title: Ethnic variation in timing of hospice referral: does having no informal caregiver matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The length of hospice stay, as an indicator of timing of hospice referral, is an important outcome to examine in end-of-life care because it is relevant to the quality and cost efficiency of end-of-life care that patients receive. Although the majority receives nonmedical care from informal caregivers, many elderly hospice users rely on paid caregivers or staff of residential facilities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether availability of informal primary caregiver interact with ethnicity to affect length of hospice stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 3024 hospice patients aged 65 and older discharged between 1997 and 2000 was extracted from the National Center for Health Statistics' National Home and Hospice Care Survey (NHHCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Length of hospice stay prior to death or discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival analysis revealed that among patients with formal caregivers, minority patients were likely to have significantly shorter hospice stays than non-Hispanic whites. There were no significant ethnic differences in length of stay among patients with informal caregivers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that ethnic differences in length of stay should be discussed in terms of type of caregiver, not just type of setting, since patients in residential facilities can have informal primary caregivers who are vigilant advocates for their dying relatives. We discuss possible reasons for the influence of having formal caregivers on length of stay of minority elders.
authors: Department of Health Administration, Governors State University, University Park, Illinois 60466, USA. k-chung@govst.edu
authors: Kyusuk
authors: K
authors: Chung
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Essex
authors: Linda F
authors: LF
authors: Samson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006699:Home Care Services; D006738:Hospices; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013727:Terminal Care; D013997:Time Factors