title: Characterization of the human DYRK1A promoter and its regulation by the transcription factor E2F1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overexpression of the human DYRK1A gene due to the presence of a third gene copy in trisomy 21 is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome. The observation of gene dosage effects in transgenic mouse models implies that subtle changes in expression levels can affect the correct function of the DYRK1A gene product. We have therefore characterized the promoter of the human DYRK1A gene in order to study its transcriptional regulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transcription start sites of the human DYRK1A gene are distributed over 800 bp within a region previously identified as an unmethylated CpG island. We have identified a new alternative noncoding 5'-exon of the DYRK1A gene which is located 772 bp upstream of the previously described transcription start site. Transcription of the two splicing variants is controlled by non-overlapping promoter regions that can independently drive reporter gene expression. We found no evidence of cell- or tissue-specific promoter usage, but the two promoter regions differed in their activity and their regulation. The sequence upstream of exon 1A (promoter region A) induced about 10-fold higher reporter gene activity than the sequence upstream of exon 1B (promoter region B). Overexpression of the transcription factor E2F1 increased DYRK1A mRNA levels in Saos2 and Phoenix cells and enhanced the activity of promoter region B three- to fourfold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of two alternatively spliced transcripts whose transcription is initiated from differentially regulated promoters regions indicates that the expression of the DYRK1A gene is subject to complex control mechanisms. The regulatory effect of E2F1 suggests that DYRK1A may play a role in cell cycle regulation or apoptosis.
authors: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany. Barbara.Maenz@gmx.de
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Maenz
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Hekerman
authors: Eva M
authors: EM
authors: Vela
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Galceran
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Becker
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000187:drug effects; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D000097603:Dyrk Kinases
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D005576:Colforsin; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D000097603:Dyrk Kinases