title: Effect of herbicides on glutathione S-transferases in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Earthworms have been studied as a readily available, easily maintainable and cheap test species for assessing chemical pollution, and may be an alternative to in vivo rodent bioassays. The current investigation aims to characterize detoxification enzymes in Eisenia fetida and stress response against two herbicides with different modes of action, namely, fenoxaprop and metolachlor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Herbicides were applied to soil containing earthworms. Animals were then collected, sacrificed and shock-frozen. Extracted protein was analyzed for glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity using CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene), DCNB (1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene), pNBC (p-nitrobenzylchloride), PNOBC (p-nitrobenz-o-ylchloride) and selected herbicides. GST isoenzymes were partially purified by affinity chromatography and molecular weights were estimated by SDS-PAGE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In E. fetida protein extracts, GST activity towards model compounds ranked as CDNB>DCNB>PNBOC>PNBC. Fluorodifen was not conjugated at all, but fenoxaprop and metolachlor were conjugated at low rates. Furthermore, the GST isoenzyme pattern changed during the incubation with herbicides, either due to stress or as a defense reaction. After incubation with monochlorobimane, a strong fluorescence of the intestinal tract and the intersegments was observed, indicating organ-specific GST induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the author's knowledge, here, for the first time, evidence is presented that E. fetida GST are also capable of conjugating a wider range of xenobiotic substrates. Different forms of GST were observed and changes in GST isoforms due to the herbicide treatment were also noticed. GST conjugation rates varied between different herbicides used in this experiment. It might be assumed that herbicides may well be detoxified by earthworms, to a certain extent, but that they are also potent stress factors influencing the detoxification system of the animal. High doses or long exposure might lead to deleterious effects on earthworms and limit their survival rate. The use of the animals as bioindicators for herbicides and herbicide residues seems very promising, but is surely influenced by the lack of detoxification for some compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conjugation of several xenobiotics with model substances and herbicides is proven in the earthworm E. fetida. However, E. fetida has only limited capabilities of detoxifying herbicidal compounds. Different isoforms of GST were involved and altered in their activity after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accumulation of GS-conjugates and their determination via fluorescence microscopy is a quick and secure, additional marker for exposure that should be further developed to complement existing biotests. The described methods and endpoints might help to understand the complex reaction of earthworms towards herbicides and lead to an adapted test methodology.
authors: Radioisotope Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Dokki, 12311,Giza, Egypt. Masaly40@yahoo.com
authors: Moustafa Abdel Salam
authors: MA
authors: Aly
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Schröder
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D011422:Propionates / Q000633:toxicity*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D006540:Herbicides; D010080:Oxazoles; D011422:Propionates; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C416661:fenoxaprop ethyl; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C051786:metolachlor