title: [The analysis of type D personality research as a psychosocial risk factor in cardiovascular disease for elders with a chronic disease].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between type D personality and cardiovascular disease, and to suggest future research directions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted from the following nine databases: 1) MEDLINE, 2) CINAHL, 3) Pubmed Unrestricted, 4) PsycINFO, 5) KISS, 6) RICHIS, 7) RISS4U, and 8) Nanet. The combinations of the words, "type D personality", "personality", "heart", "cardiovascular", and "coronary" were used for keyword searches to find relevant articles. Twenty eight studies were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type D personality has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with established cardiovascular disease. Type D patients are also at increased risk for impaired quality of life, and seem to benefit less from medical and invasive treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is substantial evidence for a relationship between type D personality and clinical outcomes related to cardiovascular disease. Randomized clinical trials are needed to further evaluate the value of controlling type D personality to improve survival and reduce morbidity in patients with cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence from this analysis indicates the urgent need to adopt a personality approach in order to optimize the identification of patients at risk for stress related cardiac events.
authors.affiliation: College Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Kyeung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Youn Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Son
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological