title: Prevalence of abnormalities in dental structure, position, and eruption pattern in a population of unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the dental characteristics of patients subjected to a protocol that included early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty (ESGAP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Panoramic radiographs of 87 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and 29 with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) were evaluated. Missing and supernumerary teeth were also quantified on the cleft and noncleft side and in the maxilla and mandible. Crown and root malformations and tooth rotations were quantified. A subsample in permanent dentition was extrapolated to analyze canine eruption patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 48.8% of the UCLP patients presented with missing permanent lateral incisors in the cleft area and 6.1% contralaterally. A total of 4.9% presented with missing second maxillary premolars on the cleft site and 1.2% contralaterally. A total of 7.3% presented with supernumerary lateral incisors, and 45% of the BCLP cleft sites presented with missing lateral incisors, while 25% of the cleft sites presented second maxillary premolars agenesis. Five percent of the cleft sites presented with supernumerary lateral incisors. Evaluation of the subsample in permanent dentition showed that 15.5% had a canine retention and 4.4% of the canines had to be surgically exposed. A significant association was observed between canine inclination and retention but not with absence of the lateral incisor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of dental anomalies in this sample was similar to other cleft populations. As surgical trauma has been suggested to damage forming teeth, the results of this study indicated that ESGAP has no detrimental influence on subsequent dental development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, San Paolo Hospital, Via Vittor Pisani 6, Milan, Italy. chiaratortora@hotmail.it
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tortora
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Meazzini
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garattini
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brusati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000543:Alveoloplasty; D000848:Anodontia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000002:abnormalities; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003481:Cuspid / Q000503:physiopathology; D005893:Gingivoplasty; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000002:abnormalities; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000002:abnormalities; D014078:Tooth Eruption / Q000502:physiology*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000002:abnormalities; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000453:epidemiology; D014096:Tooth, Supernumerary / Q000453:epidemiology