title: Health literacy, cognitive abilities, and mortality among elderly persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low health literacy and low cognitive abilities both predict mortality, but no study has jointly examined these relationships.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective cohort study of 3,260 community-dwelling adults age 65 and older. Participants were interviewed in 1997 and administered the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults and the Mini Mental Status Examination. Mortality was determined using the National Death Index through 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate models with only literacy (not cognition), the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.50 (95% confidence of interval [CI] 1.24-1.81) for inadequate versus adequate literacy. In multivariate models without literacy, delayed recall of 3 items and the ability to serial subtract numbers were associated with higher mortality (e.g., adjusted hazard ratios [AHR] 1.74 [95% CI 1.30-2.34] for recall of zero versus 3 items, and 1.32 [95% CI 1.09-1.60] for 0-2 vs 5 correct subtractions). In multivariate analysis with both literacy and cognition, the AHRs for the cognition items were similar, but the AHR for inadequate literacy decreased to 1.27 (95% CI 1.03 - 1.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both health literacy and cognitive abilities independently predict mortality. Interventions to improve patient knowledge and self-management skills should consider both the reading level and cognitive demands of the materials.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA. dwbaker@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feinglass
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D006278:Medicare; D009026:Mortality; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States