title: Bayesian coalescent analysis reveals a high rate of molecular evolution in GB virus C.
abstract: GB virus C/hepatitis G (GBV-C) is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. Despite replicating with an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, some previous estimates of rates of evolutionary change in GBV-C suggest that it fixes mutations at the anomalously low rate of approximately 10(-7) nucleotide substitution per site, per year. However, these estimates were largely based on the assumption that GBV-C and its close relative GBV-A (New World monkey GB viruses) codiverged with their primate hosts over millions of years. Herein, we estimated the substitution rate of GBV-C using the largest set of dated GBV-C isolates compiled to date and a Bayesian coalescent approach that utilizes the year of sampling and so is independent of the assumption of codivergence. This revealed a rate of evolutionary change approximately four orders of magnitude higher than that estimated previously, in the range of 10(-2) to 10(-3) sub/site/year, and hence in line with those previously determined for RNA viruses in general and the Flaviviridae in particular. In addition, we tested the assumption of host-virus codivergence in GBV-A by performing a reconciliation analysis of host and virus phylogenies. Strikingly, we found no statistical evidence for host-virus codivergence in GBV-A, indicating that substitution rates in the GB viruses should not be estimated from host divergence times.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute-ICBII, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Paolo M de A
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Zanotto
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D029407:GB virus C / Q000235:genetics*