title: Selective nonoperative management of penetrating torso injury from combat fragmentation wounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Historically, military surgical doctrine has mandated exploratory laparotomy for all penetrating fragmentation wounds. We hypothesized that stable patients with abdominal fragmentation injuries whose computerized tomography (CT) scans for intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal penetration disclosed nothing abnormal, can be safely observed without therapeutic laparotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied all hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating fragmentation wounds to the back, flank, lower chest, abdomen, and pelvis evaluated by abdominal physical examination (PE), CT, or ultrasound treated during a 6-month period at one combat support hospital. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated comparing each positive test to laparotomy and each negative test to successful nonoperative management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty-five patients met study criteria. Based on CT scans, 85 (59%) patients were managed nonoperatively; 60 (41%) underwent laparotomy. Forty-five of 60 (75%) of laparotomies were therapeutic. CT scan for intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal penetration that disclosed nothing abnormal was 99% predictive of successful nonoperative management. In detecting intra-abdominal injury requiring laparotomy, sensitivity for each method was 30.2% (PE), 11.7% (ultrasound), and 97.8% (CT) (p < 0.05). Specificity was 94.8% (PE), 100% (ultrasound), and 84.8% (CT). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were 0.565 (PE), 0.543 (ultrasound), and 0.929 (CT) (p < 0.0001). All patients with a positive ultrasound (n = 4) underwent therapeutic laparotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PE alone was unreliable in stable patients with abdominal fragmentation injuries. The clinical value of ultrasound results was limited, likely because the majority of these stable patients did not have injuries associated with the large accumulation of peritoneal fluid. CT scan safely and effectively analyzed nonoperative management of penetrating abdominal fragmentation injuries and should be the diagnostic study of choice in all stable patients without peritonitis with abdominal, flank, back, or pelvic combat fragmentation wounds.
authors: Department of General Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA 98431-1100, USA. alec.beekley@us.army.mil
authors: Alec C
authors: AC
authors: Beekley
authors: Lorne H
authors: LH
authors: Blackbourne
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Sebesta
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: McMullin
authors: Philip S
authors: PS
authors: Mullenix
authors: John B
authors: JB
authors: Holcomb
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D019567:Back Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*