title: The use of botulinum toxin in head and face medicine: an interdisciplinary field.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this review article different interdisciplinary relevant applications of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in the head and face region are demonstrated. Patients with head and face disorders of different etiology often suffer from disorders concerning their musculature (example: synkinesis in mimic muscles) or gland-secretion. This leads to many problems and reduces their quality of life. The application of BTA can improve movement disorders like blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, synkinesis following defective healing of the facial nerve, palatal tremor, severe bruxism, oromandibular dystonias hypertrophy of the masseter muscle and disorders of the autonomous nerve system like hypersalivation, hyperlacrimation, pathological sweating and intrinsic rhinitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of botulinum toxin type A is a helpful and minimally invasive treatment option to improve the quality of life in patients with head and face disorders of different quality and etiology. Side effects are rare.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-HNO-Klinik, Robert-Koch-Str, 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany. rlaskaw@gwdg.de
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laskawi
mesh_terms: D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A