title: Assessment and characterization of time-related differences in plaque composition by intravascular ultrasound-derived radiofrequency analysis in heart transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The survival of heart transplant patients is limited by cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and IVUS-derived radiofrequency plaque composition analysis (IVUS-RF) provide further information about the process of coronary atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we aimed to assess the time-dependent differences in disease progression in patients with CAV. Fifty-six patients were divided into three groups according to time interval after transplantation (Group I: 1 to 3 months, 18 patients; Group II, 1 to 5 years, 20 patients; Group III: 5 to 15 years, 18 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  IVUS-RF revealed time-dependent increases in all plaque components. The largest increase was shown for fibrotic, fibrofatty and necrotic tissue between Groups I and II. Dense calcium area increased uniformly in all groups. IVUS-RF-derived plaque type analysis revealed predominantly fibrotic plaques in all groups with a decrease of frequency over time. Fibrolipidic and fibrotic-calcific plaques increased uniformly. High-risk lesions, such as thick-cap fibroatheromas (FAs), increased in Groups I and II and decreased in Group III. Thin-cap FAs were detected only in Group III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IVUS-RF, as compared with gray-scale IVUS, provides better detailed information about the development of CAV by plaque morphology and composition analysis in different stages after heart transplantation. Serial IVUS-RF analysis in these patients may improve the stratification of heart transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik-Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany. andreas.koenig@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: Eckehard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kilian
authors.forename: Hae-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rieber
authors.forename: Thomas Michael
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Schiele
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: Raffaella M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gothe
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reichart
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Klauss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*