title: Examining the nutritional quality of breakfast cereals marketed to children.
abstract: There are both public health and food industry initiatives aimed at increasing breakfast consumption among children, particularly the consumption of ready-to-eat cereals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were identifiable differences in nutritional quality between cereals that are primarily marketed to children and cereals that are not marketed to children. Of the 161 cereals identified between January and February 2006, 46% were classified as being marketed to children (eg, packaging contained a licensed character or contained an activity directed at children). Multivariate analyses of variance were used to compare children's cereals and nonchildren's cereals with respect to their nutritional content, focusing on nutrients required to be reported on the Nutrition Facts panel (including energy). Compared to nonchildren's cereals, children's cereals were denser in energy, sugar, and sodium, but were less dense in fiber and protein. The proportion of children's and nonchildren's cereals that did and did not meet national nutritional guidelines for foods served in schools were compared using chi2analysis. The majority of children's cereals (66%) failed to meet national nutrition standards, particularly with respect to sugar content. t tests were used to compare the nutritional quality of children's cereals with nutrient-content claims and health claims to those without such claims. Although the specific claims were generally justified by the nutritional content of the product, there were few differences with respect to the overall nutrition profile. Overall, there were important differences in nutritional quality between children's cereals and nonchildren's cereals. Dietary advice for children to increase consumption of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals should identify and recommend those cereals with the best nutrient profiles.
authors: Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8369, USA. marlene.schwartz@yale.edu
authors: Marlene B
authors: MB
authors: Schwartz
authors: Lenny R
authors: LR
authors: Vartanian
authors: Christopher M
authors: CM
authors: Wharton
authors: Kelly D
authors: KD
authors: Brownell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000592:standards*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D012982:Sodium, Dietary