title: Expression of ghrelin gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma ghrelin concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the expression of ghrelin and ghrelin receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and evaluated the effect of weight loss or exercise on plasma ghrelin concentrations in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 75 overweight/obese subjects randomized to a weight loss, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or control group for a 33-week intervention period were analysed. The plasma ghrelin concentrations and indices of insulin and glucose metabolism were assessed, and mRNA expression of ghrelin, its receptors and various cytokines in PBMCs was studied using real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ghrelin and GH secretagogue receptor 1b were expressed in PBMCs of subjects with metabolic syndrome. Ghrelin gene expression correlated positively with the expressions of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (P<0.001), interleukin-1beta (P<0.001) and interleukin-6 (P=0.026) during the study, but was not associated with the plasma ghrelin concentration. Genotype-specific ghrelin gene expression in PBMCs was found for the -604G/A and the -501A/C polymorphisms in the ghrelin gene. At baseline, the plasma ghrelin levels were associated with fasting serum insulin concentrations, insulin sensitivity index and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, longitudinally weight, BMI or waist circumference and acute insulin response in i.v. glucose tolerance test were stronger predictors of the ghrelin concentration. Plasma ghrelin did not change over the study period in the weight reduction group, but it tended to decrease in the control group (P=0.050).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ghrelin mRNA expression in PBMCs suggests an autocrine role for ghrelin within an immune microenvironment. Moderate long-term weight loss may prevent a decline in ghrelin concentration over time in individuals with metabolic syndrome.
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Food and Health Research Centre, University of Kuopio PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. ursula.mager@uku.fi
authors: Ursula
authors: U
authors: Mager
authors: Marjukka
authors: M
authors: Kolehmainen
authors: Vanessa D F
authors: VD
authors: de Mello
authors: Ursula
authors: U
authors: Schwab
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Laaksonen
authors: Rainer
authors: R
authors: Rauramaa
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: Gylling
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Atalay
authors: Leena
authors: L
authors: Pulkkinen
authors: Matti
authors: M
authors: Uusitupa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019898:Autocrine Communication / Q000235:genetics; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005838:Genotype; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012107:Research Design; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin