Flavonoid intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in male smokers (Finland).
Extending research on the protective effect of flavonoids in cell culture and animal studies, we examined the association between consumption of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods and development of exocrine pancreatic cancer within the alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort. Of the 27,111 healthy male smokers (50-69 years) who completed a self-administered dietary questionnaire at baseline, 306 developed exocrine pancreatic cancer during follow-up (1985-2004; median, 16.1 years). Intakes of total flavonoids, three flavonoid subgroups, seven individual flavonoids, and flavonoid-rich foods were estimated from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Overall, flavonoid intake was not significantly associated with pancreatic cancer. However, in stratified analysis, greater total flavonoid intake was associated with decreased pancreatic cancer risk in participants randomized during the trial to placebo (fourth versus first quartile: hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.78; P trend = 0.009) and not to supplemental alpha-tocopherol (50 mg/d) and/or beta-carotene (20 mg/d; P interaction = 0.002). Similar patterns and significant interactions were observed for flavonols, flavan-3-ols, kaempferol, quercetin, catechin, and epicatechin. Our data suggest that a flavonoid-rich diet may decrease pancreatic cancer risk in male smokers not consuming supplemental alpha-tocopherol and/or beta-carotene.
Bobe
Gerd
G
Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 3022, Rockville, MD 20852-7232, USA.
Weinstein
Stephanie J
SJ
Albanes
Demetrius
D
Hirvonen
Tero
T
Ashby
Jason
J
Taylor
Phil R
PR
Virtamo
Jarmo
J
Stolzenberg-Solomon
Rachael Z
RZ
D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
D005419:Flavonoids