title: Toxicity of human pharmaceuticals and personal care products to benthic invertebrates.
abstract: Despite concerns about potential risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment, few toxicological data address the effects of these compounds. In aquatic systems, which often represent the final repository for PPCPs, increasing toxicological information regarding aquatic biota is improving our capacity to assess potential risks. However, responses of key biota, such as benthic invertebrates, have not been investigated as widely. In the present study, we examined the toxicity of four PPCPs -- the lipid regulator atorvastatin (ATO), the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ), the synthetic hormone 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE(2)), and the antimicrobial triclosan (TCS) -- to the midge Chironomus tentans and the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca in 10-d waterborne exposures. The toxicity of the four compounds varied between 0.20 and 47.3 mg/L (median lethal concentration), with a relative toxicity ranking of TCS > EE(2) > ATO > CBZ. Hyalella azteca was more sensitive than C. tentans to these compounds. The toxicity data were used in a hazard quotient approach to evaluate the risk posed by the four PPCPs to benthic invertebrates and other aquatic organisms. For each compound, a hazard quotient was calculated by dividing the lowest toxicity value by the highest exposure value found in the literature, to which an uncertainty factor was applied. With hazard quotients of 3.55 to 11.5, we conclude that potential risks exist toward benthic invertebrates for the toxicity of TCS and CBZ and that further investigations of these compounds are required to characterize more completely the risks to benthic organisms. In contrast, our data also indicate that considering the low concentrations currently detected in the environment, ATO and EE(2) pose negligible risks to benthic invertebrates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Eve B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Dussault
authors.forename: Vimal K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sverko
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sibley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000633:toxicity; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000633:toxicity; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004958:Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000633:toxicity; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000187:drug effects*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000633:toxicity*; D014260:Triclosan / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004967:Estrogens; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D011758:Pyrroles; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014260:Triclosan; D004958:Estradiol; D000069059:Atorvastatin