title: Effects of spinal alpha(2)-adrenoceptor and I(1)-imidazoline receptor activation on hindlimb movement induction in spinal cord-injured mice.
abstract: A partial recovery of locomotor functions has been shown in spinal cord-transected (Tx) cats after regular treadmill training and repeated administration of clonidine, an alpha(2)-adrenoreceptor agonist. However, clonidine has generally failed to show prolocomotor effects in other models (e.g., rat or mudpuppy in vitro-isolated spinal cord preparations). The reasons for this discrepancy remain unclear, but they may suggest condition- or species-specific effects induced by clonidine. This study is aimed at examining both the acute (at 6 or 41 days post-Tx) and chronic effects of repeated (once a week for one month) clonidine administration (0.25-5.0 mg/kg i.p.) on hindlimb movement generation in Tx mice (thoracic segment9/10). Locomotor-like (LM) and nonlocomotor movements (NLM) were assessed both in open-field and treadmill conditions. The results show that clonidine consistently failed, in both conditions, to induce LM and NLM at all time points even though control experiments revealed hindlimb movements steadily induced by 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a serotonin receptor agonist. In turn, clonidine acutely suppressed (I(1)-imidazoline receptor-mediated) the frequency of spontaneously occurring LM and NLM but apparently increased spinal excitability over time, because the frequency of spontaneous LM and NLM was significantly greater in clonidine-treated (before an injection) than vehicle-treated animals after repeated administration for a few weeks. The results clearly show that clonidine can not acutely induce hindlimb movements in untrained and otherwise nonstimulated (e.g., no tail or perineal pinching) Tx mice, although repeated administration may progressively facilitate the expression of spontaneous hindlimb movements.
authors: Neuroscience Unit, RC-9800, Laval University Medical Center, 2705 Laurier Blvd., Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2.
authors: Nicolas P
authors: NP
authors: Lapointe
authors: Roth-Visal
authors: RV
authors: Ung
authors: Pascal
authors: P
authors: Rouleau
authors: Pierre A
authors: PA
authors: Guertin
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000494:pharmacology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D001572:Benzofurans; D007093:Imidazoles; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; C410887:imidazoline I1 receptors; D015016:Yohimbine; C043482:moxonidine; C062597:efaroxan; D003000:Clonidine