title: Relationship between risk factors and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients in Europe: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study (PCS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine risk factors for mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline risk factors were measured in the EURODIAB Prospective Cohort Study with 2,787 type 1 diabetic patients (51% men and 49% women) recruited from 16 European countries. Mortality data were collected during a 7-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an annual mortality rate of 5 per 1,000 person-years in patients with type 1 diabetes (mean age at baseline 33 years, range 15-61 years); of the total 2,787 subjects, 102 died. The final multivariable model contained age at baseline (standardized hazard ratio 1.78 [95% CI 1.44-2.20]), A1C (1.18 [0.95-1.46]), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (1.32 [1.14-1.52]), pulse pressure (1.33 [1.13-1.58]), and non-HDL cholesterol (1.33 [1.12-1.60]) as risk factors for all-cause mortality. Macroalbuminuria (2.39 [1.19-4.78]) and peripheral (1.88 [1.06-3.35]) and autonomic neuropathy (2.40 [1.32-4.36]) were the most important risk markers for mortality. Similar risk factors were found for all-cause, non-cardiovascular disease (CVD), unknown-cause, and CVD mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Important risk factors for the increased total and non-CVD mortality in type 1 diabetic patients are age, WHR, pulse pressure, and non-HDL cholesterol. Microvascular complications from macroalbuminuria and peripheral and autonomic neuropathy are strong risk markers for future mortality exceeding the effect of the traditional risk factors.
authors: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. s.s.soedamah-muthu@umcutrecht.nl
authors: Sabita S
authors: SS
authors: Soedamah-Muthu
authors: Nish
authors: N
authors: Chaturvedi
authors: Daniel R
authors: DR
authors: Witte
authors: Lynda K
authors: LK
authors: Stevens
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Porta
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors