title: An economic evaluation of atorvastatin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The CARDS trial, a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial, found that atorvastatin 10 mg/day for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol significantly reduced cardiovascular (CV) events, including stroke. We estimated the cost effectiveness of atorvastatin as primary prevention against CV disease from the short-term and lifetime US payer perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  We constructed a decision analytic (Markov) model to evaluate long-term costs and outcomes for atorvastatin 10 mg/day versus no HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes and no history of a CV event. CV event rates and survival were based on risk equations calibrated to CARDS and applied to a US type 2 diabetes population; the atorvastatin effect on CV events was based on hazard ratios from CARDS; direct medical care costs were based on US treatment patterns and published costs analyses of patients with diabetes. Costs were valued in $US, year 2005 values; costs and benefits were discounted at 3% per annum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the time horizon of the trial (5 years), the cost effectiveness of atorvastatin was $US137 276 per QALY. At 10 years, the incremental cost per QALY improved to $US3640 per QALY. At 25 years, overall costs were lower and QALYs higher in the atorvastatin arm. Costs of managing CV events were lower after 5 years for patients treated with atorvastatin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with type 2 diabetes and one additional risk factor for CV disease, normal LDL-cholesterol and no history of a CV event, primary prevention with atorvastatin appears to be cost saving and improve outcomes over 25 years, although it is costly from a short-term US payer perspective. From both a medical and an economic viewpoint, primary prevention is desirable in this patient population.
authors: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USAUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. sramsey@fhcrc.org
authors: Scott D
authors: SD
authors: Ramsey
authors: Lauren D
authors: LD
authors: Clarke
authors: Craig S
authors: CS
authors: Roberts
authors: Sean D
authors: SD
authors: Sullivan
authors: Scott J
authors: SJ
authors: Johnson
authors: Larry Z
authors: LZ
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000069059:Atorvastatin; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years
chemical_list: D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D000069059:Atorvastatin