title: In vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a purified saponin fraction derived from the root of Ilex pubescens.
abstract: The root of Ilex pubescens (Mao-Dong-Qing in Chinese, MDQ) has been commonly used for treatment of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases in the Chinese medical system. The current studies aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects as well as the underlying mechanisms of a purified saponin fraction (PSF) derived from MDQ. PSF was found to significantly suppress the paw edema of rats induced by histamine given intraperitoneally at dosages ranging from 12.5-100 mg/kg. Meanwhile, PSF given orally at dosages of 200 and 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing response of mice and prolonged the time required for mouse tail flick after exposure to a source of radiant heat. The mechanistic studies showed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in carrageenan-injected paw tissues of rats was markedly attenuated by intraperitoneal injection of PSF at dosages of 12.5 to 100 mg/kg. PSF could also markedly inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, but enhance production of anti-inflammatory cytokines of IL-4 and IL-10 in the carrageenan-injected paw tissues in rats. These effects resulted in an overall attenuation of the ratio of proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines and, ultimately suppression of the paw edema. In conclusion, the current study has demonstrated the in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of PSF, and suggested that the molecular mechanisms might be associated with inhibition of the elevated expression of COX-2 protein and the overproduction of the proinflammatory cytokines, as well as augmentation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in the carrageenan-injected paw tissues of rats.
authors: School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
authors: Jing-Rong
authors: JR
authors: Wang
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Zhou
authors: Zhi-Hong
authors: ZH
authors: Jiang
authors: Yuen Fan
authors: YF
authors: Wong
authors: Liang
authors: L
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002351:Carrageenan; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D030017:Ilex / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D012503:Saponins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D012503:Saponins; D002351:Carrageenan; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D019342:Acetic Acid