title: Maxillofacial injuries sustained during soccer: incidence, severity and risk factors.
abstract: A very popular sport worldwide, soccer generates a great number of maxillofacial injuries, mainly fractures, resulting in esthetic or functional problems. The aim of this retrospective study was to contribute to the knowledge of soccer-related maxillofacial injuries, and call attention to the risk factors that favor these injuries. A total of 108 patients, who attended hospital because of maxillofacial injuries during soccer within a period of 8 years, were included in this study. The relationship of the patients with soccer, the type, the site, the severity, the mechanism of the injuries and the applied treatment were analyzed. The injured were all males, and were principally amateurs. Around 89.8% of the patients suffered maxillofacial fractures while 10.2% presented only soft tissue injuries; 13.9% had multiple fractures; 50% of the maxillofacial fractures concerned the zygomatic complex and 38.2% the mandible where the majority occurred at the angle. The prevailing mechanism was the direct impact of players. Head to head impact outnumbered. Elbow to head impact caused contusions of the temporomandibular joint. Kick to head impact was the main cause of multiple fractures. The treatment of fractures was mainly surgical (68.2%). These findings support the fact that maxillofacial injuries sustained during soccer tend to be severe, demanding surgical treatment. The mandibular angle is in danger due to the usual existence of impacted and semi-impacted third molars. There should be a preventive intervention on the above contributors, and mainly coaches and sports physicians should be properly informed about the specificity of the maxillofacial injuries.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital of Attica KAT, Athens, Greece. vpapakost@med.uoa.gr
authors: Veronica
authors: V
authors: Papakosta
authors: Fanny
authors: F
authors: Koumoura
authors: Constantinos
authors: C
authors: Mourouzis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery