title: Effectiveness and safety of a management protocol to correct over-anticoagulation with oral vitamin K: a retrospective study of 1,043 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Timely reversal of excessive anticoagulation is important in preventing bleeding complications. The use of vitamin K in correcting over-anticoagulation is widely accepted to be superior to discontinuation of therapy but its effectiveness and safety in large scale cohort studies has not been assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  According to our protocol, 2 mg of oral vitamin K in addition to omitting the day's dose of warfarin, were administered to all patients presenting INR levels >or=5.0 and below 10.0; the INR values were checked 20 h after vitamin K administration. The rate of decay of INR, bleeding and thromboembolic complications at presentation and the following 30 days, as well as resistance to warfarin were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,611 events, 1,043 (878 patients) met the selection criteria. The median (interquartile range) INR was 6.64 (6.12-7.52) at presentation (day zero) and fell to a median (interquartile range) INR of 2.72 (2.18-3.52, P < 0.0001) after the vitamin K administration (day one) and 90.6% of the INRs were below 4.5. In 98 (9.4%) instances the INR values did not fall below the safe limit of 4.5 and in 173 (17%) instances the INR values were overcorrected to below 2.0. Median INR value on day zero in these two groups was higher (7.3 vs. 6.6, P < 0.0001) and lower (6.5 vs. 6.7, P = 0.049) than that of the remaining cases, respectively. Overcorrection occurred more frequently in women (P = 0.0002). Female gender was an independent factor associated with INR overcorrection (P = 0.001; OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.3). The INRs on day one were inside, above and below the therapeutic range in 44%, 36% and 20% respectively. Warfarin resistance was observed in six cases (0.6%). Major bleeding was reported in one case (1.1 per 100 patient-years), minor bleeding in 14 cases (16.1 per 100 patient-years) and thromboembolic events in six high risk patients (6.9 per 100 patient-years) during the one month period following vitamin K administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This adopted protocol for the reversal of excessive anticoagulation in asymptomatic or minor symptom presenting patients is easily applied, effective in lowering the INR and preventing complications. Its use in high risk thromboembolic patients warrants caution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Clinical Cardiology, Thrombosis Center, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Denas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marzot
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Offelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stendardo
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Cucchini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nante
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iliceto
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pengo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019468:Disease Management; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D062787:Drug Overdose; D004351:Drug Resistance; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D014812:Vitamin K; D014859:Warfarin