title: Smoking during pregnancy and postpartum: smoking rates and intention to quit smoking or resume after pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A substantial number of women smoke while pregnant. The majority of those who quit return to smoking within 12 months. The aim of this study is to estimate smoking rates and to measure the urge to smoke and the motivation to change smoking behavior among women who recently delivered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data presented stem from two studies. Study 1 is an epidemiological survey investigating the health of neonates. Study 2 presents screening data of an efficacy trial for a smoking cessation and relapse prevention intervention. Participants were recruited on maternity wards within 7 days after delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred fifty-three (29.1%) women were never smokers, 145 (7.6%) were former smokers, 492 (25.9%) abstained during pregnancy, and 712 (37.4%) smoked throughout pregnancy. Of the smokers, 69% did not intend to quit smoking within the next 6 months. Of the women who quit during pregnancy, 80% did not want to resume smoking within the next 6 months or after weaning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking and relapse rates indicate a need for increased efforts to reduce smoking during pregnancy and postpartum. Reported intention to quit or resume does not reflect the high number of relapses. Indicators for relapse need to be found.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Psychology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany. hannoeve@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hannöver
authors.forename: Jochen René
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Thyrian
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebner
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Röske
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grempler
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kühl
authors.forename: Ulfert
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hapke
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fusch
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: John
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome