title: The prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a randomly selected group of urban and rural women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) was included as a provisional diagnostic category in the appendices of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-III-R (then called late luteal phase dysphoric disorder) and remained as an appendix in DSM-IV. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of PMDD using all four DSM-IV research diagnostic criteria in a representative sample of women of reproductive age in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected in the homes of women between the ages of 13 and 55 years in two urban and two rural sites using a random sampling procedure developed by the National Opinion Research Center. Women completed daily symptom questionnaires and provided urine specimens each day for two consecutive ovulatory menstrual cycles (ovulation was estimated for women taking oral contraceptives) and were screened for psychiatric disorders by trained interviewers. Symptoms were counted toward a diagnosis of PMDD if they worsened significantly during the late luteal week during two consecutive ovulatory menstrual cycles, occurred on days in which women reported marked interference with functioning, and were not due to another mental disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the final analysis, 1246 women who had had at least one menstrual cycle and were neither naturally nor surgically menopausal nor pregnant were selected. Of the women in the study, 1.3% met criteria for the diagnosis as defined in DSM-IV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of PMDD is considerably lower than DSM-IV estimates and all but one of the estimates obtained from previous studies when all DSM-IV diagnostic criteria are considered. We suggest a new process for diagnosing PMDD based on our findings.
authors: Center for Interdisciplinary Health Disparities Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. sgehlert@uchicago.edu
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Gehlert
authors: I H
authors: IH
authors: Song
authors: C-H
authors: CH
authors: Chang
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Hartlage
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000523:psychology / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult