title: Postmenopausal hormone therapy and lung cancer risk in the cancer prevention study II nutrition cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of postmenopausal hormone therapy and lung cancer incidence have reported positive, negative, and null associations. Most of these studies, however, have had limited ability to control rigorously for cigarette smoking or to examine risk separately by smoking status.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between postmenopausal hormone therapy and lung cancer incidence by smoking status among 72,772 women in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Proportional hazards modeling was used to calculate rate ratios (RR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up from 1992 to 2003, we identified 659 cases of incident lung cancer. Current use of any postmenopausal hormone therapy was significantly associated with decreased risk of incident lung cancer [multivariate RR, 0.76; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.62-0.92]. Similar risk estimates were observed for unopposed estrogen use (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.60-0.94) and for estrogen plus progestin (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.57-1.01). Risk associated with current use of postmenopausal hormone therapy was decreased among never smokers (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.95) as well as current smokers (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.55-1.05) and former smokers (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.99). Former hormone use was not associated with lung cancer. No trend with duration of hormone use was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that postmenopausal hormone therapy is associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, although the absence of a dose-response relationship weakens the evidence for causality.
authors: Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, National Home Office, 250 Williams Street Northwest, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. crodrigu@cancer.org
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Rodriguez
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Spencer Feigelson
authors: Anusila
authors: A
authors: Deka
authors: Alpa V
authors: AV
authors: Patel
authors: Eric J
authors: EJ
authors: Jacobs
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Thun
authors: Eugenia E
authors: EE
authors: Calle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology