title: Phenoxazine derivatives inactivate human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus-1, and herpes simplex virus-2 in vitro.
abstract: We examined whether phenoxazine derivatives, 2-amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha-7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1), 3-amino-1,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha-8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazine-2-one (Phx-2), and 2-amino-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) may have antiviral activity against herpes family viruses: human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). The antiviral activity was evaluated by the selectivity index (SI), which is the ratio of 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC(50)) and 50% antiviral concentration (IC(50)). Among these phenoxazines, Phx-2 exerted strong antiviral activity to HCMV with the SI of 200, while Phx-1 and Phx-3 exerted no marked anti-HCMV activity. Phx-2 also showed moderate inhibition of HSV-1 and HSV-2, with the SI of 6.7 and 17, respectively. In the time-of-addition experiments, inhibitory effect of Phx-2 against HCMV was active even when applied to cells at 100 h after HCMV infection, while ganciclovir (GCV) showed potent inhibition when applied to cells before 42-h post-infection, but its inhibitory effects disappeared thereafter. Attachment and penetration of HCMV was not affected by the presence of Phx-2. When HCMV was pretreated with Phx-2, concentration-dependent virucidal action was observed, suggesting that Phx-2 inactivates HCMV directly. From these data, it was found that Phx-2 might have a different anti-HCMV target from GCV.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Toshimitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomoda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects*; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000187:drug effects*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D010078:Oxazines; C039203:phenoxazine