title: Using particle imaging velocimetry to measure anterior-posterior velocity gradients in the excised canine larynx model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the anterior-posterior velocity gradient, we studied the velocity flow fields above the vocal folds in both the midcoronal and midsagittal planes. It was also our purpose to use these fields to deduce the mechanisms that cause the anterior-posterior gradient and to determine whether the vortical structures are highly 3-dimensional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the particle imaging velocimetry method for 5 excised canine larynges, we obtained phase-averaged velocity fields in the midcoronal and midsagittal planes for 30 phases of phonation. The velocity fields were determined synchronously with the vocal fold motion recorded by high-speed videography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that immediately above the folds, there is no significant anterior-posterior velocity gradient. However, as the flow travels downstream, the laryngeal jet tends to narrow in width and skew toward the anterior commissure. Vortices are seen at the anterior and posterior edges of the flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The downstream narrowing in the midsagittal plane is consistent with and is probably due to a phenomenon known as axis switching. Axis switching also involves vortices in the sagittal and coronal planes bending in the axial plane. This results in highly 3-dimensional, complex vortical structures. However, there is remarkable cyclic repeatability of these vortices during a phonation cycle.
authors: Dept of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert B. Sabin Way, ML #0528, Cincinnati, OH 42567-0528, USA.
authors: Sid
authors: S
authors: Khosla
authors: Shanmugam
authors: S
authors: Murugappan
authors: Raghavaraju
authors: R
authors: Lakhamraju
authors: Ephraim
authors: E
authors: Gutmark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D004285:Dogs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000502:physiology*