title: Menstrual phase effects on smoking cessation: a pilot feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A growing body of research suggests that nicotine withdrawal and cigarette craving may vary across the menstrual cycle and that the luteal phase of the cycle may be associated with increases in each. This potential relationship suggests that careful timing of quit attempts during the menstrual cycle may improve initial success at abstinence, although there are no direct tests of this approach yet published. Our objectives were to preliminarily test the effect of timing of quit attempts for smoking cessation relative to menstrual cycle and to identify methodological procedures that could guide subsequent, larger clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this pilot study, we randomized female smokers aged 18-40 who were not currently using hormonal contraception to quit smoking during either the follicular (n = 25) or luteal phase (n = 19) of their menstrual cycle. Participants were provided with two sessions of smoking cessation counseling (90 minutes total). All participants were provided with a transdermal nicotine patch contingent on maintenance of abstinence throughout the course of the 6-week study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among participants who initiated treatment, received the patch, and made a quit attempt (n = 35), carbon monoxide-verified repeated point prevalence abstinence 2 weeks after the target quit date was higher in the follicular than the luteal group (32% vs. 19%, respectively; OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 0.4-9.8). Within the overall study population, this difference was slightly lower (24% vs. 16%; OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.4-7.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Timing quit attempts based on menstrual phase is feasible. Insights gained from this study and the recommendations made herein may inform future research on this important clinical question.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. carpente@musc.edu
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Saladin
authors.forename: Ashley S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Leinbach
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Larowe
authors.forename: Himanshu P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Upadhyaya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012907:Smoking / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine