The qualitative content analysis process.
OBJECTIVE
This paper is a description of inductive and deductive content analysis.


BACKGROUND
Content analysis is a method that may be used with either qualitative or quantitative data and in an inductive or deductive way. Qualitative content analysis is commonly used in nursing studies but little has been published on the analysis process and many research books generally only provide a short description of this method.


CONCLUSIONS
When using content analysis, the aim was to build a model to describe the phenomenon in a conceptual form. Both inductive and deductive analysis processes are represented as three main phases: preparation, organizing and reporting. The preparation phase is similar in both approaches. The concepts are derived from the data in inductive content analysis. Deductive content analysis is used when the structure of analysis is operationalized on the basis of previous knowledge.


CONCLUSIONS
Inductive content analysis is used in cases where there are no previous studies dealing with the phenomenon or when it is fragmented. A deductive approach is useful if the general aim was to test a previous theory in a different situation or to compare categories at different time periods.
Elo
Satu
S
Department of Nursing and Health Administration, University of Oulu, Finland. satu.elo@oulu.fi
Kyngäs
Helvi
H
D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D015203:Reproducibility of Results