title: Deep sedation for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison with cardiac anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that safety, efficacy, and image quality in pediatric patients who undergo deep sedation for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) for congenital heart disease (CHD) is similar to general anesthesia (GA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of all CMR records from 1997-2006. Six hundred sixty patients underwent deep sedation (DS) and 161 underwent GA. Statistics included analysis of variance, chi(2) analysis, and the coefficient of variation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diagnoses included a broad spectrum of CHD. No serious adverse events (AE) including mortalities and hospitalizations occurred because of DS. There were 18 (2.8%) self-limited events in the DS group with a success rate of 97.9%. The AE rate for patients undergoing GA was 3.9% (n = 6), including 2 overnight hospital stays with a success rate of 100%. AE and success rates did not differ between the 2 groups. Observers blinded to the patient's group found no difference in image quality. Even in young infants, excellent image quality was obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sedation of appropriately screened pediatric patients with CHD undergoing CMR is safe and well tolerated and yields high-quality images similar to GA. GA should be considered for patients with CHD with hemodynamic or airway compromise, in whom sedation has failed, or who have special circumstances.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. fogel@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Elicia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parave
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Concepcion
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D054810:Deep Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives