title: Anxiolytic-like effects of morphine and buprenorphine in the rat model of fear-potentiated startle: tolerance, cross-tolerance, and blockade by naloxone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphine and buprenorphine have analgesic and anxiolytic-like properties. While their analgesic effects have been well characterized, their anxiolytic-like properties have not.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Effects of acute morphine and buprenorphine on the expression of acoustic fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and naloxone pretreatment were assessed. Effects of chronic morphine and buprenorphine on tolerance, cross-tolerance, and withdrawal were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fear-conditioned rats were given subcutaneous drug treatment immediately before testing for FPS. Experiment 1, rats were administered morphine (0.03, 0.25, 0.63, 2.5, or 10 mg/kg) or buprenorphine (0.004, 0.0075, 0.015, 0.03, or 0.25 mg/kg). Experiment 2, rats were given saline or naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) and 5 min later given saline, morphine (2.5 mg/kg), or buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg). Experiment 3, rats received once-daily injections of saline, morphine (10 mg/kg), or buprenorphine (0.25 mg/kg) for 7 days. Immediately before testing, saline-treated rats were given saline, morphine (2.5 mg/kg), or buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg), morphine-treated rats were given morphine (2.5 mg/kg) or buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg), and buprenorphine-treated rats were given buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) or morphine (2.5 mg/kg). Tolerance and cross-tolerance in analgesia were assessed via the tail-flick test, as were naloxone-precipitated withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine and buprenorphine had parallel dose-response curves in blocking FPS, with buprenorphine 40 times more potent than morphine. Naloxone reversed these effects. Morphine and buprenorphine showed tolerance and cross-tolerance in their anxiolytic-like and analgesic effects. Chronic buprenorphine produced less withdrawal than chronic morphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-tolerance between morphine and buprenorphine suggests a common receptor mediating their anxiolytic-like and analgesic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. eglover@emory.edu
authors.forename: Ebony M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D009270:Naloxone; D002047:Buprenorphine; D009020:Morphine