title: Characteristics and harms associated with injecting versus smoking methamphetamine among methamphetamine treatment entrants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the characteristics and harms associated with injecting and smoking methamphetamine among methamphetamine treatment entrants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured face-to-face interview was used to assess demographics, drug use patterns and harms [physical and mental health, psychological distress, psychotic symptoms, crime and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviour] among 400 methamphetamine treatment entrants in Sydney and Brisbane, Australia. Participants who had injected but not smoked methamphetamine in the month before treatment (n = 195, injectors) were compared to participants who had either: (a) injected and smoked (n = 90, injectors who smoke), or (b) smoked but not injected (n = 73, smokers), during this time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with injectors, smokers were primarily non-injecting drug users, who were younger, more likely to be female and use ecstasy rather than heroin. After adjusting for these differences smokers were less dependent on methamphetamine than injectors, but they took the drug as often and had similarly high levels of psychological distress, poor physical and mental health, psychotic symptoms, sexual risk behaviour and criminal involvement. Injectors who smoked had a similar demographic and clinical profile to injectors, including comparable levels of needle sharing, but they used methamphetamine more often and had greater criminal involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within this treatment sample, smoking methamphetamine occurred among both long-standing injecting drug users and a comparatively younger group of non-injecting drug users. It was associated with less severe methamphetamine dependence than injecting, but more intense use patterns and similar levels of other harms.
authors: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia. r.mcketin@unsw.edu.au
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: McKetin
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Ross
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: Kelly
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Baker
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Lee
authors: Dan I
authors: DI
authors: Lubman
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Mattick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001315:Australia; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003415:Crime; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008694:Methamphetamine; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine