title: Epidemiology of alcohol-related liver and pancreatic disease in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemiology of acute alcoholic pancreatitis (AP), chronic alcoholic pancreatitis (CP), acute alcoholic hepatitis (AH), and chronic alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis (CH) alone or in combination is not well described. To better understand alcohol-related liver and pancreas effects on and associations with different ethnic groups and sexes, we analyzed the trends of AP, CP, AH, CH, AP plus AH, and CP plus CH in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined discharge records from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest representative sample of US hospitals. Hospital discharges, case-fatality, and sex and race contributions were calculated from patients with discharge diagnoses of AP, CP, AH, CH, AP plus AH, or CP plus CH between 1988 and 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of overall hospital discharges per 100 000 persons between 1988 and 2004 was as follows: AP, 49.2; CP, 8.1; AH, 4.5; and CH, 13.7. Overall hospital discharges per 100 000 persons for AP plus AH were 1.8; and for CP plus CH, 0.32. There were higher male to female ratios for AH and CH, and less so for AP and CP. A markedly higher frequency of AP (63.5) and CP (11.3) was seen among blacks than among whites (AP, 29.6 and CP, 5.1), Hispanics (AP, 27.1 and CP, 3.7), Asians (AP, 12.8 and CP, 1.4), and American Indians (AP, 15.5 and CP, 2.3). This higher frequency remained stable between 1994 and 2004. Overall case fatality steadily decreased in all categories, but remains highest in CH (13.6%) with similar racial distributions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the United States, AP is the most common discharge diagnosis among alcohol-related liver or pancreas complications, while CH has the highest case fatality rate and male to female ratio. Blacks have the highest frequency of alcohol-related pancreatic disease.
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University, 3801 Miranda Ave 154J, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors: Alice L
authors: AL
authors: Yang
authors: Shweta
authors: S
authors: Vadhavkar
authors: Gurkirpal
authors: G
authors: Singh
authors: M Bishr
authors: MB
authors: Omary
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019512:Pancreatitis, Alcoholic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology