title: Does osteoprotegerin or receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand mediate the association between bone and coronary artery calcification?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulating evidence indicates that vascular and bone mineralization may be related, although the exact mechanism remains unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to investigate whether an observed inverse association between bone mineral density (BMD) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in postmenopausal women currently taking estrogen therapy is mediated by osteoprotegerin (OPG) or receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 92 postmenopausal women (aged 58-81 yr) taking estrogen therapy who had hip and spine BMD assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and CAC measured by electron-beam computed tomography in 1998-2002 and serum RANKL and OPG levels measured in samples collected in 1997-1999. Total CAC score was dichotomized as none/minimal (</=10) vs. some (>10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  OPG serum levels were higher in women who had some CAC compared with those who had none/minimal (126.8 +/- 1.08 vs. 102.9 +/- 1.07 pg/ml, respectively, P = 0.03); these differences became nonsignificant after adjustment for age and other risk factors (P = 0.51). A 1 sd increase in hip BMD was associated with significantly lower odds of having CAC > 10 (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% confidence interval = 0.29-0.93) independent of age, fat-free mass, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking, and use of cholesterol-lowering medications. Other skeletal sites demonstrated a similar pattern. Addition of RANKL and/or OPG to the model had minimal effect on the magnitude or statistical significance of the BMD-CAC association. Additionally, a test of interaction indicated that RANKL and OPG are not significant effect modifiers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum OPG and RANKL do not account for the observed association between bone and coronary artery calcification among postmenopausal women using hormone therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Ludmila N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Bakhireva
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Laughlin
authors.forename: Ricki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bettencourt
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human