title: The hedgehog pathway regulates remodelling responses to biliary obstruction in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic biliary obstruction provokes fibrosis and accumulation of immature ductular cells. This fibroductular reaction resolves following biliary decompression, suggesting that it may also be involved in the repair of biliary damage. The hedgehog (Hh) pathway becomes activated in liver after bile duct ligation (BDL), and might modulate hepatic remodelling because Hh ligands are potent morphogens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the induction of the Hh pathway during progression and resolution of biliary fibrosis, and to clarify whether Hh signalling regulates accumulation of bile duct progenitor cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Livers from rats with BDL were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry to identify factors that might stimulate Hh signalling. BDL rats were subjected to Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (R-Y) to relieve biliary obstruction in order to determine whether these factors and Hh signalling declined as ductular populations and concomitant fibrosis regressed. Cultures of immature ductular cells were treated with putative Hh inducers and Hh ligands to confirm their functional relevance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BDL increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and sonic hedgehog (Shh), downregulated hedgehog-interacting protein (Hip), activated Hh signalling, and expanded populations of Hh-responsive ductular cells that expressed pancyotkeratin, a liver progenitor cell marker. After R-Y, Hip remained suppressed, expression of PDGF-BB and Shh gradually declined, and populations of hedgehog-responsive ductular cells regressed. In cultured ductular cells, PDGF-BB treatment induced Shh expression, and incubation with Shh inhibited apoptotic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results identify a mechanism for activation of the Hh pathway during cholestasis and suggest that Hh signalling regulates ductular cell accumulation after biliary injury.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Omenetti
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Popov
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Jung
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Choi
authors: R P
authors: RP
authors: Witek
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Yang
authors: K D
authors: KD
authors: Brown
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Schuppan
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Diehl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D000077214:Becaplermin; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002780:Cholestasis, Intrahepatic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005355:Fibrosis; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D000077214:Becaplermin