title: Appetitive and aversive classical conditioning of female sexual response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is only limited evidence for appetitive classical conditioning of female sexual response, and to date modulation of female sexual response by aversive conditioning has not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to study appetitive and aversive classical conditioning of sexual responses in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaginal pulse amplitude was assessed by vaginal photoplethysmography and ratings of affective value were obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two differential conditioning experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, on appetitive conditioning, neutral pictures served as conditional stimuli (CSs) and genital vibrotactile stimulation as the unconditional stimulus (US). In Experiment 2, on aversive conditioning, erotic pictures served as CSs and a pain stimulus as US. In both experiments, only one CS (the CS+) was followed by the US during the acquisition phase. Conditioned responses were assessed during the extinction phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Experiment 1, during the extinction phase, as expected vaginal pulse amplitude was higher in response to the CS+ than during the CS-. Also, the CS+ was rated as marginally more positive than the CS-. In Experiment 2, during the extinction phase, as expected vaginal pulse amplitude was lower in response to the CS+ than during the CS-, and the CS+ was rated as more negative than the CS-.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide evidence for appetitive classical conditioning of sexual response in women, and are the first to show attenuation of sexual response in women by aversive conditioning.
authors: Department of Psychosomatic Gynaecology and Sexology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. s.both@lumc.nl
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Both
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Laan
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Spiering
authors: Tove
authors: T
authors: Nilsson
authors: Sanne
authors: S
authors: Oomens
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Everaerd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001066:Appetite; D001143:Arousal; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007989:Libido; D017156:Photoplethysmography; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014621:Vagina / Q000098:blood supply*