title: Infection-induced inflammatory response of adipocytes in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abdominal obesity plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear but adipocyte dysfunction is thought to be crucial. Infections are associated with the development of atherosclerosis as well as diabetes. In this study we investigated whether adipocytes can be infected and whether this results in production of inflammatory cytokines relevant for the development of atherosclerosis and diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-adipocytes were cultured and differentiated into mature adipocytes in vitro. Adipocytes and pre-adipocytes were incubated with infective and heat-inactivated Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus (CMV), adenovirus (Ad) subtypes 2 and 36, influenza A and respiratory syncitial virus (RSV). After 48 h, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured in supernatants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection of adipocytes with Ad-36, CMV and RSV resulted in increased IL-6 production from 192+/-22 pg ml(-1) (uninfected) to 1030+/-86 pg ml(-1), 838+/-59 pg ml(-1) and 1241+/-191 pg ml(-1), respectively (all P<0.01 vs control). In addition, Ad-36 infection slightly reduced PAI production in adipocytes (285+/-26.8 ng ml(-1) vs uninfected: 477+/-71.2 ng ml(-1); P=0.05) and pre-adipocytes (709+/-43.3 ng ml(-1) vs uninfected: 1071+/-71.8 ng ml(-1); P<0.01). In contrast, human Ad type 2 did not exert any effect on IL-6 or PAI production. None of the microorganisms induced significant changes in adiponectin and/or TNF-alpha production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adipocytes can be infected with several microorganisms in vitro. Infection of adipocytes with Ad-36, but not Ad-2 leads to increased production of IL-6 which might contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation, a process known to be involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessen Hospital Utrecht, Bosboomstraat, Utrecht, The Netherlands. jbouwman@diakhuis.nl
authors.forename: J J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bouwman
authors.forename: F L J
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Visseren
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: R J A
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Diepersloot
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000258:Adenovirus Infections, Human / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D023521:Chlamydophila Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009765:Obesity; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha