title: Intercostal and abdominal respiratory motoneurons in the neonatal rat spinal cord: spatiotemporal organization and responses to limb afferent stimulation.
abstract: Respiration requires the coordinated rhythmic contractions of diverse muscles to produce ventilatory movements adapted to organismal requirements. During fast locomotion, locomotory and respiratory movements are coordinated to reduce mechanical conflict between these functions. Using semi-isolated and isolated in vitro brain stem-spinal cord preparations from neonatal rats, we have characterized for the first time the respiratory patterns of all spinal intercostal and abdominal motoneurons and explored their functional relationship with limb sensory inputs. Neuroanatomical and electrophysiological procedures were initially used to locate intercostal and abdominal motoneurons in the cord. Intercostal motoneuron somata are distributed rostrocaudally from C(7)-T(13) segments. Abdominal motoneuron somata lie between T(8) and L(2). In accordance with their soma distributions, inspiratory intercostal motoneurons are recruited in a rostrocaudal sequence during each respiratory cycle. Abdominal motoneurons express expiratory-related discharge that alternates with inspiration. Lesioning experiments confirmed the pontine origin of this expiratory activity, which was abolished by a brain stem transection at the rostral boundary of the VII nucleus, a critical area for respiratory rhythmogenesis. Entrainment of fictive respiratory rhythmicity in intercostal and abdominal motoneurons was elicited by periodic low-threshold dorsal root stimulation at lumbar (L(2)) or cervical (C(7)) levels. These effects are mediated by direct ascending fibers to the respiratory centers and a combination of long-projection and polysynaptic descending pathways. Therefore the isolated brain stem-spinal cord in vitro generates a complex pattern of respiratory activity in which alternating inspiratory and expiratory discharge occurs in functionally identified spinal motoneuron pools that are in turn targeted by both forelimb and hindlimb somatic afferents to promote locomotor-respiratory coupling.
authors.affiliation: Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR CNRS 5227, Laboratoire Mouvement-Adaptation-Cognition, Bâtiment 2A, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Aurore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giraudin
authors.forename: Marie-Jeanne
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cabirol-Pol
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simmers
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morin
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005121:Extremities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology