title: Markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients with or without diabetic nephropathy followed for 10 years: association with mortality and decline of glomerular filtration rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the association of biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity and decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively followed 199 type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy and 192 patients with persistent normoalbuminuria. Biomarkers were measured at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We constructed two Z scores: the mean inflammatory Z score combined C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1), and secreted phospholipase A2 and the mean Z score for endothelial dysfunction combined soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and sICAM-1. The mean Z score of inflammatory biomarkers was associated with mortality and the combined end point in patients with diabetic nephropathy after multivariate adjustment (hazard ratio 1.7 [95% CI 1.1-2.6]; P = 0.025 and 1.5 [1.1-2.2]; P = 0.017). The mean Z score for endothelial dysfunction biomarkers was associated with mortality in a model adjusting for age and sex in patients with diabetic nephropathy (1.6 [1.0-2.3]; P = 0.031). The mean Z score for endothelial dysfunction correlated with decline in GFR (r = -0.243; P = 0.001); the correlation persisted after multivariate adjustment (coefficient -1.38 [95% CI -2.27 to -0.50]; P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean Z scores of inflammatory biomarkers are significantly associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with nephropathy after multivariate adjustment. These data suggest that the high risk of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes may be explained in part by inflammatory activity. Mean Z score of endothelial dysfunction correlated after multivariate adjustment with the rate of decline in GFR.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark. ansa@steno.dk
authors.forename: Anne Sofie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarnow
authors.forename: Lotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pietraszek
authors.forename: Casper G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Schalkwijk
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: Hans-Henrik
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Parving
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossing
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D054467:Phospholipases A2