Critical factors for active transportation to school among low-income and minority students. Evidence from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey.
BACKGROUND
Walking to school may be an important source of daily physical activity in children's lives, and government agencies are supporting programs to encourage walking to school (e.g., Safe Routes to School and the CDC's KidsWalk programs). However, little research has looked at differences in behavior across racial/ethnic and income groups.


METHODS
This cross-sectional study used data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey to document rates of walking and biking to school among low-income and minority youth in the U.S. (N=14,553). Binary models of the decision to use active transport to school were developed to simultaneously adjust for trip, individual, household, and neighborhood correlates. All analyses were conducted in 2007.


RESULTS
The data showed that low-income and minority groups, particularly blacks and Hispanics, use active travel modes to get to school at much higher rates than whites or higher-income students. However, racial variation in travel patterns is removed by controlling for household income, vehicle access, distance between home and school, and residential density.


CONCLUSIONS
Active transportation to school may be an important strategy to increase and maintain physical activity levels for low-income and minority youth. Current policy interventions such as Safe Routes to School have the opportunity to provide benefits for low-income and minority students who are the most likely to walk to school.
McDonald
Noreen C
NC
Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3140, USA. noreen@unc.edu
D000293:Adolescent; D001642:Bicycling / Q000639:trends*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012449:Safety; D012574:Schools; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014186:Transportation; D014481:United States; D016138:Walking / Q000639:trends*