title: Familial risks for cancer as the basis for evidence-based clinical referral and counseling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reliable, clinically useful data on familial risks have not been available for all types of cancer, and familial aggregations of cancers, which are not known to belong to an inherited cancer syndrome, are often overlooked by medical referral systems. We provide uniform data on familial risks in all common cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database includes 11.5 million individuals, born in 1932 and later, along with their parents. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for age-specific familial risks in offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The familial risks for offspring cancer were increased at 24 of 25 sites when a parent was diagnosed with concordant cancer, at 20 of 24 sites when a sibling was affected, and at 14 of 16 sites when a parent and at least one other sibling were affected. Among the offspring of affected parents, testicular cancer showed the highest risk, 4.52, followed by Hodgkin's disease (3.95) and esophageal cancer (3.36). At many sites, the risks between siblings were higher than those between offspring and affected parents, probably in part because of childhood environmental effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data show convincingly that familial clustering is a common feature for all cancer sites. The results will be helpful in implementing evidence-based guidelines for clinical genetic counseling and in facilitating the recognition of familial risk at all levels of the general medical referral system.
authors: Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. k.hemminki@dkfz.de
authors: Kari
authors: K
authors: Hemminki
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Sundquist
authors: Justo
authors: J
authors: Lorenzo Bermejo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology