title: X-inactivation in female human embryonic stem cells is in a nonrandom pattern and prone to epigenetic alterations.
abstract: X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an essential mechanism for dosage compensation of X-linked genes in female cells. We report that subcultures from lines of female human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) exhibit variation (0-100%) for XCI markers, including XIST RNA expression and enrichment of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) on the inactive X chromosome (Xi). Surprisingly, regardless of the presence or absence of XCI markers in different cultures, all female hESCs we examined (H7, H9, and HSF6 cells) exhibit a monoallelic expression pattern for a majority of X-linked genes. Our results suggest that these established female hESCs have already completed XCI during the process of derivation and/or propagation, and the XCI pattern of lines we investigated is already not random. Moreover, XIST gene expression in subsets of cultured female hESCs is unstable and subject to stable epigenetic silencing by DNA methylation. In the absence of XIST expression, approximately 12% of X-linked promoter CpG islands become hypomethylated and a portion of X-linked alleles on the Xi are reactivated. Because alterations in dosage compensation of X-linked genes could impair somatic cell function, we propose that XCI status should be routinely checked in subcultures of female hESCs, with cultures displaying XCI markers better suited for use in regenerative medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Geffen School of Medicine, and Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Youko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuno
authors.forename: Shaun D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fouse
authors.forename: Nagesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Sierra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Root
authors.forename: Renhe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D050172:Genes, X-Linked; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005819:Genetic Markers; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; C077885:XIST non-coding RNA