title: Spirituality and autonomic cardiac control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spirituality has been suggested to be associated with positive health, but potential biological mediators have not been well characterized.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined, in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older adults, the potential relationship between spirituality and patterns of cardiac autonomic control, which may have health significance. Measures of parasympathetic (high-frequency heart rate variability) and sympathetic (pre-ejection period) cardiac control were obtained from a representative sample of 229 participants. Participants completed questionnaires to assess spirituality (closeness to and satisfactory relationship with God). Personality, demographic, anthropometric, health behavior, and health status information was also obtained. A series of hierarchical regression models was used to examine the relations between spirituality, the autonomic measures, and two derived indexes--cardiac autonomic balance (CAB, reflecting parasympathetic to sympathetic balance) and cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR, reflecting total autonomic control).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spirituality, net of demographics, or other variables were found to be associated with enhanced parasympathetic as well as sympathetic cardiac control (yielding a higher CAR) but was not associated with CAB. Although the number of cases was small (N = 11), both spirituality and CAR were significant negative predictors of the prior occurrence of a myocardial infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a population-based sample, spirituality appears to be associated with a specific pattern of CAR, characterized by a high level of cardiac autonomic control, irrespective of the relative contribution of the two autonomic branches. This pattern of autonomic control may have health significance.
authors: Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. berntson@osu.edu
authors: Gary G
authors: GG
authors: Berntson
authors: Greg J
authors: GJ
authors: Norman
authors: Louise C
authors: LC
authors: Hawkley
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: Cacioppo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D029181:Spirituality