title: Development of food frequency questionnaires and a nutrient database for the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) pilot study in South India: methodological issues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) and nutrient databases for urban and rural Indian populations with diverse dietary habits for the PURE (Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological) pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 hour dietary recalls were obtained from 84 rural and 60 urban subjects. From a comprehensive food list, separate FFQs were developed for the two groups. Nutrient analysis of the FFQ required the selection of foods, development of recipes and application of these to cooked foods to develop a nutrient database. The FFQs were piloted in 80 urban and 77 rural subjects. Separately for each group, a stepwise regression method was used to identify foods contributing to a cumulative 90% of variance to total energy intake. Nutrient and food group intakes were compared using an independent t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The urban and the rural FFQs contained 129 and 102 foods respectively, of which 82 foods were common to both. Fourteen urban foods and eight rural foods explained a cumulative 90% of variance for total energy intake. Daily intakes for most nutrients and food groups were two to three fold higher in the urban than in the rural group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Indian populations with diverse dietary habits, using standard methods to develop separate FFQs can capture dietary intakes adequately. To develop nutrient databases, substitution of local food composition tables with data from other sources using standard methods to match foods can be adopted.
authors: St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Opp BDA Complex, Koramangala, Bangalore-560034, Karnataka, India. bharathi@iphcr.res.in
authors: Ankalmadagu Venkatasubbareddy
authors: AV
authors: Bharathi
authors: Anura Vishwanath
authors: AV
authors: Kurpad
authors: Tinku
authors: T
authors: Thomas
authors: Salim
authors: S
authors: Yusuf
authors: Govindachar
authors: G
authors: Saraswathi
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Vaz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003625:Data Collection; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*