title: Flexural strength of veneering ceramics for zirconia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The flexural strengths of veneering ceramics for zirconia were compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  With 10 different veneering ceramics for zirconia (test group) and three different veneering ceramics for the metal-ceramic technique (control group) three-point flexural strength and biaxial flexural strength according to ISO 6872: 1995 as well as four-point flexural strength according to EN 843-1: 2005 were measured (n=10). Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffé test (SPSS, p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the test group, three-point flexural strength ranged between 77.8+/-8.7 and 106.6+/-12.5MPa without any statistically significant differences, biaxial flexural strength between 69.1+/-4.8 and 101.4+/-10.5MPa with three homogeneous groups and four-point flexural strength between 59.5+/-6.2 and 89.2+/-9.5MPa with five homogeneous groups. The control group showed three-point flexural strength values ranging from 93.3+/-13.5 to 149.4+/-20.5MPa, biaxial flexural strength values from 93.4+/-10.0 to 141.2+/-11.6MPa, and four-point flexural strength values from 82.7+/-8.5 to 116.9+/-9.8MPa. In every case, the results of the four-point flexure test were significantly lower than those obtained in the three-point flexure test. The three-point flexural strengths of the test group are similar to those of two ceramics of the control group. The flexural strength of one ceramic of the control group significantly exceeded the strengths of all other ceramics investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-point flexural strength values of veneering ceramics for zirconia are similar to those of veneering ceramics for the metal-ceramic technique. The four-point flexure test among all three tests showed highest discrimination between the different ceramic materials.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland. jens.fischer@zzmk.uzh.ch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stawarczyk
authors.forename: C H F
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hämmerle
mesh_terms: D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D018583:Pliability; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide