title: Expression of senescence-related genes in human corneal endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression of p16(INK4a), p21(WAF1/CIP1), p27(KIP1), and p53 in human corneal endothelial cell (HCEC) senescence ex vivo at various donor ages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residual corneal tissues obtained after penetrating keratoplasty were used in this study. Age, death-to-preservation interval, and preservation-to-surgery interval of the donors were recorded. Corneal endothelial cell survival and density were evaluated by trypan blue and alizarin red staining immediately after keratoplasty. Fresh frozen sections of donor corneas at various ages (18, 33, 54, and 68 years) were immunostained in situ. Total RNA extracted from age groups of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 years was evaluated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to reveal the expression of the senescence-related genes, p16(INK4a), p21(WAF1/CIP1), p27(KIP1), and p53, in HCECs. Total RNA extracted from 20-, 24-, 26-, 30-, 50-, 55-, 56-, and 60-year-old donor groups was subjected to real-time PCR analysis for measurement of gene expression. The results of the young (< or =30 years) and the old (> or = 50 years) were compared by the unpaired t-test. Ex vivo senescence of HCECs from the donors at various ages (9, 17, 23, 57, 65, and 67 years) was observed by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity (SA-beta-Gal) staining at pH 6.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean endothelial cell density of the donor corneas was 2,391.4+/-84.6 cells/mm(2), and the survival rate of the endothelial cells was 84.4%+/-5.3%. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed normal structures of the corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium. The expression and nuclear localization of p16(INK4a), p21(WAF1/CIP1), p27(KIP1), and p53 in HCECs were confirmed by immunohistochemistry in situ. Reverse transcriptase PCR examination showed positive target bands of each gene at each age group. An age-related increase in p16(INK4a) expression was observed by real-time PCR (p=0.014). There was no significant difference in the expression levels of p21(WAF1/CIP1), p27(KIP1), and p53 between the young and old donors (p=0.875, 0.472, and 0.430, respectively). Strong SA-beta-Gal activity was observed in the endothelial cells of the old donors while there was weak and little-to-no blue staining in the endothelia from the young.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The population of HCECs exhibiting senescence-like characteristics increases with age. p16(INK4a), p21(WAF1/CIP1), p27(KIP1), and p53 are expressed in HCECs despite donor ages. The p16(INK4a) signal pathway might play a key role in the process of senescence in HCECs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Xinjie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004728:Endothelium, Corneal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D001616:beta-Galactosidase