Assessing exposure to allied ground troops in the Vietnam War: a comparison of AgDRIFT and Exposure Opportunity Index models.
The AgDRIFT aerial dispersion model is well validated and closely related to the AGDISP model developed by the USDA Forest Service to determine on- and off-target deposition and penetration of aerially applied pesticide through foliage of trees. The Exposure Opportunity Index (EOI) model was developed to estimate relative exposure of ground troops in Vietnam to aerially applied herbicides. We compared the output of the two models to determine whether their predictions were in substantial agreement, but found a total lack of concordance. While the AgDRIFT model estimated that ground-level deposition through foliage was reduced more than 20 orders of magnitude at less than 1 km from the flight line, the EOI model predicted deposition declines less than one order of magnitude 4 km from the flight line. Interestingly the EOI model predicts a four-fold variability in EOI on the flight line, where exposure should be essentially invariant because the spray apparatus is designed to apply herbicide at a constant rate. We believe that the EOI model cannot be used to provide individual exposure estimates for the purpose of conducting epidemiologic studies. Moreover, evaluation of the position data for both herbicide spray swaths and troop locations, together with the actual patterns of spray deposition predicted by the AgDRIFT model, suggests that precise individual-level exposure assessments for ground troops in Vietnam are impossible. However, we suggest that well-validated tools like AgDRIFT can be used to estimate exposure to groups of individuals.
Ginevan
Michael E
ME
M.E. Ginevan & Associates, 307 Hamilton Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA. michael@ginevan.com
Ross
John H
JH
Watkins
Deborah K
DK
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000401:Aircraft; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008954:Models, Biological; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014197:Trees; D047829:Vietnam Conflict
D000393:Air Pollutants; D006540:Herbicides; D010575:Pesticides