Somatic cell nuclear transfer: infinite reproduction of a unique diploid genome.
In mammals, a diploid genome of an individual following fertilization of an egg and a spermatozoon is unique and irreproducible. This implies that the generated unique diploid genome is doomed with the individual ending. Even as cultured cells from the individual, they cannot normally proliferate in perpetuity because of the "Hayflick limit". However, Dolly, the sheep cloned from an adult mammary gland cell, changes this scenario. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) enables us to produce offspring without germ cells, that is, to "passage" a unique diploid genome. Animal cloning has also proven to be a powerful research tool for reprogramming in many mammals, notably mouse and cow. The mechanism underlying reprogramming, however, remains largely unknown and, animal cloning has been inefficient as a result. More momentously, in addition to abortion and fetal mortality, some cloned animals display possible premature aging phenotypes including early death and short telomere lengths. Under these inauspicious conditions, is it really possible for SCNT to preserve a diploid genome? Delightfully, in mouse and recently in primate, using SCNT we can produce nuclear transfer ES cells (ntES) more efficiently, which can preserve the eternal lifespan for the "passage" of a unique diploid genome. Further, new somatic cloning technique using histone-deacetylase inhibitors has been developed which can significantly increase the previous cloning rates two to six times. Here, we introduce SCNT and its value as a preservation tool for a diploid genome while reviewing aging of cloned animals on cellular and individual levels.
Kishigami
Satoshi
S
Laboratory for Genomic Reprogramming, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe 650-0047, Japan. kisigami@waka.kindai.ac.jp
Wakayama
Sayaka
S
Hosoi
Yoshihiko
Y
Iritani
Akira
A
Wakayama
Teruhiko
T
D000818:Animals; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D019976:Cloning, Organism; D004171:Diploidy; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques; D016615:Telomere