title: Pesticide residues in grapes from vineyards included in integrated pest management in Slovenia.
abstract: Although the list of pesticides used in integrated pest management (IPM) in grape growing and their annual application rates are limited, we are still confronted with the problem of pesticide residues in grapes. This paper presents the results of pesticide monitoring of 47 samples of wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) from the 2006 vintage from vineyards included in IPM. The grape samples were analysed for the presence of 67 pesticides. Among them 20 were allowed in IPM in 2006. Grapes were sampled at harvest. Two internal analytical methods were used for the determination of pesticides: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the determination of dithiocarbamates and a multi-residue GC-MS method. One grape sample (2.1%) contained no residues or they were below the limit of detection, 28 samples (59.6%) contained residues lower or equal than maximum residue levels (MRLs), and 18 samples (38.3%) exceeded national MRLs for cyprodinil (the concentration range was 0.03-0.40 mg kg(-1) of cyprodinil) and fludioxonil (concentration was 0.03 mg kg(-1) of fludioxonil). Multiple residues were found in 41 samples (87.2%). The highest number of pesticides detected per sample was seven. No violation of pesticides allowed in IPM was observed. Folpet (97.9%), cyprodinil (51.1%), dithiocarbamates (44.7%), chlorothalonil (23.4%), chlorpyriphos (19.1%) and pyrimethanil (14.9%) were the most frequently found pesticides in grapes. Risk assessment showed that the exceeded concentrations of cyprodinil and fludioxonil did not represent any risk for consumer's health (the national estimate of short-term intake as a percentage of the acceptable daily intake was below 100%).
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Central Laboratories, Ljubljana, SI-1000 Slovenia. helena.basa@kis.si
authors.forename: H Basa
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Cesnik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gregorcic
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cus
mesh_terms: D004149:Dioxoles / Q000032:analysis; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000032:analysis; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000032:analysis; D017524:Slovenia; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004149:Dioxoles; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; C108338:cyprodinil; C108339:fludioxonil