title: The influence of congenital heart disease on psychological conditions in adolescents and adults after corrective surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to examine psychological characteristics of adolescents and adults with operated congenital heart disease (ACHD). Particularly it was to be examined whether cardiological parameters may be associated with subjectively perceived impairments and measures of psychological distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 361 men (209) and women (152) between 14 and 45 years underwent medical checkups and an interview on psychological and sociological issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical part consisted of a complete cardiological examination including the classification of residual symptoms according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA), and spiroergometry. The Brief Symptom Inventory was used for depicting current psychological and somatic symptoms. These were assessed on 9 subscales: somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analyses revealed statistically significant associations between the degree of NYHA class and psychological symptoms. These findings could not be reproduced for physical fitness as measured by peak oxygen consumption. No gender differences emerged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that psychological measures of ACHD are not directly dependent on their physical fitness or on the severity of residual symptoms. Instead, patients' subjective appraisal of their disease severity and the conviction to what degree one can depend on the operated heart may be important determinants of psychological states.
authors: Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany. norozi.kambiz@mh-hannover.de
authors: Kambiz
authors: K
authors: Norozi
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Zoege
authors: Reiner
authors: R
authors: Buchhorn
authors: Armin
authors: A
authors: Wessel
authors: Siegfried
authors: S
authors: Geyer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000523:psychology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012803:Sick Role; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires