title: The feasibility of prostate cancer detection by triple spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the feasibility of ex situ prostate cancer detection by triple spectroscopy. A positive surgical margin following radical prostatectomy is an adverse factor for recurrence-free survival. Detection of residual cancer cells in vivo would be the most useful, allowing the resection of such tissue during the procedure. Aside from the use of frozen sections, the ability to detect positive surgical margins is limited. Laser-induced autofluorescence, white-light remission, and high-frequency impedance spectroscopy are methods that allow discrimination of tissues of different dignities based on their specific signature. We tested whether the combination of these techniques can differentiate malignant and benign prostate tissue ex vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  In preparation for future in vivo measurements, an ex vivo study was performed to detect characteristics of prostate tissue. Ninety-five tissue samples from 32 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer were taken immediately after removal of the prostate and stored in liquid nitrogen. Tissue samples were thawed for laser-induced autofluorescence, white-light remission, and high-frequency impedance spectroscopy. Based on these results, a computerized algorithm was developed for tissue differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The statistical analysis of laser-induced autofluorescence and white-light remission data demonstrated a differentiation of benign and malignant prostate tissue with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 87.3%. By adding the acquired high-frequency impedance data to the statistical analysis, sensitivity and specificity were increased to 93.8% and 92.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A highly accurate differentiation of prostate tissue was achieved in an ex vivo model. In vivo studies need to be performed to evaluate whether this technique can be successful in an intraoperative setting to detect positive surgical margins.
authors: Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. gsalomon@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Salomon
authors: Thorsten
authors: T
authors: Hess
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Erbersdobler
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Eichelberg
authors: Siegfried
authors: S
authors: Greschner
authors: Andrey N
authors: AN
authors: Sobchuk
authors: Anna K
authors: AK
authors: Korolik
authors: Nicolai A
authors: NA
authors: Nemkovich
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Schreiber
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Herms
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Graefen
authors: Hartwig
authors: H
authors: Huland
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*