title: Multi-unit dosage formulations of theophylline for controlled release applications.
abstract: The study was carried out to investigate the drug release profiles of multi-unit dosage formulations of theophylline consisting of both the fast and slow release components in a unit dose. The fast release component consisted of conventional granules of theophylline formed by mixing the drug powder with starch mucilage (20% w/v) while the slow release component consisted of wax granulations of theophylline formed by triturating the drug powder with a melted Carnauba wax (drug:wax ratio, 4:1). The granules were either filled into capsules or tabletted. In the study design, the drug release characteristics of the individual fast or slow release particles were first determined separately and then mixed in various proportions for the purpose of optimizing the drug release profiles. The evaluating parameters were the prompt release in the first 1 h (mp), the maximum release (m infinity) and the time to attain it (t infinity). Total drug content in each capsule or tablet was 300 mg and two of such were used in dissolution studies. The release kinetics and hence the release mechanism was confirmed by measuring the linear regression coefficient (R2 values) of the release data. The release kinetics was generally most consistent with the Higuchi square root of time relationship (R2 = 0.95). indicating a diffusion-controlled mechanism. The mp (mg) and t infinity (h) values for capsules and tablets of the conventional granules were (420 mg, 3 h) and (348 mg, 5 h), respectively, while for the capsules and tablets of the wax granulations mp and t infinity values were (228 mg, 9 h) and (156 mg, 12 h), respectively, indicating that a combination of wax granulation and tableting markedly retarded drug release. In the multi-unit dose formulations where the conventional and wax granulations were mixed in the ratios 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 (conventional: matrix), the m infinity and t infinity values for the capsules were (378 mg, 6 h), (326 mg, 6 h) and (272 mg, 7 h), reSpectively. The corresponding values of m infinity and t infinity for the tablets were (240 mg, 9 h), (180 mg, 11 h) and (128 mg, 12 h) against the set target (200 mg, 12 h). The indication is that tableting rather than encapsulation can more effectively control drug release from the systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. mike2003u@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Michael U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Uhumwangho
authors.forename: Roland S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Okor
mesh_terms: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002214:Capsules; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D016014:Linear Models; D012995:Solubility; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry; D013607:Tablets; D013806:Theophylline / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014885:Waxes / Q000737:chemistry; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005079:Excipients; D013607:Tablets; D014885:Waxes; D013213:Starch; D013806:Theophylline; C026344:carnauba wax