title: Laparoscopic nephrectomy outside gerota fascia for management of inflammatory kidney.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A nonfunctioning inflammatory kidney is a challenging surgical condition for urologists. Some investigators recommend open surgery because of the surgical difficulties caused by the inflammatory process, whereas others try to apply the advantages of a "simple" non-hand-assisted laparoscopic approach. We report our experience with simple laparoscopic nephrectomy for inflammatory kidney management.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 2002 through December 2006, 50 pure laparoscopic nephrectomies were performed for inflammatory kidney (43 because of pyelonephritis, 5 for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP), and 2 for pyonephrosis). Histopathologic analysis was the criterion used for inflammatory kidney diagnosis. Pain or recurrent urinary tract infection associated with a nonfunctioning excluded kidney was the eligibility criterion for the procedure. Preoperatively, all patients underwent complete image and functional renal assessment. Morcellation was used to remove surgical specimens. Conversion index, surgical difficulties, operative time, and postoperative complications were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conversion was performed in 14 of 50 (28%) patients, including two with XGP and one with pyonephrosis. Adhesions, vascular (two inferior vena cava) lesions, and intestinal lesions (two colon) were the main causes of conversion. Acute pancreatitis developed in one patient, and one patient had a wound infection. Reoperations were unnecessary, and no deaths occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pure laparoscopic nephrectomy was successful in 72% of patients with inflammatory kidneys. The laparoscopic dissection was useful even in those cases converted to open surgery. This is a high-risk procedure, however, and both surgeon and patient must be aware of that before the decision is made for this approach.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ricjordao@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Ricardo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Anuar I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Mitre
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chambô
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arap
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srougi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies