title: Regional anesthesia for upper extremity surgery--our experience.
abstract: Brachial plexus block using axillary approach is a simple and safe method of regional anesthesia often used for elbow, forearm and hand surgery. Different techniques can be used to achieve brachial plexus block. On using perivascular approach to brachial plexus, we neither searched for paresthesia nor used nerve stimulator to identify the correct needle position within the neurovascular sheet. Axillary artery was palpated and a mixture of local anesthetic agents was injected into the neurovascular sheet above and below axillary artery at the site of strongest artery pulsation. The local anesthetic solution comprised equal volumes of lidocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.5% without adrenaline, in a total volume of 30-40 mL, depending on body mass. This technique is used in more than 150 patients per year at our department. In the present study, 158 patients undergoing upper extremity surgery under brachial plexus block were retrospectively assessed. Successful anesthesia was achieved in 135 (85.0%) patients using brachial plexus block alone, 19 (12.5%) patients required additional medication, two patients required supplementation with intravenous regional anesthesia, and another two patients required general anesthesia. The incidence of successful blocks, latency time of onset, local and systemic complications or allergic skin reactions were investigated. There were no significant complications attributed to the anesthetic technique.
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery Zagreb University Hospital Center and School of Medicine, Salata 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. ortopedija@yahoo.com
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Smigovec
authors: Branko
authors: B
authors: Tripković
authors: Melita
authors: M
authors: Sulentić
authors: Igor
authors: I
authors: Smigovec
authors: Dinko
authors: D
authors: Milavec
authors: Zrinka
authors: Z
authors: Bukvić Mokos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001365:Axilla / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine