title: Carotid plaque, a subclinical precursor of vascular events: the Northern Manhattan Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid atherosclerosis is a known biomarker associated with future vascular disease. The risk associated with small, nonstenotic carotid plaques is less clear. The objective of this study was to examine the association between maximum carotid plaque thickness and risk of vascular events in an urban multiethnic cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the population-based Northern Manhattan Study, carotid plaque was analyzed among 2,189 subjects. Maximum carotid plaque thickness was evaluated at the cutoff level of 1.9 mm, a prespecified value of the 75th percentile of the plaque thickness distribution. The primary outcome measure was combined vascular events (ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carotid plaque was present in 1,263 (58%) subjects. After a mean follow-up of 6.9 years, vascular events occurred among 319 subjects; 121 had fatal or nonfatal ischemic stroke, 118 had fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, and 166 died of vascular causes. Subjects with maximum carotid plaque thickness greater than 1.9 mm had a 2.8-fold increased risk of combined vascular events in comparison to the subjects without carotid plaque (hazard ratio, 2.80; 95% CI, 2.04-3.84). In fully adjusted models, this association was significant only among Hispanics. Approximately 44% of the low-risk individuals by Framingham risk score had a 10-year vascular risk of 18.3% if having carotid plaque.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maximum carotid plaque thickness is a simple and noninvasive marker of subclinical atherosclerosis associated with increased risk of vascular outcomes in a multiethnic cohort. Maximum carotid plaque thickness may be a simple and nonexpensive tool to assist with vascular risk stratification in preventive strategies and a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials.
authors: Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA. trundek@med.miami.edu
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Rundek
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Arif
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Boden-Albala
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Elkind
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Paik
authors: R L
authors: RL
authors: Sacco
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler