title: Smaller external notebook mice have different effects on posture and muscle activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extensive computer mouse use is an identified risk factor for computer work-related musculoskeletal disorders; however, notebook computer mouse designs of varying sizes have not been formally evaluated but may affect biomechanical risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty adults performed a set of mouse tasks with five notebook mice, ranging in length from 75 to 105 mm and in width from 35 to 65 mm, and a reference desktop mouse. An electro-magnetic motion analysis system measured index finger (metacarpophalangeal joint), wrist and forearm postures, and surface electromyography measured muscle activity of three extensor muscles in the forearm and the first dorsal interosseus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The smallest notebook mice were found to promote less neutral postures (up to 3.2 degrees higher metacarpophalangeal joint adduction; 6.5 degrees higher metacarpophalangeal joint flexion, 2.3 degrees higher wrist extension) and higher muscle activity (up to 4.1% of maximum voluntary contraction higher wrist extensor muscle activity). Participants with smaller hands had overall more non-neutral postures than participants with larger hands (up to 5.6 degrees higher wrist extension and 5.9 degrees higher pronation); while participants with larger hands were more influenced by the smallest notebook mice (up to 3.6 degrees higher wrist extension and 5.5% of maximum voluntary contraction higher wrist extensor values). Self-reported ratings showed that while participants preferred smaller mice for portability; larger mice scored higher on comfort and usability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The smallest notebook mice increased the intensity of biomechanical exposures. Longer term mouse use could enhance these differences, having a potential impact on the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
authors: Faculty of Human Movement Science, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Karen M
authors: KM
authors: Oude Hengel
authors: Annemieke
authors: A
authors: Houwink
authors: Dan
authors: D
authors: Odell
authors: Jaap H
authors: JH
authors: van Dieën
authors: Jack T
authors: JT
authors: Dennerlein
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D016287:Computer Peripherals; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis