Vernakalant in the management of atrial fibrillation.
OBJECTIVE
To review the pharmacology and clinical evidence of the use of vernakalant in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF).


METHODS
Peer-reviewed articles published in the English language were identified from MEDLINE and Current Contents databases (both 1966-March 5, 2008) using the search terms RSD 1235 and vernakalant. Citations from available articles and recent meeting abstracts were reviewed for additional references. During the preparation of this article, vernakalant was being reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Therefore, information posted on the FDA Web site was also evaluated.


METHODS
Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical studies of both intravenous and oral vernakalant were reviewed. The design and results of the studies were critically evaluated.


RESULTS
Vernakalant is a sodium and ultra-rapid potassium channel blocker with atrial selective effects. In 2 clinical studies evaluating use of intravenous vernakalant in cardioversion of patients with recent-onset AF, vernakalant improved the chance of restoration of normal sinus rhythm (combined results 51% vs 3.8% with placebo; p < 0.001). In postoperative AF, intravenous vernakalant also improved the chance of restoration of normal sinus rhythm (45% vs 15% with placebo; p = 0.0002). Early Phase 2 studies demonstrated that oral vernakalant 300 mg or 600 mg twice daily successfully maintained sinus rhythm compared with placebo. No proarrhythmias relating to vernakalant have been reported to date. Common adverse effects include dysgeusia, sneezing, and paresthesia.


CONCLUSIONS
Vernakalant is a new atrial-selective antiarrhythmic agent. Phase 3 clinical trials of the intravenous formulation and early Phase 2 studies of the oral formulation demonstrated vernakalant to be efficacious and safe in converting recent-onset AF to sinus rhythm. Further studies are needed to explore the efficacy and safety of vernakalant use in patients with severe heart failure and AF, as well as its relative efficacy and safety compared with other antiarrhythmic agents, especially with long-term use.
Cheng
Judy W M
JW
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. judy.cheng@mcphs.edu
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000840:Anisoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D000840:Anisoles; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D011759:Pyrrolidines; C524581:vernakalant