title: Orofacial movement disorders.
abstract: This article reviews three poorly recognized yet relatively common presentations of hyperactive orofacial movement disorders: oromandibular dystonia, orofacial dyskinesia, and drug-induced extrapyramidal syndrome reactions. Orofacial movement disorders are often misdiagnosed as temporomandibular disorders, hence understanding these conditions is pertinent for the practitioner treating orofacial pain. Aspects of epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis are discussed along with treatment considerations for these orofacial movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. rbalasub@dental.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balasubramaniam
authors.forename: Saravanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ram
mesh_terms: D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004421:Dystonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy