title: Copal bone cement is more effective in preventing biofilm formation than Palacos R-G.
abstract: Bone cements loaded with combinations of antibiotics are assumed more effective in preventing infection than bone cements with gentamicin as a single drug. Moreover, loading with an additional antibiotic may increase interconnectivity between antibiotic particles to enhance release. We hypothesize addition of clindamycin to a gentamicin-loaded cement yields higher antibiotic release and causes larger inhibition zones against clinical isolates grown on agar and stronger biofilm inhibition. Antibiotic release after 672 hours from Copal bone cement was more extensive (65% of the clindamycin and 41% of the gentamicin incorporated) than from Palacos R-G (4% of the gentamicin incorporated). The higher antibiotic release from Copal resulted in a stronger and more prolonged inhibition of bacterial growth on agar. Bacterial colony counting and confocal laser scanning microscopy of biofilms grown on the bone cements suggest antibiotic release reduced bacterial viability, most notably close to the cement surface. The gentamicin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus formed gentamicin-resistant small colony variants on Palacos R-G and therefore Copal more effectively decreased biofilm formation than Palacos R-G.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and the University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Geert T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ensing
authors.forename: Jim R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: van Horn
authors.forename: Henny C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van der Mei
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busscher
authors.forename: Daniëlle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neut
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018441:Biofilms; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004058:Diffusion; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012995:Solubility; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001843:Bone Cements; D005839:Gentamicins; C529143:Palacos R+G; D002981:Clindamycin; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate