title: Use of lead shields for radiation protection of superficial organs in patients undergoing head CT examinations.
abstract: Head computed tomography examinations are often accompanied with unnecessary irradiation of superficial organs that are rarely the main target for the investigation. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that lead shields could be effectively used to protect superficial organs without compromising image quality where superficial organ itself is not a target and that the irradiation of the superficial organ is unavoidable. The objective was achieved by first assessing the image quality using phantom measurements made with and without lead shielding in order to determine optimal shielding thickness for patient applications. The entrance surface doses (ESDs) to superficial organs of sixty patients were measured using LiF-thermoluminescent dosemeters without, with one layer, or with two layers of lead shields. Phantom studies demonstrated that the use of modified lead shields of up to 0.25 mm thickness could be used without significant effect on the image quality for central and posterior regions. In these studies, lead shields of 0.25 mm thickness reduce the ESDs to the lens of the eyes and thyroid by 44 and 51%, respectively. The image quality reduction by eye shields was significant to the anterior (i.e. orbital) region but marginal to the central and posterior regions (cerebrum). In view of the above, the use of modified lead shields could reduce the dose to the superficial organs considerably without significantly compromising image quality.
authors: Radiation Control Directorate, Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission, PO Box 743, Arusha, Tanzania. jngaile@yahoo.com
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Ngaile
authors: C B S
authors: CB
authors: Uiso
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Msaki
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Kazema
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D006257:Head / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018020:Lithium Compounds; C027651:lithium fluoride; D005459:Fluorides