G protein-coupled receptor pharmacogenetics.
Common G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene variants that encode receptor proteins with a distinct sequence may alter drug efficacy without always resulting in a disease phenotype. GPCR genetic loci harbor numerous variants, such as DNA insertions or deletions and single-nucleotide polymorphisms that alter GPCR expression and function, thereby contributing to interindividual differences in disease susceptibility/progression and drug responses. In this chapter, these pharmacogenetic phenomena are reviewed with respect to a limited sampling of GPCR systems, including the beta(2)-adrenergic receptors, the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, and the calcium-sensing receptor. In each example, the nature of the disruption to receptor function that results from each variant is discussed with respect to the regulation of gene expression, expression on cell surface (affected by receptor trafficking, dimerization, desensitization/downregulation), or perturbation of receptor function (by altering ligand binding, G protein coupling, and receptor constitutive activity). Despite the breadth of pharmacogenetic knowledge available, assessment for genetic variants is only occasionally applied to drug development projects involving pharmacogenomics or to optimizing the clinical use of GPCR drugs. The continued effort by the basic science of pharmacogenetics may draw the attention of drug discovery projects and clinicians alike to the utility of personalized pharmacogenomics as a means to optimize novel GPCR drug targets.
Thompson
Miles D
MD
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Banting Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Siminovitch
Katherine A
KA
Cole
David E C
DE
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018579:Patient Selection; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011487:Protein Conformation; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled