Alkannin/shikonin mixture from roots of Onosma echioides (L.) L.: extraction method study and quantification.
This work reports the extraction procedures of alkannin/shikonin mixture from roots of six populations of Onosma echioides, by means of three extraction techniques: Soxhlet extraction, maceration and rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE). Five solvents with different polarity (hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol) were also studied. Analysis of the extracts was performed by an HPLC-DAD (diode array detector) system. The most efficient extraction technique was Soxhlet procedure using ethyl acetate for 6 h. Studied samples of O. echioides showed an alkannin/shikonin content in the range of 0.02-0.24 mg/kg. Other naphthoquinone derivatives (deoxyalkannin/deoxyshikonin and 5,8-dihydroxy-2-(4-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-[1,4]naphthoquinone and arnebin-6) were found for the first time in O. echioides and characterized in the extracts using HPLC-MS apparatus equipped with an ESI ionization source.
Sagratini
Gianni
G
Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
Cristalli
Gloria
G
Giardinà
Dario
D
Gioventù
Giorgio
G
Maggi
Filippo
F
Ricciutelli
Massimo
M
Vittori
Sauro
S
D028082:Boraginaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
D009285:Naphthoquinones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; C018204:alkannin; C016101:shikonin