title: Posttraumatic enophthalmos: etiology, principles of reconstruction, and correction.
abstract: Enophthalmos is defined as a backward, and usually downward, displacement of the globe into the bony orbit. In posttraumatic enophthalmos, the mechanisms that determine globe position are: 1) the enlargement of the orbital cavity; 2) the herniation of orbital fat into the maxillary sinus; and 3) fat atrophy, loss of ligament support, and scar contracture. The aim of this article is to analyze the strategies to prevent enophthalmos and to correct late posttraumatic enophthalmos. In this study, 80 patients (52 cases of orbitozygomatic fractures and 28 late posttraumatic enophthalmos) were treated between January 1998 and January 2005. Fracture reduction in primary enophthalmos was performed. In enophthalmos as sequelae, the treatment consisted of orbital reconstruction in combination with bone grafts harvested from calvaria, iliac crest, and/or orbital osteotomies. In some cases, biomaterials were also used. All these techniques may also be combined depending on the severity of enophthalmos. The results were satisfactory in all cases. It is evident that a perfect correction of the deformity is difficult to achieve. Often soft tissue changes limit the aesthetic and morphologic results, despite adequate bony reconstruction.
authors: Unit of Cranio Maxillo Facial Surgery, Centre for Craniofacial Deformities and Orbital Surgery, St. Anna Hospital and University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. csr@unife.it
authors: Luigi
authors: L
authors: Clauser
authors: Manlio
authors: M
authors: Galiè
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Pagliaro
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Tieghi
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D004954:Esthetics; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000293:injuries; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D018460:Fractures, Comminuted / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006972:Hypertelorism / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000293:injuries; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials