title: Effect of ultraviolet adaptation on the ultraviolet absorption spectra of human skin in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The absorption spectrum of human skin provides a basis for the estimation of the possible photobiological impact of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The optical properties of human skin in the UV spectral range have so far mainly been measured ex vivo due to a lack of an appropriate in vivo technique and the change of optical properties during the course of adaptation to higher UV doses has hardly been addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have determined the absorption spectra of human skin in vivo in the wavelength range from 290 to 341 nm in 3 nm steps using laser optoacoustics. In this technique, optical properties are derived from the pressure profile generated by absorbed light energy in the sample. Spectra from the volar and dorsal aspects of the forearm of 20 subjects were compared, i.e. sites with native and various facultative pigmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UV adaptation shows as an increase in absorption coefficients over the entire measured UV range and especially in short-range UVB. Subject groups with high vs. low UV exposure can be discriminated by analyzing the difference absorption spectra between dorsal and volar aspects of the forearm. No dependence on the subject's phototype was seen in the degree of adaptation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difference between native and facultative pigmentation may be explained by the absorption properties of the two prime chromophores responsible for adaptation to higher UV exposure: melanin and keratin. Stronger pigmentation, i.e. a higher melanin concentration, is found as an increase of absorption coefficients over the entire UVA-II/UVB range. The thickening of the horny layer and accordingly, a higher influence of keratin on the absorption spectra is prominent especially in the UVB region.
authors: Institute of Biophysics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany. meinhardt@biophysik.uni-hannover.de
authors: Merve
authors: M
authors: Meinhardt
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Krebs
authors: Angelika
authors: A
authors: Anders
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Heinrich
authors: Hagen
authors: H
authors: Tronnier
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays