title: Selection against tandem splice sites affecting structured protein regions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alternative selection of splice sites in tandem donors and acceptors is a major mode of alternative splicing. Here, we analyzed whether in-frame tandem sites leading to subtle mRNA insertions/deletions of 3, 6, or 9 nucleotides are under natural selection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found multiple lines of evidence that the human protein coding sequences are under selection against such in-frame tandem splice events, indicating that these events are often deleterious. The strength of selection is not homogeneous within the coding sequence as protein regions that fold into a fixed 3D structure (intrinsically ordered) are under stronger selection, especially against sites with a strong minor splice site. Investigating structures of functional protein domains, we found that tandem acceptors are preferentially located at the domain surface and outside structural elements such as helices and sheets. Using three-species comparisons, we estimate that more than half of all mutations that create NAGNAG acceptors in the coding region have been eliminated by selection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We estimate that ~2,400 introns are under selection against possessing a tandem site.
authors: Bioinformatics Group, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 106, 79110 Freiburg, Germany. hiller@informatik.uni-freiburg.de
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Hiller
authors: Karol
authors: K
authors: Szafranski
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Huse
authors: Rolf
authors: R
authors: Backofen
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Platzer
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D022821:RNA Splice Sites / Q000235:genetics*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017381:Spliceosomes; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D022821:RNA Splice Sites