Comprehensive lipid management versus aggressive low-density lipoprotein lowering to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Five lines of evidence justify comprehensive lipoprotein management over aggressive low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lowering alone in most cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. First, lipoprotein lipid transport consists of a single, recycling system involving very-low-density lipoprotein, LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Single lipid interventions affect all lipoprotein classes to varying degrees. These effects can be expanded by using different drug classes in combination. Second, observational studies support the unitary nature of lipoprotein risk. A family of curves describes increasing CVD risk from increasing LDL as other risk factors are present. Conversely, a family of curves describes increasing CVD risk from decreasing levels of HDL in mirror image to LDL. The LDL and HDL risks are additive. Third, clinical trials that raise HDL and lower triglyceride ameliorate CVD, as does lowering LDL. Lowering LDL prevents heart disease, but by only 22%-36% with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor therapy. Studies indicate that better CVD prevention is obtained when drugs for triglyceride and HDL reduction are combined with LDL reduction. Fourth, HDL and its apolipoprotein (apo), apo A-I, as well as apo A-I analogues, decrease atherosclerosis. Each modality decreases atherosclerosis in animal models, and apo A-I Milano acutely decreases human coronary luminal stenosis. Apo A-I analogues have similar promise. Fifth, combined hyperlipidemia is the most common lipid disorder, has the strongest risk for CVD, and combines elevated LDL, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL. This condition requires the comprehensive treatment approach described above. In conclusion, 5 lines of evidence justify comprehensive diet and drug treatment for combined hyperlipidemia and, at lesser LDL elevations, the atherogenic dyslipidemias of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and the metabolic syndrome.
Knopp
Robert H
RH
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Northwest Lipid Research Clinic, Seattle, Washington, USA. rhknopp@u.washington.edu
Paramsothy
Pathmaja
P
Atkinson
Benjamin
B
Dowdy
Alice
A
D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000187:drug effects; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D009525:Niacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors
D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D009525:Niacin; D002995:Clofibric Acid