Simvastatin restores ischemic preconditioning in the presence of hyperglycemia through a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism.
BACKGROUND
A growing body of evidence indicates that statins decrease perioperative cardiovascular risk and that these drugs may be particularly efficacious in diabetes. Diabetes and hyperglycemia abolish the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). The authors tested the hypothesis that simvastatin restores the beneficial effects of IPC during hyperglycemia through a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism.


METHODS
Myocardial infarct size was measured in dogs (n = 76) subjected to coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in the presence or absence of hyperglycemia (300 mg/dl) with or without IPC in separate groups. Additional dogs received simvastatin (20 mg orally daily for 3 days) in the presence or absence of IPC and hyperglycemia. Other dogs were pretreated with N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (30 mg intracoronary) with or without IPC, hyperglycemia, and simvastatin.


RESULTS
Ischemic preconditioning significantly (P < 0.05) reduced infarct size (n = 7, 7 +/- 2%) as compared with control (n = 7, 29 +/- 3%). Hyperglycemia (n = 7), simvastatin (n = 7), N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester alone (n = 7), and simvastatin with hyperglycemia (n = 6) did not alter infarct size. Hyperglycemia (n = 7, 24 +/- 2%), but not N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (n = 5, 10 +/- 1%), blocked the protective effects of IPC. Simvastatin restored the protective effects of IPC in the presence of hyperglycemia (n = 7, 14 +/- 1%), and this beneficial action was blocked by N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (n = 7, 29 +/- 4%).


CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that simvastatin restored the cardioprotective effects of IPC during hyperglycemia by nitric oxide-mediated signaling. The results also suggest that enhanced cardioprotective signaling could be a mechanism for statin-induced decreases in perioperative cardiovascular risk.
Gu
Weidong
W
Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
Kehl
Franz
F
Krolikowski
John G
JG
Pagel
Paul S
PS
Warltier
David C
DC
Kersten
Judy R
JR
D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D001786:Blood Glucose; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019821:Simvastatin