title: Urinary incontinence-pathophysiology and management outline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary incontinence is common in the community and may impact significantly on quality of life; yet only one-third of sufferers seek medical attention. There are many treatment options for patients suffering with urinary incontinence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article aims to aid general practitioners in the management urinary incontinence. We outline the pathophysiology of urinary incontinence in women and provide a primary care treatment paradigm. Suggestions for when specialist referral would be of benefit are also discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most urinary incontinence can be evaluated and treated in the primary care setting after careful history and simple clinical assessment. Initial treatment, for both urge urinary incontinence and stress urinary incontinence, is lifestyle modification and pelvic floor muscle treatment. Urinary urgency responds to bladder training and pharmacotherapy with anticholinergic medication. Pharmacotherapy has a limited place in stress incontinence. If there is complex symptomatology or primary management fails, then referral to a specialist is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Port Macquarie Base Hospital, Port Macquarie, New South Wales. stanleyk@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Stanley K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Santiagu
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arianayagam
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rashid
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*