title: Reference values for spot urinary iodine concentrations in iodine-sufficient newborns using a new pad collection method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iodine deficiency in infancy can impair neurocognitive development, but there are few available indicators of iodine intake during this critical period. In many countries, access to newborns in maternity clinics in the first few days after birth is high. If spot urine samples could be collected, reference data for urinary iodine concentration (UIC) would be useful to evaluate their iodine status. The study objectives were 1) to develop and validate a simple pad system for collection of spot urine samples for iodine; 2) to establish a reference range for UIC in newborns in the first week after birth for use in monitoring iodine nutrition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-stage cluster sampling was used to obtain a representative national sample of healthy, term Swiss infants, 0 to 5 days old (n = 634). Gestational information, whole blood for thyrotropin, and spot urine samples on two consecutive days were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pad collection system was well-accepted and performed well during recovery and contamination testing. Median UIC in the total sample (n = 1224) was 77 (95% confidence interval; 76, 81) microg/L; there was a gradual increase in median UIC within the range of 70-100 microg/L from days 1 through 4. Because urinary creatinine concentrations were high and variable, the UI:creatinine ratio was not useful for standardization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current WHO median UIC cut-off (> 100 microg/L) for iodine sufficiency in infancy may be too high for the first week after birth. Reference data from iodine-sufficient newborns and a simple collection system may facilitate use of UIC as an indicator of iodine status in this age group.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Corine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dorey
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
mesh_terms: D041342:Absorbent Pads; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D012016:Reference Values; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013972:Thyrotropin; D007455:Iodine; D003404:Creatinine