title: Full-motion two- and three-dimensional pulmonary vein imaging by intracardiac echocardiography after pulmonary vein isolation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pulmonary veins (PVs) are topographically complex and motile, so angiographic visualization of the PVs anatomy is limited. An imaging technique that accurately portrays the pulmonary vein (PV) anatomy would be valuable during and after catheter ablation procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether three-dimensional (3D) intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) can visualize radiofrequency (RF)-induced tissue changes after PV isolation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed 3D ICE studies with a 9F, 9-MHz ICE catheter after segmental or extended PV isolation. The ICE catheter was placed 3-4 cm inside the PV ostium and mounted onto a pullback device. Sequential two-dimensional (2D) images of the full length of the vein were obtained in 0.3 mm steps with cardiac and respiratory cycle gating. Each image was fed into a computer, and the aggregate data set was reconstructed into a 3D, full-motion image. RF lesion location and lesion size were studied on 67 pullback images from 29 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2D and 3D reconstruction was possible for 27 left superior PVs, 13 left inferior PVs, 26 right superior PVs, and one right inferior PV. The ablation site was identified 3-7 mm inside the PV ostium, and a 1/2 - 4/5 circumferential area was ablated with no clinically relevant stenosis. No significant differences were found on the ablated area or ablation site between segmental and extensive PV isolation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2D and 3D ICE of the PVs provides detailed anatomical information of the proximal PVs, and RF-induced tissue changes in the PV wall can be visualized by ICE.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Yasuo
authors: Y
authors: Okumura
authors: Ichiro
authors: I
authors: Watanabe
authors: Kimie
authors: K
authors: Ohkubo
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Yamada
authors: Kazunori
authors: K
authors: Kawauchi
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Takagi
authors: Sonoko
authors: S
authors: Ashino
authors: Masayoshi
authors: M
authors: Kofune
authors: Tatsuya
authors: T
authors: Kofune
authors: Kenichi
authors: K
authors: Hashimoto
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Shindo
authors: Hidezou
authors: H
authors: Sugimura
authors: Toshiko
authors: T
authors: Nakai
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Kunimoto
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Saito
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Hirayama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009038:Motion; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*