Exhaled breath condensate in patients with asthma: implications for application in clinical practice.
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis, a rather appealing and promising method, can be used to evaluate conveniently and non-invasively a wide range of molecules from the respiratory tract, and to understand better the pathways propagating airway inflammation. A large number of mediators of inflammation, including adenosine, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, isoprostanes, leukotrienes, prostanoids, nitrogen oxides, peptides and cytokines, have been studied in EBC. Concentrations of such mediators have been shown to be related to the underlying asthma and its severity and to be modulated by therapeutic interventions. Despite the encouraging positive results to date, the introduction of EBC in everyday clinical practice requires the resolution of some methodological pitfalls, the standardization of EBC collection and finally the identification of a reliable biomarker that is reproducible has normal values and provides information regarding the underlying inflammatory process and the response to treatment. So far, none of the parameters studied in EBC fulfils the aforementioned requirements with one possible exception: pH. EBC pH is reproducible, has normal values, reflects a significant part of asthma pathophysiology and is measurable on-site with standardized methodology although some methodological aspects of measurement of pH in EBC (e.g. the effect of ambient CO(2), sample de-aeration, time for pH measurement) require further research. However, EBC pH has not been evaluated prospectively as a guide for treatment, in a manner similar to exhaled NO and sputum eosinophils. EBC represents a simple and totally non-invasive procedure that may contribute towards our understanding of asthma pathophysiology. Besides the evaluation of new biomarkers, the standardization of the already existing procedures is warranted for the introduction of EBC in clinical practice.
Kostikas
K
K
Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Thessaly Medical School, Larissa, Greece.
Koutsokera
A
A
Papiris
S
S
Gourgoulianis
K I
KI
Loukides
S
S
D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
D015415:Biomarkers