title: Long-term effects on medical costs of improving depression outcomes in patients with depression and diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the 5-year effects on total health care costs of the Pathways depression intervention program for patients with diabetes and comorbid depression compared with usual primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pathways Study was conducted in nine primary care practices of a large HMO and enrolled 329 patients with diabetes and comorbid major depression. The current study analyzed the differences in long-term medical costs between intervention and usual care patients. Participants were randomly assigned to a nurse depression intervention (n = 164) or to usual primary care (n = 165). The intervention included education about depression, behavioral activation, and a choice of either starting with support of antidepressant medication treatment by the primary care doctor or problem-solving therapy in primary care. Interventions were provided for up to 12 months, and the main outcome measures are health costs over a 5-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the intervention arm of the study had improved depression outcomes and trends for reduced 5-year mean total medical costs of -$3,907 (95% CI -$15,454 less to $7,640 more) compared with usual care patients. A sensitivity analysis found that these cost differences were largely explained by the patients with depression and the most severe medical comorbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Pathways depression collaborative care program improved depression outcomes compared with usual care with no evidence of greater long-term costs and with trends for reduced costs among the more severely medically ill patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195-6560, USA. wkaton@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Wayne J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Katon
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Von Korff
authors.forename: Elizabeth H B
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Evette
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ludman
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ciechanowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D044469:Racial Groups; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents