title: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms associated with abnormal nitric oxide production are not over-represented in children with Down syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Down syndrome patients are at increased risk for developing pulmonary hypertension (PHTN). Nitric oxide (NO) is an important factor for pulmonary vasoreactivity. Various endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) polymorphisms have been shown to affect NO. The goal of this study was to determine whether there was a difference in prevalence of eNOS polymorphisms between Down syndrome patients vs. non-Down syndrome patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Down syndrome patients were recruited as well as non-Down syndrome patients. Gene polymorphisms for eNOS-3 (GG, GT, TT), eNOS-4 (bb, ba, aa), and eNOS-P (TT, TC, CC) were determined. Three forms of the 3 genes were compared in cross-tabulation tables with Down syndrome patients vs. non-Down syndrome patients and Down syndrome patients with heart defects vs. those without defects. Association was tested with chi-square and significance was set at P < or = .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one Down syndrome patients and 411 controls were studied. Twenty-one Down syndrome patients had heart defects and 6 of these patients had documented PHTN. There was no difference in gender between Down syndrome patients (males 56.9%) and controls (males 50.4%), P = .38. Prevalence of eNOS polymorphisms between Down syndrome patients and controls was not different for the genes (eNOS-3, P = .94; eNOS-4, P = .40; eNOS-P, P = .18). There was no difference in gene polymorphisms between Down syndrome patients with heart defects vs. those without defects (eNOS-3, P = .19; eNOS-4, P = .29; eNOS-P, P = .99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of various eNOS polymorphisms between Down syndrome patients and controls was not different. Other polymorphisms that are associated with PHTN should be studied to determine whether they may be the cause of the increased risk of PHTN in Down syndrome patients.
authors: Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205-2696, USA. clcua@hotmail.com
authors: Clifford L
authors: CL
authors: Cua
authors: Glen
authors: G
authors: Cooke
authors: Mackenzie
authors: M
authors: Taylor
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Hayes
authors: Laurie
authors: L
authors: Waldon
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Lipowski
authors: Beth
authors: B
authors: Kossman
authors: Patricia L
authors: PL
authors: Nash
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III