title: Parallel assessment of the impact of different hormone replacement therapies on breast density by radiologist- and computer-based analyses of mammograms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  First, to compare the impact of nasally and orally dosed estradiol on breast density; second, to investigate the utility of computer-based automated approaches to the assessment of breast density with reference to traditional methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Digitized images from two 2-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trials formed the basis of the present post hoc analysis. Active treatments were 1 mg estradiol continuously combined with 0.125 mg trimegestone (oral hormone replacement therapy, HRT) or low-dose (150 or 300 microg estradiol) nasal estradiol cyclically combined with 200 mg micronized progesterone (nasal HRT). The effects on breast density were assessed by a radiologist, providing the BI-RADS score and the interactive threshold, and by a computer-based approach, providing the measure of stripiness and the HRT-effect specific measure of breast density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the oral HRT trial, active treatment induced a significant increase in breast density, which was consistent in all methods used (all p < 0.05). In contrast, none of the methods detected significant changes in women receiving nasal HRT. The sensitivity of automated methods to discriminate HRT- from placebo-treated women was equal or better than the sensitivity of methods performed by the radiologist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The markedly different pharmacokinetic profile of nasal estrogen seems to be associated with better breast safety. Automated computer-based analysis of digitized mammograms provides a sensitive measure of changes in breast density induced by hormones and could serve as a useful tool in future clinical trials.
authors: Center for Clinical and Basic Research, Ballerup, Denmark.
authors: P C
authors: PC
authors: Pettersen
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Raundahl
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Loog
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Nielsen
authors: L B
authors: LB
authors: Tankó
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Christiansen
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D001940:Breast / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011397:Promegestone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins; C050319:trimegestone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D011397:Promegestone