title: Percutaneous dermal drug delivery for local pain control.
abstract: Topical anesthetics have evolved from a simple solution of cocaine to creams, ointments, gels, liposomal preparations, and to the latest sophisticated patches and peels. Topical anesthetics are essential for performing diagnostic, therapeutic, and cosmetic dermatology procedures. These anesthetics noninvasively deliver anesthesia in locally required areas. In this review, we present an overview on the mechanism of precutaneous absorption of skin and address the composition, duration of onset of anesthetic effect, uses, and side effects that are applicable for the products. Also discussed are the novel advances of using heat to enhance penetration of the anesthetic as seen in Synera(trade mark) patch and delivery of anesthesia using a peel method as seen in the yet to be US Food and Drug Administration-approved S-Caine peel.
authors: Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miami, FL, USA.
authors: Sujatha
authors: S
authors: Tadicherla
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Berman