title: Manganese enhanced MRI detects mossy fiber sprouting rather than neurodegeneration, gliosis or seizure-activity in the epileptic rat hippocampus.
abstract: We tested a hypothesis that manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) after systemic injection of MnCl(2) could detect axonal sprouting in the hippocampus following kainate (KA) induced status epilepticus (SE). MEMRI was performed at 3 h, 25 h, 4 days, and 2 months post-SE. To assess the contribution of various cellular alterations that occur in parallel with sprouting to the MEMRI signal, we sacrificed animals for histology at 4 days and 2 months post-SE. Neurodegeneration was assessed from thionin and Fluoro-Jade B stained preparations, astrogliosis from GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and microgliosis from Ox-42 immunostained preparations. Sprouting of granule cells axons (mossy fibers) in the dentate gyrus was analyzed from Timm stained sections. Occurrence of spontaneous epileptic seizures was analyzed at 2 months post-SE using continuous video-EEG monitoring. Integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was studied using Gd-enhanced MRI. We found abnormal MEMRI hyperintensity in the CA1 and the dentate gyrus at 2 months post-SE but not at earlier time points. Based on histologic analysis of individual animals with MEMRI hyperintensity, hippocampal MEMRI changes could be attributed to increasing axonal density rather than to neurodegeneration, astrogliosis, or microgliosis. Moreover, MEMRI contrast was not affected by seizure activity, and we could not detect any leakage of the BBB that could have explained the observed MEMRI hyperintensity. Present data show that systemic MEMRI can reveal axonal sprouting, and thus, can potentially serve as a marker for neuroplasticity in preclinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Riikka J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Immonen
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kharatishvili
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Einula
authors.forename: Asla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
authors.forename: Olli H J
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Gröhn
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000502:physiology; D002712:Chlorides; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003287:Contrast Media; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000473:pathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D005682:Gadolinium; D005911:Gliosis / Q000473:pathology*; D007608:Kainic Acid; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D019599:Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012640:Seizures / Q000473:pathology*; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D003287:Contrast Media; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D005682:Gadolinium; C025340:manganese chloride; D007608:Kainic Acid