Pharmacologic management of temporomandibular disorders.
Although there are theoretically numerous pharmacologic targets for relieving temporomandibular disorder (TMD)-associated pains, evidence-based literature clearly establishing the efficacy and safety of drugs in the TMD population is limited at best. This article reviews the pharmacology, toxicology, and research supporting the use of a host of pharmacologic agents that have been used in patients who have TMD, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepine sedative hypnotics, opioids, skeletal muscle relaxants, capsaicin, transdermal lidocaine, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. Recommendations regarding the proper use of each drug class are also made.
Hersh
Elliot V
EV
Department of Oral Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA. evhersh@pobox.upenn.edu
Balasubramaniam
Ramesh
R
Pinto
Andres
A
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018689:Sensory System Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009294:Narcotics; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D018689:Sensory System Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002211:Capsaicin