title: The effect of stimulus modality on signal detection: implications for assessing the safety of in-vehicle technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effect of two in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) on signal detection in the visual, auditory, and tactile modalities; established whether the detrimental effects of an IVIS on driving could be quantified by these detection tasks; and examined the effect of stimulus modality on signal detection.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The peripheral detection task has been used widely for assessing the effects of an IVIS on driving. However, performance on this task relies on drivers' ability to see a series of LEDs, which can be problematic in field tests (e.g., on sunny days).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants responded to one of three detection tasks during a simulated driving experiment. The effect of IVIS interaction on these detection tasks was also measured. Reduced performance in the detection tasks was assumed to indicate a decline in drivers' ability to handle sudden events in the driving task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response time to all detection tasks increased by around 200 ms when drivers performed the IVIS tasks, as compared with baseline driving. Analyses of variance and comparison of effect sizes showed the effects of these two IVISs to be the same across the three detection tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These detection tasks are useful for quantifying the safety of an IVIS during driving. The absence of a difference in signal detection by modality suggests that performance on these tasks relies on general attentional resources and is not modality specific.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The signal detection tasks employed here should be further investigated for their suitability in assessing the safety of in-vehicle systems.
authors: Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. n.merat@its.leeds.ac.uk
authors: Natasha
authors: N
authors: Merat
authors: A Hamish
authors: AH
authors: Jamson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012449:Safety; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom