Extraction conditions affecting supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of lycopene from watermelon.
Lycopene, a carotenoid linked to protection against certain forms of cancer, is found in produce such as papaya, red-fleshed tomatoes, grapefruit and watermelon. The preparation of a supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) watermelon-lycopene extract could serve as a food grade source of this carotenoid. This study established preliminary conditions for enhancing SC-CO2 extraction of lycopene from watermelon. Freeze-dried watermelon was extracted with SC-CO2 and ethanol as an organic co-solvent. The lycopene concentration was determined by HPLC, with absorbance measured at 503 nm. In an initial set of experiments, the effects of extraction temperature (70-90 degrees C), pressure (20.7-41.4 MPa) and co-solvent ethanol addition (10-15%) were evaluated. A lycopene yield of 38 microg per gram of wet weight was obtained at 70 degrees C, 20.7 MPa, and 15% by volume ethanol. The extraction of fresh (non-freeze-dried) watermelon yielded 103+/-6 microg lycopene per gram fresh fruit weight. Of the parameters tested, temperature had the most effect on lycopene yield. Thus, in another set of experiments, the temperature was varied from 60-75 degrees C at an extraction pressure of 20.7 MPa in the presence of 15% ethanol. Studies showed that freeze-dried watermelon flesh loses lycopene in storage. In accounting for lycopene storage losses, lycopene yields at 60 degrees C extraction temperature were 14% greater than those obtained at 70 degrees C.
Katherine
L S Vaughn
LS
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, 203 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
Edgar
C Clausen
CC
Jerry
W King
WK
Luke
R Howard
RH
Julie
Carrier Danielle
CD
D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D029773:Citrullus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077276:Lycopene; D011312:Pressure; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
D012997:Solvents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002338:Carotenoids; D000431:Ethanol; D000077276:Lycopene