title: Protective effects of propofol on acute lung injury induced by oleic acid in conscious rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oleic acid has been used to induce acute lung injury (ALI) in animals. In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the blood level of oleic acid was increased. The mechanism and therapeutic regimen of ARDS and oleic acid-induced ALI remain undefined. In the present study, we investigated the oleic acid-induced changes in lung variables for the measure of ALI, inflammatory mediators, and neutrophil-derived substances. We evaluated the effects of pretreatment and posttreatment with propofol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed a conscious and unrestrained rat model. Oleic acid at a dose of 100 mg/kg was administered intravenously. Propofol (30 mg/kg) was given by intravenous infusion (6 mg/kg/min for 5 mins) 30 mins before (pretreatment) and 30 mins after (posttreatment) oleic acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We monitored the arterial pressure, heart rate, and blood gas. The lung weight changes, exhaled nitric oxide, protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage, and Evans blue content in lung tissue were determined. The plasma nitrate/nitrite, methylguanidine, cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10), neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, and sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase) were detected. Histopathological examination of the lung was performed. Oleic acid caused systemic hypotension and severe ALI as evidenced by the increases in the extent of ALI, impairment of pulmonary functions (blood gas variables), and lung pathology. In addition, oleic acid significantly increased inflammatory mediators and neutrophil-derived factors but depressed Na+-K+-ATPase. The inducible nitric oxide synthase was up-regulated. Pre- or posttreatment with propofol was capable of reversing the oleic acid-induced changes and attenuating the extent of ALI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oleic acid resulted in sepsis-like responses including ALI, inflammatory reaction, and increased neutrophil-derived factors. It depressed the Na+-K+-ATPase activity but up-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase. Treatment with propofol abrogated or reversed the oleic acid-induced changes.
authors: Institute of Integrative Physiology and Clinical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan. chenhi@mail.tcu.edu.tw
authors: Hsing I
authors: HI
authors: Chen
authors: Nan-Kuang
authors: NK
authors: Hsieh
authors: Shang Jyh
authors: SJ
authors: Kao
authors: Chain-Fa
authors: CF
authors: Su
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D019301:Oleic Acid; D015742:Propofol