title: From text to codings: intercoder reliability assessment in qualitative content analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High intercoder reliability (ICR) is required in qualitative content analysis for assuring quality when more than one coder is involved in data analysis. The literature is short of standardized procedures for ICR procedures in qualitative content analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate how ICR assessment can be used to improve codings in qualitative content analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Key steps of the procedure are presented, drawing on data from a qualitative study on patients' perspectives on low back pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, a coding scheme was developed using a comprehensive inductive and deductive approach. Second, 10 transcripts were coded independently by two researchers, and ICR was calculated. A resulting kappa value of .67 can be regarded as satisfactory to solid. Moreover, varying agreement rates helped to identify problems in the coding scheme. Low agreement rates, for instance, indicated that respective codes were defined too broadly and would need clarification. In a third step, the results of the analysis were used to improve the coding scheme, leading to consistent and high-quality results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quantitative approach of ICR assessment is a viable instrument for quality assurance in qualitative content analysis. Kappa values and close inspection of agreement rates help to estimate and increase quality of codings. This approach facilitates good practice in coding and enhances credibility of analysis, especially when large samples are interviewed, different coders are involved, and quantitative results are presented.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland. bula@zhaw.ch
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burla
authors.forename: Birte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knierim
authors.forename: Jurgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liewald
authors.forename: Margreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duetz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research / Q000379:methods; D003625:Data Collection / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D017116:Low Back Pain; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results