title: Paliperidone extended-release tablets for the acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paliperidone, which is available in extended-release (ER) tablets, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2007 for the acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. It is the seventh second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) to be introduced to the US market. Paliperidone is the major active metabolite of risperidone, an established anti-psychotic agent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the available literature on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of paliperidone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search of MEDLINE using the terms paliperidone, 9-hydroxy-risperidone, and Invega was performed for the years 1950 through December 2007. Articles that discussed the efficacy and tolerability of 9-hydroxy-risperidone formed as a metabolite of risperidone were excluded; all others were included. Abstracts and posters presented at recent national and international scientific meetings were also included in the review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At therapeutic doses (3-12 mg), paliperidone ER follows linear pharmacokinetics. Like that of its parent drug, paliperidone's mechanism of action is thought to be through antagonistic actions at dopamine D(2) and serotonin-2A receptors. In vivo studies suggest that the cytochrome P450 enzyme system plays a minimal role in paliperidone metabolism, with none of the metabolites accounting for >10% of a dose. The majority (59%) of paliperidone is eliminated through the kidneys as unchanged drug. The results of three 6-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trials indicated the efficacy of paliperidone ER compared with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia, with response rates ranging from 39.8% to 61.0% for paliperidone ER, compared with 18.3% to 34.0% for placebo. During a 52-week, double-blind, relapse-prevention trial, the time to 25% of patients experiencing a recurrence was 83 days for paliperidone ER, compared with 23 days for placebo. The proportions of patients in the 6-week trials who reported at least 1 extrapyramidal symptom-related adverse event were 13%, 10%, 25%, 26%, and 24% for paliperidone ER 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mg/d, respectively; the pooled incidence rate was not statistically different from that with placebo (11%). Headache and insomnia were the most common adverse events in patients treated with paliperidone ER in the 6-week trials (pooled data: 11%-18% and 4%-14%, respectively). In the relapse-prevention trial, the incidence of prolactin-related adverse events was 4% for paliperidone ER and 0% for placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current evidence supports the efficacy and tolerability of paliperidone ER in the acute and long-term treatment of schizophrenia. Randomized, head-to-head comparisons with other SGAs, particularly risperidone, are needed to define the role of paliperidone ER in the treatment of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Tawny L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bettinger
authors.forename: Tami R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Argo
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D000068882:Paliperidone Palmitate; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013607:Tablets; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D007555:Isoxazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D013607:Tablets; D000068882:Paliperidone Palmitate