title: Clinical complications, monitoring and management of perioperative mild hypothermia: anesthesiological features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perioperative hypothermia is a frequent occurrence and can lead to several complications, which adversely affect the patient's outcome, expecially in high risk patient. Nonetheless, central temperature is not frequently monitored in the clinical routine. The aim of this work is to make the point on complications, monitoring techniques, prevention and treatment of mild perioperative hypothermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed literature on cardiovascular, haemorragic, infectious, and other clinical consequences of mild intraoperative hypothermia, epidemiology and techniques, of temperature monitoring and efficacy of different approaches for the prevention and treatment of mild hypothermia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiovascular, haemorragic and infectious complications are significantly more frequent in hypothermic than in normothermic patients. Elderly and high risk patients are more prone to develop perioperative hypotherma, and are more liable to hypothermia-related complications. The ideal monitoring site has to be chosen considering both the patients characteristics and surgical procedure. Once identified, hypothermia has to be treated and the most effective systems are represented by active forced-air skin warming system. Active prewarming during the preoperative period has been also demonstrated to be efficient in reducing the development of intraoperative hypothermia. Humidification and warming of inspired gases, and warming of intravenous fluids are useful techniques when used in a multimodal approach with active skin warming to maintain perioperative normothermia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All the patient undergoing surgery for more than 30 minutes should receive an accurate temperature monitoring and a correct management for the maintenance of normothermia. Reducing the incidence and severity of perioperative hypothermia has the potential for drastically reducing complication-related costs.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Anesthesiology, E. Franchini Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Montecchio (RE), Italy. martaputzu@yahoo.it
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Putzu
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casati
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berti
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pagliarini
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fanelli
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011300:Preoperative Care; D017694:Rewarming; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors