title: Hypoxia-regulated components of the U4/U6.U5 tri-small nuclear riboprotein complex: possible role in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High oxygen consumption and cyclical changes related to dark-adaptation are characteristic of the outer retina. Oxygenation changes may contribute to the selective vulnerability of the retina in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients, especially for those forms involving genes with global cellular functions. Genes coding for components of the U4/U6.U5 tri small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (tri-snRNP) complex of the spliceosome stand out, because mutations in four genes cause RP, i.e., RP9 (PAP1), RP11 (PRPF31), RP13 (PRPF8), and RP18 (PRPF3), while there is no degeneration outside the retina despite global expression of these genes. With the assumption that variable oxygenation plays a role in RP forms related to pre-mRNA splicing and the retina and brain are similar, we searched a data collection of ischemia-hypoxia regulated genes of the brain for oxygen regulated genes of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  A database of ischemia-hypoxia response (IHR) genes in the brain was generated from gene expression profiling studies [n=24]. Public databases (NCBI) were searched for RP genes with global function that are expressed in the brain. From the IHR gene list, we extracted genes that were directly related to retinal degeneration through a listed mutation (OMIM, Retnet, RISN). The database was then examined for indirect links to RP forms affecting the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP complex by searching for IHR genes contributing to this complex. Potential expression of matched genes in the retina was ascertained using NEIBank. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize a selected protein of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP complex in cynomolgus monkey and human retina specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The approach identified genes that cause retinal degeneration (CNGB1, SEMA4A, RRG4) or developmental changes (SOX2) when mutated. One IHR gene, Pim1, is the immediate binding partner for PAP1 (RP9). Three IHR genes linked the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP complex to regulation by oxygenation: PRPF4; SART1, also known as 110 kDa SR-related protein of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP or as hypoxia associated factor (HAF); and LSM8, U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein. The 110 kDa SR-related protein was localized in all retinal cells including photoreceptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regulation by changes in oxygenation within the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRP complex could be particularly important for photoreceptors where oxygen consumption follows a circadian rhythm. If the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRP complex is already impaired by mutations in any of the four genes causing RP, it may be unable to follow properly the physiological demands of oxygenation which are mediated by the four hypoxia-regulated proteins emerging in this study. Selective vulnerability may involve complex combinations of widely expressed genes, specific cellular functions and local energy availability.
authors.affiliation: Charles E. Schmidt College of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Schmidtk@fau.edu
authors.forename: Rainald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Kastner
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Duco
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamasaki
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Parel
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: C Kathy
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Dorey
authors.forename: Janet C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Blanks
authors.forename: Markus N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Preising
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000235:genetics; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004285:Dogs; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D000073718:Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017414:Ribonucleoprotein, U4-U6 Small Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017415:Ribonucleoprotein, U5 Small Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017411:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000073718:Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins; C000612141:REG3A protein, human; D017414:Ribonucleoprotein, U4-U6 Small Nuclear; D017415:Ribonucleoprotein, U5 Small Nuclear; D017411:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear; C431323:SART1 protein, human