title: Low-frequency electroacupuncture suppresses carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in mice via sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons, while high-frequency EA suppression is mediated by the sympathoadrenal medullary axis.
abstract: Although the frequency-dependent antinociceptive mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) have been well demonstrated, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms that underlie the suppressive effects induced by different frequencies of EA stimulation on peripheral inflammation are largely unknown. We have previously reported that EA stimulation can activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and that this activation is responsible for the EA-induced suppression of zymosan-induced leukocyte migration. The present study was designed to evaluate the differential effect of low (1Hz, LF EA) versus high (120Hz, HF EA) frequency EA stimulation on SNS activation and ultimately on carrageenan-induced inflammation. Immediately after carrageenan injection, we applied either LF EA or HF EA bilaterally to the Zusanli (ST36) acupoints. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of EA (EA-AI), paw volume and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of infiltrated leukocytes, were measured and the paw withdrawal latency to noxious heat stimulation was also assessed. Both LF EA and HF EA significantly suppressed the carrageenan-induced paw edema and MPO activity. Moreover, thermal hyperalgesia was strongly attenuated in both the LF EA and HF EA groups. Adrenalectomy significantly diminished HF EA-AI without affecting LF EA-AI. Pretreatment with the corticosterone receptor antagonist, RU-486 did not affect either LF EA- or HF EA-AI. On the other hand, administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (a neurotoxin for peripheral sympathetic nerve endings) selectively blocked LF EA-AI. Propranolol (a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) completely abolished both LF EA- and HF EA-AI. The results of this study suggest that the suppressive effects of LF EA on carrageenan-induced paw inflammation are mediated by sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons, while the suppressive effects of HF EA are mediated by the sympatho-adrenal medullary axis.
authors: Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
authors: Hyun-Woo
authors: HW
authors: Kim
authors: Dong-Kyu
authors: DK
authors: Uh
authors: Seo-Yeon
authors: SY
authors: Yoon
authors: Dae-Hyun
authors: DH
authors: Roh
authors: Young-Bae
authors: YB
authors: Kwon
authors: Ho-Jae
authors: HJ
authors: Han
authors: Hye-Jung
authors: HJ
authors: Lee
authors: Alvin J
authors: AJ
authors: Beitz
authors: Jang-Hern
authors: JH
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D000315:Adrenalectomy; D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D015671:Electroacupuncture / Q000379:methods*; D005728:Ganglia, Sympathetic / Q000473:pathology*; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D015735:Mifepristone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D015735:Mifepristone; D002351:Carrageenan; D009195:Peroxidase