title: The renin-angiotensin system is upregulated in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy related to mesial temporal sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As reported by several authors, angiotensin II (AngII) is a proinflammatory molecule that stimulates the release of inflammatory cytokines and activates nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), being also associated with the increase of cellular oxidative stress. Its production depends on the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that hydrolyzes the inactive precursor angiotensin I (AngI) into AngII. It has been suggested that AngII underlies the physiopathological mechanisms of several brain disorders such as stroke, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and disease. The aim of the present work was to localize and quantify AngII AT1 and AT2 receptors in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy related to mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) submitted to corticoamygdalohippocampectomy for seizure control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR techniques were employed to analyze the expression of these receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed an upregulation of AngII AT1 receptor as well as its messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with MTS. In addition, an increased immunoexpression of AngII AT2 receptors was found only in the hippocampus of these patients with no changes in its mRNA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show, for the first time, changes in components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that could be implicated in the physiopathology of MTS.
authors: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Gustavo Adolfo
authors: GA
authors: Argañaraz
authors: Ana Carla
authors: AC
authors: Konno
authors: Sandra Regina
authors: SR
authors: Perosa
authors: Joselita Ferreira Carvalho
authors: JF
authors: Santiago
authors: Mirian A
authors: MA
authors: Boim
authors: Daniela Berguio
authors: DB
authors: Vidotti
authors: Pedro Paulo Vasconcelos
authors: PP
authors: Varella
authors: Luciana Gilbert
authors: LG
authors: Costa
authors: Mauro
authors: M
authors: Canzian
authors: Marimélia Aparecida
authors: MA
authors: Porcionatto
authors: Elza Márcia
authors: EM
authors: Yacubian
authors: Américo Ceiki
authors: AC
authors: Sakamoto
authors: Henrique
authors: H
authors: Carrete
authors: Ricardo Silva
authors: RS
authors: Centeno
authors: Débora
authors: D
authors: Amado
authors: Esper Abrão
authors: EA
authors: Cavalheiro
authors: José Antonio Silva
authors: JA
authors: Junior
authors: Maria da Graça Naffah
authors: Mda G
authors: Mazzacoratti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000235:genetics; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D012083:Renin; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology*; D012598:Sclerosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D000097782:NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
chemical_list: D000804:Angiotensin II; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D012083:Renin; D000097782:NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase