title: Cortical stimulation for the rehabilitation of patients with hemiparetic stroke: a multicenter feasibility study of safety and efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this prospective multicenter study the authors hypothesized that investigational epidural cortical stimulation (CS) delivered concurrently with rehabilitation therapy may enhance motor recovery following stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had suffered their index stroke >or= 4 months previously were randomized into 6 weeks of rehabilitation therapy with or without CS. Cortical stimulation, targeted by functional imaging, was delivered at approximately 50% of motor movement threshold. Primary outcome measures were Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer (UEFM [a measure of neurological and motor function]) and Arm Motor Ability Test (AMAT [a measure of activities of daily living]) scores. The primary study end point was 4 weeks following rehabilitation therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 patients, 12 per group, completed the treatment protocol. The mean interval since the patients' index stroke was 33 months (range 4-100 months). There were no deaths or cases of neurological deterioration; 1 acute postoperative seizure occurred unrelated to the device or treatment. Patients who underwent CS experienced improved hand/arm function more than control patients. The UEFM score improved 5.5 +/- 4.4 points in patients in the CS group compared with 1.9 +/- 4.4 points for controls (p = 0.03). A 3.5-point UEFM improvement is considered clinically meaningful. The AMAT scores for the CS group improved by 0.4 +/- 0.6 points, whereas the scores in the control group improved by 0.2 +/- 0.4 points (p = 0.2). A 0.21-point improvement in AMAT score is considered clinically meaningful. In the CS group, 67% of patients had clinically meaningful improvement in UEFM scores, compared with 25% of the control group (p = 0.05). Of patients in the CS group 50% had clinically meaningful improvement in UEFM as well as AMAT scores, compared with only 8% of those in the control group (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that subthreshold epidural CS is safe and effective during rehabilitation for recovery of arm and hand function following hemiparetic stroke. Further research in a larger cohort is needed to validate the therapeutic effect.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611-2926, USA. rml199@northwestern.edu
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Levy
authors: Sean
authors: S
authors: Ruland
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Weinand
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Lowry
authors: Rima
authors: R
authors: Dafer
authors: Roy
authors: R
authors: Bakay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology