title: Estimating the encounter rate variance in distance sampling.
abstract: The dominant source of variance in line transect sampling is usually the encounter rate variance. Systematic survey designs are often used to reduce the true variability among different realizations of the design, but estimating the variance is difficult and estimators typically approximate the variance by treating the design as a simple random sample of lines. We explore the properties of different encounter rate variance estimators under random and systematic designs. We show that a design-based variance estimator improves upon the model-based estimator of Buckland et al. (2001, Introduction to Distance Sampling. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 79) when transects are positioned at random. However, if populations exhibit strong spatial trends, both estimators can have substantial positive bias under systematic designs. We show that poststratification is effective in reducing this bias.
authors: Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. r.fewster@auckland.ac.nz
authors: Rachel M
authors: RM
authors: Fewster
authors: Stephen T
authors: ST
authors: Buckland
authors: Kenneth P
authors: KP
authors: Burnham
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Borchers
authors: Peter E
authors: PE
authors: Jupp
authors: Jeffrey L
authors: JL
authors: Laake
authors: Len
authors: L
authors: Thomas
mesh_terms: D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012107:Research Design