title: Acetazolamide prevents vacuolar myopathy in skeletal muscle of K(+) -depleted rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acetazolamide and dichlorphenamide are carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors effective in the clinical condition of hypokalemic periodic paralysis (hypoPP). Whether these drugs prevent vacuolar myopathy, which is a pathogenic factor in hypoPP, is unknown. The effects of these drugs on the efflux of lactate from skeletal muscle were also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 10 days, K(+)-depleted rats, a model of hypoPP, were administered 5.6 mg kg(-1) day(-1) of acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide or bendroflumethiazide (the last is not an inhibitor of CA). Histological analysis of vacuolar myopathy and in vitro lactate efflux measurements were performed in skeletal muscles from treated and untreated K(+)-depleted rats, and also from normokalemic rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About three times as many vacuoles were found in the type II fibres of tibialis anterioris muscle sections from K(+)-depleted rats as were found in the same muscle from normokalemic rats. In ex vivo experiments, a higher efflux of lactate on in vitro incubation was found in muscles of K(+)-depleted rats compared with that found in muscles from normokalemic rats. After treatment of K(+)-depleted rats with acetazolamide, the numbers of vacuoles in tibialis anterioris muscle decreased to near normal values. Incubation with acetazolamide in vitro inhibited efflux of lactate from muscles of K(+)-depleted rats. In contrast, bendroflumethiazide and dichlorphenamide failed to prevent vacuolar myopathy after treatment in vivo and failed to inhibit lactate efflux in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acetazolamide prevents vacuolar myopathy in K(+)-depleted rats. This effect was associated with inhibition of lactate transport, rather than inhibition of CA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari, Italy. dtricarico@farmbiol.uniba.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tricarico
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lovaglio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mele
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rotondo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mancinelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meola
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Camerino
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001539:Bendroflumethiazide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002452:Cell Count; D004005:Dichlorphenamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011191:Potassium Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D004232:Diuretics; D004573:Electrolytes; D019344:Lactic Acid; D001539:Bendroflumethiazide; D000086:Acetazolamide; D004005:Dichlorphenamide