title: Antidiabetic and toxicological evaluations of naringenin in normoglycaemic and NIDDM rat models and its implications on extra-pancreatic glucose regulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation was designed to determine the in vivo antidiabetic effect of naringenin (NG) in normoglycaemic and diabetic rat models through blood glucose (GLU) measurements following acute and subchronic time periods. Possible modes of action of NG were investigated and its acute toxicity determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normoglycaemic and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) rat models were treated for acute and subchronic (5 days) time periods with 50 mg/kg/day of NG. Blood biochemical profiles were determined after 5 days of the treatment in normoglycaemic and NIDDM rats using commercial kits for GLU, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (CHOL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In order to elucidate its antidiabetic mode of action, NG was administered intragastrically and an oral glucose tolerance test performed using GLU and sucrose (2 g/kg) as substrates. The inhibitory effect of a single concentration of NG (10 microM) on 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) activity in vitro was determined. Finally, the preclinical safety and tolerability of NG was determined by toxicological evaluation in mice and rats using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intragastrically administered NG (50 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in plasma GLU in normoglycaemic and NIDDM rat models (p < 0.05) following acute and subchronic time periods. After 5 days of administration, NG produced significant diminished blood GLU and TG levels in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. The administration of NG to normal rats significantly increased the levels of TG, CHOL and HDL (p < 0.05). NG (5 and 50 mg/kg) induced a total suppression in the increase of plasma GLU levels after administration of substrates (p < 0.01), but NG did not produce inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity in vitro. However, NG (10 microM) was shown to inhibit 11beta-HSD1 activity by 39.49% in a cellular enzyme assay. Finally, NG showed a Medium Lethal Dose LD(50) > 5000 mg/kg and ranking at level five based on OECD protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that NG may exert its antidiabetic effect by extra-pancreatic action and by suppressing carbohydrate absorption from intestine, thereby reducing the postprandial increase in blood GLU levels.
authors: Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors: R R
authors: RR
authors: Ortiz-Andrade
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Sánchez-Salgado
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Navarrete-Vázquez
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Webster
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Binnie
authors: S
authors: S
authors: García-Jiménez
authors: I
authors: I
authors: León-Rivera
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Cigarroa-Vázquez
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Villalobos-Molina
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Estrada-Soto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D044950:Flavanones / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005905:Glyburide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D044950:Flavanones; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D014280:Triglycerides; C005273:naringenin; D005905:Glyburide