title: Withdrawal from cocaine self-administration normalizes deficits in proliferation and enhances maturity of adult-generated hippocampal neurons.
abstract: Relapse, a major problem in the treatment of cocaine addiction, is proposed to result in part from neuroadaptations in the hippocampus. We examined how a mediator of hippocampal neuroplasticity, adult neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ), was regulated by cocaine self-administration (CSA), and whether these changes were reversed by 4 weeks of withdrawal (CSA-WD) versus continued cocaine self-administration (CSA-CONT). Rats self-administered intravenous cocaine or saline for 3 weeks and were killed 2 h (CSA) or 4 weeks (CSA-WD, CSA-CONT) after injection with the S-phase marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Cells in several stages of adult neurogenesis were quantified: proliferating cells labeled by BrdU (2 h) or Ki-67; immature neurons labeled by doublecortin; and adult-generated neurons labeled with BrdU (4 weeks) and the mature neuronal marker NeuN. CSA decreased proliferation in both the SGZ and the subventricular zone (SVZ), a source of adult-generated olfactory neurons, changes reversed by CSA-WD. Unexpectedly, CSA-WD and CSA-CONT resulted in more immature doublecortin-immunopositive (+) neurons in the posterior SGZ and a normal number of adult-generated BrdU+ neurons in the SGZ, suggesting an enduring impact of CSA regardless of whether cocaine intake was stopped or continued. However, only CSA-WD rats had more adult-generated neurons with punctate BrdU staining, an indicator of enhanced maturity. These data suggest a mechanism for the cognitive and olfactory deficits seen in cocaine addicts, and further suggest that adult-generated neurons should be considered for their potential role in cocaine addiction and hippocampal-mediated relapse after cocaine withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070, USA.
authors.forename: Michele A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: Kwang H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Self
authors.forename: Amelia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Eisch
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000502:physiology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012646:Self Administration; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C000714848:Dcx protein, rat; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D003042:Cocaine