title: Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 facilitates tumor detection by positron emission tomography and optical imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacteria-based tumor-targeted therapy is a modality of growing interest in anticancer strategies. Imaging bacteria specifically targeting and replicating within tumors using radiotracer techniques and optical imaging can provide confirmation of successful colonization of malignant tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The uptake of radiolabeled pyrimidine nucleoside analogues and [18F]FDG by Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. The targeting of EcN to 4T1 breast tumors was monitored by positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging. The accumulation of radiotracer in the tumors was correlated with the number of bacteria. Optical imaging based on bioluminescence was done using EcN bacteria that encode luciferase genes under the control of an l-arabinose-inducible P(BAD) promoter system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that EcN can be detected using radiolabeled pyrimidine nucleoside analogues, [18F]FDG and PET. Importantly, this imaging paradigm does not require transformation of the bacterium with a reporter gene. Imaging with [18F]FDG provided lower contrast than [18F]FEAU due to high FDG accumulation in control (nontreated) tumors and surrounding tissues. A linear correlation was shown between the number of viable bacteria in tumors and the accumulation of [18F]FEAU, but not [18F]FDG. The presence of EcN was also confirmed by bioluminescence imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EcN can be imaged by PET, based on the expression of endogenous E. coli thymidine kinase, and this imaging paradigm could be translated to patient studies for the detection of solid tumors. Bioluminescence imaging provides a low-cost alternative to PET imaging in small animals.
authors: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Brader
authors: Jochen
authors: J
authors: Stritzker
authors: Christopher C
authors: CC
authors: Riedl
authors: Pat
authors: P
authors: Zanzonico
authors: Shangde
authors: S
authors: Cai
authors: Eva M
authors: EM
authors: Burnazi
authors: E Rashid
authors: ER
authors: Ghani
authors: Hedvig
authors: H
authors: Hricak
authors: Aladar A
authors: AA
authors: Szalay
authors: Yuman
authors: Y
authors: Fong
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Blasberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001086:Arabinofuranosyluracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004926:Escherichia coli; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000382:microbiology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D001086:Arabinofuranosyluracil; C054103:2'-fluoro-5-ethylarabinosyluracil; D013937:Thymidine Kinase