title: Metabolism of olaquindox in rat liver microsomes: structural elucidation of metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: Olaquindox (N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-2-quinoxalincarboxamide-1,4-dioxide) is a growth-promoting feed additive for food-producing animals. Its toxicity is closely related to the metabolism. The complete metabolic pathways of olaquindox are not revealed. To improve studies of the metabolism and toxicity of olaquindox, its biotransformation in rat liver microsomes and the structure of its metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS-ITTOF) were investigated. When olaquindox was incubated with an NADPH-generating system and rat liver microsomes, ten metabolites (M1-M10) were detected. The structures of these metabolites were identified from mass spectra and comparison of their changes in their accurate molecular masses and fragment ions with those of the parent drug. With the high resolution and good mass accuracy achieved by this technique, the elemental compositions of the metabolites and their fragment ions were exactly determined. The results indicate that the N --> O group reduction is the main metabolic pathway of olaquindox metabolism in rat liver microsomes, because abundant 1-desolaquindox (M2), 4-desolaquindox (M1) and bisdesoxyolaquindox (M9) were produced during the incubation step. Seven other minor metabolites were revealed which were considered to be hydroxylation metabolites, based on the position of the quinoxaline ring or 3-methyl group and a carboxylic acid derivative on the side chain at position 2 of the quinoxaline ring. Among the identified metabolites, five new hydroxylated metabolites (M3-M7) were found for the first time in rat liver microsomes. This work will conduce to complete clarification of olaquindox metabolism, and improve the in vivo metabolism of olaquindox in food animals.
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MAO Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhaoying
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lingli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Menghong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yulian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yanfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Zonghui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011810:Quinoxalines; C013168:olaquindox