title: Invasive mucormycosis of the maxillary sinus: extensive destruction with an indolent presentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mucormycosis (zygomycosis) is a rare, aggressive, invasive fungal infection that usually afflicts immunosuppressed patients. Indolent presentations are rare, especially in the setting of immune suppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report and review of the pertinent English-language literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 64-year-old male patient with diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis, treated chronically with infliximab, presented with toothache, headache, and right facial numbness. Therapy with intravenous glucocorticoids and antibiotics resulted in transitory improvement before his referral to a tertiary-care center, where imaging studies and biopsy revealed rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Four weeks after initial presentation, a radical right maxillectomy, followed by long-term therapy with amphotericin B lipid complex, resulted in clinical improvement. Five reconstructive procedures were required to obliterate the facial defect and restore contour. Although biopsies during the reconstructive procedures revealed persistent fungal colonization, there was no clinical recurrence during nearly five years of followup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indolent rhinocerebral mucormycosis is rare and is seldom survived by immunosuppressed patients. Multimodal therapy with surgical debridement and antifungal chemotherapy is required for an optimal outcome. Discontinuance of immunosuppressive therapy, if possible, is a cornerstone of management.
authors: Section of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Illinois 60053, USA.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Odessey
authors: Al
authors: A
authors: Cohn
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Beaman
authors: Loren
authors: L
authors: Schechter
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D000069285:Infliximab; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000382:microbiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009091:Mucormycosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010715:Phosphatidylglycerols / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010715:Phosphatidylglycerols; C068538:liposomal amphotericin B; D000666:Amphotericin B; D000069285:Infliximab