title: Local and systemic impacts of pleural oxygen exposure in thoracotomy.
abstract: The pleural cavity is normally in a state of negative pressure and low oxygen tension. It is exposed to the atmosphere during thoracic surgery. However, no reports of pathophysiological investigation of the effects of pleural oxygen exposure involved in thoracotomy are available. In this study, the effects of pleural oxygen exposure on systemic and pleural inflammation were investigated. Male Wistar rats (9 weeks old) were placed on mechanical ventilation and underwent thoracotomy with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, which simulates latent inflammatory condition. The pleural cavity was exposed to nitrogen (N(2) thoracotomy group), air (20% oxygen, air thoracotomy group), or 100% oxygen (O(2) thoracotomy group) under mechanical ventilation for 2 h. Animals were sacrificed 2 h or 8 h after LPS administration, and inflammatory indices (plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, histology) were examined. For examination of inflammatory mediators, pleural effusion was added to cultured RAW264 cells, a murine macrophage cell line, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in supernatant were measured. The capacity of pleural superoxide generation was investigated without LPS administration. Results showed increases in plasma interleukin-6 concentration and lung injury in the air and O(2) thoracotomy groups. Pleural oxygen exposure stimulated pleural superoxide generation, and increased pleural 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and lung lipid peroxide concentrations. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in cell culture supernatants were increased by the addition of pleural effusion from the air and O(2) thoracotomy groups. In conclusion, pleural oxygen exposure induced pleural oxidative injury and aggravated latent systemic inflammatory response.
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors: Takuma
authors: T
authors: Tsukioka
authors: Shigekazu
authors: S
authors: Takemura
authors: Yukiko
authors: Y
authors: Minamiyama
authors: Noritoshi
authors: N
authors: Nishiyama
authors: Shinjiro
authors: S
authors: Mizuguchi
authors: Shigeru
authors: S
authors: Okada
authors: Shigefumi
authors: S
authors: Suehiro
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000032:analysis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry; D008264:Macrophages; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010994:Pleura / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013481:Superoxides; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; D010100:Oxygen