title: Probing of lipase activity at air/water interface by sum-frequency generation spectroscopy.
abstract: The infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was used to probe enzymatic activity of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) at air/water interface. A monolayer of amphiphilic O-palmitoyl-2,3-dicyanohydroquinone (PDCHQ), containing target ester group and two CN groups serving as vibrational markers, was utilized as an enzyme substrate. SFG data revealed the detailed molecular scale structure and properties of the PDCHQ layer at the interface. In particular, we demonstrate that hydrophilic headgroup of PDCHQ is mainly in the form of an oxyanion, and the enzyme-induced cleavage of the ester bond could be spectroscopically monitored by the disappearance of the intense C tripple bond N resonance at 2224 cm(-1). The enzymatic nature of the ester bond cleavage was confirmed by the control experiments with deactivated S146A mutant variant of TLL. By comparing action of wild type (WT) TLL and its inactive S146A mutant, it was shown that two effects take place at the interface: disordering of the lipid monolayer due to the adsorption of enzyme and enzymatic cleavage of the ester bond. The concentration of enzyme as low as 10 nM could be easily sensed by the SFG spectroscopy. We present spectroscopic evidence that upon hydrolysis one of the products, 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone, leaves the surface, while the other, palmitic acid, remains at air/water interface in predominantly undissociated form with the mono-hydrogen-bonded carbonyl group. Strong amide I (1662 cm(-1)) and amide A (3320 cm(-1)) SFG signals from TLL suggest that enzyme molecules position themselves at air/water interface in an orderly fashion. Presented work demonstrates the potential of SFG spectroscopy for in situ real-time monitoring of enzymatic processes at air/water interface.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, Mokslininku 12, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania, EKSPLA Ltd., Savanoriu Av. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania. gniaura@ktl.mii.it
authors.forename: Gediminas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niaura
authors.forename: Zenonas
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kuprionis
authors.forename: Ilja
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ignatjev
authors.forename: Maryte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kazemekaite
authors.forename: Gintaras
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valincius
authors.forename: Zita
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Talaikyte
authors.forename: Valdemaras
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Razumas
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svendsen
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000388:Air; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000201:enzymology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000737:chemistry*; D008049:Lipase / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010168:Palmitates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties; D014732:Vibration; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006873:Hydroquinones; C506923:O-palmitoyl-2,3-dicyanohydroquinone; D010168:Palmitates; D014867:Water; D008049:Lipase