title: On the historical and conceptual background of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
abstract: In this paper, we describe the development of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). We trace the history of sorting tasks from the studies of Narziss Ach on the psychology of thinking, via the work of Kurt Goldstein and Adhémar Gelb on brain lesioned patients around 1920 and subsequent developments, up to the actual design of the WCST by Harry Harlow, David Grant, and their student Esther Berg. The WCST thus seems to originate from the psychology of thinking ('Denkpsychologie'), but the test, as it is used in clinical neuropsychological practice, was designed by experimenters working within the behaviorist tradition. We also note recent developments suggesting that, contrary to the general impression, implicit learning may play a role in WCST-like discrimination learning tasks.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Nici, Biological Psychology, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. p.eling@nici.ru.nl
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eling
authors.forename: Kristianne
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Derckx
authors.forename: Roald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maes
mesh_terms: D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000266:history* / Q000592:standards; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D011581:Psychological Tests / Q000266:history* / Q000592:standards; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology