title: Dietary fatty acids differentially regulate production of TNF-alpha and IL-10 by murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity correlates with increased production of adipocyte-derived cytokines, which may contribute to a chronic subclinical inflammation seen in obese individuals. This study evaluated the ability of specific fatty acids to modulate production of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Effects on nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), a key transcriptional activator of the inflammatory cascade, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3), a negative regulator of cytokine signaling, were also determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adipocytes were incubated for 24 and 48 h with and without 50 or 500 micromol/l of palmitic acid, oleic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid, (DHA). Effects on gene expression and protein secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-10 were determined using real-time PCR and a murine multipex RIA kit. SOCS-3 expression was determined by northern blotting and NF-kappaB binding activity was assessed using a commercially available assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adipocytes treated for 24 h with palmitic acid exhibited a 70% increase in TNF-alpha production and up to a 75% decrease in IL-10 production, relative to untreated cells. In contrast, DHA treatment had no effect on TNF-alpha, but increased IL-10 production twofold. No effect of oleic acid was seen on either TNF-alpha or IL-10 production. Similar results were obtained during a 48-h incubation. Furthermore, NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity increased fourfold in response to palmitic acid and decreased 60% in response to DHA. Expression of SOCS-3 increased twofold in DHA-treated cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In aggregate, these results suggest that dietary fatty acids act directly on adipocytes to modulate cytokine production. As circulating fatty acids levels are chronically elevated in obese individuals, this effect may account in part for obesity-associated inflammation.
authors: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. rbradley@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors: Richard L
authors: RL
authors: Bradley
authors: F Folliott M
authors: FF
authors: Fisher
authors: Eleftheria
authors: E
authors: Maratos-Flier
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D016328:NF-kappa B; C491411:Socs3 protein, mouse; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D019301:Oleic Acid; D019308:Palmitic Acid