title: The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System: a 15-year retrospective review of validation studies (1991--2006).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this review was to identify and critique validation studies focusing on the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS), a commonly used symptom assessment tool for advanced cancer and palliative patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a comprehensive literature search, the authors identified and screened 87 publications. Thirteen articles were selected for in-depth review, based on the following inclusion criteria: psychometric studies with a primary focus on the ESAS, 1991--2006 publication dates and peer-reviewed English language publications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most studies involved cancer patients (n = 11). The ESAS format varied across studies, in terms of scale format, item number, item selection and language. Studies focused on gathering reliability estimates (n = 8), content validity evidence (n = 1), concurrent validity evidence (n = 5), predictive validity evidence (n = 1), and sensitivity and/or specificity (n = 3). None of these studies involved patients' perspectives as a source of validity evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of varying instrument formats and limited psychometric evidence support the need for further ESAS validation studies, including the involvement of patients.
authors: Division of Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. cheryl.nekolaichuk@ualberta.ca
authors: Cheryl
authors: C
authors: Nekolaichuk
authors: Sharon
authors: S
authors: Watanabe
authors: Crystal
authors: C
authors: Beaumont
mesh_terms: D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000592:standards; D011788:Quality of Life; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic