title: New episodes and new onsets of major depression in borderline and other personality disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the context of much literature and conjecture about the relationship of personality disorders (PD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), this paper uses longitudinal data to assess the frequency with which PD patients, and especially those with borderline personality disorder (BPD), have recurrences (for patients with lifetime histories), or new onsets (for patients without lifetime histories) of MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 478 PD patients received reliable repeated follow-up assessments over a period of 6 years. The rates of new onsets and recurrences of MDD in all PD patients, and in BPD patients compared to OPD patients were analyzed. Whether age, gender, GAF score, or the number and types of BPD criteria predict new onsets or recurrences of MDD was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-five percent of PD subjects had episodes of MDD during the 6 year follow-up; of those with lifetime MDD, 85% had recurrences. Of the PD subjects without lifetime MDD, 44% had new onsets. BPD subjects were significantly more likely (p = .0036) to have recurrences of MDD but were about equally likely to have new onsets compared to OPD subjects. The number and types of BPD criteria were predictive of onsets and recurrences for all PDs, but were not more predictive for the BPD than OPD subsamples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longer term follow ups with a more epidemiologically representative sample of PDs would strengthen the generalizability of this study's findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Having a comorbid PD confers significant risk for recurrences and for new onsets of MDD and confers a significantly negative effect on the course of MDD. BPD conferred more risk for recurrence than OPD.
authors: Harvard Medical School, United States. psychosocial@mcleanpo.mclean.org
authors: John G
authors: JG
authors: Gunderson
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Stout
authors: Charles A
authors: CA
authors: Sanislow
authors: M Tracie
authors: MT
authors: Shea
authors: Thomas H
authors: TH
authors: McGlashan
authors: Mary C
authors: MC
authors: Zanarini
authors: Maria T
authors: MT
authors: Daversa
authors: Carlos M
authors: CM
authors: Grilo
authors: Shirley
authors: S
authors: Yen
authors: Andrew E
authors: AE
authors: Skodol
mesh_terms: D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012008:Recurrence