title: Acetylcholine-induced seizure-like activity and modified cholinergic gene expression in chronically epileptic rats.
abstract: The entorhinal cortex (EC) plays an important role in temporal lobe epilepsy. Under normal conditions, the enriched cholinergic innervation of the EC modulates local synchronized oscillatory activity; however, its role in epilepsy is unknown. Enhanced neuronal activation has been shown to induce transcriptional changes of key cholinergic genes and thus alter cholinergic responses. To examine cholinergic modulations in epileptic tissue we studied molecular and electrophysiological cholinergic responses in the EC of chronically epileptic rats following exposure to pilocarpine or kainic acid. We confirmed that while the total activity of the acetylcholine (ACh)-hydrolysing enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was not altered, epileptic rats showed alternative splicing of AChE pre-mRNA transcripts, accompanied by a shift from membrane-bound AChE tetramers to soluble monomers. This was associated with increased sensitivity to ACh application: thus, in control rats, ACh (10-100 microm) induced slow (< 1Hz), periodic events confined to the EC; however, in epileptic rats, ACh evoked seconds-long seizure-like events with initial appearance in the EC, and frequent propagation to neighbouring cortical regions. ACh-induced seizure-like events could be completely blocked by the non-specific muscarinic antagonist, atropine, and were partially blocked by the muscarinic-1 receptor antagonist, pirenzepine; but were not affected by the non-specific nicotinic antagonist, mecamylamine. Epileptic rats presented reduced transcript levels of muscarinic receptors with no evidence of mRNA editing or altered mRNA levels for nicotinic ACh receptors. Our findings suggest that altered cholinergic modulation may initiate seizure events in the epileptic temporal cortex.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Israel.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Marleisje
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Njunting
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ivens
authors.forename: Else A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tolner
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tolner
authors.forename: Christoph J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Hermona
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soreq
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003292:Convulsants / Q000633:toxicity; D004594:Electrophysiology; D018728:Entorhinal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D008839:Microelectrodes; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000633:toxicity; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D003292:Convulsants; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D010862:Pilocarpine; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000109:Acetylcholine; D007608:Kainic Acid