title: Paroxetine CR augmentation for posttraumatic stress disorder refractory to prolonged exposure therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the efficacy of "next step" strategies for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who remain symptomatic despite treatment. This study prospectively examines the relative efficacy of augmentation of continued prolonged exposure therapy (PE) with paroxetine CR versus placebo for individuals remaining symptomatic despite a course of PE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were recruited from February 2003 to September 2005 at 4 academic centers. Phase I consisted of 8 sessions of individual PE over a 4- to 6-week period. Participants who remained symptomatic, defined as a score of >or= 6 on the Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT) and a Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale (CGI-S) score >or= 3, were randomly assigned to the addition of paroxetine CR or matched placebo to an additional 5 sessions of PE (Phase II).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with prior studies, the 44 Phase I completers improved significantly with initial PE (SPRINT: paired t = 7.6, df = 41, p < .0001; CGI-S: paired t = 6.37, df = 41, p < .0001). Counter to our hypothesis, however, we found no additive benefit of augmentation of continued PE with paroxetine CR compared to pill placebo for the 23 randomly assigned patients, with relatively minimal further gains overall in Phase II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although replication with larger samples is needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn, our data do not support the addition of paroxetine CR compared with placebo to continued PE for individuals with PTSD who remain symptomatic after initial PE, suggesting that the development of novel treatment approaches for PTSD refractory to PE is needed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00215163.
authors.affiliation: Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. nsimon@partners.org
authors.forename: Naomi M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Ariel J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krulewicz
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: LeBeau
authors.forename: Jonathan R T
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Murray B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Edna B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Foa
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pollack
mesh_terms: D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003710:Demography; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D017374:Paroxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors