title: Bar-coding surgical sponges to improve safety: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A randomized, controlled trial was performed to evaluate a computer-assisted method for counting sponges using a bar-code system.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Retained sponges are a rare and preventable problem but persist in surgery despite standardized protocols for counting. Technology that improves detection of counting errors could reduce risk to surgical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a randomized controlled trial comparing a bar-coded sponge system with a traditional counting protocol in 300 general surgery operations. Observers monitored sponge and instrument counts and recorded all incidents of miscounted or misplaced sponges. Surgeons and operating room staff completed postoperative and end-of-study surveys evaluating the bar-code system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bar-code system detected significantly more counting discrepancies than the traditional protocol (32 vs.13 discrepancies, P = 0.007). These discrepancies involved both misplaced sponges (21 vs. 12 sponges, P = 0.17) and miscounted sponges (11 vs. 1 sponge, P = 0.007). The system introduced new technical difficulties (2.04 per 1000 sponges) and increased the time spent counting sponges (5.3 vs. 2.4 minutes, P < 0.0001). In postoperative surveys, there was no difference in surgical teams' confidence that all sponges were accounted for, but they rated the counting process and team performance lower in operations randomized to the bar-code arm. By the end of the study, however, most providers found the system easy to use, felt confident in its ability to track sponges, and reported a positive effect on the counting process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of automated counting using bar-coded surgical sponges improved detection of miscounted and misplaced sponges and was well tolerated by surgical staff members.
authors: Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors: Caprice C
authors: CC
authors: Greenberg
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Diaz-Flores
authors: Stuart R
authors: SR
authors: Lipsitz
authors: Scott E
authors: SE
authors: Regenbogen
authors: Lynn
authors: L
authors: Mulholland
authors: Francine
authors: F
authors: Mearn
authors: Shilpa
authors: S
authors: Rao
authors: Tamara
authors: T
authors: Toidze
authors: Atul A
authors: AA
authors: Gawande
mesh_terms: D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012449:Safety; D015503:Surgical Sponges / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data