title: Identification of microbial biofilms in osteonecrosis of the jaws secondary to bisphosphonate therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biofilm theory has emerged to explain the etiology of the chronic infections that have come to constitute between 65% to 80% of the microbial diseases treated by physicians in the developed world. The purpose of this article is to report for the first time the observation of multispecies microbial biofilms on affected bone in patients with osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) secondary to bisphosphonate therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A program has been established at the University of Southern California to monitor and evaluate patients with ONJ as a multidisciplinary collaboration between the School of Dentistry, Center for Biofilms, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology and the Keck School of Medicine. From this cohort, 4 patients with active ONJ who were scheduled for necessary treatment in the form of sequestrectomy gave informed consent for this study. Bone samples were evaluated using conventional histopathologic techniques and scanning electron microscopy, a technique applicable to biofilm characterization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone specimens from affected sites in all patients showed large areas occluded with biofilms comprising mainly bacteria, and occasionally yeast, embedded in extracellular polymeric substance. The number of bacterial morphotypes in the biofilms ranged from 2 to 15, and they included species from the genus Fusobacterium, bacillus, actinomyces, staphylococcus, streptococcus, Selenomonas, and 3 different types of treponemes. The yeast identified was consistent with Candida species. Co-aggregation was observed between different species within the biofilms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have important clinical and therapeutic implications and may suggest a role for microbial biofilms in the disease process of ONJ.
authors: Division of Diagnostic Sciences, and Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA. sedghiza@usc.edu
authors: Parish P
authors: PP
authors: Sedghizadeh
authors: Satish K S
authors: SK
authors: Kumar
authors: Amita
authors: A
authors: Gorur
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Schaudinn
authors: Charles F
authors: CF
authors: Shuler
authors: J William
authors: JW
authors: Costerton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007571:Jaw Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates