title: Combined analysis of fourteen nuclear genes refines the Ursidae phylogeny.
abstract: Despite numerous studies, questions remain about the evolutionary history of Ursidae and additional independent genetic markers were needed to elucidate these ambiguities. For this purpose, we sequenced ten nuclear genes for all the eight extant bear species. By combining these new sequences with those of four other recently published nuclear markers, we provide new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of the Ursidae family members. The hypothesis that the giant panda was the first species to diverge among ursids is definitively confirmed and the precise branching order within the Ursus genus is clarified for the first time. Moreover, our analyses indicate that the American and the Asiatic black bears do not cluster as sister taxa, as had been previously hypothesised. Sun and sloth bears clearly appear as the most basal ursine species but uncertainties about their exact relationships remain. Since our larger dataset did not enable us to clarify this last question, identifying rare genomic changes in bear genomes could be a promising solution for further studies.
authors.affiliation: Paléogénétique et Evolution Moléculaire, Université de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, INRA, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagès
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calvignac
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hänni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017931:DNA Primers; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D001503:Ursidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004247:DNA