title: Daily insulin requirement of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: effect of age, gender, body mass index and mode of therapy.
abstract: METHODS
  The purpose of this study was to generate insulin dose (ID) percentiles for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) having the opportunity to assess this important parameter in relation to age and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily IDs per weight (ID/kg) were recorded in 22,177 patients with DM1 (3-25 years of age, DM1 duration of more than 2 years, 48% female) and ID percentiles (ID-Perc) were created statistically. The ID-Perc were compared between male and female, and between multiple insulin injection therapy (MIT) and continuous s.c. insulin infusion (CSII). A multivariate regression analysis was performed for ID in the third year of DM1 with ID/kg, body weight, age, gender, and insulin delivery regimen as variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 50th ID-Perc (P50) varied among 0.67 IU/kg (age 3 years), 0.93 IU/kg (13 years), and 0.70 IU/kg (23 years) increasing from early childhood to adolescence and decreasing toward adulthood. Highest P50 ID was found at 12 years in females (0.94 IU/kg) and at 14 years in males (0.92 IU/kg). Using ICT, the ID was significantly higher compared with CSII (P50: 0.94 IU/kg versus 0.79 IU/kg at 13 years). In multivariate regression analysis, ID was significantly (P>0.001) associated with age, gender, and insulin delivery regime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ID-Perc were significantly different during various periods of childhood and were influenced by gender, body weight, and insulin injection regimes. Therefore, the presented data 1) provide evidence to interpret individual ID in children and adolescents with DM1 and 2) more specifically identify children with unusually high (insulin resistance and non-compliance) or low (MODY and persistent remission) insulin requirement.
authors: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité Children's Hospital, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. susanna.wiegand@charite.de
authors: Susanna
authors: S
authors: Wiegand
authors: Klemens
authors: K
authors: Raile
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Reinehr
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Hofer
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Näke
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Rabl
authors: Reinhard W
authors: RW
authors: Holl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D005260:Female; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin