title: Bone stress injury of the ankle in professional ballet dancers seen on MRI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ballet dancers have been shown to have a relatively high incidence of stress fractures of the foot and ankle. It was our objective to examine MR imaging patterns of bone marrow edema (BME) in the ankles of high performance professional ballet dancers, to evaluate clinical relevance.
  
  
  METHODS
  MR Imaging was performed on 12 ankles of 11 active professional ballet dancers (6 female, 5 male; mean age 24 years, range 19 to 32). Individuals were imaged on a 0.2 T or 1.5 T MRI units. Images were evaluated by two musculoskeletal radiologists and one orthopaedic surgeon in consensus for location and pattern of bone marrow edema. In order to control for recognized sources of bone marrow edema, images were also reviewed for presence of osseous, ligamentous, tendinous and cartilage injuries. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the strength of the correlation between bone marrow edema and ankle pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone marrow edema was seen only in the talus, and was a common finding, observed in nine of the twelve ankles imaged (75%) and was associated with pain in all cases. On fluid-sensitive sequences, bone marrow edema was ill-defined and centered in the talar neck or body, although in three cases it extended to the talar dome. No apparent gender predilection was noted. No occult stress fracture could be diagnosed. A moderately strong correlation (phi = 0.77, p= 0.0054) was found between edema and pain in the study population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone marrow edema seems to be a specific MRI finding in the talus of professional ballet dancers, likely related to biomechanical stress reactions, due to their frequently performed unique maneuvers. Clinically, this condition may indicate a sign of a bone stress injury of the ankle.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. ilanelias@hotmail.com
authors: Ilan
authors: I
authors: Elias
authors: Adam C
authors: AC
authors: Zoga
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Raikin
authors: Judith R
authors: JR
authors: Peterson
authors: Marcus P
authors: MP
authors: Besser
authors: William B
authors: WB
authors: Morrison
authors: Mark E
authors: ME
authors: Schweitzer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D003615:Dancing; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013628:Talus / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*