title: Associations of health risk behaviors with school absenteeism. Does having permission for the absence make a difference?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nearly 10% of students enrolled in US public schools are absent daily. Although previous research has shown associations of school absenteeism with participation in risk behaviors, it is unclear if these associations vary by whether the absence was excused. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of health risk behaviors with being absent from school with and without permission among high school students.
  
  
  METHODS
  During spring 2004, questionnaires similar to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire were completed by 4517 ninth- and eleventh-grade students. Responses to items assessing frequency of school absences during the past 30 days for any reason and without permission were combined to create a variable coded as absent on: 0 days; > or =1 day, all with permission (WP); and > or =1 day, at least 1 day without permission (WOP). Logistic regression analyses controlling for gender, grade, and race/ethnicity examined the association of risk behaviors with absenteeism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for demographic variables, compared to students who were absent 0 days, students who were absent WP had significantly higher odds of engaging in 25 of 55 risk behaviors examined and students who were absent WOP had significantly higher odds of engaging in 43 of the 55 behaviors. Students who were absent WOP also had approximately twice the odds of engaging in risk behaviors compared to students who were absent WP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  School absenteeism, with and without permission, is associated with risk behaviors. Schools should recognize absenteeism for any reason as a warning sign for a variety of risk behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. dhe0@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Danice K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brener
authors.forename: Laura K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Kann
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States