title: Morphine and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Morphine is a long-standing therapy in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), despite few supporting data. A study was undertaken to compare the outcomes of patients who did and did not receive morphine for ADHF.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a retrospective analysis of the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) which enrols hospitalised patients with treatment for, or a primary discharge diagnosis of, ADHF. Patients were stratified into cohorts based on whether or not they received intravenous morphine. ANOVA, Wilcoxon and chi(2) tests were used in univariate analysis, followed by multivariate analysis controlling for parameters previously associated with mortality. Analyses were repeated for ejection fraction subgroups and in patients not on mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 147 362 hospitalisations in ADHERE at December 2004, 20 782 of whom (14.1%) received morphine and 126 580 (85.9%) did not. There were no clinically relevant differences between the groups in the initial age, heart rate, blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, haemoglobin, ejection fraction or atrial fibrillation. A higher prevalence of rest dyspnoea, congestion on chest radiography, rales and raised troponin occurred in the morphine group. Patients on morphine received more inotropes and vasodilators, were more likely to require mechanical ventilation (15.4% vs 2.8%), had a longer median hospitalisation (5.6 vs 4.2 days), more ICU admissions (38.7% vs 14.4%), and had greater mortality (13.0% vs 2.4%) (all p<0.001). Even after risk adjustment and exclusion of ventilated patients, morphine was an independent predictor of mortality (OR 4.84 (95% CI 4.52 to 5.18), p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphine is associated with increased adverse events in ADHF which includes a greater frequency of mechanical ventilation, prolonged hospitalisation, more ICU admissions and higher mortality.
authors: Emergency Department, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. peacocw@ccf.org
authors: W F
authors: WF
authors: Peacock
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Hollander
authors: D B
authors: DB
authors: Diercks
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lopatin
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Fonarow
authors: C L
authors: CL
authors: Emerman
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009020:Morphine