title: Speciation and localization of arsenic in white and brown rice grains.
abstract: Synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (S-XRF) was utilized to locate arsenic (As) in polished (white) and unpolished (brown) rice grains from the United States, China, and Bangladesh. In white rice As was generally dispersed throughout the grain, the bulk of which constitutes the endosperm. In brown rice As was found to be preferentially localized at the surface, in the region corresponding to the pericarp and aleurone layer. Copper, iron, manganese, and zinc localization followed that of arsenic in brown rice, while the location for cadmium and nickel was distinctly different, showing relatively even distribution throughout the endosperm. The localization of As in the outer grain of brown rice was confirmed by laser ablation ICP-MS. Arsenic speciation of all grains using spatially resolved X-ray absorption near edge structure (micro-XANES) and bulk extraction followed by anion exchange HPLC-ICP-MS revealed the presence of mainly inorganic As and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). However, the two techniques indicated different proportions of inorganic:organic As species. A wider survey of whole grain speciation of white (n=39) and brown (n=45) rice samples from numerous sources (field collected, supermarket survey, and pot trials) showed that brown rice had a higher proportion of inorganic arsenic present than white rice. Furthermore, the percentage of DMA present in the grain increased along with total grain arsenic.
authors: XOR (Sector 20), Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, USA. a.meharg@abdn.ac.uk
authors: Andrew A
authors: AA
authors: Meharg
authors: Enzo
authors: E
authors: Lombi
authors: Paul N
authors: PN
authors: Williams
authors: Kirk G
authors: KG
authors: Scheckel
authors: Joerg
authors: J
authors: Feldmann
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Raab
authors: Yongguan
authors: Y
authors: Zhu
authors: Rafiql
authors: R
authors: Islam
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic