title: Fractional delay estimation for blind source separation and localization of temporomandibular joint sounds.
abstract: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sound sources are generated from the two joints connecting the lower jaw to the temporal bone. Such sounds are important diagnostic signs in patients suffering from temporomandibular disorder (TMD). In this study, we address the problem of source separation of the TMJ sounds. In particular, we examine patients with only one TMJ generating "clicks". Thereafter, we consider the TMJ sounds recorded from the two auditory canals as mixtures of clicks from the TMD joint and the noise produced by the other healthy/normal TMJ. We next exploit the statistical nonstationary nature of the TMJ signals by employing the degenerate unmixing estimation technique (DUET) algorithm, a time-frequency (T-F) approach to separate the sources. As the DUET algorithm requires the sensors to be closely spaced, which is not satisfied by our recording setup, we have to estimate the delay between the recorded TMJ sounds to perform an alignment of the mixtures. Thus, the proposed extension of DUET enables an essentially arbitrary separation of the sensors. It is also shown that DUET outperforms the convolutive Infomax algorithm in this particular TMJ source separation scenario. The spectra of both separated TMJ sources with our method are comparable to those available in existing literature. Examination of both spectra suggests that the click source has a better audible prominence than the healthy TMJ source. Furthermore, we address the problem of source localization. This can be achieved automatically by detecting the sign of our proposed mutual information estimator which exhibits a maximum at the delay between the two mixtures. As a result, the localized separated TMJ sources can be of great clinical value to dental specialists.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Electronic Engineering Research Office, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK. cheongc@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: Clive Cheong
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Took
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanei
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rickard
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dunne
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001314:Auscultation / Q000379:methods*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D013018:Sound Spectrography / Q000379:methods*; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*