AMPK inactivation in mononuclear cells: a potential intracellular mechanism for exercise-induced immunosuppression.
There is much evidence that prolonged intense exercise suppresses the immune system. However, the intracellular biochemical mechanisms linking exercise and immunosuppression remain obscure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that exercise-induced inactivation of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) disrupts individual immune cell function, and thus may be linked to exercise-induced immunosuppression. To confirm AMPK's role in immune cells, AMPK activity was assessed in cultured monocytic Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cells. The effects of single bouts of intense exercise (45 min cycling; 70% VO2 max) on several immune parameters including mononuclear cell AMPK phosphorylation were investigated in 10 male volunteers. In vitro, the mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin brought about transient decreases in cellular [ATP] (0.41+/-0.04 pmol/cell to 0.31+/-0.02 pmol/cell), and activation of AMPKalpha1 (170.7%+/-31.2% basal) and the glycolytic enzyme inducible phosphofructokinase 2 (iPFK-2) (225.0%+/-46.1% basal), with the latter effects coinciding with recovery from ATP depletion. In contrast, exercise-induced transient (approximately 1 h) decreases in AMPKalpha1 phosphorylation (64.4%+/-17.6% basal). This AMPK inactivation coincided with comparable transient decreases in other immune parameters (salivary IgA levels, serum cytokine levels, monocyte CD36 expression). Although the brief exercise bout employed here is not sufficient to cause full-fledged immunosuppression, exercise-induced transient decreases in mononuclear cell AMPK activation (as seen in this study) may cause energy depletion within individual immune cells, and therefore have an impact upon their ability to carry out their functions. Thus, we suggest that prolonged, repeated, high-intensity exercise that leads to clinically relevant immunosuppression may do so via AMPK inactivation within immune cells.
Moir
Hannah
H
Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales CF5 2YB, UK.
Butcher
Lee
L
Jones
Ken P
KP
Hughes
Michael G
MG
Neale
Huw
H
Jia
Huidong
H
Al-Ismaily
Zuleikha
Z
Webb
Richard
R
D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000276:immunology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000378:metabolism; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D025481:Phosphofructokinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology
D001786:Blood Glucose; D018955:CD36 Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D021122:Protein Subunits; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D025481:Phosphofructokinase-2; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases