title: Role of cash in conditional cash transfer programmes for child health, growth, and development: an analysis of Mexico's Oportunidades.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many governments have implemented conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes with the goal of improving options for poor families through interventions in health, nutrition, and education. Families enrolled in CCT programmes receive cash in exchange for complying with certain conditions: preventive health requirements and nutrition supplementation, education, and monitoring designed to improve health outcomes and promote positive behaviour change. Our aim was to disaggregate the effects of cash transfer from those of other programme components.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an intervention that began in 1998 in Mexico, low-income communities (n=506) were randomly assigned to be enrolled in a CCT programme (Oportunidades, formerly Progresa) immediately or 18 months later. In 2003, children (n=2449) aged 24-68 months who had been enrolled in the programme their entire lives were assessed for a wide variety of outcomes. We used linear and logistic regression to determine the effect size for each outcome that is associated with a doubling of cash transfers while controlling for a wide range of covariates, including measures of household socioeconomic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A doubling of cash transfers was associated with higher height-for-age Z score (beta 0.20, 95% CI 0.09-0.30; p<0.0001), lower prevalence of stunting (-0.10, -0.16 to -0.05; p<0.0001), lower body-mass index for age percentile (-2.85, -5.54 to -0.15; p=0.04), and lower prevalence of being overweight (-0.08, -0.13 to -0.03; p=0.001). A doubling of cash transfers was also associated with children doing better on a scale of motor development, three scales of cognitive development, and with receptive language.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the cash transfer component of Oportunidades is associated with better outcomes in child health, growth, and development.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA. fernald@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Lia C H
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Fernald
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gertler
authors.forename: Lynnette M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Neufeld
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002669:Child Welfare / Q000191:economics*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D003256:Community Participation; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D009042:Motivation; D011203:Poverty; D012423:Rural Health; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000191:economics*