title: Becoming pregnant: exploring the perspectives of women living with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of adverse pregnancy outcome for women with type 1 diabetes is reduced through tight diabetes control. Most women enter pregnancy with inadequate blood glucose control. Interview studies with women suggest the concept of 'planned' and 'unplanned' pregnancies is unhelpful.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore women's accounts of their journeys to becoming pregnant while living with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semi-structured interviews with 15 women living with pre-gestational type 1 diabetes, between 20 and 30 weeks gestation and with a normal pregnancy ultrasound scan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four UK specialist diabetes antenatal clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews explored women's journeys to becoming pregnant and the impact of health care. Analysis involved comparison of women's accounts of each pregnancy and a thematic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women's experiences of becoming pregnant were diverse. Of the 40 pregnancies described, at least one positive step towards becoming pregnant was taken by 11 women in 23 pregnancies but not in the remaining 17 pregnancies, with variation between pregnancies. Prior to and in early pregnancy, some women described themselves as experts in their diabetes but most described seeking and/or receiving advice from their usual health professionals. Three women described pre-conception counselling and the anxiety this provoked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For women living with type 1 diabetes each pregnancy is different. The concept of planned and unplanned pregnancy is unhelpful for designing health care. Formal preconception counselling can have unintended consequences. Those providing usual care to women are well positioned to provide advice and support to women about becoming pregnant, tailoring it to the changing needs and situation of each woman.
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Mediical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7Al. f.e.griffiths@warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Felicity
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boardman
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayre
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gadsby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016742:Preconception Care / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000523:psychology*; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D012307:Risk Factors