title: Preclinical efficacy spectrum and pharmacokinetics of ixabepilone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ixabepilone, a semisynthetic analog of natural epothilone B, was developed for use in cancer treatment. This study extends previous findings regarding the efficacy of ixabepilone and its low susceptibility to tumor resistance mechanisms and describes the pharmacokinetics of this new antineoplastic agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytotoxicity of ixabepilone was assessed in vitro in breast, lung, and colon tumor cell lines and in vivo in human xenografts in mice. Antitumor activities of ixabepilone and taxanes were compared in multidrug-resistant models in vivo. Differential drug uptake of ixabepilone and paclitaxel was assessed in a P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-resistant colon cancer model in vitro. The pharmacokinetic profile of ixabepilone was established in mice and humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ixabepilone demonstrated potent cytotoxicity in a broad range of human cancer cell lines in vitro and in a wide range of xenografts in vivo. Ixabepilone was *3-fold more potent than docetaxel in the paclitaxel-resistant Pat-21 xenograft model (resistant due to overexpression of betaIII-tubulin and a lack of betaII-tubulin). Ixabepilone activity against P-gp-overexpressing breast and colon cancer was confirmed in in vivo models. Cellular uptake of ixabepilone, but not paclitaxel, was established in a P-gp-overexpressing model. The pharmacokinetics of ixabepilone was characterized by rapid tissue distribution and extensive tissue binding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytotoxicity studies against a range of tumor types in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that ixabepilone has potent and broad-spectrum antineoplastic activity. This is accompanied by favorable pharmacokinetics. Ixabepilone has reduced susceptibility to resistance due to P-gp overexpression, tubulin mutations, and alterations in beta-tubulin isotype expression.
authors: Oncology Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, K22-03, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. francis.lee@bms.com
authors: Francis Y F
authors: FY
authors: Lee
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Smykla
authors: Kathy
authors: K
authors: Johnston
authors: Krista
authors: K
authors: Menard
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: McGlinchey
authors: Russell W
authors: RW
authors: Peterson
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Wiebesiek
authors: Gregory
authors: G
authors: Vite
authors: Craig R
authors: CR
authors: Fairchild
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000187:drug effects; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D034261:Epothilones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D050257:Tubulin Modulators / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D034261:Epothilones; D050257:Tubulin Modulators; C430592:ixabepilone