title: High resolution genotyping of Bacillus anthracis outbreak strains using four highly mutable single nucleotide repeat markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacillus anthracis is a genetically monomorphic bacterium with little diversity to be expected during an outbreak. This study used more rapidly evolving genetic markers on outbreak samples to ascertain genetic diversity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven isolates from a B. anthracis outbreak during the summer of 2005 in South Dakota were analysed using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and multi-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA). Results indicated that all of the outbreak strains belonged to a single clonal lineage. However, analysis of four single nucleotide repeat (SNR) markers resolved these isolates into six distinct genotypes providing insights into disease transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strain determination of unknown B. anthracis samples can be ascertained by SNP and MLVA markers. However, comparison of many samples obtained during an outbreak will require markers with higher rates of mutation to ascertain genetic diversity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNR4 analysis allowed discrimination of closely related B. anthracis isolates and epidemiological tracking of the outbreak. When used in conjunction with other genotyping schemes that allow broad genetic relationships to be determined, SNR markers are powerful tools for detailed tracking of natural B. anthracis outbreaks and could also prove useful in forensic investigations.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA.
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Kenefic
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Beaudry
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Trim
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Daly
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Parmar
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Zanecki
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Huynh
authors: M N
authors: MN
authors: Van Ert
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Wagner
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Graham
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Keim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D013023:South Dakota / Q000453:epidemiology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005819:Genetic Markers; C099480:PlcR protein, Bacillus; D015534:Trans-Activators