Calcium oxalate crystals in acute ethylene glycol poisoning: a confocal laser scanning microscope study in a fatal case.
BACKGROUND
The severity of ethylene glycol toxicity is related to the metabolic acidosis resulting from the biotransformation of ethylene glycol into toxic metabolites. Glycolic acid causes severe acidosis and oxalate precipitates as calcium oxalate in the kidneys and other tissues.


METHODS
An adult male was taken to the local hospital by the team rescue and was apparently unconscious; severe metabolic acidosis and renal failure led to death a few hours after the arrival. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated oxalate crystals deposition within the tubular epithelial cells and widespread necrosis of the tubular epithelium in the proximal tubules. Toxicological examinations revealed ethylene glycol; the blood level was 250 mg/L and in urine the concentration was 0.3%.


CONCLUSIONS
In cases of ethylene glycol poisoning, calcium oxalate may be excreted not only as dihydrate crystals, but also as monohydrate crystals. Direct toxicity, cortical edema, and inhibition of mitochondrial activity, as evidenced by decreased succinate dehydrogenase activity, are possible mechanisms of crystal damage. Since calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are transported intracellularly by kidney cells, the renal toxicity of ethylene glycol may result from inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory function in proximal tubular cells by calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals.


CONCLUSIONS
The histologic diagnosis of acute renal failure secondary to ethylene glycol poisoning depends on the recognitions of the changes of acute tubular damage in association with calcium oxalate crystals deposition within the tubular epithelial cells and the widespread necrosis of the tubular epithelium in the proximal tubules.
Pomara
Cristoforo
C
University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
Fiore
Carmela
C
D'Errico
Stefano
S
Riezzo
Irene
I
Fineschi
Vittorio
V
D000138:Acidosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D000328:Adult; D001711:Biotransformation; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine*; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning* / Q000652:urine; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D009336:Necrosis
D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D019855:Ethylene Glycol