title: Imaging of gynecological disease (3): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical and ultrasound characteristics of granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of the ovary, and to define the ultrasound appearance of GCTs based on pattern recognition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Databases of four gynecological ultrasound centers were searched to identify patients with histologically proven GCTs who had undergone a standard preoperative ultrasound examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 23 women with confirmed GCT were identified. Twelve (52%) women were postmenopausal, nine (39%) were of fertile age and two (9%) were prepubertal. Clinical symptoms were abdominal distension (7/23, 30%), pain (5/23, 22%) and irregular vaginal bleeding (6/23, 26%). Seven patients (30%) were asymptomatic. Endometrial pathology was found in 54% (7/13) of the patients from whom endometrial biopsies were taken. On ultrasound scan 12/23 (52%) masses were multilocular-solid, 9/23 (39%) were purely solid, one mass (4%) was unilocular-solid and one mass was multilocular (4%). Multilocular and multilocular-solid cysts typically contained large numbers of small locules (> 10). The echogenicity of the cyst content was most often mixed (6/16, 38%) or low level (7/16, 44%). Papillary projections were found in only four women (17%). The GCTs were large tumors with a median largest diameter of 102 (range, 37-242) mm and manifested moderate or high color content at color Doppler examination (color score 3 in 13/23 tumors (57%); color score 4 in 8/23 tumors (35%)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At ultrasound examination, most GCTs are large multilocular-solid masses with a large number of locules, or solid tumors with heterogeneous echogenicity of the solid tissue. Hemorrhagic components are common and increased vascularity is demonstrated at color/power Doppler ultrasound examination. The hyperestrogenic state that is created by the tumor often causes endometrial pathology with bleeding problems as a typical associated symptom.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Holsbeke
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Domali
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Achten
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valentin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jurkovic
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moerman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Timmerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006106:Granulosa Cell Tumor / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008595:Menorrhagia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*