Prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States.
BACKGROUND
Cognitive impairment without dementia is associated with increased risk for disability, increased health care costs, and progression to dementia. There are no population-based prevalence estimates of this condition in the United States.


OBJECTIVE
To estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States and determine longitudinal cognitive and mortality outcomes.


METHODS
Longitudinal study from July 2001 to March 2005.


METHODS
In-home assessment for cognitive impairment.


METHODS
Participants in ADAMS (Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study) who were age 71 years or older drawn from the nationally representative HRS (Health and Retirement Study). Of 1770 selected individuals, 856 completed initial assessment, and of 241 selected individuals, 180 completed 16- to 18-month follow-up assessment.


METHODS
Assessments, including neuropsychological testing, neurologic examination, and clinical and medical history, were used to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment without dementia, or dementia. National prevalence rates were estimated by using a population-weighted sample.


RESULTS
In 2002, an estimated 5.4 million people (22.2%) in the United States age 71 years or older had cognitive impairment without dementia. Prominent subtypes included prodromal Alzheimer disease (8.2%) and cerebrovascular disease (5.7%). Among participants who completed follow-up assessments, 11.7% with cognitive impairment without dementia progressed to dementia annually, whereas those with subtypes of prodromal Alzheimer disease and stroke progressed at annual rates of 17% to 20%. The annual death rate was 8% among those with cognitive impairment without dementia and almost 15% among those with cognitive impairment due to medical conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
Only 56% of the nondeceased target sample completed the initial assessment. Population sampling weights were derived to adjust for at least some of the potential bias due to nonresponse and attrition.


CONCLUSIONS
Cognitive impairment without dementia is more prevalent in the United States than dementia, and its subtypes vary in prevalence and outcomes.
Plassman
Brenda L
BL
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA. brenda.plassman@duke.edu
Langa
Kenneth M
KM
Fisher
Gwenith G
GG
Heeringa
Steven G
SG
Weir
David R
DR
Ofstedal
Mary Beth
MB
Burke
James R
JR
Hurd
Michael D
MD
Potter
Guy G
GG
Rodgers
Willard L
WL
Steffens
David C
DC
McArdle
John J
JJ
Willis
Robert J
RJ
Wallace
Robert B
RB
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology