title: Dosing algorithm for warfarin using CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping from a multi-ethnic population: comparison with other equations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polymorphism in the genes for cytochrome (CYP)2C9 and the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. We developed and validated a warfarin-dosing algorithm for a multi-ethnic population that predicts the best dose for stable anticoagulation, and compared its performance against other regression equations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the allele and haplotype frequencies of genes for CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on 167 Caucasian, African-American, Asian and Hispanic patients on warfarin. On a subset where complete data were available (n=92), we developed a dosing equation that predicts the actual dose needed to maintain target anticoagulation using demographic variables and genotypes. This regression was validated against an independent group of subjects. We also applied our data to five other published warfarin-dosing equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The allele frequency for CYP2C9*2 and *3 and the A allele for VKORC1 3673 was similar to previously published reports. For Caucasians and Asians, VKORC1 SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg linkage equilibrium. Some VKORC1 SNPs among the African-American population and one SNP among Hispanics were not in equilibrium. The linear regression of predicted versus actual warfarin dose produced r-values of 0.71 for the training set and 0.67 for the validation set. The regression coefficient improved (to r=0.78 and 0.75, respectively) when rare genotypes were eliminated or when the 7566 VKORC1 genotype was added to the model. All of the regression models tested produced a similar degree of correlation. The exclusion of rare genotypes that are more associated with certain ethnicities improved the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minor improvements in algorithms can be observed with the inclusion of ethnicity and more CYP2C9 and VKORC1 SNPs as variables. Major improvements will likely require the identification of new gene associations with warfarin dosing.
authors: University of California, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. wualan@labmed2.ucsf.edu
authors: Alan H B
authors: AH
authors: Wu
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Wang
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Smith
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Haller
authors: Katherine
authors: K
authors: Drake
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Linder
authors: Roland
authors: R
authors: Valdes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C578523:VKORC1 protein, human; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases