estimate the risk is 0.075%, or less than 1 in 1,300.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In West Africa, PID risk from IUDs is extremely low. This should be better communicated to family planning providers in the region who may under-provide the IUD based on erroneous perceptions of PID risk.
authors.affiliation: Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. jstanback@fhi.org
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stanback
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Shelton
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk