title: Cellular responses in sea fan corals: granular amoebocytes react to pathogen and climate stressors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Climate warming is causing environmental change making both marine and terrestrial organisms, and even humans, more susceptible to emerging diseases. Coral reefs are among the most impacted ecosystems by climate stress, and immunity of corals, the most ancient of metazoans, is poorly known. Although coral mortality due to infectious diseases and temperature-related stress is on the rise, the immune effector mechanisms that contribute to the resistance of corals to such events remain elusive. In the Caribbean sea fan corals (Anthozoa, Alcyonacea: Gorgoniidae), the cell-based immune defenses are granular acidophilic amoebocytes, which are known to be involved in wound repair and histocompatibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate for the first time in corals that these cells are involved in the organismal response to pathogenic and temperature stress. In sea fans with both naturally occurring infections and experimental inoculations with the fungal pathogen Aspergillus sydowii, an inflammatory response, characterized by a massive increase of amoebocytes, was evident near infections. Melanosomes were detected in amoebocytes adjacent to protective melanin bands in infected sea fans; neither was present in uninfected fans. In naturally infected sea fans a concurrent increase in prophenoloxidase activity was detected in infected tissues with dense amoebocytes. Sea fans sampled in the field during the 2005 Caribbean Bleaching Event (a once-in-hundred-year climate event) responded to heat stress with a systemic increase in amoebocytes and amoebocyte densities were also increased by elevated temperature stress in lab experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed amoebocyte responses indicate that sea fan corals use cellular defenses to combat fungal infection and temperature stress. The ability to mount an inflammatory response may be a contributing factor that allowed the survival of even infected sea fan corals during a stressful climate event.
authors: Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America. Mydlarz@UTA.edu
authors: Laura D
authors: LD
authors: Mydlarz
authors: Sally F
authors: SF
authors: Holthouse
authors: Esther C
authors: EC
authors: Peters
authors: C Drew
authors: CD
authors: Harvell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D004156:Catechol Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D002980:Climate; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; C038451:pro-phenoloxidase; D004156:Catechol Oxidase