title: Soluble Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a prognostic factor for heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently reported that serum levels of pentosidine, one of the well-defined advanced glycation end products (AGE), was an independent prognostic factor for heart failure. Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is expressed in a variety of tissues, and RAGE has a C-truncated secretory isoform of the receptor protein, termed soluble RAGE. In the present study, we measured serum soluble RAGE levels in patients and examined whether serum soluble RAGE predicts prognosis in patients with heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum soluble RAGE concentration was measured in 160 patients with heart failure by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were prospectively followed during a median follow-up period of 872 days with end points of cardiac death or rehospitalization. Serum soluble RAGE level increased with advancing New York Heart Association functional class. Serum soluble RAGE level was also higher in patients with cardiac events than in event free patients. From the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cutoff value of serum soluble RAGE level was determined as 1220 pg/mL. Kaplan-Meier analysis clearly demonstrated that the high soluble RAGE group had a significantly higher incidence of cardiac events than occurred in the low serum soluble RAGE group (P = .0004). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, soluble RAGE and serum pentosidine were independent risk factors for cardiac events (soluble RAGE: HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.16-3.09, P = .010; pentosidine: HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.11-2.29, P = .012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum soluble RAGE level is an independent prognostic factor for heart failure, and this novel marker may be useful for risk stratification of patients with heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Yo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Yasuchika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeishi
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niizeki
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitahara
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kubota
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced