title: Including indigestible carbohydrates in the evening meal of healthy subjects improves glucose tolerance, lowers inflammatory markers, and increases satiety after a subsequent standardized breakfast.
abstract: Low-glycemic index (GI) foods and foods rich in whole grain are associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We studied the effect of cereal-based bread evening meals (50 g available starch), varying in GI and content of indigestible carbohydrates, on glucose tolerance and related variables after a subsequent standardized breakfast in healthy subjects (n = 15). At breakfast, blood was sampled for 3 h for analysis of blood glucose, serum insulin, serum FFA, serum triacylglycerides, plasma glucagon, plasma gastric-inhibitory peptide, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), serum interleukin (IL)-6, serum IL-8, and plasma adiponectin. Satiety was subjectively rated after breakfast and the gastric emptying rate (GER) was determined using paracetamol as a marker. Breath hydrogen was measured as an indicator of colonic fermentation. Evening meals with barley kernel based bread (ordinary, high-amylose- or beta-glucan-rich genotypes) or an evening meal with white wheat flour bread (WWB) enriched with a mixture of barley fiber and resistant starch improved glucose tolerance at the subsequent breakfast compared with unsupplemented WWB (P < 0.05). At breakfast, the glucose response was inversely correlated with colonic fermentation (r = -0.25; P < 0.05) and GLP-1 (r = -0.26; P < 0.05) and positively correlated with FFA (r = 0.37; P < 0.001). IL-6 was lower (P < 0.01) and adiponectin was higher (P < 0.05) at breakfast following an evening meal with barley-kernel bread compared with WWB. Breath hydrogen correlated positively with satiety (r = 0.27; P < 0.01) and inversely with GER (r = -0.23; P < 0.05). In conclusion, the composition of indigestible carbohydrates of the evening meal may affect glycemic excursions and related metabolic risk variables at breakfast through a mechanism involving colonic fermentation. The results provide evidence for a link between gut microbial metabolism and key factors associated with insulin resistance.
authors: Division of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. anne.nilsson@appliednutrition.lth.se
authors: Anne C
authors: AC
authors: Nilsson
authors: Elin M
authors: EM
authors: Ostman
authors: Jens J
authors: JJ
authors: Holst
authors: Inger M E
authors: IM
authors: Björck
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004063:Digestion; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002241:Carbohydrates; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014280:Triglycerides; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon