title: Direct effects of heavy metal pollution on the immune function of a geometrid moth, Epirrita autumnata.
abstract: Previously, we found that Epirrita autumnata larvae, which were fed with leaves that came from a metal polluted area, had an enhanced immune function. To investigate further the cause of the enhanced immunity we examined experimentally the direct influence of the heavy metals, copper and nickel, on the immune function of the geometrid moth we artificially added the metals to the surface of birch leaves to examine their direct effects. As a measurement of the strength of immune function, we used encapsulation rate against a nylon monofilament. A moderate amount of Ni and Cu in the diet of moth larvae increased their encapsulation rate, but a large amount of Cu caused the immune function to decrease. The results indicate that Ni and Cu have direct effects on immunity. Moderate amounts of those metals increase immune function, but large amounts lead to inhibition of immune function.
authors: Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI 20014 Turku, Finland. tapvan@utu.fi
authors: Tapio
authors: T
authors: van Ooik
authors: Sanna
authors: S
authors: Pausio
authors: Markus J
authors: MJ
authors: Rantala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel