title: Virtual reality study of paranoid thinking in the general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Judging whether we can trust other people is central to social interaction, despite being error-prone. A fear of others can be instilled by the contemporary political and social climate. Unfounded mistrust is called paranoia, and in severe forms is a central symptom of schizophrenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate that individuals without severe mental illness in the general population experience unfounded paranoid thoughts, and to determine factors predictive of paranoia using the first laboratory method of capturing the experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred members of the general public were comprehensively assessed, and then entered a virtual reality train ride populated by neutral characters. Ordinal logistic regressions (controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, education, intellectual functioning, socio-economic status, train use, playing of computer games) were used to determine predictors of paranoia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority agreed that the characters were neutral, or even thought they were friendly. However, a substantial minority reported paranoid concerns. Paranoia was strongly predicted by anxiety, worry, perceptual anomalies and cognitive inflexibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the most unambiguous demonstration of paranoid ideation in the general public so far. Paranoia can be understood in terms of cognitive factors. The use of virtual reality should lead to rapid advances in the understanding of paranoia.
authors: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK. D.Freeman@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Freeman
authors: Katherine
authors: K
authors: Pugh
authors: Angus
authors: A
authors: Antley
authors: Mel
authors: M
authors: Slater
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Bebbington
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Gittins
authors: Graham
authors: G
authors: Dunn
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Kuipers
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Fowler
authors: Philippa
authors: P
authors: Garety
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome