title: Effect of circulation on the disposition and ocular tissue distribution of 20 nm nanoparticles after periocular administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous studies indicated that while 20 nm particles are rapidly cleared from the periocular space of the rat following posterior subconjunctival injection, 200 nm particles persisted for at least two months. To understand faster clearance of 20 nm particles, the purpose of this study was to determine transscleral permeability and in vivo disposition in the presence and absence of circulation. Further, it was the purpose of this study to simulate sustained retinal drug delivery after periocular administration of rapidly cleared and slowly cleared nanoparticles.
  
  
  METHODS
  The permeability of 20 and 200 nm particles over 24 h was examined across isolated bovine sclera and sclera-choroid-RPE with or without a surfactant (Tween 20, 0.1% w/v) added to the preparation. The in vivo disposition of nanoparticles was performed using Sprague Dawley rats. The rats, either dead or alive, were administered with 400 microg of the nanoparticles in the periocular space, and the particle disposition in the eye tissues was assessed 6 h later. To evaluate the role of the reticulo-endothelial system and lymphatic circulation, isolated liver, spleen, and cervical, axillary, and mesenteric lymph nodes were analyzed using confocal microscopy. Mathematical simulations with Berkeley Madonna were used to evaluate the effect of nanoparticle size on retinal drug levels following periocular administration. Celecoxib was used as the model drug and the finalized pharmacokinetic model from a previous study was used with some modifications for the simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transport of 20 nm particles across sclera in the presence and absence of the surfactant were 0.1%+/-0.07% and 0.46%+/-0.06%, respectively. These particles did not permeate across the sclera-choroid-RPE in 24 h. There was no quantifiable transport for 200 nm particles across the sclera or the sclera-choroid-RPE. In live animals, the 20 nm particles were undetectable in any of the ocular tissues except in the sclera-choroid following periocular administration; however, in dead animals, the particle concentrations in the sclera-choroid were 19 fold higher than those in live animals, and particles were detectable in the retina as well as vitreous. The retention of 20 nm particles at the site of administration was two fold higher in the dead animals. In live animals, the particles were clearly detectable in the spleen and to a very low extent in the liver as well. The particles were also detected in the cervical, axillary, and mesenteric lymph nodes of the live animals. Simulations with two particles (20 nm and 200 nm) with different clearance rates demonstrated that the retinal drug levels were affected by particle clearance. Larger nanoparticles sustained retinal drug delivery better than smaller nanoparticles. With an increase in drug release rate from the particles, these differences diminish.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 20 nm particles are transported across the sclera to a minor degree; however, there is no significant transport across the sclera-choroid-RPE. Periocular circulation (blood and lymphatic) plays an important role in the clearance of the 20 nm particles. The higher particle levels in the ocular tissues in the post-mortem studies indicate a dynamic physiologic barrier to the entry of particles into the ocular tissues after periocular administration. The particle size of the delivery system can play an important role in the observed retinal drug levels after periocular administration. Slow release nanoparticles with low clearance by blood and lymphatic circulations are suitable for prolonged transscleral drug delivery to the back of the eye.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5840, USA.
authors.forename: Aniruddha C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Amrite
authors.forename: Henry F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Edelhauser
authors.forename: Swita R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Uday B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Kompella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle; D000068579:Celecoxib; D002829:Choroid / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D005123:Eye / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D012590:Sclera / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib