title: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) alters the expression profiles of microRNAs in human pancreatic cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major challenge in cancer chemotherapy has been developing safe and clinically efficacious chemotherapeutic agents. With its low toxicity profile, curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a naturally occurring flavinoid derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has great promise. In vitro and in vivo preclinical studies have shown its inhibitory anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic activities. The multiple mechanisms of the antitumor effect of curcumin putatively include down-regulating the expression of gene products such as nuclear factor-kappaB, growth suppression, inducing apoptosis, and modulating various signal transduction pathways and the expression of many oncogenes. The mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of curcumin have not, however, been completely delineated.
  
  
  METHODS
  An oligonucleotide microarray chip was developed and used to profile microRNA (miRNA) expressions in pancreatic cells treated with curcumin. Transcripts with regulated expression patterns on the arrays were validated by real-time PCRs. Additionally, potential mRNA targets were analyzed bioinformatically and confirmed with flow cytometry experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Curcumin alters miRNA expression in human pancreatic cells, up-regulating miRNA-22 and down-regulating miRNA-199a*, as confirmed by TaqMan real-time PCR. Upregulation of miRNA-22 expression by curcumin or by transfection with miRNA-22 mimetics in the PxBC-3 pancreatic cancer cell line suppressed expression of its target genes SP1 transcription factor (SP1) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), while inhibiting miRNA-22 with antisense enhanced SP1 and ESR1 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that modulation of miRNA expression may be an important mechanism underlying the biological effects of curcumin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zeev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Estrov
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Coombes
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Razelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurzrock
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003474:Curcumin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D003474:Curcumin