title: Major changes in glucose metabolism, including new-onset diabetes, within 3 months after initiation of or switch to atypical antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate 3-month changes in glucose metabolism in a naturalistic sample of patients with schizophrenia newly started on or switched to specific atypical antipsychotic medication therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-three patients were evaluated before initiation and 3 months after with a 75-g glucose load oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Data were collected between November 2003 and January 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients (4.4%) developed new-onset diabetes within 3 months. Initiation of clozapine resulted in a significantly higher risk for new-onset glucose abnormalities than initiation of aripiprazole (odds ratio = 67.29, 95% CI = 5.23 to 866.49). Significant drug x time interactions were found for all OGTT glucose assessments (fasting: F = 6.79, df = 5,177; p < .0001; 30 minutes: F = 3.89, df = 5,177; p = .0023; 60 minutes: F = 5.03, df = 5,177; p = .0002; 120 minutes: F = 3.78, df = 5,177; p = .0028), with the evolution of plasma glucose levels being significantly worse in patients initiated on clozapine therapy (fasting, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes), olanzapine therapy (fasting, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes), and quetiapine therapy (fasting and 60 minutes) than in patients initiated on aripiprazole therapy (p < .05). Clozapine was also significantly more deleterious than risperidone and amisulpride for fasting plasma glucose level changes (p < .05). Type of initiation (start or switch) did not affect any of the metabolic parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of new-onset glucose abnormalities, including diabetes, in the first 3 months after newly starting or switching atypical antipsychotic medication is high and may be markedly influenced by type of prescribed antipsychotic. The importance of accurately screening for new-onset glucose abnormalities after initiation of an atypical antipsychotic is emphasized.
authors.affiliation: University Psychiatric Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium. ruud.van.winkel@uc-kortenberg.be
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Winkel
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Hert
authors.forename: Martien
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wampers
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Eyck
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hanssens
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheen
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peuskens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000068180:Aripiprazole; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005215:Fasting; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015995:Prevalence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D015363:Quinolones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D007328:Insulin; D010879:Piperazines; D015363:Quinolones; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D000068180:Aripiprazole; D005947:Glucose; D003024:Clozapine; D000077152:Olanzapine