title: An experimental model of heat storage in working firefighters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Develop experimental models to study uncompensable heat stress (UCHS) in working firefighters (FFs).
  
  
  METHODS
  FFs ingested core temperature (Tc) capsules prior to performing sequential tasks in 40 degrees C and personal protective ensemble (PPE), or 18 degrees C and no PPE. Both trials were conducted in an environmental chamber with FFs using self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  FFs exercising in heat and PPE reproduced UCHS conditions. For every FF in both trials for whom the capsules worked, Tc was elevated, and Tc(max) occurred after completion of study protocol. Trials with PPE resulted in a mean maximum temperature of 38.94 degrees C (+/-0.37 degrees C); Tc(max) reached 40.4 degrees C. Without PPE, maximum Tc averaged 37.79 degrees C (+/-0.07 degrees C). Heat storage values ranged from 131 to 1205 kJ, averaging 578 kJ (+/-151.47 kJ) with PPE and 210.83 kJ (+/-21.77 kJ) without PPE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An experimental model has been developed that simulates the initial phases of an interior fire attack to study the physiology of UCHS in FF. The hot environment and PPE increase maximum Tc and heat storage over that due to the exertion required to perform the tasks and may decrease time to volitional fatigue. This model will permit controlled studies to optimize work-rest cycles, rehab conditions, and physical conditioning of FFs.
authors: Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA. carin.vangelder@yale.edu
authors: Carin M
authors: CM
authors: Van Gelder
authors: L Alex
authors: LA
authors: Pranger
authors: William P
authors: WP
authors: Wiesmann
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Stachenfeld
authors: Sandy
authors: S
authors: Bogucki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005390:Fires; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis