title: Treatment of thoracic esophageal anastomotic leaks and esophageal perforations with endoluminal stents: efficacy and current limitations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intra-thoracic esophageal leakage after esophageal resection or esophageal perforation is a life-threatening event. The objective of this non-randomized observational study was to evaluate the effects of endoluminal stent treatment in patients with esophageal anastomotic leakages or perforations in a single tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two consecutive patients with an intrathoracic esophageal leak, caused by esophagectomy (n = 19), transhiatal gastrectomy (n = 3), laparoscopic fundoplication (n = 2), and iatrogenic or spontaneous perforation (n = 8), undergoing endoscopic stent treatment were evaluated. Hospital stay, mortality and morbidity, sealing rate, extraction rates, complications, and long-term effects were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median time interval between diagnosis and stent treatment was 3 and 5 days, respectively. Eighteen patients had futile surgical closure of the defect before stenting, while in 14 patients, stent placement was the primary treatment for leakage. Stent placement was technically correct in all patients. Functional sealing was achieved in 78%. Mortality was 15.6%. Stent extraction rate was 70%. Overall method-related complications occurred in nine patients (28%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implantation of self-expanding stents after esophageal resection or perforation is a feasible and safe procedure with an acceptable morbidity even if used as last-choice treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Unit of Surgical Endoscopy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tuebergen
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rijcken
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mennigen
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Senninger
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruewer
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome