title: Surveillance study of vector species on board passenger ships, risk factors related to infestations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Passenger ships provide conditions suitable for the survival and growth of pest populations. Arthropods and rodents can gain access directly from the ships' open spaces, can be carried in shiploads, or can be found on humans or animals as ectoparasites. Vectors on board ships may contaminate stored foods, transmit illness on board, or, introduce diseases in new areas. Pest species, ship areas facilitating infestations, and different risk factors related to infestations were identified in 21 ferries.
  
  
  METHODS
  486 traps for insects and rodents were placed in 21 ferries. Archives of Public Health Authorities were reviewed to identify complaints regarding the presence of pest species on board ferries from 1994 to 2004. A detail questionnaire was used to collect data on ship characteristics and pest control practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen ferries were infested with flies (85.7%), 11 with cockroaches (52.3%), three with bedbugs, and one with fleas. Other species had been found on board were ants, spiders, butterflies, beetles, and a lizard. A total of 431 Blattella germanica species were captured in 28 (9.96%) traps, and 84.2% of them were nymphs. One ship was highly infested. Cockroach infestation was negatively associated with ferries in which Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system was applied to ensure food safety on board (Relative Risk, RR = 0.23, p = 0.03), and positively associated with ferries in which cockroaches were observed by crew (RR = 4.09, p = 0.007), no cockroach monitoring log was kept (RR = 5.00, p = 0.02), and pesticide sprays for domestic use were applied by crew (RR = 4.00, p = 0.05). Cockroach infested ships had higher age (p = 0.03). Neither rats nor mice were found on any ship, but three ferries had been infested with a rodent in the past.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integrated pest control programs should include continuing monitoring for a variety of pest species in different ship locations; pest control measures should be more persistent in older ships. HACCP system aids in the prevention of cockroach infestations on board.
authors: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece. mouchtourib@med.uth.gr
authors: Varvara A
authors: VA
authors: Mouchtouri
authors: Rimma
authors: R
authors: Anagnostopoulou
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Samanidou-Voyadjoglou
authors: Kalliopi
authors: K
authors: Theodoridou
authors: Chrissi
authors: C
authors: Hatzoglou
authors: Jenny
authors: J
authors: Kremastinou
authors: Christos
authors: C
authors: Hadjichristodoulou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003058:Cockroaches; D004199:Disease Vectors; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods; D010575:Pesticides; D011159:Population Surveillance; D051381:Rats; D012307:Risk Factors; D012767:Ships; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides