title: Deep brain stimulation for dystonia: outcome at long-term follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a useful therapeutic option for patients with insufficient benefit from conservative treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients with chronic DBS who suffered from cervical dystonia (4), generalized dystonia (2), hemidystonia (1), paroxysmal dystonia (1) and Meige syndrome (1) were available for formal follow-up at three years postoperatively, and beyond up to 10 years. All patients had undergone pallidal stimulation except one patient with paroxysmal dystonia who underwent thalamic stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maintained improvement was seen in all patients with pallidal stimulation up to 10 years after surgery except in one patient who had a relative loss of benefit in dystonia ratings but continued to have improved disability scores. After nine years of chronic thalamic stimulation there was a mild loss of efficacy which was regained when the target was changed to the pallidum in the patient with paroxysmal dystonia. There were no major complications related to surgery or to chronic stimulation. Pacemakers had to be replaced within 1.5 to 2 years, in general.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DBS maintains marked long-term symptomatic and functional improvement in the majority of patients with dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurology, University of Berne, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Loher
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Capelle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaelin-Lang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weigel
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burgunder
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Krauss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004421:Dystonia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008538:Meige Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D013788:Thalamus / Q000502:physiology; D013995:Time; D014103:Torticollis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome