title: The spatial characteristics of the painful thermal grill illusion.
abstract: Interlaced cold and warm stimuli may induce a paradoxical burning sensation termed the "thermal grill illusion". Studies on the grill illusion have yielded contradictory results regarding its quality and intensity, which in turn led to controversies concerning the underlying mechanism. Some controversies may result from testing the illusion with absolute temperatures thereby disregarding inter-subjects' variation in temperature sensitivity. Therefore, our aim was to measure the individual threshold of the painful grill illusion (PGI). Another aim was to measure, here for the first time, the spatial boundaries of the PGI by spatially separating between the cooling and warming stimuli. Subjects (10 males, 15 females) underwent measurements of heat-pain (HPT) and cold-pain thresholds (CPT) with 9 and 18 cm(2) stimulating probes, on the forearm. Subjects also underwent measurement of pain threshold (PT), with one cooling and one heating probe (9 cm(2) each) activated simultaneously, and separated by 0-30 cm (distances encompassing one or two dermatomes). Simultaneous cold and warm stimuli produced burning pain at all separation distances. PT (approximately 26 and 38 degrees C) was significantly lower than CPT and HPT, respectively, and was relatively fixed across all distances except for 30 cm at which PT increased towards CPT and HPT values. Gender did not affect the PGI. In conclusion, innocuous cold and warm stimuli can spatially summate, both within and between dermatomes and evoke a PGI. Possibly, non-nociceptive channels integrate onto 2nd or 3rd order nociceptive neurons which in turn induce a unique painful burning resulting from the blend of cold and warm sensations.
authors: Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Center for Motor-Sensory Integration, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Defrin
authors: Anat
authors: A
authors: Benstein-Sheraizin
authors: Adva
authors: A
authors: Bezalel
authors: Ofira
authors: O
authors: Mantzur
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Arendt-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology