title: Analysis of gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells upon influenza virus infection and regulation by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Airway epithelial cells, which are the initial site of influenza virus (IV) infection, participate in the inflammatory process through the expression of various genes. In this process, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) may be associated with the expression of many genes, but its precise role remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive analysis was performed of gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells upon IV infection, using an Affymetrix gene chip containing 12 000 genes. Regulation of gene expression by MAPK was also analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5998 genes were detected. Upon IV infection, 165 genes were upregulated and 49 of these were interferon-stimulated genes. The functions of 129 genes, including 14 apoptosis-related genes and 6 antiviral genes, were well characterized; however, those of 36 genes were unknown. The expression of 29 genes was inhibited either by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, or by CEP-11004, a specific inhibitor of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade, and the percentage inhibition by SB 203580 correlated with that by CEP-11004, suggesting that p38 and JNK participate in a common downstream pathway involved in the regulation of gene expression. p38 MAPK- or JNK-dependent genes were functionally classified into diverse categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although further studies are needed to obtain a more complete understanding of gene expression and the role of MAPK in gene expression, the present results are important in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the response of bronchial epithelial cells to IV infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Itsuro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jibiki
authors.forename: Yasukiyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gon
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichiwata
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D001980:Bronchi / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases