title: Adipokine protein expression pattern in growth hormone deficiency predisposes to the increased fat cell size and the whole body metabolic derangements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  GH deficiency (GHD) in adults is associated with central adiposity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that GHD might change the spectrum of adipokines and thus influence the adipose tissue and the whole-body metabolic and inflammatory status leading to development of insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single-center observational study with a cross-sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein arrays were used to characterize adipokines expressed in the sc adipose tissue obtained from young GHD adults and compared with age-, gender-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched group of healthy individuals. All subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, and magnetic resonance imaging examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presence of abdominal obesity, enlarged adipocytes, increased circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, impaired glucose tolerance, and decreased insulin action were found in GHD. Changes in adipokine protein expression due to GHD were highly dependent on the obesity phenotype. Lean GHD individuals (BMI approximately 23 kg/m(2)) had decreased protein levels for stem cell factor and epithelial growth factor, indicating a possible defect in adipocyte differentiation and proliferation. Decrease of vascular endothelial growth factor, stromal cell-derived factor, angiopoietin-2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor advocated for attenuated angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Presence of obesity (BMI approximately 31 kg/m(2)) eliminated these inhibitory effects. However, adipose tissue expansion in GHD individuals was paralleled by an elevation of adipose tissue proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, interferon-gamma) and chemoattractants (interferon-inducible T cell alpha-chemoattractant, monocyte chemotactic protein-2, monocyte chemotactic protein-3, eotaxin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that GHD modulates adipokine and cytokine protein expression pattern, which might influence the adipose tissue growth and differentiation and predispose to tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and a defect in the whole-body insulin action.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Centre of Excellence acknowledged by European Commission, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 3, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. jozef.ukropec@savba.sk
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ukropec
authors.forename: Adela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penesová
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skopková
authors.forename: Mikulás
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pura
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vlcek
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rádiková
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Imrich
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ukropcová
authors.forename: Mária
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tajtáková
authors.forename: Juraj
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koska
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zórad
authors.forename: Vítazoslav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Belan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vanuga
authors.forename: Juraj
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Payer
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eckel
authors.forename: Iwar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klimes
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gasperíková
mesh_terms: D052438:Adipocytes, White / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D050156:Adipogenesis; D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D049108:Cell Enlargement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000378:metabolism*; D004393:Dwarfism, Pituitary / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D013851:Thinness / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines