title: Decreased exercise performance with age in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) may experience cardiac dysfunction after staged surgery or transplantation, which may worsen with age. We examined the hypothesis that exercise testing can address cardiovascular capacity and suggest interventions to improve quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with HLHS > or = 8 years old performed treadmill or bicycle ergometric testing at 4 centers. Results were compared with norms for age and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 42 participants, the mean age was 12.9 years (range, 8.5-17.0 years), 64% were boys, 20 had staged surgery, and 34 completed metabolic assessment. The percent of predicted maximal oxygen uptake (mVO2) was higher in younger children. Children aged 8 to 12 years achieved 70% of predicted mVO2; children aged 13 to 17 years achieved 60% of predicted mVO2 (P = .02). The percent of predicted peak heart rate trended higher in younger patients (83% versus 75%, P = .07). Electrocardiographic changes were more common in older children. In treadmill testing, patients who had a transplant had better exercise performance than patients who underwent staged surgery in percent of predicted exercise time (82% versus 54%, P < .0001) and peak rate-pressure product (241 x 10(3) versus 195 x 10(3), P = .02). The percent of predicted mVO2 did not differ between patients who had a transplant (66%) and patients who underwent staged surgery (61%, P = .25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with HLHS showed considerable age-related decline in exercise performance, regardless of surgical strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03756, USA. pcj@hitchcock.org
authors.forename: Pamela C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Chinnock
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Mahle
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mulla
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sharkey
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Flanagan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006339:Heart Rate; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011788:Quality of Life; D012016:Reference Values