title: PIK3CA, HRAS and KRAS gene mutations in human penile cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The knowledge of somatic mutations that arise in penile cancer is limited. We examined the dysregulation of components in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Ras pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using single stranded conformational analysis and direct sequencing we performed mutational analysis of the PIK3CA, PTEN, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS and BRAF genes in 28 penile tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified somatic missense mutations in 11 of the 28 penile cancer samples (39%). In the PIK3CA gene 8 mutations (29%) were identified that were E542K or E545K. In the HRAS gene a G12S and a Q61L mutation were found (7%). The KRAS gene contained 1 mutation (3%), that is a G12S change. PIK3CA mutations were found in all grades and stages, whereas HRAS and KRAS mutations were found in larger and more advanced tumors. The mutations were mutually exclusive, suggesting that dysregulation of either pathway is sufficient for the development and progression of penile carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high frequency of mutations in the PIK3CA, HRAS and KRAS genes leads us to believe that dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or Ras pathway is significant for the development and progression of penile carcinoma.
authors: Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. patan@ibk.liu.se <e-mail:patan@ibk.liu.se>
authors: Patiyan
authors: P
authors: Andersson
authors: Aleksandra
authors: A
authors: Kolaric
authors: Torgny
authors: T
authors: Windahl
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Kirrander
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Söderkvist
authors: Mats G
authors: MG
authors: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; C484760:PIK3CA protein, human; C501009:HRAS protein, human; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins