title: Nicotinic versus muscarinic blockade alters verbal working memory-related brain activity in older women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An important aspect of furthering our understanding of the central nervous system function after menopause is to examine the cerebral circuitry that appears to be influenced by cholinergic antagonist drugs in the presence and absence of estrogen. This pilot study investigated the effects of two anticholinergic drugs on brain activation and working memory performance in postmenopausal women not taking estrogen. This approach simulates the effects of age- or disease-related neuroreceptor or neuronal loss by temporarily blocking pre- and postsynaptic muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy postmenopausal women took part in three drug challenges using the antinicotinic drug mecamylamine (MECA, 20 mg, oral), the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine (SCOP, 2.5 microg/kg, i.v.), and placebo during functional magnetic resonance imaging. The cognitive measure was a visually presented verbal N-back test of working memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither MECA nor SCOP significantly impaired performance on the verbal N-back. Functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed greater increases in frontal lobe activation in the placebo condition relative to each drug condition with different specific regional activation for MECA and SCOP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results suggest that brain activation patterns are sensitive to cholinergic modulation in postmenopausal women and that differential effects may be observed following nicotinic versus muscarinic blockade. This approach offers a potentially valuable method for modeling age-related changes in brain function, and the findings may have implications for cholinergic contributions to normal and pathologic aging.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Dumas
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Saykin
authors: Brenna C
authors: BC
authors: McDonald
authors: Thomas W
authors: TW
authors: McAllister
authors: Mary L
authors: ML
authors: Hynes
authors: Paul A
authors: PA
authors: Newhouse
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D017698:Postmenopause; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D008464:Mecamylamine; D012601:Scopolamine