title: Differential efficacy of combined therapy with radiation and AEE788 in high and low EGFR-expressing androgen-independent prostate tumor models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of combining radiation (XRT) with a dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor, AEE788, in prostate cancer models with different levels of EGFR expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunoblotting was performed for EGFR, phosphorylated-EGFR, and phosphorylated-AKT in prostate cancer cells. Clonogenic assays were performed on DU145, PC-3, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with XRT +/- AEE788. Tumor xenografts were established for DU145 and PC-3 on hind limbs of athymic nude mice assigned to four treatment groups: (1) control, (2) AEE788, (3) XRT, and (4) AEE788 + XRT. Tumor blood flow and growth measurements were performed using immunohistochemistry and imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AEE788 effectively decreased phosphorylated-EGFR and phosphorylated-AKT levels in DU145 and PC-3 cells. Clonogenic assays showed no radiosensitization for DU145 and PC-3 colonies treated with AEE788 + XRT. However, AEE788 caused decreased proliferation in DU145 cells. AEE788 showed a radiosensitization effect in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and increased apoptosis susceptibility. Concurrent AEE788 + XRT compared with either alone led to significant tumor growth delay in DU145 tumors. Conversely, PC-3 tumors derived no added benefit from combined-modality therapy. In DU145 tumors, a significant decrease in tumor blood flow with combination therapy was shown by using power Doppler sonography and tumor blood vessel destruction on immunohistochemistry. Maldi-spectrometry (MS) imaging showed that AEE788 is bioavailable and heterogeneously distributed in DU145 tumors undergoing therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AEE788 + XRT showed efficacy in vitro/in vivo with DU145-based cell models, whereas PC-3-based models were adequately treated with XRT alone without added benefit from combination therapy. These findings correlated with differences in EGFR expression and showed effects on both tumor cell proliferation and vascular destruction.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huamani
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willey
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thotala
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Niermann
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reyzer
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leavitt
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fleishcher
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caprioli
authors.forename: Dennis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hallahan
authors.forename: Dong Wook Nathan
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011687:Purines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011687:Purines; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; C489254:AEE 788