title: Chromium nanoparticle exhibits higher absorption efficiency than chromium picolinate and chromium chloride in Caco-2 cell monolayers.
abstract: This study was conducted to determine whether chromium nanoparticle (CrNano) exhibited higher absorption efficiency and possessed unique absorption mechanism in comparison to chromium picolinate (CrPic) and chromium chloride (CrCl(3)), as was postulated by previous reports. Twenty-one-day-old Caco-2 cell monolayers grown on semipermeable membranes in Snapwell tissue culture bichambers were incubated with CrNano, CrPic or CrCl(3) to examine their transport and uptake respectively. In the concentration range of 0.2-20 micromol/l, transport of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl(3) across Caco-2 monolayers both in apical-to-basolateral and basolateral-to-apical direction was concentration-, and time-dependent, and temperature independent. The apparent permeability coefficient (P(app)) of CrNano was between 5.89 and 7.92 x 10(-6) cm/s and that of CrPic and CrCl(3) was between 3.52 and 5.31 x 10(-6) cm/s and between 0.97 and 1.37 x 10(-6) cm/s respectively. Uptake of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl(3) by both apical and basolateral membranes was concentration- and time-dependent. Uptake of CrNano by apical membrane was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased when the incubation temperature was reduced from 37 degrees C to 4 degrees C. The transport efficiency of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl(3) after incubation for 120 min at 37 degrees C was 15.83% +/- 0.76%, 9.08% +/- 0.25% and 2.11% +/- 0.53% respectively. The uptake efficiency of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl(3) was 10.08% +/- 0.76%, 4.73% +/- 0.60% and 0.88% +/- 0.08% respectively. It was concluded that the epithelial transport of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl(3) across the Caco-2 cell monolayers was mainly via passive transport pathways. In addition, CrNano exhibited considerably higher absorption efficiency than both CrPic and CrCl(3) in Caco-2 cell monolayers.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: L-Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.forename: Z-R
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: M-Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L-Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002857:Chromium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017608:Chromium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D017136:Ion Transport; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D017608:Chromium Compounds; D010848:Picolinic Acids; D014131:Trace Elements; D002857:Chromium; C017133:chromous chloride; C030614:picolinic acid