title: Comparison of a novel radially dilating balloon ureteral access sheath to a conventional sheath in the porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditional ureteral access sheaths rely on tapered dilators and the Dotter principle of axial force to gain access into the ureter. We compared the performance of a novel balloon expandable ureteral access sheath using radial dilatation with that of a conventional ureteral access sheath.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten farm pigs underwent randomized placement of the novel sheath in 1 ureter and a conventional ureteral access sheath in the contralateral ureter followed by videotaped ureteroscopy. Acute study end points included maximum and mean force of sheath insertion and removal, saline flow rate and subjective urothelial damage following sheath insertion/inflation. Additionally, blinded reviewers rated urothelial damage on digitally recorded video following sheath removal. Chronic data included gross and histological ureteral analysis at 30 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The novel ureteral access sheath inserted with less maximum force (0.36 vs 1.48 pounds, p <0.001) and less average force (0.11 vs 0.49 pounds, p = 0.001). The flow rate during 5 minutes was higher in the new sheath (90.0 vs 80.6 cc per minute, p <0.05). Withdrawal forces were not statistically different between the sheaths. The novel sheath also had a lower subjective trauma scale rating (4.2 vs 6.1, p <0.05). Eight blinded reviewers determined that the novel ureteral access sheath resulted in less total urothelial tear length (1.3 vs 2.7 cm, p = 0.03) and less visible ureteral damage in all animals except 1 (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel balloon expandable ureteral access sheath had easier insertion and a better flow rate, and caused less urothelial trauma in this porcine model. This ureteral access sheath offers a promising new option for ureteral access. A randomized clinical trial is in progress to assess the benefits of this new ureteral access sheath.
authors: Division of Urology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
authors: Jonathan D
authors: JD
authors: Harper
authors: Kamyar Y
authors: KY
authors: Ebrahimi
authors: Brian K
authors: BK
authors: Auge
authors: Gregory R
authors: GR
authors: Lamberton
authors: Angie K
authors: AK
authors: Pham
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Zuppan
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Albala
authors: Glenn M
authors: GM
authors: Preminger
authors: D Duane
authors: DD
authors: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D020709:Ureteroscopes; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*