title: The effects of practice with MP3 players on driving performance.
abstract: This study examined the effects of repeated iPod interactions on driver performance to determine if performance decrements decreased with practice. Nineteen younger drivers (mean age=19.4, range 18-22) participated in a seven session study in the University of Calgary Driving Simulator (UCDS). Drivers encountered a number of critical events on the roadways while interacting with an iPod including a pedestrian entering the roadway, a vehicle pullout, and a lead vehicle braking. Measures of hazard response, vehicle control, eye movements, and secondary task performance were analyzed. Increases in perception response time (PRT) and collisions were found while drivers were performing the difficult iPod tasks, which involved finding a specific song within the song titles menu. Over the course of the six experimental sessions, driving performance improved in all conditions. Difficult iPod interactions significantly increased the amount of visual attention directed into the vehicle above that of the baseline condition. With practice, slowed responses to driving hazards while interacting with the iPod declined somewhat, but a decrement still remained relative to the baseline condition. The multivariate results suggest that access to difficult iPod tasks while vehicles are in motion should be curtailed.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Ergonomics Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Susan.Chisholm@calgaryhealthregion.ca
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Caird
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lockhart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004581:Electronics; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011930:Reaction Time; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014787:Vision Tests; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology