title: Normal chest radiography in pulmonary tuberculosis: implications for obtaining respiratory specimen cultures.
abstract: METHODS
  Urban tuberculosis (TB) clinic, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Chest radiographs (CXRs) help in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB, but may be normal. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in culture is diagnostic of TB, but cultures are not routinely obtained in resource-poor settings. We examined rates and risk factors for pulmonary TB associated with normal CXR.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational cohort study was performed among all respiratory culture-positive TB cases referred to the Nashville Health Department from October 1992 to July 2003. Clinical factors, demographics and underlying medical conditions were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 601 study patients, 53 (9%) had normal CXRs: 31/138 (22%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and 22/463 (5%) were non-HIV-infected/unknown (P<0.001). Among HIV-infected patients, normal CXR was more likely in persons with renal failure (13% vs. 3%, P=0.048). Among non-HIV-infected/unknown patients, normal CXR was more likely in those who were asymptomatic at presentation (32% vs. 13%, P=0.022). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of normal CXR (odds ratio [OR] 6.61, P<0.0001); factors associated with reduced risk were dyspnea (OR 0.24, P=0.026), positive sputum smear (OR 0.45, P=0.028) and cough (OR 0.48, P=0.038).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of normal CXR among persons with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB was high. Respiratory specimen cultures should be obtained in TB suspects with a normal CXR, particularly HIV-infected persons.
authors: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Pepper
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Joseph
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Mwenya
authors: G-S
authors: GS
authors: McKee
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Haushalter
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Carter
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Warkentin
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: Haas
authors: T R
authors: TR
authors: Sterling
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008400:Mass Chest X-Ray; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology