title: On the factors influencing the performance of solar reactors for water disinfection with photosensitized singlet oxygen.
abstract: Two solar reactors based on compound parabolic collectors (CPCs) were optimized for water disinfection by photosensitized singlet oxygen (1O2) production in the heterogeneous phase. Sensitizing materials containing Ru(II) complexes immobilized on porous silicone were produced, photochemically characterized, and successfully tested for the inactivation of up to 10(4) CFU mL(-1) of waterborne Escherichia coli (gram-negative) or Enterococcus faecalis (gram-positive) bacteria. The main factors determining the performance of the solar reactors are the type of photosensitizing material, the sensitizer loading, the CPC collector geometry (fin- vs coaxial-type), the fluid rheology, and the balance between concurrent photothermal--photolytic and 1O2 effects on the microorganisms' inactivation. In this way, at the 40 degrees N latitude of Spain, water can be disinfected on a sunny day (0.6-0.8 MJ m(-2) L(-1) accumulated solar radiation dose in the 360-700 nm range, typically 5-6 h of sunlight) with a fin-type reactor containing 0.6 m2 of photosensitizing material saturated with tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) (ca. 2.0 g m(-2)). The optimum rheological conditions require laminar-to-transitional water flow in both prototypes. The fin-type system showed better inactivation efficiency than the coaxial reactor due to a more important photolytic contribution. The durability of the sensitizing materials was tested and the operational lifetime of the photocatalyst is at least three months without any reduction in the bacteria inactivation efficiency. Solar water disinfection with 1O2-generating films is demonstrated to be an effective technique for use in isolated regions of developing countries with high yearly average sunshine.
authors: Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors: Francisco
authors: F
authors: Manjón
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Villén
authors: David
authors: D
authors: García-Fresnadillo
authors: Guillermo
authors: G
authors: Orellana
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D017975:Ruthenium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013472:Sunlight; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000528:radiation effects; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D016877:Oxidants; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017975:Ruthenium Compounds; D014873:Water Pollutants; D026082:Singlet Oxygen