title: Ventriculogallbladder shunts in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors report a clinical protocol for the application of ventriculogallbladder (VGB) shunts in children who may be unable to maintain or receive ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients underwent placement of VGB shunts as an alternative to VP shunt therapy for the following reasons: malfunction of the VP shunt due to suspected failure of the peritoneum to absorb cerebrospinal fluid (17 cases) and multiple intraabdominal general surgical procedures (1 case). The patients ranged in age from 4 months to 17 years (mean 6.5 +/- 6.1 years [standard deviation {SD}]). All patients underwent preoperative imaging of the gall-bladder either by ultrasonography or computed tomography scanning. A team consisting of a pediatric neurological surgeon and a pediatric general surgeon performed all operative procedures. The procedures were conducted by open laparotomy to precisely place the appropriate length of distal catheter and to anchor it to the gallbladder wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 2 early shunt malfunctions, both obstructions due to "sludge" (1 in the biliary duct and 1 in the common bile duct). A late-onset (5-year) malfunction occurred secondary to gallbladder stones. In all 3 cases of malfunction, the devices were successfully converted to VP shunts. In 1 patient a conversion to a VP shunt was chosen following a general surgical intervention. There were 2 shunt infections (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Haemophilus influenzae). These were successfully treated. Two patients underwent conversion to a VGB shunt on 2 occasions. Thirteen patients had functional VGB shunts at the time of their last follow-up assessment. The follow-up for these 13 patients ranged from 1 to 8 years (mean 2.1 +/- 2.0 years [SD]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ventriculogallbladder shunts may be considered for the treatment of hydrocephalus in children when the peritoneal cavity cannot be used as a distal terminus.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida Health Science Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
authors: Philipp R
authors: PR
authors: Aldana
authors: Hector E
authors: HE
authors: James
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Postlethwait
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D014463:Ultrasonography; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000379:methods*