Immunotherapy for gastrointestinal cancer: current status and strategies for improving efficacy.
BACKGROUND
Despite improvement in conventional strategies for treating gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoma, large numbers of patients still suffer from incurable or progressive disease.


OBJECTIVE
Here we consider the prospects for circumventing limitations and maximising the efficacy of different immunotherapies.


METHODS
We summarise different cancer vaccines and targeted drugs and highlight the scientific rationale of using immunotherapy for targeting GI cancers, in addition to the potential strategies for improving immunotherapeutic efficacy.


CONCLUSIONS
Many cancer vaccines and antibody-directed therapies have been tested in early phase clinical trials and demonstrated proof of concept and safety. As yet few have been properly evaluated for clinical efficacy; although adoptive transfer of tumour-associated-antigen-specific T cells has shown dramatic clinical responses in some patients. The recognition of a role for T regulatory cells in limiting anti-tumour immunity has provided momentum for developing strategies to over-ride such immunoinhibitory effects. There is some evidence that conventional therapies may work by influencing these negative factors and allowing expression of immune control mechanisms. An important developing area for clinical evaluation is the testing of combined conventional and immunotherapeutic modalities which may provide for synergy; thereby circumventing the limitations of individualised treatments and generating additional clinical benefits.
Elkord
Eyad
E
University of Manchester, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Oncology, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. eelkord@picr.man.ac.uk
Hawkins
Robert E
RE
Stern
Peter L
PL
D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019139:Tumor Escape
D000906:Antibodies; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D007155:Immunologic Factors