title: Purification of five azaspiracids from mussel samples contaminated with DSP toxins and azaspiracids.
abstract: Human intoxications during toxic episodes in shellfish are a very important concern for public health, as well as for economic interests of producer regions. Although initially each toxin appeared in a determined geographical zone, nowadays many of them are found in multiple places worldwide. In addition, more toxic compounds (new toxins or new analogs of known toxins) are being isolated and identified, which bring about new risks for public health. An example of this situation is the group of azaspiracids (AZAs). Initially these toxins were concentrated in Irish coasts but today appear in many different geographic locations; in the first toxic episode only three analogs were isolated, but now it is known that the group is comprised of at least eleven identified compounds. A substantial problem associated with all these new toxins is the extreme difficulty associated with the study of their toxic effects and mechanisms of action due to the very small quantities of purified toxin available. Therefore, the study of procedures to isolate them from contaminated shellfish or to synthesize them is of tremendous importance. In this paper we design a complete procedure to obtain AZAs analogs from mussels contaminated with DSP toxins and azaspiracids by means of three consecutive steps: an extraction procedure to remove toxins from shellfish, a solid phase extraction (SPE) to clean the samples and separate DSP toxins and AZAs, and a preparative HPLC to isolate each analog. In all the steps LC/MS is used to detect and quantify the toxins. Large amounts of AZA1, AZA2, AZA3, AZA4 and AZA5 were obtained by use of this procedure, which can be utilized in future studies relating to the toxins such as the production of certified materials and standards.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alfonso
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alfonso
authors.forename: Paz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Mercedes R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vieytes
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elliot
authors.forename: Cowan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Botana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C406592:azaspiracid; D000095702:Polyether Toxins