title: Cardiorespiratory and metabolic changes during yoga sessions: the effects of respiratory exercises and meditation practices.
abstract: The novelty of this study was to investigate the changes in cardiorespiratory and metabolic intensity brought about by the practice of pranayamas (breathing exercises of yoga) and meditation during the same hatha-yoga session. The technique applied was the one advocated by the hatha-yoga system. Nine yoga instructors-five females and four males, mean age of 44+/-11, 6, were subjected to analysis of the gases expired during three distinct periods of 30 min: rest, respiratory exercises and meditative practice. A metabolic open circuit computerized system was applied (VO2000, MedGraphics-USA). The oxygen uptake (VO(2)) and the carbon dioxide output (VCO(2)) were statistically different (P <or= 0.05) during meditation and pranayama practices when compared with rest. The heart rate also suffered relevant reductions when results at rest were compared with those during meditation. A smaller proportion of lipids was metabolized during meditation practice compared with rest. The results suggest that the meditation used in this study reduces the metabolic rate whereas the specific pranayama technique in this study increases it when compared with the rest state.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Medicina Comportamental, Depto. de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, CEP 04024-002 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcello Arias Dias
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Danucalov
authors.forename: Roberto Serafim
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.forename: Elisa Harumi
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kozasa
authors.forename: José Roberto
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Leite
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D008660:Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D012984:Software; D015013:Yoga
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide