title: Sacral nerve stimulation in patients with severe constipation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Constipation is frequently a multifactorial disease. This study was designed to evaluate the potential effects of sacral nerve stimulation for patients suffering from severe chronic constipation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients suffering from pathologic colonic transit time or rectal outlet obstruction were included. Only patients with severe rectal outlet obstruction who needed digital manipulation for defecation or patients suffering from pathologic colonic transit constipation with less than two bowel movements per week were regarded as candidates. A temporary stimulation lead was implanted into the sacral foramen that showed the best muscular response. After an evaluation period, the stimulation electrode was removed. An improvement in constipation (more than 2 bowel movements per week or defecation without digital manipulation, respectively) during the test stimulation, as well as a recurrence of prestimulation constipation symptoms during the following surveillance period of three weeks were prerequisites for implanting the permanent sacral nerve stimulating system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the patients showed a positive motor response to acute needle stimulation. After the evaluation period, eight patients (42 percent) reported an improvement of constipation, and permanent systems were implanted successfully. During the median follow-up of 11 (range, 2-20) months, a significant improvement in the Wexner constipation score was observed compared with the preoperative baseline level (baseline: median: 23, range, 18-27; 12 months after implantation: median, 8, range, 4-13). After successful sacral nerve stimulation, patients also showed a significant improvement in their quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients suffering from severe constipation are a new challenge for sacral nerve stimulation but further research on pelvic floor function is needed.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Department, Danube Hospital-SMZ-Ost, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holzer
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Novi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ausch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hölbling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiessel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003248:Constipation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome