title: Screening for genital and anorectal sexually transmitted infections in HIV prevention trials in Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the value of routine, basic sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening at enrolment into an HIV-1 vaccine feasibility cohort study and to highlight the importance of soliciting a history of receptive anal intercourse (RAI) in adults identified as "high risk".
  
  
  METHODS
  Routine STI screening was offered to adults at high risk of HIV-1 upon enrolment into a cohort study in preparation for HIV-1 vaccine trials. Risk behaviours and STI prevalence were summarised and the value of microscopy assessed. Associations between prevalent HIV-1 infection and RAI or prevalent STI were evaluated with multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants had a high burden of untreated STI. Symptom-directed management would have missed 67% of urethritis cases in men and 59% of cervicitis cases in women. RAI was reported by 36% of male and 18% of female participants. RAI was strongly associated with HIV-1 in men (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.8; 95% CI 2.0 to 6.9) and independently associated with syphilis in women (aOR 12.9; 95% CI 3.4 to 48.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-risk adults recruited for HIV-1 prevention trials carry a high STI burden. Symptom-directed treatment may miss many cases and simple laboratory-based screening can be done with little cost. Risk assessment should include questions about anal intercourse and whether condoms were used. STI screening, including specific assessment for anorectal disease, should be offered in African research settings recruiting participants at high risk of HIV-1 acquisition.
authors: Centre for GeographicMedicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kilifi, Kenya.
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Grijsen
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Graham
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Mwangome
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Githua
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Mutimba
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Wamuyu
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Okuku
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Price
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: McClelland
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Smith
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Sanders
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000328:Adult; D001004:Anus Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010361:Patients; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002575:Uterine Cervicitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014623:Vaginal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines