title: Evaluation of immune responses in HIV infected patients with pleural tuberculosis by the QuantiFERON TB-Gold interferon-gamma assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosis of tuberculous (TB) pleuritis is difficult and better diagnostic tools are needed. New blood based interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) tests are promising, but sensitivity could be low in HIV positive patients. The IFN-gamma tests have not yet been validated for use in pleural fluid, a compartment with higher level of immune activation than in blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The QuantiFERON TB-Gold (QFT-TB) test was analysed in blood and pleural fluid from 34 patients presenting with clinically suspected pleural TB. Clinical data, HIV status and CD4 cell counts were recorded. Adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) analysis and TB culture were performed on pleural fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were categorised as 'confirmed TB' (n = 12), 'probable TB' (n = 16) and 'non-TB' pleuritis (n = 6) based on TB culture results and clinical and biochemical criteria. The majority of the TB patients were HIV infected (82%). The QFT-TB in pleural fluid was positive in 27% and 56% of the 'confirmed TB' and 'probable TB' cases, respectively, whereas the corresponding sensitivities in blood were 58% and 83%. Indeterminate results in blood (25%) were caused by low phytohemagglutinin (PHA = positive control) IFN-gamma responses, significantly lower in the TB patients as compared to the 'non-TB' cases (p = 0.02). Blood PHA responses correlated with CD4 cell count (r = 0.600, p = 0.028). In contrast, in pleural fluid indeterminate results (52%) were caused by high Nil (negative control) IFN-gamma responses in both TB groups. Still, the Nil IFN-gamma responses were lower than the TB antigen responses (p < 0.01), offering a conclusive test for half of the patients. We did not find any correlation between blood CD4 cell count and IFN-gamma responses in pleural fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The QFT-TB test in blood could contribute to the diagnosis of TB pleuritis in the HIV positive population. Still, the number of inconclusive results is too high to recommend the commercial QFT-TB test for routine use in pleural fluid in a TB/HIV endemic resource-limited setting.
authors: Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway. adeola12@yahoo.co.uk
authors: Kamaldeen
authors: K
authors: Baba
authors: Steinar
authors: S
authors: Sørnes
authors: Anwar A
authors: AA
authors: Hoosen
authors: Jacob M
authors: JM
authors: Lekabe
authors: Mathew J
authors: MJ
authors: Mpe
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Langeland
authors: Anne M
authors: AM
authors: Dyrhol-Riise
mesh_terms: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001769:Blood / Q000276:immunology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000276:immunology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014396:Tuberculosis, Pleural / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase