title: Evolution of the DAZ gene and the AZFc region on primate Y chromosomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Azoospermia Factor c (AZFc) region of the human Y chromosome is a unique product of segmental duplication. It consists almost entirely of very long amplicons, represented by different colors, and is frequently deleted in subfertile men. Most of the AZFc amplicons have high sequence similarity with autosomal segments, indicating recent duplication and transposition to the Y chromosome. The Deleted in Azoospermia (DAZ) gene within the red-amplicon arose from an ancestral autosomal DAZ-like (DAZL) gene. It varies significantly between different men regarding to its copy number and the numbers of RNA recognition motif and DAZ repeat it encodes. We used Southern analyses to study the evolution of DAZ and AZFc amplicons on the Y chromosomes of primates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Old World monkey rhesus macaque has only one DAZ gene. In contrast, the great apes have multiple copies of DAZ, ranging from 2 copies in bonobos and gorillas to at least 6 copies in orangutans, and these DAZ genes have polymorphic structures similar to those of their human counterparts. Sequences homologous to the various AZFc amplicons are present on the Y chromosomes of some but not all primates, indicating that they arrived on the Y chromosome at different times during primate evolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The duplication and transposition of AZFc amplicons to the human Y chromosome occurred in three waves, i.e., after the branching of the New World monkey, the gorilla, and the chimpanzee/bonobo lineages, respectively. The red-amplicon, one of the first to arrive on the Y chromosome, amplified by inverted duplication followed by direct duplication after the separation of the Old World monkey and the great ape lineages. Subsequent duplication/deletion in the various lineages gave rise to a spectrum of DAZ gene structure and copy number found in today's great apes.
authors: Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. allenjohnyu@msn.com
authors: Yueh-Hsiang
authors: YH
authors: Yu
authors: Yi-Wen
authors: YW
authors: Lin
authors: Jane-Fang
authors: JF
authors: Yu
authors: Werner
authors: W
authors: Schempp
authors: Pauline H
authors: PH
authors: Yen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D000075364:Deleted in Azoospermia 1 Protein; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D056426:Genetic Loci; D006801:Humans; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014998:Y Chromosome
chemical_list: C095668:DAZ1 protein, human; D000075364:Deleted in Azoospermia 1 Protein; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins