title: Conceptualizing and re-evaluating resilience across levels of risk, time, and domains of competence.
abstract: This article examines potential theoretical constraints on resilience across levels of risk, time, and domain of outcome. Studies of resilience are reviewed as they relate to the prevalence of resilience across levels of risk (e.g., single life events vs. cumulative risk), time, and domains of adjustment. Based on a thorough review of pertinent literature, we conclude that resilience, as a global construct, appears to be rare at the highest levels of risk, and that resilience may benefit from a narrower conceptualization focusing on specific outcomes at specific timepoints in development. The implication of this conclusion for future research and intervention efforts is then discussed.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet St., 4425 Sennott Square, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. elv4@pitt.edu
authors: Ella
authors: E
authors: Vanderbilt-Adriance
authors: Daniel S
authors: DS
authors: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008603:Mental Health; D011361:Professional Competence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012927:Social Control, Informal