title: Pulmonary levels of high-mobility group box 1 during mechanical ventilation and ventilator-associated pneumonia.
abstract: High-mobility group box (HMGB) 1 is a recently discovered proinflammatory mediator that contributes to acute lung injury. We determined HMGB-1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients during mechanical ventilation (MV) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained from patients who were ventilated for 5 h because of an elective surgical procedure ("short-term MV"; n = 40) or for several days because of respiratory failure without acute lung injury ("long-term MV"; n = 10) and from patients who developed unilateral VAP (n = 4). Ten healthy volunteers served as controls. In healthy volunteers, HMGB-1 levels were low (median, 1.6 ngmL(-1); interquartile range [IQR], 0.7-3.7 ng mL(-1)). Although HMGB-1 levels were elevated after short-term MV, differences were not statistically significant compared with healthy volunteers (1.7 ng mL(-1); IQR, 0.8-8.5 ng mL(-1), P = 0.493 vs. healthy volunteers; P = 0.250 vs. start of MV). However, HMGB-1 levels were significantly higher in "long-term" MV patients (11.7 ng mL(-1); IQR, 8.7-37.0 ng mL(-1); P < 0.0001 vs. healthy volunteers). With unilateral VAP, HMGB-1 levels from the infected lung.were 17.4 (IQR, 8.5-23.2) ng mL(-1) (P = 0.014 vs. healthy controls); these levels were not different from those measured in the contralateral noninfected lung (P = 0.625). Summarized, long-term MV is associated with increased HMGB-1 levels in contrast to "short-term" MV. In addition, HMGB-1 levels during VAP are increased compared with healthy volunteers; however, they are not different from those found in patients intubated and mechanically ventilated for a similar period of time.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. M.A.vanZoelen@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Marieke A D
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Zoelen
authors.forename: Akitoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishizaka
authors.forename: Esther K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Wolthuls
authors.forename: Goda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Poll
authors.forename: Marcus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schultz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000378:metabolism*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein