title: Venlafaxine for acute heroin detoxification: a double-blind, randomized, control trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dissatisfaction with current available heroin detoxification regimens has led to the search for alternatives. Evidences have shown that several neurotransmission systems, including serotonin, are involved in opioid withdrawal. This study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, in managing heroin withdrawal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled 7-day trial. Thirty-four heroin-dependent inpatients seeking detoxification were enrolled and assigned to either the venlafaxine (n = 15) or the placebo group (n = 19). The subjects received either venlafaxine 300 mg/d or placebo as their treatment regimen. Outcome measures were Objective Opioid Withdrawal Scale, total sleeping time, visual analog scale for subjective withdrawal severity, Clinical Global Impression scores on discharge, patient's impression of treatment, and amount of ancillary medications used. Data of outcome measures were analyzed by generalized estimating equation model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed the data from 20 subjects (8 in venlafaxine group and 12 in placebo group) who remained in the study after the fifth day of the trial. Objective Opioid Withdrawal Scale, visual analog scale, and total sleeping time demonstrated a significant efficacy of venlafaxine compared with the placebo group (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0195, and P < 0.0001, respectively). There was no difference in Clinical Global Impression and patient's impression of treatment between the 2 groups, although the placebo group needed more ancillary medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the small sample size, this study showed that venlafaxine is effective in alleviating withdrawal symptoms of heroin with good tolerability and safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital and Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei, Taiwan. sklin@tpech.gov.tw
authors.forename: Shih-Ku
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chia-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chun-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002214:Capsules; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002214:Capsules; D000077152:Olanzapine; D018967:Risperidone; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors