title: Frontal lobe epilepsy: clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes and diagnostic modalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify surgical prognostic factors and to characterize clinical features according to the location of the intracranial ictal onset zone of frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) in order to assess the role of various diagnostic modalities, including concordances with presurgical evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 71 FLE patients who underwent epilepsy surgery and whose outcomes were followed for more than 2 years. Diagnoses were established by standard presurgical evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical manifestations could be categorized into six types: initial focal motor (9 patients), initial versive seizure (15), frontal lobe complex partial seizure (14), complex partial seizure mimicking temporal lobe epilepsy (18), initial tonic elevation of arms (11), and sudden secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizure (4). Thirty-seven patients became seizure-free after surgery. Five patients were deleted in the analysis because of incomplete resection of ictal onset zones. The positive predictive value of interictal EEG, ictal EEG, MRI, PET, and ictal SPECT, respectively were 62.5%, 56.4%, 73.9%, 63.2%, and 63.6%, and the negative predictive value were 46.0%, 44.4%, 53.5%, 44.7%, and 51.7%. No significant relationship was found between the diagnostic accuracy of these modalities and surgical outcome, with the exception of MRI (p=0.029). Significant concordance of two or more modalities was observed in patients who became seizure-free (p=0.011). We could not find any clinical characteristic related to surgical outcome besides seizure frequency. No definite relationship was found between the location of intracranial ictal onset zone and clinical semiology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although various diagnostic methods can be useful in the diagnosis of FLE, only MRI can predict surgical outcome. Concordance between presurgical evaluations indicates a better surgical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Eulji University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Ju
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang Kun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seo-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyung-Il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Dong Wook
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong Soo
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chun Kee
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Hyeon Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Nam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D017034:Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime