title: Congenital anomalies and early functional impairments in a prospective birth cohort: risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder in adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adversities operating over intrauterine life have been associated with risk of schizophrenia, but the biology of resultant developmental perturbation is poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of congenital anomalies and related functional impairments in infancy to risk of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Congenital Anomalies data-set from the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia birth cohort, congenital anomalies and related functional impairments were categorised and related to subsequent risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of any hypothesis-based congenital anomaly or related functional impairment was associated with a doubling of risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. In contrast, having any other congenital anomaly or related functional impairment was not associated with risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings constitute evidence for early events, which may result from both genetic predisposition and environmental insults, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
authors: Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. jwadding@rcsi.ie
authors: John L
authors: JL
authors: Waddington
authors: Alan S
authors: AS
authors: Brown
authors: Abbie
authors: A
authors: Lane
authors: Catherine A
authors: CA
authors: Schaefer
authors: Raymond R
authors: RR
authors: Goetz
authors: Michaeline
authors: M
authors: Bresnahan
authors: Ezra S
authors: ES
authors: Susser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000196:embryology / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors