title: Txnip balances metabolic and growth signaling via PTEN disulfide reduction.
abstract: Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) inhibits thioredoxin NADPH-dependent reduction of protein disulfides. Total Txnip knockout (TKO) mice adapted inappropriately to prolonged fasting by shifting fuel dependence of skeletal muscle and heart from fat and ketone bodies to glucose. TKO mice exhibited increased Akt signaling, insulin sensitivity, and glycolysis in oxidative tissues (skeletal muscle and hearts) but not in lipogenic tissues (liver and adipose tissue). The selective activation of Akt in skeletal muscle and hearts was associated with impaired mitochondrial fuel oxidation and the accumulation of oxidized (inactive) PTEN, whose activity depends on reduction of two critical cysteine residues. Whereas muscle- and heart-specific Txnip knockout mice recapitulated the metabolic phenotype exhibited by TKO mice, liver-specific Txnip knockout mice were similar to WT mice. Embryonic fibroblasts derived from knockout mice also accumulated oxidized (inactive) PTEN and had elevated Akt phosphorylation. In addition, they had faster growth rates and increased dependence on anaerobic glycolysis due to impaired mitochondrial fuel oxidation, and they were resistant to doxorubicin-facilitated respiration-dependent apoptosis. In the absence of Txnip, oxidative inactivation of PTEN and subsequent activation of Akt attenuated mitochondrial respiration, resulting in the accumulation of NADH, a competitive inhibitor of thioredoxin NADPH-reductive activation of PTEN. These findings indicate that, in nonlipogenic tissues, Txnip is required to maintain sufficient thioredoxin NADPH activity to reductively reactivate oxidized PTEN and oppose Akt downstream signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes, The BioSciences Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
authors.forename: Simon T Y
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Allen M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Andres
authors.forename: Amber K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Nathanael J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Spann
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Noah M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Amelia Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sowbarnika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sachithanantham
authors.forename: Dae Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Jason K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D004220:Disulfides / Q000378:metabolism*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000187:drug effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004220:Disulfides; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C445672:Txnip protein, mouse; D013879:Thioredoxins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C487757:Pten protein, mouse