title: Toxicity assessment of the herbicides sulcotrione and mesotrione toward two reference environmental microorganisms: Tetrahymena pyriformis and Vibrio fischeri.
abstract: The potential toxicity of sulcotrione (2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione) and mesotrione (2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione), two selective triketonic herbicides, was assessed using representative environmental microorganisms frequently used in ecotoxicology: the eukaryote Tetrahymena pyriformis and the prokaryote Vibrio fischeri. The aims were also to evaluate the toxicity of different known degradation products, to compare the toxicity of these herbicides with that of atrazine, and to assess the toxicity of the commercial herbicidal products Mikado and Callisto. Toxicity assays involved the Microtox test, the T. pyriformis population growth impairment test, and the T. pyriformis nonspecific esterase activity test. For each compound, we report original data (IC(50) values) on nontarget cells frequently used in ecotoxicology. Analytical standards sulcotrione and mesotrione showed no toxic effect on T. pyriformis population growth but a toxic influence was observed on nonspecific esterase activities of this microorganism and on metabolism of V. fischeri. Most of the degradation products studied and the two commercial formulations showed a greater toxicity than the parent molecules. Compared with the effect of atrazine, the toxicity of these triketonic herbicides was less than in T. pyriformis and greater than or the same as in V. fischeri. Additional work is needed to obtain a more accurate picture of the environmental impact of these herbicides. It will be necessary in future experiments to study the ecosystemic levels (aquatic and soil compartments) and to assess the potential toxicity of the newly discovered degradation products and of the additives accompanying the active ingredient in the commercial herbicidal formulations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université d'Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP 38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France. J-Louis.BONNET@u-clermont1.fr
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonnemoy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dusser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bohatier
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity; D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008698:Mesylates / Q000633:toxicity*; D013769:Tetrahymena pyriformis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D003512:Cyclohexanones; D006540:Herbicides; D008698:Mesylates; C432907:mesotrione; C079906:sulcotrione; D043182:Carboxylesterase; D001280:Atrazine