title: The affective dimension of laboratory dyspnea: air hunger is more unpleasant than work/effort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is hypothesized that the affective dimension of dyspnea (unpleasantness, emotional response) is not strictly dependent on the intensity of dyspnea.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that the ratio of immediate unpleasantness (A(1)) to sensory intensity (SI) varies depending on the type of dyspnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy subjects experienced three stimuli: stimulus 1: maximal eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea against inspiratory resistance, requiring 15 times the work of resting breathing; stimulus 2: Pet(CO(2)) 6.1 mm Hg above resting with ventilation restricted to less than spontaneous breathing; stimulus 3: Pet(CO(2)) 7.7 mm Hg above resting with ventilation further restricted. After each trial, subjects rated SI, A(1), and qualities of dyspnea on the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile (MDP), a comprehensive instrument tested here for the first time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulus 1 was always limited by subjects failing to meet a higher ventilation target; none signaled severe discomfort. This evoked work and effort sensations, with relatively low unpleasantness (mean A(1)/SI = 0.64). Stimulus 2, titrated to produce dyspnea ratings similar to those subjects gave during stimulus 1, evoked air hunger and produced significantly greater unpleasantness (mean A(1)/SI = 0.95). Stimulus 3, increased until air hunger was intolerable, evoked the highest intensity and unpleasantness ratings and high unpleasantness ratio (mean A(1)/SI = 1.09). When asked which they would prefer to repeat, all subjects chose stimulus 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Maximal respiratory work is less unpleasant than moderately intense air hunger in this brief test; (2) unpleasantness of dyspnea can vary independently from perceived intensity, consistent with the prevailing model of pain; (3) separate dimensions of dyspnea can be measured with the MDP.
authors: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. rbanzett@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors: Robert B
authors: RB
authors: Banzett
authors: Sarah H
authors: SH
authors: Pedersen
authors: Richard M
authors: RM
authors: Schwartzstein
authors: Robert W
authors: RW
authors: Lansing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011603:Psychophysiology; D014939:Work of Breathing