title: The mu opioid receptor mediates morphine-induced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 inhibition in toll-like receptor 2-stimulated monocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphine possesses immunomodulatory effects but its intrinsic mechanisms, especially in the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway, are only partially understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of morphine on tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in TLR2-stimulated human monocytes and identified the involvement of the different opioid receptors, and of the lymphocyte-to-monocyte contact.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from fresh blood by centrifugation on a density gradient. Monocytes were secondarily separated using a high-gradient magnetic cell sorting kit with specific anti-CD14 antibodies. Monocytes or PBMCs were pretreated with opioid receptors antagonists before being cultured with morphine and peptidoglycan (PGN) from Staphylococcus aureus (specific TLR2 agonist). The amount of TNF, IL-6, and IL-10 was measured in the supernatant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proinflammatory cytokines: Morphine significantly inhibited the production of cytokines in a dose and concentration-dependent manner in PGN-stimulated monocytes. Mu opioid receptor activation specifically mediated this morphine-induced TNF and IL-6 inhibition in monocytes. Morphine significantly inhibited the TNF, but not the IL-6 production, in PGN-stimulated PBMCs. The mu opioid receptor was not involved in this morphine-induced TNF inhibition in PBMCs. Antiinflammatory cytokines: IL-10 was not a factor for the inhibition of TNF and IL-6 production after PGN stimulation in either monocytes or PBMCs cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mu opioid receptor mediates morphine-induced TNF and IL-6 inhibition in PGN-stimulated monocytes, but not in PBMCs. A direct monocyte-to-lymphocyte contact (PBMCs) alters the inhibitory effects of morphine observed on monocytes alone. IL-10 is not a factor for the inhibition of TNF or for IL-6 production. Interactions between TLR2 and mu opioid intracellular pathways remain to be studied to delineate these morphine immunosuppressive effects.
authors: Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. marie-pierre.bonnet@abc.aphp.fr
authors: Marie-Pierre
authors: MP
authors: Bonnet
authors: Hélène
authors: H
authors: Beloeil
authors: Dan
authors: D
authors: Benhamou
authors: Jean-Xavier
authors: JX
authors: Mazoit
authors: Karim
authors: K
authors: Asehnoune
mesh_terms: D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C068868:naltrindole benzofuran; D009271:Naltrexone; D009020:Morphine