title: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is the anticancer target for a novel series of potent naphthoquinone-based inhibitors.
abstract: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is emerging as an important new therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, chronic viral infections, and other diseases characterized by pathological immune suppression. While small molecule inhibitors of IDO exist, there remains a dearth of high-potency compounds offering in vivo efficacy and clinical translational potential. In this study, we address this gap by defining a new class of naphthoquinone-based IDO inhibitors exemplified by the natural product menadione, which is shown in mouse tumor models to have similar antitumor activity to previously characterized IDO inhibitors. Genetic validation that IDO is the critical in vivo target is demonstrated using IDO-null mice. Elaboration of menadione to a pyranonaphthoquinone has yielded low nanomolar potency inhibitors, including new compounds which are the most potent reported to date (K(i) = 61-70 nM). Synthetic accessibility of this class will facilitate preclinical chemical-genetic studies as well as further optimization of pharmacological parameters for clinical translation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Malachowski
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: DuHadaway
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: LaLonde
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jaller
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Prendergast
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Muller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001665:Binding Sites; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011753:Pyrones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D024483:Vitamin K 3 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D011753:Pyrones; C529393:annulin B; D024483:Vitamin K 3