title: Gender disparity in the use of cardiac resynchronization therapy in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although several studies have shown the effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for advanced congestive heart failure (CHF), gender differences in utilization of CRT are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) to study national rates for admissions due to CHF along with procedures for initial CRT implantation, including both CRT-defibrillator (CRT-D) and CRT-pacemakers (CRT-P) during the years of 2002-2004. Chi-square tests were used for comparison between number of women and men. A P < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women had consistently higher rates of admission for CHF during each year (574,037 (54%) vs 482,005 (46%), 2002; 601,181 (54%) vs 517,202 (46%), 2003; and 580,913 (53%) vs 521,280 (47%), 2004). The number of initial CRT device implantations (both CRT-D and CRT-P) was significantly lower during each year for women compared to men (659 (25%) vs 1,931 (75%), 2002; 6,928 (26%) vs 19,646 (74%), 2003; and 11,286 (27%) vs 42,196 (73%), 2004; P < 0.01 for all). Both CRT-P and CRT-D were used less frequently in women compared to men; however, this difference was consistently less prominent during each year with CRT-P compared to CRT-D (301 (41%) CRT-P vs 358 (19%) CRT-D, 2002; 659 (39%) CRT-P vs 2,530 (28%) CRT-D, 2003; and 2,891 (39%) CRT-P vs 8,395 (24%) CRT-D, 2004; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data clearly demonstrate a significant gender disparity in utilization of CRT devices. Further studies are needed to find possible reasons behind this disparity.
authors: Heart Institute of Spokane, Spokane, Washington 99204, USA. jalaeddini@hotmail.com
authors: Jamshid
authors: J
authors: Alaeddini
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Wood
authors: Mitesh S
authors: MS
authors: Amin
authors: Kenneth A
authors: KA
authors: Ellenbogen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D040841:Resource Allocation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology