title: Locomotor training restores walking in a nonambulatory child with chronic, severe, incomplete cervical spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Locomotor training (LT) enhances walking in adult experimental animals and humans with mild-to-moderate spinal cord injuries (SCIs). The animal literature suggests that the effects of LT may be greater on an immature nervous system than on a mature nervous system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of LT in a child with chronic, incomplete SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subject was a nonambulatory 4 1/2-year-old boy with an American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) C Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS) of 4/50 who was deemed permanently wheelchair-dependent and was enrolled in an LT program 16 months after a severe cervical SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pretest-posttest design was used in the study. Over 16 weeks, the child received 76 LT sessions using both treadmill and over-ground settings in which graded sensory cues were provided. The outcome measures were ASIA Impairment Scale score, gait speed, walking independence, and number of steps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One month into LT, voluntary stepping began, and the child progressed from having no ability to use his legs to community ambulation with a rolling walker. By the end of LT, his walking independence score had increased from 0 to 13/20, despite no change in LEMS. The child's final self-selected gait speed was 0.29 m/s, with an average of 2,488 community-based steps per day and a maximum speed of 0.48 m/s. He then attended kindergarten using a walker full-time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple, context-dependent stepping pattern sufficient for community ambulation was recovered in the absence of substantial voluntary isolated lower-extremity movement in a child with chronic, severe SCI. These novel data suggest that some children with severe, incomplete SCI may recover community ambulation after undergoing LT and that the LEMS cannot identify this subpopulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, PO Box 100154, Gainesville, FL 32610-0154, USA. abehrman@phhp.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Behrman
authors.forename: Preeti M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dauser
authors.forename: Benjamin R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Herget
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Chetan P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Phadke
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Reier
authors.forename: Claudia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Senesac
authors.forename: Floyd J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Dena R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Howland
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications