title: Internal and external validity of cluster randomised trials: systematic review of recent trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess aspects of the internal validity of recently published cluster randomised trials and explore the reporting of information useful in assessing the external validity of these trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of 34 cluster randomised trials in primary care published in 2004 and 2005 in seven journals (British Medical Journal, British Journal of General Practice, Family Practice, Preventive Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, Journal of General Internal Medicine, Pediatrics).
  
  
  METHODS
  National Library of Medicine (Medline) via PubMed.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess aspects of internal validity we extracted data on appropriateness of sample size calculations and analyses, methods of identifying and recruiting individual participants, and blinding. To explore reporting of information useful in assessing external validity we extracted data on cluster eligibility, cluster inclusion and retention, cluster generalisability, and the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention to health providers in clusters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  21 (62%) trials accounted for clustering in sample size calculations and 30 (88%) in the analysis; about a quarter were potentially biased because of procedures surrounding recruitment and identification of patients; individual participants were blind to allocation status in 19 (56%) and outcome assessors were blind in 15 (44%). In almost half the reports, information relating to generalisability of clusters was poorly reported, and in two fifths there was no information about the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cluster randomised trials are essential for evaluating certain types of interventions. Issues affecting their internal validity, such as appropriate sample size calculations and analysis, have been widely disseminated and are now better addressed by researchers. Blinding of those identifying and recruiting patients to allocation status is recommended but is not always carried out. There may be fewer barriers to internal validity in trials in which individual participants are not recruited. External validity seems poorly addressed in many trials, yet is arguably as important as internal validity in judging quality as a basis for healthcare intervention.
authors: Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT. s.eldridge@qmul.ac.uk
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Eldridge
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Ashby
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Bennett
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Wakelin
authors: Gene
authors: G
authors: Feder
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018401:Sample Size