title: Failure of two commercial indexes and spectral parameters to reflect the pharmacodynamic effect of desflurane on EEG.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared two PK/PD models, one with and one without a plateau effect. Bispectral (BIS, Aspect Medical Systems, Natick, MA, version XP) and Narcotrend (NCT, MonitorTechnik, Bad Bramstedt, Germany, Version 4.0) indices were used as an electroencephalographic measure of desflurane drug effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  With IRB approval and informed consent we investigated 20 adult patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy. At least 45 minutes after induction of general anaesthesia, end-tidal concentrations of desflurane was varied between 3 and 10 vol%. To evaluate the relationship between concentrations and EEG indices, two different pharmacodynamic models were applied: A conventional model based on a single sigmoidal curve, and a novel model based on two sigmoidal curves for BIS and NCT values with and without burst suppression. The parameters of the models were estimated by NONMEM V (GloboMax, Hanover, USA) by minimizing log likelihood. Statistical significance between the two models was calculated by the likelihood ratio test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum end-tidal desflurane concentration during the two concentrations ramps was 10.0 +/- 1.4 vol%. The mean BIS and NCT values decreased significantly but slightly with increasing end-tidal desflurane concentrations between 4 and 8 vol%. Therefore a two sigmoidal curves PK/PD model including a plateau describes the effects of desflurane on BIS and Narcotrend better than a single sigmoidal curve model. The difference between the log likelihood values of the new PK/PD model with two connected sigmoidal curves and the classical E (max )model with one sigmoidal curve is 634 (P < 0.001) for the BIS monitor and 4089 (P < 0.001) for the NCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BIS and Narcotrend are not useful to differentiate pharmacodynamic changes in the EEG between 4 and 9 vol% desflurane.
authors: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Saarland, Germany. sascha.kreuer@uniklinik-saarland.de
authors: Sascha
authors: S
authors: Kreuer
authors: Jörgen
authors: J
authors: Bruhn
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Ellerkmann
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Ziegeler
authors: Darius
authors: D
authors: Kubulus
authors: Wolfram
authors: W
authors: Wilhelm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000523:psychology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001364:Awareness / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077335:Desflurane; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D011468:Prostatectomy; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014894:Weights and Measures
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane