title: 24-hour serum levels of growth hormone, prolactin, and cortisol in pre- and postmenopausal women: the effect of combined estrogen and progestin treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to study the 24-h profiles of GH, prolactin (PRL), and cortisol concentrations in older postmenopausal and middle-aged premenopausal women, before and after estrogen-progestin treatment (EPT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. GH, PRL, and cortisol were sampled every 20 min for 24 h in 18 postmenopausal (aged 58-70 yr) and 17 premenopausal (aged 45-51 yr) women before and after 6 months of EPT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean 24-h GH (1.0 vs. 1.8 mU/liter, P = 0.033) and PRL (6.8 vs. 10.0 ng/ml, P = 0.009) concentrations were lower in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women. After EPT, the postmenopausal GH and PRL did not differ from premenopausal baseline levels. Postmenopausal mean 24-h GH (P < 0.001) and PRL (P = 0.002), daytime GH (P < 0.001) and nighttime PRL (P = 0.004) were higher during EPT compared with placebo. Cortisol levels did not differ. Premenopausal mean nighttime PRL (P = 0.026) and cortisol (P = 0.018) were higher during EPT compared with placebo. Postmenopausal PRL and premenopausal GH and PRL concentrations were higher at night than during the day. EPT did not alter this pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menopause was associated with decreased 24-h levels of GH and PRL, which were reversible with EPT. In contrast, cortisol levels were not affected by menopause or EPT. In middle-aged premenopausal women, the studied effects of EPT were limited to nighttime increases of PRL and cortisol.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, Turku, Finland. nea.kalleinen@utu.fi
authors.forename: Nea
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalleinen
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Polo-Kantola
authors.forename: Kerttu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irjala
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Porkka-Heiskanen
authors.forename: Tero
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vahlberg
authors.forename: Arho
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virkki
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Polo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D011388:Prolactin; D006854:Hydrocortisone