title: Freedom from neoaortic insufficiency: a comparison of classic Norwood and Norwood-Sano procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence of neoaortic insufficiency in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome treated with the Norwood-Sano palliation and to compare it with that occurring after the classic Norwood procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective review of all echocardiograms of patients diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (concomitant presence of left ventricular and aortic and mitral severe hypoplasia or atresia) who underwent staged palliation of the Norwood or Norwood-Sano type at a single academic institution between September 1999 and February 2005 and who survived a minimum of 3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neoaortic insufficiency was categorized as absent or mild <1 mm jet width, moderate 1-3 mm jet width, or severe >3 mm jet width. The patients were grouped according to initial palliation, that is, classic Norwood and Norwood-Sano operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-nine consecutive patients (median age of 20 months with a range from 3 to 66 months) satisfied inclusion criteria. Neoaortic insufficiency was absent or mild in 55 of 59 (93.22%) of the patients. There were 4 cases of significant neoaortic insufficiency at late follow-up: 2 moderate following the classic Norwood and 1 moderate and 1 severe following the Norwood-Sano procedure, one of whom required valve replacement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the Sano modification was not associated with an increased incidence of significant neoaortic insufficiency. When present, moderate/severe neoaortic insufficiency appeared late after initial palliation and was associated with recurrent ascending aortic or aortic arch pathology in every case.
authors: Division of Cardiac Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga, USA.
authors: Sorin V
authors: SV
authors: Pusca
authors: Kirk R
authors: KR
authors: Kanter
authors: Paul M
authors: PM
authors: Kirshbom
authors: Brian E
authors: BE
authors: Kogon
authors: Martha L
authors: ML
authors: Clabby
authors: William T
authors: WT
authors: Mahle
authors: Derek A
authors: DA
authors: Fyfe
mesh_terms: D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome