title: Cisplatin treatment increases survival and expansion of a highly tumorigenic side-population fraction by upregulating VEGF/Flt1 autocrine signaling.
abstract: The cellular and molecular mechanisms of tumor progression following chemotherapy are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that cisplatin (CDDP) treatment upregulates VEGF and Flt1 expression leading to the survival and expansion of a highly tumorigenic fraction of side-population (SP) cells in osteosarcoma (HOS), neuroblastoma (SK-N-BE2) and rhabdomyosarcoma (RH-4) cell lines. In all three lines, we show that CDDP treatment increases levels of VEGF and Flt1 expression, and induces enhanced clonogenic capacity and increased expression of the 'stemness'-associated genes Nanog, Bmi-1 and Oct-4 in the SP fraction. In HOS, these changes are associated with the transformation of a non-tumorigenic osteosarcoma SP fraction to a highly tumorigenic phenotype. Inhibition of Flt1 led to complete reduction of tumorigenicity in the HOS SP fraction, and reduction of clonogenic capacity and expression of stemness genes in the SK-N-BE(2) and RH-4 SP fractions. Treatment with U0126, a specific inhibitor of MAPK/ERK1,2 completely downregulates CDDP-induced VEGF and Flt1 expression and induction/expansion of SP fraction in all three cell lines, indicating that these effects are mediated through MAPK/ERK1,2 signaling. In conclusion, we report a novel mechanism of CDDP-induced tumor progression, whereby the activation of VEGF/Flt1 autocrine signaling leads to the survival and expansion of a highly tumorigenic SP fraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tsuchida
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yeger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Thorner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baruchel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malkin
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C501162:FLT1 protein, human; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D002945:Cisplatin