title: VSL#3 probiotic upregulates intestinal mucosal alkaline sphingomyelinase and reduces inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alkaline sphingomyelinase, an enzyme found exclusively in bile and the intestinal brush border, hydrolyzes sphingomyelin into ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate, thereby inducing epithelial apoptosis. Reduced levels of alkaline sphingomyelinase have been found in premalignant and malignant intestinal epithelia and in ulcerative colitis tissue. Probiotic bacteria can be a source of sphingomyelinase.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of VSL#3 probiotic therapy on mucosal levels of alkaline sphingomyelinase, both in a mouse model of colitis and in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interleukin-10 gene-deficient (IL10KO) and wild type control mice were treated with VSL#3 (10(9) colony-forming units per day) for three weeks, after which alkaline sphingomyelinase activity was measured in ileal and colonic tissue. As well, 15 patients with ulcerative colitis were treated with VSL#3 (900 billion bacteria two times per day for five weeks). Alkaline sphingomyelinase activity was measured through biopsies and comparison of ulcerative colitis disease activity index scores obtained before and after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lowered alkaline sphingomyelinase levels were seen in the colon (P=0.02) and ileum (P=0.04) of IL10KO mice, as compared with controls. Treatment of these mice with VSL#3 resulted in upregulation of mucosal alkaline sphingomyelinase activity in both the colon (P=0.04) and the ileum (P=0.01). VSL#3 treatment of human patients who had ulcerative colitis decreased mean (+/- SEM) ulcerative colitis disease activity index scores from 5.3+/-1.8946 to 0.70+/-0.34 (P=0.02) and increased mucosal alkaline sphingomyelinase activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mucosal alkaline sphingomyelinase activity is reduced in the intestine of IL10KO mice with colitis and in humans with ulcerative colitis. VSL#3 probiotic therapy upregulates mucosal alkaline sphingomyelinase activity.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Soo
authors: K L
authors: KL
authors: Madsen
authors: Q
authors: Q
authors: Tejpar
authors: B C
authors: BC
authors: Sydora
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Sherbaniuk
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Cinque
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Di Marzio
authors: M Grazia
authors: MG
authors: Cifone
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Desimone
authors: R N
authors: RN
authors: Fedorak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D003106:Colon / Q000201:enzymology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000201:enzymology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008875:Middle Aged; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase