title: The grasping side of odours.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on multisensory integration during natural tasks such as reach-to-grasp is still in its infancy. Crossmodal links between vision, proprioception and audition have been identified, but how olfaction contributes to plan and control reach-to-grasp movements has not been decisively shown. We used kinematics to explicitly test the influence of olfactory stimuli on reach-to-grasp movements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects were requested to reach towards and grasp a small or a large visual target (i.e., precision grip, involving the opposition of index finger and thumb for a small size target and a power grip, involving the flexion of all digits around the object for a large target) in the absence or in the presence of an odour evoking either a small or a large object that if grasped would require a precision grip and a whole hand grasp, respectively. When the type of grasp evoked by the odour did not coincide with that for the visual target, interference effects were evident on the kinematics of hand shaping and the level of synergies amongst fingers decreased. When the visual target and the object evoked by the odour required the same type of grasp, facilitation emerged and the intrinsic relations amongst individual fingers were maintained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that olfactory information contains highly detailed information able to elicit the planning for a reach-to-grasp movement suited to interact with the evoked object. The findings offer a substantial contribution to the current debate about the multisensory nature of the sensorimotor transformations underlying grasping.
authors: Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Tubaldi
authors: Caterina
authors: C
authors: Ansuini
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Tirindelli
authors: Umberto
authors: U
authors: Castiello
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*