title: Systematic review: the effects of growth hormone on athletic performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human growth hormone is reportedly used to enhance athletic performance, although its safety and efficacy for this purpose are poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate evidence about the effects of growth hormone on athletic performance in physically fit, young individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Collaboration databases were searched for English-language studies published between January 1966 and October 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trials that compared growth hormone treatment with no growth hormone treatment in community-dwelling healthy participants between 13 and 45 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 authors independently reviewed articles and abstracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  44 articles describing 27 study samples met inclusion criteria; 303 participants received growth hormone, representing 13.3 person-years of treatment. Participants were young (mean age, 27 years [SD, 3]), lean (mean body mass index, 24 kg/m2 [SD, 2]), and physically fit (mean maximum oxygen uptake, 51 mL/kg of body weight per minute [SD, 8]). Growth hormone dosage (mean, 36 microg/kg per day [SD, 21]) and treatment duration (mean, 20 days [SD, 18] for studies giving growth hormone for >1 day) varied. Lean body mass increased in growth hormone recipients compared with participants who did not receive growth hormone (increase, 2.1 kg [95% CI, 1.3 to 2.9 kg]), but strength and exercise capacity did not seem to improve. Lactate levels during exercise were statistically significantly higher in 2 of 3 studies that evaluated this outcome. Growth hormone-treated participants more frequently experienced soft tissue edema and fatigue than did those not treated with growth hormone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few studies evaluated athletic performance. Growth hormone protocols in the studies may not reflect real-world doses and regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Claims that growth hormone enhances physical performance are not supported by the scientific literature. Although the limited available evidence suggests that growth hormone increases lean body mass, it may not improve strength; in addition, it may worsen exercise capacity and increase adverse events. More research is needed to conclusively determine the effects of growth hormone on athletic performance.
authors.affiliation: Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California 95128, USA. hauliu@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Hau
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dena M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bravata
authors.forename: Ingram
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Olkin
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bendavid
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Saynina
authors.forename: Shelley R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Salpeter
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D019382:Human Growth Hormone