title: Hepatic biotransformation responses in Atlantic salmon exposed to retinoic acids and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB congener 77).
abstract: Active derivatives of vitamin A are essential in physiological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, morphogenesis and development. The biological functions of vitamin A are mediated through the retinoid acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists such as planar halogenated compounds are known to interfere with vitamin A homeostasis in both field and laboratory studies. In this study, we have investigated the molecular interactions between vitamin A and AhR signalling pathways using juvenile Atlantic salmon and agonists for both receptor pathways. Groups of juvenile salmon were treated with all-trans- and 9-cis-retinoic acid mixture (7:3 ratio) dissolved in DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) at 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg fish weight. The mixture was force fed singly or in combination with 0.1 mg 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (co-planar congener 77)/kg fish weight dissolved in DMSO. Liver samples were collected 3 days after PCB-77 exposure. A separate group exposed to combined retinoic acid (1 mg/kg for 5 days) and PCB-77, was sampled at 3, 7 and 14 days after PCB-77 exposure. Liver samples collected from all exposure groups were analyzed for gene (RARalpha, AhR2alpha, AhR2beta, CYP1A1, UGT1 and GSTpi) expression using real-time PCR and activity (7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), UGT and GST) using biochemical methods with specific substrates. Our data showed that exposure to RA alone did not produce a significant increase of RARalpha mRNA levels, and the presence of PCB-77 attenuated the expression of RARalpha in RA dose- and time-specific manner. In addition, RA produced a dose-dependent increase of CYP1A1 mRNA and activity (EROD) levels without concomitant increase in AhR2 isoforms. When administered alone, PCB-77 produced increased CYP1A1, UGT1 and GSTpi mRNA and enzyme levels. The PCB-77-induced CYP1A1, UGT1 and GSTpi (mRNA and activity) levels were modulated by RA, in a parameter and dose-specific manner. In general, our data show an interaction between vitamin A and AhR signalling that may affect retinoid homeostasis in fish.
authors: Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høyskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. arukwe@bio.ntnu.no
authors: Augustine
authors: A
authors: Arukwe
authors: Bård
authors: B
authors: Nordbø
mesh_terms: D000077556:Alitretinoin; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001711:Biotransformation; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D020317:Salmo salar; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; C028451:3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl