title: Chemistry of organophosphonate scale growth lnhibitors: 3. physicochemical aspects of 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate (PBTC) and its effect on CaCO3 crystal growth.
abstract: Industrial water systems often suffer from undesirable inorganic deposits, such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, calcium sulfate, magnesium silicate, and others. Synthetic water additives, such as phosphonates and phosphonocarboxylates, are the most important and widely utilized scale inhibitors in a plethora of industrial applications including cooling water, geothermal drilling, desalination, etc. The design of efficient and cost-effective inhibitors, as well as the study of their structure and function at the molecular level are important areas of research. This study reports various physicochemical aspects of the chemistry of PBTC (PBTC = 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid), one of the most widely used scale inhibitors in the cooling water treatment industry. These aspects include its CaCO(3) crystal growth inhibition and modification properties under severe conditions of high CaCO(3) supersaturation, stability towards oxidizing microbiocides and tolerance towards precipitation with Ca(2+). Results show that 15 ppm of PBTC can inhibit the formation of by approximately 35 %, 30 ppm by approximately 40 %, and 60 ppm by approximately 44 %. PBTC is virtually stable to the effects of a variety of oxidizing microbiocides, including chlorine, bromine and others. PBTC shows excellent tolerance towards precipitation as its Ca salt. Precipitation in a 1000 ppm Ca(2+) (as CaCO(3)) occurs after 185 ppm PBTC are present.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 300 Leoforos Knossos, Crete, Heraklion GR-71409, Greece.
authors: Konstantinos D
authors: KD
authors: Demadis
authors: Panos
authors: P
authors: Lykoudis