title: The current prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in congestive heart failure patients treated with beta-blockers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although sleep disordered breathing is thought to be common in patients with systolic heart failure, prior studies are difficult to interpret due to a variety of factors including small sample sizes, referral bias to sleep laboratories among participants, lack of modern medical therapy for congestive heart failure, and the failure to use modern techniques to assess breathing such as nasal pressure. Our objective was to determine the current prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in a state-of-the-art congestive heart failure clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study of consecutive patients who visited our heart failure clinic to assess the prevalence of sleep apnea in all eligible patients on maximal medical therapy. We used 4-channel recording equipment and modified Chicago criteria for scoring respiratory events (using heart rate response as a surrogate for arousal from sleep).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that among the 108 participants, 61% had some form of sleep disordered breathing (31% central apnea with Cheyne Stokes respiration and 30% obstructive sleep apnea). Sleep disordered breathing was significantly associated with atrial fibrillation (OR = 11.56, p = 0.02) and worse functional heart failure class (OR = 2.77, p = 0.02), after adjusting for male sex, age over 60 years, body mass index, and left ventricular ejection fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that both obstructive and central sleep apnea remain common in congestive heart failure patients despite advances in medical therapy, and that the previously reported high prevalence values are unlikely to be explained by referral bias or participation bias in prior studies. These data have important clinical implications for practitioners providing CHE therapy.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: MacDonald
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Fang
authors: Steven D
authors: SD
authors: Pittman
authors: David P
authors: DP
authors: White
authors: Atul
authors: A
authors: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002639:Cheyne-Stokes Respiration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017286:Polysomnography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists