title: Opioid antagonists, partial agonists, and agonists/antagonists: the role of office-based detoxification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The opioid receptor antagonists naloxone and naltrexone are competitive antagonists at the mu, kappa, and sigma receptors with a higher affinity for the mu receptor and lacking any mu receptor efficacy. Buprenorphine is classified as a partial agonist. It has a high affinity, but low efficacy at the mu receptor where it yields a partial effect upon binding. It also, however, possesses kappa receptor antagonist activity making it useful not only as an analgesic, but also in opioid abuse deterrence, detoxification, and maintenance therapies. Naloxone is added to sublingual buprenorphine (Suboxone) to prevent the intravenous abuse of buprenorphine. The same product (sublingual buprenorphine) when used alone (i.e. without naloxone) is marketed as Subutex.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and update the available evidence regarding the use of agonist/antagonists to provide office-based opioid treatment for addiction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review using databases of EMBASE and MEDLINE (1992 to December 2007). These included systematic reviews, narrative reviews, prospective and retrospective studies, as well as cross-references from other articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was treatment retention. Other outcome measures included opioid-free urine drug testing, opioid craving, intensity of withdrawal, pain reduction, adverse effects, addiction severity index, and HIV risk behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results found 17 studies, 1 systematic review, 12 RCTs, and 4 observational series, which document the efficacy and safety of buprenorphine alone and in combination with naloxone in detoxifying and maintaining abstinence from illicit drugs in patients with opioid addiction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the present evaluation, it appears that opioid antagonists, partial agonists, and antagonists are useful in office-based opioid treatment for addiction.
authors: Pacific Coast Pain Management Center, Laguna Hills, CA 92637, USA. Drhelm@pcpmc.com
authors: Standiford
authors: S
authors: Helm
authors: Andrea M
authors: AM
authors: Trescot
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Colson
authors: Nalini
authors: N
authors: Sehgal
authors: Sanford
authors: S
authors: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists