title: The angiosome territories of the spinal cord: exploring the issue of preoperative spinal angiography. Laboratory investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The angiosome concept has been the subject of extensive research by the senior author (G.I.T.), but its specific applicability to the spinal cord was hitherto unknown. The aim of this study was to see if the spinal cord vasculature followed the angiosome concept and to review the usefulness of preoperative spinal angiography in surgery for spinal disorders. Spinal cord infarction and permanent paraplegia may result from inadvertent interruption of the artery of Adamkiewicz. Spinal angiography, which may enable avoidance of this catastrophic complication, is still not commonly used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two fresh cadavers were injected with a gelatin-lead oxide mixture for detailed comparative study of spinal cord vasculature. One cadaver had insignificant vascular disease, whereas the other had extensive aortic atherosclerosis, presenting a unique opportunity for study. After removal from each cadaver, radiographs of the spinal cords were obtained, then photographed, and the vascular territories of the cords were defined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four angiosome territories were defined: vertebral, subclavian, posterior intercostal, and lumbar. These vascular territories were joined longitudinally by true anastomotic channels along the anterior and posterior spinal cord. Anastomosis between the anterior and posterior vasculature was poor in the thoracolumbar region. The anterior cord relied on fewer feeder arteries than the posterior, and the anterior thoracolumbar cord depended on the artery of Adamkiewicz for its supply. In chronic aortic disease with intercostal artery occlusion at multiple levels, a rich collateral circulation supporting the spinal cord was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The arterial supply of the spinal cord follows the angiosome concept. The atherosclerotic specimen supports the suggestion that the blood supply is able to adapt to gradual vascular occlusion through development of a collateral circulation. Nevertheless, the spinal cord is susceptible to ischemia when faced with acute vascular occlusion. This includes inadvertent interruption of the artery of Adamkiewicz. The authors recommend the use of preoperative spinal angiography to prevent possible paraplegia in removal of thoracolumbar spinal tumors.
authors: The Jack Brockhoff Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Research Unit, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. mkyhong@gmail.com
authors: Michael K-Y
authors: MK
authors: Hong
authors: Matthew K-H
authors: MK
authors: Hong
authors: Wei-Ren
authors: WR
authors: Pan
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Wallace
authors: Mark W
authors: MW
authors: Ashton
authors: G Ian
authors: GI
authors: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002102:Cadaver; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D006801:Humans; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*