title: Prenatal treatment with retinoic acid promotes pulmonary alveologenesis in the nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe pulmonary hypoplasia remains the main cause of the high mortality in newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Retinoids are a family of molecules derived from vitamin A, which play an important role in lung development. We hypothesized that retinoids promote alveologenesis at the end of gestation and therefore designed this study to investigate the effects of retinoid acid on nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lungs in CDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant rats were exposed to either olive oil or 100 mg nitrofen on day 9 of gestation. Retinoic acid 5 mg/kg was given intraperitoneally on days 18, 19, and 20 of gestation and fetuses were recovered on day 21. We had 4 study groups: control (n = 24), control + retinoic acid (n = 22), CDH (n = 24), and CDH + retinoic acid (n = 19). Lungs from the 4 study groups were fixed, and the following stereological measurements were performed on vertical random sections: total lung volume, volume density of airspaces, volume density of air walls, gas exchange surface area, alveolar volume, and total number of alveoli per lung. Total DNA content of each lung was measured using a spectrophotometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total lung volume increased in CDH lungs after the addition of retinoic acid but remained the same in the control group. Gas exchange surface area was larger in CDH lungs after the addition of retinoic acid but remained unchanged in the control group. The total number of alveoli per lung was higher after the addition of retinoic acid. Total DNA content as well as total DNA content-lung weight ratio of the left lung increased significantly in the CDH group after the addition of retinoic acid compared with CDH without retinoic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that prenatal treatment with retinoic acid stimulates alveologenesis in hypoplastic lungs in CDH.
authors: The Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Montedonico
authors: Kaoru
authors: K
authors: Sugimoto
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Felle
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Bannigan
authors: Prem
authors: P
authors: Puri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005325:Fetal Organ Maturity / Q000187:drug effects; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011336:Probability; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D015619:Respiratory System Abnormalities / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D014212:Tretinoin; C007350:nitrofen