title: NMR-based metabonomics for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in gerbils: which is more descriptive.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter pylori, the human pathogenic gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium, causes chronic gastric infection in more than half of the human population regardless of race. The infection of microbe is not yet controllable to pose a substantial public health impact and a growing social burden. The management of H. pylori infection primarily necessitates accurate and timely diagnosis at case level, on-demand supervision of pathologic progression, and reliable evaluation of the impact of pharmacologic interventions on the patients' population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The characterization of H. pylori infection on gerbils model was performed by metabolic profiling, employing 1H NMR spectroscopy compounding multivariate pattern recognition strategies. In the same manner, urine samples were individually collected from 10 gerbils infected with H. pylori GS13, and from 10 uninfected control animals equally accessible to feed and water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resultant metabolic profiles indicate that H. pylori infection disturbs carbohydrate metabolism to elevate the levels of alpha- and beta-glucose, and cis-aconitate (a TCA cycle intermediate). In addition to the energy metabolism alteration, the colonization of H. pylori in gerbil stomach generates a remarkable deviation of amino acid metabolism as indicated by depletion of taurine and arginine, and elevation of proline and glutamine in the animal urine. Moreover, the H. pylori infection modifies the gut microbiota as highlighted by a range of microbial-related metabolites such as indoxyl sulfate and hippurate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that the (1)H NMR-based urine metabolic profiling is a promising technique capable of providing an accurate, noninvasive, and rapid diagnosis of H. pylori infection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Xing X
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Hui M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Wei F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Ren X
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D005756:Gastritis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005849:Gerbillinae; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers