title: HPA-axis hyperactivity and mortality in psychotic depressive disorder: preliminary findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The excess mortality associated with depressive disorders has been most often attributed to risks for suicide but diverse findings indicate that depressive disorders also increase risks for cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Among the possible mediators is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis hyperactivity that characterizes many cases of relatively severe depressive disorder and severity is characteristic of psychotic depressive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following describes a 17-year mortality follow-up of 54 patients with Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) psychotic major depression or schizoaffective, mainly affective, depression. All had baseline assessments that included a 1mg dexamethasone suppression test with post-dexamethasone samples at 8 a.m., 4 p.m. and 11 p.m.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses showed that both greater age and higher maximum post-dexamethasone cortisol concentrations predicted deaths due to CV causes (t=4.01, p<0.001 and t=3.03, p=0.004, respectively). The 4 who died from CV disease had a mean (SD) post-dexamethasone cortisol concentration of 18.0 (6.0)microg/dl while the mean (SD) value for the remaining 50 patients was 7.6 (6.6)microg/dl (t=3.03, df=53, p=0.004). Regression analyses showed the 11 p.m. post-dexamethasone value to be predictive of suicide (t=2.05, p=0.048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conclusions should be tentative because an earlier follow-up of a more heterogeneous, but larger, sample did not find a relationship between DST results and CV mortality, and because only 4 CV deaths occurred in the present study. HPA-axis hyperactivity is probably only one of a number of factors that link depressive disorder to CV mortality.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 2-205 MEB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. william-coryell@uiowa.edu
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Coryell
authors: Jess
authors: J
authors: Fiedorowicz
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Zimmerman
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Young
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D003907:Dexamethasone; D006854:Hydrocortisone