title: Retinoic acid stimulation of the sodium/iodide symporter in MCF-7 breast cancer cells is mediated by the insulin growth factor-I/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  All-trans retinoic acid (tRA) induces differentiation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, stimulates sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) gene expression, and inhibits cell proliferation. Radioiodine administration after systemic tRA treatment has been proposed as an approach to image and treat some differentiated breast cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this work was to study the relative role of genomic and nongenomic pathways in tRA stimulation of NIS expression in MCF-7 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We inspected the human NIS gene locus for retinoic acid-responsive elements and tested them for function. The effects of signal transduction pathway inhibitors were also tested in tRA-treated MCF-7 cells and TSH-stimulated FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells, followed by iodide uptake assay, quantitative RT-PCR of NIS, and cell cycle phase analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple retinoic acid response elements around the NIS locus were identified by sequence inspection, but none of them was a functional tRA-induced element in MCF-7 cells. Inhibitors of the IGF-I receptor, Janus kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), significantly reduced NIS mRNA expression and iodide uptake in tRA-stimulated MCF-7 cells but not FRTL-5 cells. An inhibitor of p38 MAPK significantly reduced iodide uptake in both tRA-stimulated MCF-7 cells and TSH-stimulated FRTL-5 cells. IGF-I and PI3K inhibitors did not significantly reduce the basal NIS mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells. Despite the chronic inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, tRA did not reduce the S-phase distribution of MCF-7 cells during the period of NIS induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IGF-I receptor/PI3K pathway mediates tRA-stimulated NIS expression in MCF-7 but not FRTL-5 thyroid cells.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kogai
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Megan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sajid-Crockett
authors.forename: Myrna L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanamoto
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Brent
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D027981:Symporters / Q000235:genetics*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020032:Tyrphostins / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D009025:Morpholines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D027981:Symporters; D014212:Tretinoin; D020032:Tyrphostins; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters; C447031:tyrphostin AG 1024; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one