title: Comparative pharmacodynamic modeling using bispectral and narcotrend-index with and without a pharmacodynamic plateau during sevoflurane anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We compared two pharmacodynamic models, one with and one without a plateau effect. Bispectral indices (BIS, Aspect Medical Systems, Natick, MA, version XP) and Narcotrend (NCT, MonitorTechnik, Bad Bramstedt, Germany, version 4.0) were used as an electroencephalographic measure of sevoflurane drug effect. In addition, we tried to analyze the origin of the plateau.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 26 adult patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy. At least 45 min after induction of general anesthesia, end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations were varied between 1 vol% and 4 vol%. To evaluate the relationship between concentrations and electroencephalographic indices, two different pharmacodynamic models were applied: a conventional model based on a single sigmoidal curve, and a novel model based on two sigmoidal curves for BIS and NCT values with and without burst suppression. The parameters of the models were estimated by NONMEM V (GloboMax, Hanover) by minimizing log likelihood. Statistical significance between the two models was calculated by the likelihood ratio test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The end-tidal sevoflurane concentration ranged from 1.04 +/- 0.17 vol% to 4.43 +/- 0.43 vol%. The difference between the log likelihood values of the new pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model with two connected sigmoidal curves and the classical E(max) model with one sigmoidal curve is 396 (P < 0.001) for the BIS monitor and 1121 (P < 0.001) for the NCT. The plateau is positioned at the change between the maximum delta power and the increase of burst suppression ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model consisting of two sigmoid curves with an intervening plateau describes the effect of sevoflurane on BIS and NCT indices better than a model with a single sigmoid curve.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. sascha.kreuer@uniklinik-saarland.de
authors: Sascha
authors: S
authors: Kreuer
authors: Jörgen
authors: J
authors: Bruhn
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Walter
authors: Reinhard
authors: R
authors: Larsen
authors: Christian C
authors: CC
authors: Apfel
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Grundmann
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Biedler
authors: Wolfram
authors: W
authors: Wilhelm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011468:Prostatectomy; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D002045:Bupivacaine