title: Preliminary evidence that morning vaccination is associated with an enhanced antibody response in men.
abstract: Variation in response to vaccination, particularly in vulnerable groups, provides a strong rationale for developing vaccine adjuvants. If there were consistent diurnal variation in immune response, this could inform a simple intervention for enhancing vaccine efficacy. Data from two studies are presented examining morning versus afternoon vaccine administration; in the first, hepatitis A vaccine was administered to young adults, and in the second, influenza vaccine to older community-based adults. Men, but not women, vaccinated in the morning mounted a better peak antibody response to both hepatitis A and the A/Panama influenza strain. These results indicate that it would be worthwhile testing this effect in a large randomized control trial with vaccination during time periods representing the extremes of hormonal and cytokine diurnal rhythms.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. A.C.Phillips@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drayson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines