title: Time course analysis of the effects of botulinum toxin type a on elbow spasticity based on biomechanic and electromyographic parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify changes of elbow spasticity over time after botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection in the upper extremity of stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before-after trial in which the therapeutic effects were followed up at 2, 6, and 9 weeks after the BTX-A injection (Botox).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic stroke patients (N=8) with upper-limb spasticity.
  
  
  METHODS
  BTX-A was injected in upper-limb muscles, including the biceps brachii.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment effects were quantified as the changes in the velocity and the length dependence of hyperexcitable stretch reflexes. Manual sinusoid stretches of the elbow joint at 4 frequencies (1/3, 1/2, 1, 3/2Hz) over a movement range of 60 degrees were performed on patients by using a portable device. The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), biomechanic viscosity, and the reflexive electromyography threshold (RET) of the biceps brachii were used to evaluate the degree of hypertonia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The statistical analyses of the MAS score, biomechanic viscosity, and RET revealed a significant decrease in spasticity after the injection (all P<.05). Moreover, our quantitative parameters (biomechanic viscosity, RET) revealed small changes in spasticity after the BTX-A injection that could not be observed from clinical MAS evaluations. Five of 8 subjects showed a maximal reduction in spasticity (in terms of biomechanic viscosity value) within 6 weeks after the injection, whereas it was notable that all subjects exhibited peak RET values at either 2 or 6 weeks after the injection with variable degrees of relapse of spasticity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early relapse of spasticity (within 9 weeks of the injection) can be detected from biomechanic and neurophysiologic assessments in a clinical setup. These quantitative indices provide valuable information for clinicians when making decisions to perform additional rehabilitation interventions or another BTX-A injection in the early stages of treatment.
authors: Department of Physical Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors: Hsin-Min
authors: HM
authors: Lee
authors: Jia-Jin Jason
authors: JJ
authors: Chen
authors: Yi-Ning
authors: YN
authors: Wu
authors: Yu-Lin
authors: YL
authors: Wang
authors: Sheng-Chih
authors: SC
authors: Huang
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Piotrkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A