title: Heat resistance of Bacillus cereus emetic toxin, cereulide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study describes the effects of heating temperature and exposure time on the thermal stability of cereulide under different conditions (pH, presence/absence of oil phase and cereulide concentration).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cereulide heat inactivation was investigated at 100, 121 and 150 degrees C under different alkaline pH values (8.6-10.6) and in the presence of oil phase (0.6-1.4%). Three different cereulide concentrations (0.5, 5 and 6 microg ml(-1)) were used. Cereulide detection was performed with computer-aided semen analyzer and with HPLC-MS. Highly alkaline pH was needed to achieve inactivation. At lower cereulide concentrations less drastic conditions were needed. Removal of alkaline buffer after the heat treatment resulted in the recovery of toxic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heat stability of cereulide has been proved to be remarkable, even at highly alkaline pH values, at all temperatures tested. The loss of activity appeared to be reversible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates the inability of any heat treatment used in the food industry to inactivate cereulide. Food safety has to rely on prevention and cold chain maintenance. Cleaning practices also need to be adapted as cereulide may remain in its active form upon sterilization of used material.
authors: Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bio-science Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Rajkovic
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Uyttendaele
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Vermeulen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Andjelkovic
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Fitz-James
authors: P
authors: P
authors: in 't Veld
authors: Q
authors: Q
authors: Denon
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Vérhe
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Debevere
mesh_terms: D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013058:Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D047630:Depsipeptides; C089294:cereulide