title: Modulation between high- and low-frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation delays the development of analgesic tolerance in arthritic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether repeated administration of modulating frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) prevents development of analgesic tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Knee joint inflammation (3% carrageenan and kaolin) was induced in rats. Either mixed or alternating frequency was administered daily (20min) for 2 weeks to the inflamed knee under light halothane anesthesia (1%-2%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (N=36).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed- (4Hz and 100Hz) or alternating- (4Hz on 1 day; 100Hz on the next day) frequency TENS at sensory intensity and 100micros pulse duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paw and joint withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli were assessed before induction of inflammation, and before and after daily application of TENS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reduced paw and joint withdrawal thresholds that occur 24 hours after the induction of inflammation were significantly reversed by the first administration of TENS when compared with sham treatment or to the condition before TENS treatment, which was observed through day 9. By the tenth day, repeated daily administration of either mixed- or alternating-frequency TENS did not reverse the decreased paw and joint withdrawal thresholds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that repeated administration of modulating frequency TENS leads to a development of opioid tolerance. However, this tolerance effect is delayed by approximately 5 days compared with administration of low- or high-frequency TENS independently. Clinically, we can infer that a treatment schedule of repeated daily TENS administration will result in a tolerance effect. Moreover, modulating low and high frequency TENS seems to produce a better analgesic effect and tolerance is slower to develop.
authors: Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. josimari-desantana@uiowa.edu
authors: Josimari M
authors: JM
authors: Desantana
authors: Valter J
authors: VJ
authors: Santana-Filho
authors: Kathleen A
authors: KA
authors: Sluka
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001168:Arthritis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004361:Drug Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011336:Probability; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics