title: Effectiveness of the CAGE questionnaire, gamma-glutamyltransferase and mean corpuscular volume of red blood cells as markers for alcohol-related problems in the workplace.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the usefulness of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), as well as that of the CAGE questionnaire, in workplace screening for alcohol abuse/dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 183 male employees were submitted to structured interviews (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV 2.0 and CAGE questionnaire). Blood samples were collected. Diagnostic accuracy and odds ratio were determined for the CAGE, GGT and MCV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CAGE questionnaire presented the best sensitivity for alcohol dependence (91%; specificity, 87.8%) and for alcohol abuse (87.5%, specificity, 80.9%), which increased when the questionnaire was used in combination with GGT (sensitivity, 100% and 87.5%, respectively; specificity, 68% and 61.5, respectively). CAGE positive results and/or alterations in GGT were less likely to occur among employees not presenting alcohol abuse/dependence than among those presenting such abuse (OR for CAGE=13, p<0.05; OR for CAGE-GGT=11, p<0.05) or dependence (OR for CAGE=76, p<0.01; OR for GGT=5, p<0.01). Employees not presenting alcohol abuse/dependence were also several times more likely to present negative CAGE or GGT results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use short, simple questionnaires, combined with that of low-cost biochemical markers, such as GGT, can serve as an initial screening for alcohol-related problems, especially for employees in hazardous occupations. The data provided can serve to corroborate clinical findings.
authors.affiliation: GREA, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. adoal@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Ricardo Abrantes
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: do Amaral
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malbergier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase