title: Allergies to sulfonamide antibiotics and sulfur-containing drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a literature review and clinical summary of the evaluation and management of sulfonamide drug reactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published English-language medical literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected trials of drug desensitization protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obtaining a detailed history is invaluable in assessing a history of reactions to sulfonamide medications, because allergy to these drugs remains a clinical diagnosis at present. Numerous efficacious drug desensitization protocols for management have been published and are reviewed in detail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The term sulfa allergy is imprecise and misleading and therefore should be discouraged. There are important distinctions between sulfonylarylamines (antimicrobial sulfonamides), nonarylamine (nonantimicrobial) sulfonamides, and sulfones, with regard to allergic and other adverse drug reactions. Most reactions to sulfonylarylamines probably result from multifactorial immunologic and toxic metabolic mechanisms, whereas less is known about the precise mechanisms of reactions to other sulfur-containing drugs.
authors.affiliation: Allergy Clinic, LLC, Portland, Oregon 97205, USA. d.dibbern@verizon.net
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dibbern
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montanaro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000276:immunology*; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000276:immunology*; D013455:Sulfur / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013455:Sulfur