title: The pharmacodynamic properties of azithromycin in a kinetics-of-kill model and implications for bacterial conjunctivitis treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotics have traditionally been classified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Azithromycin belongs to the parent class of macrolides that are characteristically bacteriostatic. Some evidence suggests that this molecule demonstrates bactericidal kill and has concentration-dependent effects. This study tests the hypothesis that azithromycin demonstrates a bactericidal, concentration-dependent antibiotic effect at concentrations corresponding to and exceeding published tear and conjunctival levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antibacterial activity of different concentrations of azithromycin 1% in DuraSite(R) (AzaSite(R); Inspire Pharmaceuticals Inc, Durham, NC, USA) was evaluated using a kinetics-of-kill model. Recent conjunctivitis isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae were exposed to four concentrations of azithromycin (100, 250, 500 and 750 microg/ml). Starting concentrations were similar to the maximum concentrations (Cmax) that have been demonstrated in conjunctiva (83 microg/g) and tears (288 microg/ml) following topical ocular administration. The percentage of surviving bacteria at 30 and 60 minutes following exposure to each concentration were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Azithromycin failed to demonstrate bactericidal activity (i.e. a 3-log reduction in surviving bacteria) against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae. Furthermore, the rate and extent of antibacterial activity with azithromycin did not change with higher concentrations, even at the highest tested concentration of 750 microg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to the parent macrolide class, azithromycin demonstrates bacteriostatic activity against common conjunctival pathogens up to the maximum tested concentration of 750 microg/ml (i.e. 2.6-times and 9-times published Cmax tear and conjunctival concentration, respectively). Azithromycin's bacteriostatic effects and prolonged elimination half-life will likely lead to a corresponding increase in the emergence of macrolide-resistant isolates.
authors: Eye Surgery Associates, Hollywood, Florida, USA.
authors: Mark S
authors: MS
authors: Dorfman
authors: Rudolph S
authors: RS
authors: Wagner
authors: Tiffany
authors: T
authors: Jamison
authors: Belinda
authors: B
authors: Bell
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Stroman
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003234:Conjunctivitis, Bacterial / Q000382:microbiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004917:Erythromycin; D017963:Azithromycin