title: A study on smoking habits among slum dwellers and the impact on health and economics.
abstract: To assess the impact on health from smoking with economic implications with major emphasis given to see whether passive smoking is an established outcome and if it is, how much additional burden of the disease is put on the smokers' families and consequently how much extra economic cost is put on such families, a study was conducted in a slum area of Howrah Municipal Corporation (HMC) on approximately 3000 families, which were randomly selected. Data was collected in relation to the socio-economic status, family members, housing with water and environmental sanitation, smoking habit, energy used for cooking, health awareness, follow-up of episodes of diseases of all ages, their remedial action taken and estimation of economic burden of the disease due to smoking (active and passive). There was a statistically significant difference in disease pattern between smokers' family and non-smokers' family especially with relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, acute respiratory infections, common cold, hypertension and peptic ulcer (p<0.05). Also it was observed that with increasing years (1st, 2nd, 3rd years), the number of cases in each disease group gradually increased. This can be attributed to the effect of passive smoking especially when environmental conditions and socio-economic variants are same in both groups. Cost analysis of the illness episodes in the smokers' and non-smokers' families showed that there was a 3-fold difference in average annual expenditure between the families of the non-smokers and that of smokers and a 8-fold difference in work days lost. There was a 4-fold difference in annual expenditure on these diseases by the families. It is observed that when the total cost of smoking was included in the total expenditure, there was a 12-fold increase in annual expenditure between smokers' and non-smokers' families. The study conclusively proves that there are ill effects on health both from active and passive smoking. It is also demonstrated here that apart from economic implications due to direct smoking, the economic loss has been added to smokers' families due to passive smoking.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR), Kolkata.
authors.forename: Dipika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sur
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006304:Health Status; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics*; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution