title: Autonomic mechanism for complex fractionated atrial electrograms: evidence by fast fourier transform analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism(s) underlying complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) is not well understood. We hypothesized that CFAE may be caused by enhanced activity of the intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 35 anesthetized dogs, via a right or left thoracotomy, sustained atrial fibrillation was induced by local application of acetylcholine (ACh; 10, 100 mM) to the surface of the atrial appendage (AA) or by injection of ACh (10 mM) into the ganglionated plexi (GP). Fast Fourier transform analysis was performed from recordings at AA, atrial sites near the AA, mid portion of the atrium, atrial sites near the GP, and the pulmonary veins. After AF was induced with ACh either by topical application to the AA or by direct injection into the GP, CFAE exhibited a significant gradient of progressively decreasing dominant frequency and incidence of CFAE (CFAE%) from the GP toward distant sites, while regularity index progressively decreased in the opposite direction. Ablation of GP markedly attenuated CFAE and eliminated these gradients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest CFAE may result from activation of the intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system in these animal models of sustained AF. Ablation of GP attenuates CFAE and eliminates the DF gradient.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors: Zhibing
authors: Z
authors: Lu
authors: Benjamin J
authors: BJ
authors: Scherlag
authors: Jiaxiong
authors: J
authors: Lin
authors: Guodong
authors: G
authors: Niu
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Ghias
authors: Warren M
authors: WM
authors: Jackman
authors: Ralph
authors: R
authors: Lazzara
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Jiang
authors: Sunny S
authors: SS
authors: Po
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity