title: Cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the QUEST-RA study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We analyzed the prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its association with traditional CV risk factors, clinical features of RA, and the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in a multinational cross-sectional cohort of nonselected consecutive outpatients with RA (The Questionnaires in Standard Monitoring of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Program, or QUEST-RA) who were receiving regular clinical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved a clinical assessment by a rheumatologist and a self-report questionnaire by patients. The clinical assessment included a review of clinical features of RA and exposure to DMARDs over the course of RA. Comorbidities were recorded; CV morbidity included myocardial infarction, angina, coronary disease, coronary bypass surgery, and stroke. Traditional risk factors recorded were hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, physical inactivity, and body mass index. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for CV morbidity were calculated using Cox proportional hazard regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between January 2005 and October 2006, the QUEST-RA project included 4,363 patients from 48 sites in 15 countries; 78% were female, more than 90% were Caucasian, and the mean age was 57 years. The prevalence for lifetime CV events in the entire sample was 3.2% for myocardial infarction, 1.9% for stroke, and 9.3% for any CV event. The prevalence for CV risk factors was 32% for hypertension, 14% for hyperlipidemia, 8% for diabetes, 43% for ever-smoking, 73% for physical inactivity, and 18% for obesity. Traditional risk factors except obesity and physical inactivity were significantly associated with CV morbidity. There was an association between any CV event and age and male gender and between extra-articular disease and myocardial infarction. Prolonged exposure to methotrexate (HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.81 to 0.89), leflunomide (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.79), sulfasalazine (HR 0.92; 95% CI 0.87 to 0.98), glucocorticoids (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.92 to 0.98), and biologic agents (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.81; P < 0.05) was associated with a reduction of the risk of CV morbidity; analyses were adjusted for traditional risk factors and countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, prolonged use of treatments such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, glucocorticoids, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers appears to be associated with a reduced risk of CV disease. In addition to traditional risk factors, extra-articular disease was associated with the occurrence of myocardial infarction in patients with RA.
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Gran Canaria Dr, Negrin, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Barranco de la Ballena s/n 35011, Spain. anarher@gobiernodecanarias.org
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naranjo
authors.forename: Tuulikki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sokka
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Descalzo
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calvo-Alén
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hørslev-Petersen
authors.forename: Reijo K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Luukkainen
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Combe
authors.forename: Gerd R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Burmester
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Devlin
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferraccioli
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majdan
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadkiewicz
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belmonte
authors.forename: Ann-Carin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Holmqvist
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.forename: Recep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tunc
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimic
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toloza
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pincus
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids