title: Interference of neodymium magnets with cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: an in vitro study.
abstract: Permanent magnets may interfere with the function of cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets have become widely available in recent years and are incorporated in various articles of daily life. We conducted an in-vitro study to evaluate the ability of NdFeB magnets for home and office use to cause interference with cardiac pacemakers and ICDs. The magnetic fields of ten NdFeB magnets of different size and shape were measured at increasing distances beginning from the surface until a field-strength (B-field) value of 0.5 mT was reached. Furthermore, for each magnet the distance was determined at which a sample pacemaker switched from magnet mode to normal mode. Depending on the size and remanence of individual magnets, a B-field value of 0.5 mT was found at distances ranging from 1.5 cm to 30 cm and a value of 1 mT at distances from 1 cm to 22 cm. The pacemaker behavior was influenced at distances from 1 cm to 24 cm. NdFeB magnets for home and office use may cause interference with cardiac pacemakers and ICDs at distances up to 24 centimeters. Patient education and product declarations should include information about the risk associated with these magnets.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Salome
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryf
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolber
authors.forename: Firat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duru
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luechinger
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004868:Equipment Failure; D008280:Magnetics; D009354:Neodymium; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial
chemical_list: D009354:Neodymium