title: The immunomodulator PSK induces in vitro cytotoxic activity in tumour cell lines via arrest of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein-bound polysaccharide (PSK) is derived from the CM-101 strain of the fungus Coriolus versicolor and has shown anticancer activity in vitro and in in vivo experimental models and human cancers. Several randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that PSK has great potential in adjuvant cancer therapy, with positive results in the adjuvant treatment of gastric, esophageal, colorectal, breast and lung cancers. These studies have suggested the efficacy of PSK as an immunomodulator of biological responses. The precise molecular mechanisms responsible for its biological activity have yet to be fully elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vitro cytotoxic anti-tumour activity of PSK has been evaluated in various tumour cell lines derived from leukaemias, melanomas, fibrosarcomas and cervix, lung, pancreas and gastric cancers. Tumour cell proliferation in vitro was measured by BrdU incorporation and viable cell count. Effect of PSK on human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) proliferation in vitro was also analyzed. Studies of cell cycle and apoptosis were performed in PSK-treated cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PSK showed in vitro inhibition of tumour cell proliferation as measured by BrdU incorporation and viable cell count. The inhibition ranged from 22 to 84%. Inhibition mechanisms were identified as cell cycle arrest, with cell accumulation in G0/G1 phase and increase in apoptosis and caspase-3 expression. These results indicate that PSK has a direct cytotoxic activity in vitro, inhibiting tumour cell proliferation. In contrast, PSK shows a synergistic effect with IL-2 that increases PBL proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that PSK has cytotoxic activity in vitro on tumour cell lines. This new cytotoxic activity of PSK on tumour cells is independent of its previously described immunomodulatory activity on NK cells.
authors: Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Av, de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain. evajimenez@fundacionhvn.org
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Jiménez-Medina
authors: Enrique
authors: E
authors: Berruguilla
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Romero
authors: Ignacio
authors: I
authors: Algarra
authors: Antonia
authors: A
authors: Collado
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Garrido
authors: Angel
authors: A
authors: Garcia-Lora
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental; D051379:Mice; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011509:Proteoglycans; C494124:protein-bound polysaccharide K, Basidiomycetes; C010770:polysaccharide-K