title: Novel forms of Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (PITX2): generation by alternative translation initiation and mRNA splicing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Members of the Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor (PITX) gene family, particularly PITX1 and PITX2, play important roles in normal development and in differentiated cell functions. Three major isoforms of PITX2 were previously reported to be produced through both alternative mRNA splicing (PITX2A and PITX2B) and alternative promoter usage (PITX2C). The proteins derived from these mRNAs contain identical homeodomain and carboxyl termini. Differences in the amino-termini of the proteins may confer functional differences in some contexts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report the identification of two novel PITX2 isoforms. First, we demonstrate that the Pitx2c mRNA generates two protein products, PITX2Calpha and PITX2Cbeta, via alternative translation initiation. Second, we identified a novel mRNA splice variant, Pitx2b2, which uses the same 5' splice donor in intron 2 as Pitx2b (hereafter referred to as Pitx2b1), but employs an alternative 3' splice acceptor, leading to an in-frame deletion of 39 base pairs relative to Pitx2b1. Pitx2b2 mRNA is expressed in both murine and human pituitary. The data show that in a murine gonadotrope cell line and adult murine pituitary what was previously thought to be PITX2B1 is actually PITX2Cbeta, or perhaps PITX2B2. PITX2B1 is expressed at lower levels than previously thought. PITX2Cbeta and PITX2B2 activate gonadotrope-specific gene promoter-reporters similarly to known PITX2 isoforms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified and characterized two novel isoforms of PITX2, generated by alternative translation initiation (PITX2Cbeta) and alternative mRNA splicing (PITX2B2). These proteins show similar DNA binding and trans-activation functions as other PITX2 isoforms in vitro, though their conservation across species suggests that they may play distinct, as yet unidentified, roles in vivo.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada. pankaj.lamba@mcgill.ca
authors: Pankaj
authors: P
authors: Lamba
authors: Tord A
authors: TA
authors: Hjalt
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Bernard
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010442:Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D000097577:Homeobox Protein PITX2
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000097577:Homeobox Protein PITX2