title: Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyberbullying describes bullying using mobile phones and the internet. Most previous studies have focused on the prevalence of text message and email bullying.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two surveys with pupils aged 11-16 years: (1) 92 pupils from 14 schools, supplemented by focus groups; (2) 533 pupils from 5 schools, to assess the generalisability of findings from the first study, and investigate relationships of cyberbullying to general internet use. Both studies differentiated cyberbullying inside and outside of school, and 7 media of cyberbullying.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both studies found cyberbullying less frequent than traditional bullying, but appreciable, and reported more outside of school than inside. Phone call and text message bullying were most prevalent, with instant messaging bullying in the second study; their impact was perceived as comparable to traditional bullying. Mobile phone/video clip bullying, while rarer, was perceived to have more negative impact. Age and gender differences varied between the two studies. Study 1 found that most cyberbullying was done by one or a few students, usually from the same year group. It often just lasted about a week, but sometimes much longer. The second study found that being a cybervictim, but not a cyberbully, correlated with internet use; many cybervictims were traditional 'bully-victims'. Pupils recommended blocking/avoiding messages, and telling someone, as the best coping strategies; but many cybervictims had told nobody about it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyberbullying is an important new kind of bullying, with some different characteristics from traditional bullying. Much happens outside school. Implications for research and practical action are discussed.
authors: Unit for School and Family Studies, Goldsmiths College, University of London, UK. p.smith@gold,.ac.uk
authors: Peter K
authors: PK
authors: Smith
authors: Jess
authors: J
authors: Mahdavi
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Carvalho
authors: Sonja
authors: S
authors: Fisher
authors: Shanette
authors: S
authors: Russell
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Tippett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004291:Dominance-Subordination; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires