title: The topoisomerase II inhibitor, genistein, induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis in human malignant glioma cell lines.
abstract: The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, has been reported to inhibit proliferation and to induce cell death in various non-solid and solid cancer cell lines. Herein, we examined the effects of genistein in several human malignant glioma cell lines. We found that genistein inhibited the proliferation of LN-18, LNT-229, LN-308 and T98G cells at EC50 concentrations of 25-80 microM (72 h of exposure). The growth of a non-neoplastic immortalized human astrocyte cell line, SV-FHAS, was inhibited at similar concentrations. There was a reduction in [3H]-methylthymidine incorporation and a moderate lactate dehydrogenase release as a sign of cell death in genistein-treated glioma cells. Electron microscopy showed morphological changes with mitochondrial swelling and apoptosis in glioma cells treated with high concentrations of genistein. Genistein-induced cytotoxicity was associated with an increased DNA/topoisomerase II complex formation. Furthermore, genistein induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M. There was an increase in the p53 and p21 levels in response to genistein. However, there was no difference in genistein sensitivity between p21-deficient colon carcinoma cells and isogenic control cells. Genistein-induced cell death in LN-18 and LNT-229 was unaffected by the ectopic expression of the preferential caspase 1/8 inhibitor, crm-A, or co-exposure to the pan-specific pseudosubstrate caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk. The ectopic expression of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein attenuated the cytotoxic effects of genistein. Moreover, the ectopic expression of temperature-sensitive p53V135A, which acts as a dominant-negative p53 mutant at 38.5 degrees C but assumes p53 wild-type properties at 32.5 degrees C, in LN-18 or LNT-229 cells, had no effect on genistein cytotoxicity at either temperature. Genistein did not act in synergy with CD95 ligand-induced apoptosis or various cancer chemotherapy drugs in cytotoxic or clonogenic cell death assays. Thus, genistein-like protein kinase inhibitors are promising agents for the experimental treatment of malignant gliomas.
authors: Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Medical School, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany. friederike.schmidt@uni-tuebingen.de
authors: Friederike
authors: F
authors: Schmidt
authors: Christiane B
authors: CB
authors: Knobbe
authors: Brigitte
authors: B
authors: Frank
authors: Hartwig
authors: H
authors: Wolburg
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Weller
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000032:analysis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019833:Genistein