title: Potential prognostic benefits of radiotherapy as an initial treatment for patients with unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with invasion to intrahepatic large vessels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the efficacy and prognostic benefits of radiotherapy (RT) in patients who have unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with invasion to intrahepatic large vessels (IHLVs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight patients who had advanced HCC with invasion to IHLVs were studied. Thirty-two consecutive patients initially received 3-dimensional conformal RT for HCC invasion to IHLVs. Tumor response, prognostic factors, and survival were studied in the patients given RT. Prognostic factors and survival were assessed in the study group as a whole. Data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, univariate analysis, and a Cox model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of objective response to RT was 48%. Predictors of survival in the patients who received RT were a hepatic function of Child-Pugh class A (p = 0.0263) and a response to RT (p = 0.0121). In the study group as a whole, independent predictors of survival in a Cox model were multinodular HCC (p = 0.007), inferior vena caval invasion (p = 0.001), a serum alpha-fetoprotein level of >1,000 ng/ml (p = 0.032), and the performance of RT (p < 0.001). Notably, the median survival of the nonresponders to RT (n = 15) was significantly longer than that of the patients who received no treatment for HCC (n = 21; 7.0 vs. 3.4 months, p = 0.0014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT is considered an effective initial treatment for HCC invasion to IHLVs, and may offer survival benefits, even in nonresponders, because of the induction of stable disease.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University East Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan. tnakazaw@kitasato-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takahide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: Shigehiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kokubu
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hidaka
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okuwaki
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Akitaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saigenji
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011169:Portal Vein; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019043:Vascular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior