title: Generalized glucocorticoid resistance: clinical aspects, molecular mechanisms, and implications of a rare genetic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance is a rare genetic condition characterized by generalized, partial, target-tissue insensitivity to glucocorticoids. We review the clinical aspects, molecular mechanisms, and implications of this disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review of the published, peer-reviewed medical literature using MEDLINE (1975 through February 2008) to identify original articles and reviews on this topic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have relied on the experience of a number of experts in the field, including our extensive personal experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical spectrum of primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance is broad, ranging from asymptomatic to severe cases of hyperandrogenism, fatigue, and/or mineralocorticoid excess. The molecular basis of the condition has been ascribed to mutations in the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) gene, which impair glucocorticoid signal transduction and reduce tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. A consequent increase in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis compensates for the reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to glucocorticoids at the expense of ACTH hypersecretion-related pathology. The study of functional defects of natural hGR mutants enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of hGR action and highlights the importance of integrated cellular and molecular signaling mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis and preserving normal physiology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou tou Efessiou Street, Athens, Greece. evangelia.charmandari@googlemail.com
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charmandari
authors.forename: Tomoshige
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kino
authors.forename: Takamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichijo
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Chrousos
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D020218:Response Elements / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid