title: Mortality in opioid-maintained patients after release from an addiction clinic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mortality rate in a cohort of 269 opioid-dependent patients and the outcome of survivors meeting DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients enrolled in synthetic opioid maintenance therapy during a time frame from 1998 to 1999 originally at the Addiction Clinic and then discharged to general practitioners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured interviews (Europ-ASI), urinalysis at time of interview as well as autopsy findings from deceased patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After six mailings, information from 147 (54.6%) patients was gained. 85 patients (31.6%) were interviewed. From these 76.5% (n = 65) were still enrolled in maintenance therapy, 18.8% (n = 16) were drug-free and 4.7% (n = 4) relapsed. From 29 fatalities, 37.9% died of intoxication with illicit substances, 34.5% related to AIDS and 27.6% of somatic complications. The Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) was 29.13 (95% CI = 19.27-44.04). A higher lifetime frequency of hospitalization, less working days and a lack of social relationships were factors associated with high mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study confirms the high mortality rate in this patient group and supports the importance of maintenance therapy. Although great efforts were undertaken in locating patients, about 45% of the target group could not be located.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Susanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loipl
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jagsch
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Risser
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thau
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000639:trends*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000639:trends*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid