title: Induction of B7-H1 and B7-DC expression on airway epithelial cells by the Toll-like receptor 3 agonist double-stranded RNA and human rhinovirus infection: In vivo and in vitro studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  T-cell infiltration of the epithelium is a key feature of chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma. Viral infections are an important cause of disease exacerbations. We have found virus-induced expression of T cell-interacting ligands, B7 homolog costimulatory molecules, on airway epithelium.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the ability of human rhinovirus (HRV) 16 and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to alter the expression of B7 homologs on human airway epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  BEAS2B and primary human airway epithelial cells were exposed in vitro to dsRNA (25 microg/mL) or HRV-16, and then expression of cell-surface protein and mRNA for B7 homologs was assessed by means of flow cytometry and real-time PCR, respectively. Additionally, human subjects were infected with HRV-16 in vivo, and mRNA for B7 homologs was assessed by means of real-time PCR in fresh nasal epithelial cell scrapings obtained before and daily up to 4 days after infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  dsRNA exposure of BEAS2B and human primary bronchial epithelial cells resulted in increased levels of cell-surface and mRNA expression of B7-H1 and B7-DC but not B7-H2 or B7-H3. Exposure of primary cells to HRV-16 resulted in induction of cell-surface expression of B7-H1 and B7-DC. Pretreatment with fluticasone propionate failed to suppress the induction of B7-H1 and B7-DC. Nasal scrapings taken at the time of peak symptom scores (3 days) after infection of 6 human subjects with HRV-16 displayed selective induction of levels of mRNA for B7-H1 and B7-DC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that HRV-16 infection or exposure to dsRNA induces epithelial B7-H1 and B7-DC.
authors: Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors: Lowella
authors: L
authors: Heinecke
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Proud
authors: Scherer
authors: S
authors: Sanders
authors: Robert P
authors: RP
authors: Schleimer
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D001980:Bronchi / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D061027:Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D012229:Rhinovirus; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000819:agonists*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; C556977:PDCD1LG2 protein, human; D061027:Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D007371:Interferon-gamma