title: The feeding demands questionnaire: assessment of parental demand cognitions concerning parent-child feeding relations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few validated instruments measuring parental beliefs about parent-child feeding relations and child compliance during meals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the validity of the Feeding Demands Questionnaire, a parent-report instrument designed to measure parents' beliefs about how their child should eat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 85 mothers of 3- to 7-year-old same-sex twin pairs or sibling pairs, and their children. Mothers completed the eight-item Feeding Demands Questionnaire and the Child Feeding Questionnaire, plus measures of depression and fear of fat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychometric evaluations of the Feeding Demands Questionnaire included principal components analysis, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, tests for convergent and discriminant validities, and Flesh-Kincaid for readability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Feeding Demands Questionnaire had three underlying factors: anger/frustration, food amount demandingness, and food type demandingness, for which subscales were computed. The Feeding Demands Questionnaire showed acceptable internal consistency (alpha ranging from .70 to .86) and was written at the 4.8th grade level. Mothers reporting greater anger/frustration during feeding were more likely to pressure their children to eat, while those reporting greater demands about the type of foods their children eat were more likely to monitor child fat intake. Mothers reporting greater demands about the amount of food their children eat were more likely to restrict eating, pressure children to eat, and monitor their fat intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Feeding Demands Questionnaire appears valid for assessing maternal beliefs that children should comply with rules for eating and frustration during feeding. Different demand beliefs can underlie different feeding practices.
authors: Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. mfaith@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors: Myles S
authors: MS
authors: Faith
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Storey
authors: Tanja V E
authors: TV
authors: Kral
authors: Angelo
authors: A
authors: Pietrobelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004435:Eating; D004522:Educational Status; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014427:Twins