title: Alleviating intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in an in vivo large animal model: developing an organ-specific preservation solution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the role of a novel nutrient-rich preservation solution in alleviating intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in a large animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine intestines were treated in vivo with the following intraluminal flush solutions: group 1, none; group 2, University of Wisconsin solution; group 3, an amino acid-based solution, previously shown to be effective in reducing IR injury in rodent models. Intestinal ischemia was induced in vivo for 60 min, followed by 180 min reperfusion. Key metabolic aspects were assessed in relation to two fundamental kinase mechanisms that govern cell fate, AMP kinase, and Jun kinase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 180 min reperfusion, groups 1 and 2 exhibited clefting, denudation, and mucosal hemorrhage, whereas injury was markedly reduced in group 3 (median grades 4.5 and 5 vs. 0; P<0.05). In contrast to groups 1 and 2, group 3 tissues exhibited a full recovery of adenylates (ATP, total adenylates) and an effective control of oxidative stress throughout reperfusion. Neutrophil-mediated inflammation was abrogated in group 3. An up-regulation of two key enzymes (glutaminase and alanine aminotransferase) provided a mechanism for the superior recovery of energetics and the preservation of mucosal integrity in group 3. A strong activation of AMP-activated protein kinase resulting in the up-regulation of a primary proapoptotic kinase mechanism, Jun kinase, was evident in groups 1 and 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A strategy of intraluminal administration of a nutrient-rich solution represents a potential therapy for alleviating intestinal IR injury; these findings suggest a more effective method for the ischemic storage of intestine.
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Payam
authors: P
authors: Salehi
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Bigam
authors: Julia B
authors: JB
authors: Ewaschuk
authors: Karen L
authors: KL
authors: Madsen
authors: Grant T
authors: GT
authors: Sigurdson
authors: Laurence D
authors: LD
authors: Jewell
authors: Thomas A
authors: TA
authors: Churchill
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000493:Allopurinol; D000818:Animals; D005972:Glutaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology; D007328:Insulin; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D011887:Raffinose; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; C055206:University of Wisconsin-lactobionate solution; D000493:Allopurinol; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000263:Adenylate Kinase; D005972:Glutaminase; D005978:Glutathione; D000241:Adenosine; D011887:Raffinose