title: Neuroprotective effects of SB-415286 on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in B65 rat neuroblastoma cells and neurons.
abstract: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, as oxidative stress has been implicated in all neurodegenerative disorders, the inhibition of both pathways offers a potential strategy for preventing or delaying neurodegeneration. We examined the cytoprotective effects of lithium and SB-415286, two inhibitors of GSK-3, using a rat B65 cell line and also in cerebellar granule cells (CGN). H(2)O(2) decreased the inactive form of GSK-3 (phospho-GSK-3 at Ser9), as measured by immunoblot experiments involving an antibody against the inactive form of the enzyme. Moreover, lithium inhibited this effect. While SB-415286 exerted a protective effect, lithium did not attenuate the toxic effects of H(2)O(2) (1mM). We then examined those mechanisms implicated in the protective effects of SB-415286. When we analyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production using the fluorescent probe 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate in B65 cells, as well as in CGN, we found that SB-415286 strongly reduced DCF fluorescence. Lithium, however, did not exhibit any antioxidant properties. We conclude that the GSK-3 inhibitor SB-415286 has antioxidant properties, which may explain the cytoprotective effects against H(2)O(2) damage. Furthermore, inhibition of GSK-3 activity was not involved in this protective effect.
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Pizarro
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeste-Velasco
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rimbau
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casadesús
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Mercè
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pallàs
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Folch
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camins
mesh_terms: D000627:Aminophenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C417520:3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione; D000627:Aminophenols; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008301:Maleimides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016877:Oxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008094:Lithium; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3