title: The cost-effectiveness of counseling strategies to improve adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy among men who have sex with men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inadequate adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may lead to poor health outcomes and the development of HIV strains that are resistant to HAART. The authors developed a model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of counseling interventions to improve adherence to HAART among men who have sex with men (MSM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors developed a dynamic compartmental model that incorporates HIV treatment, adherence to treatment, and infection transmission and progression. All data estimates were obtained from secondary sources. The authors evaluated a counseling intervention given prior to initiation of HAART and before all changes in drug regimens, combined with phone-in support while on HAART. They considered a moderate-prevalence and a high-prevalence population of MSM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If the impact of HIV transmission is ignored, the counseling intervention has a cost-effectiveness ratio of $25,500 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. When HIV transmission is included, the cost-effectiveness ratio is much lower: $7400 and $8700 per QALY gained in the moderate- and high-prevalence populations, respectively. When the intervention is twice as costly per counseling session and half as effective as estimated in the base case (in terms of the number of individuals who become highly adherent, and who remain highly adherent), then the intervention costs $17,100 and $19,600 per QALY gained in the 2 populations, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Counseling to improve adherence to HAART increased length of life, modestly reduced HIV transmission, and cost substantially less than $50,000 per QALY gained over a wide range of assumptions but did not reduce the proportion of drug-resistant strains. Such counseling provides only modest benefit as a tool for HIV prevention but can provide significant benefit for individual patients at an affordable cost.
authors: Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. gzaric@ivey.uwo.ca
authors: Gregory S
authors: GS
authors: Zaric
authors: Ahmed M
authors: AM
authors: Bayoumi
authors: Margaret L
authors: ML
authors: Brandeau
authors: Douglas K
authors: DK
authors: Owens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003376:Counseling / Q000191:economics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission; D017048:Health Care Costs; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010349:Patient Compliance; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load