title: Ovarian epithelial neoplasia after hormonal infertility treatment: long-term follow-up of a historical cohort in Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between hormonal infertility treatment and ovarian neoplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three university hospitals in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,768 women assessed and treated for infertility and infertility-associated disorders between 1961 and 1975.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposed women received clomiphene citrate and/or gonadotropins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of ovarian neoplasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No overall excess risk of invasive ovarian cancer emerged compared with the general population. In women with gonadotropin treatment for non-ovulatory disorders, the risk was elevated (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 5.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.91-13.75); four of the five cases reported hCG treatment only, rendering the biological plausibility uncertain. Multivariate analysis within the cohort indicated that treatment with gonadotropins only was associated with an increased risk of invasive cancer (relative risk = 5.28; 95% CI 1.70-16.47). For borderline tumors, a more than threefold overall increase of tumors (SIR = 3.61; 95% CI 1.45-7.44) was noted; women exposed to clomiphene because of ovulatory disorders showed the highest risk (SIR = 7.47; 95% CI 1.54-21.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings of increased risk of ovarian cancer after gonadotropins and of borderline tumors after clomiphene treatment need to be interpreted with caution. However, concern is raised, and further research on the long-term safety particularly of modern hormonal infertility treatment in IVF programs is warranted.
authors: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Sanner
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Conner
authors: Kjell
authors: K
authors: Bergfeldt
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Dickman
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Sundfeldt
authors: Torbjörn
authors: T
authors: Bergh
authors: Kerstin
authors: K
authors: Hagenfeldt
authors: Per Olof
authors: PO
authors: Janson
authors: Staffan
authors: S
authors: Nilsson
authors: Ingemar
authors: I
authors: Persson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005300:Fertility Agents, Female