title: Distinct methylation changes at the IGF2-H19 locus in congenital growth disorders and cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are associated with many imprinted genes. In mice methylation at a DMR upstream of the H19 gene known as the Imprint Control region (IC1) is acquired in the male germline and influences the methylation status of DMRs 100 kb away in the adjacent Insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) gene through long-range interactions. In humans, germline-derived or post-zygotically acquired imprinting defects at IC1 are associated with aberrant activation or repression of IGF2, resulting in the congenital growth disorders Beckwith-Wiedemann (BWS) and Silver-Russell (SRS) syndromes, respectively. In Wilms tumour and colorectal cancer, biallelic expression of IGF2 has been observed in association with loss of methylation at a DMR in IGF2. This DMR, known as DMR0, has been shown to be methylated on the silent maternal IGF2 allele presumably with a role in repression. The effect of IGF2 DMR0 methylation changes in the aetiology of BWS or SRS is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analysed the methylation status of the DMR0 in BWS, SRS and Wilms tumour patients by conventional bisulphite sequencing and pyrosequencing. We show here that, contrary to previous reports, the IGF2 DMR0 is actually methylated on the active paternal allele in peripheral blood and kidney. This is similar to the IC1 methylation status and is inconsistent with the proposed silencing function of the maternal IGF2 allele. Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell patients with IC1 methylation defects have similar methylation defects at the IGF2 DMR0, consistent with IC1 regulating methylation at IGF2 in cis. In Wilms tumour, however, methylation profiles of IC1 and IGF2 DMR0 are indicative of methylation changes occurring on both parental alleles rather than in cis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support a model in which DMR0 and IC1 have opposite susceptibilities to global hyper and hypomethylation during tumorigenesis independent of the parent of origin imprint. In contrast, during embryogenesis DMR0 is methylated or demethylated according to the germline methylation imprint at the IC1, indicating different mechanisms of imprinting loss in neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells.
authors: Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom. amm207@cam.ac.uk
authors: Adele
authors: A
authors: Murrell
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Ito
authors: Gaetano
authors: G
authors: Verde
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Huddleston
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Woodfine
authors: Margherita Cirillo
authors: MC
authors: Silengo
authors: Filippo
authors: F
authors: Spreafico
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Perotti
authors: Agostina
authors: A
authors: De Crescenzo
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Sparago
authors: Flavia
authors: F
authors: Cerrato
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Riccio
mesh_terms: D019175:DNA Methylation; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000151:congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C094335:H19 long non-coding RNA; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II