title: Rebound tonometry in conscious, conditioned mice avoids the acute and profound effects of anesthesia on intraocular pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to evaluate the accuracy, repeatability, and safety of multiple intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements by a commercially available rebound tonometer in conscious, conditioned mice, and to characterize the acute and profound effects of anesthesia on IOP in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the accuracy of the tonometer, IOPs of CD-1 mice under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia were experimentally set and monitored with a water manometer/transducer system following transcorneal cannulation while simultaneously performing tonometry. The long- and short-term repeatability of the tonometer was tested in conscious, restrained mice, as measurements were taken once-daily in the afternoon for 4 consecutive days. On day 5, IOPs were measured in the same mice once every 4 min for 32 min. On 2 separate days, mice were administered ketamine/xylazine or 2,2,2-tribromoethanol anesthesia, in a crossover design, and IOPs were measured once every 2 min for 32 min. Rebound tonometry was performed in conscious mice before and 1 hour after 1 drop of timolol maleate (10 microL of 0.5%) application to 1 eye.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IOP measurements by rebound tonometry correlated well with manometry for pressures between 8 and 38 mmHg (y = 0.98x - 0.32, R(2) = 0.94; P < 0.001). The average tonometric IOP was invariant over 4 days (range, 11.7-13.2 mmHg). IOPs dropped significantly ( P < or = 0.05) within 6 min (ketamine/xylazine) or 10 min (2,2,2-tribromoethanol) postadministration of anesthesia but not with conscious restraint. Timolol significantly (P < 0.001) lowered IOP from 12.8 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- standard error of the mean) to 10.1 +/- 0.6 mmHg, as measured by the tonometer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rebound tonometry can be used to obtain accurate IOP measurements in conscious, restrained mice while avoiding the rapid and profound ocular hypotensive effects of general anesthesia. Small changes in IOP with an aqueous-flow suppressant are readily detectable with conscious restraint that may be missed with chemical restraint.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5840, USA.
authors: Thomas V
authors: TV
authors: Johnson
authors: Shan
authors: S
authors: Fan
authors: Carol B
authors: CB
authors: Toris
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015814:Ocular Hypotension / Q000517:prevention & control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D013999:Timolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000379:methods*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; C062527:tribromoethanol; D014991:Xylazine; D000431:Ethanol; D007649:Ketamine; D013999:Timolol