title: Effects of exercise on leukocyte death: prevention by hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with glutamine dipeptide.
abstract: Lymphocyte and neutrophil death induced by exercise and the role of hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with glutamine dipeptide (Gln) supplementation was investigated. Nine triathletes performed two exhaustive exercise trials with a 1-week interval in a randomized, double blind, crossover protocol. Thirty minutes before treadmill exhaustive exercise at variable speeds in an inclination of 1% the subjects ingested 50 g of maltodextrin (placebo) or 50 g of maltodextrin plus 4 tablets of 700 mg of hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with 175 mg of glutamine dipeptide dissolved in 250 mL water. Cell viability, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial transmembrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined in lymphocytes and neutrophils. Exhaustive exercise decreased viable lymphocytes but had no effect on neutrophils. A 2.2-fold increase in the proportion of lymphocytes and neutrophils with depolarized mitochondria was observed after exhaustive exercise. Supplementation of maltodextrin plus Gln (MGln) prevented the loss of lymphocyte membrane integrity and the mitochondrial membrane depolarization induced by exercise. Exercise caused an increase in ROS production by neutrophils, whereas supplementation of MGln had no additional effect. MGln supplementation partially prevented lymphocyte apoptosis induced by exhaustive exercise possibly by a protective effect on mitochondrial function.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Physical Education Post-Graduate Studies, Biological Sciences and Health Center, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Sao Paulo, CEP 01506-000, Brazil. mafecury@icb.usp.br
authors.forename: Maria Fernanda
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Cury-Boaventura
authors.forename: Adriana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Levada-Pires
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Folador
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gorjão
authors.forename: Tatiana C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Alba-Loureiro
authors.forename: Sandro M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hirabara
authors.forename: Fabiano P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.forename: Paulo R S
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Curi
authors.forename: Tania C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Pithon-Curi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015444:Exercise; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013607:Tablets; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D008894:Milk Proteins; D011134:Polysaccharides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013607:Tablets; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D005973:Glutamine; C008315:maltodextrin