title: Modulation of tonic immobility in guinea pig PAG by homocysteic acid, a glutamate agonist.
abstract: Tonic immobility (TI) is an innate defensive behavior elicited by physical restriction and postural inversion, and is characterized by a profound and temporary state of motor inhibition. The participation of the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) in TI modulation has previously been described. In addition, the excitatory amino acids (EAA) are important mediators involved in the adjustment of several defensive responses produced by PAG. In the present study, we investigated the effect of microinjection of the EAA agonist dl-homocysteic acid (DLH) and the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (MK-801) into the ventrolateral and dorsal PAG over the duration of TI in guinea pigs. Microinjection of 15 nmol/0.2 microl of DLH into the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) and 30 nmol/0.2 microl of DLH into the dorsal PAG (dPAG) promoted an increase and decrease in TI duration, respectively. These responses were blocked by prior microinjection of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (3.6 nmol/0.2 microl) at the same site. Microinjection of MK-801 alone into the vlPAG and dPAG did not alter the duration of TI episodes. These results suggest that NMDA receptors are involved in the modulation of TI in both the vlPAG and dPAG. In addition, PAG excitatory amino acids modulate the TI response via columnar organization of the PAG. In this manner, the vlPAG facilitates TI modulation whereas dPAG has an inhibitory role in TI.
authors: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil.
authors: Márcio
authors: M
authors: Ramos Coutinho
authors: Luís Felipe Souza
authors: LF
authors: da Silva
authors: Leda
authors: L
authors: Menescal-de-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D006710:Homocysteine; C007956:homocysteic acid; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate