title: Emerging HIV epidemics in Muslim countries: assessment of different cultural responses to harm reduction and implications for HIV control.
abstract: Harm reduction, including needle exchange and opioid substitution therapy, has been demonstrated to reduce high-risk behavior and HIV infection among injection drug users. An increasing number of countries in the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia, including those with Muslim majorities, have experienced or are at risk for HIV epidemics initiated by burgeoning injection drug use. Although use of intoxicants is expressly forbidden within Islam, the local culture impacts the interpretation of Islamic law and influences the response to drug misuse, whether punitive or therapeutic. Harm reduction programming has received varying acceptance within this global region, which may be reflected by national trends in HIV prevalence. The purpose of this paper is to examine cultural and religious response to injecting drug use and associated HIV prevalence trends in Malaysia and Iran, with possible application of lessons learned to an emerging situation in Afghanistan.
authors: Division of International Health and Cross-cultural Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mailstop 0622, La Jolla, CA 92093-0622, USA. cstodd@ucsd.edu
authors: Catherine S
authors: CS
authors: Todd
authors: Bijan
authors: B
authors: Nassiramanesh
authors: Mohammad Raza
authors: MR
authors: Stanekzai
authors: Adeeba
authors: A
authors: Kamarulzaman
mesh_terms: D003469:Culture; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007514:Islam; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs; D015995:Prevalence; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications