title: Evaluation of an online navigation system for laparoscopic interventions in a perfused ex vivo artificial tumor model of the liver.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a safe and effective method for tumor destruction in patients with unresectable liver tumors. However, accurate probe placement using laparoscopic ultrasound guidance is required to achieve complete tumor ablation. After evaluation of an ultrasound navigation system for transcutaneous and open RFA, we now intend to transfer this technique to laparoscopic liver surgery. This study aimed to evaluate an electromagnetic navigation system for laparoscopic interventions using a perfusable ex vivo artificial tumor model.
  
  
  METHODS
  First a special adapter was developed to attach the ultrasound and electromagnetic tracking-based navigation system to a laparoscopic ultrasound probe. The laparoscopic online navigation system was studied in a laparoscopic artificial tumor model using perfused porcine livers. Artificial tumors were created by injection of a mixture of 3% agarose, 3% cellulose, and 7% glycerol, creating hyperechoic lesions in ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study showed that laparoscopic ultrasound-guided navigation is technically feasible. Even in cases of angulation of the ultrasound probe no disturbances of the navigation system could be detected. Artificial tumors were clearly visible on laparoscopic ultrasound and not felt during placement of the RFA probe. Anatomic landmarks and simulated 'tumors' in the liver could be reached safely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic RFA requires advanced laparoscopic ultrasound skills for accurate placement of the RFA probe. The use of an ultrasound-based, laparoscopic online navigation system offers the possibility of out-of-plane needle placement and could increase the safety and accuracy of punctures. The perfused artificial tumor model presented a realistic model for the evaluation of this new technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Luebeck, Germany. philipphildebrand@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schweikard
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schlichting
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Besirevic
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleemann
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Roblick
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mirow
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bürk
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Bruch