title: Are post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and temporomandibular pain associated? Findings from a community-based twin registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are related to the pain of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in a community-based sample of female twin pairs, and if so, to ascertain whether the association is due to the presence of chronic widespread pain (CWP) and familial/genetic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from 630 monozygotic and 239 dizygotic female twin pairs participating in the University of Washington Twin Registry. PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Impact of Events Scale (IES), with scores partitioned into terciles. TMD pain was assessed with a question about persistent or recurrent pain in the face, jaw, temple; in front of the ear; or in the ear during the past 3 months. CWP was defined as pain located in 3 body regions during the past 3 months. Random-effects regression models, adjusted for demographic features, depression, CWP, and familial/genetic factors, were used to examine the relationship between the IES and TMD pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IES scores were significantly associated with TMD pain (P < .01). Twins in the highest IES tercile were almost 3 times more likely than those in the lowest tercile to report TMD pain, even after controlling for demographic factors, depression, and CWP. After adjustment for familial and genetic factors, the association of IES scores with TMD pain remained significant in dizygotic twins (Ptrend = .03) but was not significant in monozygotic twins (Ptrend = .30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTSD symptoms are strongly linked to TMD pain. This association could be partially explained by genetic vulnerability to both conditions but is not related to the presence of CWP. Future research is needed to understand the temporal association of PTSD and TMD pain and the genetic and physiological underpinnings of this relationship.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego , CA, USA. nafari@ucsd.edu
authors: Niloofar
authors: N
authors: Afari
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Wen
authors: Dedra
authors: D
authors: Buchwald
authors: Jack
authors: J
authors: Goldberg
authors: Octavia
authors: O
authors: Plesh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D004522:Educational Status; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D010146:Pain / Q000235:genetics; D012042:Registries; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000235:genetics*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics