title: A pilot study to examine the effects of a nutrition intervention on nutrition knowledge, behaviors, and efficacy expectations in middle school children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This was a pilot study to determine the impact of the Michigan Model (MM) Nutrition Curriculum on nutrition knowledge, efficacy expectations, and eating behaviors in middle school students.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a large metropolitan setting and approved by the Institutional Review Board. The participants for this study were divided into an intervention group (n = 407) and a control group (n = 169). An MM instructor trained health teachers in the use of the curriculum, and the teacher subsequently taught the curriculum to students in the intervention group. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used to determine pre-post differences. It consisted of 3 subscales assessing eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and efficacy expectations toward healthy eating. Subscale scores were analyzed using a 2 groups (intervention vs control) x 2 times (pre vs post) analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention group increased their nutrition knowledge at post. There was also a significant main effect for groups in the subscales "Eating Behaviors" and "Efficacy Expectations Regarding Healthy Eating." Subsequent post hoc analysis revealed that the intervention group was significantly more likely to eat fruits and vegetables and less likely to eat junk food than the control group. Students in the intervention group also felt more confident that they could eat healthy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this pilot study suggest that the MM Nutrition Curriculum delivered by trained professionals resulted in significant positive changes in both nutrition knowledge and behaviors in middle school children. Further research needs to be conducted to determine the long-term impact.
authors.affiliation: Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48208, USA. m.fahlman@wayne.edu
authors.forename: Mariane M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fahlman
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dake
authors.forename: Nate
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McCaughtry
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003479:Curriculum; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012572:School Health Services; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014504:Urban Health