title: The mental health impact of terrorism in Israel: a repeat cross-sectional study of Arabs and Jews.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since September 2000 Israeli society has been subjected to numerous deadly terror attacks. Few studies have studied the comparative mental health vulnerability of minorities and majorities to continuous terror attacks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two telephone surveys (N = 512 and 501) on two distinct representative samples of the Israeli population after 19 months and after 44 months of terror. The Arab minority and Jewish majority were compared on measures of exposure to terrorism, posttraumatic stress symptomatology, feeling depressed, coping, sense of safety, future orientation, and previous traumatic experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 19 months of terrorist attacks Arab Israelis and Jewish Israelis reacted roughly similarly to the situation, however after 44 months of terror, posttraumatic symptom disorder in the Arab population increased three-fold, posttraumatic symptomatology doubled and resiliency almost disappeared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that certain conditions inherent to political conflict situations may potentially put minorities at risk and may only be observable as terrorism-related stressors become chronic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Mental Health, Faculty of Social Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. emgelkopf@013.net.il
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gelkopf
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bleich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018912:Arabs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007585:Jews / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality