title: Importance of transducer position in the assessment of apical rotation by speckle tracking echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Speckle tracking echocardiography is increasingly used to quantify left ventricular (LV) twist. However, one of the limitations of the assessment of LV twist by speckle tracking echocardiography is the crucial dependence on correct acquisition of a LV apical short-axis. This study sought to assess the influence of transducer position on LV apical rotation measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 58 consecutive healthy volunteers (mean age 38 +/- 13 years, 25 men). To obtain parasternal short-axis images at the LV apical level, the following protocol was used. From the standard parasternal position (LV and aorta most inline, with the mitral valve tips in the middle of the sector) an as-circular-as-possible short-axis image of the LV apex, just proximal to the level with end-systolic LV luminal obliteration, was obtained by angulation of the transducer (position 1). From this position, the position of the transducer was changed to one (position 2) and two (position 3) intercostal spaces more caudal with subsequent similar transducer adaptations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 8 volunteers (14%) parasternal image quality was insufficient for speckle tracking echocardiography. In 13 volunteers (22%) the LV apical short-axis could only be obtained from one transducer position. In the remaining volunteers with two (n = 27) or three (n = 10) available transducer positions, a more caudal transducer position was associated with increased measured LV apical rotation. Mean measured LV apical rotation was 5.2 +/- 1.8 degrees at position 1, 7.3 +/- 2.6 degrees at position 2 (P < .001), and 8.7 +/- 2.2 degrees at position 3 (P < .001 vs position 1 and P < .05 vs position 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A more caudal transducer position is associated with increased measured LV apical rotation.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Bas M
authors: BM
authors: van Dalen
authors: Wim B
authors: WB
authors: Vletter
authors: Osama I I
authors: OI
authors: Soliman
authors: Folkert J
authors: FJ
authors: ten Cate
authors: Marcel L
authors: ML
authors: Geleijnse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014159:Transducers