title: Penicillium species as a rare isolate in tracheal granulation tissue: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Granulation tissue formation is a major problem complicating the treatment of upper airway stenosis. We present two cases of recurrent tracheal granulation tissue colonisation by Penicillium species in patients undergoing laryngotracheal reconstructive surgery for post-intubation tracheal stenosis. We believe that although most Penicillium species do not cause invasive disease they can be a contributory factor to the occurrence of upper airway stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A microbiological and mycological study of tracheal granulation tissue in two patients with recurrent laryngotracheal stenosis was carried out. Penicillium species was seen microscopically and cultured from tracheal granulation tissue. Neither patient grew any bacteria known to be associated with airway granulation tissue formation. Amphotericin B, itraconazole, flucytosine voriconazole and caspofungin were highly active against both isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A search for a fungal cause should form part of the investigation for recurrent tracheal granulation tissue during laryngotracheal reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK. prandhawa13@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Premjit S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Randhawa
authors.forename: Sa Reza
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Nouraei
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Gurpreet S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Petrou