title: Displacement of the rectus muscle pulleys simulating superior oblique palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the structural basis of three cases of apparent superior oblique (SO) palsy caused by extraocular muscle (EOM) pulley heterotopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three subjects were diagnosed as having decompensated idiopathic left SO palsy on the basis of misalignment in diagnostic gaze positions, response to the head tilt test, and results of the Hess screen test. Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits in coronal planes was used to determine SO muscle size and contractility and to define the rectus EOM pulley locations. Orbit 1.8 computer simulation was performed for each subject by using measured rectus pulley locations. Simulated binocular alignment was compared with the measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximal SO cross sections of both eyes of each subject were similar, and exhibited similar contractile thickening from supraduction to infraduction. The superior rectus muscle pulleys in three eyes exhibited significant temporal displacement, while the lateral rectus muscle pulleys in five eyes and the medial rectus muscle pulleys in two eyes were displaced significantly inferiorly compared with published norms. Simulations based on observed pulley position abnormalities alone predicted measured Hess screen data better than did simulations incorporating SO weakness, either alone or combined with other structural abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterotopy of the rectus EOM pulleys may be associated with cyclovertical strabismus that simulates SO palsy.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan. opth@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors: Reika
authors: R
authors: Kono
authors: Hirotaka
authors: H
authors: Okanobu
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Ohtsuki
authors: Joseph L
authors: JL
authors: Demer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000473:pathology*; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020432:Trochlear Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015348:Vision, Binocular; D014794:Visual Fields