title: Targeting hyaluronan interactions in malignant gliomas and their drug-resistant multipotent progenitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if hyaluronan oligomers (o-HA) antagonize the malignant properties of glioma cells and treatment-resistant glioma side population (SP) cells in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single intratumoral injection of o-HA was given to rats bearing spinal cord gliomas 7 days after engraftment of C6 glioma cells. At 14 days, spinal cords were evaluated for tumor size, invasive patterns, proliferation, apoptosis, activation of Akt, and BCRP expression. C6SP were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and tested for the effects of o-HA on BCRP expression, activation of Akt and epidermal growth factor receptor, drug resistance, and glioma growth in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  o-HA treatment decreased tumor cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and down-regulated activation of Akt and the expression of BCRP. o-HA treatment of C6SP inhibited activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and Akt, decreased BCRP expression, and increased methotrexate cytotoxicity. In vivo, o-HA also suppressed the growth of gliomas that formed after engraftment of C6 or BCRP+ C6SP cells, although most C6SP cells lost their expression of BCRP when grown in vivo. Interestingly, the spinal cord gliomas contained many BCRP+ cells that were not C6 or C6SP cells but that expressed nestin and/or CD45; o-HA treatment significantly decreased the recruitment of these BCRP+ progenitor cells into the engrafted gliomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  o-HA suppress glioma growth in vivo by enhancing apoptosis, down-regulating key cell survival mechanisms, and possibly by decreasing recruitment of host-derived BCRP+ progenitor cells. Thus, o-HA hold promise as a new biological therapy to inhibit HA-mediated malignant mechanisms in glioma cells and treatment-resistant glioma stem cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Anne G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gilg
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tye
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Tolliver
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Visconti
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Felina V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Kostova
authors.forename: Letitia N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Bolds
authors.forename: Bryan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Toole
authors.forename: Bernard L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Maria
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011108:Polymers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D011108:Polymers; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid