title: The burden of disease associated with filaggrin mutations: a population-based, longitudinal birth cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atopic disease is a major health problem. Mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) confer major susceptibility to eczema and related asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the natural history and burden of atopic disease conferred by the 2 most common FLG mutations in a large, population-based birth cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the effect of the most common null alleles (R501X and 2282del4) on several atopic phenotypes in a cohort of approximately 7000 English children born in 1990-1991.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FLG null alleles associated strongly with eczema; eczema associated with these mutations presents in early life and is more persistent (hazard ratio for eczema resolution for those with FLG mutations to FLG wild type, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.58-0.77; P = 5 x 10(-8)). FLG mutations conferred a population asthma risk of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.34-2.41; P = .00019); asthma risk was especially high in the context of eczema (odds ratio, 3.16; 95% CI, 2.25-4.43; P = 1.4 x 10(-11)). Strong associations were identified with sensitization to grass, house dust mite, and cat dander and sensitization to multiple allergens (odds ratio, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.03-4.37; P = 5.42 x 10(-27)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FLG mutations are strong genetic determinants of eczema, early wheeze, asthma in the context of eczema, and atopic sensitization. They confer risk of a particular trajectory for eczema, with increased duration of disease and greater risk of asthma and multiple allergic sensitizations. FLG alleles help define the risk profile of children with eczema and help define the "eczema plus early wheeze" and "eczema plus asthma" phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community-based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Northstone
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Haihui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Yiwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pembrey
authors.forename: Somnath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.forename: George Davey
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Colin N A
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: W H Irwin
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Irvine
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004485:Eczema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D007223:Infant; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C000717249:FLG protein, human; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins