title: Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Newer atypical antipsychotics have been reported to cause a lower incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) than conventional agents. This review is to compare antipsychotic-induced EPS relative to placebo in bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language literature cited in Medline was searched with terms antipsychotics, placebo-controlled trial, and bipolar disorder or schizophrenia and then with antipsychotic (generic/brand name), safety, akathisia, EPS, or anticholinergic use, bipolar mania/depression, BPD, or schizophrenia, and randomized clinical trial. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, monotherapy studies with comparable doses in both BPD and schizophrenia were included. Absolute risk increase and number needed to treat to harm (NNTH) for akathisia, overall EPS, and anticholinergic use relative to placebo were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven trials in mania, 4 in bipolar depression, and 8 in schizophrenia were included. Haloperidol significantly increased the risk for akathisia, overall EPS, and anticholinergic use in both mania and schizophrenia, with a larger magnitude in mania, an NNTH for akathisia of 4 versus 7, EPS of 3 versus 5, and anticholinergic use of 2 versus 4, respectively Among atypical antipsychotics, only ziprasidone significantly increased the risk for overall EPS and anticholinergic use in both mania and schizophrenia, again with larger differences in mania, an NNTH for overall EPS of 11 versus 19, and anticholinergic use of 5 versus 9. In addition, risks were significantly increased for overall EPS (NNTH = 5) and anticholinergic use (NNTH = 5) in risperidone-treated mania, akathisia in aripiprazole-treated mania (NNTH = 9) and bipolar depression (NNTH = 5), and overall EPS (NNTH = 19) in quetiapine-treated bipolar depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bipolar patients, especially in depression, were more vulnerable to having acute antipsychotic-induced movement disorders than those with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Bipolar Disorder Research Center at the Mood Disorders Program, University Hospitals Case Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. keming.gao@uhhospitals.org
authors.forename: Keming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ganocy
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gajwani
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents