title: Regulation of cholinergic phenotype in developing neurons.
abstract: Specification of neurotransmitter phenotype is critical for neural circuit development and is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Recent findings in rat hypothalamus in vitro suggest the role of neurotransmitter glutamate in the regulation of cholinergic phenotype. Here we extended our previous studies on the mechanisms of glutamate-dependent regulation of cholinergic phenotypic properties in hypothalamic neurons. Using immunocytochemistry, electrophysiology, and calcium imaging, we demonstrate that hypothalamic expression of choline acetyltransferase (the cholinergic marker) and responsiveness of neurons to acetylcholine (ACh) receptor agonists increase during chronic administration of an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blocker, MK-801, in developing rats in vivo and genetic and pharmacological inactivation of NMDARs in mouse and rat developing neuronal cultures. In hypothalamic cultures, an inactivation of NMDA receptors also induces ACh-dependent synaptic activity, as do inactivations of PKA, ERK/MAPK, CREB, and NF-kappaB, which are known to be regulated by NMDA receptors. Interestingly, the increase in cholinergic properties in developing neurons that is induced by NMDAR blockade is prevented by the blockade of ACh receptors, suggesting that function of ACh receptor is required for the cholinergic up-regulation. Using dual recording of monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents, we further demonstrate that chronic inactivation of ionotropic glutamate receptors induces the cholinergic phenotype in a subset of glutamatergic neurons. The phenotypic switch is partial as ACh and glutamate are coreleased. The results suggest that developing neurons may not only coexpress multiple transmitter phenotypes, but can also change the phenotypes following changes in signaling in neuronal circuits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 2146 W. 39th Avenue, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
authors.forename: Xinhuai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ion R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Popescu
authors.forename: Janna V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Denisova
authors.forename: Rachael L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Neve
authors.forename: Roderick A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Corriveau
authors.forename: Andrei B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Belousov
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000502:physiology; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000502:physiology; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000109:Acetylcholine; D002118:Calcium; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate