title: Optical coherence tomography imaging as a quality assurance tool for evaluating endoscopic harvest of the radial artery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concerns about intimal disruption and spasm have limited enthusiasm for endoscopic radial artery harvest (ERAH), although the risk of these problems after this procedure remains uncertain. Radial artery conduits were screened intraoperatively before and after ERAH vs open harvest using catheter-based high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four cadavers and 60 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients scheduled to receive a RA graft underwent OCT imaging before (in situ) and after (ex vivo) open harvest or ERAH. Spasm was quantified by the percentage change in luminal volume between images. Intimal disruption was classified as minor or severe depending on whether the defect was confined to branch ostia or involved the luminal surface. Histology was used to confirm OCT findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Luminal volume significantly declined after harvest in all RAs from CABG patients, but there was no difference between groups: -43% +/- 29% vs -35% +/- 38% change after ERAH (n = 21) vs open harvest (n = 39; p = 0.342). Significantly more intimal injury was noted after ERAH vs open harvest (34/41 vs 9/43, intimal tears/total evaluated RAs, p < 0.0001). Most intimal injury was minor: only 2 tears involved the luminal surface of the RA (both after ERAH). Serial imaging in cadavers revealed that 86% of ostial tears occur in ERAH during the initial blunt dissection step using the endoscope.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although branch injury is a pitfall of ERAH, OCT imaging documented that the quality of RA procured is acceptable and comparable with open harvest. Catheter-based OCT provides an important quality assurance tool for RA harvest.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
authors: Nicholas S
authors: NS
authors: Burris
authors: Emile N
authors: EN
authors: Brown
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Grant
authors: Zachary N
authors: ZN
authors: Kon
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Gibber
authors: Junyen
authors: J
authors: Gu
authors: Kimberly
authors: K
authors: Schwartz
authors: Seeta
authors: S
authors: Kallam
authors: Ashish
authors: A
authors: Joshi
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Vitali
authors: Robert S
authors: RS
authors: Poston
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D015331:Cohort Studies; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011336:Probability; D011786:Quality Control; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D014654:Vascular Patency