title: Detection of emergency vehicles: driver responses to advance warning in a driving simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research evaluated the effects of an advance warning device (AWD) on the safety of driver interactions with emergency vehicles (EVs). The AWD was intended to provide drivers with advance warning of an approaching on-call EV via visual and auditory warnings when the EV was within a 300- to 400-m radius.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Research suggests that drivers can experience difficulty accurately detecting the distance and direction of approaching on-call EV. In-vehicle technology has not previously been explored as a means of overcoming the limitations of existing EV lights and sirens and improving driver detection of EV.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental study using an advanced driving simulator examined the effects of the AWD on driving performance in a range of circumstances in which real-world EV crashes and near-misses commonly occur. Each event contained a combination of scenario type (adjacent lane, turning across, car following) and warning condition (control, standard, advance).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 22 participants were collected, including measures of speed, braking, and visual scanning. For adjacent-lane and turning-across events, the AWD was associated primarily with reductions in mean speed. The AWD resulted in an earlier lane change to clear a path for the EV in the car-following event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduction in speed observed was a positive finding, given the relationship between impact speed and injury severity. Response priming emerged as the mechanism underpinning these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Response priming may result in safety benefits in other settings when an advisory warning is presented before the threat can be perceived.
authors: Monash University Accident Research Centre, Building 70, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia. michael.lenne@muarc.monash.edu.au
authors: Michael G
authors: MG
authors: Lenné
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Triggs
authors: Christine M
authors: CM
authors: Mulvihill
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Regan
authors: Bruce F
authors: BF
authors: Corben
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000552:Ambulances; D001334:Automobile Driving; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011482:Protective Devices; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014739:Victoria