title: Haplo-insufficiency of MPK3 in MPK6 mutant background uncovers a novel function of these two MAPKs in Arabidopsis ovule development.
abstract: The plant life cycle includes diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic generations. Female gametophytes (embryo sacs) in higher plants are embedded in specialized sporophytic structures (ovules). Here, we report that two closely related mitogen-activated protein kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana, MPK3 and MPK6, share a novel function in ovule development: in the MPK6 mutant background, MPK3 is haplo-insufficient, giving female sterility when heterozygous. By contrast, in the MPK3 mutant background, MPK6 does not show haplo-insufficiency. Using wounding treatment, we discovered gene dosage-dependent activation of MPK3 and MPK6. In addition, MPK6 activation is enhanced when MPK3 is null, which may help explain why mpk3(-/-) mpk6(+/-) plants are fertile. Genetic analysis revealed that the female sterility of mpk3(+/-) mpk6(-/-) plants is a sporophytic effect. In mpk3(+/-) mpk6(-/-) mutant plants, megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis are normal and the female gametophyte identity is correctly established. Further analysis demonstrates that the mpk3(+/-) mpk6(-/-) ovules have abnormal integument development with arrested cell divisions at later stages. The mutant integuments fail to accommodate the developing embryo sac, resulting in the embryo sacs being physically restricted and female reproductive failure. Our results highlight an essential function of MPK3 and MPK6 in promoting cell division in the integument specifically during ovule development.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
authors: Huachun
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Yidong
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Kristin
authors: K
authors: Bruffett
authors: Justin
authors: J
authors: Lee
authors: Gerd
authors: G
authors: Hause
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: Walker
authors: Shuqun
authors: S
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D051479:Plant Infertility / Q000235:genetics; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C458516:AtMPK3 protein, Arabidopsis; C436293:MPK6 protein, Arabidopsis; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases