title: A Markov cost-utility analysis of escitalopram and duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the costs and quality-adjusted life weeks of duloxetine and escitalopram.
  
  
  METHODS
  A probabilistic Markov cost-utility analysis with a time horizon of 1 year using data from placebo controlled randomized clinical trials for both products.
  
  
  METHODS
  Efficacy was defined as remission of depressive symptoms and converted to utilities. Side effects were incorporated using rates from clinical trials and converted to utilities to define treatment effectiveness. The effectiveness outcome was quality adjusted life weeks (QALWs). Estimates of effectiveness (efficacy and side effects) used beta distributions and costs used gamma distributions. Using a managed care perspective, medication costs and physician office visits were included in the model, along with costs associated with treatment failure. Antidepressant costs were obtained using average wholesale price minus 20%. Physician visit costs were obtained from the 2006 US Medicare fee schedule for physician services. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted using 1000 trials with both first- and second-order sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 1 year, the estimated mean quality-adjusted life weeks was 41.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.7-41.3) for escitalopram and 38.2 (95% CI: 37.9-38.4) for duloxetine. The mean annual total medical cost for escitalopram was $907 (95% CI: $894-$919) and $1633 (95% CI: $1614-$1654) for duloxetine. Limitations to this analysis include using separate studies examining the efficacy and adverse events of either escitalopram or duloxetine, assuming the switch, augmentation, and titration rates for duloxetine to be similar to escitalopram, and using utility estimates from published literature for the antidepressant adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis suggests that escitalopram was more effective in terms of QALWs and less costly than duloxetine for treatment of depression.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. armstrong@pharmacy.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: M Haim
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Erder
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015283:Citalopram / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D016527:Drug Costs; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D018803:Models, Economic; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D013876:Thiophenes; D015283:Citalopram; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride