title: Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans.
abstract: Demographic and lifestyle information from 9690 black patients diagnosed with cancer or cardiovascular disease was collected in an ongoing case-control study in Johannesburg, South Africa. Compared to never smokers, the odds ratio (OR) for lung cancer among current smokers was 16.3 (95% confidence interval (CI), 9.6-27.6) for men and 6.4 (95% CI, 4.0-10.4) for women. The corresponding OR for other smoking-related cancers was 4.6 (95% CI, 3.7-5.7) among men and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.6-2.2) among women, and for cardiovascular disease, 3.4 (95% CI, 2.1-5.4) among men and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.1-2.1) among women. Risks were higher among smokers than former smokers, and all risk estimates increased with increasing levels of smoking duration and intensity. Non-electric domestic fuel was associated with approximately 60% increase in the risk of smoking-related cancer, but not cardiovascular disease. Risks for cancers of cervix, oesophagus, oral cavity/pharynx, stomach, larynx, pancreas and anogenital region, as well as squamous cell carcinoma of skin were all significantly higher among current than never-smokers, with ORs ranging from 1.5 for cervix (95% CI, 1.2-1.8) to 14.7 for larynx (95% CI, 7.2-30). The risks of tobacco-related disease reported here are similar to that currently observed in Western countries, even though cigarette consumption is relatively low in this population.
authors: MRC/NHLS/Wits Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, National Health Laboratory Service, PO Box 1038, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Stein
authors: M I
authors: MI
authors: Urban
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Weber
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Ruff
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hale
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Donde
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Patel
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Sitas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*