title: The efficacy of continuous bupivacaine infiltration following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective, randomized, double-blind study with a placebo group and 2 experimental groups evaluated the efficacy of continuous low-dose bupivacaine infiltration by infusion pump after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair received a bolus injection in the subacromial space of 35 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine at surgical closure and were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: 0.25% bupivacaine at 2 mL/hr (n = 20), 0.25% bupivacaine at 5 mL/hr (n = 20), or saline at 5 mL/hr (n = 20) via infusion pump into the subacromial space. Pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) and narcotic consumption was measured until 48 hours after surgery and converted to dose equivalents (DE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty patients used the infusion pump for a mean of 43.9 hours (range, 15.50 to 50.75 hrs). Mean total narcotic consumption, expressed in DEs, was 2.24 for the 2-mL group, 3.52 for the 5-mL group, and 2.32 for the placebo group. Mean pain score was 2.9 for the 2-mL group, 3.6 for the 5-mL group, and 3.3 for the placebo group. There were no differences in operating room time or infusion pump use time among groups. The 2-mL group had a nonsignificant trend toward less pain and lower narcotic consumption. The 5-mL group evidenced a nonsignificant trend toward more pain and higher narcotic consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study neither supports nor refutes the use of infusion pumps. We hypothesized that the placebo group would experience greater pain than the 5-mL group; however, a nonsignificant trend toward the contrary occurred. A trend toward less pain in the 2-mL group was not significant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level II, randomized controlled trial of therapeutic treatment that lacks statistical significance and narrow confidence intervals.
authors: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA.
authors: Sarah S
authors: SS
authors: Banerjee
authors: Pamela
authors: P
authors: Pulido
authors: Wendy S
authors: WS
authors: Adelson
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Fronek
authors: Heinz R
authors: HR
authors: Hoenecke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine