title: Cathepsin L expression is up-regulated by hypoxia in human melanoma cells: role of its 5'-untranslated region.
abstract: Overexpression of cathepsin L, a cysteine protease, and consequently procathepsin L secretion switch the phenotype of human melanoma cells to highly tumorigenic and strongly metastatic. This led us to identify the DNA regulatory sequences involved in the regulation of cathepsin L expression in highly metastatic human melanoma cells. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of regulatory sequences in the 3' region downstream of the cathepsin L gene and in the 3'- and 5'-flanking regions of GC/CCAAT sites of its promoter. In addition, we established that the 5'-UTR (untranslated region) was the most important region for cathepsin L expression. This 5'-UTR integrated an alternative promoter and sequences involved in post-transcriptional regulation. Transfection experiments of bicistronic reporter vectors and RNAs demonstrated that the cathepsin L 5'-UTR contained a functional IRES (internal ribosome entry site). This complete IRES was present only in one of the three splice variants, which differed in their 5'-UTR. Then, we analysed cathepsin L expression in this human melanoma cell line grown under hypoxia. We demonstrated that under moderate hypoxic conditions (1% O2) intracellular expression of cathepsin L was up-regulated. Hypoxia significantly increased only the expression of the transcript which contains the complete IRES, but inhibited promoter activity. These results suggest that the presence of an IRES allowed cathepsin L mRNA translation to be efficient under hypoxic conditions. Altogether, our results indicated that in vivo a tumour hypoxic environment up-regulates cathepsin L expression which promotes tumour progression.
authors: INSERM U.672 (former U.354), Immunochemistry of Cell Regulations and Virus Interactions, Bâtiment G8, Campus 1, 5, rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 - EVRY Cedex, FRANCE. didier.jean@inserm.fr
authors: Didier
authors: D
authors: Jean
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Rousselet
authors: Raymond
authors: R
authors: Frade
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D056668:Cathepsin L; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004247:DNA; D002403:Cathepsins; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; C534281:CTSL protein, human; D056668:Cathepsin L