title: A systematical analysis of in vivo contact forces on virtual catheter tip/tissue surface contact during cardiac mapping and intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While catheter tip/tissue contact has been shown to be an important determinant of ablative lesions in in vitro studies, the impact of contact on the outcomes of mapping and ablation in the intact heart has not been evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve dogs underwent atrial ablation guided by the Senesitrade mark robotic catheter remote control system. After intracardiac ultrasound (ICE) validation of contact force measured by an in-line mechanical sensor, the relationship between contact force and individual lesion formation was established during irrigated-tipped ablation (flow 17 mL/sec) at 15 watts for 30 seconds. Minimal contact by ICE correlated with force of 4.7 +/- 5.8 grams, consistent contact 9.9 +/- 8.6 grams and tissue tenting produced 25.0 +/- 14.0 grams. Conversely, catheter tip/tissue contact by ICE was predicted by contact force. A contact force of 10-20 and > or =20 grams generated full-thickness, larger volume ablative lesions than that created with <10 grams (98 +/- 69 and 89 +/- 70 mm(3) vs 40 +/- 42 mm(3), P < 0.05). Moderate (10 grams) and marked contact (15-20 grams) application produced 1.5 X greater electroanatomic map volumes that were seen with minimal contact (5 grams) (26 +/- 3 cm(3) vs 33 +/- 6, 39 +/- 3 cm(3), P < 0.05). The electroanatomic map/CT merge process was also more distorted when mapping was generated at moderate to marked contact force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that mapping and ablation using a robotic sheath guidance system are critically dependent on generated force. These findings suggest that ablative lesion size is optimized by the application of 10-20 grams of contact force, although mapping requires lower-force application to avoid image distortions.
authors: Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology/Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors: Yasuo
authors: Y
authors: Okumura
authors: Susan B
authors: SB
authors: Johnson
authors: T Jared
authors: TJ
authors: Bunch
authors: Benhur D
authors: BD
authors: Henz
authors: Christine J
authors: CJ
authors: O'Brien
authors: Douglas L
authors: DL
authors: Packer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography; D004867:Equipment Design; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D011379:Prognosis