title: Nef and TNFalpha are coplayers that favor HIV-1 replication in monocytic cells and primary macrophages.
abstract: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Nef protein is myristoylated and plays a critical role in AIDS pathogenesis by enhancing viral replication, survival of the virus within infected cells and by facilitating its spread in vivo. We observed that, in the promonocytic cell line U937, myristoylated exogenous Nef protein activates NF-kappaB and AP-1, whereas unmyristoylated exogenous Nef protein does not. Using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaC) treatment, we observed that the activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 by exogenous Nef protein is mediated primarily via lipid rafts both in U937 cells and in primary human macrophages. In agreement with this observation, exogenous Nef protein colocalized with GM1 ganglioside, a major component of lipid rafts, in U937 cells as detected by confocal microscopy. Since tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) activates NF-kappaB and AP-1, we investigated the role of exogenous Nef protein in TNFalpha-stimulated U937 cells and primary macrophages. We observed that exogenous Nef and TNFalpha synergistically activate NF-kappaB and AP-1 in U937 cells and primary macrophages resulting in enhanced stimulation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), and subsequently in enhanced viral replication in both chronically infected promonocytic U1 cells and acutely HIV-1-infected primary macrophages. Both enhanced LTR stimulation and viral replication following treatment with exogenous Nef and TNFalpha were mediated via lipid rafts. Therefore, our results indicate that exogenous Nef protein and enhanced TNFalpha production detected in HIV-infected subjects could synergize to fuel the progression of the disease via lipid raft-dependent stimulation of the HIV-1 provirus present in such cellular reservoirs as mononuclear phagocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France. gherbein@chu-besancon.fr
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Herbein
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varin
authors.forename: Anis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larbi
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mahlknecht
authors.forename: Tamas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fulop
authors.forename: Bharat B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside / Q000032:analysis; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000821:virology*; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000737:chemistry / Q000821:virology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009000:Monocytes / Q000821:virology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C514837:nef protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside