title: CDKN1C/p57kip2 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in human breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CDKN1C (also known as p57KIP2) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor previously implicated in several types of human cancer. Its family members (CDKN1A/p21CIP1 and B/p27KIP1) have been implicated in breast cancer, but information about CDKN1C's role is limited. We hypothesized that decreased CDKN1C may be involved in human breast carcinogenesis in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined rates of allele imbalance or loss of heterozygosity (AI/LOH) in CDKN1C, using an intronic polymorphism, and in the surrounding 11p15.5 region in 82 breast cancers. We examined the CDKN1C mRNA level in 10 cancers using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and the CDKN1C protein level in 20 cancers using immunohistochemistry (IHC). All samples were obtained using laser microdissection. Data were analyzed using standard statistical tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AI/LOH at 11p15.5 occurred in 28/73 (38%) informative cancers, but CDKN1C itself underwent AI/LOH in only 3/16 (19%) cancers (p = ns). In contrast, CDKN1C mRNA levels were reduced in 9/10 (90%) cancers (p < 0.0001), ranging from 2-60% of paired normal epithelium. Similarly, CDKN1C protein staining was seen in 19/20 (95%) cases' normal epithelium but in only 7/14 (50%) cases' CIS (p < 0.004) and 5/18 (28%) cases' IC (p < 0.00003). The reduction appears primarily due to loss of CDKN1C expression from myoepithelial layer cells, which stained intensely in 17/20 (85%) normal lobules, but in 0/14 (0%) CIS (p < 0.00001). In contrast, luminal cells displayed less intense, focal staining fairly consistently across histologies. Decreased CDKN1C was not clearly associated with tumor grade, histology, ER, PR or HER2 status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDKN1C is expressed in normal epithelium of most breast cancer cases, mainly in the myothepithelial layer. This expression decreases, at both the mRNA and protein level, in the large majority of breast cancers, and does not appear to be mediated by AI/LOH at the gene. Thus, CDKN1C may be a breast cancer tumor suppressor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. pamkent@bu.edu
authors.forename: Pamela S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Schlechter
authors.forename: Chia-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chelsea N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Charline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pistey
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Las Morenas
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000235:genetics*; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000235:genetics; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: C493964:CDKN1C protein, human; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57