title: Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit, and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a European diabetic population.
abstract: We examined the associations of intake of vegetables, legumes and fruit with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a population with prevalent diabetes in Europe. A cohort of 10,449 participants with self-reported diabetes within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study was followed for a mean of 9 y. Intakes of vegetables, legumes, and fruit were assessed at baseline between 1992 and 2000 using validated country-specific questionnaires. A total of 1346 deaths occurred. Multivariate relative risks (RR) for all-cause mortality were estimated in Cox regression models and RR for cause-specific mortality were derived in a competing risk model. An increment in intake of total vegetables, legumes, and fruit of 80 g/d was associated with a RR of death from all causes of 0.94 [95% CI 0.90-0.98]. Analyzed separately, vegetables and legumes were associated with a significantly reduced risk, whereas nonsignificant inverse associations for fruit intake were observed. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and mortality due to non-CVD/non-cancer causes were significantly inversely associated with intake of total vegetables, legumes, and fruit (RR 0.88 [95% CI 0.81-0.95] and 0.90 [0.82-0.99], respectively) but not cancer mortality (1.08 [0.99-1.17]). Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit was associated with reduced risks of all-cause and CVD mortality in a diabetic population. The findings support the current state of evidence from general population studies that the protective potential of vegetable and fruit intake is larger for CVD than for cancer and suggest that diabetes patients may benefit from a diet high in vegetables and fruits.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558 Germany. ute.noethlings@dife.de
authors: Ute
authors: U
authors: Nöthlings
authors: Matthias B
authors: MB
authors: Schulze
authors: Cornelia
authors: C
authors: Weikert
authors: Heiner
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authors: Boeing
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authors: YT
authors: van der Schouw
authors: Christina
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authors: Bamia
authors: Vasiliki
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authors: Benetou
authors: Pagona
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authors: Lagiou
authors: Vittorio
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authors: Krogh
authors: Joline W J
authors: JW
authors: Beulens
authors: Petra H M
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authors: Peeters
authors: Jytte
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authors: Halkjaer
authors: Anne
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authors: Tjønneland
authors: Rosario
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authors: Tumino
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Panico
authors: Giovanna
authors: G
authors: Masala
authors: Francoise
authors: F
authors: Clavel-Chapelon
authors: Blandine
authors: B
authors: de Lauzon
authors: Marie-Christine
authors: MC
authors: Boutron-Ruault
authors: Marie-Noël
authors: MN
authors: Vercambre
authors: Rudolf
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authors: Kaaks
authors: Jakob
authors: J
authors: Linseisen
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Overvad
authors: Larraitz
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authors: Arriola
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Ardanaz
authors: Carlos A
authors: CA
authors: Gonzalez
authors: Marie-Jose
authors: MJ
authors: Tormo
authors: Sheila
authors: S
authors: Bingham
authors: Kay-Tee
authors: KT
authors: Khaw
authors: Tim J A
authors: TJ
authors: Key
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Vineis
authors: Elio
authors: E
authors: Riboli
authors: Pietro
authors: P
authors: Ferrari
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Boffetta
authors: H Bas
authors: HB
authors: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors: Daphne L
authors: DL
authors: van der A
authors: Göran
authors: G
authors: Berglund
authors: Elisabet
authors: E
authors: Wirfält
authors: Göran
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authors: Hallmans
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authors: Johansson
authors: Eiliv
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authors: Lund
authors: Antonia
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authors: Trichopoulo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004435:Eating; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D007887:Fabaceae; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables