title: Glial aromatization increases the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in the injured zebra finch brain.
abstract: In songbirds, brain injury upregulates glial aromatase. The resulting local estrogen synthesis mitigates apoptosis and enhances cytogenesis by poorly understood mechanisms. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), long studied for their role in neural development, are also neuroprotective and cytogenic in the adult brain. BMPs remain uncharacterized in songbirds, as do the mechanisms regulating their post-injury expression. We first established the expression of BMPs 2, 4, 6, and 7 in the adult zebra finch brain using RT-PCR. Next, we determined the effect of neural insult on BMP expression, by comparing BMP transcripts between injured and uninjured telencephalic hemispheres using semi-quantitative PCR. The expression of BMPs 2 and 4, but not 6 and 7, increased 24 h post-injury. To determine the influence of aromatase on BMP expression, we compared BMP expression following delivery of the aromatase inhibitor Fadrozole or vehicle into contralateral hemispheres. Fadrozole decreased BMP2, but not BMP4, expression, suggesting that aromatization may induce BMP2 expression following injury. Since BMPs are gliogenic and neurotrophic, future studies will test if the neuroprotective and cytogenic effects of aromatase upregulation are mediated by BMP2. Songbirds may be excellent models towards understanding the role of local estrogen synthesis and its downstream mechanisms on neuroprotection and repair.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
authors: Bradley J
authors: BJ
authors: Walters
authors: Colin J
authors: CJ
authors: Saldanha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001141:Aromatase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D046369:Finches / Q000378:metabolism*; D005911:Gliosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000201:enzymology*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004967:Estrogens; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D001141:Aromatase