title: Muscle activation during side-step cutting maneuvers in male and female soccer athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female soccer athletes are at greater risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than males. Sex differences in muscle activation may contribute to the increased incidence of ACL injuries in female soccer athletes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine sex differences in lower extremity muscle activation between male and female soccer athletes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I level during 2 side-step cutting maneuvers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional with 1 between-subjects factor (sex) and 2 within-subjects factors (cutting task and phase of contact).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sports medicine research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty males (age = 19.4 +/- 1.4 years, height = 176.5 +/- 5.5 cm, mass = 74.6 +/- 6.0 kg) and 20 females (age = 19.8 +/- 1.1 years, height = 165.7 +/- 4.3 cm, mass = 62.2 +/- 7.2 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a single testing session, participants performed the running-approach side-step cut and the box-jump side-step cut tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, medial hamstrings, lateral hamstrings, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus was recorded for each subject. Separate mixed-model, repeated-measures analysis of variance tests were used to compare the dependent variables across sex during the preparatory and loading contact phases of each cutting task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females displayed greater vastus lateralis activity and quadriceps to hamstrings coactivation ratios during the preparatory and loading phases, as well as greater gluteus medius activation during the preparatory phase only. No significant differences were noted between the sexes for muscle activation in the other muscles analyzed during each task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quadriceps-dominant muscle activation pattern observed in recreationally active females is also present in female soccer athletes at the Division I level when compared with similarly trained male soccer athletes. The relationship between increased quadriceps activation and greater incidence of noncontact ACL injury in female soccer athletes versus males requires further study.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Darin A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Padua
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Troy Blackburn
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Prentice
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hirth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D013178:Sports Medicine