title: In vitro activity of conventional antifungal drugs and natural essences against the yeast-like alga Prototheca.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two outbreaks of mastitis due to the yeast-like alga Prototheca zopfii recently occurred in dairy herds in Lombardia (Italy) involving 180 and 150 lactating cows, respectively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the in vitro susceptibility of Prototheca isolates to conventional antifungal agents and to essential oils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty P. zopfii isolated from milk during these outbreaks, six P. zopfii isolated from fresh water and two Prototheca sp. reference strains were submitted to antifungal susceptibility testing by broth microdilution assay following the CLSI guidelines for yeasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tested isolates were shown to be resistant to fluconazole and caspofungin. A wide range of voriconazole MICs was observed. In contrast, amphotericin B, itraconazole and posaconazole appeared active with MICs < or = 1 mg/L. Bergamot and tea tree oils seemed to exert an interesting activity against this yeast-like alga.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Difficulties in treating animals with conventional drugs and the potent in vitro activity of essential oils demonstrated here raise the interest in further investigations on the therapeutic use of these non-conventional natural products.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Sanità Pubblica-Microbiologia-Virologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy. annamaria.tortorano@unimi.it
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tortorano
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prigitano
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dho
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Piccinini
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Daprà
authors.forename: Maria Anna
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Viviani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D007558:Italy; D008413:Mastitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008892:Milk / Q000469:parasitology; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011525:Prototheca / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D014867:Water