title: Lack of regular exercise, depression, and degree of apnea are predictors of excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with sleep apnea: sex differences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apnea, depression, and metabolic abnormalities are independent predictors of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients with sleep apnea. Exercise is beneficial for apnea, depression, and metabolic abnormalities; however, its association with EDS is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the contribution of lack of regular exercise, depression, and apnea severity on daytime sleepiness in patients with sleep apnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand one hundred six consecutive patients (741 men and 365 women) referred to the sleep disorders clinic for symptoms consistent with sleep apnea. Daytime sleepiness was assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and activity was evaluated with a quantifiable Physical Activity Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women, men had a higher apnea hypopnea index (AHI) (40.4 +/- 1.2 vs 31.0 +/- 1.8), lower body mass index (BMI) (35.3 +/- 0.3 kg/m2 vs 39.6 +/- 0.5 kg/m2), and higher rate of regular exercise (39.1% vs 28.8%) ( p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis of the total sample after adjusting for age, BMI, sex, central nervous system medication, and diabetes showed that logAHI, depression, and lack of regular exercise were significant predictors of sleepiness. Predictors of mild or moderate sleepiness for both sexes were depression and logAHI, whereas predictors of severe sleepiness for men were lack of regular exercise, depression, and minimum SaO2 and, for women, logAHI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In obese apneic patients, lack of regular exercise (only in men), depression, and degree of apnea are significant predictors of EDS. This association is modified by sex and degree of sleepiness. Assessment and management of depression and physical exercise should be part of a thorough evaluation of patients with sleep apnea.
authors: Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Basta
authors: Hung-Mo
authors: HM
authors: Lin
authors: Slobodanka
authors: S
authors: Pejovic
authors: Alexios
authors: A
authors: Sarrigiannidis
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Bixler
authors: Alexandros N
authors: AN
authors: Vgontzas
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology