title: Nitric oxide donor improves healing if applied on inflammatory and proliferative phase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule synthesized during wound repair. Studies have reported the use of NO donors on cutaneous wound repair, but their effects in different phases of healing are still not elucidated. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of topical application of a NO donor (S-nitrosoglutathione, GSNO)-containing hydrogel on excisional wounds in the inflammatory ((inf)), proliferative ((prol)), and inflammatory and proliferative phases ((inf+prol)) of rat cutaneous wound repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  In each group (control, GSNO(inf), GSNO(prol), and GSNO(inf+prol)), excisional wounds on the dorsal surface were made and wound contraction and re-epithelialization were evaluated. Fourteen days after wounding, wounds and adjacent skin were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Collagen fibers organization, mast cells, myofibroblasts and vessels were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wound contraction of the GSNO(inf+prol) group was faster than control, GSNO(inf), and GSNO(prol) groups, 5 and 7 d after wounding. Topical application of GSNO accelerated re-epithelialization 14 d after wounding, mainly in GSNO(inf+prol) group. In addition, the GSNO(inf+prol) group showed improved collagen fibers maturation and tissue organization, and lower amount of inflammatory cells in the superficial and deep areas of the granulation tissue, compared with the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO is important in all phases of rat cutaneous wound repair, but if applied on inflammatory and proliferative phases, the improvement in wound healing (accelerating wound closure, wound re-epithelialization, and granulation tissue organization) is more impressive.
authors: Histology and Embryology Department, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Thaís P
authors: TP
authors: Amadeu
authors: Amedea B
authors: AB
authors: Seabra
authors: Marcelo G
authors: MG
authors: de Oliveira
authors: Andréa
authors: A
authors: Monte-Alto-Costa
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020100:Hydrogels; D008297:Male; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione