title: Sustained-release oral morphine versus transdermal fentanyl and oral methadone in cancer pain management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic and adverse effects, doses, as well as cost of opioid drugs, supportive drug therapy and other analgesic drugs in patients treated with oral sustained-release morphine, transdermal fentanyl, and oral methadone.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eight cancer patients, no longer responsive to opioids for moderate pain, were selected to randomly receive initial daily doses of 60 mg of oral sustained-release morphine, 15 mg of oral methadone, or 0.6 mg (25 microg/h) of transdermal fentanyl. Oral morphine was used as breakthrough pain medication during opioid titration. Opioid doses, pain intensity, adverse effects, symptomatic drugs, were recorded at week intervals for 4 weeks. Costs of opioid therapy, supportive drugs, and other analgesic drugs were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy patients completed the 4 weeks period of study. Five, five, and four patients, treated with oral morphine, transdermal fentanyl, and oral methadone, respectively, required opioid switching. No differences in pain and symptom intensity were observed. Opioid escalation index was significantly lower in patients receiving methadone (p<0.0001), although requiring up and down changes in doses. At the doses used, methadone was significantly less expensive (p<0.0001), while the use and costs of supportive drugs and other analgesics were similar in the three groups. No relevant differences in adverse effects were observed among the groups during either the titration phase and chronic treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All the three opioids used as first-line therapy were effective, well tolerated, and required similar amounts of symptomatic drugs or co-analgesics. Methadone was significantly less expensive, but required more changes, up and down, of the doses, suggesting that dose titration of this drug requires major clinical expertise.
authors: Pain Relief and Palliative Care Unit, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Via San Lorenzo 312, 90146 Palermo, Italy. terapiadeldolore@lamaddalenanet.it
authors: Sebastiano
authors: S
authors: Mercadante
authors: Giampiero
authors: G
authors: Porzio
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Ferrera
authors: Fabio
authors: F
authors: Fulfaro
authors: Federica
authors: F
authors: Aielli
authors: Lucilla
authors: L
authors: Verna
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Villari
authors: Corrado
authors: C
authors: Ficorella
authors: Vittorio
authors: V
authors: Gebbia
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Riina
authors: Alessandra
authors: A
authors: Casuccio
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Mangione
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D008691:Methadone; D005283:Fentanyl