title: Dynamic transmission of numerous Anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes among lambs in an infected sheep flock in an area of anaplasmosis endemicity.
abstract: The transmission dynamics of Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains circulating within juvenile members of a sheep flock grazing on an Ixodes ricinus-infested pasture in southern Norway were monitored. PCR-based detection of the bacterial p44 fragments in the blood of 16 lambs sampled weekly for 16 weeks following their release into pasture revealed rickettsemia in all animals, with an increasing proportion of infected animals as the survey progressed. Comparison of partial msp4 sequences obtained from infected blood samples revealed 24 distinct genotypes, some of which were repeatedly encountered, occurring in up to six sheep over a 14-week period, whereas others were observed only once. Individual sheep were infected by up to five distinct genotypes, with a specific genotype being encountered for between one and three consecutive weeks, and in some sheep, genotypes detected early in the study were also present in later samples. In general, detection of A. phagocytophilum by PCR correlated well with the observation of infected neutrophils in blood smears. Together these results reveal a previously unrecognized diversity of A. phagocytophilum strains simultaneously circulating within an infected population in an area of endemicity and are consistent with a remarkably dynamic transmission of strains among infected animals.
authors: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Cheshire CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
authors: Georgia A F
authors: GA
authors: Ladbury
authors: Snorre
authors: S
authors: Stuen
authors: Rachael
authors: R
authors: Thomas
authors: Kevin J
authors: KJ
authors: Bown
authors: Zerai
authors: Z
authors: Woldehiwet
authors: Erik G
authors: EG
authors: Granquist
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Bergström
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Birtles
mesh_terms: D041081:Anaplasma phagocytophilum / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000712:Anaplasmosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D000818:Animals; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005838:Genotype; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000382:microbiology; D009664:Norway; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*
chemical_list: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C450839:p44 protein, Anaplasma phagocytophila