title: A systematic review of the accuracy and utility of early markers of Ifosfamide-induced proximal tubulopathy in survivors of childhood cancers.
abstract: This study was conducted to identify and assess the accuracy and utility of any early markers of clinically significant proximal tubulopathy in children treated with ifosfamide chemotherapy. Ifosfamide is widely used either as a solitary agent or in conjunction with various other chemotherapeutic agents in treating solid tumors of childhood. It is highly effective but can cause short-term and long-term damage to kidneys, most commonly resulting in a tubular nephropathy and/or glomerular dysfunction. This may lead to chronic renal failure and metabolic bone disease in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Multiple electronic databases (Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE) were searched for primary studies describing the predictive value of early blood or urine tests to predict proximal tubulopathy. Citation searching (using reference lists and Science Citation Index searches) was also undertaken. Analysis was undertaken using criteria suggested by the MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) collaboration. Studies were reviewed by at least 2 authors and disagreements resolved by consensus. Initial searches revealed approximately 310 studies of which 38 papers were selected for full analysis. Only 4 papers described the predictive value of early markers proximal tubular nephropathy. The remaining studies estimated prevalence of acute or chronic nephropathy without presenting predictive data. Of the 4 papers selected for analysis, 2 papers assessed the value of beta-2 microglobulinuria, and 3 addressed quantitative aminoaciduria. Test characteristics ranged from sensitivities of 82 to 100% and specificities of 84 to 100%, although the confidence intervals around these estimates were wide. Given the paucity of data, to consider further the use of early markers of proximal tubular nephropathy a prospective evaluation of patients who have been treated with ifosfamide based regimes should be undertaken.
authors: Regional Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, St James's Hospital, Leeds, UK. bob.phillips@doctors.org.uk
authors: Robert S
authors: RS
authors: Phillips
authors: Kay
authors: K
authors: Tyerman
authors: Mohammed Imran
authors: MI
authors: Al-Kassim
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Picton
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005198:Fanconi Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D016239:MEDLINE; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine*; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D015415:Biomarkers; D007069:Ifosfamide