title: Carcinogenic risk of heterocyclic amines in combination - assessment with a liver initiation model.
abstract: Carcinogenic potential of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) was investigated using an in vivo 5-week initiation assay with quantitative evaluation of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci in rat liver. Numbers of GST-P positive foci were significantly increased with individual administration of six different HCAs, indicating utility of the assay. It was therefore applied to investigate risk with multiple HCAs in combination. Unexpectedly, concomitant treatment with 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) did not result in any additive carcinogenicity. In the rats taking MeIQx prior to PhIP the value was almost equal to the sum total of individual data, indicating additive initiation activities. In contrast, simultaneous or prior administration of PhIP rather exerted inhibitory effects on the carcinogenic potential of MeIQx. Moreover, microarray and quantitative RT-PCR assessment revealed that PhIP induced cytochrome P450 1A1, responsible for both activation and detoxification of HCAs, more strongly than MeIQx. It is noteworthy that complex exposure to multiple HCAs is not necessarily associated with increased risk of carcinogenesis because they are simultaneously and continuously ingested under normal circumstances.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takasu
authors.forename: Hisayo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Totsuka
authors.forename: Rena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishigaki
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.forename: Tokuma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanai
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masegi
authors.forename: Masae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatematsu
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D002273:Carcinogens; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D007093:Imidazoles; D011810:Quinoxalines; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D005982:Glutathione Transferase