title: Resting CD4+ effector memory T cells are precursors of bystander-activated effectors: a surrogate model of rheumatoid arthritis synovial T-cell function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously we described a system whereby human peripheral blood T cells stimulated for 8 days in a cytokine cocktail acquired effector function for contact-dependent induction of proinflammatory cytokines from monocytes. We termed these cells cytokine-activated (Tck) cells and found that the signalling pathways elicited in the responding monocytes were identical whether they were placed in contact with Tck cells or with T cells isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, using magnetic beads and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we extensively phenotype the Tck effector cells and conclude that effector function resides within the CD4+CD45RO+, CCR7-, CD49dhigh population, and that these cells are derived from the effector memory CD4+ T cells in resting blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After stimulation in culture, these cells produce a wide range of T-cell cytokines, undergo proliferation and differentiate to acquire an extensively activated phenotype resembling RA synovial T cells. Blocking antibodies against CD69, CD18, or CD49d resulted in a reduction of tumour necrosis factor-alpha production from monocytes stimulated with CD4+CD45RO+ Tck cells in the co-culture assay. Moreover, blockade of these ligands also resulted in inhibition of spontaneous tumour necrosis factor-alpha production in RA synovial mononuclear cell cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data strengthen our understanding of T-cell effector function, highlight the multiple involvement of different cell surface ligands in cell-cell contact and, provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory RA disease.
authors: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Aspenlea Road, London, W6 8LH, UK. f.brennan@imperial.ac.uk
authors: Fionula M
authors: FM
authors: Brennan
authors: Nicola M G
authors: NM
authors: Smith
authors: Sally
authors: S
authors: Owen
authors: Ching
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: Parisa
authors: P
authors: Amjadi
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Green
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Andersson
authors: Andrew C
authors: AC
authors: Palfreeman
authors: Philippa
authors: P
authors: Hillyer
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Foey
authors: Jonathan T
authors: JT
authors: Beech
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Feldmann
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000276:immunology*; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D016207:Cytokines