title: "First, do no harm": monitoring outcomes during the transition from open to laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy in a Canadian centre.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the learning curve for laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LLDN), donor morbidity and poorer graft function may be increased. To minimize these risks, a dedicated team of laparoscopic, urologic and transplant specialists worked together to introduce the technique. This study was undertaken to validate this approach by comparing donor and recipient outcomes and studying our learning curve during the transition from open (OLDN) to LLDN.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 59 LLDNs with 34 OLDNs performed for adult recipients. Data were collected prospectively for LLDN and retrospectively for OLDN. We compared donor outcomes and recipient graft function in the 2 groups, and we used the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method to generate learning curves; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the donor standpoint, the complication rate was 10% in the laparoscopic group, compared with 21% in the open group. Length of stay was shorter after LLDN (3 v. 5 d, p < 0.001). Among the recipients, there were no significant differences in the incidences of ureteral complications, delayed graft function (DGF), creatinine levels, acute rejection or patient and graft survival. When we used the incidence of DGF after OLDN as a benchmark, CUSUM analysis revealed a downward inflection point for DGF after 30 cases, consistent with an improvement in performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At our institution, a team approach has allowed the safe introduction of LLDN without a significant negative impact on recipient outcomes and with a reduction in donor length of stay. Using DGF as an outcome, we observed improved performance after 30 cases.
authors: Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Bergman
authors: Liane S
authors: LS
authors: Feldman
authors: Maurice
authors: M
authors: Anidjar
authors: Sebastian V
authors: SV
authors: Demyttenaere
authors: Franco
authors: F
authors: Carli
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Metrakos
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Tchervenkov
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Paraskevas
authors: Gerald M
authors: GM
authors: Fried
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019985:Benchmarking / Q000941:ethics; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000193:education* / Q000941:ethics*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000941:ethics*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019520:Living Donors / Q000941:ethics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000193:education* / Q000941:ethics*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011792:Quebec; D012189:Retrospective Studies