title: In vivo imaging of cartilage degeneration using microCT-arthrography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In vivo imaging of cartilage degeneration in small animal models is nowadays practically impossible. In the present study, we investigated the use of micro-computed tomography (microCT) in combination with a negatively charged ionic iodine dimer (ioxaglate) for in vivo assessment of cartilage degeneration in a small animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cartilage degeneration was induced in the right knee of rats by injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA). We imaged the rat knees with ioxaglate enhanced microCT-arthrography at 4, 16 and 44 days after MIA injection. Subsequently, microCT-arthrographic findings were evaluated and compared with quantitative histology of the patellar cartilage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo microCT-arthrography clearly detected cartilage degeneration in the rat knee-joints, in which the ioxaglate diffused into the degenerated cartilage layer. Higher microCT-attenuation values and smaller total volumes of the cartilage layer were detected at longer time periods after MIA injection, which is quantitatively confirmed by histology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo microCT-arthrography is a valuable tool for detection of minor cartilage alterations and distinguishes different stages of cartilage degeneration in a small animal model. Since microCT, at the same time, also visualizes osteophyte formation and changes in the underlying subchondral bone structures, the technique will be very useful for longitudinal overall assessment of the development of (osteo)arthritis and to study interventions in small animal models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Piscaer
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Waarsing
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kops
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavljasevic
authors.forename: J A N
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Verhaar
authors.forename: G J V M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van Osch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weinans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D001175:Arthrography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002356:Cartilage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007461:Iodoacetates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D007461:Iodoacetates