title: Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils.
abstract: Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg(-1) degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg(-1) application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to >70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of (14)C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative (14)CO(2) was less than 1.5% of applied (14)C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors: Jennifer C
authors: JC
authors: Anhalt
authors: Thomas B
authors: TB
authors: Moorman
authors: William C
authors: WC
authors: Koskinen
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D000077215:Clay; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C082359:imidacloprid; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D000077215:Clay