title: Occlusion of the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt: unique methods of treatment and review of catheter-based intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report unique methods of treatment and review catheter-based intervention for occluded modified Blalock-Taussig shunts (BTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case reports and articles involving children undergoing catheter-based treatment for occluded modified BTS were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Literature review detailed 38 patients in whom occluded modified BTS were treated with 39 catheter-based interventions. Thrombolytics alone were delivered by catheter in 13 cases. Balloon angioplasty was performed in 23 cases, 5 with stent implantation. Both thrombolytic delivery and angioplasty were performed in 3 cases, 2 with stent implantation. Intervention was initially successful at re-establishing modified BTS patency in 35/39 (90%) of cases. Patency could not be established in 2 patients who then proceeded to the operating for surgical shunt revision. Two deaths occurred during the procedures. Three cases at Emory University demonstrate uncommon or unique instances of catheter-based intervention: (1) declotting of a shunt in a patient supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); (2) declotting of a shunt via a right axillary arterial approach; and (3) declotting of a shunt using a carotid arterial (ECMO) cannula for percutaneous access.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of catheter-based techniques for the treatment of BTS occlusion is highly successful, and potentially avoids high-risk re-operative intervention. ECMO can provide for a stable patient during the procedure. Hopefully, with improved technology and innovative procedures, more children in the future with BTS occlusion can be served by successful percutaneous intervention.
authors: Emory University-Cardiothoracic Surgery, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Kogon
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Villari
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Shah
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Kirshbom
authors: Kirk
authors: K
authors: Kanter
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Kim
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Raviele
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Vincent
mesh_terms: D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002404:Catheterization; D005260:Female; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000601:surgery*; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000601:surgery*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*