title: Significance of HER2 and C-MYC oncogene amplifications in breast cancer in atomic bomb survivors: associations with radiation exposure and histologic grade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been postulated that radiation induces breast cancers in atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors. Oncogene amplification is an important mechanism during breast carcinogenesis and also serves as an indicator of genomic instability (GIN). The objective of this study was to clarify the association of oncogene amplification in breast cancer in A-bomb survivors with radiation exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 593 breast cancers were identified in A-bomb survivors from 1968 to 1999, and the association between breast cancer incidence and A-bomb radiation exposure was evaluated. Invasive ductal cancers from 67 survivors and 30 nonsurvivors were analyzed for amplification of the HER2 and C-MYC genes by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and expression levels of hormone receptors were analyzed by immunostaining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate increased significantly as exposure distance decreased from the hypocenter (hazard ratio per 1-km decrement, 1.47; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.30-1.66). The incidence of HER2 and C-MYC amplification was increased significantly in the order of the control group, the distal group (P = .0238), and the proximal group (P = .0128). Multivariate analyses revealed that distance was a risk factor for the coamplification of C-MYC and HER2 in breast cancer in survivors (odds ratio per 1-km increment, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.01-0.63). The histologic grade of breast cancers became significantly higher in the order of the control group, the distal group, and the proximal group and was associated with oncogene amplifications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results suggested that A-bomb radiation may affect the development of oncogene amplification by inducing GIN and may be associated with a higher histologic grade in breast cancer among A-bomb survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Hisayoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Serik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meirmanov
authors.forename: Tomayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soda
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sekine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D005784:Gene Amplification; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D054043:Nuclear Weapons; D011379:Prognosis; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; C489427:MYC protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human