title: Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: There is an accumulating body of evidence that immunological mechanisms play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is characterized by many features typical of inflammation. The upregulation of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators leading to persistent low-grade inflammation and an influx of leukocytes, is believed to contribute actively to DR-associated damage to the retinal vasculature and retinal neovascularization. This review will describe preclinical and clinical studies that document an inflammatory basis for DR and that support the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in its treatment. In addition, emerging therapeutic approaches based on ongoing investigations will be discussed, including those involving blockade of angiotensin receptors and other molecular targets such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Jerini Ophthalmic, Time & Life Building, 111 West 50th Street, 7th Floor, Gilman 7-422A, New York, NY 10020, USA. tadamis@jophth.com
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Adamis
authors.forename: Adrienne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Berman
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000276:immunology; D012160:Retina / Q000276:immunology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A