title: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy shows regeneration in hip necrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of shockwave in osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the regeneration effects of shockwave in ONFH.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consisted of 14 femoral heads from 14 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty for ONFH. Seven patients with seven hips who received shockwave prior to surgery were designated as the study group, whereas, seven patients with seven hips who did not receive shockwave were assigned to the control group. Both groups showed similar demographic characteristics. The femoral heads were investigated with histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis with von Willebrand factor (vWF), VEGF, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) also referred to as (CD 31) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) for angiogenesis, and with proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) and Winless 3a (Wnt 3) for bone remodelling and regeneration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In histopathological examination, the study group showed significantly more viable bone and less necrotic bone, higher cell concentration and more cell activities including phagocytosis than the control group. In immunohistochemical analysis, the study group showed significant increases in vWF (P < 0.01), VEGF (P = 0.0012) and CD 31 (P = 0.0023), Wnt3 (P = 0.008) and PCNA (P = 0.0011), and decreases in VCAM (P = 0.0013) and DKK1 (P = 0.0007) than the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shockwave treatment significantly promotes angiogenesis and bone remodelling than the control. It appears that application of shockwave results in regeneration effects in hips with ONFH.
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 833 Taiwan.
authors: C-J
authors: CJ
authors: Wang
authors: F-S
authors: FS
authors: Wang
authors: J-Y
authors: JY
authors: Ko
authors: H-Y
authors: HY
authors: Huang
authors: C-J
authors: CJ
authors: Chen
authors: Y-C
authors: YC
authors: Sun
authors: Y-J
authors: YJ
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D005260:Female; D005270:Femur Head / Q000502:physiology; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome