title: Motor cortical disinhibition during early and late recovery after stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional neuroimaging studies show adaptive changes in areas adjacent and distant from the stroke. This longitudinal study assessed whether changes in cortical excitability in affected and unaffected motor areas after acute stroke correlates with functional and motor recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 13 patients with moderate to severe hemiparesis 5 to 7 days (T1), 30 days (T2), and 90 days (T3) after acute unilateral stroke, as well as 10 healthy controls. We used paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to study intracortical inhibition and facilitation, recording from the bilateral thenar eminences. F waves were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At T1, all patients showed significantly reduced intracortical inhibition in the unaffected hemisphere. At T2, in patients whose motor function recovered, intracortical inhibition in the unaffected hemisphere returned to normal. In patients with poor clinical motor recovery, abnormal disinhibition persisted in both hemispheres. At T3, in patients whose motor function progressively recovered, the abnormal disinhibition in the unaffected hemisphere decreased further, whereas in patients whose motor function remained poor, abnormal inhibition in the unaffected hemisphere persisted. No modification of F-wave latency and amplitude were found in patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During early days after stroke, motor cortical disinhibition involves both cerebral hemispheres. Longitudinal changes in motor disinhibition of the unaffected hemisphere may reflect the degree of clinical motor recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological and Visual Science, University of Verona, Policlinico Gianbattista Rossi, Verona, Italy. paolo.manganotti@univr.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manganotti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acler
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zanette
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smania
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiaschi
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation