title: Single ventricle repair in children with Down's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a paucity of information regarding appropriate management of children with Down's syndrome and a functional single ventricle. We report the results of bidirectional superior cavopulmonary shunts in six patients with Down's syndrome with a functional single ventricle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1991 and December 2004, we identified six patients with Down's syndrome among 263 who had undergone bidirectional superior cavopulmonary shunts (BCPSs). There were four males and two females. The age at BCPS ranged from 1 to 12 years (mean 4.3 +/- 3.9 years), and body weight varied between 8.2 and 29.4 kg (mean 13.8 +/- 7.8 kg). All six patients had an unbalanced complete atrioventricular septal defect, with right ventricular hypoplasia present in five and left ventricular hypoplasia in one.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no operative deaths, but one case required takedown of the BCPS. Except for this case, postoperative courses were generally uneventful. The median duration of follow-up was 46 months (range 12-80 months). Only two of five survivors after BCPS underwent a subsequent Fontan procedure, and one of these patients died of pulmonary hypertension post-operatively. The remaining three patients appeared to have significant risk factors for the Fontan procedure due to severe common atrioventricular valve regurgitation or persistent pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, including one who has completely dropped out from the Fontan track.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Down's syndrome is a risk factor in patients with functionally single ventricle due to persistent pulmonary hypertension and airway obstruction. These results show that single ventricle repair in patients with Down's syndrome is accompanied with difficulties, and patient selection for the Fontan procedure should be done carefully.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Japan Promotion Society for Cardiovascular Diseases, 3-16-1 Asahi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0003, Japan. nwada@shi.heart.or.jp
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: In-Sam
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000075202:Contraindications; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection