title: Separate quantification of reflex and nonreflex components of spastic hypertonia in chronic hemiparesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To isolate and quantify reflex and nonreflex components of the spastic ankle plantarflexors in hemiplegia poststroke and to correlate them with clinical measures of spasticity, which may involve hyperactive stretch reflex and/or increased joint stiffness.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate reflex and nonreflex properties associated with spasticity in a case-control manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory in a rehabilitation hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemiplegic patients (n=17) and the same number of healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tendon reflexes of spastic muscles were evaluated under an isometric condition, which essentially eliminated passive viscoelastic contributions associated with limb movement. Nonreflex components of spasticity were evaluated by moving the ankle joint slowly, which minimized reflex actions. The reflex and nonreflex measures were investigated and correlated with each other and with clinical measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with healthy subjects, patients with stroke showed a lower reflex threshold, higher electromyographic gains, and torque reflex gains, indicating hyperactive reflexes. For nonreflex properties, ankles of stroke patients showed higher stiffness, reduced range of motion (ROM), and larger resistant torque at comparable positions, reflecting peripheral soft-tissue changes at the ankle of the chronic stroke patients. Furthermore, the clinical reflex score correlated with all of the quantitative reflex measures but not with the nonreflex measures, whereas the dorsiflexion ROM showed a significant correlation with a nonreflex measure. The Modified Ashworth Scale was correlated with all of the reflex measures and 1 of the nonreflex measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive and convenient evaluation of spasticity should be performed quantitatively with the separate measures of reflex and nonreflex components, especially in chronic conditions. With proper simplifications, the current method of separate quantification can potentially be used for convenient clinical evaluations of spasticity.
authors: Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Sun G
authors: SG
authors: Chung
authors: Elton
authors: E
authors: van Rey
authors: Zhiqiang
authors: Z
authors: Bai
authors: W Zev
authors: WZ
authors: Rymer
authors: Elliot J
authors: EJ
authors: Roth
authors: Li-Qun
authors: LQ
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000503:physiopathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D011336:Probability; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation