title: Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In addition to trauma exposure, other factors contribute to risk for development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. Both genetic and environmental factors are contributory, with child abuse providing significant risk liability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To increase understanding of genetic and environmental risk factors as well as their interaction in the development of PTSD by gene x environment interactions of child abuse, level of non-child abuse trauma exposure, and genetic polymorphisms at the stress-related gene FKBP5.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study examining genetic and psychological risk factors in 900 nonpsychiatric clinic patients (762 included for all genotype studies) with significant levels of childhood abuse as well as non-child abuse trauma using a verbally presented survey combined with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. Participants were primarily urban, low-income, black (>95%) men and women seeking care in the general medical care and obstetrics-gynecology clinics of an urban public hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, between 2005 and 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Severity of adult PTSD symptomatology, measured with the modified PTSD Symptom Scale, non-child abuse (primarily adult) trauma exposure and child abuse measured using the traumatic events inventory and 8 SNPs spanning the FKBP5 locus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Level of child abuse and non-child abuse trauma each separately predicted level of adult PTSD symptomatology (mean [SD], PTSD Symptom Scale for no child abuse, 8.03 [10.48] vs > or =2 types of abuse, 20.93 [14.32]; and for no non-child abuse trauma, 3.58 [6.27] vs > or =4 types, 16.74 [12.90]; P < .001). Although FKBP5 SNPs did not directly predict PTSD symptom outcome or interact with level of non-child abuse trauma to predict PTSD symptom severity, 4 SNPs in the FKBP5 locus significantly interacted (rs9296158, rs3800373, rs1360780, and rs9470080; minimum P = .0004) with the severity of child abuse to predict level of adult PTSD symptoms after correcting for multiple testing. This gene x environment interaction remained significant when controlling for depression severity scores, age, sex, levels of non-child abuse trauma exposure, and genetic ancestry. This genetic interaction was also paralleled by FKBP5 genotype-dependent and PTSD-dependent effects on glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity, measured by the dexamethasone suppression test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four SNPs of the FKBP5 gene interacted with severity of child abuse as a predictor of adult PTSD symptoms. There were no main effects of the SNPs on PTSD symptoms and no significant genetic interactions with level of non-child abuse trauma as predictor of adult PTSD symptoms, suggesting a potential gene-childhood environment interaction for adult PTSD.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
authors: Elisabeth B
authors: EB
authors: Binder
authors: Rebekah G
authors: RG
authors: Bradley
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Epstein
authors: Todd C
authors: TC
authors: Deveau
authors: Kristina B
authors: KB
authors: Mercer
authors: Yilang
authors: Y
authors: Tang
authors: Charles F
authors: CF
authors: Gillespie
authors: Christine M
authors: CM
authors: Heim
authors: Charles B
authors: CB
authors: Nemeroff
authors: Ann C
authors: AC
authors: Schwartz
authors: Joseph F
authors: JF
authors: Cubells
authors: Kerry J
authors: KJ
authors: Ressler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011203:Poverty; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014505:Urban Population; D000099159:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 5
chemical_list: D003907:Dexamethasone; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins; D000099159:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 5