title: Carbon ion radiation therapy for primary renal cell carcinoma: initial clinical experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known as a radioresistant tumor, and there are few reports on radiotherapy for primary RCC. We evaluated the efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for patients with RCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for patients with RCC who received CIRT were analyzed. A median total dose of 72 GyE (gray equivalents) in 16 fractions was administered without any additional treatment. Clinical stage was determined based on TNM classification by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC). Local recurrence was defined as definite tumor regrowth after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data for 10 patients were included in the analyses, including 7 patients with Stage I and 3 patients with Stage IV (T4NxM0 or TxN2M0) disease. The median maximum diameter of the tumor was 43 mm (24-120 mm). The median follow-up for surviving patients was 57.5 months (9-111 months). The 5-year local control rate, progression-free survival rate, cause-specific survival rate, and overall survival rates were 100%, 100%, 100%, and 74%, respectively. Interestingly, treated tumors showed very slow shrinkage, and the tumor in 1 case has been shrinking for 9 years. One patient with muscular invasion (T4 tumor) developed Grade 4 skin toxicity, but no other toxicity greater than Grade 2 was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is one of the few reports on curative radiotherapy for primary RCC. The response of the tumor to treatment was uncommon. However despite inclusion of T4 and massive tumors, favorable local controllability has been shown. The results indicate the possibility of radical CIRT, as well as surgery, for RCC.
authors: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Chiba, Japan.
authors: Takuma
authors: T
authors: Nomiya
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Tsuji
authors: Naoki
authors: N
authors: Hirasawa
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Kato
authors: Tadashi
authors: T
authors: Kamada
authors: Junetsu
authors: J
authors: Mizoe
authors: Hirohisa
authors: H
authors: Kishi
authors: Koichi
authors: K
authors: Kamura
authors: Hitoshi
authors: H
authors: Wada
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Nemoto
authors: Hirohiko
authors: H
authors: Tsujii
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes