title: Neuroprotective effects of tempol, a catalytic scavenger of peroxynitrite-derived free radicals, in a mouse traumatic brain injury model.
abstract: We examined the ability of tempol, a catalytic scavenger of peroxynitrite (PN)-derived free radicals, to reduce cortical oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, calpain-mediated cytoskeletal (alpha-spectrin) degradation, and neurodegeneration, and to improve behavioral recovery after a severe (depth 1.0 mm), unilateral controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury (CCI-TBI) in male CF-1 mice. Administration of a single 300 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of tempol 15 mins after TBI produced a complete suppression of PN-mediated oxidative damage (3-nitrotyrosine, 3NT) in injured cortical tissue at 1 h after injury. Identical tempol dosing maintained respiratory function and attenuated 3NT in isolated cortical mitochondria at 12 h after injury, the peak of mitochondrial dysfunction. Multiple dosing with tempol (300 mg/kg intraperitoneally at 15 mins, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h) also suppressed alpha-spectrin degradation by 45% at its 24 h post-injury peak. The same dosing regimen improved 48 h motor function and produced a significant, but limited (17.4%, P<0.05), decrease in hemispheric neurodegeneration at 7 days. These results are consistent with a mechanistic link between PN-mediated oxidative damage to brain mitochondria, calpain-mediated proteolytic damage, and neurodegeneration. However, the modest neuroprotective effect of tempol suggests that multitarget combination strategies may be needed to interfere with posttraumatic secondary injury to a degree worthy of clinical translation.
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng-Bryant
authors.forename: Indrapal N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Kimberly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Carrico
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D013049:Spectrin / Q000378:metabolism; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D005609:Free Radicals; D013113:Spin Labels; D013049:Spectrin; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D002154:Calpain; C001803:tempol