title: Novel triazine JPC-2067-B inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: METHODS
  Toxoplasma gondii causes substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs for healthcare in the developed and developing world. Current medicines are not well tolerated and cause hypersensitivity reactions. The dihydrotriazine JPC-2067-B (4, 6-diamino-1, 2-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-1-(3'(2-chloro-, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenoxy)propyloxy)-1, 3, 5-triazine), which inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), is highly effective against Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and apicomplexans related to T. gondii. JPC-2067-B is the primary metabolite of the orally active biguanide JPC-2056 1-(3'-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethoxyphenyloxy)propyl oxy)- 5-isopropylbiguanide, which is being advanced to clinical trials for malaria. Efficacy of the prodrug JPC-2056 and the active metabolite JPC-2067-B against T. gondii and T. gondii DHFR as well as toxicity toward mammalian cells were tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Herein, we found that JPC-2067-B is highly effective against T. gondii. We demonstrate that JPC-2067-B inhibits T. gondii growth in culture (IC50 20 nM), inhibits the purified enzyme (IC50 6.5 nM), is more efficacious than pyrimethamine, and is cidal in vitro. JPC-2067-B administered parenterally and the orally administered pro-drug (JPC-2056) are also effective against T. gondii tachyzoites in vivo. A molecular model of T. gondii DHFR-TS complexed with JPC-2067-B was developed. We found that the three main parasite clonal types and isolates from South and Central America, the United States, Canada, China, and Sri Lanka have the same amino acid sequences preserving key binding sites for the triazine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  JPC-2056/JPC-2067-B have potential to be more effective and possibly less toxic treatments for toxoplasmosis than currently available medicines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Ernest J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mui
authors.forename: Guy A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Schiehser
authors.forename: Wilbur K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Milhous
authors.forename: Honghue
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirisits
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muench
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fowble
authors.forename: Pradipsinh K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Rathod
authors.forename: Sherry F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Queener
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Jacobus
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects*; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology*; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: C547923:4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-(3-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethoxyphenoxy)propyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D014227:Triazines; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase