title: Pre-operative carbohydrate loading may be used in type 2 diabetes patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-operative insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia are associated with an impaired outcome after surgery. Pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading (CHO) reduces post-operative insulin resistance with a reduced risk of hyperglycaemia during post-operative nutrition. Insulin-resistant diabetic patients have not been given CHO because the effects on pre-operative glycaemia and gastric emptying are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients (45-73 years) with type 2 diabetes [glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.2 +/- 0.2%, mean +/- SEM] and 10 healthy control subjects (45-72 years) were studied. A carbohydrate-rich drink (400 ml, 12.5%) was given with paracetamol 1.5 g for determination of gastric emptying.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak glucose was higher in diabetic patients than in healthy subjects (13.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.5 mM; P<0.01) and occurred later after intake (60 vs. 30 min; P<0.01). Glucose concentrations were back to baseline at 180 vs. 120 min in diabetic patients and healthy subjects, respectively (P<0.01). At 120 min, 10.9 +/- 0.7% and 13.3 +/- 1.2% of paracetamol remained in the stomach in diabetic patients and healthy, subjects respectively. Gastric half-emptying time (T50) occurred at 49.8 +/- 2.2 min in diabetics and at 58.6 +/- 3.7 min in healthy subjects (P<0.05). Neither peak glucose, glucose at 180 min, gastric T50, nor retention at 120 min differed between insulin (HbA1c 6.8 +/- 0.7%)- and non-insulin-treated (HbA1c 5.6 +/- 0.4%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 2 diabetic patients showed no signs of delayed gastric emptying, suggesting that a carbohydrate-rich drink may be safely administrated 180 min before anaesthesia without risk of hyperglycaemia or aspiration pre-operatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Centre for Gastrointestinal Disease, Ersta Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: U O
authors.initials: UO
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nygren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thorell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soop
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ljungqvist
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hagström-Toft
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000368:Aged; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D001628:Beverages; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D000082:Acetaminophen