Review of the etiology of breast cancer with special attention to organochlorines as potential endocrine disruptors.
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among Canadian women, accounting for about 30% of all new cancer cases each year. Although the incidence of breast cancer has increased over the past 50 years, the cause of this rise is unknown. Risk factors for breast cancer may be classified into four broad categories: (1) genetic/familial, (2) reproductive/hormonal, (3) lifestyle, and (4) environmental. Established risk factors for breast cancer include older age, later age at first full-term pregnancy, no full-term pregnancies, postmenopausal obesity, and genetic factors. However, these known risk factors cannot account for the majority of cases. In the early 1990s, it was suggested that exposure to some environmental chemicals such as organochlorine compounds may play a causal role in the etiology of breast cancer through estrogen-related pathways. The relationship between organochlorines and breast cancer risk has been studied extensively in the past decade and more, and at this point there is no clear evidence to support a causal role of most organochlorine pesticides in the etiology of human breast cancer, but more evidence is needed to assess risk associated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Future studies need to consider the combined effects of exposures, concentrate on vulnerable groups such as those with higher levels of exposure, only consider exposures occurring during the most etiologically relevant time periods, and more thoroughly consider gene-environment interactions.
Salehi
Fariba
F
McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
Turner
Michelle C
MC
Phillips
Karen P
KP
Wigle
Donald T
DT
Krewski
Daniel
D
Aronson
Kristan J
KJ
D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics; D002170:Canada; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000009:adverse effects; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008019:Life Style; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated