title: Effect of high hydrostatic pressure processing on freely suspended and bivalve-associated T7 bacteriophage.
abstract: The effectiveness of hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) for inactivating viruses has been evaluated in only a limited number of studies, and most of the work has been performed with viruses freely suspended in distilled water. In this work, HPP inactivation of freely suspended and shellfish-associated bacteriophage T7 was studied. T7 was selected in hopes that it could serve as a model for animal virus behavior. Clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were homogeneously blended separately and inoculated with bacteriophage T7. The inoculated bivalve meat and the freely suspended virus samples were subjected to HPP under the following conditions: 2, 4, and 6 min at 241.3, 275.8, and 344.7 MPa pressure and temperatures of 29.4 to 35, 37.8 to 43.3, and 46.1 to 51.7 degrees C. Reductions of 7.8 log PFU (100% inactivation) were achieved for freely suspended T7 at 344.7 MPa for 2 min at 37.8 to 43.3 degrees C. At 46.1 to 51.7 degrees C, T7 associated with either clams or oysters was inactivated at nearly 100% (>4 log PFU) at all pressure levels and durations tested. These results indicate that T7 is readily inactivated by HPP under the proper conditions, may be made more susceptible to HPP by mixing with shellfish meat, and may serve as a viable model for the response of several animal viruses to HPP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Todd August
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sheldon
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Boardman
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Flick
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017123:Bacteriophage T7 / Q000254:growth & development*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000821:virology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D007700:Kinetics; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000821:virology*; D012758:Shellfish / Q000821:virology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors