title: Inflammatory factor profiles one hour following vocal fold injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory factors are key mediators of wound healing processes following injury, and their modulation may improve healing outcomes. The objective of this study was to characterize in vivo inflammatory factor and extracellular matrix (ECM) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels 1 hour after vocal fold injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to bilateral vocal fold injury, 5 rats were reserved as uninjured controls, and 1 rat was subjected to unilateral vocal fold injury and reserved for histology. Tissue was harvested 1 hour after injury. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to examine the mRNA expression profiles of inflammatory factors nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kappabeta), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), transforming growth factor beta isoform 1 (TGF-beta1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), as well as ECM genes hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) 1, HAS-2, procollagen 1, procollagen 3, and elastin, in the injured samples compared with the uninjured controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injury resulted in subepithelial bleeding throughout the vocal fold. The COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and HAS-1 mRNA expression levels were significantly up-regulated 1 hour after injury compared with the uninjured controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammatory factor and ECM gene expression changes occur in vocal fold wound sites as early as 1 hour after injury. These results should inform future efforts to attenuate vocal fold scarring via the modulation of inflammatory factors.
authors: Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors: Nathan V
authors: NV
authors: Welham
authors: Xinhong
authors: X
authors: Lim
authors: Ichiro
authors: I
authors: Tateya
authors: Diane M
authors: DM
authors: Bless
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000293:injuries*
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D012333:RNA, Messenger