title: Long-term field performance of a polyester-based long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net in rural Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to evaluate whether criteria for LLIN field performance (phase III) set by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme are met, first and second generations of one of these products, PermaNet, a polyester net using the coating technology were tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double blinded study design was used comparing LLIN to conventionally treated nets and following LLIN for three years under regular household use in rural conditions. Primary outcome measures were deltamethrin residue and bioassay performance (60 minute knock-down and 24 hour mortality after a three minute exposure) using a strain of Anopheles gambiae s.s. sensitive to pyrethroid insecticides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline concentration of deltamethrin was within targets for all net types but was rapidly lost in conventionally treated nets and first generation PermaNet with median of 0.7 and 2.5 mg/m2 after six months respectively. In contrast, second generation PermaNet retained insecticide well and had 41.5% of baseline dose after 36 months (28.7 mg/m2). Similarly, vector mortality and knockdown dropped to 18% and 70% respectively for first generation LLIN after six months but remained high (88.5% and 97.8% respectively) for second generation PermaNet(R) after 36 months of follow up at which time 90.0% of nets had either a knockdown rate > or = 95% or mortality rate > or = 80%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Second generation PermaNet showed excellent results after three years of field use and fulfilled the WHOPES criteria for LLIN. Loss of insecticide on LLIN using coating technology under field conditions was far more influenced by factors associated with handling rather than washing.
authors: Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street EC2A 4JX, London, UK. a.kilian@malariaconsortium.org
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Kilian
authors: Wilson
authors: W
authors: Byamukama
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Pigeon
authors: Francis
authors: F
authors: Atieli
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Duchon
authors: Chi
authors: C
authors: Phan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001512:Bedding and Linens; D001681:Biological Assay; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000517:prevention & control; D009032:Mosquito Control; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011091:Polyesters; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012423:Rural Health; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011091:Polyesters; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin