title: Abdominal and fetal echography tele-operated in several medical centres sites, from an expert center, using a robotic arm & telephone or satellite link.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to design and validate a method for tele-operating (from an expert site) an echographic examination in an isolated site where the patient stays.
  
  
  METHODS
  A dedicated robotic arm (ESTELE) holding a real ultrasound probe is remotely controlled from the expert site with a fictive probe, and reproduces on the real probe all the movements of the expert hand. The isolated places, are areas with reduced medical facilities, (secondary hospitals 20 to 100 km from the main hospital in Europ, dispensaries in Africa, Amazonia, the a rescue vehicles....
  
  
  RESULTS
  ESTELE was tested on 87 adults and 29 pregnant with ISDN or satellite lines. During fetal tele-operated echography the expert was able to perform appropriate views of the fetal structures in 95% of the cases. During exploration of adult abdomen the expert visualized the main organs in 87% of the cases. Presently the ESTELE system is installed in 4 secondary hospitals, 40 to 100 km from our University Hospital and tele-operated daily by our staff.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotized tele-echography provide similar information as direct examination. No false diagnostic was reported. Moreover the patients were examined by an expert from the University Hospital while staying in the Medical center proximal to their home.
authors: Medecine Physiologic Spatiale, EFMP CHU Trousseau, 37044, Tours, France. arbeille@med.univ-tours.fr
authors: Ph
authors: P
authors: Arbeille
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Ayoub
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Kieffer
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Combes
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Coitrieux
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Herve
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Garnier
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Leportz
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Lefbvre
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Poisson
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Vieyres
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Perrotin
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000328:Adult; D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics; D017215:Satellite Communications; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*