title: The thyroid hormone-inactivating deiodinase functions as a homodimer.
abstract: The type 3 deiodinase (D3) inactivates thyroid hormone action by catalyzing tissue-specific inner ring deiodination, predominantly during embryonic development. D3 has gained much attention as a player in the euthyroid sick syndrome, given its robust reactivation during injury and/or illness. Whereas much of the structure biology of the deiodinases is derived from studies with D2, a dimeric endoplasmic reticulum obligatory activating deiodinase, little is known about the holostructure of the plasma membrane resident D3, the deiodinase capable of thyroid hormone inactivation. Here we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer in live cells to demonstrate that D3 exists as homodimer. While D3 homodimerized in its native state, minor heterodimerization was also observed between D3:D1 and D3:D2 in intact cells, the significance of which remains elusive. Incubation with 0.5-1.2 m urea resulted in loss of D3 homodimerization as assessed by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and a proportional loss of enzyme activity, to a maximum of approximately 50%. Protein modeling using a D2-based scaffold identified potential dimerization surfaces in the transmembrane and globular domains. Truncation of the transmembrane domain (DeltaD3) abrogated dimerization and deiodinase activity except when coexpressed with full-length catalytically inactive deiodinase, thus assembled as DeltaD3:D3 dimer; thus the D3 globular domain also exhibits dimerization surfaces. In conclusion, the inactivating deiodinase D3 exists as homo- or heterodimer in living intact cells, a feature that is critical for their catalytic activities.
authors: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors: G D Vivek
authors: GD
authors: Sagar
authors: Balázs
authors: B
authors: Gereben
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Callebaut
authors: Jean-Paul
authors: JP
authors: Mornon
authors: Anikó
authors: A
authors: Zeöld
authors: Cyntia
authors: C
authors: Curcio-Morelli
authors: John W
authors: JW
authors: Harney
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Luongo
authors: Michelle A
authors: MA
authors: Mulcahey
authors: P Reed
authors: PR
authors: Larsen
authors: Stephen A
authors: SA
authors: Huang
authors: Antonio C
authors: AC
authors: Bianco
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002384:Catalysis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019281:Dimerization; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D006801:Humans; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013499:Surface Properties; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase