title: Dose- and schedule-dependent inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway with everolimus: a phase I tumor pharmacodynamic study in patients with advanced solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Everolimus is a selective mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor with promising anticancer activity. In order to identify a rationally based dose and schedule for cancer treatment, we have conducted a tumor pharmacodynamic phase I study in patients with advanced solid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five patients were treated with everolimus in cohorts of 20, 50, and 70 mg weekly or 5 and 10 mg daily. Dose escalation depended on dose limiting toxicity (DLT) rate during the first 4-week period. Pre- and on-treatment steady-state tumor and skin biopsies were evaluated for total and phosphorylated (p) protein S6 kinase 1, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (elF-4E) binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF-4G), AKT, and Ki-67 expression. Plasma trough levels of everolimus were determined on a weekly basis before dosing during the first 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a dose- and schedule-dependent inhibition of the mTOR pathway with a near complete inhibition of pS6 and peIF-4G at 10 mg/d and >or= 50 mg/wk. In addition, pAKT was upregulated in 50% of the treated tumors. In the daily schedule, there was a correlation between everolimus plasma trough concentrations and inhibition of peIF4G and p4E-BP1. There was good concordance of mTOR pathway inhibition between skin and tumor. Clinical benefit was observed in four patients including one patient with advanced colorectal cancer achieving a partial response. DLTs occurred in five patients: one patient at 10 mg/d (grade 3 stomatitis) and four patients at 70 mg/wk (two with grade 3 stomatitis, one with grade 3 neutropenia, and one with grade 3 hyperglycemia).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Everolimus achieved mTOR signaling inhibition at doses below the DLT. A dosage of 10 mg/d or 50 mg/wk is recommended for further development.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, [corrected] Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tabernero
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rojo
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burris
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Judson
authors.forename: Katharine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hazell
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramon y Cajal
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shand
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Macarulla
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dimitrijevic
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zoellner
authors.forename: Pui
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stumm
authors.forename: Heidi A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lebwohl
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baselga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000068338:Everolimus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000068338:Everolimus; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus